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The industrial revolution • 295 • INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY In compiling this brief survey, it has not always been easy to see how distinctively archaeology is contributing to our understanding of the period. The problem is not lack of application—much hard work has been done in the field and in the library, and many good inventories compiled—but one of defining how archaeology might best be utilized and which approaches should be taken. The theoretical basis for the archaeology of the past two centuries is much better developed in countries outside Britain such as the United States of America, Canada and Australia, where it has long been recognized that the archaeology of the historical period is a proving ground for methodological developments (Connah 1988). In such countries, industrial archaeology is a sub-set of the wider field of historical archaeology. In Australia and New Zealand, historical archaeology deals with the buildings, landscapes and artefacts of the whole period from pre-colonial Figure 16.10 Slip-glazed chamber pot: an example of the ordinary domestic ceramics that became important in the second half of the eighteenth century. Source: Kate Clark contact until the present day. Key themes in Australia include the tension between imported and locally developed technology, the role of the penal system, the process of clearance and the development of distinctive building types. The process of colonization, whether successful or failed, is an area that has been explored in a number of countries, including Canada, Sweden and the Caribbean (Dyson 1985). It is to America or Australia that the archaeologist interested in the material culture of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, and in particular ceramics, should turn, because here sequences of artefacts tend to be better published, and better dated. More recent American studies are dominated by themes such as women’s roles, consumer behaviour, ethnicity and urbanization, and it is argued, for example, that struggles between different groups in society, be they women and men, slaves and planters, capitalists and workers, may all be seen in the use of pottery and material culture, in town planning or in the design of buildings. In an age that has seen a new fascination with the impact of information technology, the relationship between people and technology, or the way in which innovations are adopted, has also gained a new relevance. The other factor that has shaped industrial archaeology has been the need to consider, rank, research, defend and care for industrial monuments as part of the wider spectrum of heritage conservation. On the Continent, major conservation initiatives in France and in the Ruhr in Germany have generated a renewed interest in the remains of the period, and in Britain, the systematic surveys of English Heritage’s Monuments Protection Programme have greatly enhanced our understanding of the range of sites that remain. Perhaps the emphasis on the ‘industrial’ aspects of historical archaeology are particularly strong in Britain because, as Cossons argues, it was an epoch when Britain ‘for a brief period of perhaps five generations, held the centre of the world stage as the first industrial nation, birthplace of the Industrial Revolution’ (1987, 10). The subject matter for industrial archaeology is vast, and the contribution of archaeology is limited only by the number of archaeologists who are prepared to tackle it. The impact of the new technologies of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have barely been touched upon, nor

• 296 • Kate Clark have the major social issues of the time. The relationship between Britain and the rest of the world as expressed in material culture, is poorly understood from this end. Yet if archaeologists are to make an impact on the history of the past two centuries, two things are vital: firstly that we go beyond catalogues and begin to interpret our evidence; and secondly that we are more rigorous about our archaeological methods, and have the courage to be more openly critical of our own data. Key texts Cossons, N., 1987. BP Book of industrial archaeology. Newton Abbott: David and Charles (3 edn 1996). Crossley, D., 1990. Post medieval archaeology in Britain. Leicester: Leicester University Press. Hay, G.D. and Stell, G.P., 1986. Monuments of industry: an illustrated historical record. Edinburgh: HMSO. McCutcheon, W.A., 1980. The industrial archaeology of Northern Ireland. London: HMSO. Trinder, B., 1994. The Blackwell encyclopedia of industrial archaeology. Oxford: Blackwell. Bibliography Alfrey, J. and Clark, C., 1993. The landscape of industry. Patterns of change in the Ironbridge Gorge. London: Routledge. Baker, D., 1991. Potworks: the industrial architecture of the Staffordshire potteries. London: RCHME. Caffyn, L, 1986. Workers’ housing in West Yorkshire 1750–1920. Wakefield: RCHME and West Yorkshire Metropolitan Council. Clark, C., 1993. English Heritage book of the Ironbridge Gorge. London: Batsford. Clark, C.M., 1987. ‘Trouble at t’mill: industrial archaeology in the 1980s’, Antiquity 61, 169–179. Cleere, H.F. and Crossley, D.W., 1985. The iron industry in the Weald. Leicester: Leicester University Press. Connah, G., 1988. Of the hut I builded. The archaeology of Australia’s history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cranstone, D., 1989. ‘The archaeology of washing floors: problems, potentials and priorities’, Industrial Archaeology Review 12:1, 40–49. Crowe, N., 1994. The English Heritage book of canals. London: Batsford. Draper, J., 1984. Post-medieval pottery 1650–1800. Aylesbury: Shire Publications. Dyson, S.L., 1985. Comparative studies in the archaeology of colonialism. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 233. Falconer, K., 1980. Guide to England’s industrial heritage. London: Batsford. Giles, C. and Goodall, I.H., 1992. Yorkshire textile mills 1770–1930. London: RCHME. Grant, E.G., 1987. ‘Industry: landscape and location’, in Wagstaff, J.M. (ed.) Landscape and Culture. Oxford: Blackwell, 96–117. Grenter, S., 1993. ‘A wooden waggonway complex at Bersham Ironworks, Wrexham’, Industrial Archaeology Review 15:2, 195–207. Hudson, P., 1992. The industrial revolution. London: Edward Arnold. Hughes, S., 1990. The Brecon Forest tramroads: the archaeology of an early railway system. Aberystwyth: RCAHMW. Johnson, N., Thomas, N., Herring, P. and Sharpe, A., 1995. ‘The survey and consolidation of industrial remains in Cornwall—a progress report’, Industrial Archaeology Review 18:1, 29–38. Marshall, G., 1992. ‘The history and archaeology of the Calke Abbey Lime-yards’, Industrial Archaeology Review 15:2, 145–176. Milln, J., 1995. ‘Power development at the northern end of Quarry Bank Mill, Styal, Cheshire’, Industrial Archaeology Review 18:1, 8–28. Palmer, M. and Neaverson, P., 1995. Managing the industrial heritage. Leicester: Leicester Archaeology Monograph 2. Stratton, M., 1994. Ironbridge and the electric revolution. London: John Murray. Trinder, B., 1987. The making of the industrial landscape. Stroud: Alan Sutton. Trinder, B., 1993. ‘The archaeology of the British food industry 1660–1966: a preliminary survey’. Industrial Archaeology Review 15:2, 119–139. Wade Martins, S., 1991. Historic farm buildings. London: Batsford.

• 296 • Kate Clark<br />

have the major social issues <strong>of</strong> the time. <strong>The</strong> relationship between <strong>Britain</strong> and the rest <strong>of</strong> the<br />

world as expressed in material culture, is poorly understood <strong>from</strong> this end. Yet if archaeologists<br />

are to make an impact on the history <strong>of</strong> the past two centuries, two things are vital: firstly that we<br />

go beyond <strong>ca</strong>talogues and begin to interpret our evidence; and secondly that we are more rigorous<br />

about our archaeologi<strong>ca</strong>l methods, and have the courage to be more openly criti<strong>ca</strong>l <strong>of</strong> our own<br />

data.<br />

Key texts<br />

Cossons, N., 1987. BP Book <strong>of</strong> industrial archaeology. Newton Abbott: David and Charles (3 edn 1996).<br />

Crossley, D., 1990. Post medieval archaeology in <strong>Britain</strong>. Leicester: Leicester University Press.<br />

Hay, G.D. and Stell, G.P., 1986. Monuments <strong>of</strong> industry: an illustrated histori<strong>ca</strong>l record. Edinburgh: HMSO.<br />

McCutcheon, W.A., 1980. <strong>The</strong> industrial archaeology <strong>of</strong> Northern Ireland. London: HMSO.<br />

Trinder, B., 1994. <strong>The</strong> Blackwell encyclopedia <strong>of</strong> industrial archaeology. Oxford: Blackwell.<br />

Bibliography<br />

Alfrey, J. and Clark, C., 1993. <strong>The</strong> lands<strong>ca</strong>pe <strong>of</strong> industry. Patterns <strong>of</strong> change in the Ironbridge Gorge. London:<br />

Routledge.<br />

Baker, D., 1991. Potworks: the industrial architecture <strong>of</strong> the Staffordshire potteries. London: RCHME.<br />

Caffyn, L, 1986. Workers’ housing in West Yorkshire 1750–1920. Wakefield: RCHME and West Yorkshire<br />

Metropolitan Council.<br />

Clark, C., 1993. English Heritage book <strong>of</strong> the Ironbridge Gorge. London: Batsford.<br />

Clark, C.M., 1987. ‘Trouble at t’mill: industrial archaeology in the 1980s’, <strong>An</strong>tiquity 61, 169–179.<br />

Cleere, H.F. and Crossley, D.W., 1985. <strong>The</strong> iron industry in the Weald. Leicester: Leicester University Press.<br />

Connah, G., 1988. Of the hut I builded. <strong>The</strong> archaeology <strong>of</strong> Australia’s history. Cambridge: Cambridge University<br />

Press.<br />

Cranstone, D., 1989. ‘<strong>The</strong> archaeology <strong>of</strong> washing floors: problems, potentials and priorities’, Industrial<br />

<strong>Archaeology</strong> Review 12:1, 40–49.<br />

Crowe, N., 1994. <strong>The</strong> English Heritage book <strong>of</strong> <strong>ca</strong>nals. London: Batsford.<br />

Draper, J., 1984. Post-medieval pottery 1650–1800. Aylesbury: Shire Publi<strong>ca</strong>tions.<br />

Dyson, S.L., 1985. Comparative studies in the archaeology <strong>of</strong> colonialism. Oxford: British Archaeologi<strong>ca</strong>l Reports<br />

International Series 233.<br />

Falconer, K., 1980. Guide to England’s industrial heritage. London: Batsford.<br />

Giles, C. and Goodall, I.H., 1992. Yorkshire textile mills 1770–1930. London: RCHME.<br />

Grant, E.G., 1987. ‘Industry: lands<strong>ca</strong>pe and lo<strong>ca</strong>tion’, in Wagstaff, J.M. (ed.) Lands<strong>ca</strong>pe and Culture. Oxford:<br />

Blackwell, 96–117.<br />

Grenter, S., 1993. ‘A wooden waggonway complex at Bersham Ironworks, Wrexham’, Industrial <strong>Archaeology</strong><br />

Review 15:2, 195–207.<br />

Hudson, P., 1992. <strong>The</strong> industrial revolution. London: Edward Arnold.<br />

Hughes, S., 1990. <strong>The</strong> Brecon Forest tramroads: the archaeology <strong>of</strong> an early railway system. Aberystwyth: RCAHMW.<br />

Johnson, N., Thomas, N., Herring, P. and Sharpe, A., 1995. ‘<strong>The</strong> survey and consolidation <strong>of</strong> industrial<br />

remains in Cornwall—a progress report’, Industrial <strong>Archaeology</strong> Review 18:1, 29–38.<br />

Marshall, G., 1992. ‘<strong>The</strong> history and archaeology <strong>of</strong> the Calke Abbey Lime-yards’, Industrial <strong>Archaeology</strong><br />

Review 15:2, 145–176.<br />

Milln, J., 1995. ‘Power development at the northern end <strong>of</strong> Quarry Bank Mill, Styal, Cheshire’, Industrial<br />

<strong>Archaeology</strong> Review 18:1, 8–28.<br />

Palmer, M. and Neaverson, P., 1995. Managing the industrial heritage. Leicester: Leicester <strong>Archaeology</strong> Monograph<br />

2.<br />

Stratton, M., 1994. Ironbridge and the electric revolution. London: John Murray.<br />

Trinder, B., 1987. <strong>The</strong> making <strong>of</strong> the industrial lands<strong>ca</strong>pe. Stroud: Alan Sutton.<br />

Trinder, B., 1993. ‘<strong>The</strong> archaeology <strong>of</strong> the British food industry 1660–1966: a preliminary survey’. Industrial<br />

<strong>Archaeology</strong> Review 15:2, 119–139.<br />

Wade Martins, S., 1991. Historic farm buildings. London: Batsford.

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