Cyclone and Storm Surge - Iczmpwb.org

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2.34 The beaches are flattened by storm attacks and associated wave related phenomenon. The sandy coast of Midnapore littoral tract possesses a complicated sediment regime because of the southwest to northeast longshore drift which transports a big quantity of sand every year. This is proved by the recorded data of Bhandari and Das (1993), which estimates an average of 100000 – 128000 m 3 per year across different sections at old Digha beach. This sediment interacts with the downstream discharge of the Hooghly estuarine sediments which in turn produce a circulation path of sediment transport and modify the coastal topography along this region. In this region, the sandy beaches are predominant, and according to Chakrabarti (2004) here the erosion is present in the beach face of Digha-Shankarpur (Chandpur) sectors whereas accretional phenomenon is observed in the same beach face of Dadanpatrabar-Junput area. This has been shown in Figure 2-8. The sea face here is constantly under the threat of erosion by the impact of ocean waves, and the higher waves lashing the shore during storm surges generated by cyclones are of serious concern to the stability of the beaches and shoreline. There has been indiscriminate human action leading to destabilization of the coastal zones over the past couple of decades. Figure 2-8. The geological and morphological features of the western coastline of West Bengal (from Chakrabarti, 2005)
2.35 This has led to the Government to the promulgation of the Coastal Regulatory Zones (CRZs). For the Digha Development Area, falling under the western coastal plains of West Bengal, the sectors A-1, B-5, F-1, F-2, H-1 & N are categorised as CRZ-III. The sectors B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-7, C-5, E & E-3 are categorised as CRZ-II. In case of Haldia Development Area, also located in the western coastal plains, the Haldia Port Complex Area only is categorised as CRZ-II. The CRZ for Haldia shall be 100m from the High Tide Line. For the Digha/Shankarpur area, the portion up to sand dunes has been classified as CRZ-I and area beyond dunes. There is a small stretch of sea beach to the west of Digha extending up to the West Bengal-Orissa border, which is a part of the Subarnarekha estuary. The character of this part of the coast is similar to that from Digha to Junput. 2.5.1. Physical features Paul (2002) mentions that there are seven sets of beach ridges in the Subarnarekha estuary, which is in the Balasore district of Orissa, but just a few tens of kilometers along the coast from the Bengal border. Each set of beach ridge is followed by a number of bars. These are linear to slightly curved beach ridge features which are also extended towards the Kanthi coastal plains of the east Midnapore district, but the number of beach ridges followed by bars is reduced in the coastal tract.marine terraces are present all along the Digha shoreline of the east Midnapore district. The ancient dune ridge complex of Kanthi-Paniparul region is thought to be formed by the marine regression. The dune sands are oxidised and the dune ridge indicates the position of the ancient shoreline of kanthi coastal plain. 2.5.2. Topography The western coastal plain of West Bengal is represented by the strandplain surfaces of Kanthi and Digha. Slow upheaval of the region and successive shoreline regression during the Holocene (geologic) period has left a significant topographic impression of ancient marine features. Series of beach ridges, bars and older dune ridges or younger dunes, tidal basins of the past and marine terraces reveal the typical raised features of this coast. All the linear features are parallel to the present day shoreline. Older sand dune sediments of Kanthi, Darua-Paniparul-dariapur-Khajuri regions are oxidised and rain washed over a prolonged period. By height and the largest area of occupation, the dune row represents first shoreline of strandplain surface and longer phase of the regressive sea. The eastward extension of the Ramnagar beach ridges is restricted by the presence
Page 2 and 3: HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MITI
Page 4 and 5: Project Team Though the outcome of
Page 6 and 7: Preamble The State of West Bengal,
Page 8 and 9: 1.2 IMD, in its website (http://www
Page 10 and 11: 1.4 5. Proposals for location of cy
Page 12 and 13: 2.2 region is that which struck the
Page 14 and 15: 2.4 Figure 2-2. Track of the 1970 B
Page 16 and 17: 2.6 The most destructive element as
Page 18 and 19: 2.8 the two regions is rather diffe
Page 20 and 21: 2.10 2.4. The eastern coastal zone
Page 22 and 23: 2.12 velocity is first checked. As
Page 24 and 25: 2.14 Strong winds known as cyclones
Page 26 and 27: 2.16 2.4.6. Soil characteristics Th
Page 28 and 29: 2.18 All rivers have in general sou
Page 30 and 31: 2.20 Another interesting feature of
Page 32 and 33: 2.22 formed does not pose so much o
Page 34 and 35: 2.24 2.4.11. Forest composition The
Page 36 and 37: 2.26 Canning (Bidyadhari Outfall in
Page 38 and 39: 2.28 Administrative information Pop
Page 40 and 41: 2.30 Mangrove plantation beyond the
Page 42 and 43: 2.32 A retired embankment of river
Page 46 and 47: 2.36 of a doiminant tidalbasin of t
Page 48 and 49: 2.38 primary mode is centered on th
Page 50 and 51: 2.40 Aquaculture ponds located betw
Page 52 and 53: 2.42 All the islands are situated w
Page 54 and 55: 2.44 • Transport the water to the
Page 56 and 57: 2.46 The other type of failure may
Page 58 and 59: 2.48 channel floor, some of the riv
Page 60 and 61: 2.50 embankments. Crops and propert
Page 62 and 63: 2.52 2. To reduce the average dista
Page 64 and 65: 3.2 a storm surge caused by a tropi
Page 66 and 67: 3.4 these merchants may have been t
Page 68 and 69: 3.6 Figure 3-1. Map of India during
Page 70 and 71: 3.8 larger volume of sewage and dra
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Page 74 and 75: 3.12 3.9. Drainage scheme of Dr. B.
Page 76 and 77: 3.14 3.10. CMPO and KMDA (originall
Page 78 and 79: 3.16 Flows are diverted to the loca
Page 80 and 81: 3.18 the Bhangar region through the
Page 82 and 83: 3.20 the ocean level as a result of
Page 84 and 85: 3.22 Table 3-6. Major pumping stati
Page 86 and 87: 3.24 Table 3-9. Drainage basin area
Page 88 and 89: 3.26 will lead to significant impro
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Page 92 and 93: 3.30 Respectively. The discharge of
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3.32 Figure 3-6. The downstream of
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3.34 Figure 3-10 shows the tail end
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3.36
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3.38
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4.2 In US, there is a steady decrea
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4.4 This shows that Orissa (with 10
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4.6 30 25 20 15 10 Severe Cyclone C
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4.8 Table 3: Return periods of cycl
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4.10 Table 5: The number and return
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4.12 work station (the Automated Tr
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4.14 through this trough into the d
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4.16 Mean Low water 1.51 1.39 1.34
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4.18 τx,τy : x and y components o
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4.20 formulation. However, the rete
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4.22 ∂u ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ζ 1
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4.24 Δ p p(r) = p( ∞) − [1+ (r
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4.26 maximum surge for this event w
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4.28 U-Component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.30 ## ## ## #### ### ## ########
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4.32 V-component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.34 U-component of Velocity (Surfa
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## ################################
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4.38 V-Component of velocity (Surfa
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5.2 particular human settlement to
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5.4 The Composite Vulnerability Ind
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5.6 (2004 prices) prevalent in dist
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5.8 Moyna 0.6280 0.1592 0.542286 0.
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5.10 5.4.2. Social infrastructure H
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5.12 Budge-Budge(Part-II) 0.0000 0.
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5.14 secondary and tertiary activit
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5.16 F i Fˆ i ⎛ Total no. of =
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5.18 Table 5-4: Composite Index of
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5.20 M ′ = H M ′′ = I . S whe
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Chapter Six Mitigation Strategies a
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6.3 Beside these differences in lev
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6.5 • to reduce the destructive f
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6.7 6.2.4. Methods of Construction
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6.9 is attached to the structure. T
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6.11 (b) Medium rivers to armour th
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6.13 Likewise, in all the embankmen
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6.15 Figure 6 -5 Figure 6 -6 Figure
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6.17 Benefit cost ratio Area benefi
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6.19 Location and cost of proposed
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6.21 Swaraupnagar Swaraupnagar 100
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6.23 Gobadia Kakdwip Dk Kasiabad &
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6.25 Location and cost of proposed
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6.27 " Jagaddal " 800 6400000 " Jag
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6.29
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6.31
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6.33
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6.35 Figure 6 -11 Figure 6 -12
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6.37 Figure 6 -15 Figure 6 -16
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6.39 Figure 6 -19 6.2.7. Recommenda
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6.41 4. Rajraj Swarup & Ramnagar Ab
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6.43 project. Such sediment deficit
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6.45 paludosa, Rhizophora apiculata
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6.47 15. Ceriops tagal 0.22 0.40 0.
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6.49 shelterbelt (average 100 m wid
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6.51 (assuming land acquisition cos
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6.53 location are missing reducing
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7.2 resulted in large scale waterlo
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7.4 5. No adverse effect in drainin
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7.6 15 LT Panel L.S. 2,200,000 16 I
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7.8 Bagjola, Kestopur and SWF chann
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Executive Cost Summary of Recommend
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References Kanjilal (2005) “Sunde
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“……………….Designingadis
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