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2.8 the two regions is rather different. Further, the nature of the action of cyclonic storm surge depends upon the geophysical characteristics of the coastline or the estuarine bank-line. Figure 2-5. Coastline of West Bengal showing the different Blocks touching Bay of Bengal Physiographically, the coastal plain of West Bengal may be said to consist of the following five different types of features: (i) Beaches, spits and barriers; (ii) Coastal sand dunes; (iii) Coastal wetlands; (iv) Coastal lowlands; and (v) Coastal plains, estuaries, tidal inlets and lagoons (Paul 2002). Each of the physiographic regions is characterized by several morphological features evolved under the impact of coastal hydrodynamics, available sediment supply and transportation paths, selfcompaction of sediments, sub aerial processes, changes in relative level of land and sea, etc. According to Chakrabarti (2006), in West Bengal two contrasting coastal environments are present: (a) the Macrotidal Hooghly estuary and (b) the Mesotidal Midnapore coastal plain in the east and west respectively of the River Hooghly: • Macrotidal (tidal range > 4m) Hooghly estuary — the bell or funnel shaped Hooghly river mouth characterized by a group of islands set in a labyrinth of tidal creeks marking their outlines. This macrotidal domain with bidirectional tidal currents is marked by the presence of 'sickle-shaped' near offshore configuration with partially or totally emerged linear tidal shoals
2.9 (aligned perpendicular to the shoreline) separated by intervening swales e.g. Jambudwip and Chuksardwip. • Mesotidal (tidal range: 2—4m) Midnapore (Digha—Junput) coastal plain to west of the Hooghly estuary. Successive rows of dunes with intervening clayey tidal flats are characteristically present in the coastal plain. The “Ancient dune complex” all along the Midnapore coastal plain (about 10 to 15 km north of the present shoreline) indicates the position of the “Ancient strand line” in the area. The C 14 dating of sediments from “Ancient fluvio-tidal flat” (5760±140 YBP) present in the north of the “Ancient dune complex” confirms that the higher strand line in the post-glacial (Holocene) period is at present represented by the “Ancient dune complex” which is around 6000 YBP – the optimum of the Flandrian transgression (Selby, 1985). The C 14 dating of sediments from “Ancient intertidal flat” (just south of the “Ancient dune complex”) gives an age of 2920±160 YBP which indicates the first punctuation in the regression of the Holocene sea in the area under consideration. The “Ancient dune complex” does not extend in the eastern part of the Hooghly river. Careful analysis of the satellite imagery reveals the presence of a morpho-structural lineament in the same alignment as that of the aforesaid dune belt and passes just north of Sagar Island, through Kakdwip, in a north-easterly direction towards Bangladesh separating the lower deltaic plain of Ganga- Brahmaputra (within India) into two sectors, as mentioned below: The areas to the south of this line are characterised by the presence of islands (draped with mangroves) separated by an network of active tidal creeks, The areas to the north of this line are almost free from such network embroidery of tidal creeks and islands. The Sundarban falls in the first group occupying the area south of the lineament. In Hooghly estuary, in the south of this morpho-structural lineament, the sticky grey clay of inter-distributary mangrove marsh unit (equivalent to the “Ancient intertidal flat” unit of Midnapore coastal plain) is characterised by the brackish water mangrove bio-assemblages (for example Ceriops, Rhizophora, Chenopodiaceae, Heriteria, Gramine (Poaceae), Palmae (Aricaceae), Circulisporites etc.). The C14 dating of this clay sample from Namkhana giving an age of 3170±70 YBP and 2900±20 YBP from Gangasagar indicates the progressive southward shifting of coastline towards the present shoreline in recent past. We briefly discuss each of these coastal zones and the vulnerability due to cyclonic hazards in the following sections.
Page 2 and 3: HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MITI
Page 4 and 5: Project Team Though the outcome of
Page 6 and 7: Preamble The State of West Bengal,
Page 8 and 9: 1.2 IMD, in its website (http://www
Page 10 and 11: 1.4 5. Proposals for location of cy
Page 12 and 13: 2.2 region is that which struck the
Page 14 and 15: 2.4 Figure 2-2. Track of the 1970 B
Page 16 and 17: 2.6 The most destructive element as
Page 20 and 21: 2.10 2.4. The eastern coastal zone
Page 22 and 23: 2.12 velocity is first checked. As
Page 24 and 25: 2.14 Strong winds known as cyclones
Page 26 and 27: 2.16 2.4.6. Soil characteristics Th
Page 28 and 29: 2.18 All rivers have in general sou
Page 30 and 31: 2.20 Another interesting feature of
Page 32 and 33: 2.22 formed does not pose so much o
Page 34 and 35: 2.24 2.4.11. Forest composition The
Page 36 and 37: 2.26 Canning (Bidyadhari Outfall in
Page 38 and 39: 2.28 Administrative information Pop
Page 40 and 41: 2.30 Mangrove plantation beyond the
Page 42 and 43: 2.32 A retired embankment of river
Page 44 and 45: 2.34 The beaches are flattened by s
Page 46 and 47: 2.36 of a doiminant tidalbasin of t
Page 48 and 49: 2.38 primary mode is centered on th
Page 50 and 51: 2.40 Aquaculture ponds located betw
Page 52 and 53: 2.42 All the islands are situated w
Page 54 and 55: 2.44 • Transport the water to the
Page 56 and 57: 2.46 The other type of failure may
Page 58 and 59: 2.48 channel floor, some of the riv
Page 60 and 61: 2.50 embankments. Crops and propert
Page 62 and 63: 2.52 2. To reduce the average dista
Page 64 and 65: 3.2 a storm surge caused by a tropi
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3.6 Figure 3-1. Map of India during
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3.8 larger volume of sewage and dra
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3.10 receive, at least during the r
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3.12 3.9. Drainage scheme of Dr. B.
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3.14 3.10. CMPO and KMDA (originall
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3.16 Flows are diverted to the loca
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3.18 the Bhangar region through the
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3.20 the ocean level as a result of
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3.22 Table 3-6. Major pumping stati
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3.24 Table 3-9. Drainage basin area
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3.26 will lead to significant impro
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3.28 locks, one at Chitpur and anot
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3.30 Respectively. The discharge of
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3.32 Figure 3-6. The downstream of
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3.34 Figure 3-10 shows the tail end
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3.36
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3.38
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4.2 In US, there is a steady decrea
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4.4 This shows that Orissa (with 10
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4.6 30 25 20 15 10 Severe Cyclone C
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4.8 Table 3: Return periods of cycl
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4.10 Table 5: The number and return
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4.12 work station (the Automated Tr
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4.14 through this trough into the d
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4.16 Mean Low water 1.51 1.39 1.34
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4.18 τx,τy : x and y components o
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4.20 formulation. However, the rete
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4.22 ∂u ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ζ 1
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4.24 Δ p p(r) = p( ∞) − [1+ (r
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4.26 maximum surge for this event w
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4.28 U-Component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.30 ## ## ## #### ### ## ########
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4.32 V-component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.34 U-component of Velocity (Surfa
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## ################################
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4.38 V-Component of velocity (Surfa
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5.2 particular human settlement to
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5.4 The Composite Vulnerability Ind
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5.6 (2004 prices) prevalent in dist
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5.8 Moyna 0.6280 0.1592 0.542286 0.
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5.10 5.4.2. Social infrastructure H
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5.12 Budge-Budge(Part-II) 0.0000 0.
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5.14 secondary and tertiary activit
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5.16 F i Fˆ i ⎛ Total no. of =
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5.18 Table 5-4: Composite Index of
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5.20 M ′ = H M ′′ = I . S whe
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Chapter Six Mitigation Strategies a
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6.3 Beside these differences in lev
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6.5 • to reduce the destructive f
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6.7 6.2.4. Methods of Construction
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6.9 is attached to the structure. T
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6.11 (b) Medium rivers to armour th
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6.13 Likewise, in all the embankmen
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6.15 Figure 6 -5 Figure 6 -6 Figure
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6.17 Benefit cost ratio Area benefi
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6.19 Location and cost of proposed
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6.21 Swaraupnagar Swaraupnagar 100
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6.23 Gobadia Kakdwip Dk Kasiabad &
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6.25 Location and cost of proposed
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6.27 " Jagaddal " 800 6400000 " Jag
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6.29
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6.31
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6.33
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6.35 Figure 6 -11 Figure 6 -12
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6.37 Figure 6 -15 Figure 6 -16
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6.39 Figure 6 -19 6.2.7. Recommenda
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6.41 4. Rajraj Swarup & Ramnagar Ab
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6.43 project. Such sediment deficit
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6.45 paludosa, Rhizophora apiculata
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6.47 15. Ceriops tagal 0.22 0.40 0.
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6.49 shelterbelt (average 100 m wid
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6.51 (assuming land acquisition cos
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6.53 location are missing reducing
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7.2 resulted in large scale waterlo
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7.4 5. No adverse effect in drainin
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7.6 15 LT Panel L.S. 2,200,000 16 I
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7.8 Bagjola, Kestopur and SWF chann
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Executive Cost Summary of Recommend
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References Kanjilal (2005) “Sunde
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“……………….Designingadis
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