Cyclone and Storm Surge - Iczmpwb.org

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1.4 5. Proposals for location of cyclone shelters and suggestions for missing road links. These have to be done on the basis of the vulnerability studies. 6. Proposals for suggesting relief to the urban dwellers of Kolkata by way of removing storm water in a more effective way and prevent congestion of water in the streets during a cyclonic depression. 1.3. Scope of the work and limitation In order to effectively tackle the project in the limited time available, it was decide to depend upon secondary data as available from various sources. The scope of the work thus includes the collection of appropriate data, both in the form of statistics and written documents as well as in maps and integrating them together to form an overall database useful for the study. The cyclonic storm data have been obtained from the Indian Meteorological Department. The bathymetry of the oceans, particularly the Bay of Bengal has been obtained from an international website. The present day location of embankments and mangrove forests have been derived from satellite imageries, with the help of the Regional Remote Sensing Service Centre (ISRO), located within the campus of IIT Kharagpur. The bathymetries of the rivers have been obtained from the Kolkata Port Trust. Details of embankments have been acquired from the Irrigation and Waterways Department, Government of West Bengal. The details about the storm water disposal of the city of Kolkata have been derived from the information supplied by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation. The base map for preparing the GIS integration was done from the topo-sheets of the Survey of India. The Development Block boundaries were digitized from the District Planning maps of the National Thematic Mapping Organisation. The Block-wise statistics on housing was extracted from the Census of India data. The basic data collected above was integrated into a GIS database that provided the framework for further analysis. The storm surge analysis was carried out by the IIT Delhi numerical model and the river flood analysis was done with the help of the software MIKE FLOOD, a numerical simulation model of DHI. On the basis of these studies, appropriate mitigation measures have been suggested, which are in line with those suggested by the various technical departments of the Government.
Chapter Two Tropical Cyclones and their Effects in West Bengal 2.1. General Introduction Technically, the cyclone affecting the coast of West Bengal, and indeed the remaining of coast of the country, is called the Tropical Cyclone which is a storm system with a closed circulation around a centre of low pressure, driven by the heat released when moist air rises and condenses. As the name suggests, the origin of these is in the tropics and has an anticlockwise circulation in the northern hemisphere. Tropical cyclones can produce extremely high winds, generate torrential rain, and drive up the ocean water against the coast resulting in a storm surge. The effects of a cyclone on a population can be catastrophic and as has been recorded in the historical annals of exceptional cyclones, the storm of 1737 has been one of the worst, which had devastated the city of Kolkata (Calcutta then). Though many accounts prevail, Bilham (1994) evaluates the event more rationally by examining many contemporary documents and concludes that a cyclonic storm had caused a huge wave to rush up the river Hooghly (reportedly 40 feet high) and destroy many fishing boats and ships. Evidences also show that the strength of the storm had caused destruction of most of the thatched houses belonging to the local population. The spire of St. Anne’s church within Fort William (later destroyed during Siraj-ud-Daula’s campaign) had probably toppled due to the gust of the cyclonic winds. Though this kind of cyclonic devastation has not been experienced by Kolkata since then, but it may be presumed that such an event could have been one of an extreme kind in which the cyclone track had been coincident with the path of the river Hooghly. This might explain the huge upsurge of a wave and devastation of houses by winds. It is possible that the waves penetrated 60 leagues (nearly 300 kms) inland from the mouth of the bay, as one may see from the remnants of the mast of the Portugese ship that ran aground near Bandel and has been kept for public viewing at the old church compound there. CHAPTER 2 Other notable cyclones originating in the northern Indian Ocean are seen to have either hit the coast of West Bengal or have grazed menacingly close by. For example, the severe tropical cyclone hit Kolkata in 1864, reportedly killing nearly 60,000 people. This event and the subsequent famines in 1866 and 1871 led to the formation of the India Meteorological Department. The cyclonic devastation of October 1942 is also reported to have been quite high, with wind speeds and Sagar Islands being recorded to be as high as nearly 165 km per hour. The next severe cyclone that finds mention in this
Page 2 and 3: HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MITI
Page 4 and 5: Project Team Though the outcome of
Page 6 and 7: Preamble The State of West Bengal,
Page 8 and 9: 1.2 IMD, in its website (http://www
Page 12 and 13: 2.2 region is that which struck the
Page 14 and 15: 2.4 Figure 2-2. Track of the 1970 B
Page 16 and 17: 2.6 The most destructive element as
Page 18 and 19: 2.8 the two regions is rather diffe
Page 20 and 21: 2.10 2.4. The eastern coastal zone
Page 22 and 23: 2.12 velocity is first checked. As
Page 24 and 25: 2.14 Strong winds known as cyclones
Page 26 and 27: 2.16 2.4.6. Soil characteristics Th
Page 28 and 29: 2.18 All rivers have in general sou
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Page 32 and 33: 2.22 formed does not pose so much o
Page 34 and 35: 2.24 2.4.11. Forest composition The
Page 36 and 37: 2.26 Canning (Bidyadhari Outfall in
Page 38 and 39: 2.28 Administrative information Pop
Page 40 and 41: 2.30 Mangrove plantation beyond the
Page 42 and 43: 2.32 A retired embankment of river
Page 44 and 45: 2.34 The beaches are flattened by s
Page 46 and 47: 2.36 of a doiminant tidalbasin of t
Page 48 and 49: 2.38 primary mode is centered on th
Page 50 and 51: 2.40 Aquaculture ponds located betw
Page 52 and 53: 2.42 All the islands are situated w
Page 54 and 55: 2.44 • Transport the water to the
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2.50 embankments. Crops and propert
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2.52 2. To reduce the average dista
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3.2 a storm surge caused by a tropi
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3.4 these merchants may have been t
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3.6 Figure 3-1. Map of India during
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3.8 larger volume of sewage and dra
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3.10 receive, at least during the r
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3.12 3.9. Drainage scheme of Dr. B.
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3.14 3.10. CMPO and KMDA (originall
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3.16 Flows are diverted to the loca
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3.18 the Bhangar region through the
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3.20 the ocean level as a result of
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3.22 Table 3-6. Major pumping stati
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3.24 Table 3-9. Drainage basin area
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3.26 will lead to significant impro
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3.28 locks, one at Chitpur and anot
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3.30 Respectively. The discharge of
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3.32 Figure 3-6. The downstream of
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3.34 Figure 3-10 shows the tail end
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3.36
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3.38
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4.2 In US, there is a steady decrea
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4.4 This shows that Orissa (with 10
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4.6 30 25 20 15 10 Severe Cyclone C
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4.8 Table 3: Return periods of cycl
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4.10 Table 5: The number and return
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4.12 work station (the Automated Tr
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4.14 through this trough into the d
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4.16 Mean Low water 1.51 1.39 1.34
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4.18 τx,τy : x and y components o
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4.20 formulation. However, the rete
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4.22 ∂u ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ζ 1
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4.24 Δ p p(r) = p( ∞) − [1+ (r
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4.26 maximum surge for this event w
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4.28 U-Component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.30 ## ## ## #### ### ## ########
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4.32 V-component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.34 U-component of Velocity (Surfa
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## ################################
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4.38 V-Component of velocity (Surfa
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5.2 particular human settlement to
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5.4 The Composite Vulnerability Ind
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5.6 (2004 prices) prevalent in dist
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5.8 Moyna 0.6280 0.1592 0.542286 0.
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5.10 5.4.2. Social infrastructure H
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5.12 Budge-Budge(Part-II) 0.0000 0.
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5.14 secondary and tertiary activit
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5.16 F i Fˆ i ⎛ Total no. of =
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5.18 Table 5-4: Composite Index of
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5.20 M ′ = H M ′′ = I . S whe
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Chapter Six Mitigation Strategies a
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6.3 Beside these differences in lev
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6.5 • to reduce the destructive f
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6.7 6.2.4. Methods of Construction
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6.9 is attached to the structure. T
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6.11 (b) Medium rivers to armour th
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6.13 Likewise, in all the embankmen
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6.15 Figure 6 -5 Figure 6 -6 Figure
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6.17 Benefit cost ratio Area benefi
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6.19 Location and cost of proposed
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6.21 Swaraupnagar Swaraupnagar 100
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6.23 Gobadia Kakdwip Dk Kasiabad &
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6.25 Location and cost of proposed
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6.27 " Jagaddal " 800 6400000 " Jag
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6.29
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6.31
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6.33
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6.35 Figure 6 -11 Figure 6 -12
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6.37 Figure 6 -15 Figure 6 -16
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6.39 Figure 6 -19 6.2.7. Recommenda
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6.41 4. Rajraj Swarup & Ramnagar Ab
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6.43 project. Such sediment deficit
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6.45 paludosa, Rhizophora apiculata
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6.47 15. Ceriops tagal 0.22 0.40 0.
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6.49 shelterbelt (average 100 m wid
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6.51 (assuming land acquisition cos
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6.53 location are missing reducing
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7.2 resulted in large scale waterlo
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7.4 5. No adverse effect in drainin
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7.6 15 LT Panel L.S. 2,200,000 16 I
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7.8 Bagjola, Kestopur and SWF chann
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Executive Cost Summary of Recommend
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References Kanjilal (2005) “Sunde
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“……………….Designingadis
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