Chemistry Review Manual 2

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Table 3.3. Oxoacids and oxoanions Oxoacid 1 st Conjugate Base 2 nd Conjugate Base 3 rd Conjugate Base H 2 CO 3 carbonic acid HCO 3 − hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) CO 3 2− carbonate HNO 2 nitrous acid NO 2 − nitrite HNO 3 nitric acid NO 3 − nitrate H 3 PO 3 phosphorous acid H 2 PO 3 − dihydrogen phosphite HPO 3 2− hydrogen phosphite PO 3 3− phosphite H 3 PO 4 phosphoric acid H 2 PO 4 − dihydrogen phosphate HPO 4 2− hydrogen phosphate PO 4 3− phosphate H 2 SO 3 sulfurous acid HSO 3 − hydrogen sulfite SO 3 2− sulfite H 2 SO 4 sulfuric acid HSO 4 − hydrogen sulfate SO 4 2− sulfate HClO hypochlorous acid OCl − hypochlorite HClO 2 chlorous acid ClO 2 − chlorite HClO 3 chloric acid ClO 3 − chlorate HClO 4 perchloric acid ClO 4 − perchlorate Note that some elements as central atoms (e.g. N, S, P and Cl) have more than one oxoacid. When there are two such species they are labeled ...ous acid and ...ic acid (e.g. nitrous and nitric acids). The oxoacid with more O atoms (for which the central atom has the highest oxidation number) is labeled ...ic acid, while that with fewer O atoms is labeled ...ous acid. The corresponding oxoanions are labeled ...ite and ...ate. In the case of chlorine, there are four oxoacids. The middle two (with respect to number of O atoms) acids are chlorous and chloric acid, respectively. That with one fewer O than chlorous acid is called hypochlorous acid. That with one more O than chloric acid is called perchloric acid. The conjugate base to hypochlorous acid is hypochlorite, while the conjugate base to perchloric acid is perchlorate. Other common oxoanions include the powerful oxidizing agents, dichromate, Cr 2 O 7 2− , and permanganate, MnO 4 − . Organic Acids and Bases There are many organic acids. The simplest are the alkanoic (carboxylic) acids derived from the alkanes. The alkanes have the chemical formula, C n H 2n+2 . For example, for n = 1 and 2 we have methane, CH 4 , and ethane, C 2 H 6 , respectively. The alkanoic acids are obtained by replacing 3 H atoms attached to one of the end carbon atoms with a doubly bonded O and an OH group (the O Page 26 of 88
onds to the carbon atom. The result is a compound with formula, C n H 2n-1 OOH (or RCOOH). The simplest of these compounds are tabulated in Table 3.4. Simple amines are also derived from alkanes. We obtain an amine from an alkane by replacing an H with an NH 2 , to get a compound with chemical formula, C n H 2n+1 NH 2 , The amines derived in this way are weak bases similar to ammonia. some of them are tabulated in Table 3.4. Table 3.4. Some simple organic acids and bases Alkane Alkanoic acid Conjugate Base - Alkanoate Amine CH 4 methane HCOOH methanoic acid (also known as formic acid) HCOO − methanoate (also known as formate) CH 3 NH 2 methylamine C 2 H 6 methane CH 3 COOH ethanoic acid (also known as acetic acid) CH 3 COO − ethanoate (also known as acetate) CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 ethylamine C 3 H 8 propane CH 3 CH 2 COOH propanoic acid CH 3 CH 2 COO − propanoate CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 Propylamine C 4 H 10 butane CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COOH butanoic acid CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COO − butanoate CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 Butylamine C 5 H 12 pentane CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COOH pentanoic acid CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COO − pentanoate CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 Pentylamine C 6 H 14 hexane CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COOH hexanoic acid CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COO − hexanoate CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 Hexylamine Oxalic acid, H 2 C 2 O 4 is another related, commonly encountered, organic acid. It is a dicarboxylic acid. The associated 2 nd conjugate base is oxalate, C 2 O 4 2− . Problems: 3.1 Which of the following reactions are acid-base reactions? For those that are acid-base reactions, identify the acid and the base. (a) 2 Li(s) + Cl 2 (g) → 2 LiCl(s) (b) LiOH(aq) + HBr(g) → LiBr(aq) + H 2 O(l) (c) NH 3 (aq) + HClO 3 (aq) → NH 4 ClO 3 (aq) (d) CaCO 3 (s) → CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) (e) CH 3 COOH(g) + NH 3 (g) → NH 4 CH 3 COO(s) 3.2 Identify each of the following as a strong/weak acid/base, or neither acid nor base. What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid? (a) HF (b) CH 4 (c) KOH (d) CH 3 NH 2 (e) HClO 4 3.3 Identify the conjugate acid base pairs present in the following reactions: (a) H 3 PO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) H 2 PO 4 − (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) Page 27 of 88
Page 1 and 2: Chemistry Review Manual 2 nd Editio
Page 3 and 4: Example 4.1: Type of bonding 31 4.2
Page 5 and 6: 1. The Mole Early chemists discover
Page 7 and 8: 2 Ca(s) + O 2 (g) → 2 CaO(s) It i
Page 9 and 10: 1.5 Solutions Sometimes we are give
Page 11 and 12: Problems: 1.1 How many grams of cal
Page 13 and 14: 1.3 Mass of water produced = volume
Page 15 and 16: The molar mass is determined from T
Page 17 and 18: pV amount of H 2 consumed = n = RT
Page 19 and 20: Solutions: 2.1 (a) These three gase
Page 21 and 22: The amount of Al = (2/3) × 0.0043
Page 23 and 24: 3.2 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
Page 25: Note that weak acids are conjugate
Page 29 and 30: Solutions: 3.1 (a) 2 Li(s) + Cl 2 (
Page 31 and 32: 4. Bonding 4.1 Types of Bonding The
Page 33 and 34: e.g. δ+ H H δ+ δ+ δ+ H H δ+ O
Page 35 and 36: that pH = 7 tells us that the solut
Page 37 and 38: Solutions: 4.1 (a) Cl 2 (g). The bo
Page 39 and 40: 5. Chemical Equilibrium 5.1 Dynamic
Page 41 and 42: Bases are characterized by the base
Page 43 and 44: Suppose we have a table of equilibr
Page 45 and 46: Whether we add or remove product, t
Page 47 and 48: from which we get 4 4 = = 4 2 ⎛ x
Page 49 and 50: The solution of this quadratic equa
Page 51 and 52: consider dissolving CaCO 3 (s) in a
Page 53 and 54: which gives Using the quadratic for
Page 55 and 56: (c) H 2 S K a1 = 8.9 × 10 −8 App
Page 57 and 58: ( ) 2 − 1.8× 10 ± 1.8× 10 + 4
Page 59 and 60: 5.2 An equilibrium mixture of N 2 O
Page 61 and 62: Solutions: 5.1 (a) K = p p p 2 BrCl
Page 63 and 64: 5.5 CH 4 (g) + Br 2 (g) CH 3 Br(g
Page 65 and 66: (b) HOCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) H 3 O + (
Page 67 and 68: 6. Thermochemistry Chemical reactio
Page 69 and 70: or which rearranges to q water =
Page 71 and 72: 6.4 Energy Conservation - the First
Page 73 and 74: The number of moles of H + (aq) is
Page 75 and 76: Note that an element in the standar
Page 77 and 78:
∆Hgas phase reaction ≅ 2 D[C-C]
Page 79 and 80:
Solutions: 6.1 Heat is related to t
Page 81 and 82:
3 3 × ⎯⎯→ × − 2 2 o −1
Page 83 and 84:
7. Math Skills Chemistry is a quant
Page 85 and 86:
The value of the gas constant used
Page 87 and 88:
If log x < 0, then 0 < x < 1. Note
show all

Chemistry Review Manual 2

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?