Middle Ages: rural settlement and manors • 263 • BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, J.S., 1995. ‘Building Stone <strong>from</strong> the East Midland Quarries: Sources, Transportation and Usage’, Medieval <strong>Archaeology</strong> 39, 107–135. Astill, G., 1988. ‘Rural Settlement: <strong>The</strong> T<strong>of</strong>t and the Cr<strong>of</strong>t’, in Astill, G. and Grant, A. <strong>The</strong> countryside <strong>of</strong> medieval England. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 36–61. Astill, G., 1993. A medieval industrial complex and its lands<strong>ca</strong>pe: the metalworking, watermills and workshops <strong>of</strong> Bordesley Abbey. London: Council for British <strong>Archaeology</strong> Research Report 92. Aston, M., Austin, D. and Dyer, C., 1989. <strong>The</strong> rural settlements <strong>of</strong> medieval England. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Austin, D., 1985. ‘Dartmoor and the upland village <strong>of</strong> the south-west <strong>of</strong> England’ in Hooke, D. (ed.), Medieval villages: a review <strong>of</strong> current work. Oxford: Oxford Monograph 5, 71–77. Bell, M., 1989. ‘Environmental archaeology as an index <strong>of</strong> continuity and change in the medieval lands<strong>ca</strong>pe’, in Aston, M., Austin, D. and Dyer, C. (eds) <strong>The</strong> rural settlements <strong>of</strong> medieval England. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 269–86. Beresford, M. and Hurst, J.G., 1990. Wharram Percy deserted medieval village. London: Batsford. Blair, J. and Ramsay, N. (eds) 1991. English medieval industries. London: Hambledon Press. Cooper, L., Ripper, S. and Clay, P., 1994. ‘<strong>The</strong> Hemington bridges’, Current <strong>Archaeology</strong> 140, 316–321. Dyer, C., 1986. ‘English peasant buildings in the later Middle Ages’, Medieval <strong>Archaeology</strong> 30, 19–45. Dyer, C., 1995. ‘Sheepcotes: evidence for medieval sheepfarming’, Medieval <strong>Archaeology</strong> 39, 136–164. Foard, G., 1991. ‘<strong>The</strong> Medieval pottery industry <strong>of</strong> Rockingham Forest, Northamptonshire’, Medieval Ceramics 15, 13–20. Geddes, J., 1991. ‘Iron’, in Blair, J. and Ramsay, N. (eds) English medieval industries. London: Hambledon Press, 167–188. Hindle, B.P., 1982. Medieval roads. Princes Risborough: Shire Books. Hodges, R., 1991. Wall-to-wall history. <strong>The</strong> story <strong>of</strong> Roystone Grange. London: Duckworth. Hurst, J.G., 1986. ‘<strong>The</strong> medieval countryside’, in Longworth, I. and Cherry, J. (eds) <strong>Archaeology</strong> in <strong>Britain</strong> since 1945. London: British Museum, 197–236. Lewis, C., Mitchell-Fox, P. and Dyer, C., 1997. Village, hamlet and field. Changing medieval settlements in central England. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Pearson, S., 1994. <strong>The</strong> medieval houses <strong>of</strong> Kent: an histori<strong>ca</strong>l analysis. London: Royal Commission on the Histori<strong>ca</strong>l monuments <strong>of</strong> England. Platt, C., 1996. King death: the Black Death and its aftermath in late medieval England. London: UCL Press. Roberts, B.K., 1987. <strong>The</strong> making <strong>of</strong> the English village. London: Longman. Selkirk, A., 1997. ‘Shapwick’, Current <strong>Archaeology</strong> 151, 244–254. Stamper, P.A., 1988. ‘Woods and parks’, in Astill, G. and Grant, A. <strong>The</strong> countryside <strong>of</strong> medieval England. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 128–148. Wrathmell, S., 1989. ‘Peasant houses, farmsteads and villages in north-east England’ in Aston, M., Austin, D. and Dyer, C. (eds) <strong>The</strong> rural settlements <strong>of</strong> medieval England. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 247–267. Yeoman, P., 1991. ‘Medieval rural settlement: the invisible centuries’, in Hanson, W.S. and Slater, E.A. (eds) Scottish archaeology: new perceptions. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 112–128. Yeoman, P., 1995. Medieval Scotland. London: Batsford/Historic Scotland.
Chapter Fifteen <strong>The</strong> histori<strong>ca</strong>l geography <strong>of</strong> <strong>Britain</strong> <strong>from</strong> AD 1500 Lands<strong>ca</strong>pe and towns<strong>ca</strong>pe Ian Whyte BACKGROUND This chapter covers the period <strong>from</strong> c.1500 until the start <strong>of</strong> the most rapid phase <strong>of</strong> industrialization around 1830. During this period, the British lands<strong>ca</strong>pe was transformed dramati<strong>ca</strong>lly. <strong>The</strong> most important background influences were the sustained growth <strong>of</strong> population following the post medieval decline, along with growing prosperity for at least some social groups. Between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, the population <strong>of</strong> England and Wales trebled, and in Scotland more than doubled. In the countryside, this encouraged the commercialization <strong>of</strong> agriculture, with wide-ranging impli<strong>ca</strong>tions for the rural lands<strong>ca</strong>pe. In the towns, it generated growth and structural changes. Major developments occurred in the technology and s<strong>ca</strong>le <strong>of</strong> many industries, leading to the creation <strong>of</strong> new industrial lands<strong>ca</strong>pes and regions. All these changes influenced, and were in turn affected by, developments in transport. In 1500, society in England was predominantly rural with only c.5 per cent <strong>of</strong> the population living in large towns. Wales and Scotland were even more lightly urbanized. By c.1830, <strong>Britain</strong> was well on the way to becoming a society dominated by urban population and industry. <strong>The</strong> British lands<strong>ca</strong>pe may be, as has <strong>of</strong>ten been claimed, a palimpsest, but it is a palimpsest dominated by post medieval features. It is impossible to present a full lands<strong>ca</strong>pe history <strong>of</strong> such a complex period in a single chapter; attention will therefore focus on the main themes in lands<strong>ca</strong>pe evolution, together with the various approaches that have been adopted in studying them. APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES <strong>The</strong> 40 years since the publi<strong>ca</strong>tion <strong>of</strong> W.G.Hoskins’ classic work, <strong>The</strong> Making <strong>of</strong> the English Lands<strong>ca</strong>pe (1955), have seen considerable advances in our understanding <strong>of</strong> how the British countryside changed <strong>from</strong> the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. <strong>The</strong>re has been an upsurge <strong>of</strong> interest in industrial archaeology, and in post medieval archaeology in general (Crossley 1990; Rackham 1986; also Chapter 16). <strong>The</strong> Society for Post Medieval <strong>Archaeology</strong> was established in 1967, and the reviews <strong>of</strong> research in its journal demonstrate the range <strong>of</strong> current activity. Less work has been undertaken on the north <strong>of</strong> England compared with the south, less work on Wales and Scotland than for England (Whyte and Whyte 1991). <strong>The</strong>re has been a widespread belief that archaeologi<strong>ca</strong>l techniques, especially ex<strong>ca</strong>vation, were inappropriate to a period for which histori<strong>ca</strong>l sources were seemingly abundant and for which there were so many extant buildings and structures (Atkin and Howes 1993). Multiperiod lands<strong>ca</strong>pe
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The Archaeology of Britain The Arch
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• vi • Contents Chapter Eight R
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