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4.14 through this trough into the deeper part of the Bay of Bengal. The shallower part of southern continental shelf off the coast of the Sunderbans, Patuakhali and Noakhali is covered by silt and clay, and extensive muddy tidal flats are developed along the shoreline. The ‘Sunda Trench’ runs parallel along the Westside of the Andaman-Nicobar islands which extends northward upto 10°N into the Bay and joins the eastern limit of the Himalayan range. The ‘Ninety East ridge’ runs in a north-south direction approximately along the 90°E longitude which lie immediately outboard the Sunda trench between the Bengal fan and the Nicobar fan. 4.6.2. Hydrological and Oceanographic characteristics The hydrological conditions in the Bay of Bengal are determined by the monsoonal wind system and also by hydrological characteristics of the open part of Indian Ocean. Discharge of fresh water from rivers largely influences the coastal northern part of the Bay. Physical oceanographic parameters pertaining to temperature, salinity and density of water in the southern part of the Bay of Bengal is similar to the open ocean. In the coastal region of the Bay and in north-eastern part of the Andaman Sea where significant influence of river water is present, the temperature and salinity are found different from the open part of the Bay. 4.6.3.Temperature The mean annual temperature of the surface water is about 28°C. The maximum temperature is observed in May (approx. 30°C) and minimum of 25°C in January-February month. The variation in temperature is about 2°C in the southern end and about 5°C in the northward limits of the Bay of Bengal. 4.6.4. Salinity In the open part of the Bay the salinity varies from 32‰ to 34.5‰, and in coastal region the variation is from 10‰ to 25‰. At the river mouths, the surface salinity decreases to 5‰ or even less. The coastal water is significantly diluted throughout the year, although the river water is greatly reduced during winter. Along the Ganges-Brahmaputra deltaic region there is decrease in salinity about 1‰ during summer which increases to 15‰ - 20‰ in winter. Salinity variations increase from the coast towards the open part of the Bay. On a vertical scale, the influence of fresh water discharge is experienced up to depths of 200 – 300 meters
4.15 4.6.5. Tides The Head Bay region experiences semi-diurnal type of tides (two high and two low tides in a period of 24 hours and 52 minutes). The highest tide is seen where the influence of bottom relief and configuration of the coast are prominent, in immediate vicinity of shallow water bays and estuarine confluence. The average height of tidal wave in the deltaic coast of the Ganges is about 4.92 meter. The tidal currents are strong which develop in the mouths of the rivers like the Hooghly and Meghna. The tidal information at six locations in the Hooghly River is depicted in Table -1. Table -6: Tide Table for the Hooghly River SAGAR GANGRA HALDIA DIAMOND HARBOUR MAYAPUR GARDEN REACH Highest High Water 6.66 7.25 7.26 7.35 7.1 7.7 Mean H.W. Spring Freshlets 5.49 5.84 5.92 6.22 5.88 6.12 Mean High water Springs Dry Season 5.06 5.43 5.51 5.74 5.28 5.24 Mean High water Springs 5.22 5.6 5.7 5.94 5.54 5.62 Mean High Water 4.64 4.93 5.01 5.24 4.83 4.88 Mean High water Neaps Freshlets 3.98 4.31 4.43 4.62 4.29 4.45 Mean High water Neaps Dry season 3.75 3.97 4.08 4.3 3.76 3.79 Mean High water Neaps 3.86 4.12 4.26 4.42 3.98 4.1 Local Mean water level 3 3.16 3.23 3.3 3 3.19 Mean Low water Neap Freshlets 2.42 2.31 2.28 2.36 2.04 2.38 Mean Low water Neaps Season 2.11 1.93 1.93 1.96 1.57 1.76 Mean Low water Neaps 2.23 2.09 2.1 2.14 1.78 2
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HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MITI
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Project Team Though the outcome of
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Preamble The State of West Bengal,
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1.2 IMD, in its website (http://www
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1.4 5. Proposals for location of cy
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2.2 region is that which struck the
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2.4 Figure 2-2. Track of the 1970 B
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2.6 The most destructive element as
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2.8 the two regions is rather diffe
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2.10 2.4. The eastern coastal zone
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2.12 velocity is first checked. As
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2.14 Strong winds known as cyclones
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2.16 2.4.6. Soil characteristics Th
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2.18 All rivers have in general sou
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2.20 Another interesting feature of
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2.22 formed does not pose so much o
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2.24 2.4.11. Forest composition The
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2.26 Canning (Bidyadhari Outfall in
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2.28 Administrative information Pop
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2.30 Mangrove plantation beyond the
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2.32 A retired embankment of river
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2.34 The beaches are flattened by s
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2.36 of a doiminant tidalbasin of t
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2.38 primary mode is centered on th
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2.40 Aquaculture ponds located betw
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2.42 All the islands are situated w
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2.44 • Transport the water to the
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2.46 The other type of failure may
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2.48 channel floor, some of the riv
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2.50 embankments. Crops and propert
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2.52 2. To reduce the average dista
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Page 70 and 71: 3.8 larger volume of sewage and dra
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Page 76 and 77: 3.14 3.10. CMPO and KMDA (originall
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Page 82 and 83: 3.20 the ocean level as a result of
Page 84 and 85: 3.22 Table 3-6. Major pumping stati
Page 86 and 87: 3.24 Table 3-9. Drainage basin area
Page 88 and 89: 3.26 will lead to significant impro
Page 90 and 91: 3.28 locks, one at Chitpur and anot
Page 92 and 93: 3.30 Respectively. The discharge of
Page 94 and 95: 3.32 Figure 3-6. The downstream of
Page 96 and 97: 3.34 Figure 3-10 shows the tail end
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Page 108 and 109: 4.8 Table 3: Return periods of cycl
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Page 112 and 113: 4.12 work station (the Automated Tr
Page 116 and 117: 4.16 Mean Low water 1.51 1.39 1.34
Page 118 and 119: 4.18 τx,τy : x and y components o
Page 120 and 121: 4.20 formulation. However, the rete
Page 122 and 123: 4.22 ∂u ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ζ 1
Page 124 and 125: 4.24 Δ p p(r) = p( ∞) − [1+ (r
Page 126 and 127: 4.26 maximum surge for this event w
Page 128 and 129: 4.28 U-Component of Velocity (Surfa
Page 130 and 131: 4.30 ## ## ## #### ### ## ########
Page 132 and 133: 4.32 V-component of Velocity (Surfa
Page 134 and 135: 4.34 U-component of Velocity (Surfa
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Page 140 and 141: 5.2 particular human settlement to
Page 142 and 143: 5.4 The Composite Vulnerability Ind
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6.5 • to reduce the destructive f
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6.7 6.2.4. Methods of Construction
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6.9 is attached to the structure. T
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6.11 (b) Medium rivers to armour th
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6.13 Likewise, in all the embankmen
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6.15 Figure 6 -5 Figure 6 -6 Figure
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6.17 Benefit cost ratio Area benefi
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6.19 Location and cost of proposed
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6.21 Swaraupnagar Swaraupnagar 100
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6.23 Gobadia Kakdwip Dk Kasiabad &
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6.25 Location and cost of proposed
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6.27 " Jagaddal " 800 6400000 " Jag
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6.29
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6.31
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6.33
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6.35 Figure 6 -11 Figure 6 -12
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6.37 Figure 6 -15 Figure 6 -16
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6.39 Figure 6 -19 6.2.7. Recommenda
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6.41 4. Rajraj Swarup & Ramnagar Ab
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6.43 project. Such sediment deficit
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6.45 paludosa, Rhizophora apiculata
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6.47 15. Ceriops tagal 0.22 0.40 0.
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6.49 shelterbelt (average 100 m wid
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6.51 (assuming land acquisition cos
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6.53 location are missing reducing
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7.2 resulted in large scale waterlo
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7.4 5. No adverse effect in drainin
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7.6 15 LT Panel L.S. 2,200,000 16 I
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7.8 Bagjola, Kestopur and SWF chann
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Executive Cost Summary of Recommend
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References Kanjilal (2005) “Sunde
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“……………….Designingadis
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