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2.24 2.4.11. Forest composition The vegetation is peculiar to tidal swamps influenced primarily by salinity of water and secondarily by the nature of soil, tides & activities of the human agency. All the rivers in this forest tract are saline through out the year. The regions which are less saline may be included in the Salt Water Heritiera Forest type. Not only is Sundari found in these regions but also is the growth of vegetation much better than that in the region which is more saline. The latter may be included in the "Low Mangrove Forest" type, here Sundari is practically absent and the growth of the crop is extremely poor. The entire crop available in this Division (24-Parganas South Division) is very much poorer in comparison to that of Bangladesh. Salt water Heritiera Forest type The upper story is composed mainly of Genwa with sattered Passur, Dhudal & Sundri. Genwa is finally associated with a dense growth in the understroyed. Sundari is found in the northern part of the forests, but its number decreases towards the west & south. Keora & baen are often found occupying the mud blanks of rivers & canals. Garan, kankra & Ora are not uncommon on the river blanks. Baen sometimes occurs almost pure. Khalasi grows as bushes only on the edges of river & khals. The blank areas occupying the interior of the islands are either bare or occupied by very scattered dwarf jhamti Goran, Baen and Horgoza. Pure patches of Hental are common on the dry elevated blanks of river and creeks. Golpata prefers the ever most mud blanks and is confined to a few blocks only, the new chars are covered mainly with Baen. The general height is 20-35 feet. The tallest tree in the type is keora which attains a maximum height of about feet. Low Mangrove Forest type The composition of this type is identical with that of the preceding except Sundari and Golpata that are almost absent and the height, growht and density are much lower. The formation of new chars and islands is common in this region. Dhani grass appears first upon the newly formed chars and nurses Baen, which is second in succession. When Baen is established Genwa comes in gradually and it is only when Genwa attains a sufficient height, Goran comes as an understorey. Ora & other species come in the intermediate period. The extreme salinity of water in the region does not permit Sundari and Golpata to grow. Thatch grass (ulu) is found growing in the Haliday Island and some similar islands only.
2.25 2.4.12. Colonization of the Sunderbans Previously the entire area of Sundarbans was under forest. During the middle of Eighteenth century when the 24-Parganas District was given to lease to the East India Company, almost the entire area south of Calcutta was in a wild and uncultivated State with exception of small pockets of high land bordering the Hooghly and Jamuna, once branches of the Ganga. Those areas were either swampy or under the coverage of Forest and Jungle. The ground level was lower than the high tide level. Being attracted by the fertility of the soil and close proximity of Calcutta some adventurous people under the patronage of the then Collector General of East India Company, C. Rusell, started cultivation in 1770 in Matla and Bidyadhari basin east of Calcutta. The cultivation was done by constructing circuit embankments above tide level all along the deltaic channel to prevent saline inundation and clearing forests and jungles within the protected zone. The drainage was done either by Payna Cut of the embankment during low tides or by improvised type of wooden box sluices. In 1831 after the completion of survey of the Sundarbans area by Messres William Dampier Commissioner and Lient Alexander Hodges, Surveyor of the Surevey of India the forest lands in Sundarbans were given to settlers systematically on lease under Grant Rules 1830. This has hastened the colonisation of Sundarbans by premature reclamation in wide areas spreading from North Eastern boundary in Haroa, Minakhan-Srindeskhali area to Kakdwip, Sagar Patharpratima area in South Western boundary. This method of land reclamation prematurely had not been without its evils. On account of the embankments silt laden water at flow tide has been prevent from spilling of over the land on either wide. The level of the land has remained low while the bed level of the river has been raised due to deposition of silt. Rivers are choked and cease to function efficiently as drainage and navigation channels. The silt carried by the flow tide unable to spread over the land is being deposited in the channel bed and is gradually aggrading it. A tidal channel when obstructed gets chocked in its own bed without any chance of diversion by avulsion, as the energy required for the purpose is lacking, it not being possible for a tidal channel to rise above the tide level. Thus the beneficiary activity of raising this portion of the delta has been lost to the country and the land remains low with aggradation of channel. The deterioration of the tidal channels has aggravated due to the absence of perennial upland supply which could have clushed back aggravated the silt load deposited on the channel bed during the semi-diurnal tide cycles back into the sea. No material contribution can be expected from local drainage only during three monsoon months. The first interference was the premature reclamation of the land on either bank of the Matla and the Bidyadhari. Boundary channels began to deteriorate with the progressive rise in tide level of what may be called the "Heaping up tides". At port
Page 2 and 3: HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MITI
Page 4 and 5: Project Team Though the outcome of
Page 6 and 7: Preamble The State of West Bengal,
Page 8 and 9: 1.2 IMD, in its website (http://www
Page 10 and 11: 1.4 5. Proposals for location of cy
Page 12 and 13: 2.2 region is that which struck the
Page 14 and 15: 2.4 Figure 2-2. Track of the 1970 B
Page 16 and 17: 2.6 The most destructive element as
Page 18 and 19: 2.8 the two regions is rather diffe
Page 20 and 21: 2.10 2.4. The eastern coastal zone
Page 22 and 23: 2.12 velocity is first checked. As
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Page 26 and 27: 2.16 2.4.6. Soil characteristics Th
Page 28 and 29: 2.18 All rivers have in general sou
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Page 40 and 41: 2.30 Mangrove plantation beyond the
Page 42 and 43: 2.32 A retired embankment of river
Page 44 and 45: 2.34 The beaches are flattened by s
Page 46 and 47: 2.36 of a doiminant tidalbasin of t
Page 48 and 49: 2.38 primary mode is centered on th
Page 50 and 51: 2.40 Aquaculture ponds located betw
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Page 54 and 55: 2.44 • Transport the water to the
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Page 76 and 77: 3.14 3.10. CMPO and KMDA (originall
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3.22 Table 3-6. Major pumping stati
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3.24 Table 3-9. Drainage basin area
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3.26 will lead to significant impro
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3.28 locks, one at Chitpur and anot
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3.30 Respectively. The discharge of
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3.32 Figure 3-6. The downstream of
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3.34 Figure 3-10 shows the tail end
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3.36
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3.38
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4.2 In US, there is a steady decrea
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4.4 This shows that Orissa (with 10
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4.6 30 25 20 15 10 Severe Cyclone C
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4.8 Table 3: Return periods of cycl
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4.10 Table 5: The number and return
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4.12 work station (the Automated Tr
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4.14 through this trough into the d
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4.16 Mean Low water 1.51 1.39 1.34
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4.18 τx,τy : x and y components o
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4.20 formulation. However, the rete
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4.22 ∂u ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ζ 1
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4.24 Δ p p(r) = p( ∞) − [1+ (r
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4.26 maximum surge for this event w
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4.28 U-Component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.30 ## ## ## #### ### ## ########
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4.32 V-component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.34 U-component of Velocity (Surfa
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## ################################
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4.38 V-Component of velocity (Surfa
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5.2 particular human settlement to
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5.4 The Composite Vulnerability Ind
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5.6 (2004 prices) prevalent in dist
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5.8 Moyna 0.6280 0.1592 0.542286 0.
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5.10 5.4.2. Social infrastructure H
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5.12 Budge-Budge(Part-II) 0.0000 0.
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5.14 secondary and tertiary activit
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5.16 F i Fˆ i ⎛ Total no. of =
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5.18 Table 5-4: Composite Index of
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5.20 M ′ = H M ′′ = I . S whe
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Chapter Six Mitigation Strategies a
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6.3 Beside these differences in lev
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6.5 • to reduce the destructive f
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6.7 6.2.4. Methods of Construction
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6.9 is attached to the structure. T
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6.11 (b) Medium rivers to armour th
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6.13 Likewise, in all the embankmen
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6.15 Figure 6 -5 Figure 6 -6 Figure
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6.17 Benefit cost ratio Area benefi
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6.19 Location and cost of proposed
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6.21 Swaraupnagar Swaraupnagar 100
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6.23 Gobadia Kakdwip Dk Kasiabad &
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6.25 Location and cost of proposed
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6.27 " Jagaddal " 800 6400000 " Jag
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6.29
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6.31
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6.33
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6.35 Figure 6 -11 Figure 6 -12
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6.37 Figure 6 -15 Figure 6 -16
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6.39 Figure 6 -19 6.2.7. Recommenda
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6.41 4. Rajraj Swarup & Ramnagar Ab
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6.43 project. Such sediment deficit
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6.45 paludosa, Rhizophora apiculata
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6.47 15. Ceriops tagal 0.22 0.40 0.
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6.49 shelterbelt (average 100 m wid
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6.51 (assuming land acquisition cos
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6.53 location are missing reducing
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7.2 resulted in large scale waterlo
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7.4 5. No adverse effect in drainin
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7.6 15 LT Panel L.S. 2,200,000 16 I
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7.8 Bagjola, Kestopur and SWF chann
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Executive Cost Summary of Recommend
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References Kanjilal (2005) “Sunde
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“……………….Designingadis
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