<strong>The</strong> Later Bronze Age • 111 • nature <strong>of</strong> settlement systems and their histories <strong>of</strong> long-term change. This makes it difficult to extrapolate <strong>from</strong> one set <strong>of</strong> evidence to a wider s<strong>ca</strong>le, but raises important questions about the social groupings that lie behind such patterns. Although archaeologi<strong>ca</strong>l understanding <strong>of</strong> some bronze finds, especially deposits in watery places, has improved enormously in recent years, there are still major problems with other find types, such as dryland hoards, objects <strong>from</strong> settlements and the many so-<strong>ca</strong>lled ‘stray finds’. <strong>The</strong>se make up a large part <strong>of</strong> the record, but are still little understood. <strong>The</strong>re are also many questions still to be answered about the organization <strong>of</strong> bronze production. Fundamental problems also remain for our understanding <strong>of</strong> the nature <strong>of</strong> the changes in Later Bronze Age society. <strong>The</strong> emergence <strong>of</strong> new forms <strong>of</strong> ritual and new sources <strong>of</strong> prestige and authority, the connections between changes in agriculture and the elite activities <strong>of</strong> feasting and conspicuous consumption, and the nature <strong>of</strong> social relationships and differences <strong>of</strong> age, gender and status are some <strong>of</strong> the key problems that await more detailed examination. Key texts Barrett, J. and Bradley, R. (eds) 1980. Settlement and society in the British later Bronze Age. Oxford: British Archaeologi<strong>ca</strong>l Reports British Series 83. Bradley, R., 1990. <strong>The</strong> passage <strong>of</strong> arms; an archaeologi<strong>ca</strong>l analysis <strong>of</strong> prehistoric hoards and votive deposits. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 97–154. Fleming, A., 1988. <strong>The</strong> Dartmoor Reaves: investigating prehistoric land divisions. London: Batsford. Megaw, J.V.S. and Simpson, D.D.A. (eds) 1979. Introduction to British prehistory: <strong>from</strong> the arrival <strong>of</strong> Homo sapiens to the Claudian invasion. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 242–343. Pryor, F., 1991. Flag Fen: prehistoric Fenland centre, London: Batsford and English Heritage. Bibliography Barrett, J., 1980. ‘<strong>The</strong> pottery <strong>of</strong> the later Bronze age in lowland England’, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Prehistoric Society 46, 297–319. Barrett, J., 1989. ‘Food, gender and metal: questions <strong>of</strong> social reproduction’, in Sørensen, M.L. and Thomas, R. (eds) <strong>The</strong> Bronze Age-Iron Age transition in Europe: aspects <strong>of</strong> continuity and change in European societies c1200 to 500 B.C.. Oxford: British Archaeologi<strong>ca</strong>l Reports International Series S483, 304–320. (2 vols). Barrett, J., Bradley, R. and Green, M., 1991. Lands<strong>ca</strong>pe, monuments and society: the archaeology <strong>of</strong> Cranborne Chase. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bond, D., 1988. Ex<strong>ca</strong>vation at the North Ring, Mucking, Essex. Chelmsford: <strong>Archaeology</strong> Section, Essex County Council. Bradley, R. and Gordon, K., 1988. ‘Human skulls <strong>from</strong> the River Thames, their dating and signifi<strong>ca</strong>nce’, <strong>An</strong>tiquity 62, 503–509. Bradley, R., Lobb, S., Richards, J. and Robinson, M., 1980. ‘Two Late Bronze Age settlements on the Kennet gravels: ex<strong>ca</strong>vations at Aldermaston Wharf and Knight’s Farm, Burghfield, Berkshire’, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Prehistoric Society 46, 217–295. Bradley, R., Entwistle, R. and Raymond, F., 1994. Prehistoric land divisions on Salisbury Plain: the work <strong>of</strong> the Wessex Linear Ditches Project. London: English Heritage. Britton, D., 1971. ‘<strong>The</strong> Heathery Burn Cave revisited’, in Sieveking, G. de G. (ed.) Prehistoric and Roman Studies. London: British Museum Press, 20–38. Brown, N., 1988. ‘A Late Bronze Age enclosure at L<strong>of</strong>ts Farm, Essex’, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Prehistoric Society, 54, 249–302. Brück, J., 1995. ‘A place for the dead: the role <strong>of</strong> human remains in Late Bronze Age <strong>Britain</strong>’, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Prehistoric Society 61, 245–277. Buckley, D.G. and Hedges, J.D., 1987. <strong>The</strong> Bronze Age and Saxon settlements at Springfield Lyons, Essex: an interim report. Chelmsford: Essex County Council. Buckley, V. (ed.) 1990. Burnt <strong>of</strong>ferings: international contributions to burnt mound archaeology. Dublin: Wordwell. Burgess, C.B., 1968. ‘<strong>The</strong> later Bronze Age in the British Isles and northwestern France’, Archaeologi<strong>ca</strong>l Journal 125, 1–45.
• 112 • Timothy Champion Coles, J.M. and Harding, A.F., 1979. <strong>The</strong> Bronze Age in Europe: an <strong>introduction</strong> to the prehistory <strong>of</strong> Europe c.2000– 700 B.C.. London: Methuen. Cowie, T.G. and Shepherd, I.A.G., 1997. ‘<strong>The</strong> Bronze Age’, in Edwards, K.J. and Ralston, I.B.M. (eds) Scotland: environment and archaeology 8000 BC-AD 1000. Chichester: John Wiley, 151–168. Drewett, P., 1982. ‘Later Bronze Age downland economy and ex<strong>ca</strong>vations at Black Patch, East Sussex’, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Prehistoric Society 48, 321–400. Ellison, A., 1981. ‘Towards a socioeconomic model for the Middle Bronze Age in southern England’, in Hodder, I., Isaac, G. and Hammond, N. (eds) Pattern <strong>of</strong> the past: studies in honour <strong>of</strong> David Clarke. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 413–448. McOmish, D., 1996. ‘East Chisenbury: ritual and rubbish in the British Bronze Age-Iron Age transition’, <strong>An</strong>tiquity 70, 68–76. Musson, C.R., 1991. <strong>The</strong> Breiddin hillfort: a later prehistoric settlement in the Welsh Marches, London: Council for British <strong>Archaeology</strong> Research Report 76. Needham, S.P., 1990. <strong>The</strong> Petters Late Bronze Age metalwork: an analyti<strong>ca</strong>l study <strong>of</strong> Thames Valley metalworking in its settlement context. London: British Museum Press. Needham, S.P., 1991. Ex<strong>ca</strong>vation and salvage at Runnymede Bridge, 1978: the Late Bronze Age waterfront site. London: British Museum Press. Needham, S.P., 1996. ‘Chronology and periodisation in the British Bronze Age’, Acta Archaeologi<strong>ca</strong> 67, 121– 140. Northover, J.P., 1982. ‘<strong>The</strong> exploration <strong>of</strong> the long-distance movement <strong>of</strong> bronze in Bronze and early Iron Age Europe’, Bulletin <strong>of</strong> the University <strong>of</strong> London Institute <strong>of</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> 19, 45–72. O’Connor, B., 1980. Cross-Channel relations in the later Bronze Age. Oxford: British Archaeologi<strong>ca</strong>l Reports International Series 91. Pryor, F., 1992. ‘Special section: current research at Flag Fen, Peterborough’, <strong>An</strong>tiquity 66, 439–531. Spratt, D.A., 1989. Linear earthworks <strong>of</strong> the Tabular Hills, north-east Yorkshire. Sheffield: J.R. Collis Publi<strong>ca</strong>tions.
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The Archaeology of Britain The Arch
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First published 1999 by Routledge 1
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• vi • Contents Chapter Eight R
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• x • Figures 15.5 Garden and l
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• xii • Contributors Landscape
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Preface The idea for the approach t
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• 2 • Ian Ralston and John Hunt
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• 4 • Ian Ralston and John Hunt
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Chapter Four The Neolithic period,
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Chapter Ten Early Historic Britain
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Chapter Eleven The Scandinavian pre
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Chapter Twelve Landscapes of the Mi
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Chapter Thirteen Landscapes of the
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Chapter Fifteen The historical geog
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Chapter Sixteen The workshop of the
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