Cyclone and Storm Surge - Iczmpwb.org

More documents

Recommendations

Info

2.36 of a doiminant tidalbasin of the Holocene period around the region (Paul 2002). Surface height of the beach ridges range from 3.5m to 4.6m above the sea level. Two or three rows of closed spacing dunes separated by linear tidal valleys, represent the Digha surface of the the present day shoreline.The two successive sand dunes are lying over the two significant terraces from the shoreline to the inland location around Digha. The beach fringed dune row is continuous laong the present shoreline of Digha, Shankarpur, Dadanpatrabar, Junput, Dariapur and Khajurri sectors. Younger dunes, because of their active depositional process along the beach fringed shores, are higher in altitude than the older ones. This dune row, though, is affected by toe erosion and wave cut cliffs all along the shoreline from Digha to Dadanpatrabar areas. In between Ramnagar beach ridges and Digha dune row, shore parallel salt marshes are extensive around the mouths of the Digha estuary, Jaldah estuary and Pichhabani channel. They are also the tidal spill basins of monsoonal high seas (Usually flooded from June to November) around the region. Specific regions may be identified for dune ridge colonies along the western coastal plains of West Bengal. The longest beach-fringed dune ridge sector of the Kanthi coastal palins runs along a stretch of 19.5km shoreline from Pichhabani tidal pass to Rasulpur river. This low-height (3.3m to 6.0m) and widespread dune sector (180m to 300m) of Junput region is covered partially by planted casurina forest. Over a kilometer wide beach plain dominated by fine sand and silts, and associated seafront tidal flat surface provide a mixed and complex sub-environments of idff energy levels for the growth of Aeolian sand dunes and widespread estuarine or tidal flat deposits around the shoreline of Junput. The northeastern part of the Kanthi coastal plain comprises of extensive low-lying tract of fluviomarine deposits. The entire alluvial tract has evolved through the seaward advancement of delta fan deposits of Rupnarayan and Kasai rivers at Holocene regressive phases of the sea (6000 YBP). Estuarine tidal flat deposits are sre still active around the channel margins, channel beds and unprotected tidal spill basins. The regions of Khajuri, Hijli, Nandigram, haldia, Sutahata, mahisadal, and Tamluk have elevation ranging from about 2m to 2.4m above mean sea level. The lowland surface is dissected by several tidal channels, Hijli tidal canal, Rasulpur, Haldi and Rupnarayan estuaries. The land elevation of the floodplains and tidal flats of these rivers are expected to increase concurrently with the sea levels as fresh alluvium continues to be deposited, except where this is prevented by coastal embankments. At the same time, the raising if the embankments have further impeded drainage from interior floodplain areas of Kasai and Rupnarayan. Compared to an open shoreline of Digha, the barred coasts of Talsari and Junput, where an emergent offshore sand bar or sand spit creates a more or less enclosed lagoon, have a more
2.37 comlex geometry, and a range of energy levels in depositional processes. The enclosed lagoons of Talsari and Junput accumulate sediments that are identical to either estuarie or tidal flat deposits. 2.5.3. Rainfall, Temperature and Humidity As such, the rainfall, temperature, wind and cyclone characteristics are somewhat similar to that described for the eastern coastal zone. However, the long dry spell of hot humid summer brings a drastic change in the dune formations and sand hazards. At this time the summer temperature ranges from 29 0 C to 38 0 C. Sand surface temperature of the bare sand dunes rises up to 48 0 C around the month of May. Rainfall is comparatively lower in the western coastal tracts (of east Miidnapore district) than the eastern part (south 24 Parganas district). September is the rainiest month. Number of rainy days ranges from 100 to 150 though it varies from year to year in the littoral tracts. The amount of rainfall also fluctuates from year to year duw to the dominance of landwinds over maritime influences. In the year 1986, the rainfall recorded at Digha was 2066.5mm compared to 258.3mm in 1985. The average humidity is just over 80 percent and is more or less uniform throughout the year. 2.5.4. Winds The normal wind record of Sagar, Sandheads, Digha and Kanthi stations reveal that the prevailing wind blows from north and northeast from the beginning of October to the middle of march. The months of January and February are relatively calm.Violemnt winds start blowing again from about the middle of March till about the end of September. The average wind speed during the southwest monsoon varies from 30 to 50 km per hour. Storms are common during spring and autumn when the wind velocity generally exceeds 100 km per hour. In the winter months, the wind speeds generally fall below 10 km per hour all along the coastline. 2.5.6. Sediment/Soil characteristics Both cohesive as well as cohesionless soils are found along the coasts of the western littoral plains. Cohesionless soils (for example, sand) are made up of solid grains usually bigger than 0.06mm in diameter. According to Paul (2002) over 90 percent of the coastal sediments of West Bengal are the products of rivers. Graphical presentation of sediments of the western coastal plains, especially near Digha beach fce shows weak bimodal size. In the dunes, estuarine banks and beach samples, the
Page 2 and 3: HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MITI
Page 4 and 5: Project Team Though the outcome of
Page 6 and 7: Preamble The State of West Bengal,
Page 8 and 9: 1.2 IMD, in its website (http://www
Page 10 and 11: 1.4 5. Proposals for location of cy
Page 12 and 13: 2.2 region is that which struck the
Page 14 and 15: 2.4 Figure 2-2. Track of the 1970 B
Page 16 and 17: 2.6 The most destructive element as
Page 18 and 19: 2.8 the two regions is rather diffe
Page 20 and 21: 2.10 2.4. The eastern coastal zone
Page 22 and 23: 2.12 velocity is first checked. As
Page 24 and 25: 2.14 Strong winds known as cyclones
Page 26 and 27: 2.16 2.4.6. Soil characteristics Th
Page 28 and 29: 2.18 All rivers have in general sou
Page 30 and 31: 2.20 Another interesting feature of
Page 32 and 33: 2.22 formed does not pose so much o
Page 34 and 35: 2.24 2.4.11. Forest composition The
Page 36 and 37: 2.26 Canning (Bidyadhari Outfall in
Page 38 and 39: 2.28 Administrative information Pop
Page 40 and 41: 2.30 Mangrove plantation beyond the
Page 42 and 43: 2.32 A retired embankment of river
Page 44 and 45: 2.34 The beaches are flattened by s
Page 48 and 49: 2.38 primary mode is centered on th
Page 50 and 51: 2.40 Aquaculture ponds located betw
Page 52 and 53: 2.42 All the islands are situated w
Page 54 and 55: 2.44 • Transport the water to the
Page 56 and 57: 2.46 The other type of failure may
Page 58 and 59: 2.48 channel floor, some of the riv
Page 60 and 61: 2.50 embankments. Crops and propert
Page 62 and 63: 2.52 2. To reduce the average dista
Page 64 and 65: 3.2 a storm surge caused by a tropi
Page 66 and 67: 3.4 these merchants may have been t
Page 68 and 69: 3.6 Figure 3-1. Map of India during
Page 70 and 71: 3.8 larger volume of sewage and dra
Page 72 and 73: 3.10 receive, at least during the r
Page 74 and 75: 3.12 3.9. Drainage scheme of Dr. B.
Page 76 and 77: 3.14 3.10. CMPO and KMDA (originall
Page 78 and 79: 3.16 Flows are diverted to the loca
Page 80 and 81: 3.18 the Bhangar region through the
Page 82 and 83: 3.20 the ocean level as a result of
Page 84 and 85: 3.22 Table 3-6. Major pumping stati
Page 86 and 87: 3.24 Table 3-9. Drainage basin area
Page 88 and 89: 3.26 will lead to significant impro
Page 90 and 91: 3.28 locks, one at Chitpur and anot
Page 92 and 93: 3.30 Respectively. The discharge of
Page 94 and 95: 3.32 Figure 3-6. The downstream of
Page 96 and 97:
3.34 Figure 3-10 shows the tail end
Page 98 and 99:
3.36
Page 100 and 101:
3.38
Page 102 and 103:
4.2 In US, there is a steady decrea
Page 104 and 105:
4.4 This shows that Orissa (with 10
Page 106 and 107:
4.6 30 25 20 15 10 Severe Cyclone C
Page 108 and 109:
4.8 Table 3: Return periods of cycl
Page 110 and 111:
4.10 Table 5: The number and return
Page 112 and 113:
4.12 work station (the Automated Tr
Page 114 and 115:
4.14 through this trough into the d
Page 116 and 117:
4.16 Mean Low water 1.51 1.39 1.34
Page 118 and 119:
4.18 τx,τy : x and y components o
Page 120 and 121:
4.20 formulation. However, the rete
Page 122 and 123:
4.22 ∂u ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ζ 1
Page 124 and 125:
4.24 Δ p p(r) = p( ∞) − [1+ (r
Page 126 and 127:
4.26 maximum surge for this event w
Page 128 and 129:
4.28 U-Component of Velocity (Surfa
Page 130 and 131:
4.30 ## ## ## #### ### ## ########
Page 132 and 133:
4.32 V-component of Velocity (Surfa
Page 134 and 135:
4.34 U-component of Velocity (Surfa
Page 136 and 137:
## ################################
Page 138 and 139:
4.38 V-Component of velocity (Surfa
Page 140 and 141:
5.2 particular human settlement to
Page 142 and 143:
5.4 The Composite Vulnerability Ind
Page 144 and 145:
5.6 (2004 prices) prevalent in dist
Page 146 and 147:
5.8 Moyna 0.6280 0.1592 0.542286 0.
Page 148 and 149:
5.10 5.4.2. Social infrastructure H
Page 150 and 151:
5.12 Budge-Budge(Part-II) 0.0000 0.
Page 152 and 153:
5.14 secondary and tertiary activit
Page 154 and 155:
5.16 F i Fˆ i ⎛ Total no. of =
Page 156 and 157:
5.18 Table 5-4: Composite Index of
Page 158 and 159:
5.20 M ′ = H M ′′ = I . S whe
Page 160 and 161:
Chapter Six Mitigation Strategies a
Page 162 and 163:
6.3 Beside these differences in lev
Page 164 and 165:
6.5 • to reduce the destructive f
Page 166 and 167:
6.7 6.2.4. Methods of Construction
Page 168 and 169:
6.9 is attached to the structure. T
Page 170 and 171:
6.11 (b) Medium rivers to armour th
Page 172 and 173:
6.13 Likewise, in all the embankmen
Page 174 and 175:
6.15 Figure 6 -5 Figure 6 -6 Figure
Page 176 and 177:
6.17 Benefit cost ratio Area benefi
Page 178 and 179:
6.19 Location and cost of proposed
Page 180 and 181:
6.21 Swaraupnagar Swaraupnagar 100
Page 182 and 183:
6.23 Gobadia Kakdwip Dk Kasiabad &
Page 184 and 185:
6.25 Location and cost of proposed
Page 186 and 187:
6.27 " Jagaddal " 800 6400000 " Jag
Page 188 and 189:
6.29
Page 190 and 191:
6.31
Page 192 and 193:
6.33
Page 194 and 195:
6.35 Figure 6 -11 Figure 6 -12
Page 196 and 197:
6.37 Figure 6 -15 Figure 6 -16
Page 198 and 199:
6.39 Figure 6 -19 6.2.7. Recommenda
Page 200 and 201:
6.41 4. Rajraj Swarup & Ramnagar Ab
Page 202 and 203:
6.43 project. Such sediment deficit
Page 204 and 205:
6.45 paludosa, Rhizophora apiculata
Page 206 and 207:
6.47 15. Ceriops tagal 0.22 0.40 0.
Page 208 and 209:
6.49 shelterbelt (average 100 m wid
Page 210 and 211:
6.51 (assuming land acquisition cos
Page 212 and 213:
6.53 location are missing reducing
Page 214 and 215:
7.2 resulted in large scale waterlo
Page 216 and 217:
7.4 5. No adverse effect in drainin
Page 218 and 219:
7.6 15 LT Panel L.S. 2,200,000 16 I
Page 220 and 221:
7.8 Bagjola, Kestopur and SWF chann
Page 222 and 223:
Executive Cost Summary of Recommend
Page 224 and 225:
References Kanjilal (2005) “Sunde
Page 239:
“……………….Designingadis
show all

Cyclone and Storm Surge - Iczmpwb.org

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?