The Archaeology of Britain: An introduction from ... - waughfamily.ca
The Archaeology of Britain: An introduction from ... - waughfamily.ca The Archaeology of Britain: An introduction from ... - waughfamily.ca
The Neolithic period • 75 • importantly, the use of timber longhouses and novel artefacts. The long, slow interaction between the LBK and the south Scandinavian/north European plain Mesolithic led to a convergence of lifestyles. The LBK also impacted on, and was influenced by, indigenous communities in northwest France and elsewhere. From these traditions much was adopted in Britain: ideas, memories, forms of monumental architecture, new styles and kinds of artefact, and new subsistence staples. The relationship appears not to have involved direct descent from any single area. The general character of Earlier Neolithic Britain has much in common with its contemporaries in western Europe: mobility and dispersal, broad-based subsistence practices, barrows, interrupted ditch enclosures, axes and round-based pottery styles. The repertoires vary from region to region. It seems that there were actively maintained and widely shared value and belief systems that helped to bring the Neolithic into existence and then to consolidate it. Particular horizons of contact, visible for example in the spread of passage grave monuments, may intimate this. In the Late Neolithic, while there was interaction with Ireland, much of the insular record is not matched on the Continent, including henges and Grooved Ware. The trajectories of change there were by now varied and complex (Whittle 1996), but the innovations of the Corded Ware horizon, from c.2800/2700 BC onwards, occurred east of the Rhine, and northern France at least shared with Britain an archaic attachment to older monument forms. When contact with the Continent did come in the Beaker horizon (Chapter 5), this was a renewal rather than a total innovation. Key texts Barrett, J., 1994. Fragments from antiquity: an archaeology of social life in Britain, 2900–1200 BC. Oxford: Blackwell. Bradley, R., 1993. Altering the earth: the origins of monuments in Britain and continental Europe. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph Series, 8. Hodder, I., 1990. The domestication of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell. Thomas, J., 1991. Rethinking the Neolithic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tilley, C., 1994. A phenomenology of landscape: places, paths and monuments. Oxford: Berg. Whittle, A., 1996. Europe in the Neolithic: the creation of new worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bibliography Ashbee, P., Smith, I.F. and Evans, J.G., 1979. ‘Excavation of three long barrows near Avebury, Wiltshire’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 45, 207–300. Barclay, G.J., 1997. ‘The Neolithic’, in Edwards, K.J. and Ralston, I.B.M. (eds) Scotland: environment and archaeology, 8000 BC-AD 1000. Chichester: John Wiley, 127–149. Barrett, J., Bradley, R. and Green, M., 1991. Landscape, monuments and society: the prehistory of Cranborne Chase. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bradley, R., 1992. ‘The excavation of an oval barrow beside the Abingdon causewayed enclosure, Oxfordshire’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, 127–142. Cleal, R.M.J., Walker, K.E. and Montague, R. 1995. Stonehenge in its landscape: twentieth-century excavations. London: English Heritage. Coles, J. and Coles, B., 1986. Sweet Track to Glastonbury. London: Thames and Hudson. Darvill, T. and Thomas, J. (eds) 1996. Neolithic houses in northwest Europe and beyond. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 57. Edmonds, M., 1993. ‘Interpreting causewayed enclosures in the past and present’, in Tilley, C. (ed.) Interpretative archaeology. Oxford: Berg, 99–142. Edmonds, M., 1995. Stone tools and society. London: Batsford. Entwhistle, R. and Grant, A., 1989. ‘The evidence for cereal cultivation and animal husbandry in the southern British Neolithic and Early Bronze Age’, in Milles, A., Williams, D. and Gardner, N. (eds) The beginnings of agriculture. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports S496, 203–215. Hodder, I., 1982. Symbols in action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kinnes, I., 1979. Round barrows and ring ditches in the British Neolithic. London: British Museum Occasional Paper.
• 76 • Alasdair Whittle Moffett, L, Robinson, M.A. and Straker, V., 1989. ‘Cereals, fruits and nuts: charred plant remains from neolithic sites in England and Wales and the neolithic economy, in Milles, A., Williams, D. and Gardner, N. (eds) The beginnings of agriculture. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports S496, 203–215. Parker Pearson, M., 1993. Bronze Age Britain. London: Batsford. Parker Pearson, M. and Richards, C., 1994. ‘Architecture and order: spatial representation and archaeology’, in Parker Pearson, M. and Richards, C. (eds) Architecture and order: approaches to social space. London: Routledge, 38–72. Piggott, S., 1954. The Neolithic cultures of the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Renfrew, C., 1973. ‘Monuments, mobilization and social organization in Neolithic Wessex’, in Renfrew, C. (ed.) The explanation of culture change: models in prehistory. London: Duckworth, 539–558. Richards, C., 1996. ‘Henges and water: towards an elemental understanding of monumentality and landscape in Late Neolithic Britain’, Journal of Material Culture 1, 313–336. Richards, J., 1990. The Stonehenge environs project. London: English Heritage. Saville, A. 1990. Hazleton North: the excavation of a Neolithic long cairn of the Cotswold-Severn group. London: English Heritage. Shanks, M. and Tilley, C., 1982. ‘Ideology, symbolic power and ritual communication: a reinterpretation of Neolithic mortuary practices’, in Hodder, I. (ed.) Symbolic and structural archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 129–154. Sharples, N.M., 1985. ‘Individual and community: the changing role of megaliths in the Orcadian Neolithic’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 51, 59–74. Sharples, N.M. and Sheridan, A. (eds) 1992. Vessels for the ancestors. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Smith, A.G., Whittle, A., Cloutman, E.W. and Morgan, L., 1989. ‘Mesolithic and Neolithic activity and environmental impact on the south-east fen-edge in Cambridgeshire’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 55, 207–249. Thomas, J., 1993. ‘Discourse, totalization and “The Neolithic”’, in Tilley, C. (ed.) Interpretative archaeology. Oxford: Berg, 357–394. Thomas, J., 1996. ‘The cultural context of the first use of domesticates in central and north-west Europe’, in Harris, D.H. (ed.) The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia, London: University of London Press, 310–322. Vyner, B., 1984. ‘The excavation of a Neolithic cairn at Street House, Loftus, Cleveland’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 50, 151–196. Wainwright, G.J., 1989. The henge monuments. London: Thames and Hudson. Whittle, A., 1991. ‘Wayland’s Smithy, Oxfordshire: excavation at the Neolithic tomb in 1962–63 by R.J.C. Atkinson and S. Piggott ’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 57(2), 61–101. Whittle, A., 1997. Sacred mound, holy rings. Silbury Hill and the West Kennet palisade enclosures: a Later Neolithic complex in north Wiltshire. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 74. Zvelebil, M., 1994. ‘Plant use in the Mesolithic and its role in the transition to farming’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 60, 35–74.
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• 76 • Alasdair Whittle<br />
M<strong>of</strong>fett, L, Robinson, M.A. and Straker, V., 1989. ‘Cereals, fruits and nuts: charred plant remains <strong>from</strong><br />
neolithic sites in England and Wales and the neolithic economy, in Milles, A., Williams, D. and Gardner,<br />
N. (eds) <strong>The</strong> beginnings <strong>of</strong> agriculture. Oxford: British Archaeologi<strong>ca</strong>l Reports S496, 203–215.<br />
Parker Pearson, M., 1993. Bronze Age <strong>Britain</strong>. London: Batsford.<br />
Parker Pearson, M. and Richards, C., 1994. ‘Architecture and order: spatial representation and archaeology’,<br />
in Parker Pearson, M. and Richards, C. (eds) Architecture and order: approaches to social space. London:<br />
Routledge, 38–72.<br />
Piggott, S., 1954. <strong>The</strong> Neolithic cultures <strong>of</strong> the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
Renfrew, C., 1973. ‘Monuments, mobilization and social organization in Neolithic Wessex’, in Renfrew, C.<br />
(ed.) <strong>The</strong> explanation <strong>of</strong> culture change: models in prehistory. London: Duckworth, 539–558.<br />
Richards, C., 1996. ‘Henges and water: towards an elemental understanding <strong>of</strong> monumentality and lands<strong>ca</strong>pe<br />
in Late Neolithic <strong>Britain</strong>’, Journal <strong>of</strong> Material Culture 1, 313–336.<br />
Richards, J., 1990. <strong>The</strong> Stonehenge environs project. London: English Heritage.<br />
Saville, A. 1990. Hazleton North: the ex<strong>ca</strong>vation <strong>of</strong> a Neolithic long <strong>ca</strong>irn <strong>of</strong> the Cotswold-Severn group. London:<br />
English Heritage.<br />
Shanks, M. and Tilley, C., 1982. ‘Ideology, symbolic power and ritual communi<strong>ca</strong>tion: a reinterpretation <strong>of</strong><br />
Neolithic mortuary practices’, in Hodder, I. (ed.) Symbolic and structural archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge<br />
University Press, 129–154.<br />
Sharples, N.M., 1985. ‘Individual and community: the changing role <strong>of</strong> megaliths in the Or<strong>ca</strong>dian Neolithic’,<br />
Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Prehistoric Society 51, 59–74.<br />
Sharples, N.M. and Sheridan, A. (eds) 1992. Vessels for the ancestors. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.<br />
Smith, A.G., Whittle, A., Cloutman, E.W. and Morgan, L., 1989. ‘Mesolithic and Neolithic activity and<br />
environmental impact on the south-east fen-edge in Cambridgeshire’, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Prehistoric Society<br />
55, 207–249.<br />
Thomas, J., 1993. ‘Discourse, totalization and “<strong>The</strong> Neolithic”’, in Tilley, C. (ed.) Interpretative archaeology.<br />
Oxford: Berg, 357–394.<br />
Thomas, J., 1996. ‘<strong>The</strong> cultural context <strong>of</strong> the first use <strong>of</strong> domesti<strong>ca</strong>tes in central and north-west Europe’,<br />
in Harris, D.H. (ed.) <strong>The</strong> origins and spread <strong>of</strong> agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia, London: University <strong>of</strong><br />
London Press, 310–322.<br />
Vyner, B., 1984. ‘<strong>The</strong> ex<strong>ca</strong>vation <strong>of</strong> a Neolithic <strong>ca</strong>irn at Street House, L<strong>of</strong>tus, Cleveland’, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Prehistoric Society 50, 151–196.<br />
Wainwright, G.J., 1989. <strong>The</strong> henge monuments. London: Thames and Hudson.<br />
Whittle, A., 1991. ‘Wayland’s Smithy, Oxfordshire: ex<strong>ca</strong>vation at the Neolithic tomb in 1962–63 by R.J.C.<br />
Atkinson and S. Piggott ’, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Prehistoric Society 57(2), 61–101.<br />
Whittle, A., 1997. Sacred mound, holy rings. Silbury Hill and the West Kennet palisade enclosures: a Later Neolithic<br />
complex in north Wiltshire. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 74.<br />
Zvelebil, M., 1994. ‘Plant use in the Mesolithic and its role in the transition to farming’, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Prehistoric Society 60, 35–74.
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