Cyclone and Storm Surge - Iczmpwb.org

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Preamble The State of West Bengal, unlike others, is prone to a wide spectrum of natural hazards ranging from landslides in hilly regions, flooding and bank erosion of rivers, earthquake, and devastations due to cyclones. Of these, the last mentioned inflicts damage in many ways – generation of storm surge in the ocean that lashes against the coast, the strong gusts of wind that threatens to wipe out villages, and the extreme precipitation that causes drainage congestion, especially in urbanized areas. In a way, cyclones form a veritable threat to nearly one-third of the state’s population that has the largest concentration in the southern districts, which lie not very far from the Bay of Bengal, including the state capital of Kolkata. The report presented herein attempts to look into the threat perception to the State of West Bengal and suggest possible mitigation measures. The mitigation measures suggested are in the lines of the recommendations of the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP), like strengthening and raising of embankments to prevent sea water intrusion and inundation, shelter belt plantations, regeneration of mangroves, location of cyclone shelters, identification of missing road links, etc. In addition, a detailed study has been done to analyse the effect of extreme cyclonic precipitation over the city of Kolkata and its highly urbanized surroundings, though a threat to the city by way of cyclonic storm appears to be rare but not impossible. This is proved by the records of 1737, when a huge wave of water sweeping along river Hooghly cast off thousands of boats and ships along the river. The accompanying storm is said to have devastated much of the city’s mud walled and thatched houses as has been recorded in the registers of the East India Company. This report has been attempted to be made as comprehensive as possible, taking into account every minute detail available. However, it is natural that there could be some inadvertent lapses at some places, for which we would look forward to any constructive suggestion. We would also welcome any opinion that may enhance the completeness of this report. Preamble (Prof. Shishir Kumar Dube) Director, IIT Kharagpur Principal Investigator
Chapter One Introduction to Hazard Assessment and Disaster Mitigation Study for West Bengal 1.1. Motivation for the study CHAPTER 1 The “Vulnerability Reduction & Sustainable Environment” chapter of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in its website http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/default.htm presents a map (Figure 1-1) that shows the states most prone to severe cyclonic storms as being the coastal states of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal. Figure 1-1. UNDP map website showing the regions affected by strong winds and cyclones According to the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), the most destructive element associated with an intense cyclone is storm surge. This may lead to inundations as well as coastline washouts.
Page 2 and 3: HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MITI
Page 4 and 5: Project Team Though the outcome of
Page 8 and 9: 1.2 IMD, in its website (http://www
Page 10 and 11: 1.4 5. Proposals for location of cy
Page 12 and 13: 2.2 region is that which struck the
Page 14 and 15: 2.4 Figure 2-2. Track of the 1970 B
Page 16 and 17: 2.6 The most destructive element as
Page 18 and 19: 2.8 the two regions is rather diffe
Page 20 and 21: 2.10 2.4. The eastern coastal zone
Page 22 and 23: 2.12 velocity is first checked. As
Page 24 and 25: 2.14 Strong winds known as cyclones
Page 26 and 27: 2.16 2.4.6. Soil characteristics Th
Page 28 and 29: 2.18 All rivers have in general sou
Page 30 and 31: 2.20 Another interesting feature of
Page 32 and 33: 2.22 formed does not pose so much o
Page 34 and 35: 2.24 2.4.11. Forest composition The
Page 36 and 37: 2.26 Canning (Bidyadhari Outfall in
Page 38 and 39: 2.28 Administrative information Pop
Page 40 and 41: 2.30 Mangrove plantation beyond the
Page 42 and 43: 2.32 A retired embankment of river
Page 44 and 45: 2.34 The beaches are flattened by s
Page 46 and 47: 2.36 of a doiminant tidalbasin of t
Page 48 and 49: 2.38 primary mode is centered on th
Page 50 and 51: 2.40 Aquaculture ponds located betw
Page 52 and 53: 2.42 All the islands are situated w
Page 54 and 55: 2.44 • Transport the water to the
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2.46 The other type of failure may
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2.48 channel floor, some of the riv
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2.50 embankments. Crops and propert
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2.52 2. To reduce the average dista
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3.2 a storm surge caused by a tropi
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3.4 these merchants may have been t
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3.6 Figure 3-1. Map of India during
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3.8 larger volume of sewage and dra
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3.10 receive, at least during the r
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3.12 3.9. Drainage scheme of Dr. B.
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3.14 3.10. CMPO and KMDA (originall
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3.16 Flows are diverted to the loca
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3.18 the Bhangar region through the
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3.20 the ocean level as a result of
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3.22 Table 3-6. Major pumping stati
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3.24 Table 3-9. Drainage basin area
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3.26 will lead to significant impro
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3.28 locks, one at Chitpur and anot
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3.30 Respectively. The discharge of
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3.32 Figure 3-6. The downstream of
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3.34 Figure 3-10 shows the tail end
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3.36
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3.38
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4.2 In US, there is a steady decrea
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4.4 This shows that Orissa (with 10
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4.6 30 25 20 15 10 Severe Cyclone C
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4.8 Table 3: Return periods of cycl
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4.10 Table 5: The number and return
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4.12 work station (the Automated Tr
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4.14 through this trough into the d
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4.16 Mean Low water 1.51 1.39 1.34
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4.18 τx,τy : x and y components o
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4.20 formulation. However, the rete
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4.22 ∂u ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ζ 1
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4.24 Δ p p(r) = p( ∞) − [1+ (r
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4.26 maximum surge for this event w
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4.28 U-Component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.30 ## ## ## #### ### ## ########
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4.32 V-component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.34 U-component of Velocity (Surfa
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## ################################
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4.38 V-Component of velocity (Surfa
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5.2 particular human settlement to
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5.4 The Composite Vulnerability Ind
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5.6 (2004 prices) prevalent in dist
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5.8 Moyna 0.6280 0.1592 0.542286 0.
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5.10 5.4.2. Social infrastructure H
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5.12 Budge-Budge(Part-II) 0.0000 0.
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5.14 secondary and tertiary activit
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5.16 F i Fˆ i ⎛ Total no. of =
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5.18 Table 5-4: Composite Index of
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5.20 M ′ = H M ′′ = I . S whe
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Chapter Six Mitigation Strategies a
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6.3 Beside these differences in lev
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6.5 • to reduce the destructive f
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6.7 6.2.4. Methods of Construction
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6.9 is attached to the structure. T
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6.11 (b) Medium rivers to armour th
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6.13 Likewise, in all the embankmen
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6.15 Figure 6 -5 Figure 6 -6 Figure
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6.17 Benefit cost ratio Area benefi
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6.19 Location and cost of proposed
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6.21 Swaraupnagar Swaraupnagar 100
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6.23 Gobadia Kakdwip Dk Kasiabad &
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6.25 Location and cost of proposed
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6.27 " Jagaddal " 800 6400000 " Jag
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6.29
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6.31
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6.33
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6.35 Figure 6 -11 Figure 6 -12
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6.37 Figure 6 -15 Figure 6 -16
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6.39 Figure 6 -19 6.2.7. Recommenda
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6.41 4. Rajraj Swarup & Ramnagar Ab
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6.43 project. Such sediment deficit
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6.45 paludosa, Rhizophora apiculata
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6.47 15. Ceriops tagal 0.22 0.40 0.
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6.49 shelterbelt (average 100 m wid
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6.51 (assuming land acquisition cos
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6.53 location are missing reducing
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7.2 resulted in large scale waterlo
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7.4 5. No adverse effect in drainin
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7.6 15 LT Panel L.S. 2,200,000 16 I
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7.8 Bagjola, Kestopur and SWF chann
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Executive Cost Summary of Recommend
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References Kanjilal (2005) “Sunde
Page 239:
“……………….Designingadis
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