Cyclone and Storm Surge - Iczmpwb.org
Cyclone and Storm Surge - Iczmpwb.org Cyclone and Storm Surge - Iczmpwb.org
3.10 receive, at least during the rains, a share of the Damodar flood, which had one of its outfalls into the Hooghly near Kalna till 1660 and near Noaserai till about the middle of the 18th Century, both the places being above the offtake of the Jamuna at Tribeni. Erection of embankments by the owners of local fisheries, construction of locks etc., premature and reclamation by raising marginal embankments within the spill area spelt disaster for the river. Excavation of the Circular canal in 1830, New Cut canal in 1859, construction of Dhapa lock in 1883 and Bhangar Khal lock at Bamangola in 1898 accelerated the deterioration of the river. Finally excavation of the Kristopur canal in 1910 sealed its fate by cutting off a large part of its basin area, thereby reducing the upland discharge as well as the spill area. The rate of deterioration can be gauged from the following statement of cross-sectional area of the river channel. Table 3-2. Cross-Sectional Area of Bidhyadhari River Channel Year 1883 1904 1917 1926 1936 Cross-sectional area (sq. ft.) 1 3674* 9702* 4700* 2440** 363** Equivalent area sq. m. 1270.4 901.2 * Below 8.7 RL ** Below 9.75 RL Hunter's Statistical Account of Bengal (1875) describes the Bidhyadhari river as follows: “The Bidyadhari is a large river with a very circuitous course in the district, it flows from the Sunderbans in the east, northwards past Harua (present day Haroa), where it takes the nake of the Harua Gang, after which it takes a bend to the west and joined by the Nona Khal; it then flows south-west to the junction of the Baliaghata and Tolly's Canals, and afterwards takes a south-easterly direction to the town of Canning. Here it is joined by the Karatoya and the Atharabanka, the united streams flow southwards through the Sunderbans as the Matla River, debouching upon the Bay of Bengal under that name.” L.S.S.O' Malley's Bengal District Gazetters, 24 Parganas, 1914 further states: “The portion of the Bidhyadhari near Calcutta which at present serves as an outfall channel for the storm water and sewage of the city, has for some years past been silting up at a rapidly increasing rate. The acceleration of the silting process is attributed mainly to works in connection with local fisheries and to the reclamation of portions of the Salt Water Lakes for rice cultivation, the effect being to decrease the spill of water from the river over the adjoining land and consequently, to increase the deposit of silt in the river bed. Other contributory causes have been the construction of the Dhapa lock, the closing of tributaries in each of which the tide used to flow and ebb freely, and the canalization of the
3.11 Bhangar Khal. Observations taken between 1901 and 1912 show that, a mile below Bamanghata, the bed of the river has risen nearly 25 ft. in 8 years, while in the section immediately below Bamanghata lock the cross-sectional area has been reduced from 7700 sq. ft. to 3870 sq. ft.” Analysing the situation O.C.Lees. C.S.I., Special Officer, Hooghly-Bidyadhari Canal Enquiry Committee, surmised that the Bidyadhari has a very short remaining lease of life, and that in six year's time it will be useless as an outfall channel for the sewage of Calcutta unless remedial measures are taken. Bidyadhari River Channel was officially abandoned by a notification of the Govt. of Bengal in 1928. It may be of interest to note the drainage of Kolkata and its environs from a map (Figure 3-2) taken from Imperial Gazetteer of India. New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907-1909. It may be observed from the map that the river Bidyadhari had still been rather healthy at that time, draining into the Matla, on which flourished the smaller port of Canning. Figure 3-2. Map of Kolkata and its environs during by around 1907-1909 showing the Beliaghata canal and the Katta Khal (Excavated Channel) draining the city of Kolkata. By courtesy of Ian Poyntz (website http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/maps.html)
- Page 22 and 23: 2.12 velocity is first checked. As
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- Page 26 and 27: 2.16 2.4.6. Soil characteristics Th
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- Page 34 and 35: 2.24 2.4.11. Forest composition The
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- Page 40 and 41: 2.30 Mangrove plantation beyond the
- Page 42 and 43: 2.32 A retired embankment of river
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- Page 54 and 55: 2.44 • Transport the water to the
- Page 56 and 57: 2.46 The other type of failure may
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- Page 68 and 69: 3.6 Figure 3-1. Map of India during
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- Page 74 and 75: 3.12 3.9. Drainage scheme of Dr. B.
- Page 76 and 77: 3.14 3.10. CMPO and KMDA (originall
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- Page 82 and 83: 3.20 the ocean level as a result of
- Page 84 and 85: 3.22 Table 3-6. Major pumping stati
- Page 86 and 87: 3.24 Table 3-9. Drainage basin area
- Page 88 and 89: 3.26 will lead to significant impro
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- Page 92 and 93: 3.30 Respectively. The discharge of
- Page 94 and 95: 3.32 Figure 3-6. The downstream of
- Page 96 and 97: 3.34 Figure 3-10 shows the tail end
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3.11<br />
Bhangar Khal. Observations taken between 1901 <strong>and</strong> 1912 show that, a mile below Bamanghata, the<br />
bed of the river has risen nearly 25 ft. in 8 years, while in the section immediately below Bamanghata<br />
lock the cross-sectional area has been reduced from 7700 sq. ft. to 3870 sq. ft.”<br />
Analysing the situation O.C.Lees. C.S.I., Special Officer, Hooghly-Bidyadhari Canal Enquiry<br />
Committee, surmised that the Bidyadhari has a very short remaining lease of life, <strong>and</strong> that in six<br />
year's time it will be useless as an outfall channel for the sewage of Calcutta unless remedial<br />
measures are taken. Bidyadhari River Channel was officially ab<strong>and</strong>oned by a notification of the Govt.<br />
of Bengal in 1928.<br />
It may be of interest to note the drainage of Kolkata <strong>and</strong> its environs from a map (Figure 3-2) taken<br />
from Imperial Gazetteer of India. New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's<br />
Secretary of State for India in Council. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907-1909. It may be observed from<br />
the map that the river Bidyadhari had still been rather healthy at that time, draining into the Matla, on<br />
which flourished the smaller port of Canning.<br />
Figure 3-2. Map of Kolkata <strong>and</strong> its environs during by around 1907-1909 showing the<br />
Beliaghata canal <strong>and</strong> the Katta Khal (Excavated Channel) draining the city of Kolkata.<br />
By courtesy of Ian Poyntz (website http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/maps.html)
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