Cyclone and Storm Surge - Iczmpwb.org

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4.22 ∂u ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ζ 1 ∂p u )+ ( ) = a Fs cf 2 2 + ( uu vu −fv −g( ζ + h) − ( ζ + h) + − ( u + v) ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ρ ∂x ρ ( ζ + h) 1 2 (23) ∂v ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ζ 1 ∂p v )+ ( )+ = a Gs cf 2 2 + ( uv vv fu −g( ζ + h) − ( ζ + h) + − ( u + v ) ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂y ρ ∂y ρ ( ζ + h) 1 2 (24) where u ~ = ( ζ + h) u and v~ = ( ζ + h) v are the new prognostic variables and (ζ+h) gives the total depth of the basin. The equation of continuity (22) along with the two momemtum equations (23) and (24) form the three basic equations of the numerical model. It consists of a set of three coupled equations for the unknowns u, v and ζ. The forcing terms in these three equations arise out of (i) Coriolis terms, (ii) the inverted barometric effect i.e. ∂ p ∂x a ∂ p and ∂y a due to fall in atmospheric pressure, (iii) the component of wind stress ( FS, GS) and (iv) the bottom stress component. ( FB, GB). If these forcing terms could be specified by meteorological data and the geometry of the continental shelf then the problem would be solved by numerical integration. The response in the sea at any instant t > 0 then determines the surge heights. Before proceeding to the numerical integration, it is necessary to have certain boundary and initial conditions. 4.8. Boundary and Initial conditions In addition to the fulfillment of the surface and bottom conditions (5) and (6), appropriate conditions have to be satisfied along the lateral boundaries of the sea area under consideration for all time. Theoretically the only boundary condition needed in the vertically integrated system is that the normal transport vanish at the coast, i.e., u cosα + v sinα = 0 for all t ≥ 0 (25) where α denotes the inclination of the outward directed normal to the x-axis. It then follows that u = 0 along the y-directed boundaries and v = 0 along the x-directed boundaries.
4.23 At the open-sea boundary, the normal currents across the boundary may be prescribed, yielding a condition such as (25) modified by a non-zero term on the right hand side of the equation. Alternatively, a radiation type of condition may be applied, which leads to (Heaps, 1973) ⎛ g u cosα + v sinα + ⎜ ⎝ h ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ 1 2 ζ = 0 (26) Application of a radiation type of condition (26) at the open sea boundary of a model allows the propagation of energy (disturbances) only outwards from the interior in the form of simple progressive waves. It also helps to eliminate the transient response more quickly as a result of the frictional dissipation in the system. Concerning its effectiveness Flather (1976a) notes that application of a radiation condition in the numerical model may remove the unrealistically large currents and grid scale oscillations in the vicinity of the open boundary which may possibly be produced by the application of conventional open-sea boundary condition (i.e., ζ= 0 at y=0). As usual it is assumed that the motion in the sea is generated from an initial state of rest, so that ζ = u= v= 0 everywhere for t = 0. (27) 4.8.1. Determination of forcing functions The forcing terms in the prediction equations (22)-(24) are the Coriolis force, the surface pressure, wind stress components and the seabed friction. The surge is generated by an idealized cyclone, of constant strength, tracking across the analysis area with constant speed. In view of the strong associated winds and consequently high values of the wind stress forcing, the forcing due to barometric changes (i.e.) ∂ p ∂x a and ∂ p ∂y a may be neglected in the surge prediction models. Further, the Coriolis force can be determined by knowing the latitudinal position of the area and the bottom stress may be parameterized in terms of depth averaged currents by a quadratic law. The problem thus remains to compute the surface winds and the wind stresses. So far no good theory exists on which a computation of the surface winds can be based. A number of numerical models use the model storms in which the wind speed is related to the pressure gradient. The pressure field is specified by:
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HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MITI
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Project Team Though the outcome of
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Preamble The State of West Bengal,
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1.2 IMD, in its website (http://www
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1.4 5. Proposals for location of cy
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2.2 region is that which struck the
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2.4 Figure 2-2. Track of the 1970 B
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2.6 The most destructive element as
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2.8 the two regions is rather diffe
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2.10 2.4. The eastern coastal zone
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2.12 velocity is first checked. As
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2.14 Strong winds known as cyclones
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2.16 2.4.6. Soil characteristics Th
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2.18 All rivers have in general sou
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2.20 Another interesting feature of
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2.22 formed does not pose so much o
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2.24 2.4.11. Forest composition The
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2.26 Canning (Bidyadhari Outfall in
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2.28 Administrative information Pop
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2.30 Mangrove plantation beyond the
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2.32 A retired embankment of river
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2.34 The beaches are flattened by s
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2.36 of a doiminant tidalbasin of t
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2.38 primary mode is centered on th
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2.40 Aquaculture ponds located betw
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2.42 All the islands are situated w
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2.44 • Transport the water to the
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2.46 The other type of failure may
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2.48 channel floor, some of the riv
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2.50 embankments. Crops and propert
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2.52 2. To reduce the average dista
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3.2 a storm surge caused by a tropi
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3.4 these merchants may have been t
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3.6 Figure 3-1. Map of India during
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3.8 larger volume of sewage and dra
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6.13 Likewise, in all the embankmen
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6.15 Figure 6 -5 Figure 6 -6 Figure
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6.17 Benefit cost ratio Area benefi
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6.19 Location and cost of proposed
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6.21 Swaraupnagar Swaraupnagar 100
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6.23 Gobadia Kakdwip Dk Kasiabad &
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6.25 Location and cost of proposed
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6.27 " Jagaddal " 800 6400000 " Jag
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6.39 Figure 6 -19 6.2.7. Recommenda
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6.41 4. Rajraj Swarup & Ramnagar Ab
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6.43 project. Such sediment deficit
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6.45 paludosa, Rhizophora apiculata
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6.47 15. Ceriops tagal 0.22 0.40 0.
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6.49 shelterbelt (average 100 m wid
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6.51 (assuming land acquisition cos
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6.53 location are missing reducing
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7.2 resulted in large scale waterlo
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7.4 5. No adverse effect in drainin
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7.6 15 LT Panel L.S. 2,200,000 16 I
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7.8 Bagjola, Kestopur and SWF chann
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Executive Cost Summary of Recommend
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References Kanjilal (2005) “Sunde
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“……………….Designingadis
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