Cyclone and Storm Surge - Iczmpwb.org

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3.6 Figure 3-1. Map of India during 1700 – 1790 showing clear drainage channels flowing towards south and east of Kolkata (Calcutta). From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1923. By courtesy of Ian Poyntz (website http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/maps.html)
3.7 3.4 Drainage Scheme of William Clarke The first major modifications in the drainage system came in the wake of the Sepoy Mutiny, 1857, when the responsibility of governance changed hands from the East India Company to the Imperial throne of England by the Proclamation of Queen Victoria. Meanwhile, the Calcutta Municipality had been established earlier in 1841 and the scheme for the "Water Carriage System" of the city as prepared by its first engineer, Mr. William Clarke, was sanctioned on April 20, 1859 and cost an estimated Rs. 34 lakh. The plans under the proposal were executed between 1860 and 1875. known in civic parlance as the "Town System" as separate from the "Suburban System" which came later, was combined sewerage cum drainage system, designed to drain an average rainfall of 6 mm (1/4 inch) per hour with cent percent run-off in addition to 182 litres (40 gallons) of domestic sewage per capita per day. The underground drainage system comprised various sized conducts from 6.1 m (20 ft.) dia. brick outfall sewers to 15 cm (6 inches) dia. pipe drains. The main sewers, draining 4600 acres (around 18.50 sq. km.) of land and running generally from west to east, were connected on the summit points to the penstocks opening into the Hooghly river to flush the sewers by the river water. The bottom points at the east extreme were connected to the intercepting sewer laid along the Circular Road. The underground drains measured around 2.44m high and 1.83m wide, with an eggshaped cross section. Sewage was lifted at the Palmer's Bridge pumping station to a high level sewer leading to Tangra and finally flowing into the Raja khal, an offshoot of the Bidhyadhari river, which was a thriving tidal channel at the time. Three storm-water overflows were provided running into the Circular canal. But the canal authorities resented this undesirable inflow into the canal and finally further intercepting sewers were laid under the Canal West Road to intercept all these overflows and to lead them on to the Palmer's Bridge pumping station. Later, in 1896, the scheme was modified to include an additional drainage area, thus resulting in a total area of 19.2 sq. km. Most of the drainage network as established under the Clarke’s scheme is still giving service to the city, though the outfall into the river Bidhyadhari had to be changed later due to its high siltation. This aspect is discussed in section 2.4.7. 3.5. Drainage scheme of Hughes and Kimber Hemmed in by the Hooghly river on the west and the Salt lakes on the east, the city grew largely in the south in preference to the north, where adequate land was difficult to come by. To meet the drainage requirement of these freshly built up areas in the south, the Ballyganj pumping station was proposed. The Palmer's Bridge pumping station also needed augmentation in capacity to dispose a
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HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MITI
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Project Team Though the outcome of
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Preamble The State of West Bengal,
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1.2 IMD, in its website (http://www
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1.4 5. Proposals for location of cy
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2.2 region is that which struck the
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2.4 Figure 2-2. Track of the 1970 B
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2.6 The most destructive element as
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Page 22 and 23: 2.12 velocity is first checked. As
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Page 28 and 29: 2.18 All rivers have in general sou
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Page 34 and 35: 2.24 2.4.11. Forest composition The
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Page 40 and 41: 2.30 Mangrove plantation beyond the
Page 42 and 43: 2.32 A retired embankment of river
Page 44 and 45: 2.34 The beaches are flattened by s
Page 46 and 47: 2.36 of a doiminant tidalbasin of t
Page 48 and 49: 2.38 primary mode is centered on th
Page 50 and 51: 2.40 Aquaculture ponds located betw
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Page 54 and 55: 2.44 • Transport the water to the
Page 56 and 57: 2.46 The other type of failure may
Page 58 and 59: 2.48 channel floor, some of the riv
Page 60 and 61: 2.50 embankments. Crops and propert
Page 62 and 63: 2.52 2. To reduce the average dista
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Page 76 and 77: 3.14 3.10. CMPO and KMDA (originall
Page 78 and 79: 3.16 Flows are diverted to the loca
Page 80 and 81: 3.18 the Bhangar region through the
Page 82 and 83: 3.20 the ocean level as a result of
Page 84 and 85: 3.22 Table 3-6. Major pumping stati
Page 86 and 87: 3.24 Table 3-9. Drainage basin area
Page 88 and 89: 3.26 will lead to significant impro
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Page 92 and 93: 3.30 Respectively. The discharge of
Page 94 and 95: 3.32 Figure 3-6. The downstream of
Page 96 and 97: 3.34 Figure 3-10 shows the tail end
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Page 102 and 103: 4.2 In US, there is a steady decrea
Page 104 and 105: 4.4 This shows that Orissa (with 10
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Page 108 and 109: 4.8 Table 3: Return periods of cycl
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Page 112 and 113: 4.12 work station (the Automated Tr
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Page 116 and 117: 4.16 Mean Low water 1.51 1.39 1.34
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4.18 τx,τy : x and y components o
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4.20 formulation. However, the rete
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4.22 ∂u ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ζ 1
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4.24 Δ p p(r) = p( ∞) − [1+ (r
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4.26 maximum surge for this event w
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4.28 U-Component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.30 ## ## ## #### ### ## ########
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4.32 V-component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.34 U-component of Velocity (Surfa
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## ################################
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4.38 V-Component of velocity (Surfa
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5.2 particular human settlement to
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5.4 The Composite Vulnerability Ind
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5.6 (2004 prices) prevalent in dist
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5.8 Moyna 0.6280 0.1592 0.542286 0.
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5.10 5.4.2. Social infrastructure H
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5.12 Budge-Budge(Part-II) 0.0000 0.
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5.14 secondary and tertiary activit
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5.16 F i Fˆ i ⎛ Total no. of =
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5.18 Table 5-4: Composite Index of
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5.20 M ′ = H M ′′ = I . S whe
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Chapter Six Mitigation Strategies a
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6.3 Beside these differences in lev
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6.5 • to reduce the destructive f
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6.7 6.2.4. Methods of Construction
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6.9 is attached to the structure. T
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6.11 (b) Medium rivers to armour th
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6.13 Likewise, in all the embankmen
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6.15 Figure 6 -5 Figure 6 -6 Figure
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6.17 Benefit cost ratio Area benefi
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6.19 Location and cost of proposed
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6.21 Swaraupnagar Swaraupnagar 100
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6.23 Gobadia Kakdwip Dk Kasiabad &
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6.25 Location and cost of proposed
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6.27 " Jagaddal " 800 6400000 " Jag
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6.29
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6.31
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6.33
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6.35 Figure 6 -11 Figure 6 -12
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6.37 Figure 6 -15 Figure 6 -16
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6.39 Figure 6 -19 6.2.7. Recommenda
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6.41 4. Rajraj Swarup & Ramnagar Ab
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6.43 project. Such sediment deficit
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6.45 paludosa, Rhizophora apiculata
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6.47 15. Ceriops tagal 0.22 0.40 0.
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6.49 shelterbelt (average 100 m wid
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6.51 (assuming land acquisition cos
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6.53 location are missing reducing
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7.2 resulted in large scale waterlo
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7.4 5. No adverse effect in drainin
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7.6 15 LT Panel L.S. 2,200,000 16 I
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7.8 Bagjola, Kestopur and SWF chann
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Executive Cost Summary of Recommend
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References Kanjilal (2005) “Sunde
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“……………….Designingadis
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