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2.48 channel floor, some of the rivers like Muriganga, encircling the populated islands, are flowing above the level of the coasts. Detailed statistics has been provided in Table 2-6. Table 2-6. Change in area of the estuarine island system of Sundarbans (From Hazra, 2006) Islands Area in sq. Area in sq. Area loss Status of Embankment kms (1969) kms (2001) in % Dakshin 52.722 44.520 15.55 125Km, 40 Km vulnerable Surendranagar Sagar 253.203 241.042 4.80 250Kmlong embankment, 15 km washed off, 90 Km vulnerable Namkhana 156.908 149.222 4.88 150 Km. long embankment 50 Km vulnerable Moushuni 35.244 30.067 14.60 30 Km long embankment 15 Km vulnerable Lothian 36.041 34.986 2.92 Mangrove forest: No embankments Jharkhali 162.00 161.328 Stable 150km long embankment Ghoramara 9.083 5.349 41.11 5 Km Washed off Dulibhasani 190.515 185.338 2.72 Mangrove forest: No embankments Dhanchi 39.041 34.174 12.46 Mangrove forest: No embankments Dalhousie 78.233 66.713 14.73 Mangrove forest: No embankments Bulchery 32.700 26.227 19.80 Mangrove forest: No embankments Ajmalmari West 25.189 25.096 0.37 Mangrove forest: No embankments
2.49 Ajmalmari East 75.664 70.923 6.27 Mangrove forest: No embankments Bhangaduni 45.112 30.855 31.6 Mangrove forest: No embankments Jambudwip 17.543 5.519 68.54 Mangrove forest: No embankments Further important observations regarding the erosion accretion pattern of the island system, as inferred by Hazra (2006) can be summarised as follows: • Erosional zones are most prominent among the 12 sea facing southern islands including Sagar at the west to Bhangaduni in the east. • Few islands, like Lohachara and Bedford (6.212 Km2), have already vanished from the map. • Within the inhabited islands, Ghoramara & Sagar and Mousuni Island together have suffered the bulk of erosion. Jambudwip, being the southernmost island at the confluence of Hoogly, has shown landless by 68% • Total erosion over the 30 years time span is estimated to be 162.879Km2. • The western banks of the island are more vulnerable than the east and the rate is more severe indicating the role of tidal surges. Erosion is also seen along the sea facing shorelines where it is oblique. • Marginal accretion is localised in the inner estuary particularly along eastern and northern margin of islands and along the coast where it is mostly E-W and sea facing. Amount of land accretion over the past 30 years is estimated to be82.505Km2. • Emerging mud flats of 70's have suffered the maximum loss, due to not only erosion, but probably submergence as well. • The eastern matured islands are found to be comparatively more stable due to the presence of thick mangroves and lesser anthropogenic activities. Only marginal submergence is observed. Over the last 30 years, around 7000 people have been displaced and turned into environmental migrants due to sea level rise, coastal erosion, cyclone and coastal flooding breaching the
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HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MITI
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Project Team Though the outcome of
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Preamble The State of West Bengal,
Page 8 and 9: 1.2 IMD, in its website (http://www
Page 10 and 11: 1.4 5. Proposals for location of cy
Page 12 and 13: 2.2 region is that which struck the
Page 14 and 15: 2.4 Figure 2-2. Track of the 1970 B
Page 16 and 17: 2.6 The most destructive element as
Page 18 and 19: 2.8 the two regions is rather diffe
Page 20 and 21: 2.10 2.4. The eastern coastal zone
Page 22 and 23: 2.12 velocity is first checked. As
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Page 26 and 27: 2.16 2.4.6. Soil characteristics Th
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Page 32 and 33: 2.22 formed does not pose so much o
Page 34 and 35: 2.24 2.4.11. Forest composition The
Page 36 and 37: 2.26 Canning (Bidyadhari Outfall in
Page 38 and 39: 2.28 Administrative information Pop
Page 40 and 41: 2.30 Mangrove plantation beyond the
Page 42 and 43: 2.32 A retired embankment of river
Page 44 and 45: 2.34 The beaches are flattened by s
Page 46 and 47: 2.36 of a doiminant tidalbasin of t
Page 48 and 49: 2.38 primary mode is centered on th
Page 50 and 51: 2.40 Aquaculture ponds located betw
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Page 54 and 55: 2.44 • Transport the water to the
Page 56 and 57: 2.46 The other type of failure may
Page 60 and 61: 2.50 embankments. Crops and propert
Page 62 and 63: 2.52 2. To reduce the average dista
Page 64 and 65: 3.2 a storm surge caused by a tropi
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Page 68 and 69: 3.6 Figure 3-1. Map of India during
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Page 74 and 75: 3.12 3.9. Drainage scheme of Dr. B.
Page 76 and 77: 3.14 3.10. CMPO and KMDA (originall
Page 78 and 79: 3.16 Flows are diverted to the loca
Page 80 and 81: 3.18 the Bhangar region through the
Page 82 and 83: 3.20 the ocean level as a result of
Page 84 and 85: 3.22 Table 3-6. Major pumping stati
Page 86 and 87: 3.24 Table 3-9. Drainage basin area
Page 88 and 89: 3.26 will lead to significant impro
Page 90 and 91: 3.28 locks, one at Chitpur and anot
Page 92 and 93: 3.30 Respectively. The discharge of
Page 94 and 95: 3.32 Figure 3-6. The downstream of
Page 96 and 97: 3.34 Figure 3-10 shows the tail end
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4.8 Table 3: Return periods of cycl
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4.10 Table 5: The number and return
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4.12 work station (the Automated Tr
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4.14 through this trough into the d
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4.16 Mean Low water 1.51 1.39 1.34
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4.18 τx,τy : x and y components o
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4.20 formulation. However, the rete
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4.22 ∂u ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ζ 1
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4.24 Δ p p(r) = p( ∞) − [1+ (r
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4.26 maximum surge for this event w
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4.28 U-Component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.30 ## ## ## #### ### ## ########
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4.32 V-component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.34 U-component of Velocity (Surfa
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## ################################
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4.38 V-Component of velocity (Surfa
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5.2 particular human settlement to
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5.4 The Composite Vulnerability Ind
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5.6 (2004 prices) prevalent in dist
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5.8 Moyna 0.6280 0.1592 0.542286 0.
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5.10 5.4.2. Social infrastructure H
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5.12 Budge-Budge(Part-II) 0.0000 0.
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5.14 secondary and tertiary activit
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5.16 F i Fˆ i ⎛ Total no. of =
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5.18 Table 5-4: Composite Index of
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5.20 M ′ = H M ′′ = I . S whe
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Chapter Six Mitigation Strategies a
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6.3 Beside these differences in lev
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6.5 • to reduce the destructive f
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6.7 6.2.4. Methods of Construction
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6.9 is attached to the structure. T
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6.11 (b) Medium rivers to armour th
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6.13 Likewise, in all the embankmen
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6.15 Figure 6 -5 Figure 6 -6 Figure
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6.17 Benefit cost ratio Area benefi
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6.19 Location and cost of proposed
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6.21 Swaraupnagar Swaraupnagar 100
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6.23 Gobadia Kakdwip Dk Kasiabad &
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6.25 Location and cost of proposed
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6.27 " Jagaddal " 800 6400000 " Jag
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6.29
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6.31
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6.33
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6.35 Figure 6 -11 Figure 6 -12
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6.37 Figure 6 -15 Figure 6 -16
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6.39 Figure 6 -19 6.2.7. Recommenda
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6.41 4. Rajraj Swarup & Ramnagar Ab
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6.43 project. Such sediment deficit
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6.45 paludosa, Rhizophora apiculata
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6.47 15. Ceriops tagal 0.22 0.40 0.
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6.49 shelterbelt (average 100 m wid
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6.51 (assuming land acquisition cos
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6.53 location are missing reducing
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7.2 resulted in large scale waterlo
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7.4 5. No adverse effect in drainin
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7.6 15 LT Panel L.S. 2,200,000 16 I
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7.8 Bagjola, Kestopur and SWF chann
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Executive Cost Summary of Recommend
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References Kanjilal (2005) “Sunde
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“……………….Designingadis
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