Cyclone and Storm Surge - Iczmpwb.org

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Chapter Six Mitigation Strategies and Proposed Measures for the Districts 6.1. General The discussions in Chapter 2 lead us to propose the following measures for protecting the lives of the people in the countryside that are prone to cyclonic hazards. CHAPTER 6 • Strengthening of existing embankments to protect the enclosed land from inundation and salt water intrusion. • Protection of riverbank in the inhabited islands of Sundarbans from eroding away due to strong river current or wave dash. • Protection of sea beach of the Medinipur coastal tracts from eroding away due to wave dash caused by storm surges. • Regeneration of mangrove in river side of the embankments, if possible, in order to protect them from the direct fury of storm surges. • Possible shelter belt plantations in the Medinipur coastal tracts for protecting the beach from degrading due to natural hazards related to cyclones. • Possible locations of cyclone shelters to provide refuge to the people of the most vulnerable zones. • Possible missing road links that may be constructed to connect vulnerable regions to safer locations. Each of these points has been elaborated in the following sections of this chapter. 6.2. Embankments Kanjilal (2006) has provided a detailed description of the condition of the condition of the embankments today. The following excerpt has been selected from this reference, with the permission of the author.
6.2 From a hydrological point of view the islands of the Sundarban, presently under cultivation, should be looked at as "polders" because the water levels of the surrounding river sections are periodically higher than the field levels. Polders require man-made embankments to prevent flooding. The river water in the Sundarban is saline throughout the year and consequently the damage to the crops of the inundated areas is severe. The embankments to be constructed, rehabilitated and maintained should meet two criteria: they need to be high enough to prevent overflow and they need to be strong enough to prevent bursts and other forms of damage. These criteria have their effects on the following issues which are related to the construction and the maintenance of the embankment: 1. The typical cross-section, 2. The alignment of the embankment and the importance of the “berm” situated between the river and the embankment, 3. The quality of the construction material, 4. The method of construction, 5. Measures to protect the slope of the embankment 6.2.1. Typical Cross-Section The cross-section of an embankment is determined by: the field level of the strip of land where the embankment is built or needs to be built, the required level of the crest of the embankment, the width of this crest and the gradients of the inner and the outer slopes. In their proposal to improve and repair the flood protection works in the North-Eastern part of the Sundarban, the Irrigation Department stated that the islands in this area are flat and that the field level is +1.80 GTS. Although at macro level the cultivated areas of the islands are relatively flat, observations reveal that at micro level there are significant differences in level. These observations are confirmed by farmers, who moreover reported that according to their experience some islands are lower than others. This topography is characteristic for land reclaimed in tidal area.
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HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MITI
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Project Team Though the outcome of
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Preamble The State of West Bengal,
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1.2 IMD, in its website (http://www
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1.4 5. Proposals for location of cy
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2.2 region is that which struck the
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2.4 Figure 2-2. Track of the 1970 B
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2.6 The most destructive element as
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2.8 the two regions is rather diffe
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2.10 2.4. The eastern coastal zone
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2.12 velocity is first checked. As
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2.14 Strong winds known as cyclones
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2.16 2.4.6. Soil characteristics Th
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2.18 All rivers have in general sou
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2.20 Another interesting feature of
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2.22 formed does not pose so much o
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2.24 2.4.11. Forest composition The
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2.26 Canning (Bidyadhari Outfall in
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2.28 Administrative information Pop
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2.30 Mangrove plantation beyond the
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2.32 A retired embankment of river
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2.34 The beaches are flattened by s
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2.36 of a doiminant tidalbasin of t
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2.38 primary mode is centered on th
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2.40 Aquaculture ponds located betw
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2.42 All the islands are situated w
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2.44 • Transport the water to the
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2.46 The other type of failure may
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2.48 channel floor, some of the riv
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2.50 embankments. Crops and propert
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2.52 2. To reduce the average dista
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3.2 a storm surge caused by a tropi
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3.4 these merchants may have been t
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3.6 Figure 3-1. Map of India during
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3.8 larger volume of sewage and dra
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3.10 receive, at least during the r
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3.12 3.9. Drainage scheme of Dr. B.
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3.14 3.10. CMPO and KMDA (originall
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3.16 Flows are diverted to the loca
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3.18 the Bhangar region through the
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3.20 the ocean level as a result of
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3.22 Table 3-6. Major pumping stati
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3.24 Table 3-9. Drainage basin area
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3.26 will lead to significant impro
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3.28 locks, one at Chitpur and anot
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3.30 Respectively. The discharge of
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3.32 Figure 3-6. The downstream of
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3.34 Figure 3-10 shows the tail end
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3.36
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3.38
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4.2 In US, there is a steady decrea
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4.4 This shows that Orissa (with 10
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4.6 30 25 20 15 10 Severe Cyclone C
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4.8 Table 3: Return periods of cycl
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Page 116 and 117: 4.16 Mean Low water 1.51 1.39 1.34
Page 118 and 119: 4.18 τx,τy : x and y components o
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Page 122 and 123: 4.22 ∂u ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ζ 1
Page 124 and 125: 4.24 Δ p p(r) = p( ∞) − [1+ (r
Page 126 and 127: 4.26 maximum surge for this event w
Page 128 and 129: 4.28 U-Component of Velocity (Surfa
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Page 132 and 133: 4.32 V-component of Velocity (Surfa
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Page 180 and 181: 6.21 Swaraupnagar Swaraupnagar 100
Page 182 and 183: 6.23 Gobadia Kakdwip Dk Kasiabad &
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6.51 (assuming land acquisition cos
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6.53 location are missing reducing
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7.2 resulted in large scale waterlo
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7.4 5. No adverse effect in drainin
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7.6 15 LT Panel L.S. 2,200,000 16 I
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7.8 Bagjola, Kestopur and SWF chann
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Executive Cost Summary of Recommend
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References Kanjilal (2005) “Sunde
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“……………….Designingadis
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