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2.10 2.4. The eastern coastal zone – the Sundarbans The Sundarbans consists of the Coastal belt of the Bay of Bengal on the Southern most fringe of the State of West Bengal and Bangladesh, It forms part of the Gangetic Delta which has been built primarily by the silt, carried down by the Ganga and Brahmaputra river system bounded by river Hooghly on the west and Padma - Meghna on the east. The land is very fertile. The total expanse of the Sundarbans is above 2.07 Million Hectares out of which only 38.54 percent, that is, 0.791 Million Hectares lie in India and the rest in Bangladesh. The Sundarbans area is situated in the Southern portion of the District of 24-Parganas bounded by the river Hooghly on the west, Bay of Bengal on the South and Ichhamati-Kalindi-Raimangal river system on the east bordering Bangladesh. The northern boundary was demarcated from the rest of 24-Parganas district in 1831 by Survey of India by means of what is known as the Dampier-Hodges Line, This line runs a slightly zig-zag course from Ichhamati near Basirhat in the North-east to the Hooghly near Kulpi in the South-west. Figure 2-6. The Sundarbans of West Bengal – reclaimed areas and the existing forest areas (From Paul, 2002)
2.11 2.4.1. Physical features The major portion of South Bengal including the Sundarban had been formed mainly by the service tendered by the magnificent river Ganga in transporting millions tons of silt every year from the Mighty Himalayas through the Bhaqirathi Hooghly channel. Land was formed at the head of delta due to deposition of silt in suspension when the strong current in the river is checked by coming in contact with the sea. Ganges like other delta builders, began to approach the sea in several diverging branches enclosing the intersecting the delta already built so as extend it towards the sea by dropping their silt load near about their mouths. But the raising would have beer, exceedingly slow as floods occur only in limited period during the monsoon. Hence Nature has requisitioned the service of tide who pick up vast reservoir of unconsolidated silt at their mouths almost to the saturation point and flow inland twice a day during flood tide through out the year and drops a part at low velocity stage on the entire basin below tide level and within tide limits and thus raise the delta already built. The process of delta building was very high for the two following factors - i) The steep slope of the Himalays, the highest mountain in the world which aided by the torrential character of the rain and the rather indifferent conditin of the catchment basin has been furnishing the building material in abundance during the monsoon. ii) The abnormally high tidal range due to the funnel shape of the Bay of Bengal which has been helping in distributing these materials twice daily throughout the year. But, silt is less in winter season particularly. The formation of delta in Southern Bengal continued at a very fast rate upto 12th Century. Between the l2th and 16th centuries A.D., the main course of the Ganga fluctuated between the Bhagirathi- Hooghly and the present course further eastwards called the Padma, and from the 16th century onwards the Padma has become the main course. With this diversion of the main Ganga through the Padma, all the branches of the Ganga Bhagirathi system in this region, which were carriers of silt were deprived of their head water supply except during the few monsoon months. As such these rivers have lost their role in building the delta. At the moment, new land formation is dependent on tides. The old river channels excepting Hooghly exist as tidal creeks with the additional function as drainage carriers of the area. 2.4.2. Topography The depth of silt deposited by upland floods is the maximum close to the river banks where the
Page 2 and 3: HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MITI
Page 4 and 5: Project Team Though the outcome of
Page 6 and 7: Preamble The State of West Bengal,
Page 8 and 9: 1.2 IMD, in its website (http://www
Page 10 and 11: 1.4 5. Proposals for location of cy
Page 12 and 13: 2.2 region is that which struck the
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Page 16 and 17: 2.6 The most destructive element as
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Page 42 and 43: 2.32 A retired embankment of river
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3.8 larger volume of sewage and dra
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3.10 receive, at least during the r
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3.12 3.9. Drainage scheme of Dr. B.
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3.14 3.10. CMPO and KMDA (originall
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3.16 Flows are diverted to the loca
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3.18 the Bhangar region through the
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3.20 the ocean level as a result of
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3.22 Table 3-6. Major pumping stati
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3.24 Table 3-9. Drainage basin area
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3.26 will lead to significant impro
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3.28 locks, one at Chitpur and anot
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3.30 Respectively. The discharge of
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3.32 Figure 3-6. The downstream of
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3.34 Figure 3-10 shows the tail end
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3.36
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3.38
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4.2 In US, there is a steady decrea
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4.4 This shows that Orissa (with 10
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4.6 30 25 20 15 10 Severe Cyclone C
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4.8 Table 3: Return periods of cycl
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4.10 Table 5: The number and return
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4.12 work station (the Automated Tr
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4.14 through this trough into the d
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4.16 Mean Low water 1.51 1.39 1.34
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4.18 τx,τy : x and y components o
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4.20 formulation. However, the rete
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4.22 ∂u ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ζ 1
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4.24 Δ p p(r) = p( ∞) − [1+ (r
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4.26 maximum surge for this event w
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4.28 U-Component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.30 ## ## ## #### ### ## ########
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4.32 V-component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.34 U-component of Velocity (Surfa
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## ################################
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4.38 V-Component of velocity (Surfa
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5.2 particular human settlement to
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5.4 The Composite Vulnerability Ind
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5.6 (2004 prices) prevalent in dist
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5.8 Moyna 0.6280 0.1592 0.542286 0.
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5.10 5.4.2. Social infrastructure H
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5.12 Budge-Budge(Part-II) 0.0000 0.
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5.14 secondary and tertiary activit
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5.16 F i Fˆ i ⎛ Total no. of =
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5.18 Table 5-4: Composite Index of
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5.20 M ′ = H M ′′ = I . S whe
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Chapter Six Mitigation Strategies a
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6.3 Beside these differences in lev
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6.5 • to reduce the destructive f
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6.7 6.2.4. Methods of Construction
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6.9 is attached to the structure. T
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6.11 (b) Medium rivers to armour th
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6.13 Likewise, in all the embankmen
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6.15 Figure 6 -5 Figure 6 -6 Figure
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6.17 Benefit cost ratio Area benefi
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6.19 Location and cost of proposed
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6.21 Swaraupnagar Swaraupnagar 100
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6.23 Gobadia Kakdwip Dk Kasiabad &
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6.25 Location and cost of proposed
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6.27 " Jagaddal " 800 6400000 " Jag
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6.29
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6.31
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6.33
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6.35 Figure 6 -11 Figure 6 -12
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6.37 Figure 6 -15 Figure 6 -16
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6.39 Figure 6 -19 6.2.7. Recommenda
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6.41 4. Rajraj Swarup & Ramnagar Ab
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6.43 project. Such sediment deficit
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6.45 paludosa, Rhizophora apiculata
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6.47 15. Ceriops tagal 0.22 0.40 0.
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6.49 shelterbelt (average 100 m wid
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6.51 (assuming land acquisition cos
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6.53 location are missing reducing
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7.2 resulted in large scale waterlo
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7.4 5. No adverse effect in drainin
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7.6 15 LT Panel L.S. 2,200,000 16 I
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7.8 Bagjola, Kestopur and SWF chann
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Executive Cost Summary of Recommend
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References Kanjilal (2005) “Sunde
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“……………….Designingadis
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