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- Page 2 and 3: City Development Plan For Ujjain Su
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City Development Plan<br />
For<br />
Ujjain<br />
Submitted by<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
CMAMP INTACH CIC AHEMDABAD USAID FIRE -D
Executive Summary<br />
Ujjain City’s vision tells us where we are supposed to go, but not how to get there. We all<br />
need to agree on how and what specific objectives do we need to achieve our Vision? This<br />
development Plan will help to focus all our energies on what is most important, and provide<br />
direction to each citizen on how individual jobs contribute to the Vision. The city<br />
development plan is an important first step in establishing a clear roadmap to accomplish our<br />
Vision. Strategy is a result of a process that begins with an examination of organizational<br />
Mission, Vision, Values and our community. It ends with the preparation of a development<br />
Plan, a plan that translates our Vision and Mission into actions and our actions into results.<br />
The holy city of Ujjain is a popular religious centre, well known for its temples. The City is<br />
a major trading centre in agriculture produce and is the second largest city of "Indore Agro<br />
Industrial Region".Tourism, Agricultural markets and trade are the main resources of<br />
economy for Ujjain. There is no major industry in the city. The city of Ujjain is shaped by<br />
geographical factors river Shipra, Mela ground etc. and has developed into two parts: old city<br />
having Mahakaal temple and the newly developed area. The pressure on core area is high due<br />
to several factors including high density of population and the violation of the bye-laws.<br />
Importantly, in state like Madhya Pradesh where level of poverty is relatively high it<br />
becomes important to analyse the reasons behind it. In Ujjain, nearly half of the population<br />
lives below Poverty Line and a large slum population translate into miserable and unhealthy<br />
living conditions, which affects the economic productivity and cumulatively that of the city<br />
as a whole. The inefficient water distribution system, disposal of human waste and garbage<br />
may be identified as the three most important factors that endanger the health and wellbeing<br />
of people living in slums. Provision of these basic urban services has traditionally been a<br />
municipal function. Hence, in this context, it is important for Municipal Corporation to<br />
deliver quality services to its urban poor, effectively and efficiently. Infrastructure forms the<br />
backbone of any economy and plays an important role in the development of a region.<br />
Availability and adequacy of urban services are important indicators to assess the livability<br />
principle of city. The analysis shows that Ujjain has potential in field of infrastructure but it<br />
lacks management and optimum utilization of resources. Ujjain has adequate drinking water<br />
stock for next 20 years and it can be perceived as a boon for any city. The major<br />
environmental concern is the insufficient sanitation facilities and underground sewerage<br />
system.<br />
The strong religious and heritage image of the city has yet not been fully exploited .Ujjain<br />
has got a very high tourism potential and the local economy can get a boost if proper<br />
strategies are adopted.<br />
In the context of Governance, inorder to enable the urban local bodies "to perform effectively<br />
as vibrant democratic units of self government", the 74th Constitutional Amendment was<br />
introduced in the Parliament and it became an Act in December 1992. This Act is a great<br />
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eform act in the political context as well as in the administrative and financial aspects<br />
concerning the urban local bodies in India. Madhya Pradesh has been the pioneer in<br />
implementing this most concerted attempt at creating local institutions of self governance.<br />
A review of the Government structure and governance suggests that, the link between urban<br />
management and decentralisation has not yet been established in operational terms and has<br />
not reached ward levels in Ujjain city although planning capacity, human resource<br />
development, financial management is slowly getting boosted. Modernisation and upgrading<br />
of systems and procedures in city management through equipment, skill-enhancement and<br />
application, and updating of manuals and codes (e.g. GIS and MIS) are on the prime agenda<br />
to meet the current and emerging challenges. The corporation believes that, functional<br />
reorganisation and delegation of powers to the departments in the city is necessary to enable<br />
them to perform better. Basic elements of improved financial management (e.g. asset register,<br />
Double -Entry system in accounting, billing and collection, etc.) which has already been<br />
initiated must start functioning.<br />
JNNURM programme is seen as an opportunity by the Ujjain Municipal Corporation to<br />
develop Ujjain into a vibrant heritage city. Ujjain Municipal Corporation and the supporting<br />
authorities aims to develop Ujjain as knowledge and pilgrim centre -maintaining its great<br />
religious, ancient and cultural image providing a better and sustainable environment to all its<br />
citizens and visiting pilgrims.<br />
Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) is an occasion to provide<br />
future to our past in such a way that it generates tourism, inculcates pride, brings in<br />
livelihoods and alleviates poverty.<br />
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Acknowledgements<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation gratefully acknowledges all the stakeholders, authorities and<br />
resource persons who have participated with enthusiasm in making this plan and have<br />
assisted the Corporation with their valuable advice. The corporation is thankful to the City<br />
Managers Association, Madhya Pradesh (CMAMP) and Indian National Trust for Art and<br />
Cultural Heritage (INTACH) Regional Chapter Bhopal, for their technical support in<br />
formulating and preparing of this Development Plan.<br />
We wish to thank Mr. Malay Shrivastava, IAS (Commissioner,Urban Administration and<br />
Development Department,GoMP) for the interest and guidance provided, Mr. Neeraj<br />
Mandloi,IAS (Collector,Ujjain) for his interest and Mr. Ajit Kesari, IAS for providing us<br />
with guidance on the role of Mela office.We also wish to thank Mr. Pankaj Rag, IAS (State<br />
Archives,M.P) for his valuable suggestions.<br />
We extend our sincere thanks to all the officials and concerned departments for providing us<br />
with the information much needed for the preparation of this document, specially:<br />
- Ujjain Development Authority<br />
- Town and Country Planning Department, Ujjain<br />
- P.H.E. department<br />
We wish to thank Mr Narayan Vyas of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) & Mr.<br />
Maheshwari of the State Archaeology Department for sharing their knowledge of the cultural<br />
and historical Ujjain. We thank Mr Debasish Naik, Advisor Heritage Cell, Ahemedabad<br />
Municipal Corporation and Mr Ajit Koujalgi, Conservation Architect and co Convenor<br />
INTACH, Pondicherry for sharing their experience with us on heritage conservation.We also<br />
wish to thank FIRE–D for its support in preparing the document. The contribution of the<br />
people of Ujjain who attended the meetings to discuss and develop conceptual framework of<br />
the CDP is held in high esteem and regards. The people’s representatives, the councillors and<br />
the media have been extremely helpful and supportive. The representatives of various Trusts<br />
such as Mahakal Trust, Bohra Trust etc., the religious heads and the academiea and the<br />
enthusiasm with which all of them participated and vocalized their opinions is highly<br />
appreciated.<br />
Our special thanks to all the officials of Municipal Corporation for their kind support and<br />
cooperation particularly Shri B.K Sharma (A.E.), Shri C.K. Shukla (Sub Engineer) and Shri<br />
Harish Shrivastava for their continued involvement with the making of the CDP and data<br />
sharing.<br />
The support provided by Shri P.S. Kushwah (A.E.), Shri. Sumit Asthana (Sub Engineer), Shri<br />
Sharad Kulshreshtha and other Staff personnel is also gratefully acknowledged.<br />
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Project Team<br />
City Manager’s Association, Madhya Pradesh<br />
Project Manager<br />
Urban Planner<br />
Urban Planner<br />
Consultant (HR & training)<br />
Mr Ashish Agarwal<br />
Mr Pravin Bhagwat<br />
Mr Anubhav Shrivastava<br />
Mrs Renu Handa<br />
Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (Reg. Chapter Bhopal)<br />
Conservation Architect,<br />
Architect Historian, Convenor INTACH<br />
Dr Meera I Dass<br />
Heritage Lister Ujjain, Photographer, Designer Mr Huzoor Choudhry<br />
Heritage Advisor, Consultant,<br />
Convenor INTACH MP<br />
Dr Ishwar Dass (Retd IAS)<br />
Auto CAD and Maps<br />
Mr Sadiq Khan<br />
Heritage Lister Ujjain<br />
Ms Sulakshana Choudhry<br />
Coordinates Infrastructure Consulting<br />
Financial Expert<br />
Mr.Gautam Patel<br />
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Contents<br />
1 City as an Organic Entity .............................................................................................13<br />
1.1 Importance of Heritage and Conservation and its relevant to Ujjain......................13<br />
1.2 JNNURM Programme.............................................................................................13<br />
1.3 Focus Areas.............................................................................................................14<br />
1.4 Mission Objectives..................................................................................................14<br />
1.5 Cities Selected Under the Mission ..........................................................................14<br />
1.6 Selection of Ujjain City...........................................................................................15<br />
1.7 City Development Plan for Ujjain ..........................................................................15<br />
1.8 Aim, Objectives & Approach..................................................................................15<br />
1.9 Vision......................................................................................................................16<br />
1.10 Concept and Methodology ......................................................................................23<br />
2 Ujjain: its landscape and people ..................................................................................25<br />
2.1 Ancient religious landscape of canonical treatises..................................................26<br />
2.2 Archaeological landscape .......................................................................................26<br />
2.3 Historical landscape ................................................................................................28<br />
2.4 Religious landscape.................................................................................................29<br />
2.5 Landscape of Myths and Mythologies ....................................................................29<br />
2.6 Location and regional settings ................................................................................29<br />
2.7 Climate and Geology ..............................................................................................31<br />
2.8 Demographic profile ...............................................................................................32<br />
2.9 Work force profile...................................................................................................34<br />
3 Heritage Significance of Ujjain ....................................................................................38<br />
3.1 The Ancient Sacred Landscape of Avanti...............................................................38<br />
3.2 Ujjain and the Spread of Buddhism, Jainism, Vaishnavism ...................................41<br />
3.3 Ujjain A Centre Of Learning And The Arts............................................................43<br />
3.4 Parmaras And Their Contribution To Art And Literature ......................................44<br />
3.5 The Ghats Of Ujjain................................................................................................45<br />
3.6 The Chhatris Of Ujjain............................................................................................46<br />
3.7 Wood Architecture In Ujjain...................................................................................46<br />
3.8 Bohra Bakhals And Wooden Architecture..............................................................47<br />
3.9 Gateways of Ujjain..................................................................................................48<br />
3.10 Ujjain – A Pluralistic and Multi Faith Landscape...................................................48<br />
3.11 The Concept of Chaurasi Mahadevas .....................................................................49<br />
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3.12 Yatras and The Savari.............................................................................................49<br />
3.13 Natural Heritage Of Ujjain – The Saptasagaras......................................................50<br />
3.14 Astronomical and Astrological Significance Of Ujjain ..........................................51<br />
3.15 The Temples of Ujjain: The Parmaras And The Marathas .....................................52<br />
4 Approach for Development ..........................................................................................55<br />
4.1 Sacred Landscape Approach for Development of Ujjain City................................55<br />
4.2 Features of the Kshetras..........................................................................................56<br />
4.3 Inferences................................................................................................................85<br />
5 Conservation and Development Proposals..................................................................86<br />
5.1 About the heritage...................................................................................................86<br />
5.2 Chourasi Mahadev ..................................................................................................87<br />
5.3 Heritage Spots and Heritage Precincts....................................................................95<br />
5.4 Shri Mahakal Mandir Parisar ................................................................................111<br />
5.5 Gopal Mandir ........................................................................................................115<br />
5.6 The Core Heritage Zone........................................................................................116<br />
5.7 Sapta Sagar Sindhu ...............................................................................................118<br />
5.8 Other Development Proposals ..............................................................................121<br />
5.9 Pracheen Gyan Vishwavidyalaya. (Ancient Knowledge University) ...................126<br />
5.10 Kaliadeh Resort.....................................................................................................128<br />
5.11 Mill Kshetra - Flower mart ...................................................................................130<br />
5.12 Myths and Mythologies ........................................................................................131<br />
5.13 Religious Activities and Tourism .........................................................................133<br />
6 Urban Planning and land Use Management.............................................................137<br />
6.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................137<br />
6.2 Growth pattern of the city .....................................................................................143<br />
6.3 Urban Structure and Image ...................................................................................145<br />
6.4 Challenges and Opportunities faced by the City Heritage....................................147<br />
6.5 Key Issues .............................................................................................................152<br />
6.6 Strategies...............................................................................................................153<br />
7 Poverty and Slums.......................................................................................................155<br />
7.1 Need ......................................................................................................................155<br />
7.2 Status of Poverty in Ujjain ....................................................................................156<br />
7.3 Slums in Ujjain......................................................................................................157<br />
7.4 Issues.....................................................................................................................166<br />
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7.5 Strategies...............................................................................................................166<br />
8 City Infrastructure and Services Review ..................................................................168<br />
8.1 Water Supply.........................................................................................................168<br />
SWOT analysis: ...................................................................................................................174<br />
8.2 Sewerage and Sanitation .......................................................................................176<br />
8.3 Social infrastructure ..............................................................................................181<br />
8.4 Issues and problems ..............................................................................................182<br />
8.5 Storm water Drainage ...........................................................................................183<br />
8.6 Issues Identified for City Drainage System ..........................................................184<br />
8.7 Solid Waste Management .....................................................................................185<br />
8.8 Issues.....................................................................................................................189<br />
8.9 Strategies...............................................................................................................190<br />
8.10 Street Lighting.......................................................................................................191<br />
9 Roads & Transportation.............................................................................................193<br />
9.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................193<br />
9.2 Public Transport....................................................................................................195<br />
9.3 Issues.....................................................................................................................200<br />
SWOT analysis.....................................................................................................................201<br />
9.4 Strategies...............................................................................................................201<br />
10 City Environment........................................................................................................204<br />
10.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................204<br />
10.2 Climatic analysis...................................................................................................205<br />
10.3 Land and physiography.........................................................................................207<br />
10.4 Pollution Profile ....................................................................................................209<br />
10.5 Urban greening......................................................................................................211<br />
10.6 Issues.....................................................................................................................211<br />
10.7 Strategies...............................................................................................................212<br />
10.8 Ingenious attempts at improving water quality.....................................................213<br />
11 Technical Review Municipal Finance........................................................................216<br />
11.1 Overview...............................................................................................................216<br />
11.2 Revenue Account ..................................................................................................219<br />
11.3 Capital Account.....................................................................................................223<br />
11.4 Key Financial Indicators .......................................................................................225<br />
11.5 Key Issues and Conclusion ...................................................................................227<br />
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12 Institutional Frame Work...........................................................................................229<br />
12.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................229<br />
12.2 Institutions and Organisation ................................................................................230<br />
12.3 Area of Fragmentation ..........................................................................................239<br />
12.4 Overview on Ujjain Municipal Corporation .........................................................241<br />
12.5 Key Observations and Issues ................................................................................248<br />
12.6 Strategic Elements for Program Design................................................................250<br />
12.7 Capacity Building .................................................................................................251<br />
12.8 Ujjain Municipal Governance Overview ..............................................................256<br />
12.9 Ujjain Municipal Governance Status ....................................................................262<br />
12.10 Urban Governance Issues and Strategies..........................................................266<br />
12.11 IT Solutions and Ward Level single window clearence ...................................268<br />
12.12 Conclusion ........................................................................................................269<br />
13 Heritage Management and Strategies .......................................................................270<br />
13.1 Methodology and Data Sources ............................................................................270<br />
13.2 Visitor Plan ...........................................................................................................270<br />
13.3 Environment Plan..................................................................................................271<br />
13.4 PPP programme.....................................................................................................279<br />
14 Capital Investment Plan .............................................................................................282<br />
14.1 Project Identification and Costing.........................................................................282<br />
14.2 Sector-wise Project Identification and Costing.....................................................283<br />
14.3 Total Capital Investment Requirement .................................................................296<br />
14.4 Financing Plan.......................................................................................................298<br />
15 Investment Sustenance Plan.......................................................................................299<br />
15.1 Overview...............................................................................................................299<br />
15.2 Key Assumptions ..................................................................................................300<br />
15.3 Investment Phasing ...............................................................................................307<br />
15.4 Results of FOP ......................................................................................................310<br />
16 Project Impacts and Policy Interventions .................................................................311<br />
16.1 Project Benefits and Impacts.................................................................................311<br />
16.2 Policy Interventions ..............................................................................................313<br />
17 Developing a Vision for the City ................................................................................314<br />
17.1 Objectives..............................................................................................................314<br />
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List of Figures<br />
Figure 1-1 Stakeholders Consultation process ........................................................................17<br />
Figure 2-7 Occupational break up ...........................................................................................34<br />
Figure 6-1 Land use break-up and Proposed land use break up - 2021.................................141<br />
Figure6-3 Overlap of Land Use map and Heritage Kshetras................................................144<br />
Figure 7-4Map of Ujjain showing Location of Slums...........................................................164<br />
Figure 10-4Potentiality (use-wise) index for various Ghats and landmarks .........................210<br />
Figure 11-1 Revenue Account Income ..................................................................................215<br />
Figure 11-2 Revenue Account – Expenditure Ujjain Municipal Corporation.......................222<br />
Figure 12-1 Organisational Structure of Deliberative wing Executive Wing .......................244<br />
Figure 12-2 Organisational Structure of Executive Wing of UMC.......................................245<br />
Figure 14-1 Investment Composition Sector wise.................................................................296<br />
List of Tables<br />
Table 2-1 Climatic components...............................................................................................31<br />
Table 2-2 Population Density Trend in UMC .........................................................................32<br />
Table 2-3 Other demographic details of Ujjain city ................................................................33<br />
Table 2-4 Occupational break up.............................................................................................34<br />
Table 2-5 Economic base of the city Ujjain ............................................................................35<br />
Table 5-1Important religious events and the expected population in Ujjain.........................134<br />
Table 5-2Floating population in other fairs ...........................................................................135<br />
Table 6-1 Components of the Ujjain Development Plan 1991..............................................139<br />
Table 6-2 Components of Proposed Master plan Ujjain, 2021..............................................140<br />
Table 6-3 Present And Proposed Land Use...........................................................................141<br />
Table 6-4 Developed area under Municipal limits ................................................................142<br />
Table 7-1 Number of Slums and population..........................................................................157<br />
Table 7-2 Slum Infrastructure, water supply .........................................................................161<br />
Table 7-3 Details of Sewerage and sanitation in Ujjain slums .............................................161<br />
Table 7-4 Poorly facilitated Slums .......................................................................................161<br />
Table 7-5 Slum Infrastructure, Roads....................................................................................161<br />
Table 7-6 Slum Infrastructure, Electricity .............................................................................162<br />
Table 7-7 Assess to basic services.........................................................................................162<br />
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Table 7-8 ward wise information of slums in Ujjain............................................................163<br />
Table 8-1 Water Resources Surface resources ......................................................................169<br />
Table 8-2 Water connection Details ......................................................................................172<br />
Table 8-3Annual Cost of O&M for WTP and Distribution System 2004-05........................173<br />
Table 8-4 Water supply Service indicators............................................................................173<br />
Table 8-5 Water Supply Service Cost and efficiency...........................................................174<br />
Table 8-6Future Water Supply Requirements (2011 & 2021) ..............................................175<br />
Table 8-7 Sanitation facilities................................................................................................179<br />
Table 8-8 City Sewerage Infrastructure.................................................................................180<br />
Table 8-9 Number of Schools in Ujjain City.........................................................................181<br />
Table 8-10 Medical facilities in Ujjain city...........................................................................181<br />
Table 8-11Fire services in Ujjain City...................................................................................181<br />
Table 8-12 Major City level drains Inventory .......................................................................184<br />
Table 8-13 solid waste details................................................................................................186<br />
Table 8-14waste collection details in the Ujjain city.............................................................186<br />
Table 8-15Solid Waste Management Staff at Ujjain.............................................................187<br />
Table 8-16Physical Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste of Ujjain........................................187<br />
Table 8-17 Details of Street lighting in Ujjain City...............................................................191<br />
Table 9-1 Surface type and Road Stock ................................................................................194<br />
Table 9-2 Types of Drain and Proportion..............................................................................195<br />
Table 10-1 Temperature Monthly Averages..........................................................................206<br />
Table 10-2 Mean Wind Speed (km/hr)..................................................................................207<br />
Table 1Abstract for Municipal Fiscal Status of Ujjain Municipal Corporation ....................216<br />
Table 2 Sectoral Contribution of different streams of receipts and expenditure under the<br />
UMC ......................................................................................................................................217<br />
Table 3 Revenue Accounts of UMC......................................................................................219<br />
Table 4 Capital Account of UMC..........................................................................................223<br />
Table 5 financial performance indicators for UMC...............................................................225<br />
Table 6 financial performance indicators for UMC...............................................................227<br />
Table 12-1: Agency responsibilities for City Services in Ujjain ...........................................241<br />
Table 12-2Financial Powers ..................................................................................................247<br />
Table 12-3 Urban Governance and Institutional Strengthening Strategies ...........................266<br />
Table 14-1 Capital Investment Required for Ujjain water supply Project ............................283<br />
Table 14-2: Capital Investment Requirement for Ujjain Sewerage & Sanitation .................284<br />
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Table 14-3 Summary of component-wise investment for storm water drainage...................285<br />
Table 14-4: Capital Investment Requirement for Solid Waste Management........................286<br />
Table 14-5: Norms Adopted for Estimating Investment Requirement in Roads...................287<br />
Table 14-6: Capital investment Requirement for Road Upgradation & Construction and<br />
Transportation 15.6 ii) ...........................................................................................................288<br />
Table 14-7: Norms Adopted for Estimating Investment Requirement in Street Lighting.....289<br />
Table 14-8: Capital Investment Requirement for Street Lighting .........................................289<br />
Table 14-9: Capital Investment Requirement for Fire Services ............................................290<br />
Table 14-10 Summary of the investment required for city level facilities ............................291<br />
Table 14-11 Summary of the investment required for City Religious Core area development<br />
and Heritage conservation .....................................................................................................294<br />
Table 14-12: Capital Investment Requirement for Basic Services to Urban Poor in UMC..295<br />
Table 14-13: Summary of Sector-wise Capital Investment Requirement in UMC...............297<br />
Table 14-14 Project Financing Options plan .........................................................................298<br />
Table 15-1 Key Assumptions for Forecasting income from property tax .............................301<br />
Table 15-2 Key assumptions for forecasting income from water charges.............................302<br />
Table 15-3 Key assumptions for forecasting income from Drainage Charges......................304<br />
Table 15-5 Key growth rate assumptions for forecasting revenue expenditure ....................305<br />
Table 15-6: Basis for Additional Recurring Expenditure due to Envisaged CIP ..................306<br />
Table 15-7 Ujjain Investing Phasing for Full capital investment ..........................................307<br />
Table 15-8 Investment Phasing and cash Project cash flow..................................................308<br />
Annexures<br />
Annexure - 1: Twelfth Schedule - Constitution<br />
Annexure -2: Obligatory and Discretionary Duties of the Municipal Corporation<br />
Annexure - 3: Taxation Powers of Municipal Corporation<br />
Annexure -4: Functions and Powers of Ward Committees<br />
Annexure -5: Delegation of Powers by the Commissioner to the Zonal Officers<br />
Annexure - 6: Departmental Functions of Central Office<br />
Annexure -7: List of participants (CDS workshop Ujjain, on 07-01-06)<br />
Annexure -8: Ujjain City Development Plan – Financial Operating Plan<br />
Annexure -9: Ujjain City Development Plan FOP<br />
Annexure -10: Ujjain City Development Plan– Schedules to FOP<br />
Annexure -11: Growth Rate Assumptions for FOP<br />
Annexure -12: Draft Heritage regulations<br />
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ADB<br />
ADP<br />
ATR<br />
BPL<br />
BOT<br />
CAA<br />
CBO<br />
CDP<br />
CDS<br />
CII<br />
CMAMP<br />
CPHEEO<br />
DDP<br />
DFID<br />
DLB<br />
DoE<br />
DoHFW<br />
EWS<br />
GIS<br />
GoI<br />
GoMP<br />
H&ED<br />
HUDCO<br />
INTACH<br />
JNNURM<br />
Kl<br />
Km<br />
LIC<br />
Lpcd/lcd<br />
LS<br />
M 3<br />
M&E<br />
MIC<br />
MIS<br />
Mld<br />
MoRTH<br />
MP<br />
MSW<br />
NGO<br />
NSDP<br />
O & M<br />
PHED<br />
PPP<br />
PRA<br />
PWD<br />
SADA<br />
SH<br />
SWM<br />
TCPO<br />
UMC<br />
UDA<br />
UADD<br />
WRD<br />
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations<br />
Asian Development Bank<br />
Annual Development Plan<br />
Action taken Report<br />
Below Poverty Line<br />
Built Operate Transfer<br />
Constitutional Amendment Act<br />
Community Based Organisations<br />
City Development Plan<br />
Community Development Society<br />
Confederation of Indian Industries<br />
City Manager’s Association Madhya Pradesh<br />
Central Public Health and Environment Engineering Organisation<br />
Draft Development Plan<br />
Department of International Development<br />
Directorate of Local Bodies<br />
Department of Environment<br />
Department of Health and Family Welfare<br />
Economically Weaker Sections<br />
Geographical Information System<br />
Government of India<br />
Government of Madhya Pradesh<br />
Housing and Environment Department (GoMP)<br />
Housing and Urban Development Corporation Ltd<br />
Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage<br />
Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission<br />
Kilo liter/ Cubic meter<br />
Kilo Meter<br />
Life Insurance Corporation<br />
Liters Per Capita Per Day<br />
Lum Sum<br />
Cubic Meter<br />
Monitoring & Evaluation<br />
Mayor in council<br />
Municipal Information System<br />
Million Liter Per Day<br />
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways<br />
Madhya Pradesh<br />
Municipal solid Waste<br />
Non Government organisation<br />
National Slum Development Policy<br />
Operation & Maintenance<br />
Public health Engineering Department<br />
Public Private Partnership<br />
Participatory Rapid Assessment<br />
Public Work Department<br />
Special area Development Authority<br />
State Highway<br />
Solid Waste Management<br />
Town and Country Planning Organisation<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
Ujjain Development Authority<br />
Urban Administration and Development Department<br />
Water resource Department (GoMP)<br />
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1 Ciitty ass an Organiic Enttiitty<br />
All towns and urban centers strive to provide their citizens with basic needs: adequate shelter,<br />
transport, work opportunities and a decent quality of life. Historic urban centers offer<br />
ambience with a special capacity to enrich the lives of their residents. A well-maintained<br />
historic urban center has many advantages for its citizens. It is intimate and human in scale<br />
and often rich in diverse activities. An historic town is a multi-functional organism with<br />
residential, social, political, cultural and economical activities.<br />
Key to urban development in India today is the urban local bodies or municipal bodies<br />
(ULBs) who are the tools of delivery. Local bodies play a critical role in the delivery of<br />
social, economic and infrastructure services like public health, sanitation, primary education,<br />
water supply, and maintenance of road networks. Further, the local bodies will require to play<br />
an increasingly important role to conserve heritage. Till recently there were no proper<br />
responsible Government authorities to look after the Heritage issues, but with the enactment<br />
of the Seventy Fourth Constitution Amendment Act of the year 1992, municipal bodies have<br />
been vested with more powers in this area too.<br />
In a fast urbanising and globalising nation, it is still possible to have well managed cities and<br />
a good quality of life if these tools of delivery are encouraged to acquire capability. The<br />
capability can be in the areas of financial sustenance, organisational responsiveness and a<br />
general more mature and serious awarness of its key role in management and delivery of this<br />
vibrant human bowl of health, activity and energy that makes up a city.<br />
1.1 Importance of Heritage and Conservation and its relevant to Ujjain<br />
Conservation is a movement activated by the realization that the natural and the cultural<br />
resources of this planet are limited and are being eroded at an alarming rate. Conservation has<br />
resulted in better socially integrated individuals leading to lessening of crimes, riots and other<br />
social ills. The generative forces in any historic town are cultural and the town is alive with<br />
non-tangible cultural assets. Many of the Heritage cities in India have been poorly interpreted<br />
and understood. Their antiquities are nowhere to be seen having been destroyed completely at<br />
some point in history. Independent India has not made much attempt at bringing to the fore<br />
this character of these cities; there is no system in place that would address this issue in<br />
future either<br />
Ujjain represents a city rich in both heritage and religion, bound together by a culture<br />
drooped in history and tradition so rich that some of its elements are part the most popular<br />
Indian legends and conciousness. The Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission<br />
(JNNURM) offers the city an unique opporetunity to provide future to its past in such a way<br />
that it generates tourism, inculcates pride, brings in livelihoods and alleviates poverty.<br />
1.2 JNNURM Programme<br />
Considering cities’ incompatibility with the country’s socio-economic objectives and India’s<br />
growing role in the world economy, the Government of India has decided to launch, in the<br />
current fiscal year, the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).<br />
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1.3 Focus Areas<br />
• Urban Renewal i.e. Redevelopment of inner (old) city areas.<br />
• Development of Heritage Areas<br />
• Preservation of Water Bodies<br />
• Water Supply and Sanitation<br />
• Drainage, Sewerage and Solid Waste Management<br />
• Construction and Improvement of Drains/ Storm Water Drains<br />
• Urban Transport including roads, highways/ expressways<br />
• Parking lots/ Spaces on Public-Private Partnership basis<br />
•<br />
1.4 Mission Objectives<br />
The objective of the JNNURM is to ensure that the following are achieved in the urban<br />
sector:<br />
• Focussed attention to integrated development of infrastructure services in cities<br />
covered under the Mission<br />
• Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management through a<br />
slew of reforms for long-term project sustainability<br />
• Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructural services<br />
• Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, outgrowths and<br />
urban corridors leading to dispersed urbanisation<br />
• Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on<br />
universal access to the urban poor<br />
• Special focus on urban renewal programmes for the old city areas to reduce<br />
congestion<br />
• Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at<br />
affordable prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and ensuring<br />
delivery of other existing universal services of the government for education, health<br />
and social security.<br />
1.5 Cities Selected Under the Mission<br />
The JNNURM proposes to give assistance for infrastructure development in the eligible<br />
cities/ Urban Agglomerations (UAs) across States in the country. These cities/ UAs have<br />
been selected based as per the following criteria:<br />
Cities/ UAs with 4 million plus population as per 2001 census …………………………….07<br />
Cities/ UAs with 1 million plus but less than 4 million population as per 2001 census……..28<br />
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Selected Cities/ UAs (State Capitals and other cities/ UA of religious/ historic and tourist<br />
importance) …………………………….……………………………………………………28<br />
1.6 Selection of Ujjain City<br />
Ujjain is one of the seven sacred cities of the Hindus with great religious and cultural<br />
importance. Considering its significant religious and cultural image it has been included in<br />
the list of selected cities under JNNURM scheme.<br />
The primary objective underlying the City Development Plan of Ujjain is protection of urban<br />
heritage, which includes its religious, sacred, historical character, and reshaping and reviving<br />
the city through heritage preservation.<br />
In view of this special aspect pertaining to Ujjain the information regarding the religious and<br />
cultural heritage has to be specially factored into the model of the methodology given above.<br />
1.7 City Development Plan for Ujjain<br />
Ujjain CDP has been prepared by Ujjain Municipal Corporation (UMC) in consultation with<br />
the people of Ujjain, experts and all those who have an intrinsic interest in the welfare of<br />
Ujjain. The working team consisted of engineers of UMC, City Manager’s Association<br />
Madhya Pradesh (CMA-MP) and Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage<br />
(INTACH Regional Chapter Bhopal).<br />
There are 10 cities under the JNNURM that have status of the special city. Ujjain is one of<br />
the 10 cities chosen for its ‘religious’ nature. The supplement to the Toolkit issued is meant<br />
to serve two purposes:<br />
To suggest that the main focus of the City Development Plan (CDP) for heritage cities should<br />
be on the heritage component- there will not be any justification to support such cities under<br />
JNNURM if their CDPs do not have this orientation or focus; and<br />
To provide a methodology that is to be followed to bring the heritage component into the<br />
framework of urban renewal. The objective of urban renewal of heritage cities is to leverage<br />
the conservation of urban heritage and to reshape and revive these cities.<br />
1.8 Aim, Objectives & Approach<br />
The City Development Plan prepared for Ujjain City aims to:<br />
• Establish an overall vision for the long-term future of Ujjain which will be widely<br />
accepted<br />
• Explore opportunities for positive management with landowners, farmers,<br />
craftspersons, traders and all other agencies, such as will enhance the landscape<br />
character of Ujjain whilst respecting economic interest.<br />
• Provide guidance and attract widespread support that will lead to increased<br />
understanding, respect and care for this exceptional cultural landscape.<br />
•<br />
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1.9 Vision<br />
• “To make Ujjain a knowledge and pilgrim centre – maintaining its great religious<br />
and cultural image and providing a better and sustainable environment to all walks<br />
of life”<br />
• The contents of the City Development Plan flow out of this vision and so do the<br />
strategies and the projects that follow to achieve the vision. In accordance with the<br />
Mission Guidelines and the Toolkit the time horizon for its achievement is the year<br />
2011. However, in the case of Ujjain the defining event is the Simhasta that takes<br />
place every 12 years. The next Simhasta will be in the year 2016 and, therefore,<br />
besides the annual and the five-yearly monitoring and reviews, a comprehensive<br />
review of the achievement of the goals and objectives of the strategies and projects<br />
ought to be taken up in 2011 in the context of the 2016 Simhasta.<br />
1.9.1 The Contents of City Development Plan<br />
The process of developing the plan has involved a great deal of research, survey and<br />
consultation. As part of this consultation process (meetings held on 7 th ,9 th and 10 th January,<br />
2006 conducted by UMC with CMAMP and for the revised CDP based on Heritage<br />
Guidelines meetings were held on 31 st May, 23 August and 26 th of August 2006) , studies<br />
conducted by UMC, Mela Office, INTACH, Town & Country Planning Department (T &<br />
CP),Ujjain Development Authority and several other studies conducted by individuals and<br />
institutes and views as obtained from different stakeholders have been incorporated to<br />
develop a comprehensive database of a large number of cultural and environmental assets of<br />
Ujjain. It however needs to be held through Geographic Information System that should form<br />
the main building blocks of the City Development Plan (CDP).<br />
The Plan comprises a statement of the objectives necessary for the long-term preservation of<br />
Ujjain, and its landscape setting, aiming to balance the interests of conservation, public<br />
access, pilgrims and the interests of those who live and work in the city. The objectives are<br />
based on the values of the city, key management issues, and a need to improve the life of the<br />
people living in the city and the visitors by providing environment for improving the<br />
economic opportunities.<br />
The Development Plan has been specifically designed and formatted to foster its use as a<br />
working document that can be updated on a regular basis.<br />
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Figure 1-1 Stakeholders Consultation process<br />
1.9.2 Ujjain a religious, historic and heritage city:<br />
The aim of this section of the CDP is to define Ujjain’s historic, religious character with<br />
significant areas within so that the following could be formulated:-<br />
• Policies that give the cultural and natural heritage a function in the life of the<br />
community and to integrate the protection of that heritage into comprehensive<br />
planning programmes;<br />
• To develop scientific and technical studies and research and to work out such<br />
operating methods as will make the State capable of counteracting the dangers that<br />
threaten its cultural or natural heritage;<br />
• To take the appropriate legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial<br />
measures necessary for identification, protection, conservation, presentation and<br />
rehabilitation of this heritage; and<br />
• To foster the establishment or development of national or regional centers for<br />
training in the protection, management, operation and maintenance of the<br />
conservation of the cultural and natural heritage and to encourage scientific research<br />
in the field.<br />
1.9.3 Goals and objectives of development of the identified areas<br />
All towns and urban centres strive to provide their citizens with basic needs: adequate shelter,<br />
transport, work opportunities and a decent quality of life. Historic urban centres offer<br />
ambience with a special capacity to enrich the lives of their residents. The unique features of<br />
any historic towns can be recognized under the following principles<br />
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• The historic town consists of a complex interdependent network of crafts and skills<br />
that provides livelihoods in multiple ways and is difficult to replicate in any new<br />
development. Therefore these areas should be viewed as Economic Opportunity and<br />
not a liability. Conservation of inner cities and historic areas has (from the examples<br />
of countries that have adopted conservation as a deliberate policy) resulted in<br />
economic revival. In terms of Ujjain the bullion trade, handicrafts (textile printing,<br />
metal work etc.) are centred in city core area. An in-depth survey is required to<br />
identify area specific skills and strengths and development/conservation plans need<br />
to address their needs and growth.<br />
• The historic towns are Socially and Culturally more alive and have provided<br />
civilization quality to India that is unique and exclusive giving it unity in its diversity.<br />
Having evolved over centuries it has resolved to a large extent the differences in<br />
religious, political, economic and cultural beliefs of the people. Conservation has<br />
resulted in better socially integrated individuals leading to lessening of crimes, riots<br />
and other social ills. The generative forces in any historic towns are cultural and the<br />
town is alive with non-tangible cultural assets. Ujjain like other historical towns has<br />
distinct social and cultural manifestations in the matter of food, dress, recreation etc.<br />
that form the non-tangible and living heritage of the place. Non-tangible by its very<br />
nature is fragile and is dependent on both patronage and built/open spaces; hence,<br />
any insensitive development causes irreparable damage to them and therefore needs<br />
to be addressed in the development plan. Building controls favouring conservation,<br />
based on detailed studies and a blueprint for action is an urgent need and should<br />
form part of the planning proposal.<br />
• Since the historic towns consist of Historic Layering it gives a sense of rootedness to<br />
people resulting in a more committed citizenry. It also dispels anxiety in individuals<br />
leading to better recognition of differences and is less hegemonic. Integrating historic<br />
areas into the development plan is a well worked out process where UNESCO has<br />
laid down several guidelines. Since India is a signatory to the UNESCO as well as<br />
other Charters for the protection of its Heritage, it would be in order to know the<br />
guidelines and to implement them.<br />
• Historic towns have greater sustainability than a new development because it was<br />
based on evolutionary processes and was in tune with the micro-environment of the<br />
region of its location. Low on energy consumption, the planning assured comfortable<br />
living conditions. Several studies show that older buildings have better air<br />
circulation; insulation, water preservation and its compact planning provided<br />
sustainability even in terms of conservation of human energy. Any intervention to<br />
the existing infrastructure should precede proper documentation of the existing as<br />
the existing contains knowledge system that is still not completely known to us.<br />
Proper documentation and research of sewage systems, water system, and town<br />
planning of the historic architecture and town is of high importance and should be<br />
an integral part of planning process. Salvage Archaeology (archaeological<br />
assessment of construction excavations in identified historical areas and zones) is a<br />
norm in several countries and there is every reason to follow the example in Indian<br />
situation.<br />
• One of the biggest regressive trends since independence has been in the field of our<br />
town and country planning. Today our towns and cities are overcrowded, polluted,<br />
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chaotic, unplanned centres that are hostile to women, children, the old and the<br />
handicapped. They are anaesthetic and unappealing, visually marked with either<br />
undesirable slums or harsh concrete jungles. Historic towns on the other hand are<br />
aesthetically and environmentally appealing and pleasing leading to the Tourism<br />
Potential of a place. A good Conservation plan brings tourism benefits automatically<br />
as has been shown in several towns of Rajasthan, Goa and Kerala. Regulations can<br />
be put in place for preserving the historic character of the built heritage and<br />
conservation of its architecture, policy on traffic, transport, road surface, electric<br />
wiring, sewage, surface drainage, solid wasted disposal, baodies, wells, open spaces<br />
and parking in the historic area of the city. Regulations for new constructions, open<br />
spaces, plantation, pedestrian facilities, streetscapes, street furniture etc. is another<br />
area to be included in the planning process.<br />
1.9.4 Comprehensive Study approach<br />
While preparing the CDP the following components have been specifically identified,<br />
examined and recommended to be studied in depth before implementation of the Detailed<br />
Project Reports (DPRs):<br />
• Study and Documentation of the Historical/Heritage resulting in an inventory<br />
(Listing) that should be published and marked in map of the area, complete with its<br />
location, ward no., ownership, status, photographs, description, historical and<br />
heritage significance, age etc.<br />
• Buildings of heritage/historic value<br />
• Drainage and Water systems such as fountains, tanks, wells etc.<br />
• Streetscapes and culturally homogenous areas<br />
• Crafts, skills and craftsmen of traditional crafts<br />
• Open spaces and gardens including type of existing trees and plants<br />
The CDP specifically recommends looking into the legal issues for providing Legal Back-up<br />
with Regulations and Byelaws to the identified buildings and precincts after dividing them<br />
into:<br />
• Heritage Zones<br />
• Heritage Areas<br />
• Heritage Group of Buildings<br />
• Heritage Sites<br />
• Heritage Precincts<br />
• Heritage Monuments/Buildings<br />
Specific Projects need to be formulated for the Conservation, Restoration, Preservation,<br />
Reconstruction of the identified Areas, Zones etc. with a view to revitalize the City centers.<br />
Demolition of historical/heritage building or buildings should be permitted only under special<br />
conditions and law. Encroachments should be dealt with firmly. This should be done with<br />
extensive and intensive consultation with the people and peoples’ groups including technical,<br />
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political groups etc. giving space for people to participate in more ways than one. Industrial<br />
houses, funding organizations, interested individuals (including Non-Resident Indians)<br />
should be approached for providing part funding for the projects.<br />
The care and maintenance of heritage must be entrusted to the local community, for which<br />
Public Awareness programs, Heritage Walks, Workshops, Educational programs must find<br />
place in the Heritage Management Plan. A nodal agency that acts as an interface between the<br />
people, Municipal Corporation, government and technical and financial matter should be<br />
identified to implement the Management Plan.<br />
Signage, public notices, road furniture, display boards, billboards, etc. should be designed to<br />
supplement the ambience of the historic/heritage area.<br />
Promotion of traditional cultural expressions and art should be given importance and special<br />
spaces, programs and facilities should be provided for the growth of such activities.<br />
It was considered that the CDP should focus on the conservation of the following:<br />
• Public and Historic spaces<br />
• Streets with heritage character<br />
• Renewal of inner city areas and heritage precincts<br />
• Natural heritage sites<br />
• Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings<br />
• Projects enhancing tourism<br />
1.9.4.1 Critical Process<br />
Restoration and conservation should be based on a clear definition of the heritage resource<br />
and its relationship to its setting. This process has four distinct steps:<br />
Survey: Methodical inspection, survey and documentation of the resource, its historical<br />
setting and its physical environment;<br />
Definition: Critical historical definition and assessment of the object and its setting so giving<br />
it its significance;<br />
Analysis: Scientific analysis and diagnosis of the material substance and associated structural<br />
system with a view towards its conservation; and<br />
Strategy: Long term and short term programs for conservation and management of change,<br />
including regular inspections, cyclic maintenance and environmental control.<br />
The aim of conservation is to safeguard the quality and values of the resource, protect its<br />
material substance and ensure its integrity for future generations.<br />
Every historic area and its surroundings should be considered in their totality as a coherent<br />
whole whose balance and specific nature depend on the fusion of the parts of which it is<br />
composed and which includes human activities as much as the buildings, the spatial<br />
organization and the surroundings. All valid elements, including human activities, however<br />
modest, thus have significance in relation to the whole that must not be disregarded.<br />
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The whole of the historic areas should thus not be considered only in relation to an<br />
architectural framework; it should also include human values related to its social and<br />
economic context. Of particular importance is also the question of historic parks and<br />
landscapes.<br />
Since a heritage resource is unique in relation to historical time it is non-renewable.<br />
1.9.4.2 Cultural Values<br />
The recognition of outstanding universal significance in Heritage sites and their resultant<br />
treatment should be defined on the basis of these assessments with respect to historical<br />
substance and archaeological potential.<br />
Cultural values can be classified in a number of ways.<br />
Identify value (based on recognition):<br />
Values: This group of values is related to the emotional ties of society to specific<br />
objects or sites. It can include the following features: age, tradition, continuity, memorial,<br />
legendary; wonder, sentiment, religious and symbolic, political, patriotic and nationalistic.<br />
Impact: Consisting often of emotional perceptions, this group of values have a<br />
strong impact on the safeguarding, conservation and restoration of the resource. While these<br />
values could strengthen the treatment of the resource they could also cause over-restoration.<br />
At the same time, the lack of this identity could lead to neglect and destruction. These values<br />
can be promoted by creating awareness through education and training.<br />
Relative artistic or technical value (based on research):<br />
Values: This group of values is based on scientific and critical historical evaluations and<br />
assessments of the importance of the design of the heritage resource, and the significance of<br />
its technical, structural and functional concept and workmanship.<br />
Impact: These values result from search carried out by professionals, with the intention of<br />
demonstrating the relative significance of the resource in relation to its own time, to other<br />
periods, and to the present. They provide a basis for classification and listing, as well as<br />
strategy for treatment.<br />
Rarity value (based on statistics):<br />
Values: This group of values relates the resource to other constructions of the same type,<br />
style, builder, period, region or some combinations of these; they define the resource’s rarity,<br />
representative character or uniqueness.<br />
Impact: This group of values is related to the two previous value groups and influences the<br />
level of protection to be accorded to the resource. A high rarity may reinforce the<br />
significance of the qualities that have outstanding universal value, and therefore strengthen<br />
the possibility of listing as a World Heritage Site.<br />
1.9.4.3 Contemporary socio-economic values<br />
Use values are related to present–day society and its socio-economic and political<br />
infrastructures. The following categories have been identified:<br />
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Economic Value:<br />
Values: Since economics encourages the best allocation of resources to fit a wide range of<br />
needs, the economic value may not be restricted to a financial value. In terms of cultural<br />
heritage, economic value may be understood as a value generated by the heritage resource or<br />
by conservation action.<br />
Impact: Economic values have four potential sources of revenue: Tourism, Commerce, Use<br />
and Amenities. The mismanagement of any of these sources could lead to the undesirable<br />
development, or even the destruction of the heritage resource; this is often the case when<br />
profit value is erroneously measured instead of using a more collective cost-benefit approach.<br />
Functional value:<br />
Values : Functional value is related to economic value, as it involves the continuity of the<br />
original type of function or the initiation of a compatible use of a building or an area. In a<br />
ruined structure, the original functional value is lost, but a new one has been found in serving<br />
programmatic requirements for resource interpretation, or as a venue for activities such as the<br />
visual and performing arts.<br />
Impact: Continuity of traditional functions reinforces the meaning of sites in a manner that<br />
can never be accomplished by interpretative exhibits. An appropriate use will favour<br />
conservation; an inappropriate or ill-conceived adaptive use may cause degradation,<br />
undesirable changes or demolition.<br />
Educational value:<br />
Values: The educational value of a heritage resource includes its potential for cultural<br />
tourism, and the awareness of the culture and history that it promotes as a means of<br />
integrating historic resources in present-day life.<br />
Impact: The appropriate integration of World Heritage Sites into educational programmes is<br />
essential. Emphasis on tourism, however, could lead to unjustified reconstructions or the<br />
destruction of original fabric, causing a loss of non-renewable archaeological evidence.<br />
Social value:<br />
Values: The social value of a heritage resource is related to traditional social activities and to<br />
compatible present-day use. It involves contemporary social interaction in the community,<br />
and plays a role in establishing social and cultural identity.<br />
Impact: Social values can generate the concern for the local environment that leads to<br />
maintenance and repair of the fabric of a heritage resource; a lack of this social coherence<br />
and appreciation can handicap conservation. Such grassroots interest has been the driving<br />
force behind the Civic Amenity movements.<br />
Political Value:<br />
Values: Political value is often related to specific events in the history of the heritage<br />
resources with respect to its region or country. The present-day significance of the resource<br />
could be influenced by these events insofar as they coincide with intentions of contemporary<br />
political priorities.<br />
Impact: The political significance of a monument or site may assist in raising funds and<br />
drawing the attention of the general public to safeguarding and protection. On the other hand,<br />
ill-advised action may lead to undesired development and destruction of authenticity.<br />
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The City Development Plan envisages the establishment of a Heritage Cell as a<br />
distinct department within the Ujjain Municipal Corporation with the needed technical and<br />
other staff and budget, to be regulated and advised by a Heritage Conservation Committee so<br />
as to ensure that the above mentioned criteria and unique heritage characteristics of Ujjain are<br />
preserved and, in fact, enhanced, through the suggested strategies and projects.<br />
1.10 Concept and Methodology<br />
A City Development Plan is both a planning process and a product which promotes<br />
partnership among the various stakeholders in a city (the city government, the private<br />
business sector, civil society, academe and national government agencies) to jointly analyze<br />
growth issues, develop a vision for the future, formulate development strategies, design<br />
programmes, prioritise projects, mobilize resources, implement, monitor and evaluate<br />
implementation.<br />
The preparation of a City Development Plan can be understood as a consultative process<br />
where the municipality and parastatal agencies responsible for provision of services and<br />
overall development of the city will play a pivotal role. The firms and institutions will be<br />
required to work in partnership and close collaboration with municipal and other related<br />
institutions such as the Water Supply and Sewerage Boards, Development Authorities,<br />
together with other key stakeholders, civil society groups, and non-governmental<br />
organisations.<br />
The CDP will be anchored on the following principals of a sustainable city:<br />
• Liveability - what can be done to ensure a healthy and dignified standard of living for<br />
the city's residents?<br />
• Competitiveness - how can the cities be more competitive in the global economy?<br />
• Bankability - how can the cities be more sustainable?<br />
• Good Governance-how can a city’s management be improved? How can<br />
accountability, integrity, and transparency be made an integral part of city's<br />
management?<br />
Bankability<br />
Livability<br />
Sustainable City<br />
Competitiveness<br />
Managability<br />
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Obbj jeecct tivveess oof f Cityy Deevveel looppmeennt t PPl laann<br />
a) Develop a consensus building process to establish the city's priorities, strategies and<br />
actions<br />
b) Formulate strategies that deal specifically with issues affecting the urban poor<br />
c) Assist local authorities outline their financing and investment strategies<br />
d) Build local capacity for more effective urban management<br />
e) The goals of a city development plan include a collective city vision and action plan<br />
aimed at improving the infrastructure, urban governance and management and<br />
systematic and sustained reductions in urban poverty. Ultimately, it is expected that<br />
the CDP will result in strategic platform that facilitates development, decisionmaking,<br />
investment programming, the efficient allocation of resources and in city<br />
ownership of their own economic and social development processes.<br />
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2 Ujjjjaiin:: iittss llandsscape and peoplle<br />
Ujjain (also known as Ujjaini, Avanti) is an ancient city of central India, in the Malwa region<br />
of Madhya Pradesh. Situated on the eastern bank of the Kshipra River, the city was called<br />
Ujjayini in ancient times and is referred to as Ozene by Ptolemy. It is one of the seven sacred<br />
cities of the Hindus, and the Kumbh Mela religious festival is held here every twelve years. It<br />
is also home to one of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines to the god Shiva. Ujjain, the city of<br />
Mahakal has been a seat of learning where all disciplines of knowledge have flourished since<br />
time immemorial. Great poets like Vedavyasa and Kalidasa have eulogized the city.<br />
Vikramaditya, the legendary emperor, ruled the city with his famous Navratnas (nine jewels)<br />
including Kalidasa.<br />
Figure 2-1 Location of Ujjain<br />
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2.1 Ancient religious landscape of canonical treatises<br />
The Pali Sutta Pitaka mentions sixteen great states in India, the Mahajanapadas in<br />
Jambudvipa, Avanti being one of them. Although never visited by the Buddha, many theras<br />
(elders) and theris (female elders) were either born or lived there. Mahakaccayana was born<br />
at Ujjayani in the family of the Chaplain of king Candaprajjota. Mahakaccayana became the<br />
arihanta and was present whenever the Buddha delivered any sermon on Dhamma. Pali text<br />
of Deepvansh and Buddhvansh mentions his spread of the message of Buddhism from<br />
Ujjayani right up to Mathura. Mahakaccayana converted the king Candprajjota of Avanti to<br />
the Buddhist faith. Candpajjota’s mother Gopal Mata is said to have got the stupa at<br />
Kanchanvan (Kanipura) constructed under the influence of Mahakaccayana. This site is<br />
known today as Vaishya Tekri. In 1936 the Archaeology Department of the Gwalior State<br />
carried out excavations at this site and discovered remains of the stupa.<br />
Old texts mention that Mahavira, the great propounder of the Jain faith, performed some of<br />
his penances in the country of Avanti. He also visited the capital of Avanti, Ujjayani, where<br />
he did penance in a cemetery when Rudra and his wife tried in vain to interrupt him. The<br />
Jains always associate the city with the split of their community between the Digambara and<br />
the Shvetambara sects. About 53 B.C. Ujjayani came under the grip of a great famine that is<br />
believed to have lasted for 12 years. A Jain pontiff of Bhadalpur or Vidisha emigrated from<br />
Ujjayani. That perhaps sparked off the division.<br />
The Brahminical texts of Mahabharat, Shrimad Bhagvat, Brahmpurana, Agnipurana and<br />
Brahmvaivartpurana and many other Puranas mention the Ankpat Kshetra (located inbetween<br />
Mangalnath and Ram Janardan Mandir) where existed the Sandipani Ashram where<br />
the sage Sandipani gave instructions to Krishna and Balaram. The Avanti Mahatmya of the<br />
Skanda Purana records a description of a majestic Surya Mandir at Avanti (Ujjain). One of<br />
the sacred places of the Lingayat sect is situated at Ujjayani, which is frequently visited by<br />
the Lingayat itinerant ascetics. Reference has already been made to the visit of Saint<br />
Vallabhacharya to Sandipani Ashram and its significance to the Vallabh Sampradaya.<br />
2.2 Archaeological landscape<br />
Another source that confirms the ancient character of Ujjain is the coinage. During<br />
excavations carried out near the Bharthrihari Caves a kunda yielded coins dating to the pre-<br />
Mauryan period. Punch-marked and cast coins are found here dating from the 3 rd century<br />
B.C. to the 1 st century A.D. Square copper Mughal coins were struck in the city up to the<br />
time of Shahjehan. In fact, right from the time of Akbar Ujjain was one of the four places<br />
with a mint to strike silver coinage for the Mughal Empire. In the excavations in and around<br />
Ujjain clay medals and seals have also been found dating from the second century B.C.<br />
Inscriptions are yet another source that confirm the ancient character of Ujjayani. A seal of<br />
terracotta bearing inscription “Nagabhudisa Pavajitasa” and “Asadevasa” in Brahmi<br />
characters of 1 st century A.D. turned up during excavations at Ujjain. The Nasik Cave<br />
Inscription of Vasisthiputra Pulumayi identifies Avanti as Akaravanti with its capital as<br />
Ujjayani whereas the Junagarh Inscription of Rudradaman I refers to two Akaravantis,<br />
namely, Purva (eastern) with capital at Ujjayani and Apara (western) with its capital at<br />
Mahismati (Maheshwar?). The first separate Rock Edict of Asoka refers to Ujjayani<br />
wherefrom the Mahamatras were sent by the royal prince (kumara). Inscriptions of Bhoja,<br />
Udaditya, Naravarman, Devapaldeo and Vijayasinghadeva have been discovered at Ujjain<br />
and testify to the rule of the Parmaras at Ujjain.<br />
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The ancient city of Ujjayani is said to have existed about 6 km. to the north of today’s Ujjain.<br />
Garhkalika as it is known today was perhaps destroyed by earthquakes and the frequent<br />
floods in the Kshipra river. The ancient mounds in this area still yield ancient artefacts and<br />
remains. The excavations have exposed the mud fortifications of a citadel, datable from Circa<br />
700 – 500 B.C. To save the city from destruction by floods in the Kshipra the inhabitants of<br />
this period erected a massive wall of compact whitish clay near the ramparts of the citadel<br />
In the pre independence era Ujjain witnessed the scenes of socio cultural rejuvenation,<br />
industrial and commercial growth on modern pattern and the struggle for the freedom. In<br />
1948 the Shinde regime came to an end as the Gwalior state merged into the newly formed<br />
Madhya Bharat. Presently, Ujjain is a Commissionaire and district headquarters in the state<br />
of Madhya Pradesh.<br />
Figure 2-2 Panoramic view of Ram Ghat<br />
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2.3 Historical landscape<br />
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2.4 Religious landscape<br />
Ujjain has accommodated many Shaivite sects like Pasupata, Kapalika, Kalamukha, Bhairava<br />
and Natha. The famous Shaiva Vedantist Adi Shankaracharya and the propounder of the<br />
Natha sect Gorakhanatha also visited Ujjain. King Bhathrihari is known to have adopted the<br />
Natha cult as a disciple of Gorakhanatha and he practiced asceticism staying away from<br />
worldly affairs. During the medieval period famous yogis like Jadarupa hailed from Ujjain.<br />
Temples and Mathas of these sects were constructed in large numbers, particularly during the<br />
Parmara period.Later, in the 16 th century AD Saint Vallabhacharya of the Vaishnava<br />
Sampradaya delivered his sermon under a peepal tree nearby within the Sandipani Ashram<br />
Parisar and established the 73 rd of the 84 baithaks of the Vallabh Sampradaya here.<br />
The Bohras migrated to Ujjain as traders from Gujarat during the late Mughal period and<br />
brought their unique customs along with. The Roza at Ujjain is highly revered place of the<br />
Bohras and an yearly congregation is held here which is attended by people from across the<br />
world.<br />
2.5 Landscape of Myths and Mythologies<br />
One to whom the God of creation, out of fear of this world, bows;<br />
One who stays happily in the hearts of the mahatmas who are calm, meditative and who<br />
have a tranquil soul;<br />
One who wears the art of the moon, skin of snake and marked skulls;<br />
Mahakalvan where Shri Mahakal sits burning like fire the sins, even as deplorable as the<br />
killing of a Brahmin. This is the favourite shamshana (cremation ground) of Shri Mahakal<br />
who plays here.<br />
It is this shamshana from where Vikram carries his Betal, to loose him every time he is<br />
forced to answers the questions posed by Betal. The narrative traditions (both oral and visual)<br />
that India is so proud of can be seen here at Ujjain in its Myths and Mythologies. The<br />
wisdom of King Vikramaditya, the poetry of Kalidasa and the celestial calculations of<br />
Varahamihira are kept alive in the landscape of Myths and Mythologies.<br />
2.6 Location and regional settings<br />
Figure 2-3 Location of Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh<br />
Ujjain is situated on a unique geographical<br />
location from where tropic of cancer passes. It is<br />
the 'Greenwich Mean Time' of India for<br />
Panchang. The tilting of earth at angle of 23½ ◦<br />
on its axis and geographical line of tropic of<br />
cancer has special cosmic influence making it fit<br />
for absolute time location. Situated on the bank<br />
of river Kshipra, the only river that travels<br />
straight from South to North, Ujjain reflects<br />
distinct character of socio-religious cultural<br />
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ethos.<br />
Distance of Ujjain from major cities<br />
Cities<br />
Bhopal<br />
Indore<br />
Ahemdabad<br />
Mumbai<br />
Distance<br />
183 kms<br />
50 kms<br />
402 kms<br />
655 kms<br />
A broad delineation of Ujjain region would include the seven districts of Indore, Ujjain,<br />
Dewas, Mandsaur,<br />
Along with Indore and Dewas, Ujjain is among the three most important centres in this<br />
region. Bhopal Ratlam broad gauge railway line passes through it and the NH3 is only 35 km,<br />
away. Besides these national connections, there are many state level highways linking it to<br />
the major regional and state centres.<br />
Figure 2-4 Ujjain City linkages<br />
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2.7 Climate and Geology<br />
2.7.1 Climate<br />
The city of Ujjain comes under Malwa region that is famous for its climate, which permits<br />
normal activities all the year round. The following table gives the overall climatic picture of<br />
the city:<br />
Table 2-1 Climatic components<br />
Geographical location 23°-11 Northern<br />
Latitude<br />
75°-45 Eastern<br />
Longitude<br />
Unique geographical location from where<br />
tropic of cancer passes<br />
☼Maximum temperature 39◦ The hottest months are April to June<br />
☻Minimum temperature 5◦ Coolest months are from December to<br />
February<br />
Average annual rainfall<br />
900 mm<br />
Shallow ground water(pre<br />
monsoon)<br />
Shallow ground<br />
water(post monsoon)<br />
20 mts<br />
8 mts<br />
2.7.2 Topography and soil<br />
The city of Ujjain is divided into Pedeplain (shallow, deep & moderate), Denudational hill;<br />
Residual hill, Valley fills, Flood plain etc, out of which geomorphic features like pedeplain<br />
(deep) & valley fills have good ground water<br />
Decadal growth<br />
potentials. Low drainage density in the<br />
pedeplain deep and flood plains indicates that 70<br />
59.74<br />
these geomorphic features are good recharge 60<br />
zones. On the other hand pedeplain shallow, 50<br />
44.7<br />
denudational hill and residual hill indicates 40<br />
35.31<br />
28.5<br />
poor recharge conditions due to hard and 30<br />
18.69<br />
compact lithology.<br />
20<br />
11<br />
10<br />
Geologically the city is, by and large,<br />
0<br />
monotonous. Deccan traps, which lie over the<br />
1,29,817 1,44,161 2,08,561 2,82,207 3,62,633 4,30,427<br />
older formations, consist of massive, zeolitic<br />
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001<br />
and vesicular basaltic flows of varying<br />
thickness. Generally, the hard massive trap is Figure 2-5 Ujjain Decadal growth<br />
underlain by zeolitic and vesicular trap.<br />
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Various flows are at times inter bedded with inter trappean. The common sedimentary rock<br />
of thin inter trappean is limestone which is generally siliceous. At places alluvium has also<br />
been noticed in the valley of the rivers Khan and Shipra. The geological formations<br />
underlying the Ujjain area are largely sandstone.<br />
Soils of the region are of mixed type and there is no distinct boundary between any two types<br />
of soil. Tonal variation in the satellite data indicates the difference in soil texture, intensity of<br />
weathering and mineral composition of soil. Deep black soil, lateritic soil and alluvial soil are<br />
the three different types of soils identified in the study area. Deep black soil, which is fertile<br />
in nature, occupies major part of the district. Black cotton soil is generally found with depth<br />
of 1to 3mts.<br />
2.8 Demographic profile<br />
The city of Ujjain has seen an average growth rate of 31.8% in the last four decades. The<br />
growth rate decreased from 44.7% (1971-1981) to 18.69%(1991-2001).The major reason<br />
behind this has been the economic stagnancy, closing down of industries and decreased birth<br />
rate.<br />
The current census (2001) population of UMC is 4.3 lakhs and the total number of wards is<br />
54. The city has experienced relatively moderate growth rates in population during the last<br />
two decades- 1981-91 & 1991-2001 (28.50 and 18.69 per cent, respectively)<br />
The reduced growth rates in population during the last two decades are attributed to the slowdown<br />
in the local economy, especially between 1991 and 2001. This is evident from the fact<br />
that the total workforce participation rate (main workers and marginal workers as a<br />
percentage of the total population) was stagnant at 27 per cent during 1991 and 2001. The<br />
next decadal growth rate of the city shall get increased as a result of financial boost up in the<br />
economy due to Sinhastha.<br />
2.8.1 Population Density<br />
Population density is an important demographic index, particularly from the point of view of<br />
exploitation of the resources of the area. The density has increased three-fold from 2192<br />
persons/ sq. km in 1961 to 4644 persons/ sq. km in 2001. Area under UMC has been constant<br />
and the density has risen by 8% in the last decade. Table 2-3 displays the change in<br />
population density trends in UMC area.<br />
Table 2-2 Population Density Trend in UMC<br />
Year Population<br />
in Lakhs<br />
Area in<br />
Sq. Km<br />
Population<br />
Density<br />
1971 246433 n.a 2050<br />
1981 282203 n.a. 2940<br />
1991 362633 92.68 3913<br />
2001 430669 92.68 4644<br />
Source:UMC<br />
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Year Madhya<br />
Pradesh<br />
Ujjain City Decadal<br />
growth<br />
1951 1,86,14,931 1,29,817 59.74<br />
1961 2,32,17,910 1,44,161 11<br />
1971 3,00,16,625 2,08,561 44.7<br />
1981 3,81,68,507 2,82,207 35.31<br />
1991 4,85,66,242 3,62,633 28.5<br />
2001 6,03,85,118 4,30,427 18.69<br />
2006 4,78000(estim<br />
ated)<br />
2011 5,03000(estim<br />
ated)<br />
2021 6,88000(estim<br />
ated)<br />
Figure 2-6 Projected population for the Ujjain city<br />
Source:UMC<br />
Table 2-3 Other demographic details of Ujjain city<br />
Census 2001details<br />
Nos.<br />
Population below 7 years age 55,619<br />
SC Population 75,946.00<br />
ST Population 8,316.00<br />
Male Population 223,745<br />
Female Population 206,188<br />
Male Literates 173,508<br />
Female Literates 134,248<br />
No. of Census Houses 77,099<br />
No. of Occupied Houses 75,548<br />
Source:UMC<br />
The above table shows that Ujjain has nearly 20 percent of SC population. The sex ratio can<br />
be said to be satisfactory. The male literacy level is quite high, that is 77% in comparison to<br />
female literacy rate of 65%.<br />
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2.9 Work force profile<br />
Ujjain which is a regional and tourist centre and has good linkages by way of road and<br />
railway has grown to become a trading and tourist centre in the region. The industrial<br />
character has been waning during the last two decades.<br />
Ujjain houses the offices of the headquarters of several district and regional level government<br />
offices. A considerable proportion of the city’s workforce is engaged in these establishments,<br />
whereas a large proportion of population is involved in trade and commerce. This is clearly<br />
evident from the workforce participation structure of the city, discussed in subsequent<br />
sections of this note. The primary drivers of the economy of Ujjain are the primary sector,<br />
service sector (mainly public sector establishments) and trade and commerce. Manufacturing<br />
and processing industries, especially household and small-scale engineering industries, also<br />
contribute to the city’s economy, though marginally. Among the poor households, the core<br />
poor had the highest proportion of main income earners in informal employment. The mean<br />
household income for the city has been recorded to be at Rs.4102 and expenditure at<br />
Rs.3501. the table given below shows the major occupational structure of the city.<br />
Table 2-4 Occupational break up<br />
Occupation category No.of workers in lakh % Total<br />
Primary sector 0.24 17<br />
Household industry 0.2 14<br />
Manufacturing 0.15 11<br />
Electricity, gas and water supply 0.03 2<br />
Construction 0.05 4<br />
Transport, storage and communication 0.08 6<br />
Banking and insurance 0.01 1<br />
Trade and business 0.49 34<br />
Services 0.15 11<br />
Total 1.4 100<br />
Source: Municipal Corporation of Ujjain, 2001<br />
Figure 2-7 Occupational break up<br />
Trade and business<br />
34%<br />
Services<br />
11%<br />
Banking and insurance<br />
1%<br />
Transport,storage and<br />
communication<br />
6%<br />
Primary sector<br />
17%<br />
Construction<br />
4%<br />
Household industry<br />
14%<br />
Manufacturing<br />
11%<br />
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Table 2-5 Economic base of the city Ujjain<br />
Economic base<br />
Years<br />
2001 2005 (estimated)<br />
Manufacturing 1800 2227<br />
Employment 12500 15270<br />
Production 700 870<br />
Source:UMC<br />
2.9.1 Trade and Commerce<br />
A large proportion of the city’s population thrives on wholesale and retail trade and<br />
commerce. The city serves as a regional wholesale market for food grains and other<br />
commodities. It also serves as a market centre for agricultural produce such as soybean,<br />
wheat, flowers, rice, pulses, oilseeds, maize, etc., which are cultivated in the rural hinterland.<br />
Ujjain’s hinterland has rich soils that are most suited to the cultivation of food grains, oil<br />
seeds, horticulture and floriculture, strengths that could be exploited to develop trade and<br />
commerce. Ujjain also functions as a distributing centre for agriculture implements,<br />
fertilizers, drugs and medicines, iron and steel, cement and minerals, petroleum products and<br />
forest produce such as timber, etc. and ready made garments and textiles.<br />
The commercial activities have diffused along most of the main roads of the city, although<br />
the character of these activities is not similar throughout the city. Ujjain functions as the most<br />
important centre for trade and commerce in the district. In 1991, 21.5% of the main work<br />
force was engaged in trade and commerce activities (District Census Handbook, Ujjain,<br />
1991).<br />
In 1975, the land utilization rate for commercial use was 0.19 hectares per 1000 persons,<br />
which is inadequate. In terms of workers in trade and commerce, commercial area is 3.8<br />
hectares per 1000 workers. It was estimated that Ujjain required nearly 7.5 hectares per 1000<br />
workers. This would satisfy the floating population visiting the city during religious festivals.<br />
The commercial activities nearly double during the Kumbh mela. (Ujjain Development Plan,<br />
1975). The present land utilization rate has been discussed later in the chapter on land use<br />
and management.<br />
Markets for specific commodities have flourished in groups along certain roads. General<br />
shopping is however; spread all along the main roads; wholesale and retail transactions in<br />
various commodities take place in these areas. Except Freeganj market, no market seems to<br />
be well-planned .All the other markets have come up due to organic growth of the town in a<br />
ribbon development fashion. Most of the markets are located on both sides of the roads<br />
leading to temples. There are no exclusively specialized markets. Shopping is mainly in the<br />
form of bazaars. In 1971, Ujjain housed nearly 5000 establishments classified as shops and<br />
other business establishments, which increased to 7649 in 1985.<br />
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2.9.2 An overview on Ujjain city economy<br />
Ujjain, once the seat of the ancient kingdom of Vikramaditya is an important religious,<br />
educational and cultural centre and a destination for millions of Hindu pilgrims. As well as<br />
regular visitors, (about 200,000-300,000 per year), once every 12 years, there is a flood of<br />
devotees to the city (5 million in 2004).<br />
About an hour by road (56km) from Indore, the city, once important for cotton manufacture<br />
has suffered considerable decline. All four of the cotton mills closed over ten years ago and<br />
there is little alternative for the 7,000 strong retrenched workforce. Religious tourism,<br />
services for the local population and some small-scale industries including power and<br />
handlooms and packaging are the mainstays of the city's economy.<br />
The industrial areas within the city are Maksi Road and Dewas Road. Numbers of businesses<br />
are reported to be 458 in Maksi road but of those only 200 are actually operating. This would<br />
indicate that more than 50% had either closed down or were sick.<br />
About 200 are reported at Dewas Road. It is not known how many of these are actually in<br />
operation. Power supply and skill level of the workforce are just some of the problems that<br />
exist. Outside the city, some small industrial areas with less than 10 units include Bandka<br />
Tehsil, Ghatiya, Padya Kalan and Birlagram and another semi urban area at Mahidpur with<br />
around 40. Industrial products/sectors include cotton cloth, incense sticks, tiles, chemicals,<br />
packaging, yarn manufacture and food processing. Proximity to Indore and the industrial<br />
estates nearby with better infrastructure means that Ujjain is not and is even less likely to<br />
become a favoured destination for manufacturing units.<br />
Private and public services registered are reported by CII (Confederation of Indian Industries)<br />
as Banking and insurance (122 establishments), hotels and restaurants (1890); hospitals and<br />
clinics (50); educational establishments (970) and shops (18,100). Government run health<br />
institutions are reported to be struggling in comparison to privately run hospitals and nursing<br />
homes that are performing reasonably well. Informal sector activities include cloth printing<br />
that is reported to employ over 1,700 persons.<br />
2.9.3 Pilgrims<br />
Ujjain, the summer capital of yesteryears is a popular<br />
tourist destination today. Although permanent population<br />
of Ujjain is low it receives large number of tourists.<br />
During peak days, on an average 3000 tourists visit the<br />
place. Apart from this, on the occasion of religious fairs<br />
held on Nagpanchmi and Mahashivratri nearly 3 to 5<br />
lakhs pilgrims come to Ujjain. Study of past data<br />
indicates that the number of foreign tourists and secular<br />
tourists visiting Ujjain is negligible. The average number<br />
of such tourists is nearly 100 per annum.<br />
Figure 2-8 Pilgrim gathering during Sinhastha<br />
The tourism potential of Ujjain has not been exploited to its fullest. There are many<br />
interesting tourist attractions in and around Ujjain, which if properly planned and developed,<br />
could give boost to the local economy by attracting not only pilgrims but also secular tourists<br />
and visitors, both domestic and foreign. It is hoped that this CDP will lead to the making of<br />
an Ujjain-specific Tourism Development Plan with a similar time horizon (2011 for the<br />
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JNNURM and 2016 for the next Simhasta) that would exploit the heritage and cultural assets<br />
identified in the CDP.<br />
The following chapter spells out the heritage significance and lists the heritage assets of<br />
Ujjain whose proper conservation and development should help give a boost to the economy<br />
of Ujjain.<br />
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3 Heriittage Siigniiffiicance off Ujjjjaiin<br />
3.1 The Ancient Sacred Landscape of Avanti<br />
Ujjain is known all over as an ancient city that has its origins as a sacred landscape in the<br />
remotest historical past of India. However, much of it is based on the ancient texts such as the<br />
Vedic literature, Brahmanas, Upanishads, Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras. The epics and<br />
the Puranas are recognized as a rich source of historical and geographical information about<br />
ancient India. The Markendeya Purana contains a description of Jambudvipa and mentions<br />
the forests, lakes and mountains around Meru. It mentions the nine divisions of Bharata, the<br />
seven mountain ranges in India and twenty-two separate hills. It describes the course of the<br />
Ganges and refers to the famous rivers in India, grouping them according to the mountain<br />
ranges of the country. The extensive Mahatmyas literature that contains portions from the<br />
Puranas or Samhitas, deals with the topography of the various tirthas or holy places. The Pali<br />
Buddhist literature is important as it provides glimpses of the scene in India in Buddha’s<br />
time. The Pali Pitaka, especially the Vinaya and the Sutta, contains incidental references to<br />
cities and places connected with the gradual spread of Buddhism. They supply us with<br />
information concerning the Madhyadesa or the Middle country and the localities bordering it.<br />
Madhyadesa was one of the five traditional divisions of India, according to the early Indian<br />
texts. They correspond to the East (Pracya), the West (Aparanta), North (Uttarpatha), the<br />
South (Dakshinapatha) and Central (Madhyadesa). The Pali Sutta Pitaka mentions sixteen<br />
great states in India, the Mahajanapadas in Jambudvipa, Avanti being one of them. As many<br />
as fourteen of these great states are said to have been included in the Madhyadesa, the<br />
remaining two, viz., Gandhara and Kamboja being in Uttarapatha or Northern Division.<br />
From about the time of the Buddha to about the time of Ashoka the great literature of the<br />
early Buddhists is certainly the main source of the historical and geographical information of<br />
ancient India, supplemented by Jaina and Brahaminical sources here and there. For later<br />
periods we have epigraphical, numismatic and archaeological sources and literary sources as<br />
well as the accounts of the Chinese pilgrims. It is worthy of note that the exploration of<br />
practically the whole of India had been completed in or about the 4th century B.C. and the<br />
people felt the necessity of a comprehensive term for the territory extending from the<br />
Himalayas in the north to the sea in the south. The term was Jambudvipa that was then used.<br />
In Sanskrit Buddhist texts we have references to Jambudvipa. The Minor Rock Edict No. 1 of<br />
Ashoka mentions Jambudvipa that denotes the vast country ruled by the great emperor. By<br />
the 6th and 7th centuries of the Christian era the whole of the Indian continent with its major<br />
divisions and sub-divisions, cities, countries, provinces, rivers, mountains, etc., had become<br />
too widely known to its people. In fact, Claudius Ptolemy’s “Geographica” written in the 2nd<br />
century A.D. gives detailed information about towns, rivers and mountains of India and their<br />
coordinates that in many respects is surprisingly accurate. Since the Greek and Macedonian<br />
visitors saw little of the country for themselves, this information must have come from local<br />
inhabitants who knew their country well.<br />
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3.1.1 Ramayana<br />
Avanti is mentioned in the Kishkandha Kand of the epic, Ramayana. Ujjayani is mentioned<br />
in the Mahabharata. The capital of Avanti that was one of the sixteen great janapadas, was<br />
Ujjayini which, according to Dipavamsa, was built by Accutagami. Avanti roughly<br />
corresponds to modern Malwa, Nimar and the adjoining areas. Ancient Avanti was divided<br />
into two parts: the northern part had its capital at Ujjayani and the southern part called Avanti<br />
Dakshinapatha had its capital at Mahismati or Mahissati (corresponding to Mandhata or<br />
Omkareshvar or Maheshwar, most probably the latter?). The Avantis were one of the most<br />
powerful of the Kshatrya clans in ancient India. According to the Matsya Purana the Avantis<br />
originated from the Haihaya dynasty of which Karttaviryarjuna was the most glorious ruler.<br />
There were marital relations between the royal families of the Avantis and the ruling dynasty<br />
of the Yadus. The Avantis occupied the territory that lay north of the Vindhya mountains.<br />
They were one of the four chief monarchies in India when Buddhism arose and were later<br />
absorbed into the Mauryan Empire. They were an ancient people as the Mahabharata points<br />
out. Their dual monarchs, Vinda and Aavinda, led Duryodhana’s army in the battle of<br />
Kurukshetra, and really speaking the Avantis made up one-fifth of the entire Kuru host. They<br />
fought bravely in the field until they laid down their lives at the hands of Arjuna and Bhima.<br />
3.1.2 The Skanda Purana<br />
The Skanda Purana mentions that Ujjain was known by six different names in different<br />
kalpas; those were (1) Sarvasringa, (2) Kushasthali, (3) Avantika, (4) Amaravati, (5)<br />
Chudamani, and (6) Padmavati. According to Somadeva (of Katha Sarit Sagara) Ujjayani’s<br />
different names were Padmavati, Bhogavati and Hiranyavati. Other variations of the name<br />
were Kumudvati, Kanaksharanga, Nawateri Nagar, Pratikalpa, Sivapurhi and Vishala. The<br />
name Nawateri appears to have been given to the place probably for its supposed dimension<br />
of 9 x 13 kos. It is interesting to note here that there was a tradition that believed that<br />
Ujjayani is coeval with the existence of the world. In historical period, however, Kalidas<br />
knew it as Vishala. The name Avanti for Ujjain was current till the second century A.D. as is<br />
referred to in the inscriptions of Kshatrapa Rudradaman.<br />
The Avanti Mahatmya of the Skanda Purana records a description of a majestic Surya Mandir<br />
at Avanti (Ujjain). It also refers to two tanks, the Surya Kunda and the Brahma Kunda.<br />
People from nearby villages have a ritual dip in the Surya Kunda even today. Remains<br />
(fragments) of the old temple are found scattered all over the area.<br />
The Mahabharat, Shrimad Bhagvat, Brahmpurana, Agnipurana and Brahmvaivartpurana<br />
Puranas mention the Ankpat Kshetra (located in between Mangalnath and Ram Janardan<br />
Mandir) where existed the Sandipani Ashram where the sage Sandipani gave instructions to<br />
Krishna and Balaram. The Puranas mention that the Ashram met its water needs from the<br />
Gaumati Kund nearby. Painted Grey Ware (PGW) pottery and pre-Mauryan sculptural<br />
fragments were discovered here during excavations dating the region to the sixth-seventh<br />
century BC. This should make this area along with Garhkalika as the most ancient in Ujjain.<br />
Later, in the 16th century AD Saint Vallabhacharya of the Vaishnava Sampradaya delivered<br />
his sermon under a peepal tree nearby within the Sandipani Ashram Parisar and established<br />
the 73rd of the 84 baithaks of the Vallabh Sampradaya here.<br />
Avanti was one of the most flourishing kingdoms of ancient India and produced abundance<br />
of food and the people were wealthy and prosperous. Extensive excavations of Ujjain have<br />
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proved that the period between 500 B.C. and 200 B.C. was of great prosperity. Terracotta<br />
ring wells were very common in this period. The ancient Garhkalika area was densely<br />
populated and was a center of trade and commerce. Ujjain thus became a great commercial<br />
center. Here met three routes, from the western coast with its seaports Surparaka (Sopara)<br />
and Bhargukaccha (Bhroach), from the Deccan and from Sravasti in Kosasla (Oudh). The<br />
trade route from Rajgriha to Pratishthan had Saket, Ayodhya, Kaushambi, Vidisha, Ujjayani,<br />
and Mahishmati as the main trading centers. There were large water wells or kundas<br />
constructed on the route to meet the needs of the traders. One such large well dating to the<br />
Maurya Shung period was discovered at village Satkhedi near Ujjain in Shajapur district.<br />
This water source was renovated in the 1st-2nd century A.D. A second route led to Bhroach.<br />
The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea by an anonymous Greek merchant is a guidebook that was<br />
written in the last quarter of the 1st century A.D. and it contains an account of trade and<br />
commerce that was carried on from the Red Sea and the coast of Africa to the East Indies<br />
(Indonesia). The Periplus points out that from Ozene (Ujjain) was brought down to Barygaza<br />
(Bhroach) commodities for local consumption or export to other parts of India and outside,<br />
e.g., onyx stones, porcelain, fine muslins, mallow-tinted cotton, etc. The early Buddhist texts<br />
mention a trade route from Paithana (Patan) in the Deccan to Srivasthi, the route passing<br />
through Ujjain and Vidisha. Sher Shah (1540-54) opened the Agra-Burhanpur route, planting<br />
the roadside with trees and building sarais. In Mughal period two great routes lay through<br />
Central India. One from Bijapur to Ujjain, passed through Bhikangaon , Diktan and<br />
Fatehabad to Ujjain, where it turned east and met the main route at Doraha (Sehore district).<br />
3.1.3 Coinage & The Ancient Character Of Ujjain<br />
Another source that confirms the ancient character of Ujjain is the coinage. During<br />
excavations carried out near the Bharthrihari Caves a kunda yielded coins dating to the pre-<br />
Mauryan period. The Ujjain coin has a distinct place of its own among the ancient Indian<br />
copper coins. Punch-marked and cast coins are found here dating from the 3rd century B.C.<br />
to the 1st century A.D. The coins that were current in Ujjain have a special mark. On some of<br />
the rare coins the word Ujeniya is incised in Brahmi characters of the 2nd century B.C.<br />
Generally on one side is found a man with a symbol of the sun and on the other is seen the<br />
sign of Ujjain. On some coins a ball within a fence or the Bodhi tree or the Sumeru hill or the<br />
figure of the Goddess of Fortune is seen on the other side. Some coins of Ujjain are<br />
quadrangular while others are round. Square copper Mughal coins were struck in the city up<br />
to the time of Shahjehan. In fact, right from the time of Akbar Ujjain was one of the four<br />
places with a mint to strike silver coinage for the Mughal Empire. The class of round coins<br />
found at Ujjain display a special symbol, the cross and balls known as the Ujjain symbol. In<br />
the excavations in and around Ujjain clay medals and seals have also been found dating from<br />
the second century B.C. A stone casket has also been discovered dating to cir. 2nd century<br />
B.C.<br />
3.1.4 Inscriptions of The Ancient Times<br />
Inscriptions are yet another source that confirms the ancient character of Ujjayani. A seal of<br />
terracotta bearing inscription “Nagabhudisa Pavajitasa” and “Asadevasa” in Brahmi<br />
characters of 1st century A.D. turned up during excavations at Ujjain. The Nasik Cave<br />
Inscription of Vasisthiputra Pulumayi identifies Avanti as Akaravanti with its capital as<br />
Ujjayani whereas the Junagarh Inscription of Rudradaman I refers to two Akaravantis,<br />
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namely, Purva (eastern) with capital at Ujjayani and Apara (western) with its capital at<br />
Mahismati (Maheshwar?). The first separate Rock Edict of Asoka refers to Ujjayani where<br />
from the Mahamatras were sent by the royal prince (kumara). Inscriptions of Bhoja, Udatitya,<br />
Naravarman, Devapaldeo and Vijayasinghadeva have been discovered at Ujjain and testify to<br />
the rule of the Parmaras at Ujjain.<br />
3.1.5 The Ancient Settlement of Garhkalika<br />
The ancient city of Ujjayani is said to have existed about 6 km. to the north of today’s Ujjain.<br />
Garhkalika as it is known today was perhaps destroyed by earthquakes and the frequent<br />
floods in the Kshipra river. The ancient mounds in this area still yield ancient artifacts and<br />
remains. The excavations have exposed the mud fortifications of a citadel, datable from Circa<br />
700 – 500 B.C. The people of the period lived in mud houses and used iron in the form of<br />
spear and narrow heads and knives. Terracotta beads and figurines, bone styluses and diverse<br />
pottery characterized their cultural equipment. A type of red ware dish was akin to its<br />
counterparts from Ahichchatra and Kausambi. To save the city from destruction by floods in<br />
the Kshipra the inhabitants of this period erected a massive wall of compact whitish clay near<br />
the ramparts of the citadel.<br />
3.2 Ujjain and the Spread of Buddhism, Jainism, Vaishnavism<br />
During the lifetime of Buddha itself Avanti became an important center of Buddhism. Many<br />
theras (elders) and theris (female elders) were either born or lived there. Mahakaccayana was<br />
born at Ujjayani in the family of the Chaplain of king Candaprajjota. He went to the Buddha<br />
who taught him the Norm with such effect that, at the end of the lesson, he with the<br />
attendants was established in arhantship with thorough grasp of letter and meaning.<br />
Mahakaccayana used to be present whenever the Buddha delivered any sermon on Dhamma.<br />
Being himself a native of Avanti Mahakaccayana worked with zeal for the diffusion of the<br />
new faith amongst his countrymen. According to the narration in the Pali text of Deepvansh<br />
and Buddhvansh he spread the message from Ujjayani right up to Mathura. Residents of<br />
Ujjayani made donations for the construction of the stupa at Sanchi as is evidenced by the<br />
donor plates there. Mahakaccayana converted the king Candprajjota of Avanti to the<br />
Buddhist faith. Candpajjota’s mother Gopal Mata is said to have got the stupa at Kanchanvan<br />
(Kanipura) constructed under the influence of Mahakaccayana. This site is known today as<br />
Vaishya Tekri. In 1936 the Archaeology Department of the Gwalior State carried out<br />
excavations at this site and discovered remains of the stupa. This stupa is said to have a<br />
diameter of 110 meters and a height of 32 meters. The excavation showed that this stupa was<br />
cladded with bricks during the Mauryan period by Vaishyaputri Devi, the wife of Asoka as<br />
evidenced by the discovery of Mauryan bricks. Alongside is said to have been the site of a<br />
Buddhist monastery called Dakshinagiri that sheltered hundreds of Bhikshus. Ashokan pillar<br />
capitals with elephants and lions have been gathered from places near Ujjain and kept in<br />
Vikram Kirti Mandir Museum of the Vikram University.<br />
Old texts mention that Mahavira, the great propounder of the Jain faith, performed some of<br />
his penances in the country of Avanti. He also visited the capital of Avanti, Ujjayani, where<br />
he did penance in a cemetery when Rudra and his wife tried in vain to interrupt him. The<br />
Jains always associate the city with the split of their community between the Digambara and<br />
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the Shvetambara sects. About 53 B.C. Ujjayani came under the grip of a great famine that is<br />
believed to have lasted for 12 years. A Jain pontiff of Bhadalpur or Vidisha emigrated from<br />
Ujjayani. That perhaps sparked off the division.<br />
One of the sacred places of the Lingayat sect is situated at Ujjayani which is frequently<br />
visited by the Lingayat itinerant ascetics. Reference has already been made to the visit of<br />
Saint Vallabhacharya to Sandipani Ashram and its significance to the Vallabh Sampradaya.<br />
The city was visited by the Chinese pilgrim, Yuan Chwang, in the 7th century A.D.<br />
According to him, Ujjayani was about 6,000 li in circuit. It was a populous city. There were<br />
several convents but they were mostly in ruins. There were many priests. The king belonged<br />
to the Brahmin caste. Yuang Chwang mentions in his chronicler that not far from the city<br />
there was a stupa.<br />
3.2.1 The Mahakal Van<br />
The Kot or fort area of Ujjain in the north of the city was known by the general term Mahakal<br />
Van that is the forest of Mahakal. Mahakal predates the Shunga period as is evidenced by the<br />
discovery of a Shung period brick wall and architectural fragments and remains of the period<br />
found during excavation carried out in 1980. One of the residential areas of the Mahakal Van<br />
is known even today as the Kot Mohalla. The gateway, Chaubis Khamba is at the northern<br />
end of the Kot. The royal seat was shifted from Garh to Mahakal Van by the first Parmara<br />
king, Siyak in 9th century A.D. and a wall around the area was built in the very first stage of<br />
the Parmara rule. A royal palace is also said to have been constructed there although there are<br />
no archaeological evidences available today. Mahakal Van is densely populated today but<br />
extended over a large area with four gateways. The gateway in the north of the Mahakal Van<br />
is called Chaubis Khamba for its 24 supporting pillars, made of beautifully carved black<br />
stone. In fact, Chaubis Khamba is the only ancient structure that survived the sack of<br />
Iltutmish and exists even today. During the Parmara rule Mahakal Temple served as a seat of<br />
Sanskrit learning. The Parmaras king, Raja Bhoja of Dhar made many extensions to the<br />
original temple in the eleventh century. However, that temple was completely destroyed by<br />
Altutmish in 1235. The modern shrine on the same site near the older temple was built by the<br />
Prabhu Kayastha, Ram Chandra, Dewan of the Peshwa in 1745. According to Ferishta<br />
Iltutmish carried the Shiva Linga of Mahakaleshvar with him to Delhi and broke it there into<br />
several pieces. However, the belief amongst the people is that the idol was thrown into the<br />
adjoining reservoir and it remained there till the new temple was constructed on the same site<br />
and the deity was enshrined.<br />
Near the Mahakal Temple and in front of the Rudra Sagara is situated the temple of<br />
Harsiddhi Mata, who is probably none other than Annapurna, flanked by Mahalaxmi and<br />
Mahasaraswati. On a niche in the temple there is a stone slab with the words “Sree Yantra”<br />
engraved on it. Annapurna is said to have been the tutelary deity of the Parmara rulers. It is<br />
also reputed to have been the Kuladevi of King Vikramaditya. A wall that has four gates<br />
surrounds the temple complex. It also has the temple dedicated to Mahadev that was the main<br />
site of the Nagvanshi Bharshivas as is evidenced by an inscription. The complex at its center<br />
has the image of Mahamaya. The pillars and many of the images within the complex indicate<br />
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that the temple was embellished during the rule of the Parmaras. The complex has a Baodi<br />
that has an inscription dating it to 1447 A.D.<br />
An undated painting (see copy of print enclosed) at the National Museum, New Delhi shows<br />
the Ujjain Town at its center within the folds of the sinuous river Kshipra. At the left is the<br />
Mahakal temple while Mangalnath temple can be seen at the bottom right. Steps are also<br />
shown. Other temples are also shown in the painting. The seven water tanks (the Sapta<br />
Sagaras) in the groves around the city are clearly marked. Stylised people and trees can be<br />
seen in the intervening areas. Maps are sometimes found in miniature paintings, the one<br />
referred to here being one such. Similar paintings of Hindu pilgrimage sites are also<br />
frequently found. The rich pilgrims could order maps to be specially prepared for them while<br />
the poorer ones bought smaller pictures that had been painted in bulk. One of their uses could<br />
also be the need to establish the coordinates of the birthplace for travelers who wished to<br />
have their horoscopes drawn. It is known that geographical religious charts (somewhat like<br />
maps) were in use by travelers who visited sacred places during the course of their<br />
pilgrimages. There is no record when such charts and paintings were first used. They are in<br />
the form of a square with Ujjain, one of the most sacred cities for Hindus, in the center and<br />
on all four sides divided by step-like rulers, are named the places as they occur in order from<br />
the center, with the eight points of the compass named. Figures are given beside each name,<br />
but it is not known to what they refer. It is well known that Ujjain was marked as the first<br />
meridian by early Indian geographers though this was later moved to Varanasi and then<br />
Kurukshetra.<br />
3.3 Ujjain A Centre Of Learning And The Arts<br />
Ujjayani has been also a great center of learning and the arts right from the ancient times. The<br />
celebrated grammarian Panini refers to Avanti in one of his sutras. Patanjali’s Mahabhasya<br />
also refers to it. The Bhagvata Purana mentions Ujjayani as a city. . The Skanda Purana refers<br />
to it as a holy city. The Avanti Khanda of Skanda Purana states about nine Durgas, twentyfour<br />
Divine Mothers (Matrikas), twelve Adityas, six Vinayakas, four Hanumans, eleven<br />
Rudras and six Bhairavs in ancient Ujjain. None of these are extant in their original form<br />
today and the concerned images have often come to light only in fragmentary conditions.<br />
Only the Chaurasi Mahadev concept has come to stay where four of these viz., Pingleshwara,<br />
Kayavarohaneshwara, Vilveshwara and Dardureshwara are regarded as the deities of<br />
Avantika Kshetra. The Yoginitantra also mentions Ujjayani as an ancient city. Ujjain<br />
accommodated many Shaivite sects like Pasupata, Kapalika, Kalamukha, Bhairava and<br />
Natha. The famous Shaiva Vedantist Adi Shankaracharya and the propounder of the Natha<br />
sect Gorakhanatha had also visited Ujjain. King Bhathrihari is known to have adopted the<br />
Natha cult as a disciple of Gorakhanatha and he practiced ascetism staying away from<br />
worldly affairs. During the medieval period famous yogis like Jadarupa hailed from Ujjain.<br />
Temples and Mathas of these sects were constructed in large numbers, particularly during the<br />
Parmara period. Iltutmish demolished most of these structures during the invasion in the 13th<br />
century. The only remains are the Chaubis Khamba and the Bharthrihari Cave.<br />
The earlier period of the first millennium AD was a golden period for the renaissance of the<br />
arts and literature and Ujjain was very much at the center of this revival. The dramas of<br />
Kalidasa were performed on the occasion of the Spring Festival before the Viceregal Court c.<br />
400 A.D. Nine famous persons known as the Nava-Ratna (nine gems) adorned the court of<br />
Vikramaditya, king of Ujjayani, usually identified with Chandragupta II (circa 375 A.D.)<br />
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who is said to have expelled the Scythians and established his power over the greater part of<br />
India. Popular literature of India of comparatively modern age is full of stories relating to<br />
King Vikramaditya of Ujjayani. The tradition on the whole, suggests that Ujjayani became a<br />
great center of Sanskrit learning under his liberal royal patronage. The nine gems of<br />
Vikramaditya’s court are said to have been Kalidas, (the author of Meghadutam,<br />
Raghuvansham, Shakuntalam), Varahamira (the author of the astronomical and astrological<br />
treatises, Brihatsamhita and Brihat Jatak), Amar Singh (the author of the Sanskrit lexicon, the<br />
Amar Kosha), Dhanwantri (the author of the medical text, the Sushrat Samhita), Ksharpanak,<br />
the logician, the historian, Betal Bhatta, the grammarian, Vararuchi, the great scholar,<br />
Shanku, and the rhetorician, Ghatakpar.<br />
The names of Kalidasa and Ujjayani are inextricably linked together in the Indian traditions.<br />
It is in Meghdoot, a poem of a little over hundred verses, describing the anguish of a yaksha,<br />
separated from his beloved by a curse, sending a message to her in the city of Alka through a<br />
rain cloud from his exile in Ramagiri (now identified as Ramtek near Nagpur) that Kalidasa’s<br />
love of Ujjayani finds full expression. The poet describes the imaginary passage of the cloud<br />
over Ujjayani, and it is almost as if he is loath to move on, for in 12 verses (27-38) there is a<br />
lyrical description of the city and the people which conjures up a vivid picture of a civilized<br />
attractive society, a leisured class, intensely practical and yet imbued with deeply religious<br />
and philosophical preoccupations.<br />
3.4 Parmaras And Their Contribution To Art And Literature<br />
The second revival (the first could be considered to be the period of Chanragupta II who also<br />
assumed the title of Vikramaditya) of the arts and literature took place during the rule of the<br />
Parmaras. Parmara rulers of extraordinary political, literary and creative caliber including<br />
Munja, Bhoja and Udayaditya ruled the region either from Ujjain or Dharanagari. Ujjain as a<br />
settlement is an ancient city but its built-form does not reflect that antiquity. The early history<br />
of the city undoubtedly had a major role in structuring its development and, may be, detailed<br />
archaeological investigations may reveal some of the basic principles of the present town<br />
form, but the data being limited, the observations tend to become conjectural. Undoubtedly<br />
the remains of the stupa at Vaishya Tekri and the mud walls of Garhkalika do indicate the<br />
ancient character of the city. A definite picture of Ujjain, however, emerges only from the<br />
Parmara period onwards. The activity zones and movement lines of the riverine part (on<br />
Gandhavati and the Kshipra) were formed during this period and stone being the principal<br />
material of construction many of their structures have survived to date. Chaubis Khamba,<br />
stepwells, Chaurasi Mahadevs and parts of temples like Chintamani Ganesh, Kal Bhairav,<br />
Mahakal, Harsiddhi, etc. stand as testimony to the Parmara rule. In fact, although Altutmish<br />
destroyed most of the structures which remained as such throughout the rule of the Sultans<br />
yet the Hindu Subedars (like Maharaja Jai Singh of Jaipur) of the Malwa during the Mughal<br />
rule and most prominently the Marathas in the 18th century could rehabilitate and reconstruct<br />
the temples and other structures that had been destroyed by Iltutmish. In fact, the Maratha<br />
rule could be reckoned as the third Hindu revival in the history of Ujjain. Nearly all the<br />
temple complexes, Ghats and Chaurasi Mahadevs bear their stamp. Embellishments in the<br />
use of timber in houses and streetscapes owe much to their patronage. Even today this is a<br />
characteristic feature of the urban landscape of Ujjain.<br />
Though blessed with the waters of Kshipra Ujjain nurtured the concept of tanks and wells for<br />
both daily needs and sacred attributions. Seven natural reservoirs have been institutionalized<br />
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in the name of Sapta Sagaras that find mention in the Avanti Khanda of the Skanda Purana.<br />
There are many stepwells in temple complexes and elsewhere some of which are being used<br />
to date. Due to the higher ground water levels these wells are not as deep and intricate as<br />
those of other regions but have their own typicality in negotiating the levels and treating the<br />
surfaces. Tanks traditionally known as Munjasagara after the famous Parmara king Munja<br />
(970-1000 A.D.) exist at Dhar, Mandu and Ujjain which were the most important cities under<br />
the Parmara rulers. The Gandhawari copper plate of Munja dated to 974 A.D. also refers to a<br />
Shiva Tarag (tank) at Ujjain. The kundas within the Mahakala Parisar and nearabout are<br />
similar to the kundas (wells) of the Parmara period. Kotitirtha is a small reservoir (in fact a<br />
large kunda) within the courtyard of Mahakaleshwara Temple that was renovated by the<br />
Parmaras and later by the Marathas.<br />
3.5 The Ghats Of Ujjain<br />
Ujjain began as a riverine city but the present pucca ghats date from the Maratha times. The<br />
natural heritage in the form of river Kshipra and Rudrasagar has dictated much of built<br />
heritage and qualify amongst the most important heritage elements of Ujjain. Much of the<br />
image of Ujjain is read through the Ghats, the water – city interface. Some of the ghats are<br />
small yet quite picturesque. Narsingh Ghat on the east bank, the Pishacha-Mukteshwar Ghat<br />
with its temple of Pishacha, Mukteshwar Mahadev, the Sangameshwar Ghat, the Ram Ghat,<br />
the Chhatri Ghat connecting Kshipra with the Chhatri of Ranoji Scindia, Maulana Ghat with<br />
the tomb of Maulana Mungis-ud-din, Udasi ghat with an akhada of Udasis, Gandharva Ghat,<br />
Sonar Ghat, Dashashvemedha Ghat, Ganga Ghat and Mangleshwar Ghat with the temple of<br />
Mangaleshwar or Angarakeshwar. Mention should also be made of the Siddha Vat Ghat on<br />
the Kshipra at Bhairogarh, 9 km away from Ujjain. It has a Vata tree (Ficus Bengalensis) that<br />
is reputed to be more than a thousand years old. The Siddha Vat ghat is just below this tree<br />
and is of similar sanctity.<br />
Most of the ghats in their present design were built by the Marathas on pre-existed<br />
consolidated river bank. These ghats are low lying with a leisurely ambience and are known<br />
by the names Ramghat in the southern half and Gandharva Ghat in the northern half. The<br />
level of the river being shallow there are not many steps, yet they incorporate small madhis,<br />
platforms and shrines giving the ghats their sculptural appearance. The built-form along the<br />
ghats has imposing scale at places like Ramghat and intimate scale at the northern Gandharva<br />
Ghat. As an ensemble of temples, steps, dharamshalas and large platforms the ghats of Ujjain<br />
are an indivisible element of the city’s heritage. Steps, landing strips, projecting platforms<br />
and temples present themselves in various combinations to create a changing scenario along<br />
the length of the ghats. However, the growth directions during the last hundred years have<br />
taken the spread of the city away from the river. Such unidirectional growth of the city meant<br />
that the ghats lost their prominent position in the city and the old city got increasingly<br />
cornered within the total town. The densely populated north along the Kshipra has the holy<br />
places but it is the south that has the modern facilities and the open spaces. The resulting<br />
seclusion of the historic precincts has on one hand preserved their ambience but on the other<br />
kept them at bay for the busy visitor. It is the drive of pilgrimage that keeps these precincts<br />
frequently visited and perhaps improved, especially at the period preceding the periodic<br />
twelve year cycle of the Simhasta.<br />
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3.6 The Chhatris Of Ujjain<br />
Right from the time of Akbar Ujjain was the headquarters of a Sarkar of the same name. In<br />
1658 Aurangzeb and Murad defeated Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur who fought the Battle of<br />
Ujjain at Dharmatpura near Ujjain on behalf of prince Dara Shikoh. Aurangzeb named the<br />
place of the battle as Fatehabad. One of the beautiful monuments of Ujjain that has a link<br />
with Jodhpur is the Chhatri of Vir Durga Das who belonged to the ruling Rathor family of<br />
Jodhpur. He spent the last years of his life on the banks of Kshipra at Ujjain and on his death<br />
he was cremated there. The Jodhpur rulers constructed a beautiful Chhatri in the Rajput style<br />
on the cremation site and installed a statue of his likeness at its center. The Chhatri is<br />
embellished with floral and vegetative patterns, horses, elephants, etc. and scenes from the<br />
life of Lord Krishna. A festival and fair is held every year on this site on the day of the<br />
Vasant Panchami.<br />
The Chhatri of Ranoji Scindia (1720-45) who acquired a footing in Malwa for the Marathas<br />
and fixed his headquarters at Ujjain, is built near the Chhatri Ghat at the Kshipra.<br />
3.7 Wood Architecture In Ujjain<br />
Religion and pilgrimage are among the strongest assets of Ujjain and it derives an identity<br />
from them. Accordingly, major temple precincts and smaller shrines are geographically<br />
spread around like a recurring theme for the city. Timber buildings, representing the best of<br />
residential architecture is another such recurring element that dot all over the old part. Areas<br />
like the Bohra Bakhals, Kartik Chowk, Khara Kuan, etc. have a concentration of wooden<br />
houses contributing to the historic character of the city. Coupled with religious and the<br />
attendant commercial activities, the old part exudes an ambience missing in other city parts.<br />
However, the manner in which these historic properties are being maintained ought to be a<br />
cause for concern. Most of them did get renovated in the past, especially during the Maratha<br />
period. However, the later additions are unsympathetic to the original finishes. An extreme<br />
case in point is Sandipani Ashram Parisar, which is both the most ancient as per mythology<br />
and the most modern as per its today’s architecture. No wonder many pilgrims feel<br />
disappointed at its present image. Reinstating the authenticity of the ancient precincts and<br />
structures and their finishes is necessary to preserve their authenticity.<br />
Islamic rule in-between the Parmara period and the rule of the Marathas made its own<br />
characteristic contribution to the built heritage of Ujjain and its environs. Muslim influences<br />
on Ujjain led to the development of typical provincial building styles which can be seen at<br />
Kaliadeh Palace, the Hammam near Mahakal, Bina Neev ki Masjid, Begum ka Maqbara and<br />
Begampura masjid. The Turks, Sultans of Malwa and Mughals all contributed in diverse<br />
manners including architecture, decorations, music and painting. The stepwell near Pushkar<br />
Sagar area of Begumpura had good paintings on the façade wall; there are geometric designs<br />
in the Begumpura gateway and Mahakal Hammam entrances. The pavilions of Kaliadeh have<br />
plaster stucco finishes and the Begum ka Maqbara has a beautiful stone screen wall.<br />
The name Kaliadeh or Kalidah is not mentioned in the Avanti Khanda of the Skanda Purana,<br />
which mentions the earlier name Brahma Kunda. The Avanti Khanda refers to a temple<br />
which once stood here, a statement that is supported by the numerous carved stones in the<br />
masonry work and the remains of old foundations near the ‘water palace’ that was<br />
constructed by the Malwa Sultans by bridging the narrow left branch of Kshipra by a massive<br />
bed of masonry on which chambers, capable of being kept cool during the hot weather, were<br />
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erected. These chambers or Tahekhana form a gallery that runs along the western side. These<br />
chambers were cooled by means of damp khas grasss mats kept moist by water led over them<br />
through conduits connected with the river. The water after flowing over the chambers along<br />
the masonry bed fell in a cascade into the Kaliadeh or the Brahma Kunda, a pool at the<br />
northern end of the structure. The water palace stood in the midst of fine groves and gardens,<br />
the garden within the enclosure being called the Firoz Bagh. The kiosques constructed on the<br />
stone basement are later Mughal additions that are faced with sandstone while the rest of the<br />
structure is of basalt. There might have been some tank or ghat in the pre-Islamic period that<br />
may have been exploited with advantage in constructing the edifice. The Avanti Mahatmya<br />
of the Skanda Purana mentions, besides the Brahma Kunda, also the Surya Kunda and a large<br />
Surya Mandir at this site. Madho Rao Scindia ( 1886- ) reconstructed the temple<br />
which was later converted into the existing Surya Mandir by Vijaya Raje Scindia.<br />
3.8 Bohra Bakhals And Wooden Architecture<br />
Bohra colonies like Ibrahimpura deserve special mention due to the sheer exuberance of their<br />
residential architecture. The Bohras migrated to Ujjain as traders from Gujarat during the late<br />
Mughal period and brought their unique customs along with. Besides religion and festivities<br />
architecture too is a part of their typical customs. All houses have internal courtyards and<br />
exquisite timber façade where timber is used for both decoration and structural purposes. The<br />
Bohra Mohalla is a socially and physically knit entity with each Mohalla clearly demarcated<br />
with 2-3 entry gates. It is in the invaluable wooden architecture that Bohras have greatly<br />
contributed to the built heritage of Ujjain. Using seasoned teak wood expert craftsmen have<br />
carved beautiful images with strong quality of surface relief. Structural members like<br />
columns and brackets are also finished with carved parts and delicate surface textures.<br />
Residents used to apply oil on a periodic basis to maintain them. Bohra Bakhals like<br />
Nayapura, Bahadurpura, Ibrahimpura and Roza complex have exquisite wooden houses,<br />
mosques and Jamatkhanas. The marble Roza is a structure of splendid proportions and was<br />
built before the headquarters established by the Bohras at the time of their migration was<br />
shifted from Ujjain. Using carved and costly wood in their dwelling has been a part of the<br />
Bohra way of life. As a tradition loving and well knit society with collective community<br />
living as its hallmark the Bohras maintain their traditional and comfortable drawing and<br />
sitting rooms and costly interiors and, in some cases, the wooden elevation as well although<br />
some of them have replaced the wooden elevation due to preservation costs. Theirs is an<br />
important attitude towards preservation of physical heritage that is so much part of the built<br />
heritage of Ujjain.<br />
The tradition of having wooden houses with beautifully carved facades and interiors<br />
continued during the Maratha period. Areas like Kartik Chowk, Pan Dariba, Singpuri, Dani<br />
Gate, Khara Kuan, Namak Mandi, etc. are not resided by Bohras but have streetscapes of<br />
beautiful houses. It is interesting to note that in Malwa the houses are of brick or of stone. A<br />
plinth of basalt is first laid upon which a framework of wood is placed. The roofs are either<br />
tiled or thatched or, as in bigger houses, of cement concrete. In Ujjain the façade of the<br />
upper storey is ornamented by picturesque carved wooden balconies and projecting windows<br />
(jharokas). It is unfortunate that some of the earlier magnificent buildings in Ujjain like<br />
Maina Bai’s Palace at Chhatri Chowk and Maratha Palace at Maharajwada area have not<br />
survived the ravages of time.<br />
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3.9 Gateways of Ujjain<br />
Gateways are a characteristic feature of the built-form of any old city. Ujjain is no exception.<br />
As an urban center, Ujjain is endowed with proportional gateways, active spaces and<br />
memorial Chhatris that structure the city in their own way. The oldest is Chaubis Khamba<br />
Darwaza and the rest are from medieval times. Akbar put an end to Baz Bahadur’s hegemony<br />
over Malwa and had a city wall constructed with gateways for controlling the entry and for<br />
the defence of Ujjain. While Sati Darwaza and Dani Darwaza remind us of past personalities,<br />
Nadi Gate, Kaliadeh Darwaza, Dewas Darwaza, and Indore Darwaza highlight directions of<br />
approach. The twin spaces of Gopal Mandir Chowk and Chhatri Chowk are among the<br />
prominent urban spaces in Ujjain. Clock Tower of Freeganj has a well-organized space<br />
around it while the forecourt of Mahakal, though not organized, symbolizes organic<br />
principles of space. Worth noting are the Chhatri at Chhatri Chowk, Veer Durgadas ki<br />
Chhatri and Scindia Chhatris that have an amalgamation of Rajput and Maratha styles.<br />
Like the other princely states, the Scindia rule also came under European, especially British,<br />
influences in art and architecture from the close of the nineteenth century onwards. Ujjain<br />
was no exception to this. Madhavnagar planning draws heavily from foreign principles and<br />
Kothi Palace is an amalgamation of Rajput and Gothic styles with an entrance influenced by<br />
Buckingham Palace. The Clock Tower in Freeganj is an impressive urban space contained<br />
within by buildings of mixed styles. The Chhatri Chowk while being Indian in its space<br />
planning is European in its architectural undercurrents.<br />
3.10 Ujjain – A Pluralistic and Multi Faith Landscape<br />
Thus the multiplicity of contributions and their accommodation in the spatial structure of the<br />
city have played a decisive role in shaping the built heritage of Ujjain. Ujjain has had a multifaith<br />
history with Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism co-existing peacefully for a long time.<br />
Islam has made its own contribution and Ujjain is one of the revered pilgrimage centers of<br />
the Bohras in the country. However, the dominant presence at Ujjain is of a city dedicated to<br />
Shiva with Shri Mahakaleshwar at its center. In fact an interesting stone tablet can be seen in<br />
the Shri Dharmaraja Mandir in Ramghat that depicts all the 80 Mahadevs inside Ujjain, 4<br />
Mahadevs as the corner points and Mahakal as the pivotal center. Ujjain has truly been a<br />
sacred landscape revered and visited by pilgrims from all parts of the sub-continent for<br />
centuries. However, the temples and the religious buildings and institutions that constituted<br />
this sacred landscape for centuries were effectively and completely destroyed by Iltutmish<br />
who invaded Central India in 1235 A.D., A narration of this has been given by his chronicler,<br />
Ferishta who accompanied him in these campaigns. According to Ferishta, Iltutmish carried<br />
the Shiva Lingam of Mahakaleshwar to Delhi where he broke it into many pieces. By and<br />
large the picture of desolation continued all through the rule of the Delhi and the Gujarat<br />
Sultans. During the Mughal rule after Aurangzeb the Hindu Subedar of Malwa, Maharaja Jai<br />
Singh of Jaipur did construct Janardana Temple but much of the revival of Ujjain took place<br />
only during the rule of the Marathas in the late seventeenth century onwards. For Bohras, a<br />
sect of the Shia faith amongst Muslims with a unique way of life, Ujjain is a place of<br />
pilgrimage.<br />
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3.11 The Concept of Chaurasi Mahadevas<br />
This listing of the built heritage of Ujjain and its environs provides information about<br />
individual heritage properties and precincts. However, there are certain built complexes and<br />
features that deserve special mention here. One such is the concept of the Chaurasi<br />
Mahadeva. Most of the religious centers of India are attributed with mythological<br />
associations and some are believed to be physical manifestations of Puranic principles. Ujjain<br />
is among the few places that fully embody this spirit through the concepts of Mahakal Van<br />
and Chaurasi Mahadev. To state simply, Chaurasi Mahadev are 84 sacred Shivalingas spread<br />
in and around Ujjain that are to be visited along a defined route. Symbolically they are<br />
representations of the Puranic concept of Time (Kala).as stated in the Skanda Purana. The life<br />
of Universe is divided into 4 Yugas and 84 Kalpas, and Chaurasi Mahadev represents these<br />
84 Kalpas. The Yugas end with Pralayas when everything in the universe dissolves but these<br />
Mahadevs do not get dissolved and are believed to be ‘Achala’, the immobile and permanent.<br />
Accordingly, the value attributions on these Shivalingas relate to all the Yugas of Indian<br />
temporal calendar. The main source for mythological references is Avanti Khanda of Skanda<br />
Purana. There are detailed descriptions for each Mahadev covering the sequential numbering<br />
of the Mahadev, the origin of names, special capacities of the Linga and how to worship<br />
Him. The pilgrim route is also specified and this pilgrimage has been stressed as a necessity<br />
even after visiting Varanasi. The ‘Adhik Mas’ of the lunar calendar is the most auspicious<br />
period for undertaking this yatra, but individual Mahadev can be worshiped at any time. The<br />
84 Mahadevs are spread throughout Ujjain and cover almost all of it. Those located within<br />
residential areas have arrangements for daily worship with regular priests while some of them<br />
are considered as the deity of the mohalla.<br />
Historically, most of these temples (Mahadevs) were built in Parmara period (9th to 13th<br />
century A.D.), possible on predated sacred sites. Post-Parmara period saw the decline of<br />
religious focus on Ujjain and these temples also must have suffered heavily. The credit of<br />
rejuvenating them goes mainly to the Maratha rulers from the 17th century onwards and<br />
accordingly most structures are built by Marathas on Parmara platforms. An interesting stone<br />
tablet can be seen in the Shri Dharmaraja Mandir in Ramghat that depicts all these 80<br />
Mahadevs inside Ujjain, 4 Mahadevs as the corner points and Mahakal as the pivotal center.<br />
At the extreme ends there are four Mahadevs in four Panchkroshi night halt stations. All the<br />
major temple precincts like Mangalnath, Siddhnath, Mahakal, Ramjanardan, etc invariably<br />
have one or many Mahadevs located within. As an area of concentration the identified<br />
‘Heritage Zone’ has the majority of them spread all over the residential areas. Few Mahadevs<br />
are in the outskirts of the city and, as such, have been left uncared for. Some of them have no<br />
proper access today while at least three known Mahadevs have lost their original location.<br />
Majority of the Mahadevs are in good structural condition although some of them where the<br />
priest has his residence as well, have suffered encroachments and unsympathetic changes and<br />
additions. Presently these Mahadevs are not maintained on a regular basis and get attention<br />
only during the Simhasta which comes once in twelve years.<br />
An analyis of all the 84 Mahadevs has already been done at the beginning of this chapter.<br />
3.12 Yatras and The Savari<br />
As an ancient city with a sacred landscape symbology has been instrumental in<br />
defining many traditional religious practices of Ujjain. The Mahakal is the abode of Shiva<br />
and is one of the twelve jyotirlingas of India. Not only that, it is one of the four places (the<br />
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others being Haridwar, Nasik and Allahabad) where a kumbh is held every twelve years by<br />
rotation of three years because the holy nectar that resulted from the churning of the mythical<br />
milky ocean (Khshir Sagara) by the devas and the asuras fell at these four places and hence<br />
immortalized them. The Chaurasi Mahadevs are the representation of the 84 Kalpas. All of<br />
these are geographically located within Chardwaras at four extreme corners such that Ujjain<br />
Kshetra has a circumference of Panchkroishi. Sacred tanks and temples are spatially<br />
distributed in accordance with concepts like Ashtatirthi and Sapta Sagaras (see<br />
accompanying map). Most of these symbolic images get an orientation by the sacred river<br />
Kshipra along which are located all the major temple precincts of Ujjain (also see copy of<br />
painting referred to above).The manifestation of these symbolisms can be seen in the yatras<br />
that are such a characteristic feature of the ancient sacred landscapes in India, such as in<br />
Vrindavana, Varanasi and many other sacred landscapes. Ujjain is a hallowed sacred<br />
landscape and the yatras (that are, in fact, Parikramas or circumambulatory walks) are a very<br />
significant feature of its calendar. The most significant event of Ujjain is the Simhasta that is<br />
held once in twelve years on the banks of the Kshipra. Chaurasi Mahadev Yatra covers all the<br />
84 Shiva temples. The idol of Shri Mahakaleshwara is taken out in procession called<br />
Mahakal Savari during the month of Shravana (July – August).<br />
Panchkroshi (Pancheshani) Yatra is taken up in Vaisakha (April – May); it lasts five days,<br />
covers a distance of about 122 km and passes by the four sacred corners (see accompanying<br />
map). It is in essence a Shiva Yatra. Ujjain ‘s geography is that of a rectangular space and at<br />
its center is its guardian presiding deity, the Mahakaleshwar with temples at every yojan<br />
(four kosas) radiating from the center. There are the four dwarpalas, Pingleshwar in the east,<br />
Kayaverohaneshwar in the south, Vilveshwar in the west and Durdureshwar in the north.<br />
The Panchkroshi Yatra. is said to have existed since time immemorial. In fact, the Avanti<br />
Khanda of the Skanda Purana states that the five days of the Panchkroshi Yatra of Ujjayani<br />
taken up during the month of Vaisakh bestows greater merit than the yatra of Varanasi. The<br />
Panchkroshi Yatra received an added impetus during the rule of Vikramaditya but got<br />
discontinued during the Sultanate period in the 14th century A.D. when there was heavy outmigration<br />
from Ujjain. It got revived with great vigour in the 17th century during the Maratha<br />
rule and has continued unabated since then. The Panchkroshi Yatra starts from<br />
Nagchandreshwar at Mahakaleshwar after a bath in the Kshipra and proceeds to Pingleshwar<br />
(a distance of 12 km) which is the first resting night halt (See Map). The yatra continues on<br />
the second day and proceeds to Kayavaruneshwar (23 km) which is the second night halt. On<br />
the third day it proceeds to Vilvkeshwar (31 km) with a midday resting halt at Nalwa. On the<br />
fourth day it proceeds to Durdhreshwar (28 km) with a midday resting halt at Kaliadeh. On<br />
the fifth day it proceeds to Pingleshwar and after making a midday resting halt at Undasa it<br />
terminates at Kshipra Karktirth Ghat (Reti Maidan) (28 km). The Asht-tirtha Yatra that<br />
touches 8 Tirthsthanas and terminates at Mangalnath immediately follows the Panchkroshi<br />
Yatra.<br />
3.13 Natural Heritage Of Ujjain – The Saptasagaras<br />
Saptasagara Yatra takes the pilgrims for the holy dip in the seven sacred tanks. Avanti<br />
Khanda of Skanda Purana makes references to the Sapta Sagaras of Avanti. The natural<br />
heritage is a very vital component of Ujjain. Its hinterland is the plains of Malwa that are<br />
endowed with rich black cotton soil that has always yielded excellent crops of wheat and<br />
cotton and, at a later period, of opium. These crops have been the mainstay of the prosperity<br />
of its people and of its importance as a center of trade and commerce right from the ancient<br />
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times. The natural heritage within Ujjain has been an inseparable part of its built heritage. It<br />
has had not only religious significance but also ecological connotations. The large area of the<br />
Mahakal Van, though densely populated today, was once a densely forested area. So were<br />
also the area around the Ankpat Parisar and Kal Bhairav Parisar. The area adjoining Ram<br />
Janardan temple complex is thickly wooded and hunting was prevalent till 1966.<br />
The tanks and the river Kshipra are the other main components of Ujjain’s natural heritage.<br />
In fact, the built heritage of Ujjain would lose its significance and meaning without them.<br />
And yet today both are under severe threat of deterioration and even decimation. A prime<br />
example is the very large Rudra Sagar that is situated alongside the Shri Mahakal Temple<br />
Complex.. It is one of the major sagaras of the “Saptasagar Yatra”. Some of the most<br />
important buildings like the Shri Harsiddhi temple, Shri Mahakal temple and the Maharaj<br />
Wada surround it. Its catchment area is heavily urbanized and the water draining into it<br />
brings urban wastes. The water body has shrunk because of erosion of the banks and the<br />
consequent silting Sewage drains leading into this water body aggravate the situation further<br />
as it is also a recharge area with two paleo-channels. Ancient texts make references to a river<br />
flowing from Rudrasagar to the Kshipra. The other tanks of significance that have been part<br />
of the Saptsagaras are Vishnusagar located to the east of Ram Janardan temple on Ankpat<br />
Road, Khshirsagar now in the form of large-sized kund near the railway station, Govardhan<br />
Sagar that has almost lost its existence, located in the east of Nikas and south-west of the hill<br />
of Nagar Kot Devi, Purushottam Sagar as Ankpat Sagar in the north of the Idgah, Ratnakar<br />
Sagar (the Undasa Lake constructed in the 16th century and having ghats and a chhatri inside<br />
the lake but primarily an irrigation tank today) located on the Ujjain Maksi Road close to<br />
Madhavpura village, and Pushkar Sagar not far from Rudra Sagar (the tank reduced to a baoli<br />
now for use by pilgrims for performing rituals). All these water bodies are in a sorry state<br />
today. Only cosmetic solutions implemented preceding a Simhasta can hardly provide longterm<br />
solutions for their sustained revival and continuance.<br />
These Yatras and processions and events have coded instructions about the route that they<br />
cover, and the period and propitiating powers. Their spread covers the entire sacred<br />
geographical landscape of Ujjain.<br />
3.14 Astronomical and Astrological Significance Of Ujjain<br />
A special mention must be made of the astronomical and astrological significance of Ujjain.<br />
The Hindu astronomers reckoned their first meridian of longitude from Ujjayani. Ancient<br />
India as described by Ptolemy also mentions this. The ancient concept of time and space is<br />
closely associated with Ujjayani and, therefore, the Mahakal as the presiding deity of<br />
Ujjayani. According to the ancient astronomical texts on 21st March the day lasts six months<br />
at the North Pole Star and after another three months thereafter the sun is at its remotest point<br />
from the southern horizon. At that time the sun is directly above Ujjain.<br />
In ancient period Ujjain was the seat of astronomical studies. The city, being at the center of<br />
the country, was the place where scientific astronomy first evolved. The students of<br />
astronomy then fixed the meridian here in relation to other places for their astronomical<br />
calculations. Ptolemy’s Geographica (150 A.D.) is a work of great importance for<br />
understanding the geography of ancient India. He fixed the position of Ujjain at 77 23 from<br />
where the meridian starts. Under Asoka Ujjain attained the highest state of prosperity. He is<br />
said to have funded a college here where astronomy and astrology were taught as special<br />
subjects. Ujjain continued to be the center of astronomical studies under the Guptas.<br />
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Varahimira, one of the Nav Ratnas (nine gems) of the court of Chandra Gupta II, was an<br />
astronomer who wrote the ancient treatises Brihatsamhita and Laghu Jataka on astronomy<br />
and astrology. He is believed to have been born at Kayatha near Ujjain. Udayagiri (near<br />
Vidisha) is an ancient site that has an inscription in one of the caves that mentions the<br />
presence of Chandra Gupta II. The twin hills of Udayagiri and the saddle in between have<br />
remains that indicate that the site may have been used for astronomical observations.<br />
Incidentally, the Tropic of Cancer also passes through Udayagiri. Ujjain continued to be the<br />
seat of astronomical studies down to the days of Bhoj Parmara to whom is attributed the<br />
astronomical work named Rajaamrangaka.<br />
One sees a reflection of the Hindu view of the cosmos in the observatories established by<br />
Maharaja Jai Singh of Amber (1686-1743) in the 17th-18th century A.D. Over extension of<br />
the Mughul empire by Aurangzeb weakened its control and after his death in 1706 the local<br />
chieftains asserted their power. Maharaja Jai Singh of Amber sided with the weakened<br />
Mughal king Mohammad Shah (1719-48) and as a reward he was appointed the governor<br />
(subedar) of the provinces of Agra and Malwa in 1721. Jai Singh had strong interest in the<br />
Hindu concept of the cosmos. Besides establishing in 1728 the new city of Jaipur as his royal<br />
capital based on the concept of the Mandala he established astronomical observatories at<br />
Jaipur, Delhi, Mathura, Benares and Ujjain. Ujjain had been at the center of Hindu astronomy<br />
for centuries and it is therefore not surprising that Jai Singh chose Ujjain for establishing one<br />
of his observatories. According to Hindu cosmological ideas the meridian of Ujjain runs<br />
through the center of the world. For that reason all their astronomical calculations were<br />
focused on this place. This is somewhat similar to the English making the Greenwich<br />
meridian and the French the Paris meridian into the line of reference for taking their readings.<br />
Maharaja Jai Singh’s book Zig Mohammad Shahi gives an account of the instruments extant<br />
at that time for making astronomical observations. Father Teffenthaler who was the first<br />
European to write about the instruments at Ujjain in 1785 had made the following<br />
observations:<br />
“Ujen, the capital of Malwa, is a very large, heavily populated and built-up town on a large<br />
plain. There are also two very large lakes in the town; one at the ox market, the other known<br />
as Garsathi, and charmingly situated to the south-west, is full of water-birds and has several<br />
bays. Not far away is the suburb built by King Jesing, former governor of this province,<br />
which is alongside an observatory and other equipment constructed of mortar; there are, for<br />
instance, two equinoctial sundials, an upper and a lower one; a wall whose upper edge forms<br />
an angle with the horizontal plane equal to the local latitude pointing towards the pole and<br />
situated on the meridian, with a geometrical quadrant on both sides; in addition there is a<br />
limestone gnomon and a meridian line engraved on stone.”<br />
However, when Kaye came to Ujjain in 1915-16 he found only ruins. In accordance with his<br />
detailed suggestions for restoration the instruments were reconstructed from a scratch by the<br />
Archaeological Survey of India. The observatory now has the following instruments: Samrat<br />
Yantra, Dakshino Vritti Yantra, Nari Valaya Yantra and Digamsa Yantra.<br />
3.15 The Temples of Ujjain: The Parmaras And The Marathas<br />
The revival and rejuvenation and extensions of many of the ancient temples and precincts in<br />
Ujjain took place during the rule of the Parmaras in the 9th-12th centuries. This is evidenced<br />
by the discovery of the remains and fragments of the Parmara period during excavations<br />
within the Mahakal Parisar. During the excavation of the foundation for the construction of<br />
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the Pravachan Hall in this Parisar part of a Parmara period Shikhar was found. In fact, the<br />
present Mahakal temple was constructed by the Marathas alongside the remains of an older<br />
temple of the Parmara period that was destroyed by Iltutmish. Thus the Parmara period could<br />
be said to be the second revival of the Hindu arts and tradition in Ujjain. Iltutmish effectively<br />
and completely destroyed the temples of Ujjain during his invasion in 1235. The neglect<br />
continued during the period of the Sultanates during which period there was also heavy outmigration<br />
of the people from Ujjain. Certain revival took place during the rule of the later<br />
Mughals especially when Malwa had Hindu governors such as Maharaja Jai Singh of Jaipur.<br />
Maharaja Jai Singh also undertook the construction of a few well-known temples. One such<br />
is the Ram Janardan Temple in the Ankpat Kshetra constructed in 17th century. It has the<br />
temples of Ram and Janardan (Vishnu). The site appears to have been an ancient temple site<br />
as many of the images installed therein belong to the tenth and the twelfth centuries. That<br />
should place this site to the period of the Parmaras. Later, the Marathas constructed a<br />
boundary wall around it and a kund during the 18th century. Such fortifications in and around<br />
the temples also acted as defence against attacks. This complex has paintings in the Maratha<br />
style depicting the scenes from the life of Ram and Krishna. It is a beautiful example of the<br />
Maratha art. It was during the Maratha rule that Ujjain became the meeting ground of<br />
painters of the Poona and Kangra styles. The impact of the two different styles of painting is<br />
distinctive. The examples of Maratha style are found in the temples of Ram Janardan, Kal<br />
Bhairav, Kalpeshwar and Tilakeshwar while the traditional Malwa style can be seen in the<br />
Sandipani Ashram and in many large houses of local seths. That large temple complexes also<br />
acted as fortification for retreat during attack and for defence is borne out by the construction<br />
of a fortification wall and a large kunda within these large temple complexes. Kal Bhairav is<br />
one such ancient temple whose reconstruction and revival was undertaken by Maharaja Jai<br />
Singh during his tenure as governor of Malwa<br />
However, it is really the Marathas that led the revival and reinstallation of the temples and<br />
other religious traditions and institutions. Thus, the third revival of the Hindu arts and<br />
tradition could be said to have taken place during the Maratha rule of the Malwa. Ujjain<br />
passed on to the Scindias around 1750. The Maratha domination of Malwa gave impetus to a<br />
cultural renaissance in the region and modern Ujjain can rightly be said to have come into<br />
being during their rule. Most of the temples of Ujjain were constructed during this period.<br />
One of these is the Gopal Mandir built by Bayaja Bai, wife of Daulat Rao Scindia during<br />
1848-56 and dedicated to Dwarkadheesh, the tutelary deity of the Scindia family. The<br />
Shikhar and the garbhagriha is in white marble while the main idol, the porch and the<br />
galleries are of black stone. The main entry door to the garbhgriha is of silver that was<br />
originally part of the Somnath Temple. Ghaznavi carried it to Ghazni as part of his loot.<br />
Mohammad Shah Abdali brought it to Lahore. Mahadji Scindia during his sack of Lahore<br />
brought it to Ujjain and had it installed at the Gopal Mandir.<br />
The patronage of the Marathas extended to the arts, such as painting, and the revival of the<br />
Hindu cultural traditions. The influence of Maratha architecture and the use of wood for<br />
construction and embellishment are visible even today. The shifting of the capital to Gwalior<br />
(Lashkar) by Daulat Rao Scindia in 1810 did, however, lead to the decline of the commercial<br />
and administrative importance of Ujjain. The pull today is as a religious landscape that draws<br />
huge numbers of pilgrims throughout the year and especially on occasions such as the various<br />
yatras and the Simhasta.<br />
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Ujjain undoubtedly has the flavour and recognition as an ancient city. It has always been<br />
revered as a sacred landscape and as a center of the arts and literature. This is borne out by<br />
the description given in the Avanti Khanda and the Mahatmya of the Skanda Purana.<br />
However, the earliest archaeological evidence dates it to the 7th-8th century B.C.<br />
Excavations at Garh Kalika, a couple of kilometers to the north of the existing city have<br />
shown the existence of a mud citadel wall besides coins and many artifacts of daily use. The<br />
excavations at Sandipani Ashram similarly yielded PGW pottery dating to 6th-7th century<br />
B.C. The temples mentioned in the Skanda Purana (Avanti Khanda and the Mahatmya) may<br />
have existed since time immemorial but the earliest archaeological evidence dates to the<br />
Parmara period (9th to 12th century A.D.). May be that the Parmaras constructed these<br />
temples on the pre-existing platforms and extended them further. Unfortunately, all these<br />
temples, including the Mahakaleshwara, were effectively and completely destroyed by<br />
Iltutmish during his invasion in 1235. The only buildings of that period that have survived are<br />
the Chaubis Khamba and the Bharthrihari Caves. The rule of the Sultans accentuated the<br />
decay of the city and led to out migration of the population. There was some revival during<br />
the period of the later Mughals when Malwa had Hindu Subedars such as Maharaja Jai Singh<br />
of Jaipur. But the real restoration, revival and reconstruction took place only during the rule<br />
of the Marathas during the 17th century onwards. The primacy of Ujjain with the Scindias<br />
continued till the capital was shifted to Lashkar (Gwalior) by Daulat Rao Scindia in 1810.<br />
Thereafter its importance continued as a religious city for pilgrimage. The most important<br />
event is undoubtedly the Simhasta which takes place every twelve years.<br />
The next Simhasta will be observed in 1916 and that should provide a defining moment for<br />
the success of Ujjain’s City Development Plan. What follows in the next chapter is the<br />
suggested approach to ensure this.<br />
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4 Approach ffor Devellopmentt<br />
Ujjain city, located on the banks of River Kshipra, is one of the seven important religious<br />
centers in India, the others being Ayodhya, Mathura, Gaya, Kashi, Kanchi, and Puri. The<br />
religious importance of Ujjain town has been attributed to the presence of the deity<br />
Mahakaleshwar on the banks of holy river Kshipra. Mahakaleshwar is considered as one of<br />
the twelve jyotirlingas in India. Several religious congregations are held throughout the year<br />
in the city. After every 12 years Kumbh mela, also known as Simhastha, is held during which<br />
a large number of pilgrims visit Ujjain.<br />
Ujjain today is the most poorly interpreted and understood city of India. Its antiquity is not<br />
apparent immediately, the city having been destroyed completely at some point in history.<br />
Independent India has not made much attempt at bringing to the fore this character of the<br />
city; there is no system in place that would address this issue in future either. JNNURM is an<br />
occasion to provide future to our past in such a way that it generates tourism, inculcates pride<br />
and brings in livelihoods and alleviates poverty.<br />
4.1 Sacred Landscape Approach for Development of Ujjain City<br />
How to define Heritage Component of the city--- monuments, religious places and sacred<br />
sites, buildings of architectural significance or traditional values? The very land one traverses<br />
is ripe with myths, mythologies and the sacred footsteps of the divine, the semi-divine, the<br />
demons and the mortals making sacred the entire landscape. This landscape has been<br />
described in the previous chapter as consisting of:<br />
• Ancient Religious Landscape of Canonical Treatises<br />
• Archaeological Landscape<br />
• Historical Landscape<br />
• Religious Landscape<br />
These landscapes are viewed as overlapping qualities of the geographical area that constitute<br />
Ujjain and gives it its character of a sacred landscape. Therefore ‘Sacred Landscape or<br />
Kshetra’ approach is adopted rather than monument approach. Sacred Landscape is not a<br />
single entity but encompasses the entire environment of the area that includes water,<br />
landscape (hills, rocks, etc.), air, forests, animals etc. or in other words is a microcosm of the<br />
world. There is also not one single homogenous ‘Sacred Landscape Ujjain’ but is manifested<br />
in several ‘Sacred Landscapes’ with their own micro worlds. Each such landscape has its<br />
special characteristics that holds it together and is geographically demarcated into<br />
‘Kshetras/(Heritage Zones)’. These Kshetras are cultural zones and are different from the<br />
smallest administrative boundaries called Wards. Delimitation of Wards is based on<br />
population density and does not address the issue of manifestations of cultural beliefs of the<br />
people that result in religious festivals, rituals, architecture type etc. The idea of Kshetra is to<br />
find the largest geographical spread of a particular type of cultural manifestation. Kshetras<br />
are not bound by Wards and sometimes one Kshetra flows into several Wards making it<br />
important for the Wards to work in harmony to achieve the common goal of heritage welfare.<br />
A new paradigm has to be framed to achieve harmonious, symbiotic and cooperative method<br />
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of working between the wards. The subject has been dealt with in Chapter on Heritage<br />
Management Strategies.<br />
4.2 Features of the Kshetras<br />
4.2.1 Criteria For Division Of Ujjain Into Kshetras (Area Delineation)<br />
Ujjain is accordingly divided into Kshetras or Heritage Zones. Heritage Zones are<br />
geographical units or zones that are :<br />
Homogenous in character or cultural manifestations such as the preponderance of any<br />
particular architecture quality, treatment of streets, religious beliefs, rituals etc.<br />
Architectural qualities, street treatment and spatial constructs are closely related to the time at<br />
which they were constructed. They are part of the time line and form the synchronic and<br />
dychronic threads of the built fabric of a town. Kshetras address the antiquity of the area<br />
while addressing its heritage both tangible and nontangible.<br />
As mentioned above the Kshetras are demarcated based on the preponderance of cultural<br />
similarities. This is quantified on the basis of number of similar religious institutions in the<br />
area. The monuments invested with the unique quality in each area are quantified and listed<br />
but it has to be kept in mind that the ‘unique quality’ is something difficult to grasp or<br />
pinpoint and should not be seen as being invested in the individual monument alone. Hence<br />
conserving the monument may not be enough and its spatial quality and context may all have<br />
a meaning. The very land on which these monuments stand has to be treated with equal care<br />
and respect. Multiple approaches to the Kshetras based on micro identity of each would<br />
determine the development objectives, management approach and administrative guidelines.<br />
The architectural norms and Town Planning byelaws should be based on detailed<br />
documentation, analysis and understanding of each area separately keeping in mind multidimensional<br />
and multi-directional character of the landscape. It is suggested that Detailed<br />
Project Reports (DPRs) be prepared for each Kshetra after micro studies and inventory of its<br />
tangible and non-tangible assets and its analysis. Conservation is indeed the most appropriate<br />
development path and all additions, modifications and improvements of infrastructural<br />
services must centre around the unique quality of each Kshetra.<br />
A list of eighteen (18) Kshetras has been identified on the basis of the above mentioned three<br />
critera. They have been discussed in the section below.<br />
4.2.2 Kshetras as Management Units<br />
S.No. Name<br />
1.Bhairav Kshetra (BK) I<br />
2.Mahakal Kshetra (MKK) II<br />
3.Gopal Kshetra (GK) III<br />
4.Roza Kshetra (RK) IV<br />
5.Kaliadeh Surya Kshetra (KDSK) V<br />
6.Madhav Kshetra (MDVK) VI<br />
7.Mill Kshetra (MK) VII<br />
8.Jaisinghpura Kshetra (JSPK) VIII<br />
9.Vaishya Tekri Kshetra (VTK) IX<br />
10.Bakhal Kshetra (BKHK) X<br />
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4.2.2.1 Bhairon Kshetra<br />
Area Definition<br />
The area falling within the following points is considered in this Kshetra<br />
• Junction of Vir Durgadas marg and Gautam marg.<br />
• Junction of Badnagar Road -Ranjit Hanuman Road with Vir Durgadas marg.<br />
• Nagda Unhel road and Mozamkhedi road<br />
• Bhairongad police thana turning<br />
• Siddhanath<br />
• Mangalnath<br />
• Ankpat gate, Gayakota and Solah Sagar.<br />
Predominant characteristics of the Kshetra<br />
• Predominantly Bhairon temples<br />
• Ancient fortified city of Ujjain<br />
• Ankpath Kshetra mentioned in ancient treatises<br />
• Archaeological remains dating as early as 8th century BCE<br />
• Sacred tanks and ghats.<br />
• Presence of myths and mythologies.<br />
• Traditional textile printing of Bairongarh prints.<br />
Heritage spots and Heritage areas within the Kshetra<br />
Sn<br />
o.<br />
Name of<br />
Monument<br />
Locatio<br />
n<br />
Ownership<br />
Curre<br />
nt<br />
usage<br />
Special<br />
features<br />
Date<br />
CE<br />
Grading<br />
State<br />
1 Siddhawat Siddha<br />
wat<br />
marg<br />
2 Bhairongarh<br />
Fort<br />
3 Kal<br />
Bhairon∗<br />
Private<br />
Templ<br />
e<br />
Parmara<br />
period<br />
remains<br />
“ Govt. Jail 8th cent<br />
CE<br />
remains<br />
“ Dharmasth<br />
a Trust<br />
Templ<br />
e<br />
Dome,<br />
wooden<br />
structure,<br />
1200 Grade I Fair<br />
1600 Grade II Huge<br />
expan<br />
sion<br />
under<br />
way<br />
1000 Grade I Poor<br />
maint<br />
enanc<br />
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10th cent<br />
images<br />
e<br />
4 Fort wall<br />
and Gate<br />
“ Govt. Gate<br />
and<br />
wall<br />
Akbar’s<br />
time<br />
1600 Grade II Negle<br />
ct<br />
5 Pataleshwar<br />
∗ Mahadev<br />
“ Dharmasth<br />
a Trust<br />
Templ<br />
e<br />
Parmar and<br />
Maratha<br />
paintings<br />
1200 Grade II Siva<br />
templ<br />
e in<br />
the<br />
botto<br />
m<br />
6 Shiv temple “ Private templ<br />
e<br />
Maratha<br />
style<br />
1700 Grade<br />
III<br />
Recon<br />
struct<br />
ed<br />
7 Vikrant<br />
Bhairav∗<br />
“ Dharmasth<br />
a Trust<br />
Templ<br />
e<br />
Parmar<br />
image<br />
outside<br />
1900 Grade<br />
IV<br />
Fair<br />
8 Okhaleshwa<br />
r<br />
Garkali<br />
ka road<br />
Govt. Ghat Parmara in<br />
part<br />
1200 Grade II Fair<br />
9 Tomb “ Private Wors<br />
hip<br />
Nath<br />
community<br />
1700 Grade<br />
III<br />
Poor<br />
10 Tomb “ “ “ “ “ “ “<br />
11 Tomb “ “ “ “ “ “ “<br />
12 Vindhyavasi<br />
ni<br />
“ Private Templ<br />
e<br />
80 year old<br />
pillar<br />
1900 Grade<br />
IV<br />
Fair<br />
13 Ganesh<br />
Temple<br />
“ “ “ Parmara<br />
Pillar<br />
1300 Grade II Fair<br />
14 Garkalika<br />
temple<br />
15 Pir<br />
Matsyender<br />
16 Bhartari<br />
Gupha<br />
17 Rumi<br />
Makbara<br />
“ Trust Templ<br />
e<br />
Parmara<br />
temple<br />
640 Grade I Additi<br />
ons<br />
“ “ “ Parmara 1300 Grade I Fair<br />
“ “ “ 800 Grade I Fair<br />
“ “ Memo<br />
rial<br />
Monument<br />
of Turki<br />
1400 Grade II Poor<br />
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place<br />
Merchant<br />
18 Baodi “ Private Water<br />
body<br />
Persian<br />
well with<br />
steps<br />
1600 Grade<br />
IV<br />
Poor<br />
19 Satichatwar “ “ Tomb Turki 1700 Grade<br />
III<br />
20 Tomb “ “ “ British 1800 Grade<br />
III<br />
Fair<br />
Fair<br />
21 Vishnuchatu<br />
shtika<br />
“ State<br />
Archaeolo<br />
gy<br />
Templ<br />
e<br />
Late Gupta<br />
image<br />
650 Grade I Fair<br />
22 Hanuman<br />
Temple<br />
“ Private “ Broken<br />
temple,<br />
wooden<br />
pillars<br />
1800 Grade II Poor<br />
23 Shiv<br />
Temple<br />
“ “ “ Brick<br />
shikhara<br />
1850 Grade<br />
III<br />
Fair<br />
24 Krin<br />
Mukteshwar<br />
“ “ “ Broken<br />
temple<br />
1850 Grade<br />
III<br />
Fair<br />
25 Mangalnath<br />
Temple<br />
“ Trust “ Reconstruc<br />
ted<br />
Maratha<br />
period<br />
Ancie<br />
nt site<br />
Grade I<br />
Fair<br />
26 Uttereshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
Mangal<br />
nath<br />
marg<br />
Private<br />
Templ<br />
e<br />
Garbhagrih<br />
a pillar<br />
Parmar<br />
1850 Grade I Recon<br />
struct<br />
ed<br />
27 Samadhi<br />
Anand Rao<br />
Panwar,<br />
Dhar State<br />
28 Ganga<br />
image on<br />
Ganga Ghat<br />
29 Sandipani<br />
Ashram<br />
Complex<br />
including<br />
“ “ Sama<br />
dhi<br />
“ worsh<br />
ip<br />
“ Trust compl<br />
ex<br />
Stone<br />
pillars with<br />
flower<br />
decoration<br />
Parmar<br />
period<br />
Ancient<br />
learning<br />
place for<br />
Krishna<br />
1760 Grade<br />
III<br />
Of<br />
ancie<br />
nt<br />
antiq<br />
59<br />
Fair<br />
Grade II Fair<br />
Grade I<br />
Fair<br />
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aithak and<br />
Gomti kund<br />
and<br />
Sudama<br />
uity<br />
30 Ramjanardh<br />
an temple<br />
complex<br />
Chitrag<br />
upta<br />
marg<br />
“ Templ<br />
e<br />
compl<br />
ex<br />
Parmara<br />
remains,<br />
maratha<br />
architectur<br />
e and<br />
paintings<br />
1600-<br />
1800<br />
Grade I<br />
& grade<br />
II<br />
Fair<br />
31 Ankureshwa<br />
r Mahadev<br />
39<br />
“ “ Templ<br />
e<br />
Maratha<br />
Period<br />
Nandi<br />
1700 Grade<br />
III<br />
Fair<br />
32 Dharmaraje<br />
shwar<br />
Temple<br />
“ “ “ Image of<br />
Chitragupt<br />
a<br />
1200 Grade I Fair<br />
33 Sati<br />
monument<br />
“ Private Homa<br />
ge<br />
Sati pillars 1700 Grade II Good<br />
34 Lalbai<br />
Phoolbai<br />
temple<br />
Lalbai<br />
Phoolba<br />
i marg<br />
Public<br />
Templ<br />
e<br />
Remains of<br />
Maratha<br />
architectur<br />
e<br />
1300 Grade II Good<br />
35 Shiv temple “ Savitri<br />
Devi Trust<br />
Templ<br />
e<br />
Late<br />
Parmara<br />
Garbha<br />
griha<br />
1500 Grade II Good<br />
36 Main tam<br />
temple<br />
“ “ “ Mandapa<br />
pillars<br />
important<br />
1200 Grade II Good<br />
37 Hanuman<br />
Temple<br />
Urdupur<br />
a<br />
Private<br />
Templ<br />
e<br />
Hanuman<br />
in Chapat<br />
mudra<br />
1700 Grade II Good<br />
38 Ganesh<br />
temple<br />
39 Shree Ram<br />
Mandir<br />
40 Four tombs Ankpat<br />
Marg<br />
“ “ “ Four<br />
armed<br />
Ganesh<br />
1500 Grade I Good<br />
“ “ “ 1800 Grade I Fair<br />
Mahant<br />
Shyam<br />
Sundar<br />
Sacre<br />
d<br />
Maratha<br />
architectur<br />
e<br />
1600 Grade<br />
III<br />
60<br />
Fair<br />
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Das<br />
41 Chhatri of<br />
sati<br />
“ “ “ Decorated<br />
Pillar<br />
1700 Grade<br />
III<br />
Fair<br />
42 Chhatri of<br />
sati<br />
“ “ “ “ 1800 Grade<br />
III<br />
Fair<br />
43 Kabirpanthi<br />
Math<br />
Lalbai<br />
Phoolba<br />
i marg<br />
Trust<br />
Resid<br />
ence<br />
“ 1800 Grade II Fair<br />
44 North<br />
facing<br />
Hanuman<br />
“ Savitribai<br />
Trust<br />
Templ<br />
e<br />
“ 1800 Grade II Fair<br />
45 Narsimha<br />
mandir<br />
Lalbaip<br />
hoolbai<br />
marg<br />
Savitribai<br />
Trust<br />
templ<br />
e<br />
Maratha<br />
stye garbha<br />
griha<br />
1500 Grade<br />
III<br />
“<br />
46 Math with<br />
group of<br />
samadhies<br />
Ankpath<br />
marg<br />
Udasi<br />
Sampradai<br />
Trust<br />
“ Samadhies 1700 Grade II “<br />
47 Glass<br />
temple<br />
Shri Ram<br />
of<br />
“ Mahant<br />
Shyamsun<br />
der Das<br />
Trust<br />
worsh<br />
ip<br />
Temple<br />
without<br />
shikhara<br />
1300 Grade II “<br />
48 Ram<br />
Laxman<br />
temple<br />
“ Private templ<br />
e<br />
1700 Grade II “<br />
49 Indore<br />
Khalso Ram<br />
Janki<br />
temple<br />
“ Private templ<br />
e<br />
Maratha<br />
architectur<br />
e<br />
1600 Grade II Not<br />
good<br />
50 Devnarayan<br />
Temple<br />
51 Sheetla<br />
Mata<br />
Temple<br />
Ravindr<br />
anath<br />
Tagore<br />
Marg<br />
Ravaind<br />
ranath<br />
Tagore<br />
Marg<br />
Namdar<br />
pura<br />
Public<br />
Templ<br />
e<br />
“ “ 25 ruined<br />
images of<br />
Vishnu,<br />
Shiva,<br />
Chamunda<br />
etc.<br />
1900 Grade<br />
III<br />
1850 Grade<br />
III<br />
61<br />
Fair<br />
“<br />
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CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME<br />
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52 Ambamata<br />
Temple<br />
Opp<br />
Jiwajiga<br />
nj<br />
Police<br />
Station<br />
“ “ 1800 Grade<br />
III<br />
“<br />
53 Mankamane<br />
shwar<br />
Temple<br />
Namdar<br />
pura<br />
“ “ 1800 Grade<br />
III<br />
Fair<br />
54 Trilochanes<br />
hwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
Temple 84<br />
Gautam<br />
marg<br />
“ East facing 1700 Grade I Fair<br />
55 Kotilingesh<br />
war Temple<br />
Abdalpu<br />
r<br />
Audichya<br />
Brahmin<br />
Panch<br />
Sabha<br />
“ Parmar<br />
Image<br />
1200 Grade II “<br />
56 Radhakrishn<br />
a Temple<br />
“ Private “ Brick wall<br />
and<br />
Shikhara<br />
1700 Grade II “<br />
57 RadhaKrish<br />
na temple<br />
“ Trust<br />
Hindu<br />
temple<br />
sabha<br />
“ 1900 Grade II Excell<br />
ent<br />
58 Radhakrishn<br />
a temple<br />
Ravindr<br />
anath<br />
Tagore<br />
marg<br />
“ Wooden<br />
Ent. Gate<br />
1850 Grade<br />
III<br />
Fair<br />
59 Rukmini<br />
Radhakrishn<br />
a temple<br />
“ Private<br />
carpenter<br />
Panch<br />
“ 1890 Grade<br />
III<br />
Good<br />
60 Wamanesh<br />
war Temple<br />
61 Jain Temple<br />
Swetamber<br />
Nayapura<br />
62 Jain Temple<br />
Swetamber<br />
Ankpat<br />
marg<br />
Mahavir<br />
Marg<br />
Institution “ Maratha<br />
architectur<br />
e<br />
Public “ 16th cent<br />
architectur<br />
e<br />
“ “ “ 17th cent.<br />
architectur<br />
1600 Grade<br />
III<br />
62<br />
Fair<br />
1500 Grade II Fair<br />
1600 Grade II Fair<br />
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e<br />
63 Jain<br />
Shrawak<br />
Sangh<br />
“ “ “ “ “ Grade II “<br />
64 Jain<br />
Upasara<br />
“ “ “ 18th cent. 1800 Grade<br />
III<br />
“<br />
65 Giranari<br />
Hanuman<br />
Temple<br />
Tilkesh<br />
war<br />
Marg<br />
“ “ 1700 Grade<br />
III<br />
“<br />
66 64 Yogini<br />
Temple<br />
64<br />
Yogini<br />
marg<br />
Trust “ Reconstruc<br />
ted on<br />
ancient site<br />
Grade I<br />
67 Sheetla<br />
Mata<br />
Temple<br />
Gautam<br />
marg<br />
Public “ Reconstruc<br />
ted on<br />
ancient site<br />
1200 Grade I<br />
68 Shahbaba<br />
Dargah<br />
Agar<br />
Road<br />
“ “ 1600 Grade<br />
III<br />
Fair<br />
69 archaeologi<br />
cal mound<br />
Bhairon<br />
tekri<br />
Notified<br />
and<br />
protected<br />
under “the<br />
ancient<br />
monument<br />
ts act”<br />
Agric<br />
ulture,<br />
brick<br />
makin<br />
g and<br />
potter<br />
y<br />
makin<br />
g<br />
4.2.2.2 Mahakal Kshetra<br />
Area Definition<br />
Mahakal Hariphatak gate via over bridge to Ravishankar Nagar Colony<br />
Ravishankar Nagar Colony via Bhagat Singh Marg to Jaisinghpura<br />
From Lalpul along the banks of river Kshipra via Ramghat to Choti Rapat<br />
From Choti Rapat via Dani Gate to Kumharwada<br />
Kumharwada via Pan Dariba to Gudri and Mahakal Chowk.<br />
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Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra<br />
The area was a small part of Mahakal Van and services the Mahakal Temple<br />
The entrance gate of this historic Van mentioned in several ancient treatises<br />
Sacred tank associated with the temple<br />
Some 84 Mahadev and Ganesha temples are closely associated with Mahakal worship<br />
Heritage Spots and Heritage areas within the Kshetra<br />
Sn<br />
o.<br />
Name of<br />
Monument<br />
Location<br />
Ownershi<br />
p<br />
Curre<br />
nt<br />
usage<br />
Special<br />
features<br />
Date<br />
CE<br />
Grading<br />
State<br />
1 Maharajwad<br />
a<br />
Mahakal<br />
Marg<br />
Governm<br />
ent<br />
Schoo<br />
l<br />
Maharani<br />
Scindia’<br />
first sitting<br />
1865 Grade I Good<br />
2 Bade<br />
Ganpati<br />
Harsiddh<br />
i marg<br />
Personal<br />
Templ<br />
e<br />
1900 Grade II Good<br />
3 Panchmukhi<br />
Hanuman<br />
4 Vishnu<br />
Temple<br />
“ “ “ Bronze<br />
image of<br />
Hanuman<br />
“ “ “ Parmara<br />
period<br />
image<br />
1872 Grade II Good<br />
1300 Grade II Good<br />
5 Bhoot<br />
Baodi<br />
Mahakal<br />
corner<br />
Governm<br />
ent<br />
Ruine<br />
d<br />
Mughal<br />
period<br />
hammam<br />
1720 Grade<br />
III<br />
ruined<br />
6 Panchmukhi<br />
Hanuman<br />
Mahakal<br />
marg<br />
Personal<br />
worsh<br />
ip<br />
1700 Grade II Good<br />
7 Shiv Parvati<br />
jhoola<br />
Mahakal<br />
Marg,<br />
Malipura<br />
8 Shiva Image Mahakal<br />
marg<br />
9 Shri Datta<br />
temple<br />
10 Gate (like<br />
chaubis<br />
Mahakal<br />
marg<br />
Mahakal<br />
marg<br />
Personal<br />
Templ<br />
a<br />
1700 Grade II Good<br />
“ “ 1700 Grade II Good<br />
“ “ 1850 Grade<br />
III<br />
Governm<br />
ent<br />
Gatew<br />
ay to<br />
Built by<br />
Maharaja<br />
64<br />
Good<br />
1800 Grade II Good<br />
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Khamba)<br />
Near<br />
Police<br />
station<br />
school Madhav<br />
Rao.<br />
Paramara<br />
style<br />
images<br />
11 Maternity<br />
hospital<br />
Mahakal “ Hospi<br />
tal<br />
1870 Grade II Good<br />
12 Stupa<br />
shaped<br />
monuments<br />
Mahakal<br />
marg<br />
“ worsh<br />
ip<br />
Inside<br />
shivling<br />
1700 Grade<br />
III<br />
Ruins<br />
13 Sati ghat Nadi<br />
marg<br />
1700 Grade II Ruins<br />
14 Ram temple Mahakal<br />
marg<br />
Personal<br />
worsh<br />
ip<br />
woodwork 1700 Grade II Good<br />
15 Rudrasagar Harsiddh<br />
i marg<br />
Governm<br />
ent<br />
Bathi<br />
ng<br />
Reconstruc<br />
ted several<br />
times<br />
Grade I<br />
Antiq<br />
uity<br />
lost<br />
16 Vikramadity<br />
a marg<br />
Harsiddh<br />
i marg<br />
Personal<br />
Templ<br />
e<br />
Judgment<br />
seat of<br />
Vikramadit<br />
ya<br />
1880 Grade I Good<br />
17 Mosque Ramghat Institutio<br />
n<br />
worsh<br />
ip<br />
Muslim<br />
architectur<br />
e<br />
1800 Grade<br />
III<br />
Good<br />
18 Ramghat<br />
Temple<br />
Ramghat General worsh<br />
ip<br />
Parmara<br />
Period<br />
images<br />
650 Grade II Good<br />
19 Nirmohi<br />
akhara<br />
Nadi<br />
marg<br />
Institutio<br />
n<br />
worsh<br />
ip<br />
1500 Grade II Good<br />
20 Udasi<br />
Akhara<br />
21 Nirmal<br />
Akhara<br />
22 Karkateshw<br />
ar Mahadev<br />
22<br />
Nadi<br />
marg<br />
Nadi<br />
marg<br />
Dani<br />
Gate<br />
Institutio<br />
n<br />
Institutio<br />
n<br />
Dharmast<br />
a<br />
worsh<br />
ip<br />
worsh<br />
ip<br />
worsh<br />
ip<br />
Maratha<br />
Period<br />
1800 Grade II Good<br />
1850 Grade II Good<br />
1550 Grade I Good<br />
65<br />
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23 Vireshwar<br />
Mahadev 46<br />
Dani<br />
Gate<br />
“ worsh<br />
ip<br />
Temple<br />
with<br />
shikhar<br />
1500 Grade I Good<br />
24 Abhayeshw<br />
ar Mahadev<br />
48<br />
25 Omkarshwa<br />
r Mahadev<br />
52<br />
Dani<br />
Gate<br />
Khatik<br />
wada<br />
“ “ 1600 Grade I Good<br />
“ “ 1300 Grade I “<br />
26 Vishveshwa<br />
r Mahadev<br />
53<br />
Gonsa<br />
gate<br />
Khatik<br />
wada<br />
“ “ Maratha<br />
architectur<br />
e<br />
1600 Grade I “<br />
27 Rownatesh<br />
war<br />
Mahadev<br />
No.56<br />
Kartik<br />
Chowk<br />
shitalam<br />
ata lane<br />
“ “ Maratha<br />
period<br />
1600 Grade I “<br />
28 Ghanteshwa<br />
r Mahadev<br />
No. 57<br />
29 Brahmeshw<br />
ar Mahadev<br />
No.65<br />
30 Begum ka<br />
makbara<br />
Kartik<br />
Chowk<br />
Shitalam<br />
ata lane<br />
Dani<br />
Gate<br />
Begumb<br />
agh<br />
“ “ 1700 Grade I “<br />
“ “ “ 1600 Grade I Good<br />
Trust “ 1300 Grade I Good<br />
31 Begum<br />
Bagh<br />
colony with<br />
compound<br />
wall<br />
Begum<br />
bagh<br />
4.2.2.3 Gopal Kshetra<br />
Area Definition<br />
• Gudri Chouraha<br />
• Pandariba<br />
• Kartik Chowk<br />
Private<br />
reside<br />
nces<br />
Ancient<br />
houses<br />
66<br />
Grade II<br />
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• Mour dharmashal Dani Gate<br />
• Tanki Chouraha<br />
• Ramratan Sharma marg<br />
• Brahaspateshwar Mahadev Temple<br />
• Teliwada<br />
• MPEB office<br />
• Shakaracharya Marg<br />
• Dadabhainavroji Marg<br />
• Shripal marg<br />
• Vyayam shala gali<br />
•<br />
Predominant Characteristic of the Kshetra<br />
• Vaishnavite in nature<br />
• Commonality of auspitious dates, rituals and prayers<br />
• Temples attended by same pilgrims who visit several temples sequentially.<br />
Heritage Spots and Heritage Area within the Kshetra<br />
Sn<br />
o.<br />
Name of<br />
Monument<br />
Location<br />
Ownershi<br />
p<br />
Curre<br />
nt<br />
usage<br />
Special<br />
features<br />
Date<br />
CE<br />
Grading<br />
State<br />
1 Gopal<br />
Mandir<br />
2 Govardhan<br />
Nath<br />
Temple<br />
3 Gangaur<br />
Darwaza<br />
4 Laxminaray<br />
an<br />
5 Shri<br />
Satyanaraya<br />
n<br />
Kartik<br />
Chowk<br />
Dhaba<br />
Road<br />
Trust<br />
Nageshw<br />
arji Trust<br />
Templ<br />
e<br />
Templ<br />
e<br />
Dome with<br />
stucco<br />
work<br />
Wall<br />
paintings<br />
1800’<br />
s<br />
67<br />
Grade II good<br />
1800 Grade II Good<br />
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6 Radhakrishn<br />
a Mandir<br />
Dani<br />
gate<br />
Private “ Wooden<br />
architectur<br />
e<br />
1750 Grade II poor<br />
7 Govardhan<br />
mandir<br />
8 Shrinathji<br />
mandir<br />
Dhaba<br />
Road<br />
Trust “ Maratha<br />
style<br />
images<br />
Marat<br />
ha<br />
perio<br />
d<br />
Grade II good<br />
9 Samaj<br />
Rammandir<br />
10 Khati ke<br />
mandir<br />
Jagganath ji<br />
11 Daudayal<br />
Mandir<br />
12 Laxmi<br />
Vyankatesh<br />
mandir<br />
13 Ram mandir Jahaz<br />
gali<br />
Trust<br />
templ<br />
e<br />
Maratha<br />
Style<br />
1750 Grade II good<br />
14 Old Sarai “ “ Dama<br />
ged<br />
Muslim<br />
architectur<br />
e,<br />
inscription<br />
1608<br />
Grade II good<br />
15 Vaikunthan<br />
ath ji<br />
mandir<br />
16 Narsimha<br />
mandir<br />
Dhaba<br />
Road<br />
Shankara<br />
chary<br />
marg<br />
17 Rang Mahal “ Trust Dhara<br />
mshal<br />
a<br />
Ancient<br />
city wall<br />
1910 Grade<br />
III<br />
18 Shani “ Private Wors One of the 1200 Grade I<br />
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temple hip 9 grihas<br />
19 Ramjanardh<br />
an temple<br />
Sati<br />
Darwaza<br />
20 Chakravarti<br />
Hanuman<br />
Temple<br />
Bhagsipu<br />
ra<br />
Personal<br />
Marat<br />
ha<br />
Stamb<br />
ha<br />
1550 Grade II Fair<br />
21 Anandi<br />
Friend<br />
Circle<br />
Centre<br />
Kartik<br />
Chowk<br />
Christian<br />
Centre<br />
Britis<br />
h<br />
period<br />
1895 Grade<br />
III<br />
Fair<br />
22 Shri<br />
Chintamani<br />
Parshwanat<br />
h temple<br />
Kharaku<br />
wa<br />
Shripal<br />
Marg<br />
Trust<br />
Wors<br />
hip<br />
Parmara<br />
period<br />
pillars<br />
1000 Grade II Excell<br />
ent<br />
23 Shri<br />
Adishwar<br />
Temple<br />
Kharaku<br />
wa<br />
Dadabha<br />
i Naroji<br />
marg<br />
Trust<br />
Rest<br />
house<br />
Carved<br />
woodwork<br />
1700 Grade<br />
III<br />
Ruine<br />
d<br />
24 Raj<br />
Rajeshwari<br />
Temple<br />
Dadabha<br />
i Naroji<br />
Marg<br />
Personal<br />
templ<br />
e<br />
Wooden<br />
architectur<br />
e<br />
1900 Grade II good<br />
25 Hanuman<br />
Temple<br />
(small)<br />
“ “ “ “ 1900 Grade II good<br />
26 Kailash<br />
talkies<br />
27 Yuwaraj<br />
Library<br />
28 Tomb of<br />
Madhavrao<br />
Bamba<br />
Khana<br />
Chattri<br />
Chowk<br />
Chattari<br />
Chowk<br />
Private<br />
Nagar<br />
Nigam<br />
Nagar<br />
Nigam<br />
Kalid<br />
as<br />
Monte<br />
ssary<br />
school<br />
Librar<br />
y<br />
British<br />
architectur<br />
e<br />
Marble<br />
image of<br />
Madhavrao<br />
Scindia<br />
1930 Grade<br />
III<br />
1915 Grade<br />
III<br />
1885 Grade<br />
III<br />
69<br />
poor<br />
Fair<br />
Fair<br />
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29 Shahi<br />
Mosque<br />
Chattari<br />
Chowk<br />
Wakf<br />
Parmara<br />
remains<br />
are used<br />
1800 Grade II Fair<br />
30 Fire Brigade Kanhaiy<br />
alal<br />
Manana<br />
Marg<br />
Governm<br />
ent<br />
1930 Grade<br />
III<br />
Fair<br />
31 Water tank “ “ Water<br />
storag<br />
e<br />
1930 Grade<br />
III<br />
Fair<br />
32 Hospital Chattari<br />
Chowk<br />
“ Hospi<br />
tal<br />
Scindia<br />
period<br />
1928 Grade<br />
III<br />
Fair<br />
33 Post Office “ “ “ 1928 Grade<br />
III<br />
Fair<br />
34 Municipalit<br />
y office<br />
Gopal<br />
Mandir<br />
Marg<br />
Corporati<br />
on<br />
British<br />
period<br />
1910 Grade<br />
III<br />
Fair<br />
35 Mankamane<br />
shwar<br />
temple<br />
Gandhar<br />
vati river<br />
worsh<br />
ip<br />
Ganesh<br />
Parmara<br />
period<br />
1200 Grade II good<br />
36 Bajrangbali<br />
temple<br />
Kartik<br />
chowk<br />
worsh<br />
ip<br />
Constructe<br />
d by<br />
Samartha<br />
Ramdas a<br />
famous<br />
medieval<br />
saint of<br />
Maharastra<br />
1800 Grade II good<br />
4.2.2.4 Roza Bhakhal Kshetra<br />
Area Definition<br />
• Mazar-e-Nazmi to Khatikwada upto Porawal Dharamshala<br />
• Porwal Dharamshala to Smawariya Chouraha<br />
• Somawariya Chouraha to K.D.Gate Gautam marg upto Chand ka Kuwan corner<br />
• Chand Kuwan to Sankadiya Sultan upto Khajurwali Masjid<br />
• Khajurwali masjid to K.D.Gate upto Mazar-e-Nazmi.<br />
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Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra<br />
• Sacred Place of the Bohras<br />
• The pilgrim interest is common<br />
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra<br />
Sno.<br />
Name of<br />
Monument<br />
location ownership Current<br />
usage<br />
Special<br />
features<br />
Date<br />
CE<br />
grading state<br />
1<br />
Mazar-e-<br />
Nazmi<br />
Quamari<br />
marg<br />
Trust worship High<br />
importance<br />
Grade I Excellent<br />
4.2.2.5 Bakhal Kshetra<br />
Area Definition<br />
• Dabripita MPEB to Kalapura upto Shakracharya marg<br />
• Shankaracharya marg to Kharakuwan to Shripal Marg upto Ganda Nala<br />
• Ganda Nala to Indian Oversees Bank<br />
Predominant Characteristics<br />
• Pilgrim Centre of the Bohras<br />
• The residential quarters have a similar appearance<br />
• Chronological similarity<br />
• Streetscape and open spaces and a typical characteristic that homogenizes the<br />
architecture<br />
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra<br />
Sno. Name of<br />
Monument<br />
location ownership<br />
Current<br />
usage<br />
Special<br />
features<br />
Date<br />
CE<br />
grading state<br />
1 Mosque Dabri<br />
peetha<br />
“ worship 1800 Grade I “<br />
2 Sarai “ “ residential British<br />
style<br />
3 Dastarkhana “ “ Dining<br />
hall<br />
71<br />
Grade<br />
II<br />
“ Grade<br />
II<br />
Excellent<br />
Good<br />
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4.2.2.6 Jaisingh Vedshala Kshetra<br />
Area Definition<br />
• Hariphatak bridge to Yantra Mahal upto Lal Phool<br />
• Lal Phool to Jaisinghpura and under Hariphatak to Ravishankar Nagar<br />
• Ravishankar Nagar to Hariphatak ending at Sanwar Road.<br />
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra<br />
• Chronological homogeneity<br />
• Large Jain settlement in the area with several Jain temples<br />
• Architectural uniformity<br />
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra<br />
S<br />
no<br />
Name of<br />
Monument<br />
location<br />
ownershi<br />
p<br />
Current<br />
usage<br />
Special<br />
features<br />
Date<br />
CE<br />
gradi<br />
ng<br />
state<br />
1 Yantra<br />
Mahal<br />
Yantra<br />
mahal<br />
road<br />
Governm<br />
ent<br />
For<br />
calculatio<br />
n etc.<br />
One of<br />
the five<br />
observat<br />
ories by<br />
Sawai<br />
Jaisingh<br />
1719 Grad<br />
e I<br />
Excellent<br />
Sits on<br />
archaeol<br />
ogical<br />
mound<br />
2 Jain Temple<br />
and<br />
museum<br />
Jaisingh<br />
pura<br />
Trust temple Ancient<br />
sculpture<br />
s<br />
1800 Grad<br />
e I<br />
Good<br />
3 Shiv temple Gaughat temple 1800<br />
’s<br />
4 Gau Ghat Gaughat bathing Parmara<br />
Vishnu<br />
anantash<br />
eyana<br />
image.<br />
Ghat<br />
renovate<br />
d.<br />
72<br />
Grad<br />
e III<br />
1200 Grad<br />
e II<br />
Fair<br />
Fair<br />
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5 Water<br />
works<br />
city<br />
of<br />
Gaughat<br />
Governm<br />
ent<br />
Drinking<br />
water<br />
1830 Grad<br />
e II<br />
Good<br />
6 Bhishti gate gaughat Old gate<br />
of the<br />
city<br />
Persian<br />
inscriptio<br />
n<br />
1730 Grad<br />
e III<br />
dilapidat<br />
ed<br />
7 Neemwale<br />
baba<br />
mosque<br />
Hariram<br />
Choube<br />
marg<br />
Private worship 1500 Grad<br />
e II<br />
fair<br />
4.2.2.7 Mill Kshetra<br />
Area Definition<br />
• Beema Hospital Chouraha to Saraswati Nagar<br />
• MR-4 to Ring road<br />
• Ring road to Railway Phatak<br />
• Railway Phatak to Railway line upto over bridge and Chamunda Mata Chouraha<br />
• Chamunda Mata Chouraha to Beema Hospital Chouraha<br />
Predominant Characteristics of the Ksetra<br />
• Industrial area with large shopfloors<br />
• Dotted with Chimneys made of brick<br />
• Colonial style architecture of brick<br />
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra<br />
Sno.<br />
Name of<br />
Monument<br />
location<br />
ownership<br />
Current<br />
usage<br />
Special<br />
features<br />
Date<br />
CE<br />
grading<br />
state<br />
1 Hira Mill<br />
2<br />
Sakhya<br />
Raje Sarai<br />
3 Binod Mill<br />
Sakhaya<br />
Raje<br />
Marg<br />
Ashok<br />
Mandi<br />
Marg<br />
Trust<br />
Government<br />
Sarai<br />
closed<br />
Scindia<br />
Period<br />
British<br />
style<br />
1915<br />
73<br />
Grade<br />
III<br />
Good<br />
1928 Ruined<br />
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4<br />
Materity<br />
Hospital<br />
Ashok<br />
Mandi<br />
Marg<br />
Government<br />
Hospital<br />
British<br />
style<br />
1910<br />
Grade<br />
III<br />
Fair<br />
5<br />
Bohara<br />
Ward<br />
“ “ “ “ 1915<br />
Grade<br />
III<br />
Fair<br />
4.2.2.8 Madhav Kshetra<br />
Area Definition<br />
• Over bridge Shastri park to Zero point<br />
• Zero point via Kshapanak Munj corner to Dewas road corner<br />
• Dewas road corner to Loti school chouraha<br />
• Loti school chouraha to Shastri park<br />
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra<br />
• Trading Area with Shops<br />
• Colonial style architecture<br />
• Grandure residences and hotel<br />
• Chronological similarity<br />
Heritage Spots and Heritage Area in the Kshetra<br />
S<br />
no.<br />
Name of<br />
Monument<br />
location<br />
ownership<br />
Current<br />
usage<br />
Special<br />
features<br />
Date<br />
CE<br />
grading<br />
state<br />
1 Grand Hotel Freeganj<br />
City<br />
Corporation<br />
Residence<br />
Scindia<br />
period<br />
1886<br />
Grade<br />
II<br />
Fair<br />
2<br />
Gopal<br />
Temple<br />
3 Ghantaghar<br />
4<br />
Bharati Kala<br />
Bhavan<br />
“ Trust temple “ 1920<br />
Madhav<br />
nagar<br />
Dhanwantari<br />
Marg<br />
government<br />
Dr<br />
Wakanakar<br />
art trust<br />
Clock<br />
tower<br />
Manuscripts,<br />
coins etc.<br />
kept here<br />
74<br />
1910<br />
Education 1936<br />
Grade<br />
II<br />
Grade<br />
II<br />
Grade<br />
II<br />
Fair<br />
Fair<br />
Fair<br />
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5<br />
Theosophical<br />
lodge<br />
Freeganj<br />
Theosophical<br />
society<br />
Prayers<br />
Started by<br />
Anne Besant<br />
1800<br />
Grade<br />
II<br />
Good<br />
6 Alakhdham “ Trust “<br />
Udasin sect<br />
British style<br />
architecture<br />
1875<br />
Grade<br />
II<br />
Fair<br />
7<br />
Sandal<br />
Bhavan<br />
“ private 1913<br />
Grade<br />
II<br />
Fair<br />
4.2.2.9 Vaishya Tekri Kshetra<br />
Area Definition<br />
• Saint Paul school via Panchkroshi marg to Pingleshwar temple<br />
• Pingleshwar temple via Maksi road to Shri Synthetics factory<br />
• Shri Synthetics factory to Pandya khedi<br />
• Pandyakedi via Ring road to Saint Paul school<br />
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra<br />
• Archaeological mounds dating to 800 BCE<br />
• Pre-Mauryan Stupa (very rare)<br />
• Buddist landscape<br />
• Parmara remains<br />
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra<br />
S<br />
no.<br />
Name of<br />
Monument<br />
location ownership<br />
Current<br />
usage<br />
Special features<br />
Date<br />
CE<br />
grading state<br />
1 Vishya<br />
Tekri<br />
2 Kumhar<br />
Tekri<br />
3 Tulawardi<br />
Tekri<br />
4 Ratnakar<br />
Sagar<br />
Undasa<br />
Lake<br />
road<br />
Badrilal<br />
Patel’s<br />
property<br />
Buddhist<br />
stupa<br />
Notified<br />
monument ASI<br />
“ “ “ Notified<br />
monument ASI<br />
6th<br />
cent<br />
BCE<br />
75<br />
Grade I Cultivated<br />
on the<br />
edges<br />
“ Grade I “<br />
“ “ “ Excavated 1937 “ Grade I “<br />
Undasa<br />
Lake<br />
Lake Maratha style<br />
decorations<br />
700<br />
CE<br />
Grade I Good<br />
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Lake<br />
road<br />
5 Chattari<br />
Ratnakar<br />
Lake<br />
Chhatri<br />
Parmara temple<br />
remains<br />
Grade I Good<br />
6 Undasa<br />
Gram<br />
Undasa<br />
Gram<br />
worship<br />
Maratha<br />
architecture<br />
1700 Grade<br />
II<br />
Good<br />
7 Shiv<br />
Temple<br />
8 Sati<br />
Monument<br />
9 Sati Otla<br />
no. 2<br />
Undasa worship Maratha arch. 1700 Grade<br />
II<br />
Undasa Private worship Parmara 1300 Grade<br />
II<br />
Undasa Private worship Parmara 1250 Grade<br />
II<br />
Good<br />
Good<br />
Good<br />
10 Sheetla<br />
Mata<br />
Temple<br />
Undasa worship Images of Shiv<br />
Parvati Vishnu,<br />
Mahisasuramardini<br />
1200 Grade<br />
II<br />
good<br />
11 Ram<br />
temple<br />
Undasa worship Maratha period 1800 Grade<br />
II<br />
Good<br />
4.2.2.10 Kaliadeh Mahal Surya Kshetra<br />
Area Definition<br />
• Bherugarh Police Station to K.D. Mahal<br />
• K.D.Mahal to Kshipra Pala to Mangalnath via Kamed<br />
• Mangalnath to Bherugarh Police station via Delhi Darwaza<br />
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra<br />
• Medieval architecture<br />
• Maratha temple and early 19th century architecture<br />
• Large open landscape with water front<br />
• Unique Water Palace<br />
• Sun temple visited by Pilgrims<br />
• Guest house<br />
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra<br />
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S<br />
no.<br />
Name of<br />
Monument<br />
location<br />
ownership<br />
Current<br />
usage<br />
Special<br />
features<br />
Date<br />
CE<br />
grading state<br />
1<br />
Kalideh<br />
Mahal<br />
Kaliadeh<br />
marg<br />
Government none Water palace 1400 Grade I Repairable<br />
2<br />
Sun<br />
temple<br />
Kaliadeh<br />
palace<br />
compound<br />
Scindia<br />
Trust<br />
temple<br />
Reconstructed<br />
on older<br />
ancient<br />
Suntemple<br />
site<br />
1800 Grade I Repairable<br />
3<br />
Guest<br />
house<br />
Kaliadeh<br />
Palace<br />
compound<br />
Scindia<br />
Trust<br />
Guest<br />
house<br />
Guest house<br />
Early<br />
1900’s<br />
Grade<br />
III<br />
Useable<br />
4<br />
Ruined<br />
structure<br />
“ Government ruins none !900’s<br />
Grade<br />
III<br />
Repairable<br />
4.2.2.11 Vikaram University Kshetra<br />
Areas Definition<br />
• Tagore Garden via Kothi Palace to Vikram Nagar Railway Station<br />
• Vikram Nagar Railway Station to Nagziri<br />
• Nagziri to Tagore Garden swimming pool<br />
Predominant Characteristic of the Kshetra<br />
• Kothi Palace is a large Palace made in Indo-Saracenic style.<br />
• Unique gardens and water system that can be revived<br />
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra<br />
Sno.<br />
1<br />
Name of<br />
Monument<br />
Kothi<br />
Palace<br />
location<br />
ownership<br />
Government<br />
Current<br />
usage<br />
Govt<br />
offices<br />
Special<br />
features<br />
Large<br />
garden<br />
with<br />
unique<br />
water<br />
Date<br />
CE<br />
77<br />
grading state<br />
1886 Grade I good<br />
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system<br />
2<br />
Water<br />
system<br />
Gardens<br />
of Kothi<br />
palace<br />
Govt.<br />
none<br />
Canal<br />
system<br />
with<br />
kundis<br />
1886 Grade I neglected<br />
4.2.2.12 Khipra and its Banks from Shani temple to Kaliadeh<br />
Area Definition<br />
• Triveni Ghat (Navgraha Shani Temple)<br />
• Gau Ghat<br />
• Chintaman Ghat<br />
• Bhukhimata Ghat<br />
• Karkraj Ghat (Reti Ghat)<br />
• Narsingh Ghat<br />
• Ram Ghat<br />
• Gandharv Ghat<br />
• Sunheri Ghat<br />
• Shamshan Ghat<br />
• Walmiki Ghat<br />
• Rinmukhteshwar Ghat<br />
• Rajamal Ghat<br />
• Bharthari Ghat<br />
• Mastyendra nath Ghat<br />
• Vikrant Bhairav Ghat<br />
• Okhaleshwar Ghat<br />
• Kal Bhairav Ghat<br />
• Ganga Ghat<br />
• Mangalnath Ghat<br />
• Angareshwar Ghat<br />
• Siddanath Ghat<br />
• Kaliayadeh Mahal Ghat<br />
Predominant Characteristic of the Kshetra<br />
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The principal quality of this kshetra is the quality and quantity of its water.<br />
4.2.2.13 Nagar Kot Rani (Sagar) Kshetra<br />
Area Definition<br />
• Nikas Chouraha via Khak chowk to Mangalnath<br />
• Mangalnath via Khilchipur nala<br />
• Khilchipur to Beema Hospital Chouraha<br />
• Beema Hospital chouraha to Nikas chouraha<br />
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra<br />
• Historical in character but reconstructed during Maratha times<br />
• Maratha style architecture<br />
• Association of myths and mythologies<br />
• Predominantly goddess temples<br />
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra<br />
Sno.<br />
Name of<br />
Monument<br />
location ownership<br />
Current<br />
usage<br />
Special<br />
features<br />
Date<br />
CE<br />
grading state<br />
1<br />
Nagar Kot<br />
ki Rani<br />
worship<br />
Gupta period<br />
image in the<br />
mini temple<br />
in front.<br />
Parmara kund<br />
in front.<br />
Grade I<br />
2<br />
Chousath<br />
yogini<br />
temple<br />
4.2.2.14 Yogeshwar Tekri Kshetra<br />
Area Definition<br />
• Nikas Chouraha to Beema Hospital chouraha<br />
• Beema Hospital to Dewas gate chouraha<br />
• Dewas gate to Doulatganj Chouraha<br />
• Doulatganj to Nikas chouraha<br />
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Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra<br />
• Archetypal inner city core<br />
• Complex socio-religio-economic character of the kshetra<br />
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the kshetra<br />
Sn<br />
o.<br />
Name of<br />
Monument<br />
Location<br />
Ownershi<br />
p<br />
Curre<br />
nt<br />
usage<br />
Special<br />
features<br />
Date<br />
CE<br />
Grading<br />
State<br />
1<br />
Central<br />
Kotwali<br />
Nazar<br />
Ali Marg<br />
Governm<br />
ent<br />
Police<br />
Statio<br />
n<br />
Scindia<br />
period<br />
1890<br />
Grade<br />
III<br />
Good<br />
2<br />
Arya Samaj<br />
Temple<br />
Arya<br />
Samaj<br />
Marg<br />
Institutio<br />
n<br />
Medit<br />
ation<br />
centre<br />
1895<br />
Grade<br />
III<br />
Good<br />
3<br />
Gujrati<br />
Samaj<br />
Tilak<br />
Marg<br />
Institutio<br />
n<br />
Medit<br />
ation<br />
centre<br />
Hospital<br />
during<br />
plague<br />
1906<br />
Grade<br />
III<br />
Good<br />
4<br />
Khadi<br />
Village Ind.<br />
Bulding<br />
Tilak<br />
Marg<br />
Governm<br />
ent<br />
Visite<br />
d by<br />
Gand<br />
hiji<br />
1910 Grade II Good<br />
5<br />
Kalpabriksh<br />
a office<br />
Tilak<br />
Marg<br />
Private<br />
Ancie<br />
nt<br />
Ayrve<br />
dic<br />
centre<br />
1900<br />
Grade<br />
III<br />
Good<br />
6<br />
7<br />
Yogeshwar<br />
Hill<br />
Kshirsagar<br />
8 Seshshayani<br />
Vishnu<br />
Temple<br />
Arya<br />
Samaj<br />
Marg<br />
Kshirsag<br />
ar Marg<br />
Kshirsag<br />
ar Marg<br />
Trust<br />
worsh<br />
ip<br />
Bathi<br />
ng<br />
place<br />
Wors<br />
hip<br />
In the heart<br />
of the city<br />
Lake.<br />
Sapta<br />
Sagar<br />
Parmar<br />
period<br />
1500 Grade II Good<br />
650 Grade I Good<br />
1200 Grade I<br />
80<br />
Ruine<br />
d<br />
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9<br />
Vallabhacha<br />
rya Temple<br />
Nazar<br />
Ali Marg<br />
Trust<br />
Wors<br />
hip<br />
Manuscript<br />
s are kept<br />
here<br />
Grade I<br />
Ruine<br />
d<br />
10<br />
Nimbark<br />
Temple<br />
Nazar<br />
Ali Marg<br />
Trust<br />
Wors<br />
hip<br />
Started by<br />
Nimack<br />
sect<br />
1500 Grade II<br />
11 Hanuman<br />
Temple<br />
Budhwar<br />
ia<br />
Public<br />
worsh<br />
ip<br />
1800<br />
Grade<br />
III<br />
Good<br />
12 Nazar Ali<br />
Mill<br />
Nazar<br />
Ali Marg<br />
Private<br />
British<br />
period<br />
1914<br />
Grade<br />
IV<br />
Ruine<br />
d<br />
13<br />
Madhav<br />
College<br />
Ashok<br />
Mandi<br />
Marg<br />
Governm<br />
ent<br />
Unive<br />
rsity<br />
Scindia<br />
period<br />
1915<br />
Grade<br />
III<br />
Good<br />
14<br />
Grave<br />
Dewas<br />
Gate<br />
Private<br />
Musli<br />
m<br />
grave<br />
1800<br />
Grade<br />
IV<br />
good<br />
15 Well<br />
Madhav<br />
college<br />
compound<br />
Dewas<br />
Gate<br />
Governm<br />
ent<br />
Water<br />
source<br />
Maratha<br />
Style<br />
1750 Grade II Good<br />
16<br />
Kherapati<br />
Hanuman<br />
Laxmiba<br />
i Marg<br />
Trust<br />
worsh<br />
ip<br />
One of 8<br />
Hanumans<br />
of city<br />
1300 Grade II<br />
recons<br />
tructe<br />
d<br />
17<br />
Shankar<br />
Temple<br />
Bhadurg<br />
anj<br />
worsh<br />
ip<br />
Maratha<br />
style<br />
architectur<br />
e<br />
1750 Grade II<br />
Rebui<br />
ld<br />
18<br />
19<br />
Thakur’s<br />
Bara<br />
Champa<br />
Kundi<br />
20 Chateshwari<br />
Temple<br />
Khirwar<br />
kar Marg<br />
Khirwar<br />
kar Marg<br />
Laxmiba<br />
i Marg<br />
Private<br />
Private<br />
Trust<br />
reside<br />
nce<br />
Water<br />
source<br />
worsh<br />
ip<br />
Devpaldev<br />
’s<br />
inscription<br />
found here<br />
Maratha<br />
style<br />
architectur<br />
e<br />
Maratha<br />
style<br />
1600 Grade II<br />
1700<br />
81<br />
Grade<br />
III<br />
good<br />
1700 Grade II good<br />
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21<br />
Municipal<br />
Lodge<br />
Rajabhau<br />
,<br />
Mahakal<br />
Marg<br />
Municipa<br />
l<br />
Corporati<br />
on<br />
reside<br />
nce<br />
1850<br />
Grade<br />
III<br />
Rebui<br />
lt<br />
22 Hanuman<br />
Temple in<br />
Garden<br />
(now<br />
Busstand)<br />
Rajabhau<br />
Mahakal<br />
Bus<br />
stand<br />
Marg<br />
Municipa<br />
l<br />
Corporati<br />
on<br />
worsh<br />
ip<br />
Parmara<br />
period<br />
pillars<br />
1885<br />
re<br />
build<br />
Grade II Good<br />
23<br />
Railway<br />
station<br />
Railway<br />
station<br />
Marg<br />
Railw<br />
ays<br />
British<br />
period<br />
1885 Grade II Good<br />
4.2.2.15 Kartik-Dutt Kshetra<br />
Area Definition<br />
• K.D.Gate via Gonsadarwaza to Porwal Dharmshala via Gonsa Darwaza<br />
• Porwal Dharamshala to Shakaracharya chouraha and Bhukhi Mata<br />
• Bhukhi Mata to Baranagar Ring Road Chouraha<br />
• Baranagar Ring Road Chouraha to Ambodiya Road Tiraha via Mullapura<br />
• Ambodiya Tiraha to Sadawah Nagtalai<br />
• Ranjeet Nagar via Baranagar bridge to K.D.Gate<br />
Predominant Characteristic of the Kshetra<br />
• Open spaces and scattered monuments<br />
• Mela Kshetra<br />
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra<br />
Sno.<br />
Name<br />
Monument<br />
of<br />
location ownership Current<br />
usage<br />
Special<br />
features<br />
Date<br />
CE<br />
grading<br />
state<br />
1<br />
2<br />
Kedareshwar<br />
Temple<br />
Gangeshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
42/84<br />
3 Pruthukeshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
Kharagdas<br />
Sangmarmar<br />
Kharagdas<br />
Sangmarmar<br />
Khargdas<br />
Sangmarmar<br />
private Worship Old<br />
Trust Worship old<br />
Trust Worship old<br />
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III<br />
Grade<br />
II<br />
Grade<br />
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49/84<br />
4<br />
Shuleshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
51/84<br />
Silawatwadi Trust Worship<br />
Parmara<br />
shivling<br />
1200<br />
Grade<br />
II<br />
Good<br />
5 Dutt Akhada<br />
Bhadravahu<br />
Marg<br />
Institution Charitable 1600<br />
Grade<br />
II<br />
Good<br />
4.2.2.16 Pushkar Kshetra<br />
Area Definition<br />
• Hariphatak to Doulatganj Chouraha<br />
• Doulatganj Chouraha to Indore Gate<br />
• Indore Gate to Hariphatak underbridge via Ravishankar Nagar<br />
• Hariphatak under bridge to Hariphatak Chouraha<br />
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra<br />
• One of the major water bodies of sapta sagar<br />
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra<br />
Sno.<br />
Name of<br />
Monument<br />
location<br />
ownership<br />
Current<br />
usage<br />
Special<br />
features<br />
Date<br />
CE<br />
grading state<br />
1 Gurudwara Doodhtali institution charitable<br />
Maratha<br />
style<br />
1930<br />
Grade<br />
III<br />
Good<br />
2<br />
Pushkar<br />
Sagar<br />
Nalia<br />
Bakhal<br />
Government<br />
Water<br />
source<br />
Persian<br />
Inscription<br />
1700 Grade I Good<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
Shafi’s<br />
mosque<br />
Doodh<br />
Talai<br />
Piyau<br />
watertank<br />
for<br />
animals<br />
Nalia<br />
Bakhal,<br />
Ahilya<br />
bail Marg<br />
Doodh<br />
Talai<br />
Area<br />
Doodh<br />
talai<br />
Trust worship 1300 Grade I Good<br />
Municipal<br />
Corporation<br />
Municipal<br />
Corporation<br />
Lake<br />
Drinking<br />
water<br />
source<br />
Maratha<br />
Period<br />
Nath Trust<br />
donated<br />
83<br />
1700<br />
1920<br />
Grade<br />
II<br />
Grade<br />
III<br />
good<br />
good<br />
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4.2.2.17 Neelganga Kshetra<br />
Area Definition<br />
• Sindhi colony tiraha via Kavelu Karkhana chouraha to Shanti Nagar tiraha<br />
• Shanti Nagar tiraha via Manchchaman Ganesh to Gadha Puliya<br />
• Gadha puliya via Loti school to C.P.Shah Chouraha<br />
• C.P.Shah Chouraha to Sindhi colony tiraha<br />
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra<br />
• The waters of Neelganga tank are considered Ganga water<br />
• Ganga ji seems to have come here to wash off her dirt in Kshipra river<br />
• The tank is associated with Anjali mata of Hanuman who prayed here for a son<br />
• Open spaces dotted with temples<br />
Heritage Spots and Heritage Areas within the Kshetra<br />
Sno.<br />
Name of<br />
Monument<br />
location<br />
ownership<br />
Current<br />
usage<br />
Special<br />
features<br />
Date<br />
CE<br />
grading state<br />
1<br />
Neelganga<br />
talab<br />
Govt.<br />
Water<br />
tank<br />
Grade I Fair<br />
2<br />
Neelganga<br />
Hanuman<br />
Dharmastha<br />
trust<br />
temple<br />
Maratha<br />
style<br />
3<br />
Mansaman<br />
Ganesh<br />
Yantramahal<br />
marg<br />
Dharmastha<br />
trust<br />
Temple<br />
4<br />
Kabelu<br />
Karkhana<br />
Yantramahal<br />
marg<br />
Govt.<br />
Closed<br />
factory<br />
British<br />
style<br />
architecture<br />
1880<br />
Grade<br />
III<br />
Repairable<br />
4.2.2.18 Chintaman Kshetra<br />
Area Definition<br />
• Hasampur Parshwanath<br />
• Neminathji Jaisinghpura<br />
• Rishabh<br />
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• Shantinathji Karakum<br />
• Digambar Jain Chanalprabhu<br />
• Kshirsagar Jain<br />
• Parshwanath<br />
• Nayapura<br />
• Avanti Parshwanath<br />
• Doulatanji Glass temple<br />
• Bherugarh Digamber<br />
•<br />
Predominant Characteristics of the Kshetra<br />
• The main temple is associated with Ram- Lakshman<br />
• The baodi is considered sacred<br />
•<br />
Heritage Spots and Heritage Area within the Kshetra<br />
Sno.<br />
Name of<br />
Monument<br />
location<br />
ownership<br />
Current<br />
usage<br />
Special<br />
features<br />
Date<br />
CE<br />
grading<br />
state<br />
1<br />
Chintaman<br />
Ganesh<br />
Hasampur<br />
road<br />
Dharmastha<br />
trust<br />
temple<br />
Lakshman<br />
baodi<br />
within<br />
Maratha<br />
Grade<br />
II<br />
good<br />
2<br />
Hasampur<br />
Avanti<br />
Parshavnath<br />
Jain temple<br />
Jain Trust temple ancient Grade I good<br />
3<br />
Tekri<br />
Modeshwari<br />
devi<br />
”<br />
Modha<br />
trust<br />
temple<br />
Kuldevi<br />
of Modha<br />
samaj<br />
ancient<br />
Grade<br />
II<br />
good<br />
4.3 Inferences<br />
The above gives the basic profile of each of the eighteen (18) Heritage Kshetras.<br />
Based on their analysis the following chapter discusses the Conservation and Development<br />
proposals for their heritage assets.<br />
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5 Consservattiion and Devellopmentt Propossallss<br />
5.1 About the heritage<br />
As mentioned in the previous chapter, in order to address the heritage character of the city of<br />
Ujjain in the Development Plan the basic cultural units of the sacred landscape of Ujjain are<br />
identified as 18 Heritage Zones/Areas or Kshetras as shown in the map. A tentative list of<br />
heritage properties, based on the heritage listing conducted by INTACH in 1986, that fall<br />
within each Kshetra is attached as a sample to show the cultural uniformity and homogeneity<br />
of each Kshetra. A detailed listing of the heritage properties of both tangible and non-tangible<br />
kind would finally form the baseline data for the heritage development, conservation and<br />
investment plan in the Kshetras. On the basis of the preliminary data the projects for<br />
Conservation of Heritage are divided into following categories :<br />
• Heritage Spots such as Monuments, Chowks, Gates etc.<br />
• Heritage Precincts such as Mahakal Kshetra and Gopal Kshetra<br />
• Heritage Lanes and Streets such as Pan Dariba Street and Singpuri.<br />
• Heritage units such as Akharas<br />
• Heritage tanks such as Sapta Sagaras<br />
• Heritage yatras such as the Chaurasi (84) Mahadev.<br />
Heritage is the raw material for attracting the tourists and Development of Heritage for tourist<br />
consumption is incorporated in the plan so as to reap the benefits of the investments in<br />
Heritage Conservation. The tourists can be divided into foreign and domestic tourists with<br />
diverse tourist interests. Heritage conservation when combined with the sacred can be<br />
projected to attract both secular tourists and religious tourists. Ujjain has all the ingredients to<br />
become a major tourist center of national and international stature. The following aspects of<br />
Ujjain are taken up for Heritage Development and are to be seen as revenue generating, pride<br />
inculcating and interpretation projects. The proposals are divided into following categories<br />
Pracheen Ujjain that brings the antiquity of Ujjain to the fore and interprets it for both tourist<br />
and domestic audiences. The project is supposed to generate revenue, provide education and<br />
showcase the ancient to the modern so as to generate awe and respect.<br />
Pracheen Gyan Vigyan is conceived to amalgamate the ancient sciences into today’s world.<br />
The holistic approach of yesteryears and segmented approach of present sciences are<br />
combined to provide future for the ancient. It includes the knowledge of Sanskrit, Theatre,<br />
Poetry, Astronomy, Astrology, Ayurveda, Architecture, Sculpture, Painting etc., interacting<br />
and participating together towards a holistic vision of life. A library of international<br />
magnitude is recommended.<br />
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Pracheen Vyapar where conservation of old textile mills and their reuse as flower mart is<br />
recommended. Commercial center, Freeganj of Scindia times should also be conserved to<br />
support the existing trading activities of Ujjain.<br />
Development of Heritage related tourism and infrastructures is proposed in the CDP.<br />
Apart from these tangible and its related non-tangible cultural heritage conservation and<br />
development activities, the CDP also proposes development of the non-tangible such as the<br />
oral traditions, narrative traditions and mythical and mythological traditions.<br />
5.2 Chourasi Mahadev<br />
Study and documentation of Chourasi Mahadev by INTACH in 1991 shows the problems<br />
and situation of each of these Mahadevs. It is our intention to extend the study to map them<br />
on the town plan so that a complete conservation plan could be prepared for all of them<br />
collectively and each one of them individually. The current situation is discussed in some<br />
detail while marking them out in the map.<br />
5.2.1 Background<br />
5.2.1.1 Mythological:<br />
Most of the religious centers of India are associated with mythology and some are believed to<br />
be the physical manifestations of Puranic principles. Ujjain is among the few places that fully<br />
embodies this spirit through the concepts of Mahakal Van and Chaurasi Mahadev.<br />
Stated simply, Chaurasi Mahadev are 84 sacred Shivalingas spread in and around Ujjain<br />
which are to be visited along a defined route. Symbolically, they are representations of the<br />
Puranic concept of Time as stated in Skanda Purana. The life of Universe is divided into 4<br />
Yugas and 84 Kalpas, and Chaurasi Mahadev represents these 84 Kalpas. Each Yuga ends<br />
with Pralaya when everything in the universe dissolves, but these Mahadevs do not get<br />
dissolved and are believed to be Achala and immobile. Shivlingas relate to the Yugas of<br />
Indian temporal calendar.<br />
The main source of mythological references is Avanti Khanda of Skanda Purana. There are<br />
detailed descriptions for each Mahadev covering the sequential numbering of the Mahadev,<br />
the origin of the names, special capacities of the Linga and how to worship Him. The pilgrim<br />
route is also specified and this pilgrimage has been stressed as a necessity even after visiting<br />
Varanasi. The Adhik Mas of the lunar calender is the most auspicious period for undertaking<br />
this yatra, but individual Mahadev can be worshipped at any time. Those located within<br />
residential areas have arrangements for daily worship with regular priests, while some of<br />
them are considered as the deity of the mohallah.<br />
5.2.1.2 Archaeological<br />
Most of the 84 temples are built on archaeological mounds and debris of previous temples<br />
destroyed during Altitmish’s period. Parmara remains can be seen around most of the temples<br />
and it may safely be presumed that the temples were built around 10 th century if not earlier.<br />
Some temples such as Pingleshwar have Shivlinga of Gupta period. There are Kushana<br />
Shivlinga around Mangalnath which may have been part of the 84 Mahadevs. An interesting<br />
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tablet can be seen in the Shri Dharamraja Mandir at Ramghat which depicts all those 80<br />
Mahadevs in Ujjain plus 4 Mahadevs at the corner points with Mahakal as the center.<br />
5.2.1.3 Research<br />
It is proposed that a research project be formulated with the help of Sanskritists and<br />
archaeologists to study the Mahadevs. To match the texts with the geography is one of the<br />
most difficult tasks of a historian and Ujjain is very uniquely placed to bring this out to the<br />
advantage of both our textual tradition (Puranic tradition) and continuity of traditions, their<br />
historicity and logic and reflection of it in the daily rituals, an approach to life that is truly<br />
Indian.<br />
5.2.1.4 Theoretical and Excavation.<br />
There can be two parts to the research one would require study of texts and based on the<br />
detailed interpretation excavation team can translate it into excavation plan.<br />
5.2.2 Documentation<br />
5.2.2.1 Existing Structures<br />
Existing structure’s documentation is an important part of the process. Every Parmara<br />
fragment and any archaeological mound should be documented before any intervention is<br />
made.<br />
Possible reconstruction as old (at least few where possible)<br />
Most of the temples are Maratha reconstructions. It is proposed that some identified temples<br />
should be taken up for historical study and a reconstruction of the temple site should be<br />
attempted based on both textual and archaeological evidences.<br />
5.2.2.2 Signage<br />
Signboards explaining the origins, references, architectural explanations should be<br />
considered in Ujjain’s development plan. The boards can be of two types namely the<br />
following:<br />
5.2.2.3 Information boards<br />
These are both informative and interpretive boards and contain information such as:<br />
• Number of the monument<br />
• Its original design, conjectural reconstruction.<br />
• Architectural descriptions, references etc.<br />
• Directional Signs<br />
• Way to the next Mahadev, maybe in a map.<br />
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5.2.2.4 Conservation and Development Plan<br />
Conservation and Development plan aims to respect the historicity of the tradition and its<br />
sanctity in the ancient texts along with reaffirming its spiritual and religious importance.<br />
Restoration, reconstruction and conservation would be its prime target as also making of its<br />
Management Plan. Landscaping, making of pathways, removing all undesirable additions and<br />
encroachments, providing toilet facilities where identified, visitor’s center if found wanting,<br />
drinking water, electrical work, forestation and landscaping etc. would form part of the<br />
proposal.<br />
• Publications, folders and brochures to accompany the walk<br />
For the benefit of the visitors the walk could be accompanied by written folder showing the<br />
way as also a little description on the rituals and importance of each. The written text could<br />
be accompanied by illustrations.<br />
• Book tracing its history, philosophy, sacredness etc.<br />
The message of this spiritual, religious and ritual journey could be carried far and wide<br />
through books or booklets.<br />
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Sno Name Location History Architectural features Present condition Recommendations<br />
1 Agastyeshwar Behind Harsiddhi Mandapa<br />
Dome Shikhara Chajja on bracket Platform stones missing Vegetation removal Cracks<br />
Temple inside ParmaraArdhamanda Platform Vedibandha Square plan<br />
investigate Conservation of<br />
2 Guheshwar South of Ramghat<br />
Octagonal plan Platform hidden Stone displacement Paving on rooftop platform<br />
near<br />
Lingam on terrace<br />
Sanctum waterlogged Door needed<br />
3 Dhundeshwar From Ramghat to Parmara structure Structure with offsets Chajjas with<br />
Right side develop into sitting<br />
Madan Mohan Maratha renovations brackets Plastered surface<br />
Redo the platform Shikhar top<br />
temple<br />
MS angle to be removed<br />
4 Damrukeshwar Left of Ramsiddhi, Maratha structure on Pillars with sq. base, octagonal Brackets supporting Remove vegetation ReelectrificationRailing<br />
Ramghat<br />
Parmara platform shaft and round capital<br />
mandapa beams<br />
towards<br />
Shikhara in brick with Ramsiddhi Surrounding levels<br />
niches around to be treated<br />
5 Anadikalpeshwar Left of Viriddha Parmara base with Parmara Parvati Ornate structure Vegetation on Shikhar Remove vegetation ReelectrificationRailing<br />
Mahakal<br />
Maratha sanctum and with offsets in plan Bands in<br />
towards<br />
ardhamandapa<br />
Larger temple earlier<br />
elevation Mandap with dome roof<br />
Chajjas on brackets Stone<br />
masonry<br />
90<br />
Ramsiddhi Surrounding levels<br />
to be treated Chajja<br />
replacements Pointing at places<br />
Remove oil paints from interior<br />
6 Swarnajalleshwar Southern end of Restored temple Inclined chajjas with brackets.<br />
Pointing to be redone Improve<br />
Ramghat opposite from Parmara Shikhar with manjari and<br />
surroundings Conservation<br />
MadanMohan<br />
ornamentation Plastered<br />
required Railing on platform<br />
temple<br />
7 Trivishtpeshwar Left of entrance to Parmara renovated Square with offset Flat ceiling Sanctum flooded Ugly Proper drainage Flooring<br />
Mahakal<br />
Nandi Parmara<br />
watertank<br />
Improved water tank<br />
8 Kalpaleshwar Dani gate to<br />
Sq plan with offsets with Vegetation rear chajjas Pointing needed Removal of<br />
Durgadas chhatri<br />
mandapa. Brick structure. Stone Encroachment around<br />
columns in Parmara style. Door<br />
vegetation Front façade to be<br />
repaired<br />
later addition Shikhar with<br />
nichesPlatform at GLvl.<br />
9 Swargdwardeshwa<br />
r<br />
A list of Chaurasi Mahadeo showing existing condition details:<br />
Naliya Bakhal , nr.<br />
Pushkar Sagar<br />
10 Karkoteshwar Inside Harsiddhi<br />
complex<br />
Recent structure on A-centric to platform Symmetrical Dampness on walls<br />
old platform offsets Plastered walls<br />
Maratha structure on Ornamental superstructure High<br />
premaratha platform platform with offsets Shikhara<br />
with manjari, niches and bands.<br />
Col. With offsets and surfaces<br />
Parmara sculptures<br />
Plastering in lower parts<br />
Pointing on steps and platform<br />
Paving around temple Reelectrification<br />
11 Siddhheshwar Inside Sidhhavat Parmara structure Brick shikhara, stone walls Vegetation on shikhara. Replastering, removal of<br />
complex, nr with sculpted col.s whitewashed. Platform with Pointing incompatable. vegetation, roof conservation,<br />
Baikunth Dwar Ardhamandapa<br />
recent<br />
vedibandha. Eight stone cols of<br />
different styles. Square plan with<br />
parikrama to be refloored, new<br />
mandapa to be redone.<br />
offsets<br />
12 Lokpaleshwar Nr. Harsiddhi Modern platform. Sq. plan small offsets. Chajja Wall damp. New Parikrama needs railing<br />
darwaza chouraha Nandi Parmara. without brackets. Plastered structure nearby.<br />
next to Yogeshwar<br />
surface.<br />
13 Mankameshwar Nr Udasin Akhara Parmara base and Sq cols. Shikhar with niches and<br />
facing Kshipra platform. Later manjaries. Mandapa with sculpted<br />
shikhara<br />
cols. And domed roof<br />
Removal of new bldg. Stone<br />
conservation Platform repairs.<br />
Paving all around. Platform<br />
pointing. Vegetation removal.<br />
14 Kutumbeshwar Singpuri<br />
Maratha shikhara Nandi Parmara. Linga preparmara. Otla is covered Remove otla roof. Parikrama<br />
opp.Gopinath Vyas and Parmara Parkota wall. Old platform and later.Open water drain . kacch structure remove. Secure<br />
residence. platform<br />
ardhamandapa.<br />
the deity.<br />
15 Indradumneshwar Khokha mata gali to Ardhamandapa Stone cols. Brackets. Many Plastering peeling. Replastering. Repointing.<br />
the left of moti gali. Parmar. Rest sculptures on right wall. Sq. plan Horizontal cracks. Poor Parikrama as approach road<br />
Next<br />
to Maratha.<br />
with narrow parikrama.Original drainage<br />
should be stopped.<br />
Kalkaleshwar<br />
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16 Ishaneshwar Modi gali. Jawahar<br />
marg.<br />
17 Apsareshwar<br />
18 Kalkaleshwar Nr. Ishaneshwar M.<br />
right of Moti gali.<br />
19 Nagchandreshwar Left Jawaharmarg.<br />
Nagchandreshwar<br />
gali<br />
20 Pratihareshwar Patni bazaar, nr.<br />
Nagchandreshwar<br />
21 Kukuteshwar<br />
22 Karkateshwar Chandrashekhar<br />
marg infront of<br />
Maratha structure. Shikhara with niches and bands. Chajja damage.<br />
Parvati Parmara. Chajja without brackets. Plastered<br />
walls.<br />
Paving and chajja repair.<br />
Parmara structure Sq. plan with offsets. Chajja proj. Poor electrical fittings. Cleaning. Removal of<br />
reconstructed without brackets. Shikhara with Garbage collection encroachments around.<br />
Maratha times. bands. Plastered walls.<br />
around.<br />
Approach lane paving.<br />
Parmara platform Stone cols with ornamentation. Odd grill, vegetation, Waterproofing roof. Vegetation<br />
with Maratha Shikhar with niches, manjari, leaking roof etc. removal. Parapet repair.<br />
structure.<br />
chajjas with brackets, horizontal<br />
Platform to be paved. Grill<br />
Panchcrochi yatra bands plinth. Plastered walls<br />
removal.<br />
begins here.<br />
Platform and lingam Platform with domed pavilion.<br />
Platform repair. Main lingam to<br />
old.<br />
Several lingam clustered around<br />
be emphasized.<br />
the main.<br />
Modern renovations Shikhara, chajja with brackets. Many nails on wall. Platform repair. Plastering<br />
Plastered walls<br />
Garbage.<br />
repair.<br />
23 Meghnadeshwar Jahaz gali from Parmara structure Surroundings multileveled. Sq Dampness. Shikhar Shikhar repair. Surroundings<br />
Sarafa<br />
redone later. plan with offsets no brackets. damaged plaster. cleaned.<br />
24 Mahalayeshwar Khatriwada behind Ancient platform, Sq plan with offsets. No brackets, Soil erosion. Roof Boundary wall. Waterproofing.<br />
Gopal Mandir. Side renovated temple. shikhara with bands. Domed roof leakage.<br />
of Siddheshwar M.<br />
with pendentives. Plastered wall.<br />
Nandi but no idol.<br />
25 Mukhteshwar Behind Gopal Old temple fully Shikhar with manjari and bands. Dirty. Clogging. Cleaning, drainage, flooring<br />
Mandir. Left renovated. No Chajjas with brackets. Plastered<br />
redone, electrification, repairs<br />
Saanpwale ki gali mandapa.<br />
walls.<br />
to retaining wall.<br />
26 Someshwar Dani gate- durgadas Parmara temple with Partly enclosed pavilion with No chajja. Vegetation Structural assessment.<br />
Chattri rd. modern shikhar. sculpture mounted wall on one on shikhara. Many Retaining wall reqd.<br />
Surya image from side. Col. With sq base and shaft cracks.<br />
surrounding area paving.<br />
Parmara period. of offsets.<br />
Boundary wall.<br />
27 Anarkeshwar Indira nagar Old structure with Shikhar with band and niches. No Deformed platform. Platform repair. Community<br />
overhead tank. tank. Renovated mandapa, Nandi or idol. Plastered.<br />
space in front. Shikhar repair.<br />
fully.<br />
New structures to be removed.<br />
28 Jateshwar Badnagar rd. Gaya Old temple site. Archaeological mound, shivling<br />
Multileveled environs,<br />
kota under neem Opp. Maratha on platform, no superstructure.<br />
superstructure to be built.<br />
tree<br />
saptrishi<br />
Platform resurfaced and<br />
29 Rameshwar Ramghat nr. Maratha temple Sq plan. Offsets. No brackets. Dampness. Broken Repairs to chajjas.<br />
Satigate<br />
Plastered.<br />
chajjas<br />
30 Jyaneshwar Banks of Solah Old temple Sq plan with no mandapa. Two Stone platform come Structural repairs. Flooring.<br />
sagar towards Indira renovated Marathas. ent. One arched other rectangular off. Structural cracks. Brackets replacement.<br />
nagar.<br />
Archaeological<br />
Excavation.<br />
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31 Khandeshwar Khilchipur village Parmara gate and Sq plan without mandapa. Raised Steps need resetting. Platform repair. Excavations.<br />
lingam. No major platform<br />
Paving. Security. Nandi on<br />
idols<br />
pedestal.<br />
32 Patneshwar Agar rd. Khilchipur Maratha<br />
No mandapa or ardhamandapa.<br />
Flooring. Structural repairs,<br />
nala<br />
superstructure. Shikhar with offsets. Modern<br />
plastering. Ground leveling.<br />
Parmara lingam Nandi<br />
33 Anandeshwar Shamshanghat Fully renovated No mandapa. New pavilion.<br />
Flooring, approach road<br />
Maratha structure Shikhar with niches, manjari and<br />
bands. Plastered.<br />
surfacing, new pavilion to be<br />
treated.<br />
34 Kanthareshwar Opp.Siddhavat Old platform with Sq plan with offsets. Brackets for No direct approach. Paving. Platform redone and<br />
temple<br />
Maratha structure chajjas. Stone masonry. Brick<br />
strengthened. Landscaping<br />
shikhar. Plastered.<br />
35 Indreshwar Durgadas chattri Parmara idol. Sq plan. Offsets. No brackets. Shikhar horizontal Nails to be removed.<br />
marg.<br />
Modern temple Low plinth.<br />
cracks.<br />
Surroundings paved. Shikhar<br />
36 Markandeshwar Banks of Vishnu Maratha temple old Sq plan. Mandapa. Col. Capital. Poor drainage Retaining wall repaired. Paving<br />
sagar. Nr platform.<br />
Shikhar decorated. Doorway<br />
around. Platform repaired.<br />
Ramjanardhan<br />
flanked by images.<br />
Waterproofing.<br />
37 Shiveshwar Inside<br />
Maratha structure. Sq sanctum. Pointing to wall new. Remove pointing. Nandi on<br />
Ramjanardhan Nandi old but from<br />
pedestal.<br />
38 Kusumeshwar Inside<br />
Ramjanardhan Location Nandi clear but no Poor drainage. Old images to be displayed<br />
Ramjanardhan temple built above it. Nandi.<br />
properly. Stone bands replaced.<br />
39 Akrureshwar Inside<br />
Maratha structure. Parmara lingam. Old platform<br />
Replace door. Platform<br />
Ramjanardhan Possibly twin with nandi. Sq plan.<br />
repaved.<br />
40 Kundeshwar Facing Sandipani Preparmara temple Shunga, Parmara, images. Excavation site Vegetation removal.<br />
ashram bldg. site. Later temple. Ardhamandapa has Rajput<br />
columns. Ancient site.<br />
Paving. Waterproofing.<br />
Structural treatment.<br />
41 Lumpeshwar Kalbhairav rd. Old platform modern Sq plan with offsets. Shikhara.<br />
Pointing, paving flooring, nandi<br />
temple<br />
Stone masonry. Chajjas without<br />
in enclosure. Platform<br />
brackets.<br />
extension.<br />
42 Gangeshwar Mangalnath nr. Modern Shikhar<br />
Wider approach. Ghat level to<br />
Uttareshwar M. Madhi of ghat like<br />
match with platform lvl.<br />
43 Angareshwar Along Kshipra north Original washed Small Shivlingam on silt covered<br />
Platform to be raised.<br />
of Mangalnath away. Simhasta 1980 platform<br />
Landscaping.<br />
44 Uttareshwar Mangalnath rd. nr. Parmara platform. Sq plan, offsets, shikhar with<br />
Platform reconstruction. Plaster<br />
temple<br />
Maratha structure. manjari and niches, no brackets.<br />
repairs. Shikhar cleaning.<br />
Old idols.<br />
45 Trilochaneshwar Jiwaji ngr. Police Maratha temple with Brick structure, Vegetation. Nandi Security, pedestal. Chajja<br />
Station. Ramayan ki modern platform<br />
platform missing repair. Cleaning.<br />
46 Vireshwar Dhaba rd. towards Old temple new Sq plan. Offsets. Vedibandha. Plaster on some place. Vegetation removal. Cracks<br />
Dani gate mandapa. Old idols. Plaster.<br />
repairs. Encroachment removal<br />
47 Nupureshwar Dabri Peetha, Sati Maratha sanctum. Chajjas without brackets. Plain Vegetation. Paving. Drainage. Plinth<br />
Gate<br />
shikhara. Plastered. Sq plan<br />
pointing.<br />
48 Abhayeshwar Chandreashekhar Maratha temple, old Sq plan. Dome roof. Shikhar with<br />
Platform. Paving. Plastering.<br />
marg, Dani gate plinth.<br />
bands.<br />
Pointing<br />
49 Prathakeshwar Nr. Kedareshwar Parmara platform. Nandi on old platform. Simple<br />
Temple later structure<br />
50 Sthavareshwar Sati gali. Also Parmara platform Chajjas without brackets. Beams Storage on mandapa Vegetative growth. approach<br />
called Shani temple. new temple. on brackets. Mandapa on girders. roof to stopped. widened.<br />
92<br />
UJJAIN<br />
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME<br />
pbht
51 Shuleshwar Kartik rd. nr. Old platform. Fully No brackets. Sq plan.<br />
Platform paving. Levels around<br />
Karkateshwar M. renovated temple.<br />
treated. Excavation.<br />
52 Omkareshwar Teliwada street 11 Brackets for chajjas. High platform. Plastered. Cleaning. Pointing.<br />
53 Vishveshwar Kathiawada. North Renovated on old Shikhara, no brackets. Plastered Painting with lots of Boundary demarcation. Railing.<br />
of Shukeshwar platform.<br />
colour<br />
54 Neelkantheshwar Bharavgarh rd. Pipli Old platform with Shikhar, small brackets for chajja Narrow approach Platform. Plastering. Cleaning<br />
naka<br />
Nandi. No mandapa. proj. sq plan, offsets. Plastered residential use<br />
55 Simheshwar Behind Garh Kalika Maratha structure Sq plan. No brackets, shikhar with Kacch approach. Platform, landscaping. Steps<br />
manjari, bands<br />
and approach.<br />
56 Revanteshwar Kartik chowk rd. Possibly Parmara. Closed mandapa. Shikhara. Parikrama closed, Plastering. Parikrama to be<br />
from<br />
Chandrashekhar rd.<br />
Renovated 1971 Brackets. Column sq. octagonal misused.<br />
shaft. Round top.<br />
opened. Paving. Waterproofing.<br />
Mandap to be treated.<br />
57 Ghanteshwar Kartik chowk. Renovated. Idols Triangular platform. Bracket. Vegetation. Parikrama Encroachment removal.<br />
interesting. Chajja, columns with offsets. closed.<br />
Landscaping. Flooring.<br />
Plastered.<br />
Platform. Security.<br />
58 Prayageshwar Prayag ghat, after<br />
Sq plan with small offsets. Vegetation growth. Plastering. Nandi to be<br />
Chakratirth<br />
Without mandapa. platform Waterlogged. installed. Drainage improved.<br />
59 Siddheshwar Behind Gopal Parmara period Rectangular plan. No offsets. Tiles flooring. Chajja Parapet. Platform repair.<br />
Mandir<br />
structure. Nandi Small mandapa. Col with offsets, damaged.<br />
Parapet of Mandapa repaired.<br />
later.<br />
no parikrama.<br />
60 Matengeshwar Pinjorwadi nr. Fire<br />
Shikhara, raised ground. Sq plan.<br />
Electrification. Platering.<br />
brigade<br />
Projections. Plastered.<br />
61 Soubhagyeshwar Kashiba Jamdar Old platform. Old Shikhara. Chajjas without Garbage dumped. Platform repair. Waterproofing.<br />
vada, Gopal mandir door.<br />
brackets, ornate columns with Dampness.<br />
beams on brackets.<br />
62 Rupeshwar Simhapuri from Shivlinga Parmara, Sq plan, offsets, shikhar with Garbage dump. Platform for parikarama.<br />
Janardhan gali. archaeological site. niches, plaster.<br />
Conservation.<br />
63 Shahastradanukes Tilbhandeshwar Late Mughal period Ordinary. Dome roof. Collapsed platform. Boundary construction. Grill,<br />
hwar<br />
ghat nr<br />
on ancient platform<br />
Platform repair.<br />
64 Pashupateshwar Jansapura, Durgadas Renovated temple on Shikhar with manjari, bands. Sq Interior plaster Plastering. Platform.<br />
marg<br />
old platform plan with offset<br />
damaged<br />
Landscaping.<br />
65 Brahmeshwar Chandrashekahra Renovated old Sq plan small offsets. Chajja with Settlement. Collapse of Platform repair.Flooring.<br />
marg, gali 65 structure. Parmar brackets. Shikhar with manjari. platform<br />
idols<br />
Plastered. Ornate doorway<br />
66 Jalpeshwar Shamashan ghat,<br />
Sq plan plain. Pyramidical shikhar<br />
Chajja repair. Waterproofing.<br />
Kshipra<br />
.<br />
Boundary wall.<br />
67 Kedareshwar Sonar ghat, Kshipra Parmara structure Simple plan. Elevation with Incompatible repairs. Pedestal for Nandi.<br />
with later shikhara. horizontal bands.<br />
Nandi without pedestal. Conservation.<br />
93<br />
UJJAIN<br />
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME<br />
pbht
68 Pishachamuktesh Ramghat, facing Old structure with Ornate shikhara. Inclined chajja Water-logging Mandapa paving. Drainage.<br />
war<br />
Ramsiddhi rare image of with brackets.<br />
69 Sangameshwar Behind Harsiddhi, Maratha structure on Shikhar. Sq plan with offsets, Settlement. Vegetation, Excavation, Cleaning, structural<br />
Ramghat rd. old platform. Old chajjas with brackets, mound. structural defects stabilization.<br />
70 Duddareshwar Ramghat, nr<br />
Pyramidical roof, sq plan no<br />
Flooring, landscaping,<br />
Kukkuteshwar<br />
offsets, ornate ent.<br />
Drainage. Door<br />
71 Yogeshwar Harsiddhi darwaza Modern platform and Sq plan, chajja, plastered. Dampness, new Water proofing. Conservation.<br />
chouraha. temple<br />
construction around<br />
72 Chandradityeshwa Mahakal complex, Sq plan, stone masonry. Drainage<br />
73 Karmeshwar Originally Guru ki New 1980 Excavation in original site.<br />
(historical tekri (archaeological<br />
Reconstruction of original<br />
importance) site) now in Kal<br />
temple.<br />
74 Rajashaleshwar Nr. Nagnath temple Old sanctum with Shikhara, chajjas, 8 columns with<br />
Paving courtyard. Parapet<br />
(historical in Bhagasipura kirtimukha and beams and brackets.<br />
mandapa. Boundary wall.<br />
importance)<br />
colonnaded mandir.<br />
75 Vadaleshwar Siddhavat temple<br />
Sq plan no offsets. Levels around.<br />
Paving, platform making,<br />
complex, opp.<br />
Circular pillars. Plastered.<br />
ventilation and light<br />
Siddhavat temple<br />
shikhara<br />
improvement.<br />
76 Aruneshwar Ramsidhhi nr. Maratha period Shikhara, no chajja. Paving. Repairs to shikahar.<br />
Pishachamukhteshw<br />
77 Pushpadanteshwar Sonar Bhakhal in Medieval period but Sanctum at lower level. Cowshed attached. Boundary wall. Removal of<br />
Simhapuri ardhamandapa old<br />
water tank in front. Drainage.<br />
Landscaping. Security.<br />
78 Abhimukteshwar Simhapuri, nr Old platform. New Shikhara with niches, no brackets, TV antenna fixed on Encroachment removal. Paving.<br />
Rupeshwar M. temple. No mandapa. plastered<br />
top. Parikrama TV antenna removal.<br />
79 Hanumanteshwar Garh Kalika, Early temple later Sq plan without offsets Chajja Approach road poor. Paving. Approach road<br />
Simheshwar M. superstructure No without brackets Shikhar with Parikrama unpaved. improvement. Landscape.<br />
mandapa sculpted bands, manjari and niches.<br />
80 Swapneshwar Within<br />
images<br />
Mahakal Maratha structure Sq plan with offsets. Front Painted. jali<br />
Cleaning, security.<br />
temple<br />
with recent addition mandapa with dome.<br />
81 Pingleshwar Pingleshwar village. Maratha structure. Sq plan with offsets with<br />
Excavation. Paint removal<br />
One of Panchkroshi The five lingas mandapa. Brick structure. Stone<br />
etc.Boundary to be made.<br />
stations.<br />
believed to be columns in Parmara style. Door<br />
Landscaping around.<br />
original. Shiva image later addition<br />
Waterproofing.<br />
82 Kayavarohaneshw One of the Maratha structure Sq plan with mandapa Nandi on a Painted columns. New Excavation. Paint removal etc.<br />
ar<br />
Panchkroshi stations upon Parmara base colonnaded verandah. Recently structures within the<br />
in Karohan village.<br />
renovated shikhar<br />
boundary<br />
83 Vilveshwar One of the Sq plan with Soil erosion. GI sheet additions<br />
Landscaping. Excavation.<br />
Panchkroshi stations mandapa. Stone<br />
near Gambir river in base.<br />
84 Daddeshwar One of the Maratha structure. Sq plan without mandapa. Front<br />
Boundary should be marked.<br />
Panchkroshi No antiquity found otla extended<br />
Plinth protection.<br />
94<br />
UJJAIN<br />
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME
5.3 Heritage Spots and Heritage Precincts<br />
The following important Heritage spots and Heritage areas fall within the Zone.<br />
5.3.1 Siddhvat Mandir Parisar<br />
Siddhavat of Ujjain holds a special place for the residents of Malwa region. Post-funeral rites<br />
are performed here. Skanda Purana has referred to this place as Preta-shila-tirth. This has also<br />
been a place of worship for followers of Natha sect.<br />
The enormous banyan tree on the banks of Kshipra, has been vested with the same religious<br />
sanctity and pinda danam as the Akashyavat in Prayag and Gaya, Vanshivat of Vrindavan<br />
and the Panchavata of Nasik. It is also a kalasarpa nivaran center like Nasik. The tree has a<br />
peripheral dependent zone with its social, religious and economic activities.<br />
Parvati is believed to have performed her penance here. Its present form is a Maratha<br />
contribution although Parma sculptures are embedded in the structure.<br />
It is an archaeological space. There is a strong need to perceive the complex as a whole and<br />
not continue on piece meal basis.<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY-BH-SVT-1/1<br />
Problem Proposed intervention Amount<br />
in lakhs<br />
1 No enclosure A boundary wall recommended to define<br />
enclosure.<br />
2 Central space is underutilized A garden with multi levels and soft areas<br />
with stone paving proposed<br />
4<br />
2<br />
3 Cluster of shops around<br />
dharamshala<br />
Should be shifted across the central garden,<br />
thereby defining the movement line<br />
6<br />
4 No direct connection between<br />
Mangalnath and Siddhavat<br />
A pathway is proposed 3<br />
5 Land behind ghats to be<br />
attended to<br />
Garden and forest is proposed 1<br />
6 Ghats breaking and tilting Conservation of ghats 4<br />
7 Parmara remains and Panda<br />
services to find place<br />
8 Poor condition of toilet and<br />
drinking water<br />
Small shelters or kiosks for Pandas with<br />
pothi keeping facilities and shelter to<br />
Parmara remains<br />
Upgradation of existing toilet and drinking<br />
water facilities<br />
4<br />
2<br />
95<br />
UJJAIN<br />
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME
Total 26<br />
lakhs<br />
Agencies<br />
1 UMC/UDA<br />
,INTACH<br />
The work to be designed by architect sensitive to the religious<br />
sentiments of the people<br />
5.3.2 Mangalnath ji<br />
The temple of Mangalnath ji is situated towards the north of Ujjain on the eastern banks of<br />
Kshipra. Regarded as the birthplace of Mars according to the Matsya Purana it is one of the<br />
halting sites during Panchakroshi Yatra, Saptasagar Yatra and Simhasta Mela.<br />
Built on a high archaeological mound the temple has lost even its Maratha originality due to<br />
ad hoc additions. Worship is performed to remove adverse affects of Mangala grah in their<br />
horoscope by the virtue of bhata puja.<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY- BH-MN-1/2<br />
WORK DESCRIPTION<br />
1 Archaeological site and mound The mound and 100mt space around should<br />
be reserved as open space in future<br />
2 Visitors are left ignorant Small shelter with toilet, drinking water, seats<br />
with boards of information and direction<br />
12<br />
lakhs<br />
AGENCIES INVOLVED<br />
1 UMC/ UDA ,INTACH Kushan Shivlingam across the road should be shifter<br />
to the shelter and protected.<br />
5.3.3 Kala Bhairava (Heritage Spot)<br />
The worship of the eight Bhairavas is a part of the Saivite tradition. The chief among them is<br />
Kala Bhairava, believed to have been built by king Bhadrasen, on the banks of the Shipra.<br />
Avanti Khand of Skanda Purana mentions Kala Bhairava that is believed to be worshiped by<br />
Akhora and Kapalika sects of Saivites.<br />
The temple sits on an ancient archaeological site but the present parisar is of Maratha period<br />
with fortification wall and pronounced entrance gate, musician’s hall at the upper floor,<br />
deepmalika etc.<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY-BH-KB-1/3<br />
Work Description<br />
96<br />
UJJAIN<br />
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME
Problem Recommendation Amt. Rs<br />
lakh<br />
1 Archaeological<br />
mound<br />
2 Structural<br />
degradation and<br />
timber dharamshala<br />
The mound reserved as open space for future<br />
excavation<br />
Conservation and protection of the temple and<br />
dharamshala under supervision of conservation<br />
architect<br />
16<br />
3 Visitor facilities Toilets, drinking water, day shelter, etc 8<br />
4 Dharamshala new In keeping with the temple architecture by<br />
conservation architect<br />
12<br />
4 Un-kept<br />
surrounding, shoddy<br />
appearance<br />
Landscaping work and plantation recommended.<br />
Protection to existing trees.<br />
3<br />
5 Erosion of mound Pitching and protection 4<br />
6 No information Signage and information boards 1<br />
Total<br />
44 lakhs<br />
Agencies involved<br />
UMC/<br />
INTACH<br />
UDA<br />
Work under supervision of Conservation architect<br />
5.3.4 Garh Kalika (Heritage Spot)<br />
It is a famous Shakti Peeth of India and at the time of Navaratri, thousands of people<br />
assemble here. Kalika is supposed to be the Goddess of poet Kalidas, who is believed to have<br />
lived around the turn of the Christian era. There are some scholars who believe that this<br />
ancient temple Kalika was reconstructed by King Harshwardhan of Thaneshwar when he<br />
visited Ujjain. It is indeed the most ancient temple of Ujjain. The area around the Garh<br />
Kalika had been the site of the ancient settlement from around the 8th century BCE right upto<br />
Paramara period. Even today people find ancient coins in this area.<br />
The present temple seems to be a reconstruction in the typical Maratha style and has fortified<br />
wall, deepmalika, temple in the center etc.<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY-BH-GK-1/4<br />
Work Description<br />
Problems Recommendations Amt. Rs<br />
97<br />
UJJAIN<br />
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME
lakhs<br />
1 Archaeological site Area around should be reserved as open space for<br />
archaeological excavations.<br />
2 Pujari’s residence To be provided with alternative space nearby 8<br />
3 Unauthorized<br />
construction<br />
the temple<br />
around<br />
Original built form to be restored after demolition<br />
of the encroachment<br />
4<br />
4 Main entrance shifted Restore old entrance by appropriate landscaping 2<br />
5 Unsympathetic<br />
addition<br />
To be removed<br />
6 Historical baodi Restoration and protection 4<br />
Agencies involved<br />
Total 18<br />
1 UMC/ UDA<br />
INTACH/ASI/State<br />
Archaeology<br />
2 ASI, State<br />
Archaeology<br />
Work to be done under the supervision of<br />
conservation architect<br />
Funding<br />
5.3.5 Veer Durgadas Ki Chhattri (Protected monument by State<br />
Archaeology )<br />
Veer Durgadas has an important place in the history of Marwar. In 1718 A.D. his funeral<br />
rites were solemnized on the banks of Kshipra in accordance with his wishes. In order to<br />
perpetuate his memory the rulers of Jodhpur constructed this beautiful monument in Rajput<br />
style. A statue of Veer Durgadas was also installed in this monument, which is protected by<br />
the Madhya Pradesh State Department of Archaeology, but unfortunately very little attention<br />
is being paid to it. The environs of the chhatri have been allowed to be used for totally<br />
incompatible uses like sump well and electric substation.<br />
Work Description<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY-BH-VDCH-1/5<br />
Problem Recommendation Amt. Rs<br />
lakh<br />
98<br />
UJJAIN<br />
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME
1 Retaining wall and<br />
embankment eroded<br />
Pitching work and retaining wall to be protected 4<br />
2 Steep slope around Filling and paving to brace mound, plinth<br />
protection<br />
5<br />
3 Electric station<br />
nearby<br />
4 Sump pump ugly<br />
sight and water tank<br />
nearby<br />
5 Approach<br />
road/parking<br />
Too close, should be shifted 4<br />
Should be camouflaged as per design and<br />
permanent tank constructed above it to provide<br />
drinking water to people - to be taken up in the<br />
larger river bank development plan<br />
To be taken up in the larger development plan of<br />
area<br />
Total 13<br />
Agencies<br />
UMC/UDA<br />
Archaeology<br />
State<br />
Operating, maintaining and funding<br />
5.3.6 Shri Bhartrihari Gupha Parisar<br />
It has been a famous seat of Guru Gorakhnath, Bhartrihari and Gopinath. It is a group of<br />
caves partially constructed above ground with the help of stone columns and beams.<br />
The monument appears to be a Shaiva Peeth of Parmar period. There is also a Shaivite<br />
temple here, the remains of which are in the form of a small cave. The bank of Kshipra here<br />
is named as Yoga Tirth. The monument is under the protection of the state’s archaeology<br />
department but in practice it is being maintained by a pujari belonging to the Nath sect.<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY –BH-BG-1/6<br />
1 Archaeological site,<br />
Gupta period structure<br />
Should be reserved as open space for future<br />
excavations<br />
Amt.<br />
lakh<br />
Rs<br />
2 Unsympathetic<br />
additions<br />
3 Leaking roof Gopinath<br />
Gupha<br />
Should be removed as they cause damage to the<br />
original structure<br />
Heavy growth of plants and grass. Cleaning and<br />
waterproofing<br />
4 Stone beam broken Should be corrected under supervision of<br />
conservator<br />
2<br />
1<br />
99<br />
UJJAIN<br />
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME
5 Rainwater goes in<br />
Gupha<br />
6 Bhartrihari Gupha<br />
leaking<br />
Provide protection to entrance 4<br />
Cleaning and waterproofing of roof 4<br />
7 Bats menace Net door at the entrance of both caves 0.20<br />
8 Pujari Cowshed in<br />
Gupha<br />
Should be stopped immediately<br />
9 Walls bulging Treatment under conservation architect’s<br />
supervision<br />
4<br />
10 Sindhur on basalt<br />
statue<br />
Would cause damage to the image and should<br />
be cleaned and practice discontinued<br />
11 Vegetation growth Removal of plants under conservators<br />
supervision<br />
12 Plinth treatment Sandstone paving around the complex for plinth<br />
protection<br />
0.50<br />
3<br />
Total 18.70<br />
Agencies involved<br />
UMC/UDA ,ASI/State<br />
Archaeology<br />
Work and development to be done under<br />
supervision<br />
5.3.7 Shri Sandipani Ashram Parisar<br />
The Ankpat area is a famous mythological and cultural Vaishnavite center of the Parmara<br />
period. Kundeshwar Mahadev temple of the same period is located here. This temple is one<br />
of the 84 Mahadev temples. There are many rare images of Shaivite and Vaishnavite sects in<br />
this area. In 16th Cen. AD this place became the 73rd seat of famous Saint Vallabhacharya,<br />
the propounder of Pushti Marg. Today it is an important place of pilgrimage for the followers<br />
of this sect.<br />
It is believed that Krishna and Balram had come here for their studies as disciples of the<br />
famous sage Rishi Sandipani. Therefore this area is known as Sandipani Ashram.<br />
The Ashram has lost its ambience due to new unsympathetic constructions done by the<br />
followers of Pushti Marg and the Ujjain Development Authority .UDA had constructed an<br />
octagonal shaped hall for religious discussions, but unfortunately its rendering is not in<br />
harmony with the traditional ambience of the Ashram. Some modifications have been<br />
suggested to rectify this condition.<br />
100<br />
UJJAIN<br />
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME
PROJECT SUMMARY- BH-SPA-1/7<br />
Work Description<br />
Problem Recommendation Amt. Rs<br />
lakhs<br />
1 Archaeological Site A detailed study of its archaeological extent<br />
and depth including excavation if required<br />
2<br />
2 Unsympathetic structure<br />
of baithak<br />
3 Structural cracks and<br />
defects<br />
Modified to merge with the historicity of the<br />
site<br />
Structural conservation of all temples and<br />
Gomti Kund<br />
6<br />
50<br />
4 Nathdwara paintings Conservation by trained conservator 3<br />
5 New requirements Formulation of Master Plan to identify needs 2<br />
6 Visitor’s facilities Interpretation and exhibition with<br />
information, short course to relive the<br />
experience of studying in the Ashram<br />
25<br />
7 Landscape and sacred<br />
grove<br />
Acquisition of land and plantation 10<br />
Total 98<br />
Agencies<br />
1 UMC/ UDA /INTACH /<br />
Religious Institutions on<br />
PPP basis.<br />
Conservation architect or architect with<br />
heritage background<br />
2 State Dharmastha Trust Funding<br />
5.3.8 Observatory<br />
It is a unique observatory built by Sawai Jaisingh around 1795 AD. Later it was restored by<br />
the Marathas and then repaired by the Government of India. Presently it is maintained by the<br />
Department of Education and is a working observatory. Ujjain being a historic center of<br />
study in astrology, the observatory is of special importance as it is used for various<br />
calculations for preparing the Panchang.<br />
Work Requirement<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY - YANTRA MAHAL- JSPK-YM-8/1<br />
101<br />
UJJAIN<br />
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME
Problem Recommendation Amt. Rs<br />
lakh<br />
1 Conservation of yantras To be done by conservationist 8<br />
2 Archaeological site Excavation to determine historicity of site 6<br />
3 Visitors’ facility Renovation to the existing structure for<br />
toilets, information hall etc.<br />
50<br />
Total 64<br />
Agencies involved<br />
UMC/Dept of Science &<br />
Tech./ASI/State<br />
Archaeology<br />
Operating, maintaining and funding<br />
5.3.9 Shri Harsiddhi Parisar<br />
Harsiddhi, located along Rudrasagar facing the Mahakal, is perhaps the most popular temple<br />
in Ujjain after Shri Mahakal Temple. Its present style is typical of Maratha period with two<br />
deepmalikas in the courtyard, a stepped well, parkota wall and the main shrine in the middle.<br />
Tantric traditions refer this seat as a Sidha Pitha.<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY-HARP-MMK-2/3<br />
Work Description<br />
Problem Recommendation Amt.Rs lakh<br />
1 Archaeological site Excavation to mark the historic layers 4<br />
2 Temple has undergone<br />
several changes and has<br />
lost its heritage value<br />
3 Floor finish with stone of<br />
different types and sizes<br />
Restoration plan of the temple by a<br />
conservation architect is recommended<br />
where removal of plaster repairs, paint,<br />
incompatible doors, windows, signboards,<br />
entrance gate etc. should be included.<br />
Demolition of additions that harm the<br />
ancient structure should be included<br />
A unified flooring design and pattern is<br />
recommended<br />
4 Damaged boundary wall Restoration and repair of the ancient<br />
boundary wall should be undertaken.<br />
5 Dharamshala has damaged<br />
the historic environment<br />
Upgradation of dharamshala to match the<br />
historic environment or shifting it to open<br />
30<br />
24<br />
12<br />
16<br />
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up the site for breathing and better vision<br />
6 Incompatible smaller<br />
shrines between<br />
deepmalika and the temple<br />
Relocation of the small shrine 2<br />
7 Entrance gates Two entrances along the boundary wall be<br />
completed along with gates.<br />
6<br />
8 Images and old fragments<br />
scattered all over the place<br />
9 Baodi covered with iron<br />
grills etc.<br />
Images and sculptures from the premises to<br />
be displayed properly and with proper<br />
signboards and information boards.<br />
Iron grill to be removed and baodi restored<br />
for visitor’s experience.<br />
12<br />
14<br />
Total 120<br />
Agencies<br />
UDA, UMC, State<br />
Archaeology Dept.<br />
INTACH<br />
Dharmastha Dept.,<br />
Culture Dept., ASI, other<br />
cultural funding<br />
organizations, people’s<br />
donation<br />
Operation and Maintenance<br />
Financial support<br />
5.3.10 Ram Janardhan Mandir Parisar<br />
Shri Ram Janardhan Mandir Parisar is located in the north of the existing settlement on the<br />
banks of Vishnu Sagar, a lake possible dating from the early medieval period. Durgeshwar is<br />
the oldest monument here that roughly dates back on the iconographical basis to 10th – 11th<br />
century AD. During Parmara period there were probably more temples of which two are the<br />
Shaivite temples of 84 Mahadev list. During later Mughal period, Ram Mandir came into<br />
existence. It is believed to have been built by Mirza Jaisingh during Mughal period. The<br />
Holkar queen Ahilyabai built Janardhan temple and the stepped temple (1770 – 1790).<br />
In the north of Ram Janardhan Mandir is the famous RamTeerth where Chitragupta<br />
Mandir was rebuilt during the Maratha period. Two Maratha temples are standing in<br />
dilapidated condition in the east of Durgeshwar temple and west of Ankpat. The temple<br />
complex is maintained by the Scindia Devsthana Trust.<br />
Ram Janardhan Mandir Parisar is typical of the layout of Maratha period. A<br />
fortification wall encloses the temples and the stepped well. Following are the observations<br />
and recommendations in order to serve this heritage spot.<br />
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PROJECT SUMMARY RJMP-BK-1/3<br />
Work Description<br />
Problem Recommendation Amt.Rs lakhs<br />
1 Archaeological site Excavation by a team of competent<br />
archaeologists on one side to determine<br />
antiquity<br />
4<br />
2 Damaged ghats and<br />
retaining wall of<br />
Vishnu Sagar<br />
Restoration of the ghats and retaining wall 12<br />
3 The parkota wall<br />
altered and additions<br />
made to it.<br />
4 Visitors’ facilities<br />
within the compound,<br />
incompatible function<br />
to the temples<br />
5 10th cent structural<br />
remains<br />
6 Vegetative growth on<br />
the temples<br />
This damages the visual quality and<br />
historical value of the temple complex and<br />
needs to be restored where ever possible<br />
Relocation of the visitors’ facilities just<br />
outside with proper toilets, drinking<br />
water, information, interpretation, sale of<br />
literature, signboards and information<br />
boards complete.<br />
Interpretation space located for the<br />
purpose.<br />
To be removed during the conservation<br />
process<br />
6<br />
18<br />
4<br />
4<br />
7 Cluster of vehicles at<br />
the entrance<br />
A plaza in front is recommended 16<br />
8 Felling of trees around<br />
the temple<br />
All trees within and around the parkota<br />
wall must be protected<br />
9 Baodi structurally<br />
damaged<br />
Agencies<br />
Scindia<br />
Trust,<br />
INTACH<br />
Devsthan<br />
UMC,UDA<br />
Conservation work of the baodi is<br />
required.<br />
Total 72<br />
Operation and Maintenance<br />
8<br />
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Scindia Devsthan<br />
Trust, Culture Dept.,<br />
INTACH<br />
Financing<br />
5.3.11 Shri Chintaman Ganesh Mandir Parisar<br />
In the popular mind this place is known as Chintaharan Ganesha. The temple, which was of<br />
Parmara times originally, was reconstructed during Maratha period. It consists of pradakshina<br />
patha and mandapa constructed out of Parmara pillars of carved sandstone. The temple finds<br />
mention in ‘Prabandha Chintamani’ treatise. The mandapa and the garbhagriha have a granite<br />
shikhar over domed roof. The temple sits in premises protected with a fortification wall with<br />
an entrance gate. A boadi within the premises is associated with the myth of Shri Ram who<br />
on his return from Lanka after killing Ravana, passed this way and on feeling thirsty asked<br />
his brother to fetch some water. Laxman on not finding water anywhere, pierced the earth<br />
with his arrow from where emerged Ganga quenching their thirst and making sacred the site.<br />
Work Description<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY- CGMP-BK-2/4<br />
Problem Recommendation Amt. Rs Lakhs<br />
1 Archaeological site Exploration and excavation on one side by<br />
an archaeologist.<br />
2<br />
2 Structural damage and<br />
deterioration to the<br />
temple structure<br />
Cleaning, conservation of the roof,<br />
shikhara and walls by a conservationist<br />
along with structural repairs in<br />
consultation with a conservation structural<br />
engineer<br />
12<br />
3 Flooring of different<br />
stones and of different<br />
sizes<br />
Flooring of the temple as suggested by a<br />
conservation architect<br />
10<br />
4 Several incompatible<br />
structures effecting the<br />
historicity of the temple<br />
5 Plaza outside is cluttered<br />
and unorganized<br />
Rehabilitation of the structures outside the<br />
premises<br />
Designing of the plaza by a competent<br />
conservation architect adding landscaping,<br />
car park and shops. Visitor’s facilities<br />
such as toilets, drinking water and a small<br />
center where information, signage,<br />
directions and display of excavated<br />
material could be displayed.<br />
15<br />
20<br />
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6 In last Simhasta an<br />
incompatible entrance<br />
gate and shaded passage<br />
has been added, which<br />
has affected the<br />
ambience and historicity<br />
of the place<br />
7 Baodi in a state of<br />
neglect and disuse<br />
Conservation of the fortification wall and<br />
façade treatment of the passage<br />
Conservation of the baodi along with<br />
plans for management of the asset is<br />
recommended<br />
2<br />
4<br />
8 Pilgrim facility Dharamshala just outside the fortified<br />
premises with stay facility for pilgrims<br />
along with cooking facility for day<br />
visitors is recommended. It should be<br />
planned by a conservation architect who<br />
blends it with the surroundings<br />
8<br />
Total 73<br />
Agencies<br />
UMC, UDA<br />
Dharmasthala Dept.,<br />
public donations,<br />
Culture dept<br />
Operation and Maintenance<br />
Funding organizations<br />
5.3.12 Chaubis Khamba<br />
Chaubis Khamba is the only surviving Paramara structure in Ujjain located in the Patni<br />
Bazar. According to old tradition Chaubis Khamba constituted the majestic entrance gate of<br />
Mahakal-vana. Remains of the boundary wall are also in existing near this gate. Architectural<br />
design, of the twenty-four ornate columns, belongs to the ninth or tenth centaury A.D.<br />
Two images of Goddesses are installed, one each on the either side of the gate. The names<br />
inscribed on the footstools are Mahamaya and Mahalaya. Looking at the graceful forms of<br />
these guardian deities of the grand entrance structure one can imagine the dimensions of the<br />
boundary wall of the traditionally large area known as Mahakala-vana, which is now densely<br />
inhabited.<br />
Although this monument is under the protection of the State Archaeological Department,<br />
there apparently are no controls on the encroachments both over and around the structure.<br />
5.3.13 Kothi Palace<br />
It is a magnificent building constructed under the rule of Madhavrao Scindia with the help of<br />
the British Regency Council who also contributed 8 lakhs towards its construction. The work<br />
started in 1887 and was finished in 1888. A fine example of Indo-Saracenic architecture<br />
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inspired by the synthesis of Gothic, Rajput and Maratha architectural styles, here we have<br />
brick carved stone and stucco used with a balance pleasing to the eyes. A large garden was<br />
planned and a fine canal on siphon technique was executed from Silakhedi tank.<br />
It was originally intended for the Royal Palace but was not used even for a day because the<br />
capital got shifted soon after. Presently it houses the Collectorate and the courts, thus acting<br />
as the nerve center of the administration. The buildings are being maintained by the Public<br />
Works Department that employs standard maintenance and repair techniques, which are<br />
found not very suitable for the building type under consideration.<br />
It is recommended that a museum like information center be set-up in the palace where all the<br />
traditions, important places, maps, books, architecture of the city etc. can be explained and<br />
made available to the tourists. Some accommodation for stay, dinning hall for restaurants,<br />
conference etc. can also be planned.<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY- KP-VUK-12/1<br />
Work Description<br />
Problem Recommendations Amt. Rs<br />
Lakhs<br />
1 Incongruent alteration<br />
and additions<br />
2 Removal of existing<br />
use to accommodate<br />
fresh use<br />
3 Building conservation<br />
and structural work for<br />
its new use<br />
Conservation architect should be consulted to<br />
study the palace and the gardens around.<br />
Consultancy charges<br />
This would include shifting of the offices, to<br />
new premises etc.<br />
The conservation work would include<br />
waterproofing, floor repairs, removal of<br />
undesirable additions, cleaning of walls of<br />
paint etc.<br />
12.5<br />
5<br />
200<br />
4 Landscape work Revival of water system, plantation of same<br />
species of trees as originally planted,<br />
pathways, fountains, boundary wall etc.<br />
125<br />
5 Interiors Based on the requirements and interior<br />
designer<br />
150<br />
6 Computerization,<br />
signage, publications<br />
etc.<br />
Agencies<br />
12.5<br />
Total 505<br />
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PWD, UMC/UDA<br />
PWD<br />
Maintenance and Operation<br />
Funding<br />
5.3.14 Rumi Ka Makbara<br />
Stylistically the makbara belongs to 15th century CE and is in a very dilapidated state. Made<br />
of bricks the octagonal structure is covered with a dome with a long drum. The structure<br />
probably belongs to the Sufi saint Allaudin Rumi.<br />
Located near Bhartrahari caves the makbara is located on an archaeological mound and is of<br />
historical importance.<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY- RKM-BK-2/6<br />
Work Description<br />
Problem Recommendation Amt. Rs Lakhs<br />
1 Dilapidated<br />
structure<br />
Preservation of the monument as a historical<br />
monument of the city<br />
8<br />
2 Approach etc. An approach pathway and landscaping around<br />
with benches to sit and view point<br />
4<br />
3 Information Signboard with information 1.00<br />
4 Electrical lights 1.00<br />
Total 14<br />
Agency<br />
UMC/UDA State<br />
Archaeology<br />
Funding, operating and Maintaining<br />
5.3.15 Chousatha Yogini<br />
Legend associates the temple with Vikramaditya who is known to have worshipped here once<br />
a year. It has a special place in tantric form of worship and was an important center of Sakt<br />
sect. Although it is located in the Naibasti, a new housing area located over ancient mounds<br />
of Ujjain, it is a structure with mythical significance. The deities are all small stone pieces<br />
embedded on the wall and are so covered with sindhoor that it is difficult to gauge the<br />
antiquity of the images. Mythical importance.<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY- CY-NKRK-13/1<br />
Work Description<br />
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Problem Recommendation Amt. Rs<br />
Lakhs<br />
1 Extensively<br />
painted<br />
enamel paint<br />
with<br />
Cleaning 2<br />
2 Landscaping, signage, paving 6<br />
3 Archaeological<br />
site<br />
Excavation under archaeologist 1.00<br />
Total 9.0<br />
Agency<br />
1 UMC/UDA<br />
private org.<br />
Funding, operating and Maintenance<br />
5.3.16 Bina Neev Ki Masjid<br />
Located in Anant Petha, the masjid was constructed by the Mandu Sultan, Dilawar Khan Gori<br />
in 1337 CE. It is constructed out of the architectural fragments belonging to the destroyed<br />
Jain temple of 10th century CE. Architecturally, the masjid is like the Bhojshala of Dhar<br />
where the architectural elements of the a previous temple have been used. The masjid is in<br />
use today.<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY- BNM-NKRK-13/2<br />
Work Description<br />
1 Landscaping Historical landscape architect should plan<br />
the gardens around<br />
3.00<br />
2 Signage Proper signage work with information board<br />
mentioning the historicity of the masjid and<br />
also the architectural details would help in<br />
understanding the importance of the masjid<br />
Agency<br />
1 Wakf Board/Pwd,<br />
UMC/UDA<br />
0.4<br />
Total 3.4<br />
M&O and Funding<br />
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5.3.17 Nagar Kot Ki Rani<br />
The area is located on an ancient mound of Dhoolkot and Parikhabhoot lake bund. The<br />
goddess is suppose to guard the south east corner of the ancient city’s fortified boundary and<br />
hence is called Nagar kot ki Rani (City fortification Queen). Mentioned in Avanti Khanda of<br />
Skanda Purana, Harshacharita and Vamana Purana she is associated with Nath Sampradaya<br />
while several mention Vikramaditya and Bhartrahari with the place.<br />
The temple per-se is not older than 70 years old but a kunda in front is of Parmara period<br />
while one of the two smaller temples nearby contains Kartikeya of Gupta Period. The<br />
historicity of the goddesses cannot be denied.<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY NKKR- NKRK-13/3<br />
1 Landscaping Including paving and improving the<br />
surroundings<br />
3.00<br />
2 Electrical work Concealed wiring and underground cabling 1.00<br />
3 Cleaning of the temple<br />
and smaller rathas<br />
nearby<br />
0.6<br />
Total 4.60<br />
Agency<br />
Dharmastha trust/ PWD,<br />
UMC/UDA<br />
M&O and Funding<br />
5.3.18 Simhasana Battissi-<br />
Legends of Vikramaditya and his wisdom are narrated in several tales that are collected in<br />
Simhasan Batisi kathas and Vikram-aur-Vaital stories. The stories at one time were narrated<br />
in every household and there was no fear of people forgetting it. Dying of oral traditions and<br />
shift towards visual aids threatens the very existence of these legends as no tangible space or<br />
object is associated with it. It is therefore important to keep the memory alive by perpetuating<br />
the narrations. It is suggested that a tract of land be allotted and landscaped to form a<br />
mythology trail that can be combined with a sound and light (Son-e-lumiere) projection.<br />
5.3.19 Bada Ganeshji<br />
It is situated near Mahakaleswar temple. The road passing by the side of this temple is on a<br />
lower level, which needs to be slightly elevated.<br />
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5.3.20 Chitragupta Mandir<br />
It is an old temple of Chitragupta situated on way to Mangalnath road. In olden times there<br />
was a tank too. According to Padma Purana Chitragupta mediated at this place.and God<br />
Brahma was pleased to give him ‘darshan’. It is an important religion place for ‘Kayasthas”.<br />
5.3.21 Triveni (Navgraha)<br />
It is situated at the confluence of the three rivers. A group of temple with Navgraha Mandir<br />
as the main temple is situated at this place. It receives large number of pilgrims particularly<br />
during poornima /amavasya when people take their holy bath in the triveni sangam and<br />
perform religious rites. During Simhastha (Kumbh) mela, the place receives large influx of<br />
people.<br />
5.3.22 Digambar Jain Temples<br />
There are 25 temples in Ujjain, out of which Avanti Parasnath is the main. In Daulatganj<br />
new temples have been constructed. The temple of Jaisinghpara is a famous one and in the<br />
rear of this temple, there is one archeological museum worth visiting.<br />
5.4 Shri Mahakal Mandir Parisar<br />
Mahakal is a temple of lord Shiva for which Ujjain is famous. Its description is found in<br />
many Puranas and Sanskrit literature. The temple of Goddess Harsiddhi is situated on the<br />
western bank of Rudra Sagar. The scattered temples of<br />
Mahakal, Harsiddhi, Ganpati as well as Rudra Sagar need<br />
integrated development.<br />
Shri Mahakal Mandir is the religious focus of not only Ujjain<br />
but also of the Malwa region. Although the location of the<br />
temple has remained the same for almost 2000 years, the<br />
parisar itself has been subjected to many changes. The present<br />
structure of the temple was recreated in 18th century from the<br />
remains of a temple of Parmara period. Evidence of this fact<br />
has been found while excavating for the foundations of the<br />
pravachan hall where parts of the Parmara period shikhar have<br />
been found. Some of these remains are now with the local<br />
office of the Department of Archaeology. During its<br />
reconstruction in Maratha period, a well-established plan was<br />
followed which was typical of that period i.e. courtyard with<br />
the temple sited in the middle. A water body was also typically Figure 5-1 Mahakaal temple<br />
provided which in the case of Mahakal is the Kothi Tirth. The<br />
original stepped well is now under water.<br />
Major Problems in and around the Precinct and Strategies for the Parisar<br />
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Restoration work and its description<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY-MK-MKK-2/1<br />
Problem Recommendations Amt. Rs<br />
lakh<br />
1 It is built on an<br />
archaeological site with<br />
several layers of its<br />
construction, destruction<br />
and reconstruction<br />
history<br />
2 The existing temple<br />
conservation<br />
3 Improve ventilation and<br />
light within<br />
4 Policy for shops, plaza<br />
and other needs should<br />
be attended to<br />
5 Additions within the<br />
precinct<br />
Some area in front of the administrator’s office<br />
can be developed in such a way as to show the<br />
chronological evolution of the Parisar where the<br />
models of subsequent temples could be shown,<br />
based on archaeological and historical studies.<br />
The existing temple requires conservation<br />
measures so as to prolong the lifespan of the<br />
Maratha period building. A maintenance<br />
manual should also be prepared by a<br />
conservation architect that deals with issues of<br />
temple additions and permanent additions in the<br />
parisar.<br />
A detailed plan to deal with the situation should<br />
be developed by conservation architect in<br />
consultation with the mahanta and the<br />
administrative authorities.<br />
A detailed plan in consultation with the<br />
conservation architect should be drawn<br />
showing further development around the<br />
precinct.<br />
Modifications to the structures around such as<br />
shops, pipelines, electrical lines etc. should be<br />
so done as not to adversely affect the historicity<br />
of the temple in consultation with the<br />
conservation architect.<br />
4<br />
5<br />
1.5<br />
2<br />
12<br />
6 Old Dharamshala Restoration of old Dharamshala for night<br />
shelter.<br />
7 Shri Swapneshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
Development work and its description<br />
Restoration of Mahadev temple that forms part<br />
of 84 Mahadevs.<br />
Total 40<br />
10<br />
5.5<br />
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1 In order to improve the existing abrupt visual<br />
and spatial experience of the visitors, a religious<br />
plaza has been proposed as an entrance plaza to<br />
Shri Mahakal Mandir Parisar. This plaza will<br />
also act as a design feature to negotiate the level<br />
difference between the road and the internal<br />
courtyard, thereby making it an interesting and<br />
anticipatory experience to move closer towards<br />
Shri Mahakal instead of a routine experience of<br />
going down a long flights of steps.<br />
20<br />
The proposed religious plaza can be designed to<br />
cater to possible requirements like shops for<br />
souvenirs and flowers, shoe holding area,<br />
movement of visitors during festivals etc.<br />
Introduction of sitting platforms and green area<br />
can be considered to make it a pleasurable<br />
experience.<br />
The introduction of another entry gate not only<br />
improves the visitor movements, but also<br />
provides a visual frame focus. The vertical<br />
boxes on both sides of the existing gate are<br />
recommended to be demolished to reduce its<br />
competition with Shri Mahakal structure.<br />
2 The balance between the old and the new parts<br />
of Ujjain is being lost with the new parts using<br />
the old Ujjain as a commercial center only.<br />
Such a relationship tends to have a negative<br />
impact on the historic fabric of the city. In order<br />
to change this situation a cultural plaza can be<br />
introduced near the Maharajwada building. This<br />
space along with the religious plaza can take up<br />
the role of a civic plaza at the city level.<br />
Functions like the city museum, cultural club,<br />
archaeological museum, are recommended to be<br />
housed in Maharajwada building after shifting<br />
the existing schools to more appropriate<br />
locations.<br />
A restaurant can also be part of this complex to<br />
enhance the usage of the area by visitors as well<br />
as residents of the city.<br />
The land behind the Maharajwada building can<br />
be used as an open air archaeological museum<br />
and for passive recreation as it allows a<br />
panoramic view of Rudra Sagar and beyond.<br />
These facilities will also supplement the much<br />
25<br />
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needed tourist facilities.<br />
3 Sulabh Shauchalaya needs to be upgraded 5<br />
4 Adequate number of garbage bins should be<br />
provided at all possible locations to enable the<br />
visitor and the resident throw garbage into<br />
them.<br />
5 The road leading from Shri Mahakal Mandir to<br />
Shri Harsiddhi Mandir has potential to add to<br />
the image of the city. It is a space, which at<br />
present is being used only as a circulation<br />
space. It is recommended that a chowk be<br />
created in the middle of this road while<br />
providing appropriate space for resting and<br />
passive recreation.<br />
2<br />
12<br />
6 A chowk is recommended in front of Shri<br />
Harsiddhi Mandir by shifting the temporary<br />
shops to the opposite side thereby making the<br />
Harsiddhi Parkota wall and baoli visible from a<br />
distance - and providing a well defined<br />
entrance space to the temple.<br />
7 An open-air theater has been proposed on<br />
Chaubis Khamba Marg using part of Rudra<br />
Sagar. A small pond can be maintained as a part<br />
of this theater as a foreground for the stage. The<br />
backdrop thus achieved will provide a<br />
panoramic view of Harsiddhi, Mahakal<br />
Maharajwada, Vikram Tila and Rudra Sagar.<br />
8 The land adjacent to the Mahakal Steps is being<br />
constructed into a religious body. If possible<br />
this land should be acquired and converted into<br />
a public park or a permanent exhibition of<br />
carved stones found in various excavations.<br />
30<br />
15<br />
Total 109<br />
Grand Total 149<br />
Agencies<br />
1 UMC, UDA, INTACH Planning and executing bodies<br />
2 Mahakal Trust Managing / Contributing Organization<br />
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5.5 Gopal Mandir<br />
Gopal Mandir and Chhattri Chowk precincts, besides being a religious attraction, are the<br />
most important urban spaces of Ujjain. Actually, there are two spaces in sequential<br />
progression, with strong symmetry, architectural controls, geometric composition and<br />
intimate scale. Though built by the Marathas, they still retain most of the urban and<br />
architectural characteristics. Presently, however, there are different dynamics operating<br />
which call for immediate intervention to save the spaces.<br />
These chowks are multifunctional spaces that derive activities including town level<br />
transportation loads. The town municipality, Gopal Mandir and retail commerce are the triple<br />
magnets of this area, which attract considerable floating population. Resultantly, there are<br />
unorganized informal shops, add-hoc parking, additions to buildings and many uncoordinated<br />
activities. The following proposals have been framed for this area:<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY GD-GK-3/1<br />
Work Description<br />
Problem Recommendations Amt. Rs<br />
lakhs<br />
1 Congested chowk in<br />
front<br />
2 Cinema hall<br />
inappropriate to the<br />
location<br />
Pedestrianization of the Chowk and changing of<br />
the road surface to concrete blocks or stone<br />
paving, extending to all the Gopal Temples<br />
nearby such as Laxmi-Narayan, Bal Dau, Jagan<br />
Nath, Shri Nath etc.<br />
Restoration of Cinema hall to its original<br />
function of Town Hall for public functions.<br />
40<br />
44<br />
3 Visitors’ facility Sulabh Shauchalaya 14<br />
4 Tourism facility Information center, starting point of the<br />
Heritage walk , public address screen to show<br />
things like election results, special events, lost<br />
and found announcements during Simhasta,<br />
announcement of new schemes etc.<br />
36<br />
5 Street furniture Signage, benches, canopies, lamp posts etc. 16<br />
Total 150<br />
Agencies<br />
1 UMC, Operation and Management<br />
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2 Private Sponsorship etc. Financing<br />
5.6 The Core Heritage Zone<br />
The core Heritage Zone has been identified as having potential to provide an image to the<br />
whole city of Ujjain. This is an area, which is perhaps the most frequented part of Ujjain. The<br />
core area having tremendous tourist pressure can be delineated by Chardham to Har Siddhi<br />
temple road on west side, Ramghat road an north side, Hariphatak bridge road on east side<br />
and Jaisinghpura road on Southside. Following major tourist spots fall in the delineated area<br />
and are as follows<br />
• Mahakal Temple<br />
• Ramghat<br />
• Har Siddhi Temple<br />
• Chardham Temple<br />
• Bada Ganpati<br />
• Ram Mandir etc.<br />
Major Problems and Issues<br />
In many historic cities it is experienced that with environmental degradation of an area, its<br />
residents loose interest in the maintenance of the area that in turn speeds up the process. It is<br />
a negative cycle that ultimately results in total collapse in the relationship between the built<br />
environment and the residents. At this stage one finds a general trend of out-migration from<br />
the area resulting in further degradation. This is a progressive phenomenon till almost all<br />
original inhabitants, who can afford to move out, leave the area to immigrants who put the<br />
area to profit making in a very ruthless manner. This is why we find historic and old part of<br />
Indian cities getting converted into intense commercial areas and Central business districts in<br />
many cases.<br />
In Ujjain also large part of the old city is already moving towards this change and eventually<br />
towards total commercialization that is bound to bring about destruction of its historic<br />
architectural character.<br />
The identified Ujjain Core Heritage Zone is in the very initial stages of this change. It is felt<br />
that it is still possible to avert this major disaster by breaking the cycle as described earlier.<br />
Since an opportunity exists in the form of the JNNURM that has a time line to 2011 and the<br />
next Singhasta (2016), it is recommended that the government provide an input in the form of<br />
general up-gradation in the built environment of the area that should ensure that the residents<br />
maintain their surroundings thereby creating a positive cycle of improvement. It is an<br />
opportunity to revive the ‘historic image’ of Ujjain as one of the most important and holy<br />
cities of ancient India.<br />
Traffic Congestion: Vehicular traffic has increased phenomenally through the years creating<br />
problems of parking, thus, blocking the visibility and accessibility of heritage buildings. Air<br />
pollution from vehicular exhaust is on the increase, causing irreparable damage to the<br />
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heritage resources. Further widening of roads with insensitive design layout has caused<br />
increase in traffic problems eventually disrupting the total fabric.<br />
Encroachments: The visual character and aesthetic ambience of the heritage buildings/<br />
precincts is totally engulfed by intense commercial activity, signboards etc. This is coupled<br />
with actual physical encroachments around these historic precincts.<br />
Inadequate Municipal Services: Inadequate and inappropriately located facilities for garbage<br />
collection, inadequate fire services due to congested lanes, shortage of water supply, storm<br />
water and sewerage connections has lead to overall deterioration of the urban fabric.<br />
Streetscapes : Major issues<br />
Ujjain has a few major atypical streetscape systems mostly concentrated in the old city core<br />
but few like Freegunj are also located on the outside. These streets play a major role in<br />
bringing the different parts of the central area together. In addition, some of Ujjain’s most<br />
distinguished landmarks and significant buildings can be found along these streets. Their<br />
rehabilitation and reconstruction should spark investment in neighbouring buildings and city<br />
blocks.<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY- HC-MK/GK/BK/YTK- /res/1<br />
Work Description<br />
1 Inadequate data Inventorization of streets with houses and<br />
other elements etc. (The CDP suggests the<br />
taking up of six (6) streets)<br />
11<br />
2 Restoration of<br />
building facades<br />
Restoration of atypical building facades,<br />
streetscapes and the elements that provide<br />
historic character to the street such as Pan<br />
Dariba Street, Ibrahimpura, Singhpuri etc. in<br />
partnership with the residents and loaning<br />
agency. Approx 300 residence<br />
1500<br />
3 Traffic pattern Organizing pedestrian space and vehicular<br />
traffic & parking space etc.; approx length<br />
3000m of 10m width<br />
4100<br />
4 General ambience of<br />
the streets.<br />
On the basis of the present condition and<br />
functions provide street furniture, signage,<br />
planting, paving, road marking, lighting etc.<br />
5 Altered facades Reinstatement of appropriate details where<br />
buildings have been inappropriately altered<br />
6 Ruined structures Rebuilding ruins through infill development<br />
of the complete streetscape in partnership<br />
with residents and loaning agencies. Approx<br />
62<br />
300<br />
2300<br />
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120 houses<br />
7 Shop front<br />
improvement<br />
Shop-front improvement to reverse decline 350<br />
8 Chowks and open<br />
space revitalization.<br />
Restoring the chowks and bringing life back<br />
to them<br />
2000<br />
Total 10600<br />
Agencies<br />
1 Management and<br />
execution<br />
2 Other Contributing<br />
Bodies<br />
UMC/ INTACH/ UDA/Housing Board<br />
HUDCO, Agha Khan Foundation Historic City Support<br />
Program, Culture Dept., Cultural funding Trusts, INTACH.<br />
5.7 Sapta Sagar Sindhu<br />
The natural heritage is a very vital component of the city of Ujjain. Not only does it have<br />
religious significance but immense ecological connotations too. The tanks and the river<br />
Kshipra are the main components of natural heritage.<br />
Project Summary<br />
Location Character of the tank Problems Strategy<br />
RUDRA SAGAR –1<br />
Along<br />
Mahakal.<br />
Recharge zone, Urban<br />
surroundings.<br />
Contamination<br />
percolates to<br />
subsoil<br />
Ban on building<br />
activity around<br />
the tank .<br />
Plantation of trees<br />
and landscaping<br />
along the banks<br />
Erosion along edges Excessive silting Pitching of the<br />
sides and debris<br />
clearance.<br />
Fed by Sewer drains Ganda Nala<br />
and Hanuman Nala from city.<br />
Pollution<br />
contains<br />
calcium,<br />
magnesium,<br />
sulphates<br />
nitrate salts.<br />
and<br />
Sewers to be<br />
realigned and<br />
channelized. Rain<br />
water to feed the<br />
tank.<br />
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Appropriately<br />
located plazas and<br />
open air theatre is<br />
proposed. With<br />
Mahakal as the<br />
background Sonet-lumiere<br />
shows<br />
can be held.<br />
VISHNU SAGAR-2<br />
East of Ram<br />
Janardhan<br />
Temple on<br />
Ankpat road<br />
Discharge zone<br />
Does not retain<br />
water for long<br />
Storm<br />
should<br />
revived.<br />
Water<br />
be<br />
Away from the city; therefore<br />
forested and wooded till 1966<br />
such that hunting was banned .<br />
Different species of birds can be<br />
seen in the tank during monsoon.<br />
To grow more<br />
trees to recreate<br />
the woodland<br />
which would also<br />
attract wildlife.<br />
Develop paths<br />
and trails along<br />
the tank that open<br />
into paved areas.<br />
Passive<br />
recreation.<br />
KSHIRSAGAR – 3<br />
Mentioned in<br />
Avanti Khand<br />
Originally extended up to the<br />
railway station and gave birth to<br />
streams like Gandhavati which<br />
dried up due to the Nai Sarak<br />
and Kanthal area development<br />
Natural source of water supply<br />
blocked due to siltation<br />
Desiltation<br />
cleaning<br />
and<br />
Ghats and banks<br />
broken<br />
Cleaning<br />
water<br />
of<br />
Repair<br />
maintenance<br />
and<br />
Fishes to be<br />
introduced<br />
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Garbage is<br />
thrown into the<br />
tank<br />
Youth clubs,<br />
watchmen and<br />
temple to ensure<br />
upkeep.<br />
GOVINDSAGAR – 4<br />
East of Nikas<br />
and south<br />
west of the<br />
hill of Nagar<br />
Kot Devi<br />
UDA and other<br />
bodies<br />
encroaching and<br />
reclaiming land.<br />
Ghats on all sides.<br />
Strict watch on<br />
any further<br />
construction.<br />
Aforestation as<br />
much as possible.<br />
Defecation<br />
garbage<br />
and<br />
Overhauling of<br />
existing sanitation<br />
system<br />
Major culverts<br />
feeding the tank<br />
with surface<br />
runoff need to be<br />
opened, cleaned<br />
and maintained.<br />
PURUSHOTTAM SAGAR – 5<br />
Ankpat Marg,<br />
north of Idgah<br />
and newly<br />
formed Indira<br />
colony<br />
Contains water throughout the<br />
year<br />
Divided into sections and is used<br />
for singhara cultivation<br />
Time tested<br />
activity does not<br />
damage the<br />
ecosystem<br />
Should<br />
allowed<br />
continue<br />
be<br />
to<br />
RATNAKAR SAGAR – 6<br />
Maksi Road<br />
about 12-15<br />
kms out of<br />
Ujjain close<br />
to<br />
Madhavpura<br />
village<br />
Irrigation tank providing water<br />
for industry and dairy plants. Has<br />
a spread of 10 sq km<br />
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16th century CE tank. Chhattri and<br />
ghats are 16th<br />
century.<br />
Pingala Nadi serves the tank<br />
Good state today and measures<br />
should be taken to retain it in this<br />
state.<br />
Conservation of<br />
the 16th cent<br />
structures<br />
recommended.<br />
Pitching of the<br />
banks of the tank<br />
Land use<br />
activities should<br />
be monitored and<br />
controlled.<br />
PUSHKAR SAGAR – 7<br />
The villagers fish here and use it<br />
for their daily needs.<br />
Defection and<br />
detergent can<br />
kill fish and<br />
cause<br />
eutrofication<br />
Awareness<br />
program<br />
North of<br />
Sakhipur not<br />
far from<br />
Rudra Sagar<br />
area<br />
Except for Surajkund the tank<br />
has lost its original form.<br />
Heavily<br />
encroached and<br />
surrounded by<br />
houses<br />
Cannot<br />
anything<br />
do<br />
Baodi known as Pushkar Sagar is<br />
used for performing rituals.<br />
Baodi should be<br />
restored,<br />
desilting,<br />
reclaiming of<br />
water source to<br />
improve water<br />
quality.<br />
5.8 Other Development Proposals<br />
5.8.1 Pracheen Ujjain (Ancient Ujjain):”EK JHALAK”<br />
Although, as pointed out earlier, Ujjain has hardly much to show today on the ground<br />
physically about things ancient, most of it having been effectively demolished at some point<br />
in its history, its ancientness is deeply ingrained and embedded in the public memory, the<br />
myths and the mythology, the canonical texts, the Puranas and the epics, the rituals and the<br />
yatras that make every visitor feel the reality of its ancientness. In fact, the very mention of<br />
Ujjain evokes ancientness as if Ujjain and its ancientness are synonymous. The City<br />
Development Plan attempts to showcase this ancientness through the concept of Pracheen<br />
Ujjain – Ek Jhalak, a concept that goes beyond the mere traditional museum or even that of<br />
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an interpretation center, but an area that is made alive in an interactive manner by showing<br />
this ancientness through the multi-facetted use of information technology. The objective is to<br />
make the pilgrim, the visitor, the tourist, be it the domestic or the foreign, experience this<br />
ancientness.<br />
5.8.2 Garh-Kalika area<br />
Excavations were conducted in 1956-57 and again in 1957-58 in Garh-Kalika area that<br />
yielded some very important material dating the ancient city to 8 th century BCE and making<br />
it contemporary to Indus-Saraswati civilization. Mud rampart wall strengthened by wooden<br />
logs and sleepers at the bend of the river marked the edge of an ancient developed Ujjain.<br />
5.8.3 Vaishya Tekri<br />
In a separate excavation at a mound called Vaishya Tekri, a Buddhist stupa associated with<br />
Chandrapratjyot’s wife and brick lined during Ashoka’s times stands witness to the antiquity<br />
of religious discourse in the region. The sites find mention in canonical texts of Buddhists,<br />
Jains and Hindus.<br />
5.8.4 Other sites<br />
There are other sites of Shunga, Kushan, Gupta and Parmara periods that have been<br />
destroyed by some isolated yet detrimental incidents of history and should also find place in<br />
the unearthing of past. These were glorious phases of our past that brought out the best in the<br />
art, architecture, literature, dance, drama, music, astronomy and other intellectual pursuits of<br />
our civilization. We owe respect and duties towards such times and its people.<br />
5.8.4.1 Excavation in selected areas<br />
After careful study and research of the ancient sites it is proposed that the excavation,<br />
conservation and interpretation of these highly important sites should find mention in the<br />
City Development Plan. The act of excavation and presentation complements the ancient<br />
practice of Simhasta and presence of Mahakala in the area. The application of modern<br />
sciences to reveal the ancient material heritage (tangible) can be matched with the pilgrims’<br />
continued reaffirmation of the values and beliefs’ (non-tangible) of the ancient.<br />
5.8.4.2 Preservation of selected areas<br />
It is the practice of the ASI to excavate such sites and to fill them up if it cannot be preserved.<br />
It is proposed that these sites should be preserved for the people to see and absorb so as to<br />
inculcate pride and belief in themselves. One would ask why the people of the country have<br />
been kept out of this exercise till now for which there are no convincing answers.<br />
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5.8.4.3 Reconstruction of selected areas<br />
Careful research and study of the excavated material should lead one to better understanding<br />
of what was the lived environment that brought such excellence in the fields of literature and<br />
science. A careful reconstruction of selected phases is recommended so as to make the<br />
experience of the past more comprehendible to the untrained.<br />
Since the older gets lower in stratography, the reconstruction can be done at various depths of<br />
various layers of history. Enclosures over the reconstructed site would keep it safe from the<br />
elements and would make it easier to contextualize the present in relation to the past. This<br />
would also attract tourists and bring in revenue to sustain the management of such an<br />
exercise.<br />
5.8.4.4 Site as a Museum and Interpretation Area<br />
Interpretation can take place at several levels and more than one voice can be vocalized. The<br />
target audience could be anyone from the school and college students to visitors from abroad<br />
and from domestic tourists to pilgrims (who need less affirmation of the past as they live it<br />
periodically and are our resource to understand the values and practices of the material<br />
revealed during excavation).<br />
5.8.4.4.1 Stratography<br />
The archaeological deposits that form layers or strata can be interpreted to the people in a pit<br />
showing various layers.<br />
5.8.4.4.2 Tools, methodology<br />
The tools and methodology applied for revealing the hidden layers can be shown in the<br />
museum.<br />
5.8.4.4.3 Paths and walk through<br />
Walkways around the site with excavation pits and corridors that can be largely landscaped<br />
and interspersed with sheltered indoor exhibits and interpretation centers.<br />
5.8.4.4.4 Display and exhibits<br />
Material from the site but currently in museums can be replicated in a real life situation here.<br />
Temples, residences, towns, fort walls, moats etc. can be shown virtually through<br />
computerized projections and presentations.<br />
Excavated material can be displayed to make sense of the structural remains.<br />
5.8.4.4.5 Parks, gardens and picnic spots (all with interpretations)<br />
The larger area can be developed into landscaped areas with pathways and walkways with<br />
spots for picnic. Well drawn out facility centers such as food areas, toilets, handicraft shops<br />
along with signboards, pamphlets and guide books should make it interesting and meaningful<br />
to the visitors, be they pilgrims or secular tourists from abroad or from within the country.<br />
5.8.4.4.6 Souvenirs and Crafts<br />
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The coming of tourists should result in income generating activities. Bhairongarh nearby is<br />
famous for its prints and rangai work while metal craft of today can trace its antiquity to as<br />
early as 5 th century BCE. The crafts of the region should find a market at such spots. The<br />
concept of handicraft and handloom Haat has been tried out successfully at Bhopal, Delhi<br />
and other centers. By all standards Ujjain appears to be an ideal place for such a market.<br />
5.8.4.5 Funding<br />
Since Nagar Nigam does not have the expertise or the fund to implement such projects it is<br />
proposed that the project be implemented jointly with experts from ASI or State Archaeology<br />
Dept., Vikram University or other such organizations. Funds to implement such a project can<br />
also be sought from cultural funding organizations such as Dorabji Tata Trust or International<br />
funding bodies such as UNESCO, Ford Foundation, Getty Foundation etc.<br />
5.8.4.6 Management<br />
Once the project is accomplished the project can be managed by Culture department of the<br />
State or the ASI or Nagar Nigam can also lease out the property for management to some<br />
professional body. The income accruing from the center can be shared on some formula<br />
derived for the purpose.<br />
5.8.4.7 Development Bindu<br />
It is seen that projects of this kind act as a bindu (nodal point) for development. Currently the<br />
archaeological mounds are notified as protected by the ASI but the land is being leased out to<br />
brick makers or potters, a practice that has to stop immediately. This is also an area that is<br />
regulated under the Mela Act. Facilities developed under the project can be utilized by the<br />
akharas that are allotted land for camping during Simhasta but the entire area must remain<br />
open with no construction, even of a temporary nature, strictly prohibited.<br />
5.8.4.8 Road, Transportation and Parking<br />
The ‘Pracheen Ujjain (Ek Jhalak)’ can be linked by way of path/ road to the ghats, Bhartahari<br />
Gupha and Kal Bhairon temple.<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY – PRAU- BH-1/ds 1<br />
1 Identification<br />
of Pracheen<br />
sites<br />
2 Excavations<br />
both horizontal<br />
and vertical<br />
Site contour survey of entire Bhairav area. This<br />
should be combined with extensive field survey for<br />
archaeological remains and pottery. Marking of<br />
these spots and spread on the map. Photographic<br />
survey. Monument survey. To be done by experts in<br />
archaeological/ historical/ cultural/ religious studies<br />
of an area approx. 500 acres<br />
The excavation is a slow process but should be<br />
conducted continuously for minimum 2 years by a<br />
team under expert guidance of an archaeologist and<br />
25 lakh<br />
305 lakh<br />
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type<br />
identified<br />
places.<br />
of<br />
consisting of an architect historian, historian,<br />
assistant archaeologist, draftsman and labour.<br />
Visiting experts to be provided for, based on the<br />
needs from time to time. Preservation and restoration<br />
of monuments.<br />
3 Site<br />
development<br />
and<br />
landscaping<br />
including<br />
location of<br />
building,<br />
pathways,<br />
boundary wall<br />
etc.<br />
The site development to take place under competent<br />
Architect with good understanding of historical and<br />
archaeological sites and interpretation. Large open<br />
spaces of archaeological importance to be left<br />
undisturbed. Mythology and Myth Trail with<br />
interpretation panels, find spots etc.<br />
330 lakh<br />
4 Buildings and<br />
galleries to<br />
shelter the<br />
excavations<br />
and shifting of<br />
jail from<br />
Bhairongarh<br />
fort.<br />
To be done under Architect who can interpret<br />
archaeological sites and develop interpretations<br />
5000 lakh<br />
5 Interior and<br />
interpretation<br />
including<br />
computerized<br />
projection<br />
Simulated image projections, sound system, colour<br />
schemes etc.<br />
1600 lakh<br />
6 Sigh boards,<br />
brochures,<br />
books,<br />
pamphlets and<br />
other<br />
publishing<br />
material<br />
150 lakh<br />
7 Trained staff<br />
including<br />
guides and<br />
others of<br />
general<br />
category and<br />
their salary<br />
Till the time the project becomes sustainable in 5<br />
years<br />
300 lakh<br />
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Responsible<br />
Agency<br />
UMC/UDA and other Deptt.<br />
Total<br />
7710 lakh<br />
5.9 Pracheen Gyan Vishwavidyalaya. (Ancient Knowledge University)<br />
5.9.1 Concept<br />
Made in the pattern of Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya (IGRMS), the center should aim to fill<br />
the gap between ancient knowledge and modern knowledge. Needless to say its primary<br />
objective would be scientific investigations into the indigenous knowledge, but its role would<br />
encompass a much larger area of disbursement of the knowledge and expanding its horizons.<br />
5.9.2 Scope<br />
The Indian way of thinking is holistic and it would therefore be most suitable to have all the<br />
knowledge collection under one roof. As Sanskrit was the language of discourse and English<br />
the language of modern sciences, it would be imperative to impart both the languages<br />
simultaneously.<br />
A state of the art library for ancient languages, literature, scientific literature, architectural<br />
literature etc. with facilities of interlibrary borrowing from international libraries such as<br />
Library of Congress in New York or British Library in London, should form the backbone of<br />
the university.<br />
Once the candidate gets a grip on the languages the ancient texts of science could be tested in<br />
labs that should be equipped with the most precise and technologically advanced equipments.<br />
Astronomical science should be equipped with telescopes and other precision instruments<br />
and also have linkages with institutes of modern Astronomy. In memory of Varahamihir and<br />
later Jai Singh the science can be revived and given a future.<br />
Applied astronomy had a great impact on the Town Planning and Architecture, which was<br />
one of the most advanced sciences of ancient sciences, should be imparted both theoretically<br />
and practically. Research into the ancient texts should form part of the curriculum. It should<br />
be kept in mind that Samrangansutradhara by Raja Bhoja, the most important treatises of<br />
town planning, was written here in Malwa. Sthapatya Kala was so integral to architecture and<br />
town planning that the study on the subject is incomplete without taking that into account.<br />
Chitra Kala and Sthapatya Kala went hand in hand. As early as 2 nd century CE the plastered<br />
‘anda’ of the stupa was painted over completely, an example that was followed right from the<br />
earliest temples.<br />
The truth is that Natya Shastra was another facet of architecture, Sthapatya and Chitra Kala<br />
which was in turn integral to astronomical and astrological knowledge and incorporated the<br />
science of medicine, botany etc. Ujjain has been the Nagri of Kalidasa and the best way to<br />
pay obeisance to him would be to promote and revive the art of Sanskrit Natya Shastra and<br />
what better place to do it than Ujjain.<br />
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Medicinal science (Ayurveda) should be equipped with all the materials and their testing labs<br />
required to understand the effect of ingredients in the formation of medicines.<br />
The complex should also be equipped with a Museum and Shopping Mall with provision for<br />
selling books, equipments, medicines, and other byproducts of the above exercise. Training<br />
center for the crafts related to the above knowledge should be incorporated and auditoriums<br />
where performances could be staged and lectures can be held. Residences for crafts person<br />
and temporary accommodation for visiting faculty should also be considered.<br />
Effort should be made that Pracheen Gyan Vigyan Vishwa Vidhyalaya should dovetail with<br />
the existing scheme of the Government of Madhya Pradesh with the name of Shri Panini<br />
Sanskrit Vishwa Vidhyalaya (SPSVV). The SPSVV was declared to be established at Ujjain<br />
by the government of Madhya Pradesh on the 15th August 06 for which the legislature has<br />
been passed and an amount of Rs 6.79 crores budgeted. 100 acres of land near Lal Pul and<br />
railway crossing of Chintaman has been selected for the purpose.<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY – PRAGYV- VUK-12/ds 1<br />
Component<br />
Name<br />
Gyan Vishwavidhyalaya<br />
Approx. amount<br />
(Rs in lakh)<br />
1 Location An area of approx. 25 – 50 plus acres is required<br />
which can be either procured within the city at<br />
Nazarali Mill compound where Nagar Nigam office<br />
is located or near Vikram University.<br />
200<br />
2 Buildings It should be designed in atypal Ujjain style of<br />
architecture, replicating streets and lanes with old<br />
wooden facades, Maybe reproducing streets that are<br />
lost to us due to widening of roads. The entire<br />
exercise is based on research and exact replication<br />
of lost streets and lanes using the same technology<br />
and setting a standard by itself. Detailed<br />
documentation of the existing and of the<br />
construction should act as teaching tools in the<br />
architecture section and displayed in the museum.<br />
2000<br />
3 Interiors In modern style with high capacity computers and<br />
high-speed internet facilities. The museum to be<br />
furnished with facility for screening walkthrough<br />
simulations of ancient towns and buildings etc. An<br />
efficient environment and equipped labs with right<br />
quality of light. Library to be equipped with<br />
computerized catalogues and easy retrieval system.<br />
4 Landscaping Water channels as suthradhar should tie the various<br />
parts of the building so that the entire university<br />
works in unison. Van (forests) particularly<br />
Mahakal van should be replicated at some place<br />
1000<br />
200<br />
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5 Equipments<br />
and material<br />
6 Staff and<br />
Salaries<br />
here.<br />
Books, manuscripts, museum exhibits, high<br />
capacity equipments, state of the art scientific<br />
equipments etc.<br />
Scientists in the field of Sanskrit, Astronomy,<br />
Architecture etc. plus all the resident staff<br />
3000<br />
300<br />
7 Signage Directional sign boards and information sign boards 25<br />
8 Software<br />
development<br />
Special software will have to be developed for<br />
simulation of ancient towns, astronomical studies<br />
etc.<br />
30<br />
INITIAL FINANCIAL SUPPORT<br />
TOTAL 6755<br />
1 Building Ministry of Tourism and Culture Dept of the State, cultural<br />
funding organizations such as Ford foundation, Getty<br />
foundation, UNESCO etc.<br />
2 University Staff and<br />
equipment<br />
3 Equipments and<br />
materials<br />
University Grants Commission, Ministry of Science and<br />
Technology<br />
University Grants Commission, Higher Education Dept.<br />
5.10 Kaliadeh Resort<br />
Located to the north of the city and just beyond the limits of Pracheen Ujjain is the historic<br />
center of Kaliadeh. Leisure of the environment and scenic beauty of its location makes it one<br />
of the ideal spots for the tourists to stay. Luxury tourism brings in livelihood alternatives and<br />
helps in alleviation of poverty. The reason why this area should be taken up for development<br />
is that it contains Jal Mahal, which is unique and un-replicable in its technology of water<br />
system and palace building. It is also aesthetically a marvelous building with roots of its<br />
antiquity leading to pre-destruction times. It is an ancient site of Sun temple revived by the<br />
Scindias by building a new Sun temple. It is an archaeological site and till the time we are<br />
ready to look into the past properly, it needs to be kept in a state that facilitates such an action<br />
in future.<br />
Development of the site can be a good example of Public - People Participation where<br />
Culture Department, Scindia’s Trust and other bodies involved could work towards its<br />
revival.<br />
Although the question of ownership is complicated but not un-solvable as large part of the<br />
property belongs to the government while some of it is under dispute. The Sun temple<br />
however is with the Scindias.<br />
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5.10.1.1 Physical and Historical background<br />
Jal Mahal and Kaliadeh are part of each other. Constructed on the western stream of Kshipra<br />
river that bifurcates into two towards the south of Jal Mahal, Sultan Nasir-ud-din Khilji, the<br />
Sultan of Malwa- Mandu constructed this Jal Mahal in 1458 CE as a water resort to enjoy the<br />
cool environment that provided relief to his perpetually intoxicated state. The water of the<br />
western stream was trained to pass through 52 kunds and channels while the eastern stream<br />
was dammed to hold a reservoir. The Sultan is known to have spent all his time soaking in<br />
the waters of the tanks of the palace where he was later found dead.<br />
Ain-e-Akbari mentions Akbar’s appreciation of the intricacies and technicalities of the water<br />
system of the water palace while his son Jehangir shared the luxury of the waters with the<br />
resident Sultan. The beauty of the place attracts people even in its dilapidated state today.<br />
Surya Mandir constructed by the Scindias is built on a mound towards the east and overlooks<br />
the reservoir of the eastern stream. Currently owned by the Scindias the temple is in a state of<br />
neglect and needs immediate conservation efforts.<br />
The larger complex containing the Jal Mahal and Surya temple also has other structures of<br />
heritage importance such as the guesthouse and the serai towards the west. Much of these<br />
existing structures can be put to commercial use with little effort and imagination.<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY-KDR-KDSK/5/ds1<br />
1 Stop Dam 50<br />
2 Conservation of Jal<br />
Mahal and bridge<br />
3 Restoration of<br />
Janana Mahal<br />
towards the west<br />
of Jal Mahal<br />
4 Guest house of<br />
Scindias<br />
This work is to be done under supervision of<br />
conservationist and under scheduled program starting<br />
from documentation, measured drawings and<br />
conservation<br />
The work is to done under supervision of<br />
conservationist and under scheduled program starting<br />
from documentation, measured drawings and<br />
conservation.<br />
Conservation and furnishing of guest house for the use<br />
of tourists<br />
500<br />
300<br />
200<br />
5 Landscaping,<br />
gates, fountains<br />
etc.<br />
Landscape architect should design the area 100<br />
6 For the management of the site state Tourism Dept.<br />
should be involved<br />
Total 1150<br />
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5.11 Mill Kshetra - Flower mart<br />
5.11.1 Character and Current use<br />
“Periplus of the Erythrean sea” written in 2 nd Century CE mentions Ujjain as a noted trading<br />
centre where onyx stones, porcelain, fine muslins, mallow-coloured muslins” and “ no small<br />
quantities of ordinary cotton” as well as spikenard, kostus and bdellium were exported<br />
through the port of Barugaza or Baroach in Surat.<br />
In 1585 the traveler Robert Fitch visited the town ad remarks on the extensive local trade in<br />
raw cotton goods and the “great store of drugs”.<br />
The textile mills of Ujjain were part of this tradition and today stand desolate and ruined. Fall<br />
of a great tradition. Yet the large shop floors of an industry are great assets and can be used in<br />
variety of ways like Flower marts etc.<br />
5.11.2 Proposal<br />
It is proposed that space available in the abandoned mill compounds such as Nazar Mill,<br />
should be utilized for trading activities of indigenously produced goods. It should be<br />
mentioned here that Ujjain has got great flouriculture potential and is one activity that needs<br />
focus and promotion. It is a trade that has one of the high growth rates and has global<br />
market.The flowers are exported to Dahod, Baroda, Surat, Mumbai , Delhi and Chennai.<br />
The table below shows the production details of flowers in the Ujjain District:<br />
S<br />
no<br />
Flower Ujjain Ghatia Khachrod Nagda Badnagar Mahidpur Tarana Total<br />
Area<br />
Ha<br />
Ton Ha Ton Ha Ton Ha Ton Ha Ton Ha Ton Ha Ton Ha Ton<br />
1 Rose 229 4580 35 680 5 90 3.5 65 3 60 2 38 0.5 9 278 5515<br />
2 Marigold 344 3355 15 150 5 40 4.5 45 5 40 1 8 0.5 4 375 3642<br />
3 Jasmine 29 29 12 10 2 2 1 1 1 1 45 43<br />
4 Chrysanthi<br />
mum small<br />
40 390 7 70 3 30 1 9 1 9 52 508<br />
5<br />
Chrysanthi<br />
mum 254 3770 3 75 4 55 4 50 3 45 5 65 1 15 274 4075<br />
annual<br />
6 Gailladia 24 360 3 45 27 405<br />
7 Others<br />
Total 920 12484 75 1030 17 215 15 171 13 155 9 112 2 28 1051 14188<br />
Source : Office of the Deputy Director Horticulture.<br />
The shop floors can be used as “FLOWER MART ”where flowers growers associations of<br />
Ujjain and neighbouring associations are facilitated to establish their forward and backward<br />
linkages from flower growers- wholesale buyers-shippers-retailers. The spaces around can be<br />
used for the following activities:<br />
• Flower shows,<br />
• Inviting exporters<br />
• Vendors<br />
• Seeds<br />
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• Gardening ware<br />
• Bonsai<br />
• Landscape people<br />
• Lecture halls<br />
• Accessories etc.<br />
Peripheral activities such as herbal raw material and product people can be involved.<br />
5.11.3 Funding<br />
The activity can be supported for initial financing by Flower Export Association or the<br />
Madhya Pradesh Agro Industrial Corporation.<br />
PROPOSAL SUMMARY – FM-MK-7/DS1<br />
1 Conservation and restoration of remaining portion of the ruined<br />
mill such as chimney etc.<br />
2 Developing ‘Flower Mart’ in the remaining areas where forward<br />
and backward linkages for the flower growers can be established.<br />
This would mean linkages with whole sale dealers, shippers,<br />
retailers, Promotional and diversification efforts, offices, lecture<br />
halls, shopping mall for accessories of flower related products<br />
such as pots, cards, vases, manure, ribbons, packaging material,<br />
landscape designing, tissue culture and all horticulture related<br />
products and services. To be designed by heritage/conservation<br />
architect<br />
300<br />
700<br />
3 Landscape 100<br />
Total 1100<br />
5.12 Myths and Mythologies<br />
Ujjain is a city of myths and mythologies. As mentioned earlier the city is a landscape of<br />
ancient treatises. Kalidasa, Skandapuran, Buddhist and Jain texts refer to the place in several<br />
ways. Several stories of wisdom are enacted in this landscape such as Simhasana Battisie and<br />
Vikram aur Betal. It is proposed that the oral tradition be addressed and Son-et-lumire<br />
(Sound and light) implemented along the banks of Kshipra.<br />
Town and Country map of Ujjain demarcates woods along the banks of the river. The ghats<br />
of the rivers include 6 ½ sacred shamshans with historicity of mythical era where Siva<br />
danced and kept his kapala. The samshans include Chakratirtha Shamshan, Kal Bhairav<br />
Shamshan, Vikrant Bhairav Shamshan, Triveni Shamshan, Pavasa Shamshan, Rajamal ghat<br />
Shamshan and burial shamshan for infants where they burial takes place, All along the ghats<br />
are proposed Vans and these forests can be planted with Sound and Light program in mind.<br />
This would ensure its proper use and maintenance which can be built into the development<br />
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proposal. Vikram aur Betal stories can be enacted and brought to life providing<br />
entertainment, moral teachings and cultural rooting to the tourists and residents alike. Spaces<br />
for enactment of Ram-lila that was the traditional cultural manifestation would form special<br />
feature.<br />
PROJECT SUMMARY KS-GH-10/1<br />
Item Work Description Amount in<br />
Rs lakh<br />
1 Plantation of trees Designing of landscape and horticulture<br />
advise by landscape architect, plantation of<br />
trees, seating area, lawn and landscape areas<br />
400<br />
2 Sound and Light<br />
program<br />
conceptualizing,<br />
recording and<br />
implementation<br />
3 Misc. for brochure<br />
printing, signage etc.<br />
Professional body such as Philips to design<br />
and execute the work complete with all<br />
equipments and sound recording with best<br />
known voices and music to work on<br />
Operation and Maintenance basis.<br />
700<br />
20<br />
Total 1120<br />
AGENCIES<br />
1 Forest Department/<br />
UMC<br />
Operation and Maintenance<br />
2 Religious trusts Financing<br />
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5.13 Religious Activities and Tourism<br />
One of the most important functions of the<br />
city of Ujjain is to cater to religious pursuits.<br />
A large number of persons come to the city<br />
during religious fairs such as Simhastha and<br />
cultural functions like ‘Kalidas Samaroh’. The<br />
influx of people from outside ranges between<br />
25 thousand to a lakh depending on the<br />
importance of the function and fair. During<br />
such gatherings the existing services and<br />
amenities are strained to a breaking point<br />
causing inconvenience to the visitors and<br />
anxiety to the administration.<br />
It, therefore, needs to be stated it in detail<br />
Figure 5-2 Sinhasta<br />
5.13.1 Simhastha<br />
Simhastha is the great bathing festival of<br />
Ujjain. It is celebrated in a cycle of twelve<br />
years when Jupiter enters the Leo sign of the<br />
zodiac, known as Simha Rashi. Ceremonial<br />
bathing in the holy waters of Kshipra begins<br />
with the full moon day of Chaitra month and<br />
continues throughout the succeeding month of<br />
Vaishakh culminating on tenth full moon day.<br />
Tradition calls for ten different factors to be<br />
located for the grand festival at Ujjain.<br />
According to the Puranas, the legendary<br />
churning of the ocean by the gods (Devas) and Figure 5-3 Pilgrims at river Kshipra for the holy dip<br />
demons (Danavas) yielded, amongst other things, a jar (Kumbha) full of nectar (Amrita).<br />
Gods did not like to share it with demons. At the instance of Indra, his son Jayanta tried to<br />
run away with the jar and was naturally followed by some of the demons. During the struggle<br />
for its possession lasting over twelve days in heaven, a few drops of the nectar dropped at the<br />
four places, corresponding with Haridwar, Prayag, Ujjain and Nasik on the earth. The drops<br />
of nectar were received by the holy rivers at these places. The struggle for the possession of<br />
the nectar-jar (Amrita-Kumbha) lasted for twelve days in heaven, the equivalent time being<br />
twelve years on the earth.<br />
The festival at the other three places is known by the more popular name Kumbha. The cycle<br />
of twelve years is common to all the four places. Different planetary positions, like the<br />
crossing of Jupiter into Leo sign and certain other conjunctions for the fair at Ujjain, are<br />
noted for the kumbha-fair at these other places also. Besides being a city of remarkable<br />
cultural traditions, Ujjain is cited among the seven cities of sacred merit in India.<br />
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5.13.1.1 Mela Authority<br />
Government has constituted Mela Authority to organize the management of the event in<br />
which Sadhus, and worshippers of Shiva and Vishnu and their sects come in full force<br />
through their Jamats, Akharas, Pandals, Pravachans, Karma-Kands. One of the duties of the<br />
Authority is to formulate a working plan of the mela such that assets can be created so as to<br />
maximize the services to the pilgrims and visitors to this twelve yearly event.<br />
5.13.2 Other Religious fairs and activities<br />
The city attracts large number of pilgrims and tourists throughout the year. Religious fairs<br />
and melas are held on religious occasions when a large number of persons visit the city. The<br />
important fairs are Kumbha Mela. Kartik Poornima, Ganga Mela, Nav Durga Maha-Shivratri,<br />
etc.<br />
The fairs and The festivals take place weekly, fortnightly, yearly and periodically in Ujjain.<br />
Some are considered very auspicious. The month wise distribution of these festivals and the<br />
estimated floating population on these occasions are shown in table below:<br />
Table 5-1Important religious events and the expected population in Ujjain<br />
S no<br />
Festival/Mela<br />
Period (month)<br />
1. Simhastha/Kumbh After every 12<br />
yrs<br />
2. Vaishakah Snan Chaitra purnima<br />
Vaishakah<br />
purnima<br />
Duration<br />
(days)<br />
Place<br />
Estimated<br />
No.<br />
visitors<br />
30 Mela ground 1-2 crore<br />
30<br />
Near Badnagar<br />
bridge,Ramghat<br />
and triveni<br />
20-25,000<br />
of<br />
3. Panchkroshi Yatra Vaishakah 5 Mangalnath 25-50,000<br />
4. Ganga Pujan<br />
Ganga Snan<br />
Ganga Dashehra<br />
Vaishakah Jaisth<br />
9-11<br />
Ramghat<br />
Ganga Ghat<br />
20-25,000<br />
20-25,000<br />
5. Durga Shivavratra Ashadh 10 Gar kalika 20-25,000<br />
6. Kartik Snan Kartik purnima<br />
Near Badnagar 50-75,000<br />
to<br />
agrahayan<br />
Purnima<br />
30<br />
7. Makar Sankranti Paush 1-2 Mahakal temple 25-30,000<br />
8. Magh Snan Magh Purnima Near Badnagar 20-25,000<br />
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Phalgun purnima 30 Bridge and<br />
Triveni<br />
9. Maha Shivratri Magh/Phalgun 1-2 Mahakal Temple<br />
50-75,000<br />
Table 5-2Floating population in other fairs<br />
Total Registered tourists 1825000<br />
Nag panchami 100000<br />
Amavasya purnima snan 600000<br />
Varoni fest 10000<br />
Anant chaturdashi 500000<br />
Mahakal savan sawari 700000<br />
5.13.3 Activities centred around Mela and Festivals<br />
5.13.3.1 Akhadas :<br />
Sadhus of different sects constitute a high percentage of the total number of pilgrims. They<br />
are Naga Samprayadaya, Udasi Sampradya,Nath Sampradaya,Achrya Sampradya etc.<br />
5.13.3.2 Dharmshalas,Hotels &Lodges :<br />
There are 25 dharmashalas and 14 hotels and lodges. But these are not sufficient to<br />
accommodate the large floating population. Another major problem is that they remain<br />
vacant in rest of the period when no activities are taking place.<br />
5.13.3.3 Camping Ground :<br />
Staying in open space has become a usual feature during the important melas as it is free and<br />
is near to temples and ghats. Although temporary arrangements regarding drinking water<br />
supply, drainage, lighting etc are made by the mela authority, yet it often proves to be<br />
inadequate. Most of the pilgrims bring food materials with them for being cooked in the open<br />
space. So, the entire area becomes dirty and filthy.<br />
5.13.3.4 Ghats :<br />
Image of Ujjain is contributed by two elements<br />
temples and river Kshipra. Image of the river is<br />
read from its Ghats, the water-city interface. Most<br />
of the Ghats were built by Marathas on pre-existed<br />
consolidated river banks. There are about 15<br />
Ghats along river Kshipra. At Ramghat steps,<br />
landing strips, projecting platforms and temples<br />
Figure 5-4 Shpra aarti<br />
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present themselves in various combinations to create a changing scenario along the length of<br />
the Ghats creating a sculptural appearance. Most of the other ghats are newly built and<br />
unsympathetic towards the traditional designs and only done to fulfill functional aspects of<br />
the Ghats.<br />
The chapters that follow deal with the problems of infrastructure such as water supply,<br />
drainage and sewerage, road and transportation, electricity distribution and matters such as<br />
poverty alleviation and livelihoods, etc. However, at the micro level of the Heritage Kshetras<br />
the network of the infrastructure has to be predicated on the imperative need to protect and<br />
conserve (in fact, enhance) the cultural assets of the Kshetra.<br />
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6 Urban Pllanniing and lland Usse Managementt<br />
6.1 Introduction<br />
The study of land use and growth pattern gives an idea of the trends the city is following as<br />
well as the future demands of the city. In the following chapter an analysis of the growth<br />
pattern, land use and land management has been done for Ujjain city. The City is a popular<br />
religious centre, well known for its temples and has a strong heritage image. It is a major<br />
trading centre in agriculture produce such as food grains, vegetables and fruits. Ujjain is the<br />
second largest city of "Indore Agro Industrial Region" notified under MPTown & Country<br />
Planning Act (1973) which consists of six other districts viz. Indore, Dewas, Ratlam,<br />
Mandsaur, Dhar and Jhabua.<br />
The present chapter deals with the Land use and land management analysis of the city at first<br />
and subsequently talks about the Heritage related issues.<br />
6.1.1 Physical Characteristics<br />
The city is well connected by roads and railways with important urban centres and is<br />
connected by a broad gauge railway to Bhopal, Indore, Dewas, Nagda and Ratlam and by a<br />
meter gauge line to Indore, Badnagar and Ratlam.<br />
The city situated on the banks of Shipra, is one of the seven most important religious centres<br />
in the country. There are many ghats on the eastern bank of the river viz. Gaughat, Narsingh<br />
ghat, Ram ghat, Chhatri ghat, Ganga ghat, Mangalnath ghatand Sidhwat ghat.<br />
Places of historical importance are: Bharthari Caves, Choubis Khamba Gate, Bina-niv-ki<br />
Masjid, Kaliadeh, water palace, the old sarai and Jaisingh Observatory. Religious temples<br />
include: Mahakal Gopal temple, Harisiddhi and Triveni.<br />
6.1.1.1 Ujjain planning area and Municipal area<br />
Ujjain planning area is 15182.52 hectare and had a population of 441840 according to 2001<br />
census. The Ujjain municipal area has 54 wards with a total area of 9268.10 hectare (92.68<br />
sq.kms) and population of 430427 according to 2001 census.<br />
TThhee SSt taaggeess oof f Grroowt thh<br />
• Pre 1938 period: During this period, Ujjain was the capital of Lashkar or Gwalior. It<br />
was under the rule of Scindias. The city received maximum attention under the<br />
Scindias. This period witnessed various developments like pucca roads, railway links,<br />
hospitals, etc. Ujjain developed its identity as a great religious and cultural centre as<br />
well as an emerging centre for the textile industry (establishment of 4 textile mills in<br />
1915, development of Freeganj area as an octroi free area in 1930 and development of<br />
several cotton and spinning factories on Agar road from 1920 to 1930 ).<br />
• 1938 to 1968: Maximum development in SE part in terms of residential and<br />
institutional land use followed by NW part in residential use took place in this period.<br />
These developments can be accredited to various factors. This phase saw the<br />
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emergence of Freeganj area as a major commercial area. Major educational<br />
institutions like Vikram University, Government polytechnic, Engineering College<br />
and Industrial Training Institute also came up.<br />
• The development of Vikram Vatika catered to the need for greens in the city.<br />
Establishment of various large-scale industries like Dalda factory, Spun pipe factory<br />
on Dewas road, etc also contributed to the development. The addition of broad gauge<br />
railway line connecting Ujjain, Dewas and Indore led to new industrial developments<br />
in the region. Several new housing and rehabilitation schemes were also implemented<br />
in this time. The establishment of Chimangunj Mandi for agricultural produce also led<br />
to a major commercial change in the 60’s.<br />
• 1968 to 1979: Major development in SE part of the city in terms of residential and<br />
industrial areas was followed by developments in NE and NW parts. These<br />
developments trace their origin to certain activities, which took place during this<br />
period. This period saw the establishment of several educational institutions like girls<br />
inter college, government middle school and junior college, etc. A 33 KV power<br />
supply station was also set up near Freeganj area, which helped, in the further spread<br />
of industrial and residential areas.<br />
• The establishment of Ujjain bus depot made commuting easier and faster and the<br />
industrial estate on Maksi road further propagated industrial development. Several<br />
major housing projects and private residential colonies were also taken up like:<br />
Lakshmi Nagar. Development of cultural complex and archaeological museum near<br />
the university were also contributors to the residential developments. Brick quarrying<br />
areas were provided along the SE banks of Kshipra. But this led to the development of<br />
squatters in the area. An ancillary industrial estate was also established in NE.<br />
• 1979 to 1985: Marked development in residential, institutional and industrial areas<br />
occurred in the northeast followed by development in residential areas increase in the<br />
southeast. This period saw the development of Urban Development Authority in late<br />
70’s. Thus, public housing became a major criterion for development. New private<br />
residential colonies started coming up.<br />
• New roads were formed joining Vikram Vatika to Maksi road. This enabled the<br />
development of residential colonies in the vacant land North of Vikram Vatika.<br />
Soyabean extraction plants were set up on Dewas road. Cultural institutions like<br />
Kalidas Academy were set up. Development of office complexes on Dewas road and<br />
development of several private colonies and slums and squatter development<br />
programmes were also taken up. Development of road connecting Gopal mandi and<br />
Hari Phatak Crossing made the old city accessible for development. A wholesale cloth<br />
market was also set up near Lajpat Rai Marg and the development of shopping<br />
complexes by UDA led to development of the industrial sector.<br />
6.1.2 Ujjain Development Plan, 1991<br />
The Ujjain Development Plan 1991published in 1975 under the provision of section 23 (2)<br />
read with section 18 (1) of MP Town & country Planning Act, and approved by the State<br />
Government under section 19 of MP Town & Country Planning Act in 1973. The plan of<br />
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1975 identifies goals for a well-planned city and accordingly proposes future landuse. City's<br />
Functions identified in the UDP 1991;<br />
• Religious Centre<br />
• Trade and Commerce Centre<br />
• Industrial Centre<br />
• Educational Centre<br />
Ovveerrvvi ieew<br />
• UDP 1991 indicates all the use zones (divisions) such as residential, commercial,<br />
industrial, public and semi-public, recreational, transportation and agriculture.<br />
• UDP 1991 has projected a population of 4.5 lakhs by 1991 and 7 lakhs by 2001for the<br />
entire planning area.<br />
• UDP 1991 indicates all the use zones (divisions) such as residential, commercial,<br />
industrial, public and semi-public, recreational, transportation and agriculture.<br />
• UDP 1991 has projected a population of 4.5 lakhs by 1991 and 7 lakhs by 2001for the<br />
entire planning area.<br />
• UDP 1991 plan has wide ranging proposals for road widening in the old city area,<br />
which, due to practical reasons, have been very difficult to implement as they involved<br />
extensive acquisition of private properties where the land value is very high and<br />
development is dense. Rather, innovative and more practical approaches to decongestion<br />
of public streets by adopting a mix of options such as pedestrianization,<br />
traffic routing systems, and limited road widening would have been appropriate.<br />
On the whole, the Ujjain Development Plan, 1991, is over optimistic. This, coupled with<br />
inadequate implementation capacities of the implementing agencies, resulted in large-scale<br />
variations between the planned development for 1991 and the actual development by 1994, as<br />
evidenced from the table below:<br />
Table 6-1 Components of the Ujjain Development Plan 1991<br />
S.No. Component Key provisions in UDP1991 Comments<br />
1. Area and In 1971, housing shortage was<br />
Housing In 8255 housing units. It includes<br />
Development backlog up to 1971, houses unfit<br />
for human habilitation and areas<br />
with poor living condition.<br />
Future residential development<br />
was mainly planned in the eastern<br />
part of Sanwer road and northern<br />
side of existing mill area.<br />
Some residential areas have also<br />
been proposed: behind<br />
Chimanganj mandi, on the westem<br />
side of Sanwer road on the eastern<br />
side of Vikram University.<br />
No reliable data available about the<br />
development nature of housing need<br />
and supply.<br />
In south of Ujjain (new Ujjain), UDA<br />
has been developing residential areas.<br />
Two major centrally sponsored slum<br />
improvement & poverty alleviation<br />
programmes implemented by UMC<br />
namely the Swarna Jayanti Sahari<br />
RozgarYojana (SJSRY) and the<br />
National Slum Development<br />
Programme.<br />
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2. Industrial<br />
Development<br />
3. Traffic &<br />
Transport<br />
Behind the railway track near the<br />
proposed industrial area.<br />
Nearly 35000 persons are living in<br />
slums.<br />
The plan identifies slum areas for<br />
clearance rehabilitation and<br />
improvement.<br />
Heavy industries including<br />
extensive industries were proposed<br />
on Agar road (mill area), Maksi<br />
Road and Dewas Road.<br />
Medium and small scale industries<br />
were earmarked on Maksi Road,<br />
Dewas Road and Agar Road.<br />
Development of bypass and new<br />
roads.<br />
Development of regional bus<br />
station and terminal Development<br />
of city bus terminal Provision of<br />
parking facilities at critical<br />
locations.<br />
Most of the industries are closed and<br />
sick in Makshi road industrial area.<br />
Very few industries have come up in<br />
Nagziri industrial area.<br />
Very little has been done on the<br />
implementation of transport<br />
development proposals except<br />
regional bus terminal<br />
Source: ADB,IUDMP report 2002<br />
6.1.3 Land supply and utilization<br />
As per the survey results, the total developed area in the Ujjain planning area, which includes<br />
the fringe areas outside the UMC limits was about 2857 Ha in 2004.The total land under<br />
residential use in the Ujjain Planning area was 51 per cent, with a net residential density of<br />
about 273 persons per Ha in 1994.<br />
About 19 per cent was under roads while, 16 per cent fell under the category of public facility<br />
and utility services. Land utilization status;<br />
Table 6-2 Components of Proposed Master plan Ujjain, 2021<br />
No. Landuse<br />
Proposed area in 1991( ha)) Developed Land utilized(%)<br />
area 2005<br />
( ha)<br />
1 Residential 1460 1300 89.04<br />
2 Commercial 205 164 80.00<br />
3 Industrial 450 330 73.33<br />
4 Recreational 540 103 19.07<br />
5 Public & Semi- public 2645 (includes mela area) 2150 90.90<br />
6 Circulation 675 510 75.56<br />
Developed Area 3825 2857 74.69<br />
Source :Ujjain Development plan ,2021<br />
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The above table shows that nearly seventy five percent of land has been developed from the<br />
proposed plan. In 1991 the proposed land utilization rate per person for the commercial use<br />
was estimated to be 0.45 ha/person which came out to be 8.23ha/person in the year 2002.The<br />
proposed industrial land was estimated with 1.0 ha/1000persons and which was coming as<br />
450ha.but with the slow pace of industrial development only 330 ha land got utilized.<br />
Figure 6-1 Land use break-up and Proposed land use break up - 2021<br />
- Public Semi<br />
public<br />
16%<br />
Circulation<br />
17%<br />
Residential<br />
45%<br />
- Public Semi<br />
public<br />
16%<br />
Circulation<br />
19% Residential<br />
46%<br />
Recreation<br />
al<br />
4%<br />
Industrial<br />
12%<br />
Commercial<br />
6%<br />
Recreation<br />
al<br />
17%<br />
Industrial<br />
8%<br />
Commercial<br />
6%<br />
Table 6-3 Present And Proposed Land Use<br />
No. Landuse Area in 2004 Proposed for 2021<br />
Existing<br />
Proposed<br />
Sq.km % Sq.km %<br />
1 Residential 13.00 45.50 37.00 46.41<br />
2 Commercial 1.64 5.74 2.74 3.44<br />
3 Industrial 3.30 11.55 6.10 7.65<br />
4 Recreational 1.03 3.61 13.38 16.78<br />
5 Public & Semi- public 4.50 15.75 5.40 6.77<br />
6 Circulation 5.10 17.85 15.10 18.94<br />
Developed Area 28.57 100.00 79.72 100.00<br />
Source: Ujjain Development plan (Draft) ,2005<br />
The total land under residential use in the Ujjain Planning area is 45 per cent, which is nearly<br />
the same for proposed 2021year. About 17per cent is under roads (proposed land use under<br />
circulation comes out to be 19 %) while, 16 per cent fell under the<br />
category of public facility and utility services.<br />
The land use proposed for industrial activities has been decreased<br />
from 12 % to 8% which might be a step in the direction of conserving<br />
environment but would definitely reduce the local employment<br />
opportunities.<br />
Land allocated for commercial activities have been kept constant and<br />
on the other hand the recreational land allocation has been increased<br />
from 4% to 17%.it may have been done with a perspective of future<br />
Ujjain as a tourist city. The present land utilization rate is 6.14 hectare<br />
Figure 6-2 Tower chowk<br />
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per thousand persons which has been increased to 11.38 hectare per thousand persons.<br />
Residential use – All the major residential development can be seen in between Indore and<br />
Dewas road .Areas such as Vivekanand nagar,Sant nagar ,Shastri nagar are high<br />
density residential areas. Mixed land use can be observed along some of the<br />
roads in these areas. The residential density in some of these areas is so high and<br />
settlements are congested which results in to pressure on infrastructure and at the<br />
same time it becomes very difficult to initiate reform works.<br />
The CBD area of<br />
Ujjain -Freeganj<br />
Commercial use – The major commercial activities can be observed near areas such as<br />
Freeganj, Shaheed Park, Sabji Mandi. This area can be considered as the main CBD area of<br />
the city<br />
Sensitive areas – some parts of the city are under sensitive zone. Mela ground ,Shipra ghats<br />
and some areas in the core city are some of the sensitive areas .<br />
Industrial use- Most of the industries are sick or closed in the Makshi Road Industrial<br />
Area.Very few industries have been established in the Nagziri Industrial area The condition<br />
of roads in this area' is very poor. This is a non performing asset that is not taxed. Existing<br />
industrial layouts that are unoccupied should be priority areas to accommodate further<br />
industrial land demand or converted to any other appropriate use.<br />
6.1.3.1 Developed area<br />
The present percentage of land developed in UMC comes out to be 30.82% which is nearly<br />
constant as compared to 2001.The main reason behind the low developed area is the<br />
restriction of any development in sensitive zones (mela ground etc.).<br />
Table 6-4 Developed area under Municipal limits<br />
Year Developed land (hectare) Undeveloped land(hectare)<br />
2001/2002 2830 6438<br />
2002/2003 2830 6438<br />
2003/2004 2845 6423<br />
2004/2005 2857 6411<br />
Source:UMC,Ujjain<br />
6.1.3.2 Area and Housing Development<br />
Development is being undertaken by the Ujjain Development Authority (UDA) and the MP<br />
Housing Board (MPHB) for their colonies or commercial centres etc. as well as by the<br />
private sector on land allotted by the UDA or on privately owned land. At present, MP<br />
Housing Board does not have any scheme due to the non-availability of land within the<br />
DDeennssi iit ttyy<br />
Due to the development of newer and planned colonies outside the core old city, the<br />
residential density has gone down considerably. But due to increase in the population, the<br />
urban density of the area has shown an increase. Urban density (Persons/sqkm);<br />
Year<br />
Density (p/sqkm)<br />
1971 2050<br />
1981 2940<br />
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1991 3913<br />
2001 4644<br />
Source: UMC,Ujjain<br />
Hoouussi inngg ddeemaanndd<br />
The housing scenario in Ujjain reveals that at present there is a shortage of 19652 housing<br />
units. The estimated housing demand for the year 2011 is 33000 housing units.<br />
6.2 Growth pattern of the city<br />
The city of Ujjain is shaped by several factors. The main features which have shaped the<br />
development of Ujjain are its topography and transportation routes. The city has developed in<br />
the form of sectors. The city can be clearly divided into two parts:<br />
One being the old city, which lies north of the Broad gauge railway line: This comprises of<br />
the old historic and religious area along with the old industrial area. This area is characterized<br />
by indigenous pattern of more or less organic development. The city here has a very dense<br />
and close-knit fabric. The population density in this area is very high compared to the newer<br />
areas. The development of this area has been dictated by the flow of river Kshipra, the<br />
location and pilgrimage routes of the historic temples.<br />
The other being the new area: This comprises of the area lying south and south east of the<br />
railway line. This area started developing with the construction of the railway bridge in<br />
1930’s. The area was thus made accessible and within reach. It catered to the need for the<br />
city to expand beyond the boundaries, which existed at that time. Development in this area<br />
started with the development of Freegunj area as a residential and commercial area,<br />
accessible by three major roads: Dewas road, Maksi road and Indore road. This area thus<br />
became the nucleus for future expansion of the city.<br />
IInnt I tteer r RReel llaat tti iioonnsshhi iipp oof ff DDi iif fff ffeer reennt tt UUsseess<br />
The city core was full of incompatible land uses, i.e., land uses which do not fit in the<br />
environment of the area in which they are located due to several factors like traffic hazards,<br />
not in harmony with the surrounding land uses. For example: industrial land uses were<br />
located right in the city centre. The goods traffic generated by these factories leads to<br />
cluttering of the already narrow streets of the city. This was a major contributor to the city<br />
traffic. Such incompatible land uses had to be relocated in order to make them merge<br />
harmoniously with their surroundings but now most of the large units have closed down<br />
giving an end to the problem.<br />
Another major disadvantage is that the due to the high density of the city core, several land<br />
uses are ill housed, especially public and semi public uses, majority of which operate in<br />
unhygienic crammed up areas. Several commercial uses are also housed in residential<br />
buildings.<br />
The increasing population has overburdened the city’s transport network. The city core<br />
provides minimal scope for widening of streets. Thus, all the major streets are congested<br />
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Figure6-3 Overlap of Land Use map and Heritage Kshetras<br />
The above map shows an overlap of Heritage Kshetras over the Land use map of Ujjain city.<br />
It can be analysed from the above that the Heritage kshetras cover nearly all the “Sensitive<br />
zones” as marked under the Land use plan. The River Kshipra has been identified as the most<br />
sensitive and hence it has been included as a whole in the sensitive area list of Land use<br />
plan.It is noticeable that the Ujjain land use plan has delineated sensitive areas spotwise and<br />
on the other hand the City Development plan proposes to see Ujjain as a whole and hence all<br />
the important spots have been integrated and categorised as Kshetras.<br />
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6.3 Urban Structure and Image<br />
The built form of Ujjain is mosaic of various periods of building<br />
construction. Though most of the heritage has not survived, few<br />
buildings show the traces of the old glory that it once had in their<br />
times. In terms of an image, the city can be divided into the old<br />
city which lies on northern side as the Core City and the recent<br />
developments seen during last 50 years which is mostly on South<br />
side. The difference between the two is quite stark.<br />
The old city is organic development congested with densely<br />
located buildings which open out on narrow streets. The heights<br />
vary from ground to three storied structures. Most of the building<br />
shows amalgamation of Maratha and Rajput architecture with<br />
timber detailing. Urban development is taking over most of the historical core with old<br />
buildings being demolished and new constructed with no regards to the old fabric of the city.<br />
The city started developing on southern side during Scindia period with the development of<br />
Freeganj. It has grown in a horizontal or ribbon like form along the railway line. The<br />
architectural style shows influence of the British planning with wide roads and large open<br />
areas. Freeganj developed as commercial area has grid –iron layout with shops lined on either<br />
side of wide road with Clock Tower forming the focus. The Kothi Palace of Scindia’s is an<br />
amalgamation of Rajput and gothic styles and has an entrance influenced by the Buckingham<br />
palace.<br />
Figure 6-4 Architectural image<br />
6.3.1.1 Agencies for Plan Preparation and Implementation in Ujjain<br />
The responsibility for preparation of a master plan or development plan rests with the Town<br />
and Country Planning Organization (TCPO) of the Government of Madhya Pradesh, while<br />
plan implementation rests with the Municipal Corporation of Ujjain and the Ujjain<br />
Development Authority.<br />
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TToownn aanndd Coouunnt trryy PPl laannnni inngg Orrggaanni izzaat tioonn<br />
The TCPO is governed by the provisions of the Madhya Pradesh Nagar Tatha Gram Nivesh<br />
Niyam 1973 (the Act). The State Government, as per the provisions of the Act, can declare<br />
an area as a region and define its limit. Such areas are then taken for development and a<br />
development plan for the region is prepared by the TCPO. The main function of the<br />
department is to carry out a survey of the region, prepare an existing landuse map, and<br />
propose a development plan or regional plan as the case may be.<br />
Ujjaai<br />
inn Deevveel looppmeennt t Auut thhoorri ityy<br />
The Ujjain Development Authority (UDA) formed under the Madhya Pradesh Nagar Tatha<br />
Gram Nivesh Niyam 1973 (the Act) is responsible for the implementation of major proposals<br />
of the Development Plan prepared by the TCPO. The main objective of the UDA is to<br />
implement various schemes, by way of acquiring and developing land in line with the<br />
proposals of the development plan. Such developments are planned keeping in view the<br />
growth of the town. The primary functions of the UDA as per the Act are:<br />
• Acquisition, development and sale or leasing of land for the purpose of town<br />
expansion;<br />
• Acquisition, relaying, rebuilding, or relocating areas which have been badly laid out or<br />
which have developed or degenerated into slums;<br />
• Acquisition and development of land for public purposes such as housing<br />
development, development of shopping centers, cultural centers, administrative<br />
centers, etc;<br />
• Acquisition and development of areas for commercial and industrial purposes;<br />
• Undertaking of such building or construction work as may be necessary to provide<br />
housing, shopping, commercial and other facilities;<br />
• Acquisition and development of land for the purpose of laying out or re-modeling of<br />
road and street patterns;<br />
• Acquisition and development of land for playgrounds, parks, recreation centers and<br />
stadia;<br />
• Reconstruction of plots for the purpose of buildings, roads, drains, sewage lines and<br />
other similar amenities; and<br />
• Any other work of a nature such that would bring about environmental improvements,<br />
which may be taken up by the authority with the prior approval of the State<br />
Government.<br />
However, UDA has been functioning more as a colonizer (developer of serviced land and<br />
housing) than as an implementation agency of the citywide development plan for roads, parks<br />
and play grounds, and other public and social amenities.<br />
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Ujjaai<br />
inn Muunni icci ippaal l Coorrppoorraat tioonn<br />
The Ujjain Municipal Corporation (UMC) is one of the key actors in developing and<br />
maintaining the city. Governed by the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1956, its<br />
functions include provision of core civic services and maintenance of public places, including<br />
roads and streets. The UMC is also responsible for regulating the construction of buildings<br />
and colonies within its territorial jurisdiction, according to the provisions of the Development<br />
Plan proposals and the Development Control Regulations prepared by the TCPO. Another<br />
major role recently entrusted to the UMC is that of regularizing the unauthorized colonies<br />
that have come up in the city, which as per the statute is one of the primary functions of the<br />
UDA. However, under the 74th Constitution Amendment Act, 1992, the Municipal<br />
Corporation would be fully authorized to prepare a development plan for the area under its<br />
jurisdiction, including local area plans in the form of zonal plans or town planning schemes.<br />
In such a case, the UMC would need to seek substantial technical assistance and build up a<br />
cadre of municipal, planners and other professionals within its organization set-up.<br />
One of the major criteria for a successful development plan is to be able to contain land<br />
development within the planning limit and not to allow growth outside the proposed limit.<br />
This means the plan has to fit within the area available and should take into account the<br />
current direction of growth. The modified development plan for 2021compromises on the<br />
earlier concept of a clear-cut pattern of road network and provision of higher order social<br />
facilities and amenities. Land requirements appear to have been worked out without<br />
considering the extent of vacant land that is generally present in a developing area. Hence,<br />
the land requirement envisaged is on the low side, while development has already occurred<br />
outside the proposed developable areas.<br />
6.3.1.2 Role of UMC in planning Ujjain Development Plan, 2021<br />
The role of UMC in town planning activities is more in the form of regulation of<br />
development activities occurring within its jurisdiction rather than actual planning activities.<br />
The Development Plan and the DCR form the basis for regulation. Accordingly, the role of<br />
UMC in plan implementation includes:<br />
• Drawing up of town planning schemes;<br />
• Sanctioning of building plans and construction;<br />
• Issue of completion certificates;<br />
• Sanctioning of colony layout plans; and<br />
• Regularization of unauthorized developments.<br />
6.4 Challenges and Opportunities faced by the City Heritage<br />
When a major event takes place then the ‘old order changes giving place to new’ but if those<br />
in the new order are not sensitive to the sensibilities of the old order and its symbols that<br />
constitute heritage, the result is destruction of cultural heritage. What give identity to the city<br />
of Ujjain today are the heritage assets of the city.<br />
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6.4.1 Changes in Legislation And Impact Of Master Plans On Conservation<br />
Of Cultural Heritage<br />
It may be pointed out that planned urban development in the post states’ reorganization era<br />
started with the adoption of the Central Provinces and Berar Town Planning Act, 1948 for<br />
Madhya Pradesh in 1958. The town planning schemes under this Act were to be prepared by<br />
the urban local authorities, albeit with facilitation and technical help of the state’s Chief<br />
Town Planner. This approach underwent a sea change with the enactment of the Madhya<br />
Pradesh Town and Country Planning Act, 1973, following the circulation of a model bill by<br />
the Government of India that was primarily based on the legislation adopted in the United<br />
Kingdom (including the very word ‘country’, a word that is hardly used in India to describe<br />
non-urban or rural areas). The centrality of the elected urban local bodies was replaced by<br />
entrusting the responsibility of preparing the urban development plans to the newly created<br />
Town and Country Planning Department. The urban local bodies were to play a mere<br />
subsidiary role and were relegated, if at all, to the role of maintenance of the infrastructural<br />
assets created under the development (master) plan. Public participation became a mere<br />
expression, devoid of all reality. There was hardly any attempt to build the skills and<br />
competence of the urban local bodies in this direction or to put in place a vibrant and<br />
effective system of public consultation and participation as in the United Kingdom. Perhaps<br />
this was in keeping with the general techno-centric model of development that was adopted at<br />
that time in the country. In accordance with this approach the preparation of the urban<br />
development plans too became a techno-centric exercise with the bureaucracy playing a<br />
determining role in this endeavor.<br />
Cultural heritage and the built form that were organically linked with the social, emotional<br />
and cultural ethos of the urban fabric were merely viewed in technical infrastructural terms.<br />
Thus, though the Master Plan for Ujjain prepared in 1973 did recognize this need and stated<br />
that “the Plan envisages among other things, social, cultural and emotional integration of its<br />
three separate units, namely, the old city, the new city it viewed this purely in terms of<br />
overcoming the physical barriers of the lakes, hills and the railway line that separated them.<br />
Facilitation of the transport linkages between the three units and also within the Old City was<br />
considered to be sufficient to achieve this integration. Today the city of Ujjain is popularly<br />
projected as a city of temples, heritage etc. Yet these were viewed as impediments in the<br />
development of the infrastructure of the city. Not only this, the primary and core interest of<br />
urban planning was for the ever expanding new virgin areas ; the social, cultural and<br />
emotional issues affecting the Old City that had the cultural heritage, both natural as well as<br />
man made was hardly addressed in these plans. The concerns addressed, even though<br />
peripherally, of the Old City, were for widening and improvement of roads, circulation<br />
patterns, land use zoning, slum improvement, re-development of the city area and similar<br />
issues.<br />
In this context, it is interesting to note the following provision of the Madhya Pradesh Town<br />
Planning Act, 1948 as adopted in Madhya Pradesh in 1958.<br />
“Section 2-C, Clause 2(d): “The Development Plan may, if the local authority considers it<br />
desirable so to do indicate, define and provide for:<br />
(iv) preservation, conservation and development of areas of natural scenery and landscape;<br />
(vi) preservation of features, structures and places of historical, natural, architectural and<br />
scientific interest and educational value”<br />
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“Section 8: Subject to the provisions of a Development Plan a town planning scheme may<br />
make provision for any of the following matters:<br />
(i) preservation of objects of historical interest or natural beauty and of buildings actually<br />
used for religious purposes or regarded by the public with special religious veneration”.<br />
It is worth noting that whereas the 1948 Act did have provisions for incorporating<br />
heritage concerns in the town planning schemes the 1973 Act (Madhya Pradesh Town and<br />
Country Planning Act, 1973) had no such provisions. To that extent it was a retrograde<br />
legislation. In describing what a development (master) plan should have it merely states that<br />
it should ‘indicate broadly the land use proposed in the planning area’, and thereafter goes on<br />
to ‘allocate broadly areas or zones of land’ for various purposes and for laying down plans<br />
for civic amenities and guidelines for architectural controls. The only heritage concern<br />
expressed is for ‘making proposals for general landscaping and preservation of natural areas’.<br />
The Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning Act, 1966 was somewhat better as in<br />
describing what a development (master) plan should contain it mentions ‘preservation of<br />
features, structures of places of historical, natural, architectural and scientific interest and<br />
educational value (‘and of heritage buildings and heritage precincts’ was added by an<br />
amendment in 1994), besides ‘preservation, conservation and development of areas of natural<br />
scenery and landscape’.<br />
The peripheral and perfunctory interest in the protection and conservation of cultural heritage<br />
in urban development comes out clearly even in the subsequent development plans for Ujjain.<br />
The Ujjain Development Plan (2001) adopted in 1975 makes only a passing and brief<br />
reference to some of the prominent cultural heritage assets (natural and man-made) in the<br />
Introduction to the report. But even there it merely expresses a wish and a hope that they<br />
would be protected in the interest of art and culture of Ujjain. There are hardly any policies or<br />
specific interventions suggested for the purpose. However, the same story is repeated in the<br />
latest development plan 2005. It is due for revision now and, may be, the time is ripe for the<br />
adoption of the Heritage Regulations framed under the land use rules (Bhumi Vikas Niyam)<br />
of the M.P. Town and Country Planning Act, 1973 and under consideration of the Madhya<br />
Pradesh Government for notification. The Listing of the Built Heritage of Ujjain has already<br />
been finalized by the Regional Chapter of the INTACH (Bhopal) and is awaiting publication<br />
for wide dissemination. The heritage properties (already mentioned in the chapter 3) listed<br />
therein could be notified under the proposed regulations and, thereafter, the case for their<br />
conservation could be factored into the revised development (master) plan for Ujjain. May<br />
be, this could become a test case for heritage conservation in urban development.<br />
Based upon the studies conducted by INTACH ( studies of conservation in development) in<br />
old towns and cities such as Chanderi, Varanasi, Bhopal ,Bhuvaneshwar and Ujjain came to<br />
the conclusion that conservation of built heritage in such conditions was possible only if<br />
‘heritage areas’ or ‘heritage zones’ were identified and conservation plans were prepared for<br />
each such area on a location specific basis. Even within the ‘heritage zone, a ‘core zone’ was<br />
sought to be identified. Today, everyone recognizes that even a notified monument or<br />
heritage precinct has to be taken in its environmental context. That is why restrictions are<br />
sought to be placed for any development within 300 meters of the boundary of any notified<br />
monument or precinct. However, such a restriction does not necessarily identify or define the<br />
environmental context. The limit is obviously arbitrary and, therefore, instead of solving the<br />
problem, in many cases it aggravates it. One of the objectives of listing should be to identify<br />
and delineate ‘heritage areas’ or ‘heritage zones’ and ‘core zones’ within them. In certain<br />
cases, the ‘heritage areas’ could also be networked into an “artpolis” ensuring inter-visibility<br />
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of such areas and strengthening their inter-relationship. Specific interventions for heritage<br />
conservation for such areas could then be suggested in the development (master) plan.<br />
However, it failed to suggest policies and interventions to arrest this trend. On the other hand<br />
higher densities (by way of increase in FAR/FSI) were allowed which resulted in<br />
commercialization and replacement of the streetscape by high-rise buildings (the buildings<br />
have traditionally been of two stories, a shop on the ground floor and the residence on the<br />
first floor).<br />
6.4.2 Architectural Controls for Heritage Conservation<br />
As elsewhere, architectural controls, by way of FAR or FSI, setbacks, façade /front<br />
elevation, height of buildings, etc are prescribed for Ujjain City on the basis whether the<br />
particular area is commercial or residential or industrial or whether it abuts a 40 feet wide<br />
road or a 60 feet road or a 100 feet wide road. There is no reason why a somewhat similar<br />
approach cannot be followed in laying down that the FAR/FSI in areas that are notified as<br />
‘heritage areas’ or ‘heritage zones’ or ‘core zones’ within these should be on the ground that<br />
heritage needs to be protected and conserved. The guiding principle in working out and<br />
prescribing such controls should be the protection and conservation of the built and natural<br />
heritage in that area. Maintenance of the skyline or the streetscape should be part of these<br />
controls. No change of the façade or the elevation should be permitted if such is the unique<br />
characteristic of that area. Thus, if the buildings are predominantly two storied then the<br />
FAR/FSI must be fixed accordingly. If there are open spaces within such as courtyards then<br />
such spaces must be maintained in working out the FAR/FSI.<br />
It is true that such restrictions should be in the overall interest of maintenance of the heritage<br />
character and ambience of that area and the individual buildings or complexes and precincts<br />
that are its constituents, as well as of the owners of these properties. Incentives have to be<br />
thought of that will ensure a reasonable economic return to the owners. Many of these<br />
heritage areas are in the inner city where the land prices are high. Any interventions that do<br />
not take into account the economic incentive part may not only be detrimental to the interest<br />
of the owners but may also lead to the deterioration of the properties on account of the value<br />
of land in such areas going down. How to solve this conundrum is a real challenge to heritage<br />
lovers and policy planners. One of the ways in which an incentive could be provided to the<br />
owners of the buildings and precincts in the ‘heritage area’ could be by notionally giving<br />
them the FAR/FSI prevailing in another area, which they could trade in the area contiguous<br />
to the ‘heritage area’. This may perhaps provide an incentive for ‘loss’ of economic return on<br />
the heritage property. Pragmatic and enforceable incentives and disincentives have to be<br />
thought of and debated for this purpose<br />
6.4.3 Taxation Policies And Heritage Conservation In Urban Development<br />
Taxation policies in respect of buildings and precincts as well as landscapes declared<br />
and notified as heritage properties should be sensitive to the cause of protection and<br />
conservation of such properties. For example, a certain percentage of the income derived<br />
from built up properties is deductible as expenses for normal maintenance for income tax<br />
purposes. There is no reason for not allowing a much higher percentage for heritage<br />
properties which in any case are much more expensive to maintain. In fact, the percentage<br />
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allowable should be such as would act as an incentive for the upkeep and maintenance of<br />
such properties.<br />
Similarly, the imposition of property tax on such properties should be viewed from a<br />
similar standpoint. Although it is said that property tax is not a tax on income (like income<br />
tax, which is a Central tax) but a tax on property in the same way as land revenue is a tax on<br />
land held as property, the way it is administered it is treated as a tax on income. Even the<br />
Unit Area approach for imposition of property tax treats it so. Property tax ought to be a tax<br />
leviable for ensuring that the property is maintained in good order and the concessions,<br />
rebates and incentives should be built into the tax structure to achieve that purpose This<br />
principle should be followed as well for the proper upkeep and maintenance of heritage<br />
properties. For example, if keeping a heritage property vacant hastens its deterioration then<br />
no concession should be permissible on account of its having remained vacant. Certain<br />
categories of buildings and properties are exempt from payment of property tax. Heritage<br />
properties should be similarly exempt in the larger public interest. Such provisions should be<br />
built into any plan for urban development. Also, building byelaws of the urban local<br />
authorities should be based on the principle of continued conservation and upkeep of heritage<br />
properties and their unique character.<br />
6.4.4 Conclusion<br />
An analysis of the development (master) plans prepared for Ujjain City from time to<br />
time shows that identification of natural heritage and built heritage and their protection and<br />
conservation has at the most been of peripheral interest to the planners. Whereas almost all<br />
the cultural assets exist in the old city that is juxtaposed with the new city, no listing is done<br />
during the making of the development plans. No socio-anthropological studies are carried out<br />
to determine how the residential population views its symbols of cultural heritage; also, there<br />
is hardly any vigorous public participation in the making of the development plans. The<br />
analysis shows that the social, cultural and emotional integration of the new city and the old<br />
city is viewed merely in terms of strengthening the physical and social infrastructure rather<br />
than in terms of revitalization. Even here, the protection and conservation of cultural heritage<br />
takes only a passing mention.<br />
The analysis suggests that an ‘area’ approach may be the viable approach for<br />
conservation of ‘heritage areas’, ‘heritage zones’, and of the ‘core zones’ within them. The<br />
cellular and organic growth of these cities necessitates such an approach. Architectural<br />
controls specific to such areas need to be worked out. Building byelaws have to be sensitive<br />
to these needs.<br />
Based on the experience of the manner in which the issue of ‘environment’ has come<br />
to the center stage of public debate and concern, it is suggested that the legal instruments<br />
available for the protection and conservation of cultural heritage in urban development<br />
should be identified and used for similar purpose. It is suggested that the only way to<br />
influence the process of making the development (master) plans is to list the natural and built<br />
heritage for all such areas where development (master) plans exist but are due for revision<br />
and for areas for which the development (master) plans are under consideration and to have<br />
them notified as heritage properties. Such listings must conform to acceptable quality and<br />
standards and should be published for wide dissemination to creates a climate for the<br />
protection and conservation of the heritage properties mentioned therein. The information can<br />
then be factored into the development (master) plans.<br />
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It is also suggested that, based on the listing, ‘heritage areas’, heritage zones’, and<br />
‘core zones’ within these should be identified. Architectural controls should be worked out<br />
for ensuring that the heritage character of such areas is maintained.<br />
It is also suggested that the taxation laws (particularly income tax and property tax)<br />
and the building byelaws should be reviewed on the principle that the protection and<br />
conservation of such heritage properties is in the larger national interest.<br />
6.5 Key Issues<br />
• Development Pattern – The major issues in development pattern emerging from the<br />
past and current trends are discussed below:<br />
• Pressure of urban development towards south of Ujjain: Development by UDA is,<br />
principally, towards the south side of Ujjain, as well as between Indore Road and<br />
Dewas Road. Some development is also occurring along the Aagar road and Makshi<br />
road.<br />
• Pressure on existing infrastructure: During religious occasions, there is a tremendous<br />
pressure on the existing infrastructure. The variation in floating population during<br />
various religious occasions is vast. Encroachments in the main city centre area reduce<br />
the road width, which leads to congestion and pollution.<br />
• No urban growth in Mela ground area: The existing development plan 1991 has<br />
recommended "no development in the area". However, illegal structures are coming<br />
up in these areas.<br />
• Underutilised industrial areas: Most of the industries are sick or closed in the Makshi<br />
Road Industrial Area. Very few industries have been established in the Nagziri<br />
Industrial area the condition of roads in this area' is very poor. This is a non<br />
performing asset that is not taxed. Existing industrial layouts that are unoccupied<br />
should be priority areas to accommodate further industrial land demand or converted<br />
to any other appropriate use<br />
• Concentration of illegal colonies: The city has many illegal colonies, which are mainly<br />
concentrated towards the north of the city<br />
• Concentration of slums the city has 113 notified and 16 unapproved slums with a<br />
population of nearly 1.3 lakhs, many of which lack basic infrastructure facilities.<br />
Slums are scattered are densely concentrated in the north of the city.<br />
It is acknowledged that past events and the on-going momentum of development generated<br />
by both public and private sectors in Ujjain, are not necessarily contrary to strategic<br />
objectives of the UDP. However, many of the issues cited above are (a) due to lack of sector<br />
co-ordination in service provision, and (b) inadequate enforcement of building by-laws and<br />
development controls.<br />
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6.5.1 Physical planning issues<br />
The primary issue with regards physical planning and growth management in Ujjain physical<br />
development and growth is haphazard and uncontrolled. The city is increasingly<br />
experiencing wide proliferation of unauthorized colonies across the city, flouting zoning and<br />
development control regulations and having minimal infrastructure facilities.<br />
• Lack of planned interventions in the past and Unregulated physical development<br />
• Increasing congestion in core areas (around Mahakaal)<br />
• Lack of adequate organized recreational spaces and green belts decreasing percentage<br />
of open spaces due to fast growth of population in the past and likely growth due to<br />
induced opportunities through externalities<br />
• Increasing commercial establishments and institutional use within core areas with<br />
inadequate infrastructure and services coupled with narrow lanes.<br />
Management issues<br />
• Lack of ownership of the plan and absence of clear implementation accountability<br />
among TCPO, UDA and UMC, resulting in haphazard and uncontrolled development<br />
• Overlapping implementation jurisdictions of UMC and UDA resulting in shunning of<br />
responsibility by either agency<br />
• Current “conventional” development control regulations focusing on density and<br />
physical parameters of development, they lack provisions that would<br />
facilitate/promote alternate and innovative non-conventional development<br />
mechanisms<br />
• Inadequate organizational and human resource capability within UMC to carry out<br />
comprehensive planning for development and growth management.<br />
•<br />
6.6 Strategies<br />
• New commercial areas could be encouraged in the developing parts of the city to<br />
decrease the load in a few areas of the north<br />
• The underutilized industrial areas south of the railway line could be made to use as<br />
museums, auditoriums, cine-complex or any other cultural or recreational use. The<br />
area north to the railway line could be developed as landscaped parks a huge necessity<br />
in the congested areas of the north<br />
• Development restrictions in Specific areas: Restricting development in specific areas<br />
like open spaces, cultural resources, sensitive land etc. shall be taken up by finalizing<br />
TP schemes with provisions for open/ green spaces acting as buffer zones<br />
• Decentralised planning and increased citizens’ involvement in Development planning<br />
process. Public participation and consultation at neighbourhood level regarding the<br />
land use and growth patterns shall create social benefits and avoid non-conforming<br />
land uses. Increased citizens’ involvement in the development planning process shall<br />
be pursued actively to achieve the above mentioned social benefits<br />
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• Optimum use of Municipal Land and Inviting private sector to act coherently in the<br />
development work with the public sector. The land and real estate owned by the<br />
corporation in the city shall be utilized for commercial development either by<br />
themselves or through leasing out to private parties. This shall mobilise financial<br />
resources for implementation of the Capital Improvement Programme of the<br />
corporation<br />
• Core area development plan is needed<br />
• Heritage – GIS maps<br />
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7 Povertty and Sllumss<br />
When the rural migrant family arrives in the city, they discover that the housing, jobs,<br />
incomes and amenities that had 'pulled' them to the city are not available or are inaccessible.<br />
The authorities are not willing to help them find the 'dream' they aspired for, or simply ignore<br />
them. As a result, in cities of most developing countries, 30 to 75 percent of the population<br />
work and live in squatter settlements making a living with the few informal resources that is<br />
accessible to them. It is indispensable to analyse status of poverty for any city development<br />
exercise. Besides it becomes more important in the state like Madhya Pradesh where level of<br />
poverty is relatively higher.<br />
This section deals with the access of urban poor in Ujjain to basic services, drawing from<br />
secondary information as well as site visits to slums in the city, and interaction with local<br />
residents. It also reviews past and present programs for service delivery to urban poor in the<br />
city. The aim is to identify key issues in service delivery to the poor in Ujjain and suggest<br />
strategies that would enable the Ujjain Municipal Corporation (UMC) to address issues and<br />
fulfil its mandate of providing basic services to the poor in the city.<br />
7.1 Need<br />
Slums play important roles, absorbing new arrivals onto the labour market, providing<br />
accommodation for low-cost labour and a home for the informal sector of the economy. The<br />
social networks of the urban poor are an important starting point for slum improvement. They<br />
allow slum residents to pool resources, share information, and gain influence. While their<br />
own local knowledge is valuable, information from elsewhere is required to enable them to<br />
innovate.<br />
In the slums of Ujjain there reside highly skilled craftsmen and people engaged in the<br />
informal market activities. There remains a very high involvement of people from this sector<br />
in the Tourist related activities too. Thus it becomes important to assess the need of this class<br />
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of poor and think for the possible alternatives for upgrading their living conditions as well as<br />
enhancement of livelihood options.<br />
7.2 Status of Poverty in Ujjain<br />
Various estimates of poverty in Ujjain have converged to between 30 and 35 per cent of the<br />
urban population. As per the latest estimate made available by UMC and TCPO Ujjain, the<br />
slum population in the city stands at 1, 32,139 – 34 per cent of total city population. Apart<br />
from this, the city also has a population of pavement dwellers or homeless population, who<br />
are among the poorest in the city - there is no available estimate of the size of this population.<br />
It is now widely understood that poverty is experienced through a variety of dimensions of<br />
which low income is only one. Further that within the poor, there are important differences in<br />
depths of poverty, the ability of poor households to graduate from poverty and the relative<br />
vulnerability of different groups to withstand risks to livelihood such as unemployment,<br />
sickness and eviction. Effective poverty reduction programmes need to be able to<br />
differentiate these groups and design appropriate and targeted responses. A typology of three<br />
groups has been defined by the ADB1 as:<br />
• Transitional Poor – Those households, whose monthly per capita income is between<br />
the Poverty Line and 1.5 times the Poverty line, are likely to own productive assets<br />
and have access to basic services. They move in and out of poverty depending on<br />
particular and periodic circumstance.<br />
• Intermediate Poor – those households whose income is between half the Poverty Line<br />
and the PL itself, and have limited access to basic services.<br />
• Core Poor – those households whose income is less than half of the Poverty Line and<br />
who live in extreme poverty and vulnerability.<br />
A total of 1,89,387 persons in Ujjain have been identified as those living Below Poverty Line<br />
(as per the UMC). This would mean that more than 40 per cent of total population in the city<br />
is living Below Poverty Line.<br />
1 Reducing Poverty in Urban India, ADB TA 3480-IND<br />
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Table 7-1 Number of Slums and population<br />
Year Number of poor Total present pop.<br />
1993/94 25280<br />
1999/00 144705<br />
2004/05(estimated) 189387 4.65 (estimated)<br />
Source: UMC<br />
Although the figures available suggest that a majority of slum dwellers in Ujjain are living<br />
Below Poverty Line. It can be analysed from the above table that nearly half of the<br />
population in the Ujjain city is below poverty line .A major poor population lives in the old<br />
city areas where they have ancestral shelter to live in but are unemployed.<br />
7.3 Slums in Ujjain<br />
Slums and squatter settlements are essentially<br />
products of urban poverty. In the context of<br />
urban basic service delivery, almost by<br />
definition, the population living in slums lacks<br />
access to basic infrastructure services like safe<br />
water, sanitation, solid waste collection and<br />
disposal, drainage, access roads, street lights,<br />
neighborhood amenities like safe play areas for<br />
children and community facilities, and<br />
electricity connections. Hence, for the<br />
assessment of service accessibility by the urban<br />
poor, slum settlements have been considered as<br />
an appropriate representation of the urban<br />
poor.The M.P Gandi Basti Kshetra (Sudhar Figure 7-1 Poor condition of Slum houses<br />
tatha Nirmulan) Act, 1976 (M.P slum Area- Improvement & Relocation Act) defines slums<br />
in a similar fashion, taking housing conditions and access to services as the basic criteria for<br />
defining an area as a slum.2<br />
2 The M.P Gandi Basti Kshetra (Sudhar tatha Nirmulan) Act, 1976 (M.P Slum Area - Improvement & Relocation Act)<br />
specifies that where the competent authority is satisfied in respect of buildings in an area “that the buildings in that area<br />
are in any respect unfit for human habitation; or are by reason of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement of<br />
streets, lack of ventilation, light or sanitation facilities, or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety,<br />
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A survey of slums conducted by UMC in 2004-2005 identified 129 slums, of which some<br />
slums now need to be de-notified (since they possess the requisite basic services) while new<br />
slums that have mushroomed, need to be notified.<br />
A large number of slums and slum population in Ujjain, some of which are as yet,<br />
unidentified squatters without any legal standing or secure tenure, translate into miserable<br />
and unhealthy living conditions, which affects the slum dwellers’ economic productivity and<br />
cumulatively, that of the city as a whole. The absence of water supply, disposal of human<br />
waste and garbage collection may be identified as the three most important factors that<br />
endanger the health and wellbeing of people living in slums. Provision of these basic urban<br />
services has traditionally been a municipal function. Hence, in this context, it is important to<br />
examine characteristics of slums and slum population in Ujjain, and most importantly, the<br />
level of access to basic services and how best Municipal Corporation can deliver quality<br />
services to its urban poor, effectively and efficiently.<br />
Provisional results from the 2005 (UMC surveys) indicate that Ujjain had a slum population<br />
of 1,32,139 or 34% of the total population. This is high compared with the State average of<br />
15.16%. It may be mentioned that actual slum estimates depend much on how Municipalities<br />
have defined and notified informal settlements within their urban areas.<br />
Demographic characteristics like concentration of slum population, Service levels<br />
(percentage of households in a slum having access to a service like water supply, toilets,<br />
electricity, and percentage of pucca roads in a slum) in all 129 slums have also been looked<br />
into, in detail.<br />
7.3.1 General Characteristics of Slums in Ujjain<br />
The following observations are derived from the secondary data obtained for 129slums in<br />
Ujjain. Following are the major points analysed for Ujjain slums:<br />
health or morals - it may, by notification, declare such area to be a slum area.” Further, to specify that a building is<br />
unfit for human habitation, the criteria to be considered are “repair, stability, freedom from damp, natural light and air,<br />
water supply, drainage and sanitary conveniences, facilities for storage, preparation and cooking of food and for the<br />
disposal of waste water.”<br />
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7.3.1.1 Social Set-up<br />
The social composition of a majority of slums comprises Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes<br />
and other backward castes. Most of the slums or mohallas have predominantly one caste<br />
staying in it, for example, Patels or Chamars/Harijans or Bain Samaj or, people from one<br />
place of origin. However, in some of the slums, the original settlement housed a single caste<br />
or social group, but later, other social groups also started moving in, creating a wider social<br />
mix.<br />
7.3.1.2 Employment<br />
The main income earner in 35.8% of all poor households is in informal employment .A<br />
considerable section of the working population in slums is engaged in works like rickshaw<br />
pulling, construction labourers and daily wagers. Informal activities like roadside food and<br />
‘pan’ stalls, and home-based small businesses. Ladies are mainly engaged in incense stick<br />
making works.<br />
A majority of population belongs to skilled craftspersons. These Craftsmen are mainly<br />
engaged in the following activities:<br />
Papier Mache, a craft practised since time immemorial, finds expression in<br />
varied forms.<br />
Hand block printing is among the important crafts of Madhya Pradesh.<br />
Bherongarh near Ujjain as well as Ujjain has large printer communities<br />
who specialise in lugda, jajams, oudhnis and quilts. These printed quilts<br />
were also presented in the court of Mughal Emperor Akbar and were<br />
exported to Europe during the pre-independence days by the East India Co.<br />
Tying and Dyeing The art of tying and dyeing fabric is known as Bandhani<br />
or Bandhej in Madhya Pradesh. This delicate technique represents the<br />
earliest forms of resist patterning.<br />
Batik is a resist process in which the fabric is painted with molten wax and<br />
then dyed in cold dyes. Batik is done on a large scale in Ujjain.<br />
Figure 7-2 Local<br />
Handicraft of Ujjain<br />
Other Small Scale industries<br />
Ujjain is also famous for manufacturing good quality Mehndi .The Mehndi powder<br />
manufactured here is exported outside the country also. The place is also famous for<br />
manufacturing Rituals / Pooja samagris (items).<br />
It is interesting to note that there is great demand of Ujjain’s craft and still the makers of this<br />
craft are bound to live in very miserable conditions due to the absence of specific livelihood<br />
projects. Initiatives should be taken in order to upgrade the present scenario and the project<br />
should lay a great stress on building capacities of local institutions and communities and<br />
convergence of resources, schemes and efforts at the local level. The emphasis should be on<br />
seeking active partnership of people and their groups, civil society organisations and non-<br />
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governmental organisations in planning, mobilising, execution and monitoring of different<br />
programmes for widening livelihoods of people on a sustainable basis.<br />
The present day need is:<br />
• To initiate specific livelihood projects<br />
• To give efforts on skill upgradation as well as technological upgradation<br />
• Formation of Self Help groups<br />
•<br />
7.3.1.3 Average Household Size<br />
The average household size in slums in Ujjain is 5.74 versus 5.57 for the city as a whole. In<br />
Muslim households in slums, the average household size ranges from 10 to 12.<br />
7.3.1.4 Average Household Income<br />
On an average, slum households have a monthly income of<br />
Rs. 1500 per month, the range being Rs. 600 to Rs. 5,000.<br />
7.3.1.5 Housing Type<br />
The analysis of housing types done is based on the different<br />
types of housing conditions. The housing conditions are<br />
divided in to Kutchha and Pucca type .The analysis shows the<br />
following results.<br />
Nearly 50% of the slum dwellers live in temporary shelters<br />
Pucca<br />
type,<br />
7685<br />
Kutchha type<br />
Pucca type<br />
Kutchha<br />
type,<br />
6924<br />
Most of the houses are entirely made of makeshift materials – wood, bamboo and<br />
plastic/tarpaulin sheets<br />
The above analysis shows that the city definitely needs schemes like low cost housing for<br />
slum free environment.<br />
7.3.1.6 Basic services to Slums<br />
Access to basic services is now deemed a criterion for identification of the poor and poor<br />
areas in a city (essentially slums). The responsibility for service provision in an equitable<br />
manner lies with municipal government, which finds it difficult to meet growing gaps in<br />
service levels of a burgeoning urban poor population.<br />
Information on access to services in slums within municipal limits in Ujjain has been<br />
collected from a variety of sources. This section first analyses overall levels of access of slum<br />
settlements in Ujjain to basic services like:<br />
• Water supply<br />
• Sanitation<br />
• Roads<br />
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• Electricity<br />
Waat teerr ssuuppppl lyy<br />
Access to individual water connections (which is ideal) in Ujjain slums is low and most slum<br />
households do not have easy access to public sources of supply (public stand post taps/hand<br />
pumps/wells) within 100 meters of their dwellings (UNCHS Habitat’s norm of 200 meters).<br />
The accessibility comes out to be one source of water per 150 persons, which is very low.<br />
Table 7-2 Slum Infrastructure, water supply<br />
No.of slums No.of<br />
household<br />
Population Area<br />
(acres)<br />
Hand pumps Stand<br />
posts<br />
113 14580 114279 812.66 184 412<br />
16<br />
(unapproved)<br />
2113 17860 82.65 17 35<br />
Source: UMC<br />
SSaanni itaat<br />
tioonn<br />
The overall picture shows that less than 10% of the total slum dwellers in Ujjain have<br />
individual toilets while rest of the population is using public toilets (it comes out to be<br />
1public toilet per 175 persons).<br />
Table 7-3 Details of Sewerage and sanitation in Ujjain slums<br />
No.of<br />
slums<br />
No.of<br />
househol<br />
d<br />
Populatio<br />
n<br />
Are<br />
a<br />
(acr<br />
es)<br />
Individual<br />
toilets<br />
Public<br />
toilets<br />
113 14580 114279 812.66 8384 679 -<br />
16<br />
2113 17860 82.65 1240 24 -<br />
(unapproved)<br />
Source: UMC<br />
Sewer line<br />
Lack of access to sanitation (toilets) is a universal problem faced by the slum population<br />
across almost all slums in the city. Sanitation facilities are very poor in some of the slums<br />
where the population neither has individual latrines nor they have public toilet facilities.<br />
Some of the poorly facilitated slums are:<br />
Table 7-4 Poorly facilitated Slums<br />
Name of<br />
slum<br />
No. of<br />
household<br />
Population Individual<br />
toilets<br />
Public<br />
toilets<br />
Bherugarh 30 200 10 - -<br />
naka<br />
Ahukhana 70 350 15 - -<br />
Jogipura 103 524 - 6 -<br />
Gaundsamaj<br />
Source: UMC<br />
Rooaaddss<br />
Sewer line<br />
By and large, most slums in the core area of the city have been provided Pucca roads under<br />
the National Slum Development Program.<br />
Table 7-5 Slum Infrastructure, Roads<br />
No.of slums No.of Population Area Surfaced<br />
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household (acres) roads(kms)<br />
113 14580 114279 812.66 67.10<br />
16<br />
(unapproved)<br />
2113 17860 82.65 7.14<br />
Figure 7-3 Existing slum conditions<br />
EEl leecct trri icci ityy<br />
The data available reveal that a majority of slums in Ujjain have access to electricity.<br />
Table 7-6 Slum Infrastructure, Electricity<br />
No.of slums No.of Population Area Domestic streetlights<br />
household<br />
(acres) connection.<br />
113 14580 114279 812.66 14486 888<br />
16<br />
(unapproved)<br />
2113 17860 82.65 2113 105<br />
Source: UMC<br />
7.3.1.7 Overview on access to basic services<br />
The following table gives an overall picture of accessibility of slum dwellers to the basic<br />
services:<br />
Table 7-7 Assess to basic services<br />
Year<br />
No. of slum<br />
dwellers<br />
Percentage of slum dwellers having access to<br />
Water<br />
Drainage<br />
supply<br />
system<br />
1991 108 20% 20% 35%<br />
2001 113 30% 30% 40%<br />
2005(estimated) 129 40% 50% 50%<br />
Source: Ujjain City, IDUMP Report, 2002<br />
Waste<br />
service<br />
collection<br />
It can be analysed that nearly half of the slum population in Ujjain don’t have accessibility to<br />
the basic services. There is an increase in the coverage of basic services to the slum dwellers<br />
but lack of interest among dweller to take legal connections is the major problem.<br />
7.3.2 Status of Slums in Ujjain<br />
The following section analyses the status of slums in Ujjain in terms of location,<br />
concentration of slum population, land ownership and tenure status and access to basic urban<br />
services. It collates secondary information collected for each of the 129 slums in the city and<br />
presents a picture of poverty and slums in the city of Ujjain.<br />
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7.3.2.1 Location of Slums<br />
Table 7-8 ward wise information of slums in Ujjain<br />
Ward No. No.H/H Slum H/H No. of<br />
slums<br />
Slum P<br />
Total<br />
P<br />
Ward No.1 1364 741 8 3600 9477 38<br />
Ward No.2 2123 1275 7 6710 11242 60<br />
Ward No.3 2449 675 3 3965 13171 30<br />
Ward No.4 1127 260 2 1600 6610 24<br />
Ward No.5 2288 565 4 3550 13146 27<br />
Ward No.6 914 215 1 1302 5715 23<br />
Ward No.7 1008 233 1 1547 5969 26<br />
Ward No.9 1298 605 4 4200 9643 44<br />
Ward No.11 1859 1022 7 6209 10929 57<br />
Ward No.24 1559 450 1 250 9061 3<br />
Ward No.25 1652 490 4 3150 8955 35<br />
Ward No.26 1228 300 1 2000 6386 31<br />
Ward No.27 3526 1760 9 9618 18427 52<br />
Ward No.28 1934 322 3 1865 9991 19<br />
Ward No.32 1067 44 1 259 7013 4<br />
Ward No.33 1303 235 1 1409 8694 16<br />
Ward No.35 1590 397 7 2006 8847 23<br />
Ward No.36 2010 526 3 2833 11672 24<br />
Ward No.37 2208 657 6 4264 11857 36<br />
Ward No.38 1804 595 5 3675 9425 39<br />
Ward No.39 2570 151 2 875 13707 6<br />
Ward No.41 1524 140 1 1064 7307 15<br />
Ward No.42 2143 55 1 275 9729 3<br />
Ward No.43 3341 180 1 1060 15558 7<br />
Ward No.46 1808 136 3 570 9536 6<br />
Ward No.48 978 140 1 600 5398 11<br />
Ward No.49 1629 438 2 1656 9121 18<br />
Ward No.50 1650 189 1 766 8740 9<br />
Ward No.52 1474 427 3 1364 7665 18<br />
Ward No.53 2095 1665 11 9785 10925 90<br />
Ward No.54 2673 1801 11 10362 14350 72<br />
Source: UMC<br />
7.3.2.2 Concentration of Slums<br />
% to<br />
Total<br />
Slums in Ujjain are spread all over the city, with the maximum number located in Wards 53<br />
(having 11 slums), 54 (having 11 slums), 11 and 27(7 and 9 slums each). The map below fig-<br />
7.4 presents the ward-wise concentration of slum population.<br />
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Figure 7-4Map of Ujjain showing Location of Slums<br />
Ownneerrsshhi ipp<br />
Most slums in Ujain are located on government and private lands. Government land includes<br />
land belonging to the central, state or municipal government. Private land, on the other hand,<br />
belongs to individuals. Certain slums are spread over adjacent government and private lands.<br />
TTeennuurree SSt taat tuuss<br />
Though all the slum areas are on encroached public or private land, Government has from<br />
time-to-time issued the slum households (legal ownership/title of land), as part of its policy to<br />
ensure tenure security to the poor and landless.<br />
7.3.2.3 Unapproved Slums and Homeless Population<br />
While the identified slums have some security of tenure and fall under the purview of<br />
municipal service provision, the unidentified or informal slums and peri-urban settlements<br />
fall outside the net of formal service provision. People living either in unrecognized slum<br />
settlements or on pavements, live in virtual absence of basic services. There is no available<br />
estimate of this population in the city, or the coping strategies adopted by them.<br />
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7.3.3 Urban Poor’s Perception of Service Levels in Ujjain<br />
The views of poor households in Ujjain must influence the strategy for improvement of<br />
service levels in slums. Studies done on the slums in Ujjain and informal group discussions<br />
with the community revealed:<br />
Virtually very less attempts have been made to assess the needs and priorities of people<br />
living in slums prior to provision of basic services. “Community Participation” or<br />
involvement in slum improvement is therefore lacking<br />
In terms of satisfaction of the urban poor with the levels of basic services, electricity is the<br />
only service that they have few complaints about<br />
Sanitation is the least satisfactory of all public services. Women, in particular, articulated the<br />
need for functional public toilets close to their slum. Some also desire individual low cost<br />
toilets. The need to clean the open drains regularly was another expressed need<br />
Responsiveness of UMC to needs (e.g., complaints lodged for regular cleaning, or, stated<br />
need for functional public toilets, or, pucca inner lanes, or, for larger number of standposts) is<br />
stated as unsatisfactory by the urban poor in most of the slums visited<br />
As mentioned earlier most of the poor population are skilled craftspersons and there is an<br />
urgent need of initiating Special livelihood project for them.<br />
7.3.4 Review of Urban poverty reduction programmes<br />
There are mainly four programmes going on for poverty reduction /slum improvement in the<br />
city. They can be divided mainly in to two types according to the objectives and focus areas<br />
of the programmes:<br />
Employment generation programmes…………………………………………………...SJSRY<br />
Programmes for provision of infrastructure/ shelter………………...NSDP, ILCS, VAMBAY<br />
Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana: SJSRY is a centrally sponsored programme and it<br />
mainly emphasizes on the poverty reduction through employment generation. Main target<br />
groups of the programme are: Urban poor, Women, SC/ST, Disabled<br />
Programmes for slum improvement / provision of basic urban services: NSDP: A Centrally<br />
assisted Slum Development Programme NSDP is mainly for improvement in the<br />
environment in the slums as a broader objective through provision of infrastructure facilities<br />
and shelter for improving living conditions in the slums ILCS. This scheme is for low cost<br />
sanitation in the slum areas ………<br />
VAMBAY: Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) is a central government scheme<br />
to provide housing to the poor. It was launched in the state of MP in the year 2001. Under<br />
WMBAY scheme, an amount of Rs. 50,000 is extended to a beneficiary in a city with more<br />
than 10 lacs population while in cities having population less than 10 lacs, each beneficiary<br />
gets Rs. 40,000. Fifty percent of the amount is central government grant while the rest could<br />
be taken as loan from HUDCO/other nationalized banks, state government/Urban local<br />
bodies<br />
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Recently initiated programmes – Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) under Jawaharlal<br />
Lal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) beginning from the year 2005-2006<br />
JNNURM is a 7 year mission. The major objectives for the BSUP programme are:<br />
• Focused attention to integrated development of basic services to the poor.<br />
• The basic services include security of tenure at affordable prices, improving housing,<br />
water supply, and sanitation.<br />
• Secure effective linkages between asset creation and asset management so that the<br />
basic services to the urban poor created in the cities, are not only maintained<br />
efficiently but also become self –sustaining over time.<br />
The projects on further augmentation, construction and maintenance of basic infrastructure<br />
projects shall come under the financial provisions of the JNNURM project fund.<br />
7.4 Issues<br />
Following are the issues based on the analysis done through secondary sources as well as<br />
observations and discussions with government officials, community based organizations and<br />
slum dwellers. Major issues in brief are given below:<br />
• Negligence of Crafts persons<br />
• Increasing size of BPL and vulnerable population<br />
• The rapid increase in the density as well as number of slums has made the available<br />
infrastructure inadequate and overstressed<br />
• Lack of comprehensive urban poverty reduction strategy<br />
• In absence of proper strategy and policies to create affordable housing stock for the<br />
urban poor in the city, the growth of new slums will remain unabated<br />
• Unregulated physical development<br />
• Lack of planned interventions in the past has led to the growth of squatter settlements<br />
on public lands. The present scenario shows increased inadequate serviced land for<br />
housing within municipal limits<br />
•<br />
7.5 Strategies<br />
The Slum dwellers of Ujain are mostly skilled labours and hence the main emphasis would<br />
be on the enhanced livelihood alternatives.<br />
• Involvement of NGOs for speedier implementation of the SNP and formation of SHGs<br />
for better Livelihood options.<br />
• Explore options for private sector participation in this project<br />
• Evolve strategies for provision of housing for the Economically Weaker Sections to<br />
accommodate the urban poor in proximity to major industrial areas, commercial hubs<br />
etc., by reserving adequate lands for EWS housing.<br />
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• Channelise all programs and activities of various government agencies for the urban<br />
poor through the Special Purpose Vehicle.<br />
• Motivate private sector to participate in slum up gradation projects.<br />
• Slums development programs can be combined with heritage conservation programs<br />
by unifying the basic features of the vernacular architecture of Ujjain into the new<br />
development. The basic features of the vernacular can only be arrived at by<br />
documenting heritage buildings and analyzing the data.<br />
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8 Ciitty IInffrassttructture and Serviicess Reviiew<br />
Availability and adequacy of urban services are important indicators to assess the liveability<br />
principle of city. They act as catalysts for economic development. Thus, infrastructure may<br />
be defined as the basic facilities, which any developed area requires in sustaining the<br />
activities being carried out in it. Therefore, infrastructure facilities play an important role in<br />
fostering economic growth and enhancing public welfare. By and large, the infrastructure<br />
may be divided into two categories: (a) Physical infrastructure including Water supply,<br />
Drainage, Sewerage, Solid Waste management and Street lighting, Fire Services and so forth;<br />
and (b) Social infrastructure including Education, Health, Markets Recreational facilities etc.<br />
This chapter attempts to present the status of urban infrastructure and services in the Ujjain<br />
City. The analysis is based on the secondary data collected from various Parastatal agencies<br />
such as Ujjain Municipal Corporation, Health and Sanitation Department, Public works<br />
Department, Electricity Board and from UDA. The study approach shows all the sub sectors<br />
of urban services covered in the chapter. Firstly, the status of all the sub sectors is discussed<br />
and detailed, followed by Performance indicators, SWOT and Problems and Issues.<br />
8.1 Water Supply<br />
At the city level, the institution responsible for delivery of water supply is UMC. The fig<br />
below shows the various functions performed by UMC in Water Supply delivery and their<br />
linkages. The decision to undertake the project is taken by UMC. The plan preparation,<br />
construction of reservoirs, laying of transmission lines and distribution lines, their<br />
maintenance and financial inputs are all borne by UMC and State Government. The UMC is<br />
also involved in providing house connections and collection of registration and user charges.<br />
8.1.1 Sourcing and Treatment<br />
Ujjain is situated on the bank of river Kshipra from where the city used to obtain its water.<br />
The river is, however, not perennial and the flow significantly reduces from the month of<br />
April until arrival of monsoon in July. Thus there was a need to capture new sources for<br />
water supply which have emerged in the form of Gambhir dam and Undasa tank. The<br />
Gambhir dam accounts for nearly 96 % of water supply to the city while Undasa tank caters<br />
to the rest 4% of the population.<br />
Sahebkari tank along with Shipra river are the other surface resources but are these are rain<br />
dependent. Another problem with the river Kshipra is that it gets mixed with the river Khan<br />
near Triveni (Ujjain) and gets polluted from the industrial waste. However there are water<br />
treatment plants installed near the river but still the water gives the problems of bad odour<br />
and pale colour. Other than that, the city also depends on surface-subsurface and other<br />
sources for water supply.<br />
As far as Water Treatment us concerned, a water treatment plant (WTP) was built on the<br />
bank of Kshipra River in 1952 for 27 Mld capacity. With increase in population the water<br />
supply was augmented in 1967 by a 4.5 Mld capacity WTP with water from the Undasa<br />
irrigation tank. This latter facility was mainly used for the industrial area and only a small<br />
portion of the city could be served by this scheme. The tank is entirely rain dependent and<br />
unreliable.<br />
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With the city facing acute water shortages the authority decided to collect water from a dam<br />
constructed on the river Gambhira by PHE department 21 km from the city. Thus a 23 Mld<br />
WTP was constructed in 1980 along with a distribution system to cater to un-served areas.<br />
Subsequently the authority installed a new WTP of 4.5 Mld with raw water from Sahebkheri<br />
Irrigation Tank and augmented the Gambhira WTP to 57 Mld in 1984 and 1992 respectively.<br />
The schemes included laying of new distribution lines to new areas. Although the river<br />
Gambhir is non-perennial and the flow is dependent on rain, due to it’s large catchment area<br />
and dead storage capacity enough water is stored to fulfil both irrigation and city water<br />
supply requirements.<br />
For the commencement of Simhasta festival in 2004 (a special religious feature in Ujjain<br />
once in every 12 years), the State government sanctioned a project for Rs.23.93 crores as<br />
grant to the municipality to augment the water. Under this project it was proposed to build a<br />
27 Mld capacity<br />
WTP by the side of<br />
existing Kshipra<br />
WTP with raw<br />
water drawn from<br />
Gambhir dam for<br />
both the existing<br />
and new plants.<br />
Laying of a 21 km<br />
long 800 mm dia<br />
DICL rising main<br />
from Gambhira dam<br />
to the WTP site was<br />
done. Raw water<br />
pumps at intake<br />
well near Gambhir<br />
dam, Clear water<br />
pumps at new WTP<br />
along with adequate<br />
clear water feeder<br />
mains to the<br />
existing overhead<br />
tanks, electric<br />
substation at intake Figure 8-1 Water supply coverage<br />
well and new water treatment plant were included in this project. The project does not<br />
include any new service reservoir or distribution pipelines. The work got completed by<br />
March 2004.<br />
With the completion of the Simhasta water supply project, the quantity of treated water is<br />
reported to be sufficient to serve the 2021 projected city population of 688,000 with more<br />
than recommended norm of 135 lcpd and after allowance for losses.<br />
Table 8-1 Water Resources Surface resources<br />
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Surface Source Capacity in MLD Percentage coverage<br />
Source 1 Gambhir Dam 90.00 95.24%<br />
Source 2 Undasa Tank 4.50 4.76%<br />
Total 94.50<br />
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Figure 8-2 Institutional role in service delivery<br />
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8.1.1.1 Storage and Distribution System<br />
At present, there is reluctance among the people to adapt to protected water supply, and as a<br />
result, the household connections are less. Nearly half of the Ujjain’s population is dependent<br />
on standposts and handpumps as source for water. However, other water requirement of<br />
water for other purposes in such houses is met with individual water supply like tube-well or<br />
dug-wells fitted with small pumps.<br />
The Ujjain Municipal Corporation is divided into 54 wards. The total number of households<br />
in the city is about 77,099 of which 45,403 (67%) have house connections. Supply is also<br />
made available to the public through 3,000community stand posts and 885 handposts. A<br />
further 872 connections are made to commercial and industrial establishments. In addition,<br />
the municipal authority estimates that there are about 10,000 unregistered connections. The<br />
water supply to all these consumers is provided through 25 overhead service reservoirs and<br />
about 400 km of distribution network.<br />
There are 25 overhead reservoirs in the city having a total capacity of 30.26 ML. Presently<br />
there are no ground level service reservoirs in the city. The distribution system has a total<br />
length of 472 kms including distribution mains of 400 kms and Clear Water Transmission<br />
Mains of 72 kms. Also, the production capacity in the treatment plants appears to be much<br />
lower than the installed capacity due to reduction in the efficiency of the equipment. In<br />
addition, there appears to be considerable losses from the distribution pipelines. As a result<br />
the authority only supplies water for about 1 (one) hour a day and during scarcity it is<br />
curtailed to 1hour every alternate day.<br />
Although the production capacity of treated water is 93 Mld, the quantity reaching the<br />
437,410 population of the city after offsetting the production deficiency and all losses is<br />
about 34 Mld or 83 lcpd which is less than the recommended minimum norm of CPHEEO for<br />
having a sewerage system. During summer months, due to depletion in the sources, water<br />
production is restricted and the supply rate becomes insufficient. The total storage capacity in<br />
service reservoirs (24.75 Ml) is adequate but their connection to water deficient areas is<br />
required.<br />
Table 8-2 Water connection Details<br />
Metered<br />
No.of connections Proportion<br />
a Domestic/ Residential - 0.00%<br />
b Non Domestic/ Commercial 259 75.29%<br />
c Industrial 85 24.71%<br />
d Institutional - 0.00%<br />
Total- Metered 344<br />
Unmetered<br />
a Domestic/ Residential 45,059 100.00%<br />
b Non Domestic/ Commercial - 0.00%<br />
c Industrial - 0.00%<br />
d Institutional - 0.00%<br />
Total- Unmetered 45,059<br />
Total Water Connections 45,403<br />
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8.1.1.2 Public Standposts<br />
The number of beneficiaries per stand post is about 43, which is much less than the EIUS<br />
recommendations. But, it is necessary to restrict the stand posts in the city in view of large<br />
wastage arising out of these outlets. The number of individual house connections should be<br />
increased and standposts restricted to where physically necessary, perhaps only serving slums<br />
and economically weaker sections (EWS).<br />
8.1.1.3 Unaccounted For Water (UFW)<br />
There is substantial wastage in the public standposts during supply hours. In addition, there<br />
are significant leakages from the pipelines on which there is no systematic flow recording.<br />
However on the basis of limited investigation and discussions with the O&M staff, the total<br />
water loss in the distribution system is estimated to be not less than 23%. Taking into account<br />
of loss of water in process, transmission, wastage in standposts, unauthorised connections,<br />
the unaccounted for water (UFW) estimated by the authority is not less than 64%.<br />
8.1.2 Operation and Maintenance<br />
The production rate faced by UMC comes out to be Rs 4.26 per 1000 lts. The UMC is<br />
charging a flat rate of Rs.60 per domestic connection per month which should be Rs 130 for<br />
successful maintenance of water works. The operation and maintenance (O&M) of the<br />
treatment plants and distribution system is undertaken by the municipality. There are about<br />
914 staff, including 21 of engineering cadre, provided under the UMC for O&M of the<br />
headwork and distribution system. The annual cost structure of O&M is shown in Table<br />
below:<br />
Table 8-3Annual Cost of O&M for WTP and Distribution System 2004-05<br />
Sl. No. Cost Head Cost per Annum<br />
(Rs. In lakh)<br />
1 Raw Water Charge 20.02<br />
2 Leak & Other Repairs 389.46<br />
3 Chemicals 34.30<br />
4 Energy 446.77<br />
5 Staff Salary & Administration 524.08<br />
Total Cost of O&M 1414.63<br />
Table 8-4 Water supply Service indicators<br />
Per Capita Water Supply- Gross (2001 Population) value unit<br />
Normal Season 231.17 lpcd<br />
Dry Season<br />
lpcd<br />
Weighted Average<br />
lpcd<br />
Distribution Network Coverage (w.r.t Road Length) 135.37 %<br />
Houses/PT Assessments with Water Connection 62.94 %<br />
Non-domestic Connections to Total Connections - %<br />
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Slum Population per Public Standpost (PSP) 43.07 Nos.<br />
Table 8-5 Water Supply Service Cost and efficiency<br />
Service Cost & Efficiency Indicators value unit<br />
a Expenditure per 1000 Litres of Water Produced 1087.29 Rs./KL<br />
b Expenditure per House Service Connection - Rs. p.m.<br />
c Revenue per 1000 Litres of Water Produced 316.17 Rs./KL<br />
d Revenue per House Service Connection 692883.73 Rs. p.m.<br />
g Share of Estab. Expen. in Water Expenditure 37.47 %<br />
h % Cost Recovered through Water Charges (General & Special) 37.70 %<br />
SWOT analysis:<br />
Issue Strength Opportunity Weakness Threat<br />
The water supply<br />
systems does not<br />
cover 100 %<br />
population<br />
Condition of<br />
Water supply<br />
pipelines are<br />
below standards<br />
Lack of<br />
interlinked<br />
networking<br />
Kshipra river is<br />
still not a<br />
dependable<br />
source due to<br />
poor water<br />
quality<br />
The city has<br />
adequate water<br />
capacity up to<br />
2020<br />
The network<br />
coverage is<br />
sufficient<br />
Ambodia and<br />
Kshipra are the<br />
two major supply<br />
systems<br />
Water<br />
availability<br />
throughout the<br />
year due to stop<br />
dam<br />
8.1.3 Future requirement<br />
The JNNURM<br />
mission will play a<br />
major role for<br />
implementation of<br />
water supply projects<br />
Poor condition of<br />
existing water<br />
supply lines<br />
“ 300 -400 mm<br />
pipelines are<br />
further branched<br />
which results in<br />
improper water<br />
supply<br />
The whole city can<br />
be catered without<br />
failure if the systems<br />
are linked<br />
Financial assistance<br />
will help in<br />
combating the<br />
existing hurdles<br />
The systems are<br />
not linked .Half of<br />
the city lacks<br />
water supply in<br />
case one of the<br />
two systems fail<br />
Even if there is<br />
Water treatment<br />
plant, the supplied<br />
water fails colour<br />
and odour<br />
standards<br />
People are not<br />
willing to pay for<br />
the individual<br />
household<br />
connections<br />
No domestic<br />
metered<br />
connections<br />
Improper<br />
maintenance of<br />
supply system<br />
Khan river mixes<br />
with Kshipra near<br />
Triveni (Ujjain)<br />
and pollutes the<br />
river with<br />
industrial waste<br />
Based on the projected population of 2011, the water demand is expected to rise to 82.15<br />
MLD in 2011 @155 lpcd. To make available the required quantity of water, the existing<br />
sources will be sufficient<br />
• Gambhir dam<br />
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• Undasa tank<br />
A broad estimate of 4143.10 lakh has been prepared by UMC to cater the future water<br />
demand which involves the following components:<br />
Table 8-6Future Water Supply Requirements (2011 & 2021)<br />
Present<br />
(2005)<br />
90MLD<br />
demand<br />
Current Supply<br />
Status<br />
(90 MLD)<br />
(90MLD) covered<br />
Future Demand (2011)<br />
82.15 MLD -<br />
Note : Presently the water supply is been done at a rate of 180 lpcd and the future demand has been estimated at<br />
a rate of 155 lpcd.<br />
Gap<br />
Present<br />
demand(2005)<br />
90MLD<br />
Current<br />
Status<br />
(90 MLD)<br />
Supply<br />
Future Demand (2021)<br />
Gap<br />
106.67 MLD 20%<br />
(90MLD) covered<br />
Thus it can be concluded from the above results that there will be as such no water scarcity in<br />
Ujjain city till 2021.the above calculations have been done with an excess provision of water<br />
per capita. It can be analysed that the city will also be capable to provide sufficient water for<br />
the floating population during Simhastha.<br />
8.1.4 Problems and issues<br />
The key issues regarding water supply in Ujjain are:<br />
• Inadequate water supply coverage despite availability of surface water source in<br />
Kshipra River /Gambhir dam<br />
• Inequitable distribution of existing water, due to leakage, inadequate distribution<br />
network capacity, old pipelines and in-appropriate zoning system<br />
• Large number of un-registered/ un-authorized connections (estimated at 15,000<br />
connections) and public stand posts resulting in untapped cost-recovery potential<br />
• Dilapidated condition/mal-functioning of plant and equipment- flow recorders, meters,<br />
dosing equipment and choked sand beds at filter-plants<br />
• Arbitrary trial-and-error based deviations in the water supply zoning and operating<br />
system in order to attempt equitable and timely supply; and<br />
• Absence of a formal operation and maintenance manual and negligent preventive<br />
maintenance- basic information on the water supply network, like pipe diameters,<br />
material, location on map, age, etc., not available<br />
• The number of household connections by protected water supply in UMC are very low<br />
• There is a general reluctance amongst many to adopt piped water connection for their<br />
houses<br />
• A large number of commercial establishments, hotels, restaurants do not have water<br />
connections<br />
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• Some of the distribution pipelines are very old and have become hydraulically<br />
inefficient.<br />
• Objectives of Efficient / Sufficient Water Supply<br />
The overall analysis of problems and issues shows that despite of water adequacy in the city,<br />
there is a problem of proper coverage and service. Looking at Ujjain city’s future as a pilgrim<br />
centre and a place with great religious sanctity it will be required that the city should have<br />
proper infrastructure for its inhabitants and the floating population. Following are the<br />
objectives to achieve the required goal:<br />
Objectives<br />
To give access to safe water supply to all communities<br />
To initiate community involvement for the rational use of water<br />
To initiate programmes for Rain water harvesing for recharge of ground water<br />
Action plan<br />
Roof top Rainwater harvesting can be made mandatory especially in the shallow aquifer zone and against<br />
any new boring wells<br />
Regulations and control of unregistered connections is the need of the day<br />
The water taxes applied should be at an affordable range for all communities<br />
Repair of leakages and reduction in stand posts wherever required must be undertaken<br />
A Distribution network mapping and analysis is required for the entire area Based on the record plans a<br />
hydraulic analysis should then be done to allow proper design of any future system expansion<br />
Educational Programmes for the rational use of water must be propagated. Encouragement for research and<br />
training in new techniques of water conservation<br />
Political will must be mobilized Sufficient levels of investment should be made<br />
8.2 Sewerage and Sanitation<br />
Of many things that can make for healthy cities, clean living conditions are very important.<br />
'Sanitation is a basic component for development .It is not only the problem of keeping<br />
clean , it is also an economic and social problem of raising production and promoting a<br />
good life.' (Pathak)<br />
At present, Ujjain city lacks the Sewerage<br />
network. Under the predominant system of sewage<br />
disposal, therefore, the untreated effluent over<br />
flowing from soak-pits and draining into the city’s<br />
drainage system tends to pollute the water<br />
considerably apart from emanating foul smell into<br />
the atmosphere.<br />
All the sewage thus generated in the city flows<br />
through the open drains and discharged to nallahs<br />
Figure 8-3 Poor sanitary conditions<br />
and ultimately to the river Kshipra. In the old<br />
areas of the city an attempt was made for laying some sewers about 60 years back, but is only<br />
about 7 km in length.<br />
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8.2.1 Present status<br />
The city of Ujjain is partially covered by underground sewer system which is about 7 kms in<br />
length (recently laid 3.5 kms line), and most parts of the city depends on septic tanks. Many<br />
of the houses use septic tanks that are inadequately designed and the partly treated effluent<br />
from these tanks is allowed to flow into the open drains. Unhygienic dry latrines and open<br />
defecation is common in several areas. Open drains carry waste water from kitchens and<br />
bathrooms. There are eleven main nallas flowing through the city. These nallas carry sullage<br />
water and discharge the same into the river Kshipra and thus contaminate the river. In order<br />
to intercept the flow of these nallas, skeleton sewer lines were laid from time to time<br />
particularly on the advent of Simhastha fair, so that the offensive sullage could be pumped<br />
away from ghats into farms.<br />
A scheme for prevention due to pollution on bathing ghats of Kshipra river amounting to<br />
Rs.18.05 lakhs was prepared by P. H. E. Department; and executed by Municipal Corporation<br />
during the year 1968-69. Under the above scheme laying of ghat sewers on Somwaria nalla,<br />
construction of Chakratirth pumping station with pumping machineries and 24" pumping<br />
main etc. were executed. A scheme for prevention of pollution of river Kshipra due to<br />
Hanuman nalla, was prepared by P. H. E. Department at an estimated cost of 4.63 lakhs. It<br />
was executed during the years 1966-69. Before the construction of this sewer, sullage carried<br />
by Hanuman nalla was discharging into the river Kshipra on its upstream side of the existing<br />
water works intake causing contamination of the source of water supply. Diversion of this<br />
nalla prevented the contamination of river to a large extent. The above sewers have reduced<br />
to a great extent the pollution of Kshipra. A complete underground drainage system is<br />
essential to improve the sanitation of the city particularly the central area which has highest<br />
densities and most unsanitary conditions.<br />
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Figure 8-4 Sewage disposal process<br />
8.2.1.1 Earlier efforts<br />
In the earliar efforts the following sewers were laid:<br />
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• One 225 to 300mm diameter laid from Dewas gate, Gudri crossing, Kartic chowk to<br />
old sump well (2180m)<br />
• 300 to 375mm diameter sewer runs from Bheru, Helawadi, Sumwariya to old sump<br />
well (length 3000m)<br />
• Smaller length (161m) sewer joining to new sump well.<br />
These sewer lines are in dilapidated condition and most parts of the city are thus dependent<br />
on individual or community septic tanks. The new colonies such a Indira nagar, Sandipani<br />
nagar are completely dependent on septic tanks. The waste which is carried by the sewer<br />
system and the nallahs is taken to the nine pumping stations,namely at Ram ghat, Badnagar<br />
Bridge, Chakratirth, Rudra Sagar, Manshaman Ganesh,Gaughat, Dani gate, Somwariya,<br />
Ayurvedic College and Bhairavgarh. The sewage is then pumped up to the sewage farms.<br />
Ujjain has a present population of 464,000(estimated) distributed in 54 wards. Of this about<br />
40% is living in the core area and 28% in the surrounding developing area, while the balance<br />
32% live in rural areas. The sanitation in the rural areas with low population density (19<br />
persons/ha) is not critical that in the densely populated city core area (420 persons/ha) and in<br />
the developing areas with medium population density (225 persons/ha). It is therefore<br />
required to provide sewerage to the entire core area (100%) first and part coverage (80%) to<br />
the developing areas later.<br />
8.2.2 Recent projects (Sewerage)<br />
Ujjain is a religious city, which attracts about half a million of pilgrims every year. The River<br />
Kshipra flowing through the heart of the city is regarded as a holy river and plays an<br />
important role for the religious pilgrims. In view of the potential health risk to bathers the<br />
GoI undertook a project to stop the pollution of the River Kshipra under the National River<br />
Conservation Programme (NRCP). The GoI provided a grant of Rs.140 million to the PHED<br />
for intercepting sewage flow in the major water channels discharging to the river. The<br />
intercepted sewage is pumped to a STP, treated and discharged for irrigation. Under this<br />
scheme there was no provision for providing sewerage within the city. On completion of the<br />
scheme the river is substantially free of pollution but there is little appreciable improvement<br />
to the city sanitation.<br />
8.2.2.1 Detail of Sewerage system in the city<br />
Septic tank is the most common mode of disposal of sanitary waste disposal in Ujjain. The<br />
other modes of disposal and household distribution are shown in Table below. It is evident<br />
that about 85% of households have an access to Safe mode of sanitary disposal i.e. by the<br />
means of Septic tanks, Dug latrines. However, about 15% of households do not have an<br />
access to safe mode of sanitation.<br />
Table 8-7 Sanitation facilities<br />
Sanitation Facilities<br />
Population<br />
covered<br />
a Septic Tanks 397000 65000.00<br />
b Public Conveniences 21000 850.00<br />
c Low Cost Sanitation units 12000 7554.00<br />
(no. of units)<br />
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d Dry Latrines - 0.00<br />
e Others - 0.00<br />
Total 430000 73,404<br />
Source:UMC, PHED<br />
8.2.2.2 Tourism Consideration<br />
Considering the large number of floating population there is a need for provision of Public<br />
toilets and Pay and Use toilets especially in the commercial localities and other public places<br />
like bus stand, rickshaw stand, etc. public amenities such as these are essential in order to<br />
keep the surrounding clean and environment healthy.<br />
Table 8-8 City Sewerage Infrastructure<br />
s.no.<br />
Sewage Pumping Details<br />
1 No. of Pumping Stations 8.00<br />
2 No. of Booster Stations 1.00<br />
3 No. of Pumps 39.00<br />
5 Total- Pumping Capacity (MLD) 57.50<br />
6 Total- Pumping Capacity (HP) 2461.65<br />
7 Total- Sewage Pumped (MLD) 17.25<br />
Source:UMC, PHED<br />
The city of Ujjain is considered as a holy city. The provision of community toilets and Sewerage system<br />
augmentation will be done keeping in mind its heritage image.<br />
8.2.2.3 Present status of sewage generation<br />
The present status of sewage generation is as follows:<br />
Total population of Ujjain = 4.65 lakh<br />
Water supply= 64.53 MLD<br />
Considering 80% of water supply as disposed sewage, total sewage generated = 52.75<br />
Mld/day.<br />
8.2.2.4 Future Requirement<br />
It is estimated that around 57.24 MLD sewage would be generated in 2011. To have an<br />
efficient sewerage system, it would require to lay a complete sewer network for the entire<br />
city which comes out to be 139.5 kms. For fulfilling the future sewage treatment demand an<br />
additional sewage treatment plant of 22 MLD is proposed.<br />
Table : Future demand assessment<br />
Components Year Total generation in<br />
MLD<br />
Future Sewerage Generation 2011 57.24 MLD<br />
2021 73.40 MLD<br />
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Components Standard Present Capacity Future Demand Gap<br />
Sewerage network 100% of the area - Entire city to be 100%<br />
sewered<br />
Sewage Treatment 100% of waste 52.75 MLD 73.40 21.55MLD<br />
8.3 Social infrastructure<br />
Table 8-9 Number of Schools in Ujjain City<br />
Government Schools<br />
a No. of Schools 145<br />
b No. of Class Rooms 533.00<br />
c No. of Students 25,419<br />
d No. of Teachers 1,032<br />
Private/ Voluntary Organisation Schools<br />
a No. of Institutions 285<br />
b No. of Class Rooms 1,073<br />
c No. of Students 64,175<br />
d No. of Teachers 2,921<br />
Table 8-10 Medical facilities in Ujjain city<br />
Medical Facilities<br />
Municipal Medical Facilities<br />
a No. of Medical Centres/Clinic/Dispensaries 7<br />
b No. of Doctors 5<br />
c No. of Nurses/ Compounders 3<br />
d No. of Beds -<br />
e Avg. No. of Patients per Day 550.00<br />
Non-Municipal Medical Centres<br />
Medical Centres Run by:<br />
a Government 16<br />
b Private Sector 25<br />
Total 41<br />
Doctors<br />
a Government 114<br />
b Private Sector 102<br />
Total 216<br />
Table 8-11Fire services in Ujjain City<br />
Number of Fire Tenders by Type<br />
a Fire Water Tender Nos 6<br />
b Water Tanker Cum Fire Tender (local make) Nos 6<br />
c Jeep Mini Fire Tender Nos -<br />
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d Fire Tender Nos 1<br />
e Others Nos -<br />
Total Nos 13<br />
Other Equipment<br />
a Hydraulic Platform Nos -<br />
b Portable Pump Nos 2.00<br />
c Trailer Pumps Nos 1.00<br />
d Lader Nos 7.00<br />
8.4 Issues and problems<br />
• No underground sewerage System Coverage: There is no sewerage network in Ujjain<br />
presently and some of the population even don’t have sanitation facilities.<br />
• Septic tank is the major mode of disposal that may pollute the shallow ground water<br />
with microbial pollution.<br />
• In some parts of the city the effluent from the soak pits is directly being disposed into<br />
the river.<br />
• Public conveniences are not adequate in the city.<br />
• Mixing of storm water with sewerage during monsoons: Infiltration of rainwater into<br />
the sewage lines in some areas further aggravates the problem during the monsoon<br />
months.<br />
• Unhygienic dry latrines or open defecation still exists.<br />
• The partly or wholly untreated effluent flows into open drains.<br />
• Absence of a proper drainage system in the older and even newer areas of the city.<br />
Objectives of proposing sewerage and sanitation facilities<br />
• A city can grow better only if has healthy citizens. With a vision to bring Ujjain on the<br />
world map as a city with great religious image it is must to develop it as a clean and<br />
hygienic city first. Following will be the objectives for sanitation provision in the city<br />
:<br />
• The provision of infrastructure will be sensitive to the heritage image of the city.<br />
• Access to safe sanitation systems must be ensured for all communities<br />
• Sanitation systems being implemented must be safe and adapted to the economic<br />
means of the users.<br />
• Genuine community involvement must take place in both planning and management<br />
of systems.<br />
• The sanitation systems should not lead to water or land degradation.<br />
• The systems should be designed to recycle to the maximum extent the renewable<br />
resources, such as water and nutrients present in human excreta, as well as nonrenewable<br />
resources.<br />
• Strategies<br />
Nos<br />
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• To promote indigenous and low cost sanitation technologies-like the sulabh flush<br />
compost toilet at household level<br />
• Sulabh flush compost toilet is a two-pit pour flush toilet technology. Easy to construct<br />
with locally available materials. The design and specifications can be altered to suit<br />
the needs and paying capacity of the user.<br />
• Harnessing non-conventional energy sources from human waste to save fuel and<br />
forests, like for example, biogas generation from the excreta at public toilets<br />
• To educate people not to defecate in the open and prevent environmental pollution<br />
• Building community toilets with bathing, washing, urinal facilities on pay-and-use<br />
basis at public places<br />
• Cross subsidization of public toilets in the rural areas with urban areas<br />
• Procure manure from public toilets to use for agricultural practices. Effluent after<br />
treatment can also be used in the agricultural farms, for gardening or discharge in the<br />
water bodies.<br />
8.5 Storm water Drainage<br />
There is no planned storm water disposal system in the city. Small and medium surface<br />
drains constructed along the roads carry<br />
household wastewater and discharge it to<br />
open areas or small water courses like<br />
Hanuman nallah, Sombaria nallah, etc.<br />
These nallahs in turn discharge to the river<br />
Kshipra.<br />
None of the city nallahs are capable of<br />
carrying storm water and overflow<br />
immediately after heavy rain. Further, due<br />
to construction activities without proper<br />
regard to the drainage there are several<br />
disruptions in the alignment leading to<br />
Figure 8-5 Poor SWM practices<br />
stagnation of water in residential and<br />
business areas. The situation is aggravated due to dumping of solid waste in the drains,<br />
blocking the flow.<br />
There are about 12 major flood prone areas in the city such as Somwaria, Kartik Chowk,<br />
Begampura, Singpuri, Khatriwadi, Sakhipura, Jasingpura, Awantipura, Ramghat, Indore Gate<br />
where drainage is inadequate with flooding at least 4 to 5 times in every year lasting from 4<br />
to 6 hrs.<br />
The average rainfall in Ujjain in monsoon months (June-September) is 952 mm.<br />
approximately 30% of the tertiary and secondary drains require re-sectioning and re-grading<br />
to improve their performance.<br />
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Table 8-12 Major City level drains Inventory<br />
S.no Nallah Observed Flow (Mld) Design<br />
Flow (Mld)<br />
1996 2011<br />
1. Nanakheda 2.75 3.36<br />
2 Alakhadham 3.03 3.71<br />
3 Shastrinagar 3.55 4.34<br />
4 Hanuman naka 7.73 9.45<br />
5 Rajivratna 0.82 1.00<br />
6 Somwaria 8.34 10.20<br />
7 Piplinaka 3.88 6.34<br />
8 Hammalwadi 3.17 3.93<br />
9 Indira nagar 1.93 2.28<br />
10 Siddhawat 1.80 2.20<br />
11 Jaisinghpura 0.08 0.09<br />
The major cause for overflow and flooding is silting and blockages by solid waste. The<br />
performance of the drains can be significantly improved with better management. About 20%<br />
of the total drain length is kutccha, which should be lined after proper de-silting. There is no<br />
storm water drainage master plan prepared for Ujjain based on which the development can be<br />
guided.<br />
8.6 Issues Identified for City Drainage System<br />
• Clogging of drains occur due to encroachment over the drains in old areas not<br />
allowing regular cleaning and dumping of solid waste in open drains.<br />
• Ground and surface water contamination occur due to transfer and disposal of the<br />
wastewater through unlined canals; Hanuman, Sombaria and Ganda nallah into the<br />
River Kshipra.<br />
• Water logging occurs due to inadequacy and inefficiency of storm water drains at<br />
Somwaria, Kartik Chowk, Begampura, Singpuri, Khatriwadi, Sakhipura, Jaisinghpura,<br />
Awantipura, Ramghat and Indore Gate.<br />
• Approximately 20 % of the total drain length is kutccha.<br />
• Construction activities without proper regard to drainage lead to stagnation of<br />
wastewater in the drains and also cause flooding.<br />
•<br />
8.6.1 Action Plan<br />
• Laying of new drains to carry waste water and storm water wherever required<br />
• Covering of open drains at all the uncovered stretches<br />
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• Removal of encroachment over the drains in the commercial areas above the railway<br />
line<br />
• Regular cleaning of existing drains<br />
• Proper lining of drains to reduce contamination.<br />
• Waste water recycling through root zone treatment, underground treatment etc.<br />
8.6.1.1 Drainage Rehabilitation Programme<br />
Under this programme, a study shall be taken up to identify the flood spots within the city.<br />
This shall be based on the past history of floods and survey of all the drains in the city and<br />
their conditions. Mere cleaning of the drains could drain most of the flood spots. In almost all<br />
the cases, strengthening of the drains and construction of leading drains will have to be taken<br />
up. Desilting exercise has to be taken up in all the natural and open drains. Based on the<br />
requirements that arise out of the study, the drains are to be remodelled from the origin to the<br />
outfall.<br />
8.6.1.2 Construction of Roadside drains.<br />
Priority has to be given to the construction of roadside storm water drains (both open and<br />
closed) to facilitate proper draining of storm water into natural drains.<br />
8.7 Solid Waste Management<br />
Historically health and safety have been the major concern in waste management. Today,<br />
society demands more than this as well as being safe, waste management must also be<br />
sustainable. Sustainable Development as defined by Brundtland Commission emphasis the<br />
synergy between economic development, social equity and environment.<br />
• Sustainable waste management should be economically affordable, socially acceptable<br />
and environmentally effective.<br />
• Solid waste management is an urban service that requires a lot of attention and is one<br />
of the very important obligatory functions of any urban local body.<br />
The Ujjain municipal Corporation estimates that 160 T/day of<br />
solid waste is generated in the urban area, which includes the<br />
impact of the floating population drawn to Ujjain as a city of<br />
great religious significance. Most waste seems to end up on<br />
open land or outside the containers. Waste generation estimates<br />
suggest that about 83% of generated waste is actually removed.<br />
There is a strong decline in the standard of services with respect<br />
to collection, transportation and disposal. Presently municipal waste is simply dumped at<br />
MR-V Agar Road trenching ground, at about 4 km from the city.<br />
Corporation data, discussion with UMC authorities and visits to the disposal site all indicate<br />
inadequate solid waste management. Municipal waste as collected is mixed in nature<br />
including bio-waste, night-soil waste and septic tank sludge. Storage facilities are inadequate,<br />
solid waste accumulates in the city and is not removed regularly. Primary collection involves<br />
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multiple-handling, and is not synchronized with transportation, using inadequate manual<br />
loading – unloading methods. Waste transportation is often by open trucks.<br />
The overall waste generation and related available facilities and equipment with UMC are<br />
summarised in Tables below. Table indicates the total staff engaged in solid waste<br />
management.. Transportation facilities, which include type and age of vehicles, number of<br />
trips and distance covered, are summarised in Table later.<br />
Table 8-13 solid waste details<br />
Waste Generation source(tons) Waste Generation source(tons) Proportion<br />
a Domestic 66.00 41.51%<br />
b Commercial & Trade 50.00 31.45%<br />
c Industrial 5.00 3.14%<br />
d Hospital 1.00 0.63%<br />
e Construction and Demolition 30.00 18.87%<br />
f Others (Floating Population) 7.00 4.40%<br />
Total 159.00<br />
8.7.1 Waste generation<br />
The above table shows that the major contributors of solid waste are domestic and<br />
commercial places, which combinable account for more than 70 % of solid waste. The city<br />
has adequate dustbins covering nearly 85% of the city area. The average dustbin spacing is<br />
nearly 500 mts the expenditure per capita on conservancy comes out to be Rs.2.5 for every<br />
meter.<br />
8.7.2 Waste collection<br />
Table 8-14waste collection details in the Ujjain city<br />
Primary Waste Collection<br />
a Community Bins<br />
4.5 cum. community bins- nos. 110.00<br />
Others- nos. 599.00<br />
Total- nos. 709.00<br />
Total Waste Collected (kgs) 136,355.00<br />
b Handcarts<br />
Nos. 103.00<br />
Capacity (kgs) 20,000.00<br />
Secondary Waste Collection<br />
a Vehicles Nos.<br />
LMV- 1 ( 2.5 ton) 7<br />
Total 7.00<br />
Loader- 1 (2 ton) 2<br />
Total 2.00<br />
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HMV- 1 (2 ton) 5<br />
HMV- 2 (4 ton) 6<br />
Total 11.00<br />
b Average Distance (km) 20.00<br />
d Total- Vehicle Capacity (tons) 132.00<br />
Disposal of municipal waste is by open dumping at MR-V Agar Road to the south-west of<br />
the city, which generate obnoxious odours, blowing of litter and breeding of vectors. Burning<br />
of the waste at disposal site is very common, which generate poisonous hydrocarbons such as<br />
carcinogenic dioxins. Two new disposal sites has been identified but not yet acquired: at<br />
Jalankheri, to the west of the city. The other site is in the East-south direction at Manpura<br />
village.<br />
Table 8-15Solid Waste Management Staff at Ujjain<br />
Sl.<br />
No.<br />
Staff<br />
Total<br />
Strengt<br />
h<br />
Zone Wise Distribution of Staff<br />
1 2 3 4<br />
1 Chief Health Officer Nil - - - -<br />
2 Health Officer 1 - - - -<br />
3 Chief Sanitary Inspectors 1 - - - -<br />
4 Sanitary Inspectors 5 2 1 1 1<br />
5 Sanitary Supervisors 5 2 1 1 1<br />
6 Jamadars 34 9 9 8 8<br />
7 Ward Supervisors Nil - - - -<br />
8 Safai Karamcharis 1064 274 242 222 215<br />
9 Drivers 7 2 2 2 1<br />
Table 8-16Physical Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste of Ujjain<br />
(All the Values are in Percentage on wet weight basis)<br />
Sl.<br />
N<br />
o<br />
Items<br />
Pape<br />
r &<br />
Card<br />
boar<br />
d<br />
Pla<br />
stic<br />
Me<br />
tals<br />
Biodegradab<br />
le of<br />
Organic<br />
Fraction<br />
Bioresist<br />
ant<br />
Glass<br />
&<br />
Cera<br />
mics<br />
Inert<br />
(Ston<br />
e,<br />
Brick<br />
s)<br />
Fine<br />
Earth<br />
8 Commercial 39.09 16.47 4.9<br />
8<br />
4.6<br />
0<br />
9 MIG Indra 45.08 4.35 2.7 0.9<br />
Nagar<br />
2 9<br />
10 Veg. Market 88.59 1.20 1.2<br />
0<br />
11 Industrial Area 28.70 1.22 2.8<br />
3<br />
12 Disposal Site 22.47 4.92 5.1<br />
7<br />
13 Sindhi Colony 18.63 6.34 6.3<br />
4<br />
14 Disposal Site 17.28 7.83 4.8<br />
8<br />
15 Juna Samwaria 25.77 2.58 7.0<br />
(LIG)<br />
3<br />
16 MIG Outside 38.48 2.03 3.2<br />
Area<br />
5<br />
17 Mandir Area 69.55 2.76 1.6<br />
6<br />
18 Veg. Market 64.45 3.99 3.1 0.8<br />
3 8<br />
19 Hospital Waste 18.50 18.00 16. 1.2<br />
75 5<br />
20 Hospital Waste 17.57 12.12 11. 2.0<br />
11 2<br />
Organic fraction - Leaves, fruits waste, flower, food waste, hay & straw etc.<br />
Textiles, leather, rubber, wood and synthetics etc.<br />
11.88 - 15.33 7.66 -<br />
7.95 0.49 5.68 32.74 -<br />
0.60 - - 8.41 -<br />
1.6<br />
2<br />
13.24 - 8.24 44.15 -<br />
0.5 6.72 2.58 15.50 42.12 -<br />
2<br />
- 6.98 2.54 20.49 38.68 -<br />
1.9<br />
5<br />
4.87 1.95 20.27 40.97 -<br />
1.1 3.75 0.47 12.18 47.05 -<br />
7<br />
0.6 5.23 0.73 16.68 32.95 -<br />
5<br />
- 3.88 - 6.10 16.05 -<br />
3.99 1.06 0.88 21.62 -<br />
22.50 12.50 - 10.50 -<br />
44.05 4.04 - 9.09 -<br />
8.7.3 Present status<br />
In Ujjain the main source of waste generation is from households, hotels and market. Waste<br />
generated from hospital and clinics, which could be toxic/hazardous in nature, is currently<br />
not separated from domestic waste. There are no industries in the area hence the problem of<br />
industrial waste is non-existent. Solid waste generated in civil area is not segregated into<br />
biodegradable and non-biodegradable category. Waste is collected in open trolleys/tractors<br />
daily in the morning hours. It is dumped together and burnt intermittently along with<br />
biomedical waste. After burning ash remains as it is at the disposal site. People including<br />
hoteliers dump the waste near or outside the community stand posts but rarely inside it. After<br />
collecting the waste from community stand post in the cantonment area waste is disposed in<br />
the final dumping site. Basic three stages of any waste management system in Ujjain<br />
comprise collection, transportation and disposal that is discussed in the following paragraph.<br />
8.7.3.1 Collection<br />
Household waste is disposed of either via door-to-door collection, which is quite uncommon,<br />
or in the primary collection points or dustbins provided by Municipal Corporation. Excluding<br />
posh residential colonies most of the households, shops and other commercial establishment<br />
like hotels, waste is generally thrown on streets, open spaces and drains as and when it is<br />
generated. At some places where primary collection bins, (concrete/plastic) have been<br />
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provided they are either placed at a distance or their size is too small. According to the<br />
authorities it was found that a large number of community bins are either dilapidated or<br />
managed poorly. In some of the bins garbage was found to be spilling over. During the visit it<br />
was also observed that unhygienic condition compelled people to throw waste from a<br />
distance. Stray animals like cows, buffaloes, pigs and dogs spread the waste from the bins.<br />
As small number of people have to cover large area for cleaning and sweeping certain<br />
important roads and market area, are swept daily and some are swept on alternate days<br />
depending on “importance”, concentration of population and type of activity. Rag picker cum<br />
waste material merchant of Ujjain picks material from waste having recyclable value.<br />
8.7.3.2 Transportation<br />
After street sweeping and primary collection waste is normally dumped in the community<br />
concrete garbage bins by the primary collector with the help of hand cart. From here it is<br />
transported to disposal site. In Ujjain manual methods are used for loading of waste that is<br />
than transported through tricycle, tractor trolleys and trucks. Various trips are made to collect<br />
the waste from primary collection points and dump it at the garbage yard. It was observed<br />
that vehicles are often under loaded. Complete waste is also not lifted on daily basis creating<br />
backlogs particularly on holidays. Information provided by the UMC suggest that all types of<br />
waste, be it from house hold, slaughter house, commercial waste, hospital waste or<br />
construction gets invariably mixed while transporting.<br />
8.7.3.3 Disposal<br />
In general parlance disposal of waste means dumping. In Ujjain in general waste is simply<br />
dumped in an abandoned area it is learnt that every fortnight layer of lime is sprayed over the<br />
dumping site to prevent infection. However no composting is done with soil or using<br />
machines. They invariably burn the waste in small heaps on roadside. Waste collected at the<br />
community dust bins is also either burnt or used for reclamation of low lying pits as there is<br />
no identified major dumping site.<br />
8.7.3.4 Heritage areas consideration<br />
The Municipality collects garbage from households and commercial establishments within<br />
the Ujjain city by using tractors and lorries that create air and noise pollution. Looking at the<br />
sanctity of heritage areas the municipality should acquire non-polluting utility vehicles that<br />
can be used for the collection and disposal of household garbage in the heritage areas of the<br />
city. Self help groups can also be encouraged for the waste management practices.<br />
The waste coming out of areas such as temples etc. need a separate handling. This waste<br />
cannot be mixed with the other. The waste coming out from the temple areas is mainly<br />
organic waste that can be decomposed further to prepare manure.<br />
8.8 Issues<br />
• Number of community dustbins need to be increased, simultaneously existing bins<br />
should be maintained properly. Dustbins should be designed in such a way that they<br />
are beyond the reach of stray animals.<br />
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• Dumping of waste is not disposal of waste. In Ujjain this is perhaps the weakest link<br />
in the waste management system. Existing dumping site is merely a garbage yard. By<br />
no means it can be considered as a sanitary land fill (SLF) which is a scientific method<br />
of refuse disposal.<br />
• Existing open dumping system may cause not only health hazards and fire, but is<br />
potential breeding ground of vectors and diseases. It may also contaminate ground<br />
water if the rock profile allows the leachets to percolate.<br />
• Waste is burnt at the dumping site.<br />
8.9 Strategies<br />
With the above cardinal points in mind, following specific measures are recommended for<br />
improving solid waste management practices in Ujjain.<br />
• All households may be encouraged not to throw any solid waste in their<br />
neighbourhood, on the street, open spaces, and vacant plots or into drains and keep the<br />
food waste/ bio-degradable as and when generated, in any type of domestic waste<br />
container, preferably with a cover, and keep dry/ recyclable wastes separately.<br />
• All shops and establishments may be asked to refrain from throwing their solid waste/<br />
sweeping etc. on the footpaths, streets, open spaces and keep their waste on-site as and<br />
when generated in a suitable container until the time of doorstep collection.<br />
• Similarly all hotels and restaurants should be directed to refrain from throwing their<br />
dry and wet solid waste/ sweeping on the footpath, streets, open spaces or drains. They<br />
should store their waste on-site in sturdy containers. The container should have<br />
appropriate handles on the top or side and rim at the bottom for ease of emptying.<br />
• All street food vendors may be directed not to throw any waste on the street or<br />
pavement. They must keep bins or bags for the storage of waste that is generate during<br />
their activity. Their handcarts must have a shelf or sac below for storage of waste<br />
generated in the course of business. If required a total ban on use of polythene bags<br />
and other plastic packaging material be imposed in the eco-city area. Government of<br />
Madhya Pradesh is also coming up with a regulatory provision to ban use of polythene<br />
of less than 20 micron.<br />
• Segregation of recyclable/ non biodegradable waste: It is essential to save the<br />
recyclable waste material from going to the waste processing and disposal sites and<br />
using up landfill space. Salvaging it at source for recycling could make profitable use<br />
of such material. The Municipal Corporation towards segregation of recyclable waste<br />
may take following measures:<br />
• Door to door visits to create awareness among the local residents<br />
• Some areas should be selected for a separate waste collection scheme. The waste<br />
collection scheme should be supported financially by the residents, shops, hotels and<br />
the Municipaliuty. Self – help group can be given the task of collecting household<br />
organic and recyclable waste in to differently marked containers.<br />
• Introduction of vermi-composting plant should be done<br />
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• Cleaning of Surface drains -Provision of litterbags/ Garbage Stations: For keeping the<br />
streets clean it is necessary to provide facilities of litter bins all over the town so that<br />
people can deposit the litter in hand into such bins while on the move and keep the<br />
streets litter-free.<br />
• Zero Solid Waste<br />
Waste Collection: In order to make the waste collection more practical and hygienic, and to<br />
encourage segregation of the organic and non-organic wastes- 90% of the waste being<br />
organic- the following schemes are to be implemented:<br />
Gau-shala carts: Gau- shala carts can run across the heritage streets to collect kitchen wastes<br />
and cooked wastes to go for the cows. Several cycle carts can be equipped with open bins<br />
where the contents can be emptied.<br />
Improvement of waste collection: Green and white bins to be placed in the market for<br />
shopkeepers to dump their organic and non-organic wastes respectively.<br />
Individual motivation of the workers and of the shopkeepers: Sessions with shopkeepers,<br />
encouraging them to participate in the waste segregation to be carried out with the municipal<br />
workers.<br />
Involvement of the NGOs working and organizing rag-pickers: Rag-pickers to be organized<br />
by NGOs for collection of door to door collection of garbage. Metal wastes and other<br />
recyclable wastes to be segregated at source.<br />
•<br />
8.10 Street Lighting<br />
Compared to the total road length of 348.68 KMS the number of poles is around 16,478,<br />
which is found to be quite adequate for the city. There is no lighting in 10% of the road<br />
network, mostly falling in slums, illegal colonies and peri-urban areas. The illumination type<br />
consists of tube lights, mercury vapour lamps and sodium vapour lamps.<br />
Table 8-17 Details of Street lighting in Ujjain City<br />
Street Lighting Nos. Proportion<br />
Type (nos.)<br />
A High Mast Lamps 14 0.08%<br />
B Halogen Lamps - 0.00%<br />
C Mercury Vapour Lamps - 0.00%<br />
D Sodium Vapour Lamps 9,526 57.81%<br />
E Tubelights 6,924 42.02%<br />
F Others (CFL) 14 0.08%<br />
Total 16,478<br />
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8.10.1 Recent project:<br />
EESSSSCO pprrooj jeecct t foorr f eenneerrggyy ssaavvi inngg inn i sst trreeeet t lil<br />
igghht tss 55 nnooss loow l teennssi t ioonn ppuumppss<br />
The project was initiated in the month of Dec 2003. The work were executed in the month of<br />
Nov 2004 and completed in the month of January 2005 .In this project total tube lights which<br />
were installed previously were replaced by waterproof tube light with a load of only 32 watt<br />
without choke. The load monitoring system with micro process was also installed at 119<br />
switching points. The no. of tube lights replaced was about 6000.The consultant for whole<br />
project was Econoler international Canada. The savings were measured as 35 % in street tube<br />
lights. Saving on by LMS is about 18 to 25 %.The total cost of this project was Rs 2.5 crores.<br />
The project cost will be given to the company by revenue earned by energy saving as<br />
explained. Consultancy and project fee will be paid by 80% of the expenditure saved by<br />
UMC.<br />
Results achieved- Presently UMC is successful in minimizing its expenditure on streetlights by nearly Rs. 10<br />
lakhs.<br />
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9 Roadss & Transsporttattiion<br />
9.1 Introduction<br />
Transport infrastructure forms the backbone of any economy and plays an important role in<br />
the development of a region. It is also one of the most important infrastructure facilities of<br />
any city. For a city like Ujjain, where there is heritage at every next stride, it becomes more<br />
important to undertake this sector in a very sensitive manner. The objective of studying the<br />
transport sector is to analyze and understand the role of transport in the present scenario of<br />
the city (with a special emphasis upon Heritage precincts) and the surrounding and to<br />
understand the existing potentials, strengths, weaknesses and constraints of the Transport<br />
sector and consequently arrive at strategies and projects, which will form an integral part of<br />
the City Development Plan.<br />
Road and Rail sector occupy the significant roles in the transport sector in Ujjain and<br />
surrounding areas. By and large, all the major travel and movement for both goods and<br />
passenger traffic is being met by roads. The status of road transport sector has been analyzed<br />
under the following aspects: (a) Network and traffic characteristics (b) growth of vehicles (c)<br />
Parking scenario; and (d) Public Transport system. The analysis is based on the secondary<br />
data collected from UMC and surveyed data based on study conducted by TCPO.<br />
9.1.1 Regional linkages<br />
A broad delineation of Ujjain region would include the seven districts of Indore, Ujjain,<br />
Dewas,<br />
Mandsaur,<br />
Ratlam, Dhar<br />
and Jhabua.<br />
Along with<br />
Indore and<br />
Dewas, Ujjain is<br />
among the three<br />
most important<br />
centers in this<br />
region. Bhopal<br />
Ratlam broad<br />
gauge railway<br />
line passes<br />
through it and<br />
the NH3 is only<br />
35 kms, away.<br />
Besides these<br />
national<br />
connections, Figure 9-1 Regional linkages of the Ujjain City<br />
there are many state level highways linking it to the major regional and state centers. Within<br />
this region, Ujjain is the only place of great sanctity and hence attracts devotees for almost all<br />
the major festivals like Amavasya, Shivaratri, Panchakroshi, Nagpanchami etc. Thus, there<br />
are occasional peak demands on the transport network. Ujjain city is connected to various<br />
major nodes in the region through five radial roads and a broad gauge railway line to Bhopal.<br />
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The state highways / MDRs connecting the city are Indore Road, Dewas Road, Agar Road,<br />
Maxi Road and Badnagar Road. Out of the five roads Agar Road, Dewas Road and Indore<br />
Road carry maximum amount of regional traffic. There is no bypass / ring road for the city<br />
except for a very small portion connecting Indore Road through an ROB.<br />
9.1.1.1 City level road network<br />
The urban structure of Ujjain reflects a linear form, which has been formed by its restricted<br />
road network due to Kshipra River. The road network of the city is unorganised with more of<br />
intercity and local roads. Moreover, there is no definite hierarchy of the road system with<br />
most of the city roads also serving the intercity traffic.<br />
The city is distinctly divided into two parts, with the old city housing all the major religious<br />
and trading activities and the newly developed portion south of the railway tracks. The<br />
connectivity for both parts is only through an ROB near railway station. Due to this, it has to<br />
carry a huge amount of traffic comprising of significant slow traffic. The road network of<br />
Ujjain is mostly North-South oriented, Agar Road passing in front of railway station, bus<br />
stand, agricultural grain market etc and skirting the old city area is busy and congested almost<br />
throughout the day. The other important roads are Indore Road and Dewas Road which are in<br />
East-West direction.<br />
Like all other cities the road network in the old city area (Mahakaal Kshetra), with little or no<br />
scope for widening, is quite inefficient and inadequate for the present day traffic. Moreover,<br />
there is a very high degree of pedestrian traffic; commercial activities including the informal<br />
sector, absence of any organised parking space make the situation worse. Though some<br />
traffic management measures in the form of banning of heavy vehicles, one-way operation<br />
etc. are in place, but due to lack of strict enforcement measures it fails to give any relief to<br />
the core area.<br />
9.1.1.2 Type of road construction<br />
Ujjain has a total road network length of nearly 350 kms and most of the roads in the city are<br />
tar roads, accounting for nearly 86% of the total road length. Concrete roads account for<br />
nearly 13% and nearly 1% is earthen and other roads.<br />
Table 9-1 Surface type and Road Stock<br />
Surface Type length (km) Total road length proportion<br />
Concrete 42.25 12.12%<br />
Black Topped /Tar 301.73 86.53%<br />
WBM 2.40 0.69%<br />
Stone Paved - 0.00%<br />
Earthern & Others 2.30 0.66%<br />
Total<br />
348.68 Kms<br />
Source: T&CPD and UMC<br />
The per capita road length comes out to be 0.81 meters. The total drain percentage in<br />
comparison to the road is coming out to be 118% which should be 130% for a satisfactory<br />
condition. Thus there is presently a gap of nearly 12% .The already existing drains are also<br />
not in a good condition and require restoration.<br />
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Table 9-2 Types of Drain and Proportion<br />
Component Proportion (out of 200%)<br />
% Total Drains to Total Road Length 118.72<br />
% Pucca Drains to Total Road Length 110.63<br />
9.2 Public Transport<br />
Railway station is situated in the core area of the city; There are two major bus terminals.<br />
One is at Dewas gate which is near to the railway station and the other is at Nanakheda.<br />
Presently the Dewas gate bus stand is very congested since all the buses plying to Mehidpur,<br />
Badnagar, Agar, Dewas, Maksi, Indore and Tarana start from this terminal. Nanakheda bus<br />
stand came up during the Simhastha 1992 for the convenience of the tourists and pilgrims. It<br />
also aimed in reducing the load of the Dewas Gate bus stand, with an aim to cater to the<br />
traffic going and coming to Indore and Dewas. There are very few tempo stands in the city.<br />
Tempos running on the road do not stop at the designed stops due to which the flow of traffic<br />
is disturbed. The present tempo stands are haphazard and do not occur within a regularized<br />
interval.<br />
Intersections: Few intersections where congestion has been observed are:<br />
• Kamari Marg Chauraha: vehicles coming from the Dani gate, K.D.Gate, Patni Bazaar,<br />
Gopal Mandir and Tanki Chauraha lead to the congestion problem<br />
• Bhargav Tiraha: Vehcles coming from K.D.Gate, Tanki chauraha, Budhwaria and<br />
Khajurwali Masjid give rise to the problem of traffic.<br />
• Chamunda Mata Chauraha: the presence of a park, std booth interrupts the flow of<br />
traffic at this junction.<br />
• K.D.gate: the presence of temple at the intersection interrupts the flow of traffic<br />
• Tanki Chauraha<br />
• Indore gate and Dewas gate<br />
• Fawara chowk<br />
• Teen batti chauraha<br />
• Chhatri chowk<br />
• Tower chowk<br />
• Gol chauraha<br />
At present there are few roads in the city that are busy and congested. These roads are:<br />
Daulatganj to Mallipura Dewas gate, Mahakal ghati to Topkhana Daulat ganj, Kanthal to Sati<br />
gate, Patni Bazaar, K.D.Gate to Bhargav Tiraha, Dani gate to Tanki Chauraha, Tanki<br />
Chauraha to Khazurwali Masjid, Road passing through Madhav College, Road passing<br />
through the Daulat Ganj sabzi mandi.<br />
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9.2.1 Travel Characteristics in Ujjain city<br />
The city of Ujjain is served by 6 regional roads namely Dewas Road, Indore Road,<br />
Badnagar Road, Unhel Road, Agar Road and Maksi Road. Out of the five roads, Agar road,<br />
Indore road and Dewas road carry maximum amount of regional traffic. Agar road passing in<br />
front of the Railway station, bus stand, agricultural grain market and skirting the old city is<br />
busy and congested (peak hour traffic volume count is nearly 6000 PCU. Indore road and<br />
Dewas road within the city carry peak hour traffic of about 3000 PCU and 2200 PCU.<br />
Percentage of the slow moving traffic is higher in the part of the city lying north of the<br />
railway line, while the southern part of the city has a higher percentage of the fast moving<br />
traffic.<br />
Mooddee oof f TTrraavveel l<br />
The predominant mode of travel (motorized) in Ujjain, is two-wheelers and private transport.<br />
As per discussions with the authority, nearly 23<br />
per cent of the respondents use non-motorized Mode of travel to work place<br />
modes of travel to work place (by walk,<br />
Two<br />
bicycles,cycle rickshaw and tongas). About 32<br />
wheelers<br />
per cent use two-wheelers and 45 per cent of the<br />
Non<br />
32%<br />
motorised<br />
respondents depend on private transport. Thus a<br />
45%<br />
major working population uses private transport<br />
for their workplace which is definitely not a<br />
Private<br />
transit<br />
good indication for the future traffic<br />
23%<br />
management proposals.<br />
Maassss TTrraannssi itt<br />
Figure 9-2 Percentage wise distribution of Mode of travel<br />
The transport system in the city, comprises mainly<br />
of 3-wheeler tempos auto rickshaws, cycle<br />
rickshaws and tongas. One of the major problems in<br />
the mass transit system is the absence of public<br />
transport facility. There are many unplanned routes<br />
for tempos, mostly originating from the city center<br />
and connecting to the fringe areas of the city.<br />
However, operation of tempos does have many<br />
problems such as:<br />
• Not an environmentally friendly public<br />
transport<br />
• Lack of proper tempo stops with basic amenities<br />
• Reckless driving by private operators<br />
• Rampant overcrowding of tempos<br />
• Commuter safety is totally ignored<br />
• Slow moving transport system<br />
• Poor quality of service and comfort to passengers<br />
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TToouurri issm aanndd trraannssppoorrt t taat tioonn<br />
Being a religious city, thousands of pilgrims and tourists visit Ujjain approximately once in<br />
every 15 days and hundreds of pilgrims visit the city daily. Presently, there are as such no<br />
arrangements done by the concerned authorities for tourism transportation. Also, there are no<br />
facilities like tourist information centre, tourist buses etc. Keeping in mind the vision of the<br />
city and future prospects Ujjain would definitely need a proper tourist transportation system.<br />
Need of a Mass transit system<br />
Development of cycle tracks and non polluting and<br />
efficient transport system is perceived as a priority. The<br />
130 diesel three-wheeler tempos providing public<br />
transport services in Ujjain are considered as a highly<br />
polluting mode of transport. The less affluent people are<br />
affected the most because they dependent on this mode<br />
of transport and have high exposures to air pollution and<br />
traffic hazard. To minimize the impact from polluting<br />
modes of mass transportation, Battery operated threewheelers,<br />
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquid Figure 9-3 Major parking areas<br />
Petroleum Gas (LPG) operated buses and public<br />
transport to operate on the main routes and feeder routes. The biggest barrier to the diffusion<br />
of such transport is the lack of infrastructure and a coherent programme of deployment and<br />
dissemination. Unlike the petrol/diesel stations that have been provided by oil companies,<br />
there are no battery charging stations (BCS), CNG and LPG stations at Ujjain. To overcome<br />
this barrier, funds have to be mobilized to set up BCS, CNG and LPG stations in the heart of<br />
the city. The roof of the stations can be built with less energy intensive ferrocement and<br />
rainwater can be harvested for groundwater replenishment. The State Electricity Department<br />
has to be involved to assure good quality battery chargers and round the clock power supply.<br />
While the UMC can remain the owner, the BSC can be given on lease to a trained local NGO<br />
with adequate competence and experience to provide<br />
battery charging service. The lease fee can be structured<br />
such that it would allow the UMC to maintain the site<br />
and upgrade the BCS periodically, in a sustainable<br />
manner. Pondicherry is already operating such Battery<br />
operated vehicles in their heritage areas.<br />
Effective Public Address system with large LCD/<br />
Plasma screens to be installed at critical places which<br />
can be used for communication with the large number of<br />
people visiting the city on occasions such as Simhasta, Figure 9-4 Battery operated tourist vehicles<br />
Yatras etc. The same system can be linked with the News network to show important events,<br />
government announcements and other welfare programs. Two such screens can be installed<br />
at present to check the usefulness of the gadget.<br />
PPaarrkki inngg<br />
There are no organized on-street marked parking arrangements in any of the major<br />
commercial areas of the city. Most of the core market areas of the city are characterized by<br />
narrow roads with a high proportion of pedestrian and slow moving traffic. Even if the there<br />
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has been traffic restriction on the road in front of Mahakal temple, it is still under the<br />
immense pressure of traffic and crowd due to which on and off it needs repair and it is very<br />
difficult to do it frequently. Similarly unorganized parking and shops lead to the<br />
heterogeneous crowding of vehicles and people in clusters. In this context existing road<br />
parking and shopping area is proposed to be organised, widened and improved.<br />
The capacity of the roads is further reduced by vehicles parked on the roadsides. This, in<br />
fact, is one of the major bottlenecks to smooth flow of road traffic.<br />
Following areas were identified as the places that can be developed as the parking areas in<br />
order to reduce the congestion on streets as well as to manage the future vehicular growth<br />
• Dussera maidan<br />
• Freeganj commercial area<br />
• Maksi road,sabji mandi<br />
• Bharatpuri administration area<br />
• Kothi area<br />
• Mahakaal commercial area<br />
• Traffic Elements<br />
A city street comprises four components. The first is the pavement, which is a civil<br />
engineering element. The second is the traffic that runs on it. The third is the traffic<br />
policeman that controls traffic and the fourth is traffic furniture, signage and road markings.<br />
The fourth element is nearly missing in Ujjain. This element is the most visible, and not only<br />
lends character and aesthetics to the city, but plays a major role in making the road safe for<br />
its users. Some of the serious shortcomings that have been observed are:<br />
• Footpaths are missing in most of the roads<br />
• Where footpaths are provided, pedestrian railings are missing<br />
• Improper channel islands<br />
at junctions<br />
• Absence of road<br />
markings<br />
• Absence of signage<br />
• Absence of street name<br />
boards<br />
• Absence of organized and<br />
marked on-street parking.<br />
9.2.1.1 Core area<br />
Considering the perspective of<br />
Ujjain’s historical, cultural and<br />
religious importance, the road<br />
and transportation projects need<br />
Figure 9-5 Core city area (Mahakaal)<br />
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to be incorporated in the core area. The area mainly covered under core city can be roughly<br />
delineated as Chardham to Har Siddhi temple road on west side, Ramghat road an north side,<br />
Hariphatak bridge road on east side and Jaisinghpura road on southside. Following major<br />
pilgrim tourist spots fall in the delineated area and are as follows:<br />
• Mahakal Temple<br />
• Ramghat<br />
• Har Siddhi Temple<br />
• Chardham Temple<br />
• Bada Ganpati<br />
• Ram Mandir etc.<br />
This area is about 2 Sq.Km in which the estimated existing population remains about 15000<br />
and floating population varies from 10,000 to 10,0000 per day on festive occasions and<br />
during Simhastha it ranges from 10,00,000 to 15,00,000 people per day.<br />
Maaj joorr PPrroobbl leemss (ccoorree ( aarreeaa) )<br />
With respect to the present traffic and transportation systems following problems are<br />
analysed<br />
• Congested approach roads, inadequate for heavy vehicles.<br />
• Inadequate drainage, poor lighting and encroachment on approach roads.<br />
• Improper zigzag shape on turnings causes hindrance to the smooth traffic flow<br />
• Unorganized insufficient parking spaces.<br />
• Lacking signage system, leads to accidents<br />
• Traffic system is not properly organized<br />
• Need of new roads to be developed to cater increased traffic demands<br />
• Dilapidated existing roads need repair improvement<br />
Looking to the problems following projects should be incorporated:<br />
• Approach and Parking provision near Mahakal Temple<br />
• Improvement of existing road in front of Mahakal Temple<br />
• Improvement of existing road on south side of Mahakal Temple<br />
• Improvement of south approach road to Ramghat<br />
• Development of parking area at south side of Ramghat<br />
• Development of parking area at north side of Ramghat<br />
• Improvement of Chaubis Khamba marg<br />
• Improvement of Ramghat marg<br />
• Widening of existing Harsiddhi marg<br />
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• Improvement of Mahakal to Bada Ganpati road<br />
• Construction of Rudra Sagar east embankment road<br />
• Construction of Rudra Sagar west embankment road<br />
• Improvement of Bhagat Singh marg<br />
• Improvement of Jaisingh pura road<br />
• Improvement of Mahakal marg from kot mohalla square to Mahakal<br />
• Construction of new road linking, proposed parking near Mahakal to Rudra<br />
embankment<br />
• Sagar embankment road<br />
• Development of parking at north side of Ramghat near Chardham mandi<br />
9.2.1.2 Future Requirement<br />
To meet the growing demand of an efficient city road network, UMC through inputs from the<br />
CDP workshop, and an internal assessment has identified the requisite road works to be<br />
undertaken. It is proposed to increase the area under roads in the city by linking up the poorly<br />
connected areas of Ujjain, restoring and widening up the major roads, which would help<br />
relieve congestion.<br />
Based on public consultation and meeting with UMC officials, several junction<br />
improvements and traffic management are being undertaken. Several road improvement<br />
projects, bridges and other development projects have been proposed phasewise for the next<br />
16 years up to 2021 to improve the traffic scenario in Ujjain. These are listed in Table and the<br />
total project cost is estimated to be Rs 20,000 lakhs.<br />
9.3 Issues<br />
The key issues regarding planning and providing for traffic and transportation in Ujjain city<br />
are:<br />
• Lack of coordination among agencies involved in planning and providing for traffic<br />
and transportation;<br />
• Reduced capacities of major corridors and roads in core city and market areas due to<br />
encroachments, high proportion of slow-moving traffic and absence of pedestrian<br />
paths and organized parking facilities<br />
• Limited coverage of public transport system and poor quality of service and associated<br />
infrastructure (like bus terminals and tempo stops)<br />
• Absence of a comprehensive and scientific traffic management system – existing<br />
traffic management measures arbitrary (one-way systems in core city and market areas<br />
and ban on truck entry into city) and signals improperly designed;<br />
• Absence of appropriate safety and visibility enhancement parameters like signage,<br />
markings, channel islands, street name boards and other street furniture<br />
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• Inadequate organizational and human resource capacity and lack of finances in UMC<br />
to plan and provide for traffic and transportation facilities.<br />
SWOT analysis<br />
Issue strength weakness opportunity Threat<br />
City road network<br />
Road condition<br />
Absence of<br />
Authorized<br />
parking facility in<br />
UMC<br />
Absence of an<br />
integrated public<br />
transport<br />
transport system in<br />
the city<br />
The Citv has Good<br />
road network that<br />
covers most part<br />
of the city<br />
Most of the roads<br />
are in satisfactory<br />
condition<br />
presently<br />
If properly<br />
undertaken, UMC<br />
can generate good<br />
revenue out of it.<br />
Most people of the<br />
city are dependent<br />
on mass transit<br />
system<br />
The road network<br />
of the town is<br />
unplanned<br />
Improper<br />
maintenance and<br />
on road parking<br />
Haphazard<br />
parking all along<br />
the main roads<br />
No initiative in the<br />
field of public<br />
transport<br />
The transport<br />
infrastructure can<br />
be strengthened<br />
under the<br />
JNNURM scheme<br />
Maintenance and<br />
road development<br />
projects will get a<br />
boost under the<br />
above scheme<br />
Thousands of<br />
tourist visit the<br />
city daily, the<br />
better parking<br />
options can exploit<br />
the chance<br />
Daily available<br />
tourist passengers<br />
Most of the<br />
intersections in the<br />
city are<br />
characterised by<br />
poor geometries<br />
and ‘y Shape'<br />
which increases<br />
conflicts and is not<br />
conducive to<br />
smooth traffic<br />
movement.<br />
-<br />
The present<br />
parking scenario is<br />
constantly<br />
reducing the<br />
existing road<br />
capacity.<br />
Public transport,if<br />
not initiated the<br />
private transport<br />
providers can start<br />
doing monopoly .<br />
9.4 Strategies<br />
The strategies are towards covering the entire area and population of the city with an<br />
effective road network by 2021 and improving the surface conditions of the roads to<br />
withstand all weathers by 2021. In fact keeping in mind the next Simhastha the basic<br />
transport infrastructure must be finished before 2016.<br />
Auuggmeennt taat tioonn aanndd Asssseet t Reehhaabbi ilitaat<br />
tioonn.<br />
..<br />
Action - While the peripheral areas are to be provided with surfaced roads, up-grading of the<br />
existing roads shall be taken up to extend, renovate and enhance the roads (with an emphasis<br />
on Dewas, Indore, Agar and Maksi road ). Plans shall be taken up in a phased manner so as to<br />
optimise cost and surface condition. The programme shall also include completion of the ring<br />
road and avoid discontinuity.<br />
Widdeenni<br />
inngg aanndd SSt trreennggt thheenni inngg oof f Rooaadd SSt trruucct tuurreess aanndd Reemoovvaal l oof f EEnnccrrooaacchhmeennt tss. ..<br />
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Action - With due consideration to growing traffic intensity, major roads, corridors in the<br />
city are to be extended and expanded. This shall involve construction of fly-overs, bridges<br />
etc., the proposal works on which are already in progress. This shall also involve removal of<br />
encroachments on margins of the roads and strengthening of road structures with pavements,<br />
footpaths.<br />
TTrraaf fficc SSt trreeaaml linni<br />
inngg aat t IInnt teerrsseecct tioonnss<br />
Action - Channelizers, Traffic islands, Traffic Signals, Dividers, Lane separators and Traffic<br />
Police Control shall be introduced at all important junctions based on ‘Traffic Management<br />
Plan’ The study has proposed detailed improvement designs/plans for the junctions in the<br />
city.<br />
IImpprroovveemeennt t oof f PPaarrkki inngg aanndd PPeeddeesst trri iaann FFaacci ilitieess.<br />
..<br />
Action - All new commercial developments would have to adhere to the minimum provision<br />
of parking facilities. Apart from providing public parking spaces on important roads steps<br />
shall be initiated to avoid parking at junctions. Footpaths of enough width, pedestrian<br />
crosswalks and subways should be introduced and vehicular traffic should be banned and<br />
made limited to just access lanes in certain stretches of the CBD and core city areas near<br />
Mahakaal where the Bus Stand and Railway station exists.<br />
Coompprreehheennssi ivvee sst tuuddyy oonn TTrraaf fficc aanndd TTrraannssppoorrt taat tioonn<br />
Action - A study needs to be undertaken on traffic and transportation as a whole. Earlier<br />
study was largely focussing on the intersections. In order to look into the problem<br />
holistically, it is imperative to take all the parameters in consideration at one time and evolve<br />
an overall traffic and transportation management plan for the city.<br />
Deeccoonnggeesst tioonn oof f thhee t CBBD aanndd ool ldd cci ityy aarreeaa. ..<br />
Action - Proposals shall be drawn to decongest the core and CBD, which has a mix of<br />
commercial and public activities taking place inviting a lot of traffic. Options at alternate site<br />
location for the existing Bus Stand shall be explored. The existing terminal can be utilised as<br />
an alighting point. Also possibilities of shifting certain wholesale activities to new locations<br />
can be explored.<br />
IInnt trroodduucct tioonn oof f nnoonn –– ppool lluut<br />
tinngg trraannssppoorrt t t foorr f hheerri itaaggee toouurr t<br />
The initiatives should be taken to introduce non-polluting vehicles (mainly battery operated)<br />
for transporting tourists who would like to take a ride and appreciate the rich heritage of the<br />
town within the time limit.(the project can be adopted by Pondicherry’s Asia – Urbs<br />
initiative.)<br />
The heritage tour can be managed by INTACH in the partnership with local Tourism<br />
authority.<br />
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Coonnccl luussi ioonn<br />
Transport Sector is a very important sector for the development of the city owing to the<br />
Strategic location. However the current status and trend of growth in Ujjain reveals the<br />
inherent problems and issues in the transportation system. It is needless to remind that an<br />
inefficient transport system causes avoidable social, economic and financial wastage,<br />
increasing the costs and driving out investments. To achieve the principle of Liveability in<br />
the concept of CDP, it is important to improve the transport infrastructure, which is a basic<br />
and critical component of the overall infrastructure sector. And it is essentially needed to cut<br />
costs for the economy and improve competitive position of the region.<br />
Looking to the importance of the Urban Transit to the city’s economy and quality of life,<br />
upgradation of public transit has been suggested since a full fledged Bus Rapid Transit<br />
System (BRTS) may not be immediately viable given the size of the town. A BRTS can be<br />
considered up at an adequate scale and required design in the second phase.<br />
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10 Ciitty Enviironmentt<br />
10.1 Introduction<br />
The rapid increase in industrial and economic development has led to severe environmental<br />
degradation that undermines the environmental resource base upon which sustainable<br />
development depends. The economics of environmental pollution, depletion and degradation<br />
of resources has in fact been neglected as compared to the issues of growth and expansion.<br />
Historically health and safety have been the major concern in the field of environment<br />
management. Sustainable Development as defined by Brundtland Commission emphasis the<br />
synergy between economic development, social equity and environment.<br />
The exponential growth together with rapid urbanization and tourist pressure in Ujjain over<br />
the years has substantial impact on the environment management of this city. Ujjain is a place<br />
of great sanctity and hence attracts devotees for almost all the major festivals like Amavasya,<br />
Shivaratri, Panchakroshi, Nagpanchami etc. Thus, there is always a great pressure on the<br />
environment of the city.<br />
Figure 10-1 Ujjain city ghats<br />
Urban environment is an important component for the sustainable development of a city. This<br />
chapter attempts to assess the existing status of the urban environment of the Ujjain City.<br />
This chapter has been structured into five sections. The first section gives the study approach<br />
followed in analyzing the urban environment; fig below shows the study approach. The<br />
second section gives the status of the components of the environment, the third section<br />
assesses the environmental status using the selected parameters, which helps in evolving<br />
ecologically sensitive zones and protected zones. The fourth section gives the problems and<br />
issues related to these sensitive zones. The policies and Environmental Management<br />
strategies needed for these ecologically sensitive zones are discussed later.<br />
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Figure 10-2 Methodology adopted for Environmental Assessment<br />
10.2 Climatic analysis<br />
TTeemppeerraat tuurree<br />
May is the hottest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at 40°c and mean daily<br />
minimum at 24°c. Days are extremely hot with temperature rising to 45°c. With the onset of<br />
monsoon by about second week of June there is considerable drop in the temperature. After<br />
the withdrawal of monsoon there is slight increase in the day temperature but the nights are<br />
progressively cooler. After October, both day and night temperature decrease. January is the<br />
coldest month with mean daily maximum temperature at 26°c and mean daily minimum<br />
temperature at 8°c. cold waves affect the district in the rear of western disturbances passing<br />
across north India during the cold season. The table below shows average temperature for<br />
each month in Ujjain.<br />
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Table 10-1 Temperature Monthly Averages<br />
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec<br />
Temp<br />
°c<br />
17.8 19.9 24.5 29.0 32.3 30 26.05 25.1 25.15 24.15 20.45 24.4<br />
The climate of this region on the whole is dry except during the south- west monsoon season.<br />
The year can be divided into four seasons:<br />
• Cold season, from December to February<br />
• Hot season, March to middle of June<br />
• South west monsoon season, till September end<br />
• Post monsoon season, October and November<br />
Raai innf faal lll<br />
Records of rainfall in the district are available for 5 stations. The average annual rainfall in<br />
the district is 892.9 mm. The rainfall increases from West to East. About 92% of the annual<br />
rainfall is received during the monsoon months, July being the rainiest month. On an average<br />
there are 42 rainy days (250cm or more) in a year in the district. The average rainfall for the<br />
city is 900 mm. Ujjain witnessed very low rainfall in the year 2000-01.<br />
Rainfall (mm)<br />
2000<br />
1500<br />
1000<br />
500<br />
0<br />
1965-66<br />
1968-69<br />
1971-72<br />
1974-75<br />
1977-78<br />
1980-81<br />
1983-84<br />
1986-87<br />
1989-90<br />
1992-93<br />
1995-96<br />
1998-99<br />
2001-02<br />
Year<br />
Figure 10-3 Decadal Rainfall Data of the Ujjain city<br />
Winnddss<br />
During the monsoon season winds blow from directions between northwest and south-west.<br />
In the post monsoon and cold season winds are easterly and north easterly in the mornings<br />
and blow from directions between southwest and northeast through west in the afternoons. In<br />
the summer winds are predominantly from west or North West.<br />
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Table 10-2 Mean Wind Speed (km/hr)<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual<br />
5.5 5.8 7.1 9.1 15.7 20.5 17.6 15.6 10.7 4.6 4.1 4.8 10.1<br />
Source: IMD , New Delhi<br />
Huumi iddi ityy<br />
Except during the monsoon season the air is dry, afternoons being drier than the mornings. In<br />
the post monsoon and winter months, relative humidity in the afternoon is between 30 to 40%<br />
while in the summer season the relative humidity is less than 20%.<br />
10.3 Land and physiography<br />
The city lies on the Malwa Plateau at a general level of 500m. The slope is very gentle being<br />
about 2º-3º .The variations of the altitude ranges from 450m in north to 558m at southern<br />
isolated peaks. The present city occupies relatively plain land with few hillocks like<br />
Jogeshwar, Tekri, Mashya Tekri and cut up along river Kshipra .The general slope of the city<br />
is towards the North.<br />
SSooi ill<br />
The whole area is covered with Black cotton soil underlain by basaltic lava and trap rocks on<br />
mounds and hills residues along the water divides. The presence of alluvium along the river<br />
and basaltic lava with varying degree of vesicular determines the rate of percolation of water.<br />
The western part of the Ujjain urban area has a thick alluvium cover of 10 to 20 m. Alluvial<br />
soil with sticky clay does not allow surface water to percolate down. The North-Western<br />
parts of the area near Chakrawada, Azampura, Jogikheri has basaltic lava flows containing<br />
thick massive basalt and fragmentary basalt which has less vesicularity. The south-eastern<br />
and eastern parts which have vesicular basalt in each lava flow is suitable for artificial<br />
recharge. The eastern parts upto 5 km away from River Kshipra have basaltic lava flow with<br />
thick vesicular basalt and thick weathered massive basalt.<br />
Geeool looggyy<br />
The lava flows of Upper Cretaceous to Eocene age collectively named as Deccan trap and<br />
locally in Madhya Pradesh as Malwa trap form one of the most prominent and widely spread<br />
rock formation in the region. The lava flows are generally 10 to 20 m in thickness of which<br />
top 25 to 40% is vesicular/ fragmentary. The vesicles are filled with secondary minerals like<br />
calcite and zeolites. The characteristic red bole beds form the marker horizons between<br />
successive lava flows.<br />
Hyyddrrool looggyy aanndd waat teerr rreeoouurrcceess<br />
General slope of the land is towards the northern side. The important rivers in this region are<br />
Chambal, Gambhir, Kshipra, Khan, Choti Kali Sindh etc with their tributaries flowing from<br />
south to north. The other rivers are Chamla ,Lakhunder, Kudel and Bageri. Kshipra also<br />
known as Avanti nadi flows through Khachrod, Ujjain, and Mehidpur tehsils in the district<br />
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and finally joins Chambal. Its not navigable and the water of Kshipra is used for irrigation as<br />
well as drinking purpose. River Khan which is a tributary of Kshipra carries industrial waste<br />
of Indore and pollutes River Kshipra. The city drains its stream water and sullage water<br />
through nallahs locally known as Hanuman nalla, Sombaria and Grand nalla into river<br />
Kshipra on the downstream side. During rainy season the low-lying areas of Ramghat,<br />
Indore gate, Railway colony, Kartik Chowk, part of Harsiddhi etc are flooded.<br />
Water bodies called sagars are conspicuous by their presence in Ujjain. Rudra Sagar,<br />
Pushkara Sagar, Ksheer Sagar, Govardhan Sagar, Purushottam Sagar, Vishnu Sagar,<br />
Ratnakar Sagar are the seven sagars. Among these, Ksheer Sagar has been partially reclaimed<br />
and converted into a playing field; Pushkara Sagar is also under the process of reclamation.<br />
Rudra Sagar has become a part of the inhabited area<br />
Most of these Sagars and Kunds rely on rainfall. Some of them have inlet only at one foot<br />
below, to drain the water during the rainy season.<br />
Water table varies from 15’ to 40' deep in Ujjain. Good aquifer exists from Freeganj to<br />
Chhatri Chowk with a width of 0.8 km and with a thickness of 35’.<br />
FFl loorraa<br />
Around 80 types of trees are present in Ujjain. Amongst them seven of them are commonly<br />
found in the region: Mango (Mangifera woka), Shisham (Delbergia sisoo), Gulmohar<br />
(Delonix regia), Ashoka (Saraca indica), Kachmar (Bauhinia acuminata), Champa (Bauhinia<br />
pwipurea), Neem (Azadirachta indica)<br />
The general composition is disturbed by nature on few sandstone hill tops and moist areas.<br />
Under former conditions Salai (Boswellia serrata), Dhaora (Anogeissus latifolia), jhingan<br />
(Lannea grandis)and Khair (Acacia catechu) are seen. In the moist areas Chhind (Phoenix<br />
acauhlis) and Jamun (Eugenia jambolana) are seen.<br />
The streets in central areas have no vegetation, they are only found in and around the city<br />
limits and along the road leading to Dewas, Indore, Maksi and Kotni. In organized open<br />
spaces the common shrubs which can be identified are: Hemeroeallis, Gramineae, Rose,<br />
Euphorbia cease, Aspala, Compasitae. Gondrali(Anthistiria ciliata), Phuli(Apluda aristata),<br />
Bhur bhusi (Erogrostis tenella) Paonia(Sehima sulkata) are the common species. ( Ujjain<br />
Development Plan,1991)<br />
FFaauunnaa<br />
The faunal composition comprises of mainly terrestrial species and aquatic species. As a<br />
result of pollution in river Kshipra due to domestic and industrial wastes and due to stagnated<br />
water in water bodies, the aquatic life has reduced greatly. Only few wild animals are<br />
occasionally seen. Amongst the birds Peacock, Bhat-titar, Kabutar are most common.<br />
Common amongst them are fowl and semi aquatic type of ducks. Sarus crane is common in<br />
the fields. Bagula is common in the watercourses and ponds. Common pet birds are Parakeet<br />
and Grey Partridge.<br />
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10.4 Pollution Profile<br />
The burgeoning population and various human activities have led to the concentration of<br />
pollutants in our natural resources. Pollution of air and water is detrimental to our health<br />
since these two elements are vital for our survival.<br />
Waat teerr Quuaal lityy<br />
• DO level at Ramghat and Mangalnath is very low which is unsuitable for the survival<br />
of most plants and animals living in water.<br />
• Decrease in DO levels at Ramghat and Mangalnath is due to slow moving water,<br />
discharge of sewage decaying plants and animals and religious waste.<br />
• High DO levels at u/s and d/s is due to moving water and the availability of more<br />
water for dilution of wastes coming into it.<br />
• Total hardness is within the limits and thus safe. The hardness values increases at<br />
Gaughat and Mangalnath, which is due to domestic and industrial discharge coming<br />
from Khilchipur nallah at Mangalnath<br />
• Chloride values are safe within limits from upstream to down stream of the river.<br />
Ramghat has the highest chloride value along the river that is due to discharge of<br />
domestic waste that contains human excreta (6mg/day/person). Chloride ions are due<br />
to dissolutions of salt deposits, discharge of effluents from industries, irrigation<br />
drainage.<br />
PPool lluut<br />
tioonn inn i thhee t Rivveerr Ksshhi ipprraa<br />
• River Kshipra faces serious problems of pollution and consequent decrease and<br />
deterioration of water quality and quantity respectively. The sources of pollution can<br />
be classified as follows:<br />
• Pollution due to Khan river - River Khan joins Kshipra at Triveni. At times, during<br />
mansoon season, the discharge in river Khan is more than that of Kshipra. Khan<br />
carries industrial waste and domestic sewage of Indore town.<br />
• Religious functions Lakhs of devotees come to take a dip in the sacred rive all the year<br />
round. The river ablution is also an important factor for various festivals where a large<br />
number of devotees throng the river for a dip. Also, Ujjain being a major centre for<br />
after death rituals large no of people visit Ujjain for post cremation rituals like pinddan<br />
in river Kshipra with a belief of attaining moksha to the departed.<br />
• Flow in the river seizes few months after monsoons and religious ceremonies in the<br />
stagnant water further deteriorate the water quality. Cremation along the riverfront<br />
adds to the pollution profile of the river.<br />
• Religious waste is a major contributor to the river pollution with almost all the<br />
religious offerings from flowers, hair, ashes to post cremation waste being thrown in<br />
the river.<br />
• Discharge of sewage: Earlier a lot of sewage was discharged directly into the river<br />
from many nallahs. With NRCP project it was minimized reducing pollution loads on<br />
river Kshipra.<br />
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Sewage pumping station for Somwaria nallah at Chakratirth Ghat<br />
Agricultural practices: River also gets contaminated by the chemical fertilizers used in the<br />
surrounding agricultural fields that flow into the river during monsoon. Though no<br />
comprehensive data is available but considerable impact on the river is seen.<br />
Others sources: Brick kilns at Datta Aakhada Kshetra dump the waste into the river and also<br />
pump out water from the river at different points. A study done by Pollution Control Board<br />
revealed that the most critical points in terms of pollution are Gaughat, Ramghat and<br />
Mangalnath. This might be due to high religious potentiality of this area that is visited by<br />
maximum religious tourist.<br />
Potential Areas for Intervention and Development<br />
For determining the most critical area various parameters studied were superimposed as<br />
shown in the graph.<br />
Figure 10-4Potentiality (use-wise) index for various Ghats and landmarks<br />
20<br />
18<br />
16<br />
14<br />
12<br />
10<br />
8<br />
Accessibility<br />
Popularity<br />
Existing Use<br />
Infrastructure (Amenities)<br />
Infrastructure (Toilets +<br />
Changing Rooms)<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
Tri<br />
ve<br />
ni<br />
Ga<br />
ug<br />
hat<br />
Bh<br />
oo<br />
khi<br />
Ma<br />
ta<br />
Na<br />
rsi<br />
ng<br />
h<br />
gh<br />
at<br />
Ra<br />
mg<br />
hat<br />
Dh<br />
obi<br />
gh<br />
at<br />
Ch<br />
akr<br />
ate<br />
ert<br />
h<br />
Ra<br />
nje<br />
et<br />
Ha<br />
nu<br />
ma<br />
n<br />
Raj<br />
am<br />
al<br />
Rin<br />
Mu<br />
kte<br />
sh<br />
wa<br />
r<br />
Bh<br />
arti<br />
har<br />
i<br />
The above analysis shows that Triveni, Ramghat and Mangalnath are the major areas of<br />
concern<br />
Vik<br />
ran<br />
t +<br />
Kal<br />
Bh<br />
air<br />
av<br />
Ga<br />
ng<br />
ag<br />
hat<br />
Ma<br />
ng<br />
aln<br />
ath<br />
Sid<br />
dh<br />
aw<br />
at<br />
Kal<br />
iad<br />
eh<br />
Existing Condition -<br />
Maintenance<br />
Relative Importance<br />
River W ater Availability<br />
Potential<br />
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Reecceennt t inni i itiaat<br />
tivveess<br />
Rudra Sagar is situated on the west side of the Mahakaal Temple Complex. Being part of the<br />
Sapta Sarovar the tank has a great religious and historical significance. During festivals like<br />
Panchkroshi Yatra and Simhastha it is ritual to take holy dip in the lake. Apart from this<br />
Rudrasagar acts as recharge zone. At present the tank has a densely populated slum area on<br />
its southern side, Mahakal Temple Complex on eastern side, Settlements and temple<br />
complexes on western side and Ramghat on North West side.<br />
Due to rapid urbanization and absence of public sewerage and drainage system in Ujjain, the<br />
tank at present is converted in to a collection tank of the dirty water. The present system of<br />
carrying the sewerage is not functioning properly due to many reasons. Out of those most<br />
important are mixing of solid and liquid waste and inadequate sizes at the disposal points.<br />
UMC took the initiative for revitalization of the Rudra Sagar recently.<br />
10.5 Urban greening<br />
Considering the density of human influx within the Ujjain city, the rather limited existing<br />
green areas are under severe stress. Schemes should be developed for soft and hard<br />
landscaping and upgrading some green spaces.<br />
10.6 Issues<br />
• Sustainable Riverfront Development: The stress of the city is being felt on the river<br />
and development is likely to continue all along the river that would have large scale<br />
impact on the river.<br />
• Pollution Due To Religious Activities: This is major issue threatening the survival of<br />
the river and is closely linked to the religious nature and functions of the city.<br />
• Water augmentation throughout the year: Low rainfall, lack of flow in the river<br />
substantiates the pollution problems and also threatens the religiosity of the city which<br />
is closely linked with the river.<br />
Other major issues of the city<br />
• No proper collection of solid wastes.<br />
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• Direct mixing of untreated sewage.<br />
• Direct disposal of solid waste on streets and drains.<br />
• Solid waste disposal site creating air and land pollution.<br />
• Open defecation on riverbed.<br />
• Continuous honking of rickshaws around hospitals and schools.<br />
• High noise pollution.<br />
• High RSPM, during peak hrs.<br />
• Erosion of soil from the banks of the rivers.<br />
• Intensive agricultural land use along the river and high dependency on river water for<br />
irrigation.<br />
• Utilization of ghats for washing and bathing.<br />
• High levels of use for religious activities like mass bathing, pind-daan etc.<br />
• Polluting activities like cremation, commercial washing of clothes.<br />
• Water resourcing for brick kilns and agricultural purposes.<br />
• High siltation rate due to erosion prone area<br />
• After death rituals along the ghats - Ritual waste being thrown directly in the river.<br />
10.7 Strategies<br />
Strategy -1<br />
Prevention of Localized Damage to the River<br />
Action<br />
• Manage and control developmental activities at the waterfront.<br />
• Manage and prevent polluting factors and activities on the riverfront with alternatives<br />
for disposal methods.<br />
• Religious activities- Many alternatives measures for preventing throwing of ritual<br />
waste has been taken by providing kunds for disposal ,it has been not very successful<br />
due to lack of awareness and strict enforcement. Strict enforcement and penalty for the<br />
polluter should be taken as a measure for prevention of this.<br />
• Dhobighat - Though new structures for it have been built as a part plan of NRCP,<br />
water supply and other facilities need to be provided at these points<br />
• Cremation - Awareness to use the electrical crematorium should be done. Practices<br />
like dumping of the ashes directly in the river need to be controlled.<br />
• Awareness within the local population<br />
• Awareness programmes and creation of local groups for action against polluting<br />
activities can be done.<br />
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• Regular cleaning and maintenance<br />
• Maintenance should not be concern only for Municipal Commission but peoples’<br />
participation programmes should be worked for cleaning of river Kshipra.<br />
Strategy 2<br />
Erosion control and Control of usage of water from the river for agricultural and other<br />
activities.<br />
Action<br />
Afforestation for prevention of soil erosion from the banks of the river could be done. Since<br />
most of the land is under agricultural holdings agro-forestry can be propagated with high fruit<br />
yielding trees of local variety of fruiting trees depending on the market saleability of the agro<br />
products.<br />
Strict enforcement should be done for prevention of water usage for agriculture practices.<br />
People should be encouraged to have ‘ Dabri system’ ponds to conserve water and use it<br />
judiciously for the agriculture<br />
Strict enforcement for prohibition of sand mining practices.<br />
Strategy 3<br />
Maintaining a minimum flow in the river for pollution abetment<br />
Action<br />
• No pollution prevention scheme can be effective if some flow is not maintained in the<br />
river. This would require a detailed study and analysis of the river bed, depth, flow<br />
velocity etc. a working and management system of check dams and release of water<br />
should be designed to maintain the flow throughout the year.<br />
• University of Roorkee’s study on river Kshipra<br />
10.8 Ingenious attempts at improving water quality<br />
The attempts at reviving water bodies have been found to be too energy intensive, the<br />
approaches rely on the round the clock use of expensive aerators- fountains, which spray<br />
water upwards, increasing the dissolved oxygen levels in the process. Recently, however,<br />
S.K.Billore, professor at the Institute of Environment Management and Plant Sciences in<br />
Vikram University, Ujjain, M.P. has devised a cost effective technique to revive water<br />
bodies. Billore’s method relies on artificial floating islands (AFIs).<br />
The islands are made up of local riparian reed grass, Phragmites Karka, which is known to<br />
draw away nitrogen and phosphorous from soil. The plants have a special root system which<br />
enable them to hold the organic waste and digest it as well. The reed grass also has a hollow<br />
shoot system which pumps oxygen into water, improving its dissolved oxygen level.<br />
This process improves the quality of the water body over time. But Billore says, “ Floating<br />
plants do treat waste water, but they are rarely found in the quantities sufficient enough to<br />
treat the pollution load of our water bodies. This gap has to be filled by eco-engineering<br />
AFIs.<br />
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In 2004, the Union ministry of water resources commissioned Billore to undertake a threeyear<br />
research project, the main goal of which was to restore water quality of Kshipra in<br />
Ujjain. For starters, Billore’s team installed a 200sqm AFI in the least turbulent part of the<br />
river. Floating islands are widely used in many countries including Japan and China, but<br />
Billore’s project was the first of its kind in India.<br />
In fact, the Vikram university professor had been working on the concept for a while. In<br />
1994, he had treated wastewater from 400 household in Ujjain’s Ravinder Nagar, using the<br />
reed and bed system. The project’s success spurred Billore to conduct more extensive<br />
research on reed beds. And in 2005, he upscaled the same concept to treat Kshipra River. The<br />
scientist points out, “ Kshipra is the lifeline of Ujjain, but now sewage from fast growing city<br />
of Indore has virtually sounded the death knell of the river.” He installed the eco-engineering<br />
AFIs in Kshipra near Jiwaji observatory where phragmites were growin in 200 sqm float.<br />
The coir base was made using locally available bamboo. Over a period of time, the root of<br />
the grass extended to more than a meter and its dense root system helped in arresting<br />
suspended organic matters.<br />
This provides a congenial environment for the breeding of insects and micro invertebrates.<br />
The system became a house for micro and macro organisms, which started sapping up<br />
organic matters trapped in the root system. The root system became a home for beneficial<br />
bacteria, which improved biological processes such as the nitrogen cycle. The AFI ecosystem<br />
enhanced the self-purification capacity of water bodies with oxygen surging through the<br />
hollow floating reed stem-rhizome-roots.<br />
The AFI can effectively meet primary goals of removing nitrates, phosphates, suspended<br />
solids and BOD by 50-80%. Besides improving water quality, AFIS protect the littoral zone,<br />
improve the waterscape and provide a habitat for fish and birds. A comparative analysis of<br />
samples taken below the floating islands and from a distance, in March 2006, shows a<br />
considerable improvement in the river quality.<br />
10.8.1 Floating islands work<br />
Parameters in mg/l Away from AFIs Below AFIs Difference %<br />
Dissolved oxygen 3.5 4.3 22.8<br />
Biological oxygen demand<br />
(BOD)<br />
40 23 -42.8<br />
Chemical oxygen demand<br />
(COD)<br />
62 32 -48.4<br />
Oxygen nitrogen 4 2 -50<br />
Source Vikram University Ujjain<br />
Creating floating islands of the kind devised by Billore means a one-time cost of around RS<br />
6.00 lakhs. The system requires minimum maintenance. During high currents, floods, or<br />
when the Kshipra is in peak flow, the floating islands have to be dragged to the banks to<br />
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prevent them from getting carried away by the river. This problem is, however confined to<br />
floating islands in river. Islands in ponds do not face this problem. In June 2006, Billore and<br />
his team successfully implemented the AFI system in the temple tank of Mahakalaleshwar<br />
temple to reduce the algae growth.<br />
After his success in Kshipra river, Billore and his team developed a wetland system Ekant<br />
Park in Bhopal. The Ujjain university professor is today serving as a consultant to M.P.<br />
Environment Planning and Coordination Organization for projects that aim to develop a<br />
wetland system that will treat wastewater sources from Bhopal city. Installation of this<br />
wetland is part of the Bhoj Wetland Projects that aims to conserve and manage the upper and<br />
lower lakes of Bhopal.<br />
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11 Techniicall Reviiew Muniiciipall Fiinance<br />
11.1 Overview<br />
Municipal governments have been assigned a range of functions related to the provision of<br />
the public services. They strive to meet the costs of constructing and maintaining urban<br />
facilities and services. Revenues must be raised to cover capital investments and recurrentrevenue<br />
expenditures, as well as employee’s salaries and debt services. The raised revenues<br />
must be utilized to attain the needs of the public as well enhance the development of the city<br />
as a whole Meaning, management of revenues and expenditure planning is very important<br />
aspect for any local body.<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation maintains municipal Account for managing the finances of the<br />
Municipal Council. The accounts of the municipal fund are maintained on an accrual based<br />
double entry system (Under Process). Section 132 of Madhya Pradesh Municipal<br />
Corporations Act, 1956, mandates the Urban Local Bodies (ULB’s) to levy and collect taxes<br />
approved by the State Government and notified in the Official Gazette. This section contains<br />
a description of the municipal finances, the sources and uses of funds, and an assessment of<br />
municipal finances based on important financial indicators.<br />
The Municipal Accounts code of Government of Madhya Pradesh prescribes the organization<br />
of the municipal Accounts in to three broad categories of General Account and capital<br />
Account. Data collected from the annual accounts of the UMC have been compiled and<br />
analyzed under these categories. For the purpose of municipal fiscal assessment, financial<br />
data pertaining to the last seven years (2000-01 to 2006-07) is mentioned below in Table<br />
3Abstract for Municipal Fiscal Status of Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
Table 3Abstract for Municipal Fiscal Status of Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
Particulars 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-<br />
07(Esti<br />
mated<br />
)<br />
Rs. Lakh<br />
Revenue Account<br />
Revenue income 2217.15<br />
Revenue expenditure<br />
Surplus/Deficit<br />
Capital Account<br />
Capital income<br />
Capital expenditure<br />
Surplus/Deficit<br />
2063.6 2390.43 2109.89 2370.18 2867.53 3123.84<br />
2536.12 2727.44 2766.81 2888.57 3542.53 3292.51 3420.08<br />
-318.97 -663.84 -376.38 -778.68 -1172.35 -424.98 -296.23<br />
627.98 348.75 1356.75 4272.88 2480.18 1633.10 1027.24<br />
163.83 292.15 489.88 3051.11 2195.29 360.99 405.38<br />
464.15 56.60 866.87 1221.77 284.89 1272.11 621.86<br />
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation and Financial analysis<br />
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Further UMC is highly dependent on the Government transfers. Main revenue source is<br />
the octroi compensation transferred by the GoMP, though its proportion is again<br />
decreasing. The establishment expenditure is the major component in revenue<br />
expenditure of UMC. Contribution from each elements of revenue and expenditure of the<br />
corporation is given in the following<br />
Table 4 Sectoral Contribution<br />
Table 4 Sectoral Contribution of different streams of receipts and expenditure under the UMC<br />
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Particulars 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 200607<br />
218<br />
(Estimated)<br />
Revenue Receipts<br />
Tax Receipts<br />
Property Tax 6.72 8.00 8.61 10.58 10.36 10.99 10.72<br />
Consolidated Tax 2.84 3.26 3.43 4.18 4.07 3.89 3.91<br />
Miscellaneous Tax 0.28 0.69 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.52<br />
Water Charges 22.19 22.42 14.91 14.90 12.59 13.19 13.93<br />
Income from Municipal Property<br />
Income from Municipal land and assets 2.01 2.00 2.24 2.15 1.77 1.58 1.29<br />
Income from Market 3.37 3.87 2.94 3.28 2.40 3.05 2.56<br />
Fees, Service Charges and Penalties<br />
License Income 5.38 2.77 2.79 5.65 3.56 1.15 1.18<br />
Income from Advertising 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.23 0.18 0.08 0.05<br />
Income from Map sanctiomning etc. 1.17 1.25 1.57 1.89 1.75 3.75 4.32<br />
Miscellaneous Income 5.07 3.16 4.22 2.86 2.22 1.24 2.70<br />
Revenue Transfer<br />
Octroi Compensation 41.21 43.09 51.34 39.97 49.38 47.23 43.22<br />
Stamp Duty Transfers 2.06 1.94 0.54 2.59 2.73 5.94 4.40<br />
Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax 7.58 7.49 6.93 11.30 8.54 7.50 11.20<br />
Total Revenue Receipt 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00<br />
Capital Receipts<br />
Grants- Water Supply 39.57 43.14 13.25 4.61 13.13 10.74 17.93<br />
Grants- Other Infrastructure 23.81 34.12 14.23 3.61 8.33 11.90 22.69<br />
SFC & Basic Services Grant 36.62 18.94 6.01 7.74 17.95 42.71 59.38<br />
Central/State/District Grants for 0.00 3.80 66.52 84.04 60.59 34.65 0.00<br />
Development / Singhstha 2004/MP/MLA<br />
Total- Capital Receipts 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00<br />
Revenue Expenditure<br />
Administration &Establishment<br />
Expenditure<br />
Establishment & salary 53.01 59.43 51.20 53.72 48.59 57.44 59.23<br />
General Administration 1.95 2.10 2.40 3.21 3.81 4.31 2.11<br />
O & M Expenditure<br />
Lighting 4.59 5.17 6.67 7.45 6.57 7.53 9.06<br />
Water Works 28.91 23.93 26.71 20.44 18.00 16.24 16.42<br />
Health 3.67 2.92 4.13 5.03 12.87 5.56 0.64<br />
Public works & Roads 2.64 1.60 1.57 2.68 1.01 1.48 4.36<br />
Wiorkshop &Stores 2.88 2.77 4.63 4.33 4.15 4.65 5.12<br />
Miscellaneous 2.34 2.07 2.70 3.12 5.00 2.80 3.07<br />
Total- Revenue Expenditure 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00<br />
Capital Expenditure<br />
Water Supply 19.54 47.07 54.36 26.12 35.69 0.00 0.00<br />
Road Construction 8.01 2.94 16.97 53.16 38.06 39.13 40.99<br />
Stadium & Swimming pool Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.46 0.00 0.00<br />
Drainage work for small localities 31.07 9.34 0.00 0.74 2.42 2.84 2.66<br />
Other/Misc. 10.83 7.55 9.61 13.54 15.03 12.07 11.33<br />
Recommendation work for all ward 30.55 33.09 19.06 5.85 8.34 45.96 45.02<br />
members<br />
Total- Capital Expenditure 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00<br />
UJJAIN<br />
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME
11.2 Revenue Account<br />
The Revenue Account comprises of recurring items of income and expenditure. These are<br />
essentially all financial transactions related to the day-to-day operations of the Municipal<br />
Corporation. Table 5 Revenue Accounts of UMCsummarizes the status of the Revenue<br />
Account. Overall revenue receipts of UMC are increased over the year which is also resulted<br />
in reduction of revenue deficit.<br />
Own Sources/Non Tax comprises of income from municipal properties, fees on municipal<br />
services (building permission, etc.), user charges (water and sewerage tariffs) have not been<br />
introduced yet and income from special services (educational and medical). On an average,<br />
through the assessment period, own source/non tax income constitutes 12.10 percent of the<br />
total revenue income.<br />
The revenue transfer includes grants other than capital grants from Government of Madhya<br />
Pradesh (GoMP)/State transfers of municipal income collected by the state line department.<br />
The income items include surcharge on stamp duty, entertainment tax, motor vehicle tax, and<br />
other transfers. Collection of entertainment tax has been discontinued for the last three years.<br />
The amounts of funds transferred to the UMC under this head have fluctuated largely during<br />
the assessment period, indicating irregular transfers. Revenue transfer constitutes average 56<br />
per cent of the UMC’s total revenue income.<br />
Table 5 Revenue Accounts of UMC<br />
Revenue Receipts<br />
2000-01 2001-<br />
02<br />
2002-<br />
03<br />
2003-<br />
04<br />
2004-<br />
05<br />
2005-<br />
06<br />
2006-07<br />
(Estimated)<br />
Tax Receipts 710.14 709.22 653.76 634.79 650.93 817.18 908.222<br />
Income from Municipal Property 119.26 120.99 123.75 114.52 98.73 132.74 120.17<br />
Fees, Service Charges and Penalties 260.25 149.70 207.15 224.36 182.76 178.03 257.91<br />
Revenue Transfer 1127.50 1083.69 1405.77 1136.22 1437.76 1739.58 1837.55<br />
Total Revenue Receipt 2217.15 2063.6 2390.43 2109.89 2370.18 2867.53 3123.84<br />
Revenue Expenditure<br />
Administration &Establishment 1393.95 1678.33 1482.90 1644.57 1856.38 2033.00 2097.93<br />
Expenditure<br />
O & M Expenditure 1142.17 1049.11 1283.91 1244.00 1686.15 1259.51 1322.15<br />
Total Revenue Expenditure 2536.12 2727.44 2766.81 2888.57 3542.53 3292.51 3420.08<br />
Revenue Surplus -318.97 -663.84 -376.38 -778.68 -172.35 -424.98 -296.23<br />
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation and Financial analysis<br />
11.2.1 Revenue Income<br />
The revenue income of Ujjain UMC has increased gradually from Rs. 2217.15 lakh in 2000-<br />
01 to estimated Rs.3123.84 lakh in 2006-07 – a CAGR of about 5 per cent. Revenue income<br />
consists of the following major sources shown in the Figure 5 Chart showing contribution of<br />
each component of revenue receiptgiven below.<br />
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Figure 5 Chart showing contribution of each component of revenue receipt<br />
3500<br />
3000<br />
2500<br />
Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax<br />
Stamp Duty Transfers<br />
Octroi Compensation<br />
Miscellaneous Income<br />
Income from Map sanctiomning etc.<br />
2000<br />
Income from Advertising<br />
License Income<br />
1500<br />
1000<br />
500<br />
0<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br />
Income from Market<br />
Income from Municipal land and<br />
assets<br />
Water Charges<br />
Miscellaneous Tax<br />
Consolidated Tax<br />
Property Tax<br />
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Own Sources/Tax comprises of income primarily sourced from consolidated property tax 3<br />
and consolidated tax (general purpose tax, water tax, lighting tax and scavenging tax,<br />
educational cess, city development cess). On an average, through the assessment period, own<br />
source/tax income constitutes average 28 percent of the UMC’s revenue income, with<br />
consolidated property tax 4 constituting about 10 percent of the revenue income. UMC levies<br />
a consolidated property tax of 6 to 10 per cent of the Annual Rateable Value (ARV). Income<br />
from the aforesaid sources is showing an increasing trend over the assessment period with a<br />
CAGR of 12 percent.<br />
Revenue Grants and Contribution is comprises octroi compensation grants, State Finance<br />
Commission (SFC) grants, special establishment grants and other special grants that the State<br />
Government may transfer from time-to-time to the UMC. In case of Ujjain, octroi<br />
compensation is the only significant grant and it accounts for an average of about 45 per cent<br />
of the total revenue income over the assessment period. Income under this head has grown at<br />
a CAGR of about 5.74% per cent over the assessment period.<br />
11.2.2 Revenue Expenditure<br />
The revenue expenditure of Ujjain Municipal Corporation has grown at a CAGR of 5 per<br />
cent during the assessment period, slightly higher than the growth in revenue income.<br />
Revenue expenditure comprises broadly of two categories of expenditure – establishment,<br />
operation and maintenance.<br />
3<br />
As elsewhere in India, in Madhya Pradesh property tax is levied under the, M.P. Municipal Corporation Act, 1956<br />
(Section 135) at the rate not less than 6% and not more than 10% of the annual letting value (ARV) of a building or<br />
land. In 1991, a new method of levying property tax was introduced [MP Municipality (Determination of Annual<br />
Letting Value of Buildings/Land) Rules, 1997] under which all ULB’s were required to switch to a zonal area-linked<br />
system involving self-assessment of annual rental value (ARV) by the assesses. For this, the municipal corporation area<br />
was classified in more than one zone on the basis of, as far as possible, similar locations of the buildings and lands<br />
situated therein. These were then classified based on quality of construction, use of property and location. The ULB’s<br />
were authorized to fix separate rates according to the zone-wise classification.<br />
4 Introduced in 1998-99 allover MP, this tax is levied at a fixed annual rate and is collected along with property tax.<br />
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Figure 6 Chart showing component of revenue expenditure<br />
4000<br />
Miscellaneous<br />
3500<br />
Wiorkshop &Stores<br />
3000<br />
Public Works & Roads<br />
2500<br />
Health<br />
2000<br />
Water Works<br />
1500<br />
Lighting<br />
1000<br />
General Administration<br />
500<br />
Establishment & salary<br />
0<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br />
The accruals to the municipal fund are applied to carry out designated municipal functions<br />
and services comprising:<br />
General Administration and Tax Collection comprises expenditure on pay and allowances of<br />
elected representatives, salary and other operational expenses related to general<br />
administration and revenue collection, pension and gratuity payouts and provident fund<br />
contributions. The annual expenditure under this head is to the tune of about Rs. 2097.93<br />
lakh (2006-07) accounting for about 60 per cent of the revenue expenditure.<br />
Water Supply Expenditure on water supply comprises salaries of all relevant staff and<br />
operating expenditure incurred largely on electricity charges and purchase of chemicals for<br />
water treatment. Water Supply expenditure accounts for average 21 percent of the total<br />
revenue expenditure.<br />
Street light and public health conservancy are largest expenditure head in the municipal fund,<br />
account for an average of over 6 and 5 per cent respectively of the revenue expenditure over<br />
the assessment period. This heads cover expenditure incurred in conservancy operations of<br />
the UMC, including salaries of supervisory and field staff and operation and maintenance of<br />
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a fleet of vehicles for solid waste collection and transportation. On an average, over 90 per<br />
cent of expenditure under these heads is attributed to salary expenses, and electric bills.<br />
Expenditure under these heads has increased at a CAGR of about 21 percent combine over<br />
the assessment period.<br />
Debt Servicing comprises interest payments on external borrowings. According to the<br />
financial data provided by the UMC, there has been no debt servicing during the assessment<br />
period. 5<br />
11.3 Capital Account<br />
The Capital Account comprises of income and expenditure, for and on capital works. The<br />
below given Table 6 Capital Account of UMCdescribes the capital account of the UMC. The<br />
capital surplus have positive trend. The capital grants are mainly raise in the ‘Singhstha’<br />
years.<br />
Table 6 Capital Account of UMC<br />
Capital Receipts<br />
2000-01 2001-<br />
02<br />
2002-<br />
03<br />
2003-<br />
04<br />
2004-<br />
05<br />
2005-<br />
06<br />
2006-07<br />
(Estimated)<br />
PHED- WTP/ Intake Maintenance 248.48 150.46 179.72 196.99 325.63 175.41 184.18<br />
Grants- Other Infrastructure<br />
149.54 119 193.02 154.27 206.51 194.36 233.06<br />
(Road Cons.& Main & Slum Imp.)<br />
SFC & Basic Services Grant 229.96 66.04 81.51 330.76 445.29 697.43 610<br />
Central/State/District Grants for<br />
0 13.25 902.5 3590.86 1502.75 565.9 0<br />
Development / Singhstha 2004/MP/MLA<br />
Total- Capital Receipts 627.98 348.75 1356.75 4272.88 2480.18 1633.1 1027.2<br />
Capital Expenditure<br />
water Supply 32.01 137.51 266.29 796.91 783.43 0 0<br />
Road construction 13.12 8.6 83.14 1622 835.56 141.25 166.1<br />
Stadium & Swimming pool Construction 0 0 0 18 10 0 0<br />
5 The State Finance Commission devolution made by the State Government takes cognizance of outstanding<br />
debt/liability of the urban local bodies (ULB) in Madhya Pradesh. Devolution is made after appropriating ULB dues to<br />
financial institutions/lending agencies.<br />
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Drainage work for small localities 50.9 27.3 0 22.49 53.13 10.26 10.7<br />
Other/Misc. 17.75 22.07 47.08 413.27 329.99 43.56 45.93<br />
Recommendation work for all ward<br />
50.05 96.67 93.37 178.44 183.18 165.92 182.5<br />
members<br />
Total- Capital Expenditure 163.83 292.15 489.88 3051.11 2195.29 360.99 405.37<br />
Capital surplus<br />
464.15 56.6 866.87 1221.77 284.89 1272.11 621.863<br />
11.3.1 Capital Income.<br />
The sources of capital income comprise largely of grants under state/central government<br />
schemes, loans, and own sources including consumer contributions towards one-time<br />
connection charges for water and sale of municipal capital assets. The Figure 7 Chart<br />
showing component of Capital Receiptsshows the contribution of each component in the<br />
capital receipt of the UMC.<br />
Figure 7 Chart showing component of Capital Receipts<br />
4500<br />
4000<br />
3500<br />
Central/State/District Grants for<br />
Development / Singhstha<br />
2004/MP/MLA<br />
3000<br />
SFC & Basic Services Grant<br />
2500<br />
2000<br />
1500<br />
Grants- Other Infrastructure (Road<br />
Cons.& Main & Slum Imp.)<br />
1000<br />
PHED- WTP/ Intake Maintenance<br />
500<br />
0<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br />
Major chunk of the capital grant comes from the State Finance Commission which<br />
contributes about 60 percent in year 2006-07 followed by PHED –WTP grant. It can be<br />
clearly defined that the ‘Singhstha’ year affects the capital receipts dramatically.<br />
11.3.2 Capital Expenditure<br />
Capital expenditure comprises all capital expenditure on creation of infrastructure systems<br />
and purchase of plant, equipment and machinery. Most of the capital expenditure incurred<br />
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during the assessment period has been on roads and water supply. Figure 8 Chart showing<br />
capital expenditureshows the capital cost elements over the year.<br />
Figure 8 Chart showing capital expenditure<br />
3500.00<br />
3000.00<br />
Recommendation work for all ward<br />
members<br />
2500.00<br />
Other/Misc.<br />
2000.00<br />
Drainage work for small localities<br />
1500.00<br />
Stadium & Swimming pool<br />
Construction<br />
1000.00<br />
Road construction<br />
500.00<br />
0.00<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br />
water Supply<br />
It can be derived that the road construction and water works has been done mainly during the<br />
‘Singhstha’ which tends to be increased. While the recommendation of work from the various<br />
stake holders is remains about to same for all years.<br />
11.4 Key Financial Indicators<br />
Financial sustainability of any institute can be judged by financial and performance ratio.<br />
Here some ratio pertaining to income, expenditure and performance of UMC are given below<br />
in Table 7 financial performance indicators for UMC.<br />
Table 7 financial performance indicators for UMC<br />
Particular<br />
Income Ratio<br />
Own sources of Revenue as % Of total<br />
Income<br />
Govt. Transfer as % of total revenue income<br />
including revenue transfers)<br />
2000-01 2001-<br />
02<br />
2002-<br />
03<br />
2003-04 2004-<br />
05<br />
2005-<br />
06<br />
225<br />
2006-07<br />
38% 41% 26% 15% 19% 25% 31%<br />
79% 69% 116% 256% 165% 118% 92%<br />
Tax Revenue<br />
As a % of total income 25% 29% 17% 10% 13% 18% 22%<br />
As a % of revenue income 32% 34% 27% 30% 27% 28% 29%<br />
Property tax<br />
(Estimated)<br />
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As a % of total income 5% 7% 5% 3% 5% 7% 8%<br />
As a % of revenue income 7% 8% 9% 11% 10% 11% 11%<br />
Revenue transfer<br />
As a % of total income 40% 45% 38% 18% 30% 39% 44%<br />
As a % of revenue income 51% 53% 59% 54% 61% 61% 59%<br />
Income from Municipal properties<br />
As a % of total income 4% 5% 3% 2% 2% 3% 3%<br />
As a % of revenue income 5% 6% 5% 5% 4% 5% 4%<br />
Fee & User Charges<br />
As a % of total income 9% 6% 6% 4% 4% 4% 6%<br />
As a % of revenue income 12% 7% 9% 11% 8% 6% 8%<br />
Expenditure Ratio<br />
Establishment Expense<br />
As a % of total revenue expenditure 53% 59% 51% 54% 49% 57% 59%<br />
As a % of total expenditure 50% 54% 43% 26% 30% 52% 53%<br />
As a % of income from own sources 123% 165% 144% 159% 185% 168% 157%<br />
Administrative expense<br />
As a % of total revenue expenditure 2.0% 2.1% 2.4% 3.2% 3.8% 4.3% 2.1%<br />
As a % of total expenditure 1.8% 1.9% 2.0% 1.6% 2.4% 3.9% 1.9%<br />
O & M Expenditure<br />
As a % of total revenue expenditure 45% 38% 46% 43% 48% 38% 39%<br />
As a % of total expenditure 42% 35% 39% 21% 29% 34% 35%<br />
Capital expenditure as % of total<br />
expenditure<br />
6% 10% 15% 51% 38% 10% 11%<br />
Performance Ratio<br />
Income per citizen (In Rs.)<br />
Revenue Income 515.62 469.58 532.24 459.66 505.25 598.12 637.55<br />
Capital Income 146.04 79.36 302.09 930.89 528.70 340.64 209.65<br />
Expenditure per citizen (In Rs.)<br />
Revenue Expenditure 589.80 620.63 616.04 629.31 755.16 686.76 698.01<br />
Capital Expenditure 38.1 66.47 109.0 664.7 467.9 75.29 82.73<br />
Maintenance and Repair ex. Per citizen<br />
(In Rs.)<br />
265.62 238.73 285.87 271.02 359.44 262.71 269.84<br />
Rev.Exp./Rev.income 1.14 1.32 1.16 1.37 1.49 1.15 1.09<br />
Capital grant utilisation ratio 26% 84% 36% 71% 89% 22% 39%<br />
Total Income / Rev.exp 1.12 0.88 1.35 2.21 1.37 1.37 1.21<br />
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The following table described the efficiency indicators in terms of collection efficiency etc.<br />
Concrete plans are afoot to increase the efficiency on these fronts as there is scope.<br />
Table 8 financial performance indicators for UMC<br />
EFFICIENCY INDICATORS<br />
Tax Collection Performance<br />
a. Consolidated Tax 13.53 %<br />
b. Property Tax 28.40 %<br />
c. Water Tax 23.49 %<br />
d. Conservancy Tax 13.49 %<br />
Property Tax Demand per Assessment 1,079.80<br />
Population per P.T Assessment 5.97<br />
Source: Ujjain UMC and analysis.<br />
11.5 Key Issues and Conclusion<br />
Key issues and conclusions are based on the review and assessment municipal finances and<br />
discussions with relevant municipal officials.<br />
Maai innt teennaannccee aanndd Reeppoorrt tinngg oof f Accccoouunnt tss. ..<br />
The common municipal accounts code is not fully adhered to, especially in cases where new<br />
transaction item heads are encountered. Apportionment of revenue and capital items of<br />
income and expenditure is not carried out appropriately due to non-clarity in principles of<br />
such apportionment at the local level, while it is reported that the State Government deducts<br />
debt due by the UMC and then transfers funds (SFC devolution), the UMC records do not<br />
capture such apportionment.<br />
A common accounting and financial reporting code, updated annually, with interim updations<br />
when required, supported with a user manual and organized training of municipal accounts<br />
staff will help in streamlining financial accounting and reporting.<br />
Reevveennuuee Reeaal lizzaat<br />
tioonn.<br />
..<br />
Taxes and charges are major own sources of revenue income. Being more dynamic in nature<br />
and within the control of the UMC, these revenue incomes have potential to contribute more<br />
to the municipal fund. Besides low tax rates and charges levied, the actual demand itself is<br />
not established. Key issues regarding the above comprise:<br />
• Lukewarm response to the self assessment scheme of property tax assessment and<br />
declaration;<br />
• High reliability on revenue grants for operations – revenue grants contribute about 44<br />
per cent of revenue income;<br />
• Inappropriate record keeping with regard to property tax and water charge assesses;<br />
• Unclear status on extent of outstanding taxes and charges collectable.<br />
FFuunndd Appppl liccaat<br />
tioonn.<br />
..<br />
Key issues regarding application from the municipal fund comprise:<br />
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Most of the revenue expenditure (61.82 per cent) is accounted for by establishment item<br />
heads, leaving very little for expenditure on operation and maintenance of services;<br />
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12 IInssttiittuttiionall Frame Work<br />
12.1 Introduction<br />
In order to enable the urban local bodies “to perform effectively as vibrant democratic units<br />
of self government”, the 74th Constitutional Amendment was introduced in the Parliament<br />
and it became an Act in December 1992. This Act is a great reform act in the political context<br />
as well as in the administrative and financial aspects concerning the urban local bodies in<br />
India.<br />
The 1992 amendments aim at empowerment of local bodies by requiring the state<br />
governments to;<br />
• Establish an adequately represented electoral base at local levels with a fixed tenure of<br />
five years, and a provision for holding elections within six months in the event of<br />
premature dissolution of local councils;<br />
• Set up mechanisms for consolidating and coordinating planning and development<br />
initiatives and actions of municipalities; and<br />
• Consider expanding the role of municipalities, and correspondingly strengthen their<br />
fiscal jurisdiction and power and authority.<br />
Madhya Pradesh has been the leader in terms of progress on the front of decentralisation.<br />
Since the Amendment in 1992, the State passed the conformity legislation in 1993, conducted<br />
three rounds of elections to local governments and has been one of the first states to<br />
constitute and implement the recommendations of the SFCs (1996 and 200).<br />
In July, 1957, the State Government enacted the following legislation, replacing the diverse<br />
legislations in operation in different parts of the state:<br />
• The Madhya Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1961<br />
• The Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1956<br />
The following Acts were in operation earlier to the formation of new state of Madhya<br />
Pradesh and were also continued in operation till their replacement by new legislations.<br />
The Central Provinces and Berar Municipalities Act, 1922, as amended between 1927 and<br />
1956, applicable to Mahakoshal region<br />
The Ujjain Municipal Corporation Act, 1948<br />
The Madhyabharat Municipalities Act, 1954<br />
The Vindhya Pradesh State Municipal Act, 1954<br />
The Madhyabharat Municipal Corporation Act, 1954<br />
The Ujjain State Municipal Act, 1955<br />
Heritage Related Acts<br />
• Ancient Monuments and Antiquities Act 1951<br />
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• A draft of Heritage regulations has been attached as annexure – 12.<br />
The Constitutional amendment Act, 1992, gives local bodies a constitutional status, assigns<br />
them a large number of functions (Annexure1-11), ensures them stability, provides a suitable<br />
framework to function with greater freedom and also makes institutional arrangements for<br />
devolution of larger financial resources. To meet the constitutional requirements and<br />
aspirations, the Madhya Pradesh government made necessary amendments in the existing<br />
legislations relating to local bodies in the state.<br />
12.2 Institutions and Organisation<br />
Urban management in India is facing new challenges in the form of large concentrations of<br />
population in urban areas, opening of the economy and the resultant demand for quality<br />
services, growing number of urban poor, inadequate financial resources and complexities of<br />
urban situations. As a result, urban management has not remained an exclusive responsibility<br />
of the municipal corporations. There are other organizations that are responsible for urban<br />
management like urban development authorities, special purpose boards and corporations,<br />
and the State Government department controlling the affairs of urban development. As a<br />
result of these agencies and the definite roles assigned to them in overall urban management,<br />
the municipal corporation is required to closely work with and share the responsibility of<br />
urban management with them.<br />
Besides Ujjain Municipal Corporation other agencies involved in urban management and<br />
development in Madhya Pradesh (and in Ujjain) are:<br />
12.2.1 Urban Administration and Development Department<br />
With the enactment of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act, major urban related tasks have<br />
been transferred to Local Bodies. The Government of Madhya Pradesh (GoMP) through its<br />
Urban Administration & Development Department (UADD) is responsible for overseeing<br />
urban sector reforms, in terms of capital investment in basic infrastructure for the Urban<br />
Local Bodies (ULB’s). The UADD is also responsible for implementation of various public<br />
welfare schemes sponsored by the Central and State Governments. Some such schemes<br />
include Conversion of Dry Latrine Program, Swarna Jayanti Urban Employment Scheme,<br />
National Slum Development Program, Social Security Group Insurance Scheme, Janashri<br />
Insurance Scheme etc. These schemes are implemented through the District Urban<br />
Development Agency.<br />
Being the parent organization of Municipal Corporations, UADD monitors the functioning of<br />
all municipal corporations in the state.<br />
12.2.2 Town and Country Planning Department<br />
The activities of Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) are guided by the<br />
provisions of the Madhya Pradesh Nagar Tatha Nivesh Niyam, 1973 (the Rules). The State<br />
Government, as per provisions of the Rules declares a region including major urban areas and<br />
its surrounding settlements as a planning area, and orders the preparation of a development<br />
plan for the region.<br />
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The implementation responsibility of the development plan proposals vests with the Ujjain<br />
Municipal Corporation and the Ujjain Development Authority within their respective<br />
jurisdictions. Enforcement of development control regulations and other guidelines vests<br />
with UMC for areas within its territorial jurisdictions and with T&CPD in the rest of the<br />
planning area. However, in case of large commercial and residential developments within<br />
UMC, a “no objection certificate” from T&CPD is mandatory for sanctioning building plans.<br />
12.2.3 Ujjain Development Authority.<br />
The Madhya Pradesh Nagar Tatha Gram Nivesh Niyam 1973 (the Act) provides for<br />
formation of development authorities in the State. The primary objective of UDA is the<br />
implementation of the development plan prepared by the T&CPD for Ujjain planning area,<br />
which includes the area under the jurisdiction of the Municipal Corporation of Ujjain (UMC)<br />
and surrounding villages.<br />
12.2.4 Public Health Engineering Department<br />
PHED has been given the responsibility of planning, design and construction of the water<br />
supply, sewerage and drainage projects of the municipal corporations (MC) since 1995.<br />
Under this arrangement, the financial and administrative sanction for a project comes from<br />
the PHED. The assets, however, have to be transferred to the MC on completion for<br />
operation and maintenance. Though, the PHED staff’s works under tile functional control of<br />
the MC, their administrative control remains with the PHED. There is therefore duality here<br />
and accountability is blurred .<br />
12.2.5 Madhya Pradesh Housing Board<br />
Madhya Pradesh Housing Board (MPHB) falls under the administrative and functional<br />
control of the Housing and Environment Department of GoMP. The operations of the Board<br />
are governed by the provisions of the Madhya Pradesh Housing Board Act, 1972.<br />
Although MPHB is a semi-governmental organization, GoMP rules and regulations<br />
pertaining to establishment and administrative matters are applicable to it. The Ujjain office<br />
of MPHB is actively involved in construction of housing colonies and other government<br />
buildings like schools and buildings, as deposit works.<br />
12.2.6 Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board and EPCO<br />
Implementation, supervision and monitoring activities pertaining to Central Pollution Control<br />
Acts and Rules vests with the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Government of India,<br />
and the respective State Pollution Control Boards formed/constituted under its rules. Madhya<br />
Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (MPPCB) headquartered in the state capital, Bhopal,<br />
carries out its operations through seven regional offices, each located at the divisional<br />
headquarters.<br />
The main function of the regional offices is to monitor the implementation of provisions of<br />
various Acts governing pollution control and prevention.<br />
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12.2.7 Heritage related Agencies<br />
12.2.7.1 Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)<br />
Three areas are notified by the ASI under the Ancient Monuments and Antiquities Act 1951.<br />
They are notified as :<br />
• Vaishya Tekri<br />
• Kumhar Tekri<br />
• Garh Kalika<br />
The notification does not define the boundary of the monuments and greater clarity is needed<br />
in this case. The properties notified are however in the possession of private persons and also<br />
needs to be acquired.<br />
12.2.7.2 M.P.State Department of Archaeology, Archives and Museums<br />
• Choubis Khamba<br />
• Durgadas ki Chattari<br />
• Tilkeshwar Mahadev<br />
• Vishnu Chatushtika<br />
• Shri Mahakaleshwar Mandir<br />
12.2.7.3 Government Administered Devsthala<br />
Zone 1<br />
S<br />
No<br />
Name of Temple Place Ward Reg.<br />
1 8 Shri Kapakeshwar Mahadev Virdurgadas Marg Path 4 9 346<br />
2 57 Shri Ghanteshwar Mahadev Rajabhau Mahakal Marg 10 66<br />
3 88 Shri Pushparanteshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
Jawahar Marg Gali 2 11 99<br />
4 59 Shri Kalkeshwar Mahadev Rajamau Mahakal Marg gali<br />
6<br />
11 248<br />
5 58 Shri Apsareshwar Mahadev Jawahar Marg gali 1 11 351<br />
6 152 Shri Mati Sahkari Shri Pal Marg gali 2 11 392/1<br />
Shri Ramkrishna Mandir<br />
7 60 Shri Nagchandreshwar Mahadev Shri Pal Marg gali 2 11 393/1<br />
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8 61 Shri Prathareshwar Mahadev Shi Pal Marg gali 2 11 394/1<br />
9 Shri Ramji Mandir (Kailash<br />
Narayan)<br />
Jawahar Marg gali 2 11 97<br />
10 Shri Bairavnath Mandir Jawahar Marg gali 2 11 26<br />
11 Shri Ganesh Mandir Shri Pal Marg gali 2 11 418<br />
12 Shri Ganpati Mandir Rajabhau Mahakal Marg 10 62<br />
13 Shri Indradumneshwar Mahadev Ragabhau Mahakal Marg gali<br />
6<br />
11 276<br />
14 Shri Indreshwar Mahdev Virdurgadas Marg Gali 4 11 367<br />
15 54 Shri Mankameshwar Mahadev Kshipra Gandharva ghat gali<br />
1<br />
16 Shri Durdheshwar Mahadev Kshipra Gandharva ghat gali<br />
1<br />
10 375<br />
10 381<br />
17 220 Shri Abhimukeshwar Mahadev 93 Jawahar Marg gali 2 11 110<br />
18 192 Shri Vireshwar Mahadev 38 Chandrashekhar Azad<br />
marg<br />
19 194 Shri Abhayeshwar Mahadev 102 Chandrashekhar Azad<br />
marg<br />
9 04<br />
9 137<br />
20 195 Shri Prashrukeshwar Mahadev 9 Kshipra Marg gali 1 10 146<br />
21 72 Shri Bhuteshwar Mahadev 10 Virdurgadas Marg gali 1 8 406<br />
22 78 Shri Trilokpaleshwar Mahadev 6 Kshipa Marg gali 1 10 373<br />
23 Shri Riddhi Siddhi Ganesh Siddhavat Marg 1 112/1<br />
24 Shri Ganpatiji ka Mandir Siddhavat Marg 1 235<br />
25 Shri Duttatrey Mandir Sidhhavat Marg Bhairavgarh 1 372/1<br />
26 Shri KalBhairov Mandir Siddhavat Marg gali 1 1 396<br />
27 Shri Karmeshwar Mahadev Siddhavat Marg gali 1 1 397<br />
28 Shri Kapthedkar Mahadev Siddhavat Marg gali 1 1 397/1<br />
29 Shri Bhairavji ka Mandir Siddhavat Marg gali 1 1 398<br />
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30 Shri Lumaeshwar Mahadev Siddhavat Marg gali 1 1 399/1<br />
31 Shri Pataleshwar Mahadev Siddhavat Marg gali 1 1 400/1<br />
32 Shri Ram Mandir Bhavand chak Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 635<br />
33 Shri Siddheshwar Mahadev<br />
Mandir<br />
Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 706<br />
34 Shri Jaieshwar Mahadev Mandir Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 708<br />
35 Shri Badleshwar Mahadev Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 709<br />
36 Shri Siddanath Mandir Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 710<br />
37 Shri Bageshwar Mahadev<br />
Mandir<br />
38 Shri Neelkantha Mahadev<br />
Mandir<br />
Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 711<br />
Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 711/1<br />
39 Shri Radha Krishan Mandir Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 712<br />
40 Shri Ganpati Mandir Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 713<br />
41 Shri Angareshwar Mahadev<br />
Mandir<br />
Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 717/1<br />
42 Shri Tejiji ka Mandir Sanghmitra Marg gali 3 1 719<br />
43 Shri Radha Krishna Mandir Mahendra Marg gali 1<br />
Bhairavgarh<br />
1 760<br />
44 Shri Radha Krishan Mandir<br />
Urdupura<br />
Lalbai Phoolbai Marg 1 1080<br />
45 Shri GarhKalika Mata Mandir Garhkalika Marg 1 1164<br />
46 Shri Siddheshwar Mahadev<br />
Mandir<br />
Garhkalika Marg 1 1165<br />
47 Shri Ganesh ji Ka Mandir Garhkalika Marg 1 1167<br />
48 Shri Hanuman Mandir Garhkalika Marg 1 1167/1<br />
49 Shri Kedapati Hanuman Mandir Garhkalika Marg 1 1168<br />
50 Shri Ram Mandir Chaturbhuja<br />
Mandir<br />
Chitragupta Marg 1 1175/1<br />
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51 Shri Ramjanardhan Marg Chitragupta Marg 1 1176<br />
52 Shri Chitragupta Mandir Chitragupta Marg 1 1177<br />
53 Shri Rameshwar Mahadev<br />
Mandir<br />
Mangalnath Marg 1 1207/1<br />
54 Shri Ramji Ka Mandir Mangalnath Marg 1 1209<br />
55 Shri Mahaprabhu ki Baithak Mangalnath Marg 1 1215<br />
56 Shri Uttareshwar Mahadev<br />
Mandir<br />
57 Shri Gangeshwar Mahadev<br />
Mandir<br />
Mangalnath Marg 1 1228/1<br />
Mangalnath Marg 1 1228/4<br />
58 Shri Ganpati Mandir Mangalnath Marg 1 1229<br />
59 Shri Bharthahari Gupha Bhartahari Marg 1 1231<br />
60 Shri Smadhi Pir Matsyaendra Bhartahari Marg 1 1232<br />
61 Shri Shankarji ka mandir Okhaleshwar Marg 1 1237/1<br />
62 Shri Vishnu Chatushtika Okhaleshwar Marg 2 720/1<br />
63 Shri Markpandeshwar Mahadev Mangalnath Mandir, Idgah<br />
Rd.<br />
2 720/2<br />
64 Shri Siveshwar Mahadev<br />
Mandir<br />
65 Shri Ankureshwar Mahadev<br />
Mandir<br />
66 Shri Kusuleshwar Mahdev<br />
Mandir<br />
Mangalnath Mandir, Idgah<br />
Rd.<br />
Mangalnath Mandir, Idgah<br />
Rd.<br />
Mangalnath Mandir, Idgah<br />
Rd.<br />
2 722/2<br />
2 722/4<br />
2 722/1<br />
67 Shri Jareshwar Mahadev Mandir Sandipani Ashram 2 732<br />
68 Shri Shankar Mandir Idgah Marg 2 737/1<br />
69 Shri Neelkantheshwar Mandir Lalbai Phoolbai Marg 3 367/1<br />
70 Shri Girnari Hanuman Mandir Mahavir Marg 3 609<br />
71 Shri Radha Krishan Mandir Bhairu nala, Chousath yogini<br />
Rd<br />
3 702<br />
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72 Shri Radha Krishan Mandir Ankpat marg 5 321<br />
73 Navdurga Mandir Ravindranath Tagore marg 5 155<br />
74 Shri Revanteshwar Magh<br />
Mandir<br />
26, Magadh ji Marg 9 591<br />
75 Shri Brahmeshwar Mahadev<br />
Mandir<br />
Zone 2<br />
Chandrashekhar Azad Marg<br />
12<br />
9 321<br />
1 21 Shrinath Mandir, Dhaba Rd. Chandrashekhar Azad Marg 14 67<br />
2 27 Shri Badrinarayan Mandir 8 Gopal Mandir Marg gali 4 15 516<br />
3 29 Shri Baleshwar Mandir Shankracharya Marg,<br />
Lakhirwadi<br />
4 41 Shri Ram,ji ka Mandir, Gola Madhi 7, Gopal Mandir Marg gali 4 15 514<br />
5 63 Shri Kankateshwar Mahadev 47 Chandrashekhar Azad<br />
Marg gali 11<br />
6 64 Ganesh Mandir nr Narsimha temple 19/1 Kanahya lal Mannana<br />
Marg gali 3<br />
12 277<br />
18 89/1<br />
7 65 Shri Mahabaleshwar Mahadev 58/6 Mahadji marg gali 5 12 543<br />
8 66 Shri Mukhteshwar Mahadev, behind<br />
Siddheshwar temple<br />
27 Chandrashekhar Azad<br />
Marg<br />
12 124<br />
9 70 Shri Rameshwar Mahadev,<br />
Rameshwar gali<br />
10 78 Shri Nupureshwar Mahadev, Dabri<br />
Peetha<br />
5 Gopal Mandir Marg. 16 501<br />
17 Tilak Marg gali 7 18 550<br />
11 79 Shri Shaureshwar Mahadev,<br />
Nardpatha Bambakhana<br />
12 86 Shri Rajsthaleshwar Mahadev,<br />
Bhagsipura<br />
16/1 Shakracharya marg gali5 17 428/1<br />
Shripal marg 14 613/1<br />
13 32 Shri Ram mandir Ramji ki gali 6 Gopal Mandir Marg gali 4 15 514<br />
14 102 Shri Ganpati mandir, Nagar kot 2, Lalalajpat Rai marg gali 1 24 495<br />
15 130 Shri Murli manohar Mandir 3/2 Mahadji Marg gali 4 12 514<br />
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16 114 Akhara Nagababa ki Talai Nazar Ali Marg, path 1<br />
17 155 Shri Baleshwar Mandir,<br />
JLakherwadi<br />
Path 1<br />
18 198 Shri Sheetla Mata Mandir 23/1 Nazar Ali Marg gali 1 23 262/1<br />
19 199 Shri Vishveshwar Mahadev 27 Chandrashekhar Azad<br />
Marg gali 11<br />
20 203 Shri Siddheshwar Mahadev 27 Chandrashekhar Azad<br />
Marg gali 2<br />
12 249<br />
12 124<br />
21 204 Shri Mahgateshwar Mahadev 13 Ramratan Sharma Marg 15 210<br />
22 203 Shri Saubhagyeshwar Mahadev 4 Jawahar Marg gali 3 12 278<br />
23 206 Shri Roopeshwar Mahadev Patal Bhairav ke pas , 141<br />
Jawahar marg gali 2<br />
12 394<br />
24 21 Shri Brajeshwar lalji Mandir Sarafa<br />
(Purushotam Mandir)<br />
Kanhaiyalal Mannana Marg 15 542<br />
Zone 3<br />
`1 57 Shri Khandeshwar 24 Khichipur 24 274<br />
2 35 Shri Ventateshwar 01 Mahakal Marg 29 219<br />
3 132 Shri Ram Mandir 10/2 Tilak Marg 30 643<br />
4 37 Shri Omkareshwar<br />
Mandir<br />
5 38 Shri Mahadevji Kot<br />
Rudra Sagar<br />
6 65 Chandradeteshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
151/5 Mahakal Marg 33 62/5<br />
151/6 Mahakal Marg 35 62/6<br />
151/2 Mahakal Marg 35 62/2<br />
7 42 Shri Agasteshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
8 52 Shri Kankateshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
52/1 Choubis Khamba<br />
Marg<br />
49/1 Choubis Khamba<br />
Marg<br />
9 32 Shri Gopal Mandir Trust 19 Choubis Khamba<br />
Marg gali 4 Yogipura<br />
35 105/2<br />
35 102/1<br />
35 315<br />
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10 33 Shri Venkateshwar Balaji<br />
Temple<br />
11 45 Shri Dudheshwar<br />
Mahadev, Ramghat<br />
12 46 Shri Damrukeshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
13 48 Shri Swarnajaleshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
14 62 Shri Sangameshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
15 44 Shri Graheshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
16 81 Shri Pishchamukteshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
17 170 Shri Mankameshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
18 35 Shri Kukandeshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
19 181 Shri Buddheshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
20 215 Shri Lokpaleshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
9 Choubis Khamba<br />
Marg gali 4 Yogipura<br />
18 Choubis Khamba<br />
Marg gali 4 Yogipura<br />
11 Choubiskhamba<br />
Marg gali 4 yogipura<br />
17 Choubiskhamba<br />
Marg gali 4 Yogipura<br />
11 Choubiskhamba<br />
Marg gali 4 Yogipura<br />
20 Kshipra tat Marg<br />
path 1<br />
25 Kshipra tat Marg<br />
path 1<br />
25/1` Kshipra tat marg<br />
path 1<br />
25/2 Kshipra tat marg<br />
path 1<br />
25/3 Kshipra tat marg<br />
path 1<br />
25/4 Kshipra tat Marg<br />
path 1<br />
35 304<br />
35 314<br />
35 306<br />
35 313<br />
35 306<br />
35 652<br />
35 696<br />
35 696/1<br />
35 696/1/2<br />
35 696/3<br />
35 696/4<br />
21 47 Shri Anadikalpeshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
22 51 Shri Swargdareshwar<br />
Mahadev<br />
151/4 Mahakal Marg 35 62/4<br />
15 Ahilyabai Marg 32 371<br />
23 109 Shri Panchayati Malav<br />
Prantiya Digamber Jain<br />
24 158 Shri Hanuman ji Ka<br />
Mandir<br />
25 118 Shri Mandir char Bhuja<br />
Radha Krishna Mandir<br />
14, 15, 16 Jaisinghpura<br />
Marg<br />
7 Jaisinghpura Marg<br />
gali1<br />
5 Jaisinghpura Marg gali<br />
3<br />
36 268<br />
36 343<br />
36 349<br />
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26 124 Shri Ganpati Bajrang<br />
Ramdev Ka mandir<br />
27 123 Shri Hanuman Mandir<br />
Hanuman Naka<br />
1 Pala Marg Marghat 36 1103<br />
1 B Khurram sah Marg 34 1166/1<br />
Zone 4<br />
1 15401949 Shri Ram Mandir Undasa 54 252<br />
2 15401950 Murli Manohar Mandir Undasa 54 253<br />
3 15401951 Hanuman Mandir Pawasa 54 254<br />
4 15401952 Shri Ram Mandir Pawas 54 255<br />
12.3 Area of Fragmentation<br />
The major reform to local administration in India resulted with the 74th Constitutional<br />
Amendment Act in 1992, restoring local self-government in the form of mandatory elections,<br />
and delegation of functions and finances articulated by SFC. But, functional decentralisation<br />
will remain on paper, if a corresponding and commensurate financial devolution is not made<br />
to different territorial governments.<br />
Beyond the creation of the democratically elected bodies at the level of municipalities, the<br />
progress on decentralization has, at best, been slow and tardy.<br />
• No worthwhile decentralization of powers and responsibilities had occurred or is in<br />
sight. There exists no evidence that powers and responsibilities of local governments<br />
have, inde-acto terms, been expanded in accordance with Schedule XII. Far more<br />
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disconcerting fact is the absence of clarity in respect of the functions of local<br />
governments. 6<br />
• Although the state governments have enacted the conformity legislations<br />
incorporating the provisions of the Constitutional amendments, the formulation of<br />
rules and byelaws to put those provisions into effect has lagged behind.<br />
• It is not clear if the recommendations of the finance commission of states have been<br />
acted upon, and if these have led to any improvement in the finances of local<br />
governments.<br />
•<br />
12.3.1 MC and UDA/ TCPD/ HB<br />
There is a proper co-ordination between MC-UDA as well as other development agencies. It<br />
can be analysed from the successful conduction of Sinhastha two years back. More<br />
importantly, the T&CP makes planning decisions and recommendations, which are mostly<br />
accepted by the MC and only those recommendations are discussed which the MC feels is<br />
inimical to the future growth / development of the city. A similar relationship exists between<br />
MC and HB. Sometimes there emerge issues relating to Handing ,over-taking of assets<br />
between the MC and the UDA or HB.<br />
12.3.2 Inter - Agency Issues<br />
At present, together with the city corporations, there are state agencies also operating in the<br />
same urban space, independently of the ULB. These are the Urban Development Authority<br />
State Housing Board, the Town and Country Planning Department, etc. Similarly there are<br />
central government agencies. The activities of all these agencies impact on the same or the<br />
peripheral urban space, which affect the spatial pattern and future growth direction. The<br />
6 Except in a highly aggregative manner, no commonly accepted or nationwide approach emerges from the reports of<br />
the SFCs. The SFCs have formulated the fiscal package for local bodies without having access to a clear statement on<br />
what the functional jurisdiction of local bodies is or will be for the period of their recommendations. Thus, the<br />
recommended package does not relate to the functions that the local bodies may perform over this period.<br />
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functional jurisdictions of these agencies vis-à-vis the Municipal Corporations in respect of<br />
the main civic services are shown in Table 13-1<br />
Table 12-1: Agency responsibilities for City Services in Ujjain<br />
S. No Sector Planning and<br />
Design<br />
Construction<br />
Operation and<br />
maintenance<br />
1 Water PHED PHED PHED / MC<br />
2 Sanitation &<br />
Sewerage<br />
On – Site<br />
PHED<br />
MC / UDA/<br />
HB/NGOs<br />
PHED<br />
MC/ UDA/ HB/<br />
NGO’s<br />
PHED / MC<br />
Households<br />
3 Solid Waste MC MC MC<br />
4 Roads/ Bridges<br />
National<br />
State<br />
Local<br />
GoI<br />
GoMP (PWD)<br />
MC/ UDA/ HB<br />
GoI/ GoMP (PWD)<br />
GoMP (PWD)<br />
MC/ UDA/ HB<br />
GoI/ GoMP (PWD)<br />
GoMP (PWD)<br />
MC/ UDA/ HB<br />
5 Drainage PHED/ MC/ UDA PHED/ MC/ UDA PHED/ MC/ UDA<br />
6 Slum Improvement MC/ DUDA MC/ DUDA MC/ DUDA<br />
7 City Planning T & CP UDA/ HB MC (UDA/ HB)<br />
8 Environment MPPCB/ EPCO MPPCB/ EPCO MPPCB/ MC<br />
9 Public health MC MC MC<br />
12.3.3 MC and PHED<br />
PHED has been given the responsibility of planning, design and construction of the water<br />
supply, sewerage and drainage projects of the municipal corporations (MC) since 1995.<br />
Under this arrangement, the financial and administrative sanction for a project comes from<br />
the PHED. The assets, however, have to be transferred to the MC on completion for<br />
operation and maintenance. Though, the PHED staff’s works under tile functional control of<br />
the MC, their administrative control remains with the PHED. There is therefore duality here<br />
which can be sorted out.<br />
The current arrangement between the MC and PHED is working and it is likely to improve in<br />
a better way in the coming years.<br />
12.4 Overview on Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
12.4.1 Organisation Structure<br />
The functioning of Municipal Corporation of Ujjain (UMC) is governed by the Madhya<br />
Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1956 and amendments thereto. The organisational set up<br />
of UMC comprises of a Political Wing (Deliberative) and Executive Wing. The Deliberative<br />
Wing is an elected body of Councillors from different wards in the city and is headed by the<br />
Mayor. The Executive Wing is headed by the Commissioner and looks after the day-to-day<br />
functioning of the Corporation and assists the Deliberative Wing in the decision making<br />
process.<br />
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12.4.1.1 Deliberative Wing<br />
The Deliberative Wing of UMC is headed by the Mayor and overall functioning of the<br />
Corporation is governed by the Mayor-in-Council and the Departmental Advisory<br />
Committees constituted by the Speaker from amongst the Councillors other than the members<br />
of the Mayor-in-Council. 7<br />
The provisions contained in the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956 regarding<br />
the constitution of Mayor-in-Council, election of a Speaker and formation of Advisory<br />
Committees are given under section 9. Under Section 18 of the Act, the Mayor and elected<br />
Councillors of the Corporation shall elect a Speaker from the elected Councillors. Under<br />
Section 37 of the Act, the Mayor-in-Council shall be constituted by the Mayor from amongst<br />
the elected Councillors within 7 days from the date of election of the Speaker.<br />
Coommi itteeeess sseet t uupp bbyy UMC uunnddeerr Maayyoorr- -inn-<br />
-Coouunncci ill<br />
As per Section 403 of the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956, UMC has<br />
appointed an Appeal Committee to look into the appeals against an order passed by the<br />
Commissioner or an officer subordinate to the Commissioner.<br />
The Appeals Committee consists of the Mayor and four elected Councillors. Any aggrieved<br />
person may appeal against any order passed by the Commissioner or any Officer within 30<br />
days from the date of such order. The Appeal Committee may for sufficient cause extend the<br />
period prescribed for appeal.<br />
When an appeal is made against an order, all proceedings to enforce such order and all<br />
prosecutions for breach thereof are suspended pending the decision on the appeal.<br />
7 The Mayor-in-Council shall consist of the Mayor and ten members. The Mayor shall be the ex-officio<br />
Chairman of the Mayor-in-Council and shall preside over meetings. The Mayor-in-Council may appoint<br />
one or more sub-committees from amongst its members and may refer to it any matter pending before it for<br />
inquiry and ask for report or opinion.<br />
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Waarrdd Coommi itteeeess<br />
According to Section 48-A of the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, the Ward<br />
Committees shall be constituted within 30 days from the date of election of the Speaker.<br />
Every elected Councillor representing a ward within the territorial area of a Wards<br />
Committee and two persons residing within the territorial area of such Committee shall be<br />
nominated as members by the Mayor. The persons shall be nominated on the<br />
recommendation of the Chairman of the Wards Committee and such persons shall not have<br />
voting rights in the meetings.<br />
The State Government has prescribed the duties, powers and the procedure for conducting the<br />
business of Wards Committees. These rules are summarised in the Annexure.<br />
12.4.1.2 Functional Review of MiC and General Body<br />
After civic elections, the Mayor-in-Council was constituted by the Mayor in June 2005 as per<br />
Section 37 of the Act. Similarly, the Speaker has constituted the following Advisory<br />
Committees to advise in the affairs of the department concerned.<br />
• Housing, Environment and Public Works Department<br />
• Water works Department<br />
• Health and Medical Department<br />
• Market Department<br />
• Education department<br />
• Women and Child Welfare Department<br />
• Food and Civil Supplies Department<br />
• Rehabilitation and Employment Department<br />
• Revenue Department<br />
• Law and General Administration Department<br />
The member of the Mayor-in-Council have been made Member-in-Charge of each of the<br />
above departments and he is expected to convene the meeting of the Advisory Committee of<br />
the department concerned at least once in every two months and preside over such meetings.<br />
It is expected that the departmental proposals regarding the expenditure and developmental<br />
works shall be first discussed in the Advisory Committee and if approved, subsequently put<br />
to Mayor-in-Council or to other sanctioning authorities for sanction.<br />
• The meetings of the Advisory Committees are held regularly and many times<br />
expenditure proposals up to Rs.10 lakh are directly sanctioned by the Mayor-in-<br />
Council. Sometimes there appears to be lack of proper coordination between the two<br />
wings, which may be because of the composition of the Mayor-in-Council, and<br />
General Body as different parties rule these bodies. The Advisory Committees are<br />
functioning effectively and contribute effectively in the decision making process.<br />
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• There is no mechanism for monitoring the progress of capital works or other<br />
expenditure sanctioned by the Mayor-in-Council.<br />
The organisation structure of the Deliberative Wing of UMC is presented in the enclosed .<br />
Figure 12-1 Organisational Structure of Deliberative wing Executive Wing<br />
Public Sphere<br />
Of Ujjain<br />
Mayor<br />
Chair Person<br />
Mayor in Council<br />
Appeal Committee<br />
Ward Committee<br />
Advisory<br />
Committee<br />
Departments of MIC<br />
1. Housing, Environment and Public Works Department<br />
2. Water works Department<br />
3. Health and Medical Department<br />
4. Market Department<br />
5. Education department<br />
6. Women and Child Welfare Department<br />
7. Food and Civil Supplies Department<br />
8. Rehabilitation and Employment Department<br />
9. Revenue Department<br />
10. Law and General Administration Department<br />
The Municipal Commissioner is the administrative head of the executive wing. According to<br />
Section 69 of the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, the entire executive power for<br />
the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the Act vests in Commissioner and he shall also:<br />
• Perform all the duties imposed or conferred upon him by the Act<br />
• Prescribe the duties and exercise supervision and control over the acts and proceedings<br />
of all municipal officers and servants and subject to the rules or bye laws for the time<br />
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eing in force, dispose of all questions relating to the services of the said officers and<br />
servants and their pay, privileges and allowances.<br />
• Take immediate action on occurrence of any accident or unforeseen event and report it<br />
to the Deliberative Wing of the Corporation and the costs if any, of such action and<br />
not covered by the current budget provision.<br />
The various Departments under Municipal Commissioner have been divided amongst 2<br />
Additional Municipal Commissioners. This deputation of power has been done under Sec 45<br />
of the M.P.M Co Act. There are three Deputy Municipal Commissioners who are in charge of<br />
the central city functions of Finance, Engineering and the city planner deputed from the town<br />
planning department holds the central position as a coordinator to the front line<br />
administrative staff.<br />
The implementation of the decentralisation process is in progress and there is no clarity<br />
regarding the role of the Central and Divisional offices and the functions and powers. The<br />
organisation structure of the executive wing is presented in the enclosed Figure- 12-2.<br />
Figure 12-2 Organisational Structure of Executive Wing of UMC<br />
Municipal Commissioner<br />
Addl. Commissioner<br />
Dy.<br />
Commissioner<br />
Dy.<br />
Commissioner<br />
Departmental Heads<br />
Asst. Commissioner<br />
Public Works Deptt.<br />
Health & Sanitation Deptt.<br />
Zonal Officers<br />
Water Supply Deptt.<br />
Finance & Accounts Deptt<br />
General Administration Deptt.<br />
Revenue & Tax Deptt.<br />
Public Relation & Library Deptt.<br />
Fire Brigade & Workshop Deptt.<br />
Law Section & Legal Cell Deptt.<br />
Planning & Development Deptt.<br />
Garden & Parks Deptt<br />
Technical Staff<br />
Non technical<br />
Staff<br />
Ward Officers<br />
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12.4.1.3 Functions of the Central Office<br />
The operations of the UMC are organised on functional basis headed by the Commissioner to<br />
whom the departmental heads at Central Office and Zonal Officers report. The functions of<br />
the Central Office are as under;<br />
• Policy formulation<br />
• Planning<br />
• Direction, control and co-ordination of activities of the zones and other departments<br />
The departments of UMC and their functions are detailed in Annexure<br />
12.4.2 Zonal Offices<br />
For the purpose of better administration and delivery of services to the public, the area within<br />
the UMC is divided in to 4 zones. The Zonal Officer, who reports directly to the Municipal<br />
Commissioner, heads the Zonal Office. The officers that assist the Zonal Officer in the dayto-day<br />
operations are;<br />
• Officiating Engineer – Public Works<br />
• Officiating Engineer – Water Supply<br />
• Chief Health Inspector<br />
• Senior Tax Collector<br />
• Office Superintendent / Accounts Clerk<br />
For effective functioning of Zonal Offices, the functions and the powers of the Commissioner<br />
are to the Zonal Officers in three stages.<br />
The decentralisation process is introduced in December 2001 and it is in transitory phase. It<br />
will require some time to streamline the functioning of the Zonal Offices and for providing<br />
adequate infrastructure, staff etc.<br />
12.4.2.1 Functions of the Zonal Offices<br />
The Zonal Offices will perform the following functions:<br />
• Health and Sanitation<br />
• Water Supply<br />
• Property Tax assessments and Collection of taxes<br />
• Lighting (Only Supervision)<br />
• General Administration<br />
•<br />
12.4.3 Municipal Financial Powers<br />
According to G.O.No. 24-F-1-65-05-XVIII-3 dated 14 th<br />
functions of the Mayor-in-Council are as under:<br />
July, 2005; the powers and<br />
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Table 12-2Financial Powers<br />
S No. Authority Cities with more than 3<br />
lakh Population<br />
Cities with less than 3 lakh<br />
Population<br />
1 Municipal Commissioner Up to Rs. 10 lakh Up to Rs.2 lakh<br />
2 Mayor Exceeding Rs.10 lakh but not<br />
above Rs.25 lakh<br />
Exceeding Rs.2 lakh but not<br />
above Rs 10 lakh.<br />
4 Mayor-in-Council Exceeding Rs.25 lakh but not<br />
above Rs.1Crore<br />
Exceeding Rs.10 lakh but not<br />
above Rs 25 lakh.<br />
3 Corporation Exceeding Rs.1 Crore Exceeding Rs.25 lakh<br />
Source: G.O.No. 24-F-1-65-05-XVIII-3 dated 14 th July, 2005<br />
The financial powers described above shall be exercised only subject to the following<br />
conditions:<br />
• There should be budget provisions in the sanctioned budget and the amount available<br />
in the relevant budget head for the work concerned.<br />
• In the technical cases, there should be the technical obtained in the manner prescribed<br />
in these rules.<br />
• Such works which are of the policy nature or relevant to the whole city, irrespective<br />
amount of expenses likely to be incurred therein, the prior approval of the council<br />
shall have to be obtained.<br />
• The prior approval of the Corporation or the Council, as the case may be, shall have to<br />
be obtained for giving any grant or reward to any institution or person (excepting the<br />
employees).<br />
• In the proposal for construction work in any ward, the recommendation/concurrence<br />
of the concerned ward councillor (if the office of the ward councillor in the concerned<br />
is not vacant), Mayor/Commissioner/Local member of Legislative Assembly/Local<br />
member of Parliament, shall be necessary.<br />
• The tender shall be invited for construction work or purchase in accordance with the<br />
provisions of Works Manual and the recommendation of the Tender Committee<br />
prescribed in these rules shall be obtained thereon.<br />
• Where the amount of expenditure exceed rupees one thousand and does not exceed<br />
rupees ten thousand, it shall be necessary to call at least three quotations and it shall be<br />
necessary for the sanctioning authority to ensure that the rate which is being<br />
sanctioned is not more than the prevailing market rate.<br />
• Provided that, prior to giving sanction, it shall be necessary for that sanctioning<br />
authority to ensure that the provision for the concerned expenditure exists in the<br />
budget.<br />
• Provided further that the rate so sanctioned as per the quotation so called, shall be<br />
limited to the concerned work and shall not be used for any other work.<br />
• Each authority shall give information to the authority senior to him within 15 days of<br />
the expenditure, exceeding fifty percent or more, of the maximum financial power<br />
vested in him.<br />
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• In case of exercise of the financial powers by the Mayor-in-Council or the Presidentin-Council,<br />
as the case may be, information in all relevant cases shall be submitted in<br />
the next meeting of the council.<br />
• A proper communication system is necessary between the functional head at Central<br />
Office and the staff looking after the relevant function in the Zonal Office.<br />
It is necessary to establish a proper Management Information System (MIS) between Central<br />
Office and Zonal Offices.<br />
12.5 Key Observations and Issues<br />
Key observations regarding municipal structure and functions are based upon discussions<br />
with a wide range of municipal authorities and elected councillors and secondary information<br />
available in the Corporation in the form of registers.<br />
The observations with regard to structure and functioning of the deliberative wing and overall<br />
organization of the executive wing of the corporation are discussed under this section. The<br />
issues and program design elements with regard to functional departments of the executive<br />
wing are elaborated in the next section, based on a review of organization, systems and<br />
procedures of key functional departments.<br />
12.5.1 Issues of Deliberative Wing<br />
Key issues identified with regard to structure and functioning of the deliberative wing are:<br />
• Inappropriate representation in the MIC constituted by the Mayor – includes members<br />
from the political party that have majority representation from opposition party in the<br />
General Body. This has resulted in occasions where there has been no consensus<br />
among the General Body and MIC regarding city-wide development projects aimed at<br />
improving delivery of civic services;<br />
• Limited role of President of the General Body – restricted only to presiding over<br />
meetings of the General Body. He does not have a significant direct role or powers in<br />
the decision-making process, although he is a leader of the largest party in the General<br />
Body;<br />
• Absence of monitoring system for capital expenditure proposals sanctioned by Mayorin-Council<br />
or General Body; and<br />
• Ineffective functioning of the Wards Committees with regard to project identification<br />
and budget preparation due to inadequate deployment of staff to the Zonal offices.<br />
12.5.2 Issues of Executive Wing<br />
This section discusses key issues regarding the overall structure of the executive wing and its<br />
functioning. A detailed assessment of issues with regard to the organization, systems and<br />
procedures and associated issues and program design elements for key functions of the<br />
Corporation are presented in the following section.<br />
The key issues regarding the structure and functioning of the executive wing are:<br />
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• Several senior level posts lying vacant, many resulting from retirements, yet to be<br />
filled with appropriately qualified/experienced personnel;<br />
• Very large span of control of the Municipal Commissioner – almost all departmental<br />
and sectional heads report directly to the Commissioner, thereby hampering effective<br />
supervision and control over overall functioning of the Corporation;<br />
• Ad hoc arrangements made to address vacancies in key posts, resulting in loading<br />
individuals with additional functions of varied nature;<br />
• Piecemeal efforts towards decentralization process due to lack of appropriate quality<br />
and quantity of manpower and inadequate financial resources for establishing the<br />
Zonal offices – decentralization not based on a clear reorganization plan;<br />
• Inappropriately qualified persons placed as heads in zonal offices, and also in<br />
specialized sections such as town planning, traffic management, accounts and audits,<br />
etc.<br />
• Inadequate co-ordination between various departments – especially the assessment<br />
section to revenue section, town planning section to assessment section, water supply<br />
department to revenue section;<br />
• Absence of a feedback and monitoring system with regard to capital expenditure<br />
proposals sanctioned by the competent authorities;<br />
• Inadequate staff and infrastructure at Zonal office to execute decentralized functions;<br />
and<br />
• Absence of an effective system/plan for communication of day-to-day transactions,<br />
between Zonal offices and central office.<br />
12.5.3 Observations Regarding Creation of Zonal Offices<br />
• The Executive Engineers and Assistant Engineers belonging to Water Supply or<br />
Public Works Department have been posted at the Zonal Offices and are functioning<br />
as Zonal Officers.<br />
• The main function of the Zonal Officer is control and supervision over the functional<br />
officers working under him and coordination with the Central Office He should<br />
possess considerable administrative experience and authority for effective control over<br />
the officers working under him. Hence, this position should be filled by Dy. Municipal<br />
Commissioner. Each Dy. Municipal Commissioner may be given charge of 3 – 4<br />
zones, depending on the number of wards in each zone.<br />
• The Zonal Offices have not been provided with adequate manpower for office<br />
administration as envisaged in the organisation structure. In the absence of adequate<br />
manpower with requisite skills and experience, the decentralisation of activities may<br />
not yield the expected results.<br />
• Officers at Zonal level are mere dispenser of higher level authority orders. They don’t<br />
possess adequate financial and execution powers.<br />
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12.5.4 Key Financial Autonomy Issues<br />
The limitations of Municipal Corporation is coming more and more to light against the<br />
background of inadequacy of finances for serving the needs of growing urban communities,<br />
though finance is not the only factor accounting for their unsatisfactory performance. With<br />
the present level of revenue and expenditure, even obligatory functions are being<br />
inadequately performed. Municipal services and amenities are chronically short of basic<br />
requirements. With the present level of funds at their disposal, UMC is incapable of meeting,<br />
leaving alone expanding, and existing facilities in their charge. Ugliness is the dominant<br />
external characteristic of the city.<br />
• Fiscal autonomy largely depends upon the extent to which own resources are raised by<br />
the local bodies. It is a fact that level of resources that can be raised locally is<br />
restricted by narrow economic base of local areas.<br />
• But the reluctance of local bodies to tax people and poor administrative capacity at the<br />
local level have also account for the poor financial position of local bodies.<br />
• It has been examined empirically by the SFC as to what extent local bodies have<br />
exploited their own resources and also to what extent power to levy taxes and<br />
introduce changes in rates of taxes, is restricted by the state government.<br />
• In a federal set-up some restrictions are inevitable.<br />
• A highly decentralised tax system may distort the allocation of mobile resources or<br />
factors of production and stand in the way of creation of a domestic common market.<br />
• Since self-effort to raise resources may be one of the criteria for determining<br />
devolution of resources from the state government to local bodies, the SFC has made<br />
efforts to collect such data from local bodies and also ascertain reasons for poor<br />
performance on this front.<br />
12.6 Strategic Elements for Program Design<br />
Some of the specific programs that UMC may have to undertake to address the issues<br />
identified above are:<br />
12.6.1 Strategies for Deliberative Wing<br />
• Establishing a system to ensure proportionate representation of all political parties<br />
constituting the General Body in the MIC, in order to improve co-ordination between<br />
Advisory Committees set up by the General Body and Members-in-Charge of the<br />
MIC. This will require amendment of the Act and rules at the State level;<br />
• Establishing a Monitoring Cell for collection of periodic information on<br />
developmental works sanctioned by the MIC/General Body and undertaken by the<br />
Wards Committees. Such a cell could be set up within the Public Works Department<br />
of UMC. The main function of this cell would be to collect periodic information<br />
regarding the proposals sanctioned by the MIC/General Body and reporting the<br />
progress of work to the MIC/General Body through the Municipal Commissioner; and<br />
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• Establishing an appropriate and effective organizational set-up at the Zonal office<br />
level, to support the Wards Committees in planning, decision-making and<br />
implementation of developmental works.<br />
12.6.2 Strategies for Executive Wing<br />
• Regrouping of activities on functional basis in order to reduce the number of persons<br />
directly reporting to the Commissioner and establishing reportability through Deputy<br />
Municipal Commissioners and other departmental heads;<br />
• Filling vacancies, especially at senior levels, with appropriately qualified personnel<br />
through fresh recruitment or by promoting experienced internal staff with appropriate<br />
training;<br />
• Establishing a comprehensive municipal management information system (MMIS)<br />
that facilitates communication between Zonal offices and the central office, the MMIS<br />
needs to facilitate maintenance and management of functions related to all<br />
departments of the Corporation;<br />
• Establishing full-fledged, well-equipped Zonal offices and appointing officials of the<br />
cadre of Deputy or Assistant Municipal Commissioners as Zonal Officers in the Zonal<br />
offices and ensuring right-sizing of staff at the Zonal offices based on a plan for<br />
executing the functions delegated to the Zonal offices.<br />
12.7 Capacity Building<br />
Capacity building in urban institutions is one area which is much talked about but has been<br />
relatively neglected in terms of action. The restructuring of the roles of the elected ULBs has<br />
to initially come about in the form of partnerships with the parastatals which have been<br />
handling a variety of services. The public service element needs to be made more<br />
professional and accountable to the people. Adoption of modern accounting systems,<br />
improved practices of budgeting and planning, effective use of wards committees and other<br />
means of peoples’ participation, and programme assistance should be put to use for<br />
improving urban governance Capacity building is required for developing communication<br />
and inter-personal skills among the people responsible for providing for the needs of the<br />
urban poor, for improving the level of services and satisfaction of the beneficiaries, and for<br />
providing coordinated services from a number of line agencies.<br />
Good urban management without adequate capacity is a misconception<br />
Training and development efforts are no longer viewed as peripheral to departmental goals.<br />
The human resources are treated as assets rather than as costs and training is seen in the<br />
government as an investment in future organizational capabilities. A two-pronged approach is<br />
suggested for the same, Firstly, to build capacity for making the administration and the public<br />
institutions more responsive. And, secondly to empower the citizens to create sustained<br />
pressure for change.<br />
The capacity building is not seen in isolation. The capacity building efforts are to be<br />
accompanied with administrative reforms. Administrative reforms efforts aim at:<br />
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(a) Improvement of delivery system; and<br />
(b) Image building/correction of the public systems.<br />
The overall goal of the Capacity Building in Public Administration Programme will<br />
contribute significantly to the above objectives.<br />
Capacity Building needs to focus on the entire stakeholder department to cover areas of<br />
policy facilitation, system of restructuring, organization development, and training and<br />
knowledge management. It is required for good government which will bring efficiency and<br />
effectiveness of services and for “good governance” to deal with the empowering of more<br />
and more stakeholders and bringing in transparency and accountability in the various systems<br />
of delivery for city services.<br />
12.7.1 Recommendation & Implementation Strategy<br />
Before taking action on any recommended strategies there are certain issues that need to be<br />
resolved. Unless the department has answers to these no programme undertaken to build the<br />
capacities would be effective in principle.<br />
There is a need to conduct an extensive research programme to analyze the present setup. The<br />
authority at the highest level needs to ask and review the following issues:<br />
• Is the present organizational structure ready to implement any development or training<br />
strategy?<br />
• Are the roles and responsibilities made clear at all the levels of hierarchy, are the<br />
deliverables clear to employees in order to carry out their functions effectively?<br />
• Is there any relevant pre-requisite for technical post or any provision of acquiring the<br />
skill if need be?<br />
• Are Manuals and technical instruction guidelines in place and made available to<br />
relevant people?<br />
• Is there any vision, a long term plan for the department apart from the short term plan<br />
made for the fiscal purpose?<br />
• In the absence of a long term plan, how do the officials plan to achieve a holistic<br />
implementation of the already floated developmental exercises?<br />
• Are the Discretionary and Obligatory Duties of the Corporation clearly formulated and<br />
defined?<br />
• Has the Act been amended to suit the present setup and requirement?<br />
• Can the department make provisions for a fixed tenure of the key officials so that the<br />
initiatives taken at the particular level does not suffer?<br />
Unless there are answers to these issues it is in principal not possible to deliver an effective<br />
training and capacity building programme.<br />
It is very strongly recommended to undertake an in-depth organizational research to study the<br />
various vertical and horizontal levels of hierarchy. To chalk and design the roles and<br />
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esponsibilities at each level to enable the smooth transition of power when need comes. It<br />
would enable each employee to understand his/her role in clearer terms and carry out the<br />
responsibilities efficiently.<br />
It would be the second phase which would address the issue of training and capacity building.<br />
For smooth functioning and efficient execution of the assigned tasks any department would<br />
like to undertake training programmes in the following areas:<br />
• Technical Skills<br />
• Upgradation of existing skills<br />
• Knowledge of Reforms and Innovations<br />
• Behavioral Skills<br />
• Employee Development<br />
• Success Stories and Best Practices<br />
• Miscellaneous<br />
In past there has been an assortment of training programmes that has taken place for the<br />
municipal personnel as follows:<br />
List of Training Programs for Ujjain Municipal Personnel<br />
Training Module on ‘Land Management’.<br />
Training Module on ‘Water Supply Management’.<br />
Training Module on ‘Public health’.<br />
Training Module on ‘Vital Statistics including Registration of Birth and Death’.<br />
Training Module on ‘Environment Management’.<br />
Training Module on ‘Solid Waste Management’.<br />
Training Module on ‘Urban Planning and Development’.<br />
Training Module on ‘Roads & Bridges Construction’.<br />
Training Module on ‘Fire Services’.<br />
Training Module on ‘Urban Poverty Alleviation’.<br />
Training Module on ‘Urban Transportation’.<br />
Training Module on ‘Community Participation’.<br />
Training Module on ‘Provision of Urban Amenities and facilities such as Parks, Gardens, and<br />
playgrounds’.<br />
Training Module on ‘Slum Improvement and Upgradation’.<br />
Training Module on ‘Municipal Finance and Resource Mobilization’.<br />
These programmes can also be broadly classified into the above mentioned categories. But it<br />
is apparent from this list that sufficient efforts have not been made and there is a need to<br />
make more concerted efforts in the field of training and development to arrive at more<br />
sustainable gains from it.<br />
The training evaluation report of these programs further sums up to the fact that these<br />
training have not achieved the desired results and require efforts to obtain significant and<br />
sustained knowledge gain. As identified by most of the Corporation Employees, there are no<br />
clear guidelines available for carrying out such programmes and there is no mechanism<br />
available to nominate the employees for the same. These factors reiterate that fundamental<br />
need at UMC is in-depth study of the Organizational Structure and ‘Capacity Mapping’ at all<br />
the levels.<br />
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Acct tioonn PPl laann<br />
Following are the steps that should be taken extensively at the department:<br />
HR Initiatives<br />
• Prepare an organization chart based on personnel functions and assign appropriately<br />
qualified personnel to identified posts.<br />
• Establish an HR Department/agency<br />
• Formulate an HR policy incorporating key HR elements (rewards, incentives, training<br />
and career planning)<br />
• Determine the areas of capacity building and training for the staff.<br />
FFoorrmaat tioonn oof f aa FFOCUSS Grroouupp<br />
A team of selected personnel would be constituted that will facilitate the process of training<br />
and capacity building. As it is not possible for the department to implement the training<br />
strategy without the professional help in the area and at the same time any outside agency<br />
would not be able to do justice unless the programme is developed jointly by a professional<br />
along with an internal department resource who has a detailed insight to the department.<br />
Reevvi ieew oof f TTrraai inni inngg Neeeeddss<br />
A comprehensive exercise with the selected personnel would be undertaken to assess the<br />
training needs of the persons directly connected with the planning process. This stocktaking<br />
will develop a training strategy in consultation with other states carrying the similar range of<br />
activities hence facilitating the knowledge sharing and management.<br />
The training strategy will develop profile of participants, training design and training<br />
modules.<br />
TTrraai inni inngg Maannuuaal l<br />
A Training Manual is a set of guide lines, and instructions elaborating systems, procedures,<br />
processes, and techniques required to be applied in planning, formulating, implementing, and<br />
reviewing departmental training and development interventions by the organization. In<br />
government departments also there is a need to develop training manual to provide direction<br />
for formulating departmental training policy, implementation strategies, and programmes of<br />
action.<br />
TTrraai inni inngg ppl laann<br />
The need for a training plan is to meet the short-term/long-term requirements of an<br />
organization for improving the performance of valuable human resources at all levels. To be<br />
successful, training programmes should not be created in isolation, but structured in line with<br />
goals and the development plans of the individual/ organization. The training and<br />
development plan must be an integrated system of the HR development process and must be<br />
monitored periodically to measure progress.<br />
Woorrkksshhoopp withh Reessoouurrccee PPeerrssoonnss<br />
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A team of resource persons will be constituted to develop resource and learning material for<br />
the training modules<br />
TTrraai inni inngg oof f TTrraai inneerrss<br />
A critical mass of trainer will be developed at multi-levels. This group will in turn take care<br />
of the training down the line.<br />
Coonndduucct tinngg TTrraai inni inngg<br />
Depending on the number of trainers a series of training of trainers programme will be<br />
conducted. The time frame of the same can be mutually decided by concerned personnel.<br />
PPeerri iooddi icc Reevvi ieew<br />
A team of experts and selected beneficiaries will conduct a mid-term review.<br />
TTrraai inni inngg Reei innf foorrcceemeennt t & Coonnt tinnuui<br />
ityy<br />
Ideally, training should have reference to earlier programmes and build on them. Trainees<br />
learn more when training is encapsulated and repeated with well-defined objectives concise<br />
and yet comprehensive.<br />
The other training and capacity building activities can be undertaken as per the Training<br />
process flow given in the chart and the action plan as listed:<br />
Broad Training Process Flow<br />
Action Plan Indicators of Achievement Assessment of Assumption (Risk)<br />
Indicators<br />
1 2 3 4<br />
I. BROAD OBJECTIVES<br />
Capacity development through training.<br />
II. IMMEDIATE<br />
OBJECTIVES<br />
2.1 To identify training<br />
needs<br />
To introduce systematic<br />
training to identify<br />
training needs of<br />
identified target group<br />
To develop training<br />
strategy as per the need<br />
Systematic approach introduced in<br />
identifying training needs by<br />
trainers while designing and<br />
implementing training.<br />
Recommendation/suggestion made<br />
by the participants and feed in to<br />
the development of training<br />
strategy.<br />
Formation of<br />
Steering Group at<br />
the Project level<br />
Field trip<br />
organized to assess<br />
the training need<br />
Steering Group<br />
approves of the<br />
training strategy<br />
Knowledge and<br />
skills are reflected<br />
in the course<br />
organized by the<br />
trainer.<br />
The Project<br />
understand impact<br />
of TOT will be<br />
slow.<br />
The field level<br />
functionaries are<br />
able to articulate<br />
their actual needs<br />
to make the project<br />
successful<br />
III. MODULE<br />
DEVELOPMENT<br />
To develop training<br />
modules on identified<br />
and agreed competence<br />
Development of modules on<br />
identified needs for capacity<br />
building<br />
Assessment of<br />
quality of modules<br />
on the basis of<br />
contents and<br />
Priority given by<br />
the Project.<br />
Effective<br />
networking<br />
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equirement at, Block<br />
and District level<br />
processes by<br />
Project partners<br />
amongst Project<br />
partners.<br />
Project partners<br />
take training as a<br />
serious business.<br />
IV. PILOT TESTING<br />
To test the training<br />
module and its<br />
effectiveness<br />
V. TRAINING OF<br />
TRAINERS<br />
To develop critical mass<br />
of trainer at block/sector<br />
level<br />
VI. TRAINING<br />
To conduct and<br />
facilitate training at<br />
various levels<br />
Course conducted for testing<br />
training modules<br />
Selection of Trainers<br />
Collaborative development of<br />
training and resources amongst<br />
Trainers.<br />
Trainers conduct courses for<br />
identified client at various levels<br />
Incorporation of<br />
Feedback from<br />
participants for<br />
improved quality<br />
Identified trainers<br />
undergoes training<br />
Number of courses<br />
conducted and<br />
number of people<br />
trained<br />
Timely release of<br />
the fund for<br />
module<br />
development<br />
Availability of<br />
professionals<br />
Willingness to<br />
learn<br />
Selection of trainer<br />
Trained Trainers<br />
remained in post.<br />
Trainers get<br />
opportunity to<br />
demonstrate their<br />
learned behavior<br />
Availability of<br />
trainees<br />
Project able to<br />
sustain the focus<br />
and momentum of<br />
training<br />
12.8 Ujjain Municipal Governance Overview<br />
In order to translate new policies and paradigm into practice, a framework of the objectives is<br />
to be prepared. 8 It should clearly spell out economic, environmental, financial, social,<br />
8 In the past, the solution to urban ills was often seen to lie in preventing further urban expansion. Now, the answer is<br />
thought to be greater investment in cities. The problem is not urbanisation itself but more the inability of some cities to<br />
afford the necessary infrastructure to keep pace with the rate of population change and increase in construction as<br />
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constitutional and political objectives. With the ongoing economic liberalisation and<br />
devolution of power to local bodies, gone are the days of armchair professionals. Their<br />
insulation from the general masses and the political system may be catastrophic in the<br />
changing environment, where participatory decision making is becoming institutionalised.<br />
Among the professionals, who require expertise exercised with integrity, skills are necessary<br />
to strike a balance between the political process and service delivery.<br />
Ujjain Municipal governance is bound with the objective of better functioning, efficient and<br />
effective service delivery to the inhabitants of Ujjain City, especially to the disadvantage<br />
sections of the society as envisages in the recent policies and Good governance global<br />
agenda.<br />
12.8.1 Local conditions<br />
The settlement pattern of the city mainly concentrated in and around Mahakaal mandir core<br />
area, and recent new developments at the fringe of Municipal limits have come up as<br />
Institutional development towards South of the city. The percentage of population that<br />
commutes to work every day is 5 to 7% of the total. Ujjain being a prime religious centre and<br />
one of the oldest settlements of the state also enjoys potential for diverse economic and<br />
cultural development. Owing to the opportunities of the city location and available<br />
infrastructure as compared to other in the state not many firms have been established in the<br />
last few years, the traditional small scale industries are not getting the required boost in the<br />
corporation area. The local society although remarked as progressive in certain fields,<br />
actually not getting a favourable environment of flushing in the region.<br />
12.8.1.1 Local Public life, Organisations and Media<br />
Although as general perception local people of Ujjain are satisfied with the things going in<br />
the country in general, contradictorily many of them were quit dissatisfied with the, way<br />
income rise. Many now argue that with adequate public and private investment and improved urban management, most<br />
cities should be able to improve their local environment and reduce their contribution to global environment<br />
degradation.<br />
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things are going in Ujjain city. A very common conclusion can be drawn on the question of<br />
how things in the local community in five years from now would be, the answers were<br />
mostly much better and a few exclaimed no change.<br />
Regarding Social tension between people in the community the most prominent reason<br />
quoted are the; Differences in ethnicity and regionalism, Differences in religious beliefs,<br />
Differences in income, Differences in political opinions, Differences between residential<br />
areas, Differences between long-time residents & those who moved here recently<br />
Generally people trust each other, but they don’t respect and observe legal rules (such as<br />
Traffic or tax regulations). Despite of small conflicts and agitation in and around, the city<br />
could not be judged as hostile. But in the past few years the trust within the people has<br />
decreased and so as the trust in local government. The power of civic organisation as always<br />
remained out of the city development scenario.<br />
The last few years have witnessed a crucial deficiency of drinking water in various parts of<br />
the city especially in summers, this issues was a major concern of the people of Ujjain. Last<br />
year there had been many public demonstrations. There are cases in which the local<br />
government decisions have been challenged in the court of law by the local residents and<br />
groups in the city. On the contrary the influence of the local residents on the decision making<br />
of the local government is absent to a greater extent.<br />
The role of civic organisations and local residents is limited in the decision making process<br />
of the local government, an increasing trend of the big business house and local private<br />
entrepreneurs is felt with the inception of the programme by UMC as Jankarya by Janbhagidari<br />
with external financial support from many interested business associations<br />
specially banks in the beautification of the city.<br />
A limited number of occasions can be identified in which a civil organisation participated in<br />
the preparation of a decision of local government, but certainly there are provisions in the<br />
book of rules of the Municipal Corporation by which through membership in a committee or<br />
subcommittee of the local government can be made. Recent cases has briefed that Municipal<br />
corporation is now taking steps forward to consult the experts of the respective fields and<br />
make the projects more implementation oriented.<br />
The Municipal Corporation also gives assistance in terms of financial or in kind support for<br />
civic societies working in the field of social and city level issues. But a clear symbiotic<br />
relationship lacks in the process as civic societies are neither asked and nor they are bothered<br />
of their role in any type of decision making in the government. This is clear from the fact that<br />
despite of the efforts of the corporation and media in the city there could not be done much<br />
with the privatisation or rendering of services to an external agency.<br />
There are newspapers that, from time to time, give some coverage of public affairs in your<br />
municipal corporation which include coverage from regional to national level news.<br />
The medium of communication of majority of the city was claimed to be Hindi and so the<br />
Hindi news papers are more prominent in the city to name some is Dainik Bhaskar, nai<br />
Duniya, Dainik Jagran, Nav Bahrat etc, beside these many a evening news paper is also very<br />
famous in the region named Sandhya Prakas. A local news paper published in the city which<br />
regularly deals with city affairs is Swadesh.<br />
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The news papers regularly publish the updates of the projects and programme of the local<br />
government and also the arguments and counter arguments of the councillors in the local<br />
assembly. 9<br />
12.8.1.2 Political structure and composition<br />
UMC has 54 elected members. The BJP is the dominant party with a clear majority of 26<br />
councillors, 28 councillors are Congress and the remaining five are independent candidates.<br />
In Ujjain, however, the Mayor represents the minority Congress party. The detailed<br />
composition of the council is as follow<br />
While the mayor is from Congress, the chair of the MiC who is elected from the majority of<br />
councillors is, not surprisingly, from the BJP. Given the fact that the ruling party at State<br />
level is BJP, the MiC chairman’s position and role in UMC is rather more prominent than<br />
might ordinarily be expected.<br />
In Ujjain, although there are multi-level dynamics between the majority party, where the<br />
mayor commands neither a majority of members nor control over the MiC leadership, is a<br />
situation where all key decisions first require consultation with BJP members to gain quorum.<br />
This, in turn, means the process of achieving consensus is somewhat more protracted in<br />
UMC than elsewhere, although the result is a high level of political transparency. MiC<br />
members and State government on the one hand, and Congress and the mayor on the other,<br />
there tends to be consensus on most development matters.. There have been instances when<br />
the city-state dynamics have worked in favours of reform decisions.<br />
9 In the view of the local representatives, now a days the influence of media cannot be ignored as it has become the<br />
part and parcel of the city governance [Media is been used for both the purpose, but the increasing role of media in<br />
decision making of local government cannot be ruled out completely, as a matter of fact Ujjain has a glorious history in<br />
terms of Journalism, as electronic media has entered our life the flash news of every single second from every walk of<br />
life is accessible by the common providing a better platform to the voice of the residents of the city and many a times<br />
canvases a real picture of what is happening, where, when and why, the sad part of the story is, the use of media by<br />
few influential individuals for their personal benefits in the name of public welfare which actually remarks the<br />
authenticity of the facts as ‘questionable?’]<br />
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12.8.1.3 Municipal Decision-making<br />
The cooperation from civil organisation and voluntary cooperation from residents in<br />
launching a program / project had never been that promising to the local government, in-fact<br />
the decisions of the local government are received with a bit of animosity rather than being<br />
supportive. Powerful vested groups in the society have incredible influence on the decision<br />
making of the local government on the other hand the ordinary citizens play a role of<br />
uninvolved critics. With the recent efforts under city consultation process have been initiated<br />
with the surveys conducted by municipal officials and local representatives in the respective<br />
wards [The problems are collected from each ward in a Prescribed forma,t by the ward<br />
officers on regular basis. A new initiative of organizing Jan-sampark Abihyan has been<br />
under taken for the same purpose, it is proclaimed in the GO’s of the authority UMC that<br />
the case will be looked upon, discussed and shall be solved in a week time], but the<br />
decision making process is quite slow [Very often the representatives of the local<br />
government emerge from their long meetings without having reached a decision] and<br />
the solution to even generic nature as Water supply, sanitation and solid waste management<br />
were not resolved in many a cases except few.<br />
Generally speaking, the implementation part of decisions made by the local government is<br />
not very successful until and unless it is supported by the higher level government, one of the<br />
reasons could be the existence of partiality in the dealings with individual representatives<br />
The process of decision making generally takes a long path through various pipe lines as;<br />
• Preparatory work undertaken by the Mayor’s Office.<br />
• Pre-Consultation with authorities as the National Health and Safety Commission, the<br />
Land Registry Office, or ministries.<br />
• The deliberation of the committees of the municipal council<br />
• When the Mayor develops an opinion on the matter.<br />
• Discussions and negotiations between the councilors.<br />
• Discussions and negotiations with the people directly affected by the decision.<br />
• The debate on the floor of the municipal council monthly Outstanding.<br />
12.8.1.4 Municipal Policy Making<br />
The mandatory sessions of the council is to meet every month, the year 2004 Ujjain council<br />
had a total of 18 sessions of which 6 were extraordinary. But the acts revealed by most<br />
officials of UMC is it was a general trend that the session of the assembly ended , suspended<br />
or cancelled because of lack of quorum. The reasons of several decisions postponed at<br />
almost every session were;<br />
• Lack of information, the councilors deem the proposal was insufficiently prepared<br />
• Lack of time<br />
• Some councilors try to prevent the adoption of a proposal through postponing the<br />
decision<br />
• No agreement is reached in the assembly<br />
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• Some councilors or factions need more time to develop a firm opinion on the matter<br />
Recently with the recommendations of SFC and financial and technical assistance from Asian<br />
development Bank, HUDCO, and ICLIE, local government have taken initiatives to prepare<br />
program, regulation, or action plan for basic services delivery, public sanitation and<br />
environmental protection programme. The general programme of the Corporation includes<br />
Programme on public education and health, Sports and cultural activities in the city. An<br />
action plan for traffic and transportation is also prepared by the external agency. The work of<br />
Computerisation is under process and the web site is likely to be launched in the near future<br />
for facilitating and informing citizens about the activities of the corporation.<br />
The administrative cost of local government office is regularly reviewed by the council and<br />
provisions are taken in to account for reducing it gradually. More recently a FOP for the<br />
infrastructure development in the city is under taken in the preparatory report formulated for<br />
the sanction of funding from ADB 10 for the projects under different heads. Every three<br />
months the review of the functional and financial status of the Municipal Corporation is done<br />
by the head of the UADD Ujjain in presence of the departmental heads of UMC and<br />
concerned Dept. The corporation has also make up mind to privatize or contract out functions<br />
for the better service delivery to the citizens. Expression of interest for certain functions as<br />
computerization and data base management have been invited by the UMC. But the degree of<br />
privatisation is low as stated by the respondents as for many local hindrances in the system<br />
itself. The respondents believe that the privatisation initiatives by UMC yet not very<br />
promising in terms of reducing the number of local government employees infact many of<br />
them felt in most cases this is the reason for not achieving the objectives of privatisation of<br />
municipal services.<br />
Inability of councillor to set priorities regarding different types of issues is an issue; the<br />
reasons include the conflict within different groups of councillors and with municipal<br />
administration, given the present resources the unclear responsibilities assigned to the<br />
Municipal Corporation by the central and state are many that to, with restrictions of standards<br />
and norms imposed. The discretion of Municipal authorities in determining local<br />
10<br />
ADB grants 1500 cr aid to MP Jul 9, 2004 ..."The ADB has approved the developmental projects at Indore,<br />
Ujjain, Gwalior, Ratlam and Ujjain and Ujjain," Malayya told reporters here. ... Economic Times, India -<br />
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development policies is little, the reason being lack of capacity in the Managerial and<br />
technical front, but the municipal restructuring is also not very easy.<br />
12.9 Ujjain Municipal Governance Status<br />
Objectives of good governance are to ensure that “political, social and economic priorities are<br />
based on broad consensus in society and that the poorest and the most vulnerable are heard in<br />
decision making over the allocation of development resources. The section in particular<br />
reviews the status of Ujjain Municipal Governance on the basis of certain parameters and<br />
indicatiors. 11<br />
12.9.1 Effectiveness<br />
The functioning of the city depends to a large extent on the effectiveness of the local<br />
government and the quality and cost of services it provides. The financial resources available<br />
at Ujjain are 8% as the property tax and the government transfers constitute another half of<br />
the total revenue. The over all revenue has increased by 16.4% as compared to the<br />
expenditure by 11.3% in the year 2002-2003, showing a better financial performance.<br />
The recent collection and balance between the sources of income provides an indication on<br />
the viability, independence and control over resources of the local government, and thus its<br />
effectiveness.<br />
Predictability of transfers to the budget as effective tool for planning and implementation of<br />
institutional development or project planning and implementation lacks in the Ujjain<br />
11<br />
Effectiveness: Major source of Income, Predictability of transfers in local govt. Budget, Published<br />
performance delivery standards, Consumer satisfaction Survey, Existence of vision statement.<br />
Equity: Citizen’s Charter: Right of access to basic services, % of Women Councilors, Pro-poor pricing<br />
policies for water, Incentives for informal businesses.<br />
Participation: Elected Council, Elected Mayor, Voter turnout and voter participation by Sex, Public forum,<br />
Civic Associations per 10,000 population.<br />
Accountability: Formal Publication (of contracts/tenders, budgets & accounts), Control by higher levels of<br />
Government, Codes of conduct, Facility for citizen complaints, Anti-corruption Commission, Disclosure of income/<br />
assets, Independent audit<br />
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Municipal Corporation. Moreover, is set on the criteria of arithmetic projections in the<br />
previous account heads by 10% increase every year. This imparts foul confidence of higher<br />
level of government in local government and consequently regular support for local<br />
development.<br />
The corporation does not have published performance delivery standards, mechanism that is<br />
required for the efficient delivery of key services. The presence of standards and benchmark<br />
is a first step towards realizing the delivery of services.<br />
It may also point to:<br />
• Increased confidence of local population in the local government;<br />
• Adherence of the government to equitable distribution of services;<br />
• Popular public participation and influence over its administration.<br />
On the same lines UMC also lacks frequent consumer satisfaction survey, infact few survey<br />
held up till now are done by outside development agencies. It becomes difficult to understand<br />
willingness of the local administration to receive critical feedback from the local population<br />
and also the willingness to modify existing systems for working with the local population,<br />
which is likely to enable them to be more effective. By asking for feedback from Local<br />
Population, the Administration is holding itself accountable to the people.<br />
UMC’s process of formulating a vision statement implies a first step commitment of the local<br />
authority towards welfare and aspirations of its people. In principle, the vision statement<br />
exemplifies all the components of good governance like accountability, efficiency, equity,<br />
participation and security. A vision statement articulated in a participatory manner increases<br />
its accountability and ownership.<br />
12.9.2 Equity<br />
Mandated number of women councillors in UMC council indicates the gender equity in<br />
representation of women involved in municipal government decision-making processes as<br />
fundamental to promoting more equitable policies, plans and projects. It also indicates:<br />
• Participation: Equal participation of the women is a fundamental human right.<br />
• Accountability: Representation of women in the local government to improve the<br />
responsiveness of decision-making processes on specific women issues.<br />
• Effectiveness: Policies, plans and projects to be more effective if the priorities of both<br />
men and women are equally and equitably addressed.<br />
Recent reforms and interventions of Pro-poor pricing policies (Under process) for Urban<br />
Infrastructure services signifies commitment and measures undertaken by UMC for equitable<br />
distribution of basic services (water as the key service) to its entire people commensurate<br />
with their economical conditions, especially the poorer sections.<br />
Hawker zones in the various city locations for informal businesses shows the efforts of<br />
government in providing equal opportunities for informal businesses for the economic<br />
welfare of society. It may also work towards reducing corrupt practices in the government<br />
benefiting from such informal vending and provide security of employment to a large section<br />
of society.<br />
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12.9.3 Participation<br />
Elected Council 12 indicates that the local population has had a role in identifying the<br />
personnel most suitable for governing the city as part of the council and therefore signified<br />
civil society participation.<br />
Elected Mayor indicates involvement/participation of the local population in decisionmaking.<br />
• Effectiveness: The decisions of an Elected Mayor are more likely to be representative<br />
of the wishes of the local population, and hence the government is likely to be more<br />
effective<br />
• Accountability: An elected Mayor is more likely to accountable to the population that<br />
he/she represents, than a nominated Mayor.<br />
The lower voter turnout and voter participation by sex in the Municipal corporation election<br />
(2004) indicates lack of interest and involvement of the public in local government. Low<br />
participation in representative democracy may, however, be balanced by higher levels of<br />
participatory democracy. It may also indicate:<br />
• Equity: women’s inability to participate equally in formal elections. If disaggregated<br />
by income levels, it may also indicate the meaningfulness of voting to the urban poor.<br />
• Effectiveness: strength of local government’s development mandate; perceived<br />
relevance of elections results for affecting the quality of life in cities<br />
• Accountability: at the extreme, indicator may suggest that elected officials are not<br />
accountable to the population.<br />
The existence of People’s forum indicates the availability of informal or formal mechanisms<br />
for the public to express their views and share their issues with peers.<br />
The vibrancy of associational life in a city, with larger numbers indicates greater vibrancy.<br />
Organized groups are vital for effective participation. It may also indicate:<br />
12 An elected council is more likely to make decisions that are more representative of the wishes of the local population<br />
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• Equity: larger numbers indicate the existence of organizations representing the urban<br />
poor, women, minorities or other normally excluded groups.<br />
• Accountability: civic organizations help ensure the accountability of local<br />
government, through the mobilization of people behind the issues that affect them;<br />
• Effectiveness: the existence of many civic associations also facilitate the formation of<br />
partnerships for the delivery and/or maintenance of services<br />
• Security: civic associations can foster a sense of community that can reduce the<br />
individual member’s vulnerability to crime and corruption and act as a social safety<br />
net<br />
12.9.4 Accountability<br />
The open flow of information is vital for good urban governance. Ujjain Municipal<br />
Corporation has made provisions for formal publication of information regarding contracts<br />
and budgets indicate the willingness of the local authority to be transparent in its activities<br />
and accountable for its decisions. It also indicates a greater confidence of people in the local<br />
government and integrity of auditing and monitoring. It may also indicate:<br />
• Participation: willingness to involve the public in setting/debating budget priorities<br />
and in the evaluation of its procurement processes<br />
• Equity and Effectiveness: publication of financial information to encourage<br />
participation in decision-making can not only help eliminate opportunities for<br />
corruption, but helps to ensure that scarce development resources are used most<br />
equitably and effectively.<br />
Control by higher levels of Government to close local authorities or remove councillors at its<br />
discretion, councillors is likely to be more accountable upwards rather than downwards to<br />
their citizens. It may also indicate:<br />
• Less effectiveness: possibly because the local authority does not have sufficient<br />
autonomy and resources to act, but also possibly because the local authority has not<br />
proved capable of carrying out its responsibilities<br />
• Less Participation: if accountability is oriented upwards, a local authority may not feel<br />
it necessary or worthwhile to promote local participation in decision-making;<br />
UMC’s published code of conduct signifies the government’s commitment towards integrity<br />
of its officials. It may also motivate and enhance the behaviour of its official and help reduce<br />
corruption.<br />
Facility for citizen complaints in public grievances cell indicates Ujjain Municipal<br />
Government’s responsiveness towards integrity of officials and shows the willingness of the<br />
government to be responsive for the welfare of its citizens.<br />
Disclosure of income/ assets by the official and elected represented of the Municipal<br />
corporation is made as a provision in the rule of law, but for the unforeseen reasons never<br />
been practiced. Which imparts the accountability of the decision-makers in the government<br />
and their genuine interest in the welfare of the local people as questionable?<br />
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A regular independent audit made in the corporation after the adoption of double accounting<br />
system indicates the accountability of the local government towards its taxpayers and<br />
transparency in providing resources for development projects.<br />
12.10 Urban Governance Issues and Strategies<br />
Having the overview of the Municipal Governance, Structure, Procedures and Practices<br />
involved certain major issues are identified and respective Strategies can be formulated to<br />
design and implement programme and projects under JNNURM.<br />
Table 12-3 Urban Governance and Institutional Strengthening Strategies<br />
Issues Strategies Programme/Projects Responsible<br />
Agency<br />
The link<br />
between urban<br />
management<br />
and<br />
decentralisation<br />
on the one hand,<br />
and the district<br />
planning and<br />
governance on<br />
the other has not<br />
seen established<br />
in operational<br />
terms;<br />
Coordination<br />
and<br />
rationalisation<br />
of interinstitutional<br />
relationship has<br />
to be effected<br />
for better result<br />
between the<br />
municipal<br />
authorities and<br />
Parastatal<br />
Bodies<br />
There are<br />
inconsistencies<br />
and<br />
inadequacies in<br />
the urban legal<br />
frame work e.g.<br />
municipal laws,<br />
town and<br />
country<br />
planning law,<br />
MC’s require<br />
to coordinate<br />
with various<br />
authorities at<br />
the district,<br />
regional and<br />
state level for<br />
the purpose of<br />
planning and<br />
development to<br />
enable MC’s to<br />
participate<br />
more<br />
meaningfully<br />
with DPC, DG,<br />
Zilla<br />
panchayats,<br />
etc;<br />
Clear<br />
demarcation of<br />
roles and<br />
functions<br />
between UMC<br />
and Parastatal<br />
Bodies<br />
Review of<br />
Urban legal<br />
frame in a<br />
more<br />
comprehensive<br />
manner.<br />
Revamping existing<br />
urban Planning laws &<br />
legislations, and<br />
Development control<br />
regulations to meet the<br />
current urban sector<br />
demands<br />
GoMP<br />
GoMP<br />
DPC/UMC/T&CPD/<br />
BDA/CPA<br />
Implementing<br />
Agency<br />
GoMP<br />
GoMP<br />
Private<br />
Consultant<br />
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district planning<br />
law, etc;<br />
Planning<br />
capacity, human<br />
resource<br />
development,<br />
financial<br />
management are<br />
not developed,<br />
as a result of<br />
which these are<br />
operating<br />
inefficient;<br />
Overall there is<br />
lack of<br />
accountability<br />
and<br />
transparency;<br />
The city is not<br />
yet fully<br />
equipped to take<br />
up Physical<br />
Planning<br />
Actions in an<br />
integrated<br />
manner;<br />
Given the lack<br />
of experience in<br />
formulating and<br />
implementing<br />
poverty<br />
Mc’s may be<br />
facilitated<br />
with the<br />
posting of<br />
technical<br />
officers<br />
(Like Planners,<br />
engineers,<br />
resource<br />
planners, with<br />
or without<br />
support staff<br />
ect.) for one or<br />
a group of<br />
MC’s for such<br />
time, in such a<br />
manner and<br />
conditions as<br />
may be<br />
mutually<br />
beneficial.<br />
Achieving<br />
Good<br />
governance<br />
status in terms<br />
of<br />
Accountability,<br />
Effectiveness,<br />
participation<br />
and equity.<br />
GIS Survey<br />
and detailed<br />
Structural<br />
plans for city<br />
basic services<br />
and asset<br />
inventory.<br />
Need<br />
assessment of<br />
personnel at<br />
different levels<br />
arising from<br />
Review of managerial,<br />
Technical gaps in UMC<br />
and strengthening<br />
project development<br />
and management<br />
mechanisms.<br />
Mandatory training and<br />
research programme for<br />
elected councilors and<br />
appointed officials<br />
Incentives to promote<br />
private participation and<br />
NGO in service delivery<br />
Awareness programme<br />
for private<br />
entrepreneurs regarding<br />
city administration and<br />
urban basic services.<br />
Awareness programme<br />
for Ujjain municipal<br />
officials regarding<br />
efficient working hours<br />
and responsiveness.<br />
Formulating E-<br />
Governance Programme<br />
Training and capacity<br />
building programme for<br />
employees of UMC to<br />
adopt modern tools and<br />
techniques.<br />
Project inputs from<br />
social planning agencies<br />
with proactive<br />
involvement of NGO’s<br />
and CBO’s<br />
GoMP/UMC<br />
GoMP/UMC<br />
UMC<br />
UMC<br />
GoMP/UMC<br />
GoI/GoMP<br />
GoMP/UMC<br />
GoMP/UMC<br />
UMC/Private<br />
consultants<br />
GoMP<br />
UMC<br />
UMC<br />
NGO’s/ Planning<br />
and management<br />
institutions.<br />
UMC/Private<br />
sector<br />
UMC /Private<br />
Consultants/<br />
Planning<br />
Institutions<br />
Social Planning<br />
Institutes/<br />
Private<br />
Consultant<br />
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aIleviation<br />
programmes,<br />
the central/state<br />
programmes in<br />
this respect<br />
suffers from<br />
lack of data,<br />
convergence,<br />
quality of work<br />
and community<br />
participation;<br />
The city is more<br />
used to design<br />
and implement<br />
location-specific<br />
repair,<br />
maintenance<br />
and<br />
improvement<br />
works, rather<br />
than city-wide<br />
integrated<br />
systems<br />
development<br />
planning and<br />
execution;<br />
Absence of a<br />
relevant HRD<br />
programme.<br />
new<br />
investment,<br />
method of<br />
recruitment<br />
and placement;<br />
subsequent<br />
restructuring if<br />
necessary.<br />
Formulating a<br />
city Vision as<br />
shared<br />
perception of<br />
all stake<br />
holders of the<br />
city.<br />
Functional<br />
reorganisation<br />
of and<br />
delegation of<br />
powers to the<br />
departments in<br />
the city is<br />
necessary to<br />
enable them to<br />
perform better.<br />
Formulation of a city<br />
Development strategies<br />
plan for Ujjain with<br />
detailed CIP and FOP<br />
Restructuring of<br />
existing organisational<br />
setup.<br />
UMC<br />
GoMP/UMC<br />
UMC/Private<br />
consultant<br />
UMC/Private<br />
consultant.<br />
12.11 IT Solutions and Ward Level single window clearence<br />
IT solutions and Ward level Single Window for Clearances.<br />
Accounts of taxpayers and online payment facility is just one of the applications of<br />
computerization, the benefits are immense and can be as listed below<br />
• Online tax-payment facility<br />
• Tracking of files, grievances and applications.<br />
• Increased accountability for delays and inaction.<br />
• Data backup and retrieval.<br />
• Improvement in Ward-Zone-Head office communications via conferencing facilities.<br />
• Mayor- Public contacts via conferencing facilities and public address system<br />
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• Information disbursement via public address system/ publicly placed large screens<br />
• Ward collection centers can be converted into single window clearing and<br />
information center for the citizens of the wards concerned.<br />
• This should result in increased<br />
• Tax collections<br />
• Efficiency of operations<br />
• Accountability<br />
• Transparency<br />
• Improved public image<br />
• Public participation<br />
• Accessibility of information<br />
• Right to Information<br />
The Ward level Single Window should also act the window under the Right to Information<br />
Act. This would inculcate faith towards the Municipal Corporation and gain goodwill.<br />
12.12 Conclusion<br />
Summing up, all the salutary recommendations as well as the constitutional amendment<br />
clearly favours an unbundling of administration through decentralisation and is the very<br />
essence of good governance which enables the people to share in the development decisions<br />
as their own doing. While it is all very well to delineate the elements of good governance,<br />
there appears to be a looming chasm between the percept and the practice.<br />
The present changes in the political and administrative reforms have helped UMC in<br />
strengthening of the Functions, Finances for the Functions and Functionaries to a greater<br />
extent. This is reflected in the impact of institutional development, services and finances of<br />
UMC. Although examined with an increasing trend, the activities under institutional<br />
development still have not achieved the satisfactory levels. The recent Financial and other<br />
reforms of restructuring and reorganizing suggest an overall shift in the traditional mind set<br />
of the Government and the Governed.<br />
The decentralisation initiatives envisaged in the CAA in context to UMC can be concluded<br />
as, though local self government in Ujjain has deep regards to the objectives laid under the<br />
agenda and few reforms are taken in the direction they shall be rated as average, though the<br />
state may have higher index in comparison to the others. There is a wide scope an<br />
unmistakable opportunity for UMC to fundamentally rethink on how they function and how<br />
they intend to develop their localities. The Document intends to formulate Short term, Middle<br />
term and Long term strategies in institutionalising better functioning and services to city<br />
residents especially urban poor.<br />
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13 Heriittage Managementt and Sttrattegiiess<br />
The infrastructure developed at Ujjain, unlike any other city selected under JNNURM needs<br />
following Management Planning- Strategy- Execution- Maintenance<br />
• Visitors and Tourism Plan<br />
• Environment Plan<br />
• Historic Environment Plan<br />
• Traffic Plan<br />
• Heritage Monument Protection and Revitalization Plan<br />
• Land use Plan<br />
The Management Plan will act as a catalyst for various management initiatives to be<br />
implemented with a set timetable, as presented here.<br />
13.1 Methodology and Data Sources<br />
The Plan implementation has to ensure full integration of two crucial elements, viz., the<br />
process of consultation and the full involvement of all “stakeholders” especially the local<br />
community.<br />
The collection and full understanding of all available data relating to the broad spectrum of<br />
the site’s significance.<br />
13.2 Visitor Plan<br />
• Questionnaire and Survey<br />
A study of the visitor needs, expectations and movement to be undertaken. Visitor behaviour<br />
and the characteristics of visitor groups who come to Ujjain during various festivals and<br />
occasions should be studied from various sources such as consultation with the local<br />
community by holding discussion workshops and a visitor questionnaire survey. Reports and<br />
experience of Mela office and its officers is an important input into the making of Visitor<br />
Plan.<br />
• Traffic and movement<br />
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Each festival or mela has its own rituals with the pilgrims following a predetermined path<br />
and halts. Congregations at different occasions as well as studies with the data existing either<br />
with Mela office, traffic police or Collectorate. The data collected from these sources as also<br />
actual observation should form an important element into the Visitor Plan.<br />
13.3 Environment Plan<br />
• Water quality management Plan<br />
The environment Plan is closely related to the visitors’ movement and rituals.<br />
• Conservation Plan<br />
The prime objective of the plan is to ensure the usefulness of the heritage in question and its<br />
adaptation to housing and activities in the knowledge that the protection of cities is under the<br />
auspices of urban management and cannot be limited only to aesthetic concerns. To be<br />
effective at all levels, the protection plan has the status of an urban development plan,<br />
thereby providing it with the legitimate authority to prescribe attributions and land use, traffic<br />
regulation, the breakdown of various types of economic endeavor while it defines the<br />
protection of ancient buildings and sets forth the rules for new construction. Depending upon<br />
the provisions and objectives all operational and financial instruments will be brought to bear<br />
in the application of restoration and urban development.<br />
The Conservation Plan has to go along with actions at different levels such as:-<br />
• Institutional<br />
• Regulatory<br />
• Financial<br />
• Technical<br />
• Cultural and<br />
• Environmental<br />
13.3.1 Institutional Measures<br />
Authority in charge of framing the protection and revitalization plan.<br />
It is proposed that the protection and revitalization plan of Ujjain must be placed under the<br />
responsibility of the ULBs which, in conjunction with the State Government should fulfill the<br />
objectives of JNNURM. Heritage Cell, which should comprise of conservation architects and<br />
related professionals, should be established within Ujjain Municipal Corporation.<br />
The local authority cannot by itself take on the responsibility of implementing the<br />
conservation plan, as there are too many players on the scene. The management of the plan<br />
would therefore have a commission presided over by a representative of the State<br />
(Commissioner of Ujjain Division) that can bring under its wing different authoritiesterritorial,<br />
technical, professional, financial --- and assess the programmes and projects free<br />
from any direct pressures and constraints. In fact the aforesaid commission may even<br />
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envisage an advance action plan in anticipation of its eventual completion and assess the<br />
operations involved in each case so that the results are not unduly delayed. Finally, agencies<br />
from outside municipality could also act in the name of the above commission and monitor<br />
the plan on a daily basis. This does not however mean abandoning the town, its elected body<br />
and its administration but rather supporting it. Periodic review by District Planning<br />
Commission presided over by State Minister in charge of the District. All institutes involved<br />
to find representation in the committee during review. Such a joint management backed by<br />
the State and working in accordance with the local authorities, can free them from the<br />
contradictions that they have to face on a daily basis. Similar management measures by the<br />
Sate have been taken up in six other cities like Goa, Hyderabad and Chandigarh. They<br />
provide us with sound examples to follow.<br />
The best approach appears to be a “Centre for housing and heritage” comprising one single<br />
entry point, an administrative, technical and financial counter.<br />
13.3.2 Regulatory Measures<br />
• Heritage Regulations<br />
Heritage Regulations for the protection of heritage property are approved by the Government<br />
and are awaiting notification. The notification would provide statutory back up to the unnotified<br />
heritage properties.<br />
• The framing of a protection and revitalization plan<br />
Starting with the heritage inventory, a plan of protection would be drawn up for the entire<br />
historical center providing a list of the buildings to be conserved, those which can be replaced<br />
and those which must be demolished. The regulations accompanying the plan would<br />
enumerate the prescriptions for restoration and for new construction and shall also determine<br />
the right to construct, reserve the plots, which are to remain free and designate land use.<br />
The plan would be sufficiently restrictive so as to foster restoration. The protection and<br />
revitalization plan sets forth the “urban conditions of the project” but not the project itself.<br />
• Introduction of a permit for demolition<br />
This permit concerns all building and not only the entire building but also the elements,<br />
which make it up and especially those subjected to trade. In case of buildings designated in<br />
the plan, the permit for demolition is automatically refused. These buildings, protected by the<br />
plan, are considered as a part of archaeology heritage and as such cannot be subjected to any<br />
form of commerce.<br />
• Introduction of a declaration preceding any sale and a right to preemption<br />
This declaration provides the local authority with the right to pre-empt the property at the<br />
same price as that stipulated in the transaction after checking to see that it is conform in<br />
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elation to similar properties. This procedure makes it possible to observe transactions, to<br />
purchase property and to control property prices.<br />
• Increasing stringency of the building permit<br />
This document must set forth the provisions of restoration or of new construction and be<br />
followed by a certificate of completion and conformity. It is only upon receiving this<br />
certificate that the owner may use, rent out or sell the immovable property. Likewise it is<br />
necessary to expand the scope of building permits so as to encompass add-ons,<br />
transformations or any change in the use of a building.<br />
• Introduction of enforcement of obligation<br />
This concerns the obligation, on the part of owners who have secured concessional financing,<br />
failing which the community would intervene and carry out the prescribed works and recover<br />
the expenses from the concerned owners over a time frame. Such a system is called for in<br />
prescribing works especially in buildings in peril or degradation posing danger to persons,<br />
property and patrimony.<br />
• Clarification of property titles<br />
The authority must take necessary measures to enforce the clarification of property<br />
ownership titles and the obligation to have property sales registered immediately. The<br />
jurisdiction of successions is highly complex and thus the great number of non-liquidated<br />
successions raises problems of property title when filing for loans or subsidies. During a sale<br />
the transfer of property requires that a contract be drafted. The validation as official title can<br />
take anywhere from 3 to 4 years. Moreover, the sale of individually held property is subject<br />
to a tax of 10% of its value. Whether successions or simple transfer has not been reported to<br />
the administration. Thus property often remains in the name of a deceased head of household<br />
or former owner.<br />
• Sanctions<br />
For the sanctions to be effective they should be perceived as being strict or perhaps even<br />
disproportionate to the offence committed. Experience shows that such an attitude drastically<br />
reduces breach of laws whereas week sanctions or leniency leads to lack of respect for laws<br />
and also instills a competitive climate of willful non-compliance with the law. Apart from<br />
refusing aid and subsidies to contraveners, the best sanctions seem to be those which bring a<br />
stay on the work as well as those which block the use of property until the measures<br />
recommended by the permit are strictly observed.<br />
• Financial and Taxation Measures<br />
Direct Subsidies to Owners<br />
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The essence of any subsidy is that, in return, the beneficiary renders the required services<br />
which, in the present case, is restoration. The rate of subsidy granted should be proportionate<br />
to the restoration carried out, to the owner’s resources and also to public use, whether<br />
functional or conservational. Subsidies can also vary according to the value of the building in<br />
order to encourage priority-based restoration. For subsidies to be granted, the work must<br />
conform to stipulations. Subsidies are usually granted upon completion of work though in the<br />
meantime bridging loans may be granted.<br />
The subsidies which can be envisaged are as follows:<br />
• Direct municipal subsidy to owners<br />
This subsidy is granted to the owners of protected buildings who occupy their house or in<br />
certain conditions to those who let out their house. The source of financing is the restoration<br />
fund which is fed from the “repair cell” levied on recent and vacant buildings.<br />
Subsidies paid to owners who occupy their property: Grand conditions should depend upon<br />
the aggregate income of the entire family with a ceiling on works.<br />
Subsidies paid to owners who let out their property: the subsidy would be granted at a single<br />
rate, e.g. 20% and increase to 40% of the total cost of works if the owner agrees to rent at a<br />
rate below market.<br />
• Subsidies for works of architectural value<br />
The subsidies from the Madhya Pradesh department of archaeology could be increased to<br />
50% of the prescribed work in order to provide an incentive to restore the buildings<br />
earmarked for conservation. Financing must be secured from the archaeology fund and other<br />
partners in the field of international projects.<br />
• Subsidies for the renovation of water tanks<br />
Water supply and connection to the sewage system constitute a hindrance to restoration. The<br />
renovation of water tanks and the connection of sanitary installations must also receive<br />
appropriate funding. Subsidies can be obtained within the framework of projects run jointly<br />
with the European Union, the World Bank or private partners.<br />
• Loans at special rates and conditions for restoration work<br />
It is the “scissor effect” in other words the spread between rates applied, which produces the<br />
desired effects. The greater the spread the greater the stimulus to restoration. The difference<br />
can be obtained either through an adjustment introduced by the consortium of banks dealing<br />
with the old city or an interest subsidy on lending. The term of the loan must be as long as<br />
needed to accommodate the repayment capacity of the applicants. The community can plan<br />
for the creation of a subsidy fund in order to help a maximum number of such owners who do<br />
not have margin as required by the bank sector.<br />
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• Low interest rate loans for restoration<br />
Loans with an interest rebate are an incentive to the owners. The interest subsidy can be<br />
based upon the current regulations for HUDCO Bank lending.<br />
• The Initial loan<br />
In the agreement by HUDCO with conservation of individual residents of heritage residences<br />
at Ahemedabad, the initial interest rate, irrespectively of the amount borrowed at the<br />
minimum current interest rate; the 11.5% rate was reduced. Take into account, in the<br />
calculation of debt carrying capacity, the income of all families living in the home even<br />
though they are not titleholders. The example can be followed in case of Ujjain.<br />
Including the purchase price of the house in the case of a “purchase restoration” loan and<br />
extending loans to a period of 15 years without increasing interest rate, is proposed.<br />
• Exemption from entry rights and initiation fees<br />
Determine the total annual amount of restoration loans to be granted permitting the reduction<br />
of interests through a subsidy and set the conditions for the granting of this funding.<br />
• The interest rebate<br />
Interest rebate should be designed so as to incite on a priority basis occupant owners to<br />
restore their houses and also to give incentives to renting owners whose houses are vacant, to<br />
preserve their patrimony. A 50% subsidy applied to a loan ceiling of Rs 500,000 would<br />
permit lending at 5.75%. Subsidy source would be the “Restoration Fund”. Up front subsidy<br />
financing for the first two years could be secured through an Asia Urbs project with the<br />
European Union. A Rs 10,000,000 fund for the subsidies would be enough for the financing<br />
of 360 loans for annum.<br />
• Taxation of recent buildings and vacant housing<br />
As in Mumbai, a restoration tax should be levied on residential and commercial buildings<br />
less than 25 years old and vacant building. The tax base could be the net rental value as<br />
calculated in compliance with the current letting rate. Taxation rates would vary according to<br />
the category of the building, e.g. 10% of the rental value for property less than 25 years of<br />
age and for buildings vacant for more than 12 consecutive months the tax would be<br />
progressive: 30% the first year, 40% the second year and 50% the third year. The tax<br />
proceeds would be paid into the “Restoration Fund”. The average rental value of Rs 2,500<br />
levied on 100,000 properties would yield Rs 25,000,000. The tax on vacant property is<br />
estimated at Rs 750 per annum and when levied on 3,000 housing units (5% of the total)<br />
would yield Rs 2,250,000. Te funds would allow for the financing of roughly 500<br />
restorations per annum via direct subsides and subsidized interest loans.<br />
• Exemption of land tax for restored old buildings<br />
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The exemption of land tax on restored buildings for a period of fifteen years from the time of<br />
completion of restoration work is a strong incentive. Land tax should continue to apply to<br />
other buildings and could be adjusted in conformance with all the tax bases with the letting<br />
rate as stipulated in texts of law regardless of the age and status of the building. This could<br />
partly compensate the loss of tax income due to exemptions.<br />
• Tax benefits<br />
Owner-leaser have at present the possibility of deducing expenses incurred on their property<br />
from their rental income. Owner occupants can deduct interest paid on loans from their<br />
taxable income. This mechanism can be strengthened by permitting owners to deduce the<br />
cost of work with no limit specified from the totality of their taxable income. Such a measure<br />
would incite wealthy owners to carry our major work. This tax benefit would be subjected to<br />
an authorization by the State which levies the taxes and to strict control measures regarding<br />
the work performed.<br />
The exclusion of restored buildings from the base of calculation of taxes on wealth for 10 or<br />
15 years would also be strong incentive.<br />
• Exemption from measures of the Rent Act of 1995 for restored buildings<br />
Restored buildings must be given the same status as new buildings in so far as for 15 years<br />
following completion of works they are out of the field of application of the law. This means<br />
that the rent rate would be set by agreement with the possibility of modulating it in<br />
accordance with the economic parameters of the market and other financial parameters. This<br />
would also mean exemption from the obligation to maintain in the rented property the heirs<br />
or beneficiaries of the lessee. The yearly rental increase could be indexed to inflation or to<br />
another relevant economic index. To avoid abuse it would be advisable to keep the obligation<br />
of a written lease contract and to apply the rules of protection of the lessee throughout the<br />
duration of the lease especially concerning advance notice including in the event of the sale<br />
of the property.<br />
• The rehabilitation lease<br />
The leasing of houses in exchange for financing the work and for a token rental fee, or<br />
progressive overtime, is practiced in Ahmedabad. The extension of this practice would make<br />
it possible to create social housing via NGO’s with the return of the rehabilitated property to<br />
the owner at the end of the lease. In this case the leaseholder-organization would benefit from<br />
the same subsidies and loans as private leasers.<br />
• Constitution of land and property stock<br />
This is a public land policy the purpose of which is to acquire buildings and plots of land so<br />
as to be able to put low cost buildings on the market. This property could be transferred to<br />
building organization, public or private whose role it is to restore buildings for exemplary<br />
social and heritage reasons. Given the potential demands of the community in this regard it<br />
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would be justified to transfer the property for a symbolic sum in exchange for full ownership<br />
or in the form of a loan against an obligation to perform.<br />
• Training craftsmen as well as financing of material<br />
Craft industries are often penalized by the loss of traditional know-how and the high cost of<br />
traditional materials or suitable replacements.<br />
In Europe whereas for every two men employed in restoration work there is only one needed<br />
for new construction. It therefore seems that if the public authority adopts a long-term policy<br />
of restoration, it could create local as well as long-lasting jobs for artisans. The money spent<br />
on training them becomes negligible if compared to the benefits reaped from it. As for raw<br />
materials, an adjustment in the sale price in accordance with bulk purchase of such goods can<br />
change the economics of the transaction and also guarantee the use of quality building<br />
materials.<br />
13.3.3 Environmental Measures<br />
Public amenities in the heritage core of the city<br />
It is important to enhance the image of the inner city in the eyes of the inhabitants and to<br />
regulate their use so as to conserve the residential life there, to restore and enhance both the<br />
facilities and housing in the inner city. These are measures that must be included in a<br />
comprehensive and far-reaching urban policy where enhancement is to be achieved, not in a<br />
piecemeal fashion but on the basis of ensembles having structural and social unity and which<br />
consequently are fragile. Doors, bird feeders poles, water tanks and wells, temples and street<br />
paving must be restored and some plots must be cleared to reduce density.<br />
• Highlighting the major monuments of the city<br />
The renovation of ordinary heritage houses alone is not enough for highlighting of the city.<br />
Moreover, whatever be the distinctive cultural assets of India as compared to other countries,<br />
long-term attractiveness cannot depend solely upon the picturesque character of a town<br />
teeming with market and upon the hustle and bustle on the roads. Sooner or later both visitors<br />
and inhabitants themselves will become more demanding and want to see improvements,<br />
which keep pace with trends seen internationally. Thus the enhancement of the leading<br />
monuments and sites of the city appears to be inseparably linked to the restoration of the<br />
houses.<br />
The restoration of the streets with wooden houses and the clearing of their surroundings<br />
would provide Ujjain with an incomparable set of buildings to play a major urban role.<br />
The development of the chowks could become the center of attraction and prestige of the<br />
city.<br />
The highlighting of Mahakal Kshetra and Gopal Kshetra would return these great works to<br />
their splendour.<br />
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13.3.4 Control of Traffic<br />
The re-routing of traffic, the building of car parks at the periphery of the inner city to provide<br />
traffic relief to the historical centre, to reduce pollution and to set aside wide areas for<br />
pedestrians and shops are already indispensable.<br />
At present we see that a number of cities have begun routing traffic away from their historical<br />
centres and reducing the amount of space allotted to cars for, even at very high costs, the<br />
efforts dedicated to improve traffic circulations can only be insignificant when compared to<br />
increasing demands. The number of vehicles increases by 2% per annum in western Europe<br />
whereas the space that can be devoted to them in historical centres can only be increased very<br />
marginally. Thus we realize that it is impossible to wed a stable mass, i.e. the space in the<br />
centre, with a mass under constant growth, i.e. that required by the increase in the number of<br />
cars. Massive investment and works to solve the problem from rearing its ugly head again<br />
very soon. Thus one would be fighting a losing battle if seriously trying to satisfy the needs<br />
of motor vehicle traffic in historical centres especially in so far as Ujjain, the growth in the<br />
number of vehicles increases periodically, given the low current level of vehicle ownership.<br />
This situation has led cities such as Rome to prohibit the access of vehicles of non-residents<br />
to fully one-half the area of the city centre, i.e. an area of 700 hectares. The city of Riga,<br />
Latvia has prohibited cars from the city centre, acting swiftly before their limited numbers<br />
increase. Cities in France are demolishing central car parks to keep cars at a distance and<br />
others in Germany are prohibiting the building of parking in office and commercial buildings<br />
to avoid attracting cars. It would be interesting if the city of Ujjain is to draw inspiration from<br />
these examples, stop cutting new roads and shut down motor vehicle traffic in its historic<br />
centre, introducing a system of entrances and exits which do not cross the centre.<br />
13.3.5 Other Innovative interventions<br />
Model Street Restoration: Facades of new development could be heritage sensitive and<br />
respect the vernacular of the city.<br />
Heritage Fund: Heritage building identification can be followed by important heritage<br />
awareness-raising campaign. Establishment of Heritage Fund where donations can be<br />
accepted would be formed under the Heritage Cell of the UMC this fund can be used for<br />
providing matching grant of an amount equal to that contributed by the owner, for restoration<br />
purposes.<br />
Heritage Walk: a guided tour along the interested street stretches of the town that would be<br />
preserved can be organized. The rich heritage of the city could be highlighted to tourists and<br />
create better awareness among the local residents.<br />
Historic City Signage System: An integrated signage scheme for all the Kshetras of the town<br />
should be taken up to convey information of historical relevance of the city so as to guide the<br />
tourists and inhabitants to major heritage sites. The signage system is envisaged as an<br />
important support to the special heritage image of the town. Tourism information maps, fixed<br />
indorrs at arrival points like the Railway Station, Bus Stand and Tourism Information Centre.<br />
The information contained will be about heritage sites, landmarks, shopping and services. It<br />
should also include a key plan of the city and its immediate environs. The idea is to help the<br />
visitor to locate interesting places to visit and gather essential information before entering the<br />
town.<br />
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Heritage Plaques: information plaques fixed outside the heritage buildings on the historical<br />
and architectural background of the heritage buildings will be provided.<br />
13.4 PPP programme<br />
Innovative projects with the objective of preserving the heritage resources are being thought<br />
of in colloboration with the private sector in the PPP format.<br />
13.4.1 Development of Sandipani Ashram<br />
• Ancient importance of Sandipani Ashram<br />
The fact that ancient Ujjain apart from its political and religious importance, enjoyed the<br />
reputation of being a great seat of learning as early as the Mahabharata period is borne out by<br />
the fact that, Lord Krishna and Sudama received regular instruction in the ashram of Guru<br />
Sandipani. The area near the ashram is known as Ankapata, popularly believed to have been<br />
the place used by Lord Krishna for washing his writing tablet. The numerals 1 to 100 found<br />
on a stone are believed to have been engraved by Guru Sandipani.<br />
The Gomti Kunda referred to in the Puranas was the source of water supply to the ashram in<br />
the olden days. An image of Nandi, belonging to the Shunga period, is to be found near the<br />
tank. The followers of Vallabha sect regard this place as the 73rd seat of the 84 seats of<br />
Vallabhacharya where he delivered his discourses throughout India.<br />
• Need for the Project development<br />
As ancient importance of center of learning is align with the Sandipani ashram, it portrays the<br />
immense opportunity for developing the Ashram as a famous tourist spot in the Ujjain city<br />
through the ppp. This development could bring the value of the Krishna to the people and<br />
also realize the ancient learning culture of the India.<br />
• Project features<br />
Hall of values<br />
Universal values for humankind presented through audio-animatronics and light and sound<br />
presentations from the life of Krishna.<br />
Giant screen for multi media presentation<br />
Multi media presentation portraying the student life of Sandipani Ashram where Krishna,<br />
Balaram and Sudama , couple with other students went through the learning process.<br />
Garden of learning<br />
Replicated model of the Sandipani Ashram is to be developed where people go through the<br />
actual ancient learning process by staying there for couple of days and hence could<br />
experience ancient student life.<br />
• Project structure<br />
The following diagram describes the structure of the PPP project.<br />
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PPP Project structure<br />
UMC<br />
Iskon trust<br />
Vaishnav trust<br />
Rehabilitate, operate and maintaining agreement<br />
Executive<br />
committee<br />
The stakeholders of the project are UMC, Iskon and Vaishnav trust shall enter in to a contract<br />
through the rehabilitate, maintain, and operate agreement. UMC shall make available<br />
required land on lease and both the trust shall make required investment.<br />
An executive committee shall be formed with members from the members from both trusts<br />
and UMC .This executive committee shall be then empowered with the authorized power to<br />
develop, maintain and operate the Sandipani Ashram.<br />
13.4.2 Heritage walk<br />
Ujjain has a long ancient history and strong architectural and urban character. With this<br />
characteristics city can portray the opportunity for developing the program with the aim of<br />
getting the city to the people.<br />
Acute need for a holistic approach to the conservation and preservation of the heritage<br />
resources at Ujjain is realized. This can be resolved by fostering the awareness of heritage<br />
resources among the people .Heritage walk is the most effective tool or program shall be<br />
undertaken with the aim of preservation of the heritage resources by fostering the heritage<br />
resources awareness.<br />
• Project features<br />
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The heritage walk need not only be a walk but could be a holistic experience. It can start with<br />
a half hour special slide show running through pages of city’s history unfolding its birth to<br />
present time.The main activity would comprise a heritage walk through a pre-determined<br />
route guided by a well informed and knowledgeable guide briefing the participants about<br />
structures of religious and heritage importance.<br />
Other activities involved would comprise illumination of monuments, city heritage award<br />
etc.<br />
• Project structure<br />
The following diagram describes the ppp structure of the projects<br />
UMC with the assistance from the NGO, shall set up the heritage cell. Main objectives of<br />
heritage cell are to create basic awareness amongst the citizens, promote traditional built<br />
forms, support participatory action programmes and to co-ordinate efforts of different<br />
disciplines, stakeholders and authorities.<br />
UMC and NGO shall enter in to a contract through management and operate agreement and<br />
formed the heritage cell.<br />
Heritage cell will comprising the members from the UMC, NGO and some respected citizen<br />
from the city. This heritage cell shall be entrusted with the authority to organize the program.<br />
NGO shall make available required investment and UMC shall cooperate in organizing<br />
different program.<br />
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14 Capiittall IInvessttmentt Pllan<br />
14.1 Project Identification and Costing<br />
High priority investment for the city of Ujjain, for two submissions of Jawaharlal Nehru<br />
Urban Renewal Mission, JNNURM under (I. Urban infrastructure and Governance; II. Basic<br />
services to Urban Poor) are identified and estimated cost for each of the core service sectors<br />
of UMC based on a rapid assessment of the levels and status of urban basic services<br />
discussed in Technical review of City basic Infrastructure and future demand (normative)-<br />
supply gap assessment, using unit costs. Unit costs adopted are based on estimates of similar<br />
projects planned/executed by UMC in consultation with the respective departments.<br />
Basis for Project Identification<br />
Projects identified under each of the core service sectors are broadly categorized as:<br />
• Projects for system/infrastructure augmentation;<br />
• Projects for system/infrastructure refurbishment; and<br />
• Other developmental projects with special consideration on heritage, includes:<br />
• Built Heritage conservation projects & Environmental conservation<br />
14.1.1 Projects for System and Infrastructure Augmentation<br />
The projects for system and infrastructure augmentation are derived based on a broad<br />
demand-supply gap assessment for each of the service sectors, except for sewerage and fire<br />
services, where detailed project specifications and estimates are worked out by PHED and<br />
UMC respectively. The forecast population for the planning horizon (2021) used for demand<br />
estimation is 6,88,000.<br />
The norms adopted are based on sector norms derived from various sources including the<br />
PHED, GoMP for water supply and CPHEEO for solid waste management. In sectors like<br />
roads and street lighting, the norms for surface type of roads, streetlight spacing and<br />
composition of streetlight fixtures are assumed based on existing levels of service so as to<br />
improve the level of service from the current levels.<br />
In case of sewerage, detailed cost estimates worked out by PHED on the basis of the<br />
sewerage master plan are adopted, while in case of fire services, UMC’s proposals for<br />
augmentation and modernization of the fire fighting and rescue systems are adopted.<br />
14.1.2 Projects for System and Infrastructure Refurbishment<br />
Projects for system and infrastructure refurbishment are derived based on a quick assessment<br />
of system conditions and discussions with local authorities. Such projects are aimed at<br />
ensuring optimal and efficient utilization of existing infrastructure systems.<br />
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14.1.3 Other Developmental Projects<br />
Other developmental projects include projects other than those from core service sectors.<br />
Such projects are identified based on lists and/or reports prepared by UMC and Ujjain<br />
Development Authority This includes the city level facilities like Parks, Sports stadium,<br />
over bridges, subways, parking and tourism and recreational facilities.<br />
Environmental conservation projects like Kshipra river conservation and improvement of<br />
water bodies in Ujjain etc.<br />
Heritage related projects include those mentioned in the chapter 3 and other required projects.<br />
14.2 Sector-wise Project Identification and Costing<br />
Waat teerr SSuuppppl lyy<br />
The total investment requirement for the water supply sector is estimated at about Rs.<br />
4138.10 Lakh. The investment requirement is estimated for various components of water<br />
supply system, including Storage facility (ESR), pipeline for clear water transmission,<br />
internal distribution network and installation of water meters. The investment requirement for<br />
leak detection and rectification in the transmission mains and internal distribution system is<br />
also estimated.<br />
A summary of projects and corresponding capital investment requirement for augmentation<br />
and refurbishment of the water supply system is presented in Table 14-1<br />
Table 14-1 Capital Investment Required for Ujjain water supply Project<br />
Sl. Component Norm Gap Unit<br />
of<br />
Gap<br />
A<br />
System Augmentation<br />
1 Source<br />
development &<br />
R.W. transmission<br />
2 Treatment facility 100% of<br />
water<br />
drawn<br />
3 Clear water<br />
transmission<br />
4 Storage facility 35 % of<br />
water<br />
drawn<br />
5 Distribution<br />
network<br />
Unit Cost Investment<br />
Required<br />
Rs. Lakh- 2005-06 Prices<br />
135 lpcd MLD 0.00<br />
MLD 0.00<br />
- do Km 240 Rs/Capita 1651.52<br />
60 % of<br />
road<br />
length<br />
10% ML 98 Rs/ Capita 675<br />
Kms 137 Rs /Capita 941<br />
6 Water Meters 100% 100% 280.00<br />
Sub-Total System Augmentation 3,547.52<br />
B<br />
System Refurbishment-<br />
1 Leak reduction in -- -- LS 0<br />
RW transmission<br />
mains<br />
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2 Leak reduction in<br />
internal<br />
distribution system<br />
3 Repairs to water<br />
treatment plants<br />
-- LS 522.21<br />
-- -- LS 68.37<br />
4 Drive for --<br />
0.5<br />
regularization of<br />
LS<br />
illegal connections<br />
and conversion of<br />
PSPs to<br />
community taps,<br />
etc.<br />
Sub-Total System Refurbishment 590.58<br />
Grand Total Water Supply 4138.10<br />
Implementing UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities<br />
Agency<br />
Source: PHED, Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
SSeeweerraaggee aanndd SSaanni itaat<br />
tioonn<br />
Some of the Sewerage projects are analysed and adopted from the internal sewerage scheme<br />
for Ujjain city prepared by Public Health Engineering Department for Ujjain. The project<br />
costs are escalated by 6 per cent to derive the costs at 2005-06 prices.<br />
In addition to the underground sewerage scheme, the investment requirement for construction<br />
of public toilets and conversion of dry latrines to water-flush-based toilets is also estimated.<br />
Table 14-2 presents a summary of the component-wise investment requirement estimated for<br />
sewerage and sanitation.<br />
Table 14-2: Capital Investment Requirement for Ujjain Sewerage & Sanitation<br />
Sl. Component Norm Gap Unit<br />
of<br />
Gap<br />
Unit<br />
Cost<br />
Investment<br />
Required<br />
Rs. Lakh- 2005-06 Prices<br />
A<br />
Underground Sewerage Scheme (based on PHED’s Project Report)<br />
1 System<br />
-- -- LS * 8291.76<br />
Augmentation<br />
*Includes investment requirement for construction of public<br />
toilets and conversion of dry latrines to water-flush-based toilets<br />
2 System<br />
Refurbishment<br />
-- -- LS * 6908.24<br />
Implementing<br />
Agency<br />
Grand Total (Sewerage & Sanitation) 15200.00<br />
UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities<br />
Source: PHED, Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
TThhee toot t taal l innvveesst i tmeennt t rreeqquui irreemeennt t foorr f thhee t oovveerraal lll sseeweerraaggee aanndd ssaanni itaat<br />
tioonn ccoomppoonneennt t ccoomeess<br />
oouut t too t bbee Rss. ..1155220000 LLaaccss. ..<br />
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SSt toorrm Waat teerr Drraai innaaggee<br />
The investment components for storm water drainage include upgradation of kutcha (unlined)<br />
drains to pucca (lined) drains and construction of new roadside tertiary storm water<br />
drains. In addition, investment requirement for improving ten major water bodies in Ujjain is<br />
also considered in under the environmental improvement head.The water bodies’<br />
improvement proposal is also expected to enhance the flood absorption capacity of the water<br />
bodies.<br />
The unit cost adopted for the costing of storm water drains is Rs. 800 per running meter for a<br />
brick-and-cement-lined drain section of 0.45 m x 0.45 m, as per the PWD Schedule of Rates<br />
of Madhya Pradesh. The unit cost for upgrading unlined - kutcha drains to lined - pucca<br />
drains is Rs. 600 per running meter for a similar cross-section. The cost of construction of<br />
new drains is estimated on the unit rate of Rs.1400 per running meter.<br />
Table 14-3 Summary of component-wise investment for storm water drainage.<br />
Sl. Component Norm Gap Unit<br />
of<br />
Unit<br />
Cost<br />
Investment<br />
Required<br />
Gap Rs. Lakh- 2005-06<br />
Prices<br />
1 Upgradation of 100% Pucca 205 Kms 6 1962.00<br />
existing drains Drains<br />
Drains<br />
2 New Drains Drain length 100 Kms 14 5950.00<br />
equivalent to<br />
130% of road<br />
length<br />
Grand Total 7912.00<br />
Implementing UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities<br />
Agency<br />
Source: PHED, Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
SSool lidd Waasst tee Maannaaggeemeennt t<br />
The current rate of solid waste generation in UMC is about 150 tons per day. The waste<br />
generation rate is estimated to grow at the rate of 4 gpcd per annum, as experienced during<br />
the last two decades. Assuming a linear growth trend at 4 gpcd per annum, the waste<br />
generation rate in 2021 is estimated to be about 456 gpcd [416+ (4*(2005-2021)]. The total<br />
municipal solid waste generated in 2021 by a projected population of 6,88,000 is estimated to<br />
be about 300 tons per day.<br />
Major components of capital investment in solid waste management are primary and<br />
secondary collection infrastructure (dustbins and vehicles) for collection and transportation of<br />
solid waste, and a sanitary disposal facility. The norms adopted for estimation of demand in<br />
terms of these components are based on the CPHEEO norms of 1999-2000.<br />
Capital investment requirement is estimated for infrastructure requirement to collect and<br />
transport total waste generated in 2021. In addition, investment requirement for setting up a<br />
sanitary engineered waste disposal facility and for improvements to the workshop is also<br />
estimated.<br />
Community participation and training of conservancy workers play a major role in ensuring<br />
efficient solid waste management. The cost for creating community awareness and training<br />
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of conservancy workers is also incorporated in the capital investment requirement for solid<br />
waste management.<br />
Table 14-4 presents the summary of capital investment requirement for improving<br />
infrastructure for and facilitating efficient solid waste management.<br />
Table 14-4: Capital Investment Requirement for Solid Waste Management<br />
Sl. Component Norm-<br />
No. per<br />
Ton of<br />
Waste<br />
Requirement<br />
Gap-<br />
Nos.<br />
Unit<br />
Cost<br />
Investment<br />
Required<br />
Rs. Lakh- 2005-06<br />
Prices<br />
A<br />
Infrastructure & Vehicle Requirement<br />
1 Containerized 3.75 1125 425 0.15 63.75<br />
handcarts<br />
2 Containerized 0.25 75 62 0.115 7.13<br />
tricycles<br />
3 Community bins 3.75 1125 400 0.5 200<br />
4 GI Body Bin<br />
340 0.165 56.1<br />
(600 l)<br />
5 Skip cotainer<br />
50 0.175 8.75<br />
(2500 l)<br />
6 16 GVW Tipper 5 16.5 82.5<br />
7 16 GVW<br />
9 14 126<br />
compactor<br />
vehical<br />
8 4.5 cum. skips 0.05 15 14 10 140<br />
for construction<br />
waste<br />
9 Skip lifters 0.01 3 3 12 36<br />
10 Small vans for 0.01 3 2 2.25 4.5<br />
hospital waste<br />
collection<br />
11 Incineration 0.01 3 3 25.48 76.44<br />
plants<br />
12 Bulldozers/ 1 1 1 50 50<br />
wheel-dozers<br />
13 Asphalt /concrete 0.85 255 340 0.07 23.8<br />
for flooring at<br />
the waste storage<br />
depots<br />
Sub-Total Infrastructure & Vehicles 874.97<br />
B<br />
C<br />
D<br />
Composting and<br />
landfill Facilities<br />
Improvement to<br />
workshop<br />
Community<br />
awareness &<br />
training<br />
100% of<br />
waste<br />
generated<br />
1033 2.4 2480<br />
-- LS 500<br />
-- LS 150<br />
Grand Total Solid Waste Management 4004.97<br />
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Implementing<br />
Agency<br />
UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities<br />
Source: Health Department, Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
Rooaaddss aanndd trraannssppoorrt t taat tioonn<br />
The investment requirement under roads is estimated for projects including construction of<br />
new roads and upgradation of existing BT roads, water bound macadam and earthen roads.<br />
The municipal corporation is responsible for construction of city-level roads (including<br />
master-plan proposals for new roads and widening of existing roads and provision of missing<br />
links), while the construction of internal roads is the responsibility of colonizers/land<br />
developers.<br />
The proposals for new roads and widening need to be arrived at based on a comprehensive<br />
traffic and transportation study including a traffic volume-capacity analysis. However, in<br />
order to estimate the investment requirement on roads, it is assumed that the current per<br />
capita road length would remain static over the planning horizon (2021) and the additional<br />
road length required for future population is determined accordingly. In case of road<br />
upgradation, the composition of municipal roads by surface type is used as the basis for<br />
identifying road upgradation projects.<br />
Based on the adopted norm of 1.04 meters of road length per capita (existing level), the total<br />
road length required by 2021 works out to 795.6 kms - about 400 kms in addition to the<br />
existing 395 kms of municipal roads. The road upgradation and new formation requirement<br />
by type of surface are derived based on the assumed composition of municipal roads by<br />
surface type.<br />
The unit costs adopted are based on the Schedule of Rates of the PWD, Madhya Pradesh.<br />
The unit costs adopted are Rs. 60 lakh per km for construction of concrete roads, Rs. 20 lakh<br />
per km for hot-mix bitumen surfaced roads, and Rs. 165 per sq.m. for water bound macadam<br />
roads. The existing average road width of 8 meters is adopted to arrive at the unit rate per<br />
running kilometer.<br />
Table 14-5 presents the norms adopted for the estimation of new road formations and for<br />
ascertaining the upgradation requirements and<br />
Table 14-6 presents the summary of the capital investment requirement to achieve the<br />
adopted norms.<br />
Table 14-5: Norms Adopted for Estimating Investment Requirement in Roads<br />
Sl. Component Norm- Unit<br />
A<br />
For Estimating Total Road Length<br />
1 Total Road Length 1.04 meters per capita<br />
B<br />
For Estimating Upgradation requirement<br />
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1 Concrete 40 % of total municipal road length<br />
2 Black topped 60 % of total municipal road length<br />
3 Water bound macadam 0 % of total municipal road length<br />
4 Earthen/others 0 % of total municipal road length<br />
Source: Public works Department, Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
Table 14-6: Capital investment Requirement for Road Upgradation & Construction and Transportation 15.6 ii)<br />
Sl. Component Gap -<br />
Unit Cost Investment<br />
Kms<br />
Required<br />
Rs. Lakh - 2005-06 Prices<br />
A<br />
Road Surface Upgradation<br />
1 Black topped to 19 km 60 1,125.00<br />
concrete<br />
2 WBM to black 10 km 20 200<br />
topped<br />
3 Earthen to black 18 km 40 720.00<br />
topped<br />
Sub-Total Road Upgradation 2,045.00<br />
B<br />
New Road Construction<br />
1 Concrete 108.54 60 6512.5<br />
2 Black topped 162.81 40 6512.5<br />
Implementing<br />
Agency<br />
Sub-Total New Roads 13,025.00<br />
Grand Total Roads 15070.00<br />
UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities<br />
Source: Public works Department, Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
TTrraannssppoorrt taat tioonn<br />
Under traffic and transportation it has been proposed to introduce an improved and<br />
augmented bus based transport system with some innovative measures. A full fledged BRTS<br />
may not be feasible immediately given the town size. A total of Rs.2500 lacs have been<br />
proposed to improve transportation facilities in the city and construction of bus terminals etc.<br />
Table 14-6 ii: Capital investment Requirement forTranspotation<br />
Sl.<br />
Component<br />
Unit Cost Investment<br />
Required<br />
Rs. Lakh – 2005-06 Prices<br />
A<br />
Transportation<br />
1 BRTS (with 19 2500.00<br />
innovative<br />
techniques)<br />
Grand Total 2500.00<br />
Implementing UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities<br />
Agency<br />
SSt trreeeet t LLi igghht tinngg<br />
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The Municipal Corporation executes the installation of streetlight poles, including the wiring<br />
through the Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board (MPSEB). The cost of the material and<br />
installation is borne by the Municipal Corporation. The cost of pole installation and wiring<br />
payable to MPSEB by the Corporation is Rs. 4,206 per pole. The cost adopted for provision<br />
of lighting fixtures with all fittings is Rs. 5,000 for a high power sodium-vapor type of fixture<br />
and Rs. 4,000 for a fluorescent tube light fixture (based on local market prices).<br />
At the aggregate level, the number of streetlights provided in Ujjain appears to be adequate<br />
with respect to road length, with an average spacing of around 20 meters, compared to a<br />
norm of 25 meters. However, about one-fifth of the total lighting fixtures are ordinary bulbs,<br />
which need to be replaced with better illuminating and cost-effective fixtures. Also the<br />
streetlight fixtures in some areas need to be upgraded to high power fixtures. Table 14-7<br />
presents a summary of norms adopted for ascertaining the demand-supply gap and Table<br />
14-8 presents a summary of the unit costs adopted and estimated investment requirement for<br />
improving street lighting.<br />
Table 14-7: Norms Adopted for Estimating Investment Requirement in Street Lighting<br />
Sl. Component Norm- Unit<br />
A For Estimating Number of Poles<br />
1 Total Number of Poles 25 meters average street light spacing<br />
B For Estimating Upgradation Requirement<br />
1 High Power Fixtures 33% % of total street lights<br />
2 Fluorescent Tube Lights 67% % of total street lights<br />
3 Bulbs 0% % of total street lights<br />
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
Table 14-8: Capital Investment Requirement for Street Lighting<br />
Sl. Component Gap-<br />
Nos.<br />
Unit Investment<br />
Cost Required<br />
Rs. Lakh- 2005-06<br />
Prices<br />
A<br />
Street Light Fixture Maintenance<br />
1 Tube Lights to High Power Fixtures 4,500 0.05 225<br />
2 Tube Lights 2,500 0.014 35<br />
Sub-Total Fixture Upgradation 260<br />
B<br />
New Poles<br />
1 High Power Fixtures 2500 0.2 500<br />
2 Tube Lights 3000 0.15 450<br />
3 Central Lighting 50 0.5 25<br />
Implementing<br />
Agency<br />
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
FFi irree SSeerrvvi icceess<br />
Sub-Total New Poles 975<br />
Grand Total Street Lights 1235<br />
UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities<br />
The Fire Services Department of the Municipal Corporation lacks appropriate and modern<br />
equipment and infrastructure for fire fighting and rescue operations. The department has<br />
prepared a list of equipment and vehicles required for modernization of fire services. The<br />
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Municipal Corporation also plans to establish sub-stations at three strategic locations so as to<br />
enable timely response to emergency situations. Table 14-9 presents the requirements of the<br />
Fire Service Department as per its own proposal.<br />
Table 14-9: Capital Investment Requirement for Fire Services<br />
Sl Item/ Description<br />
Number<br />
Required<br />
A Purchase of Vehicles & Equipment<br />
1 Rescue Van 1 2 15 30<br />
2 Fire Water Tenders small 4 10 40<br />
3 Fire Water Tenders 10 5 12 60<br />
Unit Estimated Amount<br />
Rate<br />
Rs. Lakh @ 2005-06 Prices<br />
4 Water laury 10 10 100<br />
5 Advanced Fire-fire Equipment (Hose -- LS 150<br />
Pipes, Search Lights, Gas Cutters,<br />
Generators, Life Jackets, Wireless<br />
Sets, etc.)<br />
Sub-Total A 380<br />
B Others<br />
1 Fire Hydrants at Different Locations LS<br />
2 Establishment of Sub-Fire Stations LS 100<br />
3 Shifting of Main Fire Station on the -- LS<br />
Main Road<br />
Sub-Total B 100<br />
Grand Total Fire Services 480<br />
Implementing Agency<br />
UMC/UDA/other<br />
Development<br />
Authorities<br />
Source: Fire Department, Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
Othheerr Deevveel looppmeennt taal l PPrrooj jeecct tss (Ci(<br />
ityy leevveel l l FFaacci ilitieess)<br />
)<br />
Ujjain is a major Pilgrimage center and a potential tourist destination of Madhya Pradesh<br />
renowned all over the world. Keeping in mind the future population pressure and growing<br />
demand of urban space the city authorities through public consultation identified the problem<br />
and potential area of the city with need an immediate renewal one in the very core of the city<br />
Mahakaal and Ramghat area and in various other locations which demand a revamp before<br />
the next ‘Singhast 2016’.<br />
“Development of traditional Sports”<br />
Identification of traditional sports and their development is one of the important areas that the<br />
CDP addresses. An extensive program of developing akharas (a mud filled pits with<br />
pahalwan instructors) and propagating the use of such facilities should be taken up. The<br />
akharas were constructed with indigenous technology by mixing local mud, oil, sandalwood,<br />
sawdust etc. was mixed in a predetermined ratio as filling. The exercises included wrestling,<br />
malkham etc. and the body building traditions included massage of the body and yoga. There<br />
were various padhatties that were followed for these sports. Character building and respect<br />
for the teacher was an integral element of these sports. This is a comparatively less expensive<br />
sport and apart from good training programs does not require expensive instruments like<br />
health clubs. There is currently no active policy to pursue this program in the new<br />
development. Hostels for the serious students, housing for ustads and other facilities are<br />
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suggested in the development program. Other sports arenas to be developed include areas<br />
along the bank and does not actually include active construction. Making lawns along the<br />
slopes with clearing in the centre like an amphitheatre is suggested.<br />
Project Summary<br />
Item Work Description Amount in<br />
Rs lakh<br />
1 Akharas Designing and construction of the<br />
infrastructure of 4 such facilities with<br />
emphasis on different sports type including<br />
hostels, Stadium, pits etc.<br />
1200<br />
2 Teachers and other<br />
personals<br />
3 Misc. for running the<br />
institutions<br />
Trained teachers and their accompanying staff<br />
salaries for five years<br />
250<br />
50<br />
Total 1500<br />
AGENCIES<br />
1 Sports Authority of<br />
India/UMC/UDA<br />
2 Private Sponsorship<br />
etc.<br />
Operation and Management/ Financing<br />
Financing<br />
The Tables 14-10 & 14-11 gives the gist of the identified area of investment and intervention<br />
with the investment required.<br />
Table 14-10 Summary of the investment required for city level facilities<br />
Sl. Component Investment Required<br />
1 New Construction for Public facilitation 112.5<br />
2 Bridges 5100<br />
3 Subway 110<br />
4 Parking 425<br />
5 Upgradation of 132 existing Parks 560<br />
6 Working Women Hostel 300<br />
7 Old Age Home 300<br />
8 Sports facilities ( Stadiums,Hostels) 1500<br />
Grand Total investment 8407.50<br />
Implementing Agency<br />
UMC/UDA/other Development Authorities<br />
Othheerr PPrrooj jeecct tss<br />
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Apart rom the above, a sum of Rs. 2333 lakhs has been allocated for the following activities<br />
- training,<br />
- capacity building<br />
- GIS Mapping with the assistance of National Instittute of Remote<br />
Sensing, Dehradun.<br />
Heerri itaaggee<br />
The Heritage projects have been already discussed in the Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 of this<br />
report.Following is the summary of all the earlier mentioned projects.Table 14-11 gives the<br />
overall investment required in the Heritage sector as well as in Environmental Improvement.<br />
SSuummaarri izzeedd Heerri itaaggee pprrooj jeecct tss<br />
S.no Project details<br />
Rs. In lacs<br />
1 Project summary-bh-svt-1/1 26.0<br />
2 Project summary- bh-mn-1/2 12.0<br />
3 Project summary-bh-kb-1/3 44 .0<br />
4 Project summary-bh-gk-1/4 18.0<br />
5 Project summary-bh-vdch-1/5 13<br />
6 Project summary –bh-bg-1/6 18.7<br />
7 Project summary- bh-spa-1/7 98.0<br />
8 Yantra mahal- jspk-ym-8/1 64.00<br />
9 project summary – prau- bh-1/ds 1 7710.0<br />
10 Project summary – pragyv- vuk-12/ds 1 6755.0<br />
11 Proposal summary – fm-mkk-7/ds1 1100.0<br />
12 Project summary-kdr-kdsk/5/ds1 1150.0<br />
13 Project summary- hc-mkk/gk/bk/ytk- /res/1 10600.0<br />
14 Project summary-mk-mkk-2/1 149.0<br />
15 Project summary gd-gk-3/1 150.0<br />
16 Project summary-harp-mmk-2/3 120.0<br />
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17 Project summary rjmp-bk-1/3 72.0<br />
18 Project summary- cgmp-bk-2/4 73.0<br />
19 Project summary- kp-vuk-12/1 505.0<br />
20 Project summary- rkm-bk-2/6 14.0<br />
21 Project summary- cy-nkrk-13/1 9.0<br />
22 Project summary- bnm-nkrk-13/2 3.4<br />
23 Project summary nkkr- nkrk-13/3 4.6<br />
24 Project Summary KS-GH-10/1 1120.00<br />
Total 29784.00<br />
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Table 14-11 Summary of the investment required for City Religious Core area development and Heritage conservation<br />
Sl Item/ Description Quantity<br />
Required<br />
Unit Rate<br />
Estimated<br />
Amount<br />
Unit<br />
Rs. Lakh @ 2005-06 Prices<br />
A. Heritage conservation and Urban renewal<br />
1 Beautification of Squares,<br />
LS 600<br />
Landscaping and street furnitures for<br />
road, Plantation, etc.<br />
2 Under Ground cabling of street lights. LS 100<br />
3 Kshir Sagar Stadium<br />
4 Kalidas Udyan, Kattik mela and<br />
Someshwer Thirth<br />
5 Mukti Dham (Chakra Tirath)<br />
6 Summarized Heritage projects<br />
300<br />
40<br />
50<br />
29784<br />
7 Development of Akharas<br />
8 Renovation of Grand Hotel<br />
9 Restoration of Palace Kothi<br />
10 Tourist Information System<br />
11 Conservation of Chaurasi Mahadev<br />
Sub Total<br />
B Environmental Improvement<br />
1500<br />
300<br />
2000<br />
2000<br />
1000<br />
37674<br />
1 Restoration and Rejuvenation of 10<br />
LS (As per DPR) 5000<br />
Water Bodies<br />
2 Environmental upgradation and Study<br />
10000<br />
and conservation of Kshipra River and<br />
Rejuvenation of Ghats<br />
Sub Total 15000<br />
Grand Total 52674<br />
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
BBaassi icc sseerrvvi icceess too t Urrbbaann PPoooorr<br />
With the focused attention to integrated development of Basic Services to the Urban Poor in<br />
Ujjain city, provision of Basic Services to Urban Poor including security of tenure at<br />
affordable prices, improved housing, water supply, sanitation and ensuring delivery through<br />
convergence of other already existing universal services of the Government for education,<br />
health and social security.<br />
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Care has been taken to see that the urban poor are provided housing near their place of<br />
occupation. Secure effective linkages between asset creation and asset management so that<br />
the Basic Services to the Urban Poor created in the cities, are not only maintained efficiently<br />
but also become self-sustaining over time.<br />
The project has intended to ensure adequate investment of funds to fulfil deficiencies in the<br />
Basic Services to the Urban Poor and Scale up delivery of civic amenities and provision of<br />
utilities with emphasis on universal access to urban poor.<br />
Table 14-12 presents the capital investment required for the basic services to urban poor in<br />
Ujjain city with the gap to the present level status.<br />
Table 14-12: Capital Investment Requirement for Basic Services to Urban Poor in UMC<br />
Sl. Component Norm Gap Unit<br />
of<br />
Gap<br />
Unit<br />
Cost<br />
Investment<br />
Required<br />
Rs. Lakh- 2005-06 Prices<br />
A. Slum Improvement and rehabilitation project,<br />
(Integrated development of Slums )<br />
1 Housing 5000 H/H 1.0 5000<br />
2 Roads<br />
a. New Proposed Road 7.5 Km 20.00 150<br />
b. Upgradation of Existing<br />
42 Km 12.50 525<br />
Road<br />
4 Water supply distribution<br />
400 H/H 1230.76<br />
line<br />
5 Sewerage/ Sanitation<br />
a. Sewerage system<br />
b. Individual Toilets to H/H 10000 0.05 500<br />
6 Drainage<br />
a. upgradation 45 Km 565<br />
b. New Construction 18 Km 569<br />
8 Environmental<br />
LS 150<br />
improvement/ solid waste<br />
management<br />
9 Street Lighting 250 +700 123.00<br />
10 Civic Amenities,<br />
LS 500<br />
community hall, child care<br />
center.<br />
11 Convergence of health,<br />
LS 50<br />
education and social<br />
security schemes for the<br />
urban poor.<br />
12 Operation and maintenance<br />
of assets created under these<br />
components.<br />
Grand Total Investment 9618<br />
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation.<br />
4% of the<br />
Project<br />
Cost<br />
255.24<br />
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14.3 Total Capital Investment Requirement<br />
Figure 14-1 Investment Composition Sector wise<br />
7%<br />
2%0%2%<br />
3%<br />
12%<br />
Water supply<br />
Sewerage and sanitation<br />
8%<br />
Solid waste mgmt<br />
3%<br />
Roads - ULB owned<br />
Storm Drains<br />
Street lightning<br />
12%<br />
Fire Service<br />
Heritage,Urban renewal and<br />
environment improvement<br />
Basic service to urban poor<br />
City basic facilities<br />
6%<br />
Traffic transportation and bus<br />
terminal development<br />
Workshop upgradation<br />
44%<br />
1%<br />
0%<br />
Others<br />
The total estimated capital investment requirement for providing basic services for the<br />
population of the Municipal Corporation of Ujjain by the year 2011 works out to about Rs.<br />
123772.63 Lakh (at 2005-06 prices).<br />
Simhasta 2016’.<br />
Table 14-13 presents the summary of sector-wise investment requirement for the core service<br />
sectors. The largest share is enjoyed by heritage and conservation (44%).<br />
Sewerage and sanitation (12%) accounts for the estimated investment required in UMC. This<br />
is primarily due to the proposed underground sewerage system.<br />
Water supply, which accounts for about 3.3% per cent of the total estimated investment<br />
requirement, is constituted mainly by system Distribution works for the 2021 population.<br />
Investment in storm water drains, which accounts for about 6.4% per cent of the estimated<br />
investment requirement, is constituted primarily by investment for construction of new<br />
tertiary drains and upgradation of kutcha to pucca drains.<br />
The share of roads in the total estimated investment is about 12.2% per cent. About 13.57<br />
per cent of the investment in roads is for road upgradation from black-topped to concrete<br />
surface and earthen to black-topped surface, while the remaining 86.43 per cent is towards<br />
the construction of new black-topped roads.<br />
Solid Waste Management (3.2%), street lighting (1%) and fire services together account for<br />
only about 4 per cent of the total estimated investment requirement.<br />
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The major thrust area is concentrated to be Basic services to urban poor constituting an<br />
overall 8% per cent of the total investment and City level facilities 8.28 per cent keeping in<br />
mind the demand of the city for the forth coming Simhasta 2016’.<br />
Table 14-13: Summary of Sector-wise Capital Investment Requirement in UMC<br />
Sl. Sector/ Component Investment<br />
Requirement- Rs.<br />
Lakh @ 2005-06<br />
Prices<br />
Share in<br />
Total/<br />
Grand<br />
Total<br />
1 Water Supply<br />
a System Augmentation (S.A) 3,547.52<br />
b System Refurbishment (S.R) 590.58<br />
Total Water Supply 4,138.10 3.3%<br />
2 Sewerage & Sanitation<br />
a System Augmentation (S.A) 8,291.76<br />
b System Refurbishment(S.R) 6,908.24<br />
Total Sewerage & Sanitation 152,00.00 12.30%<br />
3 Storm Water Drains<br />
a Construction of New Drains (S.A.) 5,950.00<br />
Upgradation of existing Drains (S.R.) 1,962.00<br />
Total Storm Water Drains 7,912.00 6.4%<br />
4 Solid Waste Management<br />
a Purchase of Vehicles & Equipment (S.A.) 874.97<br />
b Sanitary Engineered Disposal Facility (S.R) 1780.00<br />
c Improvement to workshop and Community 1350.00<br />
awareness & training (S.R.)<br />
Total Solid Waste Management 4004.97 3.2%<br />
5 Roads<br />
a Upgradation of Roads (S.R.) 2,045.00<br />
b Construction of New Roads (S.A.) 13,025.00<br />
Total Roads 15,070.00 12.2%<br />
6 Traffic management and Bus Terminal development 2500.00 2%<br />
7 Street Lighting<br />
a Upgradation of Lighting Fixtures(S.R.) 260.00<br />
b Installation of New Poles (S.A.) 975.00<br />
Total Street Lighting 1235.00 1%<br />
8 Fire Services<br />
a Purchase of Vehicles & Equipment (S.A.) 380.00<br />
b Others (S.R.) 100.00<br />
Total Fire Services 480.00 0.4%<br />
9 Work Shop Upgradation 200.00 0.2%<br />
10 Heritage conservation ,Urban Renewal and<br />
52674.00 42.6<br />
Environment improvenment<br />
11 Basic Services to Urban Poor 9618.00 7.8%<br />
12 City Public facilities 8407.50 6.8%<br />
13 Other 2333.10 1.9%<br />
Grand Total Investment Requirement 123772.6 100%<br />
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
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14.4 Financing Plan<br />
The Project is proposed to be financed with assistance from GoI and State Government of<br />
Madhya Pradesh and a share of Ujjain Municipal Corporation on 80:10:10 basis under the<br />
national level Jawaharlal Nehru Urban renewal Mission.Out of the total estimated investment<br />
of Rs.123772.6, The GoI shall disseminate Rs. 99018.10 Lakh as its share to the state level<br />
Nodal agency and then with prior approval of projects through the procedures set under the<br />
project financial and technical arrangements for the project funds shall be made available to<br />
UMC to implement the projects.<br />
GoMP will further sub-lend a sum of Rs. 12377.26 lakh and the proceeds of the GoI<br />
assistance to the Ujjain Municipal Corporation in a mix of soft loan and grant/grant cum loan<br />
as per stated terms under the mission.<br />
The remaining amount of about Rs 8664.08 Lakh (7% of the Investment) will be contribution<br />
of beneficiaries of area improvement facilities and Ujjain municipal own resources. The<br />
balance 3% (3713.18 lakh) will be contributed by Financial Institution This amount will<br />
finance the cost of city basic infrastructure services Part A, basic services to urban poor under<br />
Part B and the costs of Design and Construction Supervision consultants and incremental<br />
administration under Part C. The proposed financing plan is summarized in Table 14-14.<br />
Table 14-14 Project Financing Options plan<br />
Financing Options<br />
Estimate of additional Percentage<br />
Resources<br />
Government of India, GOI (Grant) 99018.104 80%<br />
Government of Madhya Pradesh, GoMP (Grant/soft loan/<br />
Grant cum loan)<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation and Local resources<br />
including NGOs, Trusts and Pvt Sector.<br />
Financial Institutions<br />
12377.26 10%<br />
8664.08<br />
3713.18<br />
Capital Market -<br />
Off-shore Financing -<br />
Total 123772.63 100%<br />
7%<br />
3%<br />
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15 IInvessttmentt Sussttenance Pllan<br />
15.1 Overview<br />
The investment sustenance of the Ujjain Municipal Corporation is assessed using a Financial<br />
Operating Plan (FOP) model, which is essentially a forecast of the local body’s finances<br />
based on certain realistic assumptions relating to revenue generation and expenditure, in<br />
order to assess impacts of proposed investments. The capital investments required for the<br />
identified 7-year high priority interventions (HPI) are to be initiated from FY 2005-06.<br />
The FOP is worked out for three scenarios, viz.<br />
1. Base Case;<br />
2. Full HPI; and<br />
3. Sustainable HPI.<br />
In the base case scenario, the finances of the UMC are forecast in a “do nothing” wherein the<br />
revenue account of the ULB is forecast based on certain realistic assumptions. Since the FOP<br />
model is developed to ascertain the HPI investment sustaining capacity, the base case<br />
scenario is developed assuming that there will be no new capital account transactions – this<br />
will indicate the UMC’s capacity to generate revenue surpluses to service capital<br />
expenditure.<br />
In the full HPI scenario, the estimated investment for HPI is phased over the FOP horizon<br />
and the implications of this investment in terms of external borrowings required and resultant<br />
debt service commitment and additional operation and maintenance expenditure are worked<br />
out to assess their impact on the municipal finances. This scenario also takes into<br />
consideration the additional revenue generation potential due to large-scale investments in<br />
water supply and sewerage projects and the applicable funding structure for capital works.<br />
The outcome of this scenario will indicate the extent of fiscal support required by the<br />
municipality to sustain the identified HPI.<br />
The sustainable HPI scenario is worked out when the full HPI scenario indicates inability of<br />
the municipality to sustain the full identified investment. In this case, the identified<br />
investment is sized down through an iterative process to assess the maximum investment<br />
sustainable by the municipality. The criteria for assessment of investment sustenance are a<br />
positive year-to-year closing balance of the municipal account. The outcome of this scenario<br />
will give an indication of the actual level of investment sustainable by the municipality<br />
without any additional external support.<br />
This section elucidates the major assumptions and basis for forecast of the municipal finances<br />
for the FOP plan period, the impact of undertaking full HPI on the overall municipal fund<br />
and actual investment sustainable by the ULB.<br />
The FOP horizon is determined so as to assess the impact of full utilization of the High<br />
priority sectoral investment. The proposed capital investments are phased over a 7-year<br />
period from FY 2005-06 to 2011-12, implying that the last loan/Grant draw down would<br />
occur in FY 2011-12. Considering a 7-year moratorium period adopted, the maximum debt<br />
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servicing commitment will fall in year 2012-13. The FOP is thus worked out for the period<br />
2005-06 to 2021-21.<br />
In the absence of final financial data for FYs 2005-06, 2004-05 is considered as the base year<br />
and the finances are estimated / forecast for the period 2005-06 to 2020-2021.<br />
15.2 Key Assumptions<br />
The FOP is based on a whole range of assumptions related to income and expenditure. These<br />
are critical to ascertain the investment sustenance and would also provide a tool to test certain<br />
specific policy decisions regarding revenue and expenditure drivers on the overall municipal<br />
fiscal situation. This section elucidates the key assumption adopted for the three FOP<br />
scenarios.<br />
15.2.1 Revenue Account<br />
The following section details out the basic assumptions adopted for forecasting income and<br />
expenditure.<br />
Assumptions for Forecasting Income and Expenditure<br />
The assumptions and working sheets for forecasting municipal income and expenditure for<br />
the three scenarios – base case, full investment and sustainable investment - are presented in<br />
Tables below. The assumptions adopted are primarily based on past trends (5-year average<br />
growth trend or 5-year compound annual growth rate - CAGR, whichever is lower), subject<br />
to minimum and maximum annual growth rate ceilings.13<br />
13 In case of recurring items of income and expenditure, a CAGR would be more appropriate, while in case of nonrecurring<br />
items, the average growth rate would be a better representation. However, to be on a conservative<br />
side, the lower of the two growth rates are adopted for forecasting items of income and higher growth rate<br />
figures are adopted for forecasting items of revenue expenditure, subject to minimum and maximum ceilings<br />
of 5 and 15 per cent respectively.<br />
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15.2.1.1 Municipal Taxes<br />
The primary tax sources, viz. property tax, water tax/charge and consolidated tax are forecast<br />
based on assumptions on the base (number of assessments) and basis (tax demand per<br />
assessment) and the collection efficiencies. In addition to the above taxes, provision is also<br />
made for estimating income from sewerage tax/charge, subject to implementation of the<br />
proposed sewerage scheme.<br />
(i(<br />
i) ) PPrrooppeerrt tyy TTaaxx<br />
Number of Assessments<br />
In case of property tax, the total number of property tax assessments in 2004-05 as per UMC<br />
records adopted as the base.The number of properties in UMC has increased from 41746 to<br />
72113 at a CAGR of 10.66 per cent during 2000-01 to 2004-05. A nominal growth rate of<br />
1.73 per cent (equivalent to forecast population growth rate of 1.5 per cent during 2005-06 to<br />
2020-21) is adopted for forecasting the number of property tax assessments.<br />
Tax Demand per Assessment<br />
The average annual property tax demand per assessment in 2004-05 is 358.23 Rs. The same<br />
demand per assessment is adopted for 2005-06 to 2010-11 and is assumed to be revised once<br />
in 5 years by 30 per cent beginning from 2006-07, at a conservative simple growth rate of 5<br />
per cent per annum.<br />
Collection Efficiency<br />
The average property tax collection efficiency during 2000-01 to 2004-05 was 29.15 per cent<br />
and 24 & 42 per cent of arrears and current tax demands respectively. It is assumed that<br />
UMC would gradually increase its tax collection performance to 50 per cent and 75 per cent<br />
against arrears and current tax demand respectively.<br />
Table 15-1 Key Assumptions for Forecasting income from property tax<br />
Sl. Description<br />
Current Assumptions<br />
Level Base Case Full HPI Sustainable<br />
Scenario Scenario HPI Scenario<br />
1 Annual growth in number of -- 1.5 1.5 1.5<br />
assessments (%)<br />
2 Annual growth in ARV of new -- 3 3 3<br />
assessments (%)<br />
3 Average ARV per Property (Rs. 579 579 579 579<br />
Per Annum)<br />
4 Tax Rate (% of ARV) 6-10 10 10<br />
5 Periodic increase in ARV (%) 5<br />
2005-06 -- 30 30 30<br />
2010-11 -- 30 30 30<br />
2015-16 -- 30 30 30<br />
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2020-21 30 30 30<br />
6 Collection Performance (% of 29.15<br />
Demand)<br />
Arrears 24 50 50 50<br />
Current 42 85 85 85<br />
7 Growth in revenue from propertyrelated<br />
taxes<br />
13.19 10 10 10<br />
(i(<br />
ii)<br />
) Waat teerr TTaaxx/ /Chhaarrggeess<br />
Number of Assessments<br />
There are about 45,403 registered house service connections in UMC, which accounts for<br />
only about 58.89 per cent of the property tax assessments. In addition, as reported by UMC<br />
officials, there are an estimated 15,000 unauthorized house service connections.<br />
For the base case scenario, it is assumed that the 15,000 unauthorized connections would be<br />
regularized in 2006-07, thereby increasing the number of HSCs to 77,099 (83.76 per cent of<br />
the number of property tax assessments). In the absence of additional investment in water<br />
supply, the number of water tax/charge assessments is assumed to stagnate at the 2004-05<br />
level. At a nominal regularization fee of Rs. 1,000 per connection, the income from<br />
regularization accruing to UMC would be Rs. 150.00 Lakh.<br />
In the full investment scenario, it is assumed that due to augmentation of the water supply<br />
network, UMC would cover 90 per cent of the property tax assessments through house<br />
service connections (HSCs) in a phased manner by 2007-08.<br />
Tax Demand per Assessment<br />
The average monthly water tax demand per assessment in 2000-01 is Rs. 126.82. The same<br />
demand per assessment is adopted for 2001-02 to 2002-03 and is assumed to be revised once<br />
in 5 years by 30 per cent beginning from 2006-07, at a conservative simple growth rate of 5<br />
per cent per annum.<br />
Collection Efficiency<br />
The average water tax collection efficiency during 2000-901 to 2004-05 was 24.38 per cent<br />
and only 11 per cent of arrears and 43 per cent current tax demands respectively. It is<br />
assumed that UMC would gradually increase its tax collection performance to 50 per cent<br />
and 75 per cent against arrears and current tax demand respectively.<br />
Table 15-2 Key assumptions for forecasting income from water charges<br />
Sl. Description<br />
1 % water connections to property<br />
tax assessments<br />
Current Assumptions<br />
Level Base Case Full HPI Sustainable<br />
Scenario Scenario HPI Scenario<br />
58.89 58.89 80 66.2<br />
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2 Avg monthly water charge per 60 60 60/120 60/100<br />
connection (Rs.)<br />
3 Periodic revision in water charges<br />
2005-06 -- 30 30 30<br />
2010-11 -- 30 30 30<br />
2015-16 -- 30 30 30<br />
2020-21 -- 30 30 30<br />
4 Collection Performance (% of 24.38<br />
Demand)<br />
Arrears 85.71 50 50 50<br />
Current 61.11 75 75 75<br />
5 Growth in income from water<br />
charges (% p.a)<br />
9.51 5.54 5.54 5.54<br />
(i(<br />
ii ii)<br />
) Coonnssool liddaat<br />
teedd TTaaxx<br />
Number of Assessments<br />
The number of assessments for consolidated tax is the same as that for property tax, and the<br />
same is adopted for future years.<br />
Tax Demand per Assessment<br />
The average annual consolidated tax demand per assessment in 2000-01 is Rs. 159.47. The<br />
same demand per assessment is adopted for 2005-06 to 2007-08 and is assumed to be revised<br />
once in 5 years by 30 per cent beginning from 2007-08, at a conservative simple growth rate<br />
of 5 per cent per annum.<br />
Collection Efficiency<br />
The average consolidated tax collection efficiency during 2000-01 to 2004-05 was 13.52 per<br />
cent and 6 per cent of arrears and 37 Per cent current tax demands respectively. It is assumed<br />
that UMC would maintain a 50 per cent collection performance against arrears demand and<br />
gradually increase its collection performance to 75 per cent against current tax demand.<br />
(i(<br />
ivv) ) SSeeweerraaggee TTaaxx/ /Chhaarrggee<br />
UMC does not levy a sewerage tax/charge currently. Hence this tax is not considered in the<br />
base case scenario. However, if the sewerage scheme, envisaged as part of the CIP is<br />
implemented, it is assumed that UMC would levy a sewerage charge.<br />
Number of Assessments<br />
The ultimate number of assessments for sewerage charge, or the number of sewerage<br />
connections is assumed at 75 per cent of the total water connections. It is assumed that the<br />
75 per cent coverage will be achieved in three annual phases of 25 per cent each beginning<br />
from 2006-07. From FY 2005-06 onward, a proportion of 75 per cent will be maintained.<br />
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Tax Demand per Assessment<br />
An average monthly sewerage tax/charge demand of Rs. 100 per connection from FY 2006-<br />
07 is assumed to compute the demand from sewerage tax/charge. The sewerage tax/charge is<br />
assumed to be revised by 30 per cent once in five years, beginning from 2007-08, at a<br />
conservative simple growth rate of 5 per cent per annum.<br />
Collection Efficiency<br />
A collection efficiency of 50 per cent of the current demand of sewerage tax/charge is<br />
assumed for the first year of the levy of the charge, i.e. 2006-07. From 2008-09 onward, a<br />
collection efficiency of 50 per cent and 75 per cent of the arrears and current demands<br />
respectively, is assumed.<br />
Table 15-3 Key assumptions for forecasting income from Drainage Charges<br />
Sl. Description<br />
1 % drainage connections to<br />
PT assessments<br />
2 Avg. monthly drainage<br />
charge per connection<br />
Current Assumptions<br />
Level Base Case Full HPI Sustainable HPI<br />
Scenario Scenario Scenario<br />
- - 60 30<br />
- - 50 50<br />
(Rs.)<br />
3 Periodic revision in<br />
drainage charges<br />
2005-06 -- 30 30 30<br />
2010-11 -- 30 30 30<br />
2015-16 -- 30 30 30<br />
2020-21 -- 30 30 30<br />
4 Collection Performance (% --<br />
of Demand)<br />
5 Arrears -- 50 50 50<br />
6 Current -- 75 75 75<br />
7 Growth in income from<br />
drainage charges (% p.a)<br />
-100 -100 -100 -100<br />
(vv) ( ) Othheerr TTaaxxeess<br />
Other relatively insignificant taxes like wheel tax, cinema tax, entry tax, etc. are forecast to<br />
grow at a nominal rate of 10-15% per cent per annum, as against a CAGR of 4.3 per cent.<br />
The very low CAGR in realization from other taxes is due to the decrease in the Assigned<br />
revenues of cinema and passenger tax came into effect only in 2000-01. However, based on<br />
reports that entry tax would not be levied from FY 2001-02, the income from other taxes is<br />
forecast based on the 2000-01 realization.<br />
The CAGR of income from all taxes forecast based on the above assumptions for the period<br />
2000-01 to 2004-05 works out to 9.92 per cent, against the actual 5-year CAGR of 26 per<br />
cent during 1996-97 to 2000-01.<br />
Noonn- -TTaaxx SSoouurrcceess<br />
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• The non-tax sources of revenue income, viz. municipal own sources, compensation<br />
and assigned revenue and revenue grants are forecast based on past trends.<br />
The establishment expenditure of UMC has grown at a CAGR of about 7.22 per cent during<br />
the last five years. The same growth rate 7%-8% per cent per annum is assumed for<br />
forecasting establishment expenditure.<br />
Coonnt tinnggeennccyy/<br />
/O&M EExxppeennddi ituurree<br />
The expenditure incurred by UMC in operation and maintenance and minor repairs of its<br />
infrastructure systems and properties has grown at a CAGR of 22.58 percent during 2000-01<br />
to 2004-05. This high growth is primarily due to inappropriate booking of expenses by UMC<br />
in terms of capital and revenue items. It is likely that some capital expenditure items have<br />
been accounted under revenue account. A nominal growth rate of 15 per cent per annum is<br />
assumed to forecast operation and maintenance and contingency expenditure.<br />
Employee Terminal Benefits, Pensions, etc.<br />
Expenditure on employee terminal benefits and pensions has grown at a CAGR of 16.34 per<br />
cent during 2000-01 to 2004-05. The same growth rate of 16.34 per annum is adopted for<br />
forecasting expenditure under this head.<br />
Table 15-4 Key growth rate assumptions for forecasting revenue expenditure<br />
Sl. Description Current<br />
Level<br />
1 General Administration & revenue<br />
Collection<br />
Allowance to Elected Rep. 8.51 5<br />
Overall General Administration 29.24 15.00<br />
Tax Collection Expenses 23.49 15<br />
Pensions and Gratuities -- -<br />
Contribution to Provident Fund 20.92 15<br />
Total-General Admin. & Revenue Collection 14.97<br />
2 Municipal Services - -<br />
General Expense 43.45 20<br />
Water Supply 9.26 9.26<br />
Sewerage & Sanitation -- -<br />
Solid Waste Management 16.83 15<br />
Public Works (Roads, Drains & Bldgs) -- -<br />
Street Lighting 36.42 15<br />
Public Health (Medical) 5.4 5<br />
Education -- -<br />
Other Services & Misc. -4.6 5<br />
Total- Municipal Services 32.35 15.00<br />
Debt Servicing<br />
Assumption (All three<br />
Scenarios)<br />
The outstanding debt liability of UMC as on 31st March 2005 was reported to be nil. The<br />
additional debt taken on for JNNURMA at 3% of the total size is Rs. 3713 lakhs which is<br />
assumed to be borrowed at 9% pa repayment in five equal instalments beginning 2013-14.<br />
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However, the disbursements will start in 2006-07 itself. The interest payments are made<br />
assumed to be made concurrently without any moratorium.<br />
Clearing of Non-debt Liability<br />
The outstanding non-debt liability of UMC is primarily in the form of power charges due to<br />
Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board (MPSEB). According to information collected from<br />
the office of MPSEB in Ujjain, the outstanding power charges due from UMC is Cleared.<br />
But UMC officials claim that some reconciliation had been carried out based on MPSEB<br />
dues to UMC in the form of property tax and there was no outstanding amount due to<br />
MPSEB. Thus this amount is not considered in the forecast of expenditure.<br />
Based on the above assumptions, the CAGR of total revenue expenditure for the period 2005-<br />
06 to 2020-21 works out to about 9.06 per cent, against the actual CAGR of 13.4 per cent<br />
during 2000-01 to 2004-05.<br />
Additional Recurring and Debt Servicing Expenditure due to CIP<br />
(i(<br />
i) ) Addddi itioonnaal<br />
l Reeccuurrrri inngg EExxppeennddi ituurree<br />
The capital investments envisaged as per the CIP are bound to impose additional<br />
establishment and O&M expenditure on UMC. Such additional expenditure is estimated<br />
based on percentage of capital costs as estimated by the consultants from their experience in<br />
other projects. The percentages thus adopted are presented in Table 15-5<br />
Table 15-5: Basis for Additional Recurring Expenditure due to Envisaged CIP<br />
Sl. Sector Recurring Expenditure as % of Capital Cost<br />
1 Water Supply 2.5<br />
2 Sewerage & Sanitation 2.00<br />
3 Solid Waste Management 8.00<br />
4 Roads 1.00<br />
5 Storm Water Drains 5.00<br />
6 Street Lighting 5.00<br />
7 Fire Services 5.00<br />
8 Others 1.50<br />
Caappi itaal<br />
l IInnccoomee<br />
Grants<br />
UMC receives project-related capital grants from GoMP for specific schemes like provision<br />
of basic services and environment improvement in slums, NRY and SJSRY, flood relief,<br />
sinhastha etc. The CAGR of such grants during 2000-01 to 2004-05 was 31.62 per cent.<br />
However, a nominal 5-10% per cent increase is assumed while forecasting receipts in the<br />
form of capital grants.<br />
In addition to the above regular capital grants, the FOP has a provision for incorporating GoI<br />
and GoMP grants for funding large capital investments under the JNNURM Project,<br />
especially in the water, Sewerage, Road and sanitation sectors.<br />
Loans<br />
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Capital income in the form of loans is forecast based on phased capital investment identified<br />
as part of the CIP. It is assumed that regular scheme-based capital grants received by UMC<br />
would be used to fund the identified CIP, and UMC would mobilize the balance amount to<br />
fund the capital investment through loans. The additional debt taken on for JNNURMA at<br />
3% of the total size is Rs. 3713 lakhs which is assumed to be borrowed at 9% pa repayment<br />
in five equal instalments beginning 2013-14. However, the disbursements will start in 2006-<br />
07 itself. The interest payments are made assumed to be made concurrently without any<br />
moratorium.<br />
Caappi itaal<br />
l EExxppeennddi ituurree<br />
The capital expenditure in the base case scenario is assumed to be equivalent to the receipt of<br />
capital grants on the basis that all capital receipts would be applied only for capital works.<br />
15.3 Investment Phasing<br />
In the investment case scenarios, the identified CIP capital investment of Rs. 123772.6 Lakh<br />
at 2005-06 prices is phased over 7 years in consultation with UMC officials and based on<br />
UMC’s cash flows. The investment phasing schedule is presented below in Table-15-7 and<br />
the investment figures at current prices and at escalated prices at 6 per cent per annum are<br />
presented in Table-15-8.<br />
A summary of investment in augmentation and refurbishment of different works in different<br />
sectors has been given below :<br />
Table 15-6 Ujjain Investing Phasing for Full capital investment<br />
Sl. Sector Total<br />
Investment<br />
Rs. Lakh<br />
(2005-06<br />
prices)<br />
Investment Phasing %<br />
2006-<br />
07<br />
2007-<br />
08<br />
2008-<br />
09<br />
2009-<br />
10<br />
2010-<br />
11<br />
A. System Refurbishment/Rehabilitation works<br />
1 Water Supply 590.58 10 20 20 25 25<br />
2 Sewerage & 6,908.24 10 50 20 20 -<br />
Sanitation<br />
3 Solid Waste 3130 10 50 20 20 -<br />
Mgmt<br />
4 Roads 2045 20 20 20 20 20<br />
5 Storm water 1962.00 20 20 20 20 10 10<br />
Drain<br />
6 Street Lighting 260 30 20 20 20 10<br />
7 Fire Services 100 20 30 50<br />
8 Heritage,Urban<br />
Renewal and<br />
Enviromental<br />
improvement<br />
22890.00 20 20 20 20 20<br />
9 Basic services<br />
to urban Poor<br />
10 City Basic<br />
Facilities<br />
3292.7 30 20 20 10 10 10<br />
2102 20 20 20 25 15<br />
2011-<br />
12<br />
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11 Trafic<br />
2500 10 30 20 20 20<br />
Transportation<br />
and Bus<br />
Terminal<br />
Development<br />
12 Workshop 200.00 20 20 20 20 20<br />
upgradation<br />
13 Others 443.00 10 10 20 20 20 20<br />
Sub-Total A 46424.0 - - - - -<br />
B. Systems Augmentation Works<br />
1 Water Supply 3547.52 25 25 25 25 -<br />
2 Sewerage & 8,291.76 25 25 20 20 10<br />
Sanitation<br />
3 Solid Waste 874.97 25 50 25 - -<br />
Mgmt<br />
4 Roads – ULB 13025 20 20 20 25 15<br />
owned<br />
5 Storm water 5950.00 - 20 20 35 25<br />
Drain<br />
6 Street Lighting 975 - 20 20 30 30<br />
7 Fire Services 380 20 30 50<br />
8 Heritage,Urban 29,784.00 10 20 30 40<br />
Renewal and<br />
Enviromental<br />
improvement<br />
9 Basic services 6325.3 20 20 20 10 15 15<br />
to urban Poor<br />
10 City Basic 6305 25 25 25 25<br />
Facilities<br />
11 Trafic<br />
0 25 25 25 25<br />
Transportation<br />
and Bus<br />
Terminal<br />
Development<br />
12 Others 1889.46 10 10 20 30 30<br />
Sub-Total B 77348.635<br />
Grand Total<br />
Investment 123772.63<br />
Table 15-7 Investment Phasing and cash Project cash flow<br />
Sl. Sector Total Investment Phasing %<br />
Investment<br />
Rs. Lakh 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12<br />
(2005-06<br />
prices)<br />
A. System Refurbishment/Rehabilitation works<br />
1 Water Supply 590.6 59.1 118.1 118.1 147.7 147.7<br />
2 Sewerage &<br />
Sanitation 6908.2 690.1 3454.1 1381.7 1381.7 0.0<br />
3 Solid Waste<br />
Mgmt 3130.0 313.0 1565.0 626.0 626.0<br />
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4 Roads – ULB<br />
owned 2045.0 409.0 409.0 409.0 409.0 409.0<br />
5 Storm Drains 1962.0 392.4 392.4 392.4 392.4 196.2 196.2<br />
6 Street Lighting 260.0 78.0 52.0 52.0 52.0 26.0<br />
7 Fire Services 100.0 20.0 30.0 50.0<br />
8 Heritage ,Urban<br />
Renewal and<br />
environment<br />
Improvement 22890.0 4578.0 4578.0 4578.0 4578.0 4578.0<br />
9 Basic services<br />
to urban Poor 3292.7 987.8 658.5 658.5 329.3 329.3 329.3<br />
10 City Basic<br />
Facilities 2101.9 448.0 448.0 448.0 560.0 336.0<br />
11 Trafic<br />
Transportation<br />
and Bus<br />
Terminal<br />
Development 2500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0<br />
12 Workshop<br />
Upgradation 200.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0<br />
13 Others 443.6 44.4 44.4 88.7 88.7 88.7 88.7<br />
Sub-Total A 46424.0 1833.6 8230.5 12333.9 9013.2 8908.5 6241.8<br />
B. Systems Augmentation Works<br />
1 Water Supply 3547.52 886.88 886.88 886.88 886.88<br />
2 Sewerage &<br />
Sanitation 8291.76 2072.94 2072.94 1658.35 1658.35 829.17<br />
3 Solid Waste<br />
Mgmt 874.97 218.74 437.48 218.74<br />
4 Roads – ULB<br />
owned 13025 2605 2605 2605 3256.25 1953.75<br />
5 Storm Water<br />
Drains 5950 1190 1190 2082.5 1487.5<br />
6 Street Lighting 975 195 195 292.5 292.5<br />
7 Fire Services 380 76 114 190<br />
8 Heritage ,Urban<br />
Renewal and<br />
environment<br />
Improvement 29784 2978.4 5956.8 8935.2 11913.6<br />
9 Basic services<br />
to urban Poor 6325.3 1265.06 1265.06 1265.06 632.53 948.8 948.8<br />
10 City Basic<br />
Facilities 6305.63 1855 1855 1855 1855 987.5<br />
11 Trafic<br />
Transportation<br />
and Bus<br />
Terminal<br />
Development 0<br />
12 Workshop 0<br />
13 Others 1889.46 188.94 188.94 377.89 566.84 566.84<br />
Sub-Total B 77348.635 1265.06 12146.96 16767.1 18744.59 23460.72 7066.06<br />
Grand Total<br />
Investment 123772.63 3098.63 20377.42 29100.99 27757.74 32369.21 13307.9<br />
Escalated Cost 158078.68<br />
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3,284.55 22,896.07 34,659.74 35,043.51 43,317.30<br />
18,877.51<br />
Source: Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
15.4 Results of FOP<br />
Based on the above assumptions, the FOP is worked out for three cases, in order to assess the<br />
investment sustaining capacity of UMC.<br />
BBaassee Caassee<br />
UMC receives substantial income from State/Central Government in the form of grants and<br />
aids during Sinhastha. A lot of city’s develop works and refurbishment works are completed<br />
uring this time, reducing the burden during others. Hence in spite of low collection efficiency<br />
with regard to property and water, the town has been able to maintain its assets and maintain<br />
the pace of its development works.<br />
The FOP for the base case is worked out without considering the identified CIP investment.<br />
The closing balance of UMC by the terminal year of the FOP, i.e. 2020-21 would be Rs.<br />
25881.4 Lakh.<br />
FFuul lll IInnvveesst tmeennt t SScceennaarri ioo<br />
In the full investment scenario, the entire estimated investment of the CIP is loaded on the<br />
FOP as capital expenditure, as per the investment phasing presented in Table 15-7, 15-8 and<br />
the additional recurring and debt servicing expenditure are considered under revenue<br />
expenditure. The entire FOP is presented as annexures.<br />
The closing balance of UMC by the terminal year of the FOP 2020-21 in the full investment<br />
scenario would be minus Rs. 13069 Lakh, indicating that UMC would be able to sustain this<br />
investment after taking into account the O&M expenses etc. While certain stress years are<br />
observed during the JNNURM implementation years (2007-08 to 2010-11), the value of the<br />
deficit is small and cane be met through contingencies by reducing the expenditure proposed<br />
under the Others category. UMC plans to undertake significant significant reforms in<br />
taxation, aimed at full cost-recovery and improve its tax and charges collection efficiency,<br />
and introduction of new taxations, which will also assist in investment sustenance.<br />
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16 Projjectt IImpacttss and Polliicy IIntterventtiionss<br />
16.1 Project Benefits and Impacts<br />
16.1.1 Financial<br />
A financial analysis was undertaken for direct revenue-generating components, i.e. water<br />
supply, sewerage and SWM. However, since water supply sub-projects are primarily<br />
rehabilitation works, the sub-projects do not translate as monetary benefits. Sewerage<br />
projects are proposed in the view of environmental improvement and currently no pilot ULB<br />
levies a sewerage charge Hence, in view of the plausible tariff applicable – initial connection<br />
and monthly rent – sewerage projects indicate either negative cash flows. A similar scenario<br />
is experienced in case of solid waste management project, where there is no history of tariffs.<br />
Hence, all sub-projects identified have a strong economic rationale but indicate poor financial<br />
returns. On a stand-alone basis, none of the projects are financially viable but at the<br />
municipal/local-level, the municipal fund bears the financial burden of sub-project cash<br />
flows. However, municipal funds are not robust enough to bear the entire HPI cost – sizing of<br />
sub-projects is imperative for sustenance.<br />
The socioeconomic survey shows that there was willingness to have piped water connections<br />
and pay for them. However, the willingness to pay was generally low as a result of present<br />
inadequate level of water supply services, low water tariffs and reliance on alternative<br />
sources. The affordability analysis shows that the proposed tariffs for water supply and<br />
sewerage surcharge are within the generally acceptable limits. 14<br />
16.1.2 Economic<br />
The economic rationale is based on three key principles: (a) basic human requirements for<br />
urban services, both for social development and for economic activity; (b) the contribution of<br />
14 As per the surveys conducted under IUDMP Project Report 2002<br />
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efficient and integrated urban services to sustainable economic development and poverty<br />
reduction; and (c) prioritization of need and cost effective (least cost) solutions<br />
All sub-projects have a strong economic rationale since they provide minimum acceptable<br />
standards for basic living conditions and assist in removing existing constraints on social<br />
development and economic growth. Similarly, all sub-projects shall be detailed and designed<br />
along sound principles of priority need; consultation and targeting; demand management and<br />
rehabilitation before new investment.<br />
Alternatives considered in sub-project design included types of wastewater treatment process,<br />
sites and location and design of sewer network; and sites and type of solid waste disposal<br />
process. In all cases the most appropriate technical and least cost solution was preferred.<br />
Basic services to urban poor are a key focus area under JNNURM since most areas would<br />
experience severe water distribution inadequacy. While the UMC continues to implement<br />
projects to supply water to the City wide network, reduction of UFW and ground water<br />
recharge are key recommendations for water augmentation. Without the sewerage/sanitation,<br />
solid waste and drainage components, the prevailing unhygienic and unacceptable living<br />
conditions will continue.<br />
16.1.3 Social<br />
The project is designed to maximize the number of poor beneficiaries, aimed specifically at<br />
improving conditions in under-served areas. The project should benefit all notified slum<br />
population (50 percent of the City population). It will extend or improve the service delivery<br />
to previously under-served areas, particularly for poor settlements. The combination of<br />
project components will lead to sustained poverty reduction through demonstrable health,<br />
livelihood benefits.<br />
Institutional components of the project should empower and lead to demonstrable<br />
improvement in “Quality of Life” of Citizens of Ujjain. Awareness of affected population in<br />
particular the poor will be increased and improved through dedicated education programs,<br />
thereby increasing the quality of dialogue and informed participation between communities<br />
and local government. Proposed changes in planning processes involving slum networking<br />
will enable the participation of community (especially poor communities) in planning,<br />
construction and O&M.<br />
Indirect benefits will be available to residents of the project to the People of Ujjain, through<br />
improved living conditions, a healthier living environment and the prospect of improved<br />
health status of the population. This and the prospect of accelerated economic development<br />
should increase employment and raise living standards. The capacity-building initiatives<br />
should lead to a more efficient, effective and responsive state and local government, better<br />
able to understand and respond to the needs of the population, especially the poor.<br />
Negative impacts will be minimized in requiring minimum resettlement or loss of productive<br />
or non-productive assets. A social impact assessment shall be carried out for identified subprojects<br />
and translated as a risk mitigation matrix. The sub-project minimizes other negative<br />
impacts on poor men and women such as an increased cost for services (time and money),<br />
unemployment and health risks.<br />
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16.1.4 Environmental Examination<br />
The proposed Project is fundamentally aimed at environmental improvement in the urban<br />
areas, and as such, the overall impact should be beneficial to the urban population and their<br />
environment. The Project will thus contribute significantly to achieving one of its overall<br />
objectives, which is to improve the living conditions and thus well-being of the urban poor.<br />
The urban population and particularly the urban poor, will run less risk of incurring<br />
infectious diseases through exposure to waste and contaminated water.<br />
On the basis of an initial evaluation, the proposed project is unlikely to result in any direct<br />
adverse environmental impacts. Adverse impacts relate almost entirely to the construction<br />
phase, and particular attention will need to be paid to ensuring that contractors comply with<br />
good engineering practice and avoid creating unnecessary inconvenience to the public during<br />
construction. Thus, on the assumption that the construction process is well managed, the<br />
short-term negative impacts of the project will be far outweighed by the major positive<br />
impacts of a more sanitary urban environment. An evaluation of whether the proposed waste<br />
and wastewater disposal sites projects will require preparation of a detailed EIA will need to<br />
be made by the proposed executing agency in the period leading up to loan negotiation and<br />
effectiveness, based on requirements by GoI. A risk mitigation matrix captures the<br />
prospective environmental risks and the associated mitigation measures.<br />
16.2 Policy Interventions<br />
Institutional Arrangements: Institutions at the State-level and local-level play an important<br />
role in project implementation. At the State-level, the State Steering committee and State<br />
Nodal agency would manage infrastructure investments and institutional development. At the<br />
local-level, the project UMC would undertake Mandatory and optional reforms as prescribed<br />
under the mission for the selected Urban local Bodies (say Double entry accounting, e-<br />
governance MIS, GIS mapping for the improvement in tax rationalization, expenditure<br />
control and resource base enhancement) with in the suggested time frame.<br />
Resource Mobilization and Expenditure Control: Analyses indicate that sub-project<br />
viability is dependent on equity contributions (ULB and customer) Since the cash flow at the<br />
municipal fund level determines investment sustenance, it is imperative that adequate<br />
resources are mobilized to meet sub-project sustenance. Hence, prior to project<br />
implementation, it is pertinent that Ujjain Municipal Corporation shall undertake resource<br />
mobilization drives including but not limited to enhancing the tax base, raising tariffs and<br />
taxes, enhancing the water connection database (detecting illegal/unauthorized connections),<br />
and planning for accurate management information systems to capture the demand for<br />
revenue. Water charge enhancement and revisions are proposed on a nominal and pragmatic<br />
basis, with due consideration to the prevailing political environment; a similar approach was<br />
adopted while recommending sewerage charges and connection fees. Expenditure controls on<br />
establishment, staff salary and pensions, and maintenance and repairs are key to long-term<br />
sustainability of Mission sub-projects.<br />
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17 Devellopiing a Viissiion ffor tthe Ciitty<br />
The development plan is an evolving plan for accomplishing vision. Developing strategies to<br />
achieve Ujjain vision will necessarily involve additional planning processes designed to<br />
systematically identify components of major themes and the complex interaction between<br />
them. The development plan sets the stage for more comprehensive planning necessary to<br />
complete strategy.<br />
17.1 Objectives<br />
• Strengthen the physical, social and cultural participation of citizens<br />
• Promote public health and wellness by providing opportunities for residents to be<br />
physically, socially and culturally active.<br />
• Poverty alleviation and slum up-gradation<br />
• Initiate up-gradation programmes and provide basic services to the urban poor of<br />
Ujjain so that the city becomes slum free by 2021.<br />
• Manage growth<br />
• Balance modest growth with environmental sustainability and community values.<br />
• Protect & enhance air, water and land quality<br />
• Restore and protect air, land and water quality to support a healthy local ecosystem for<br />
plants, animals and people.<br />
• Support economic development<br />
• Take a leadership role in the promotion of a strong and growing local and regional<br />
economy.<br />
• Enhance public safety<br />
• Engage in problem solving partnerships with the community.<br />
• Increase emergency preparedness<br />
• Develop and implement a comprehensive emergency preparedness strategy involving<br />
emergency services, municipal staff, business and community associations.<br />
• Enhance the Cultural and Heritage image of Ujjain through better tourism<br />
infrastructure.<br />
• Develop the city of Ujjain with all tourism facilities and provide the city with all<br />
required infrastructure.<br />
• Enhance transportation alternatives<br />
• Provide a range of transportation alternatives to enhance mobility of all citizens. Plan,<br />
design and construct transportation infrastructure that promotes and enhances safety.<br />
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The city of Ujjain has a strong, vibrant and attractive identity, delivered by building on the<br />
strengths of its community, heritage, culture and religious strengths. The ambitions of it’s<br />
citizens for 2021 are:<br />
The year 2021 will be an year when:<br />
People and Communities are included, services are accessible and vulnerable people are<br />
supported to be safe, healthy and have choice and independence to improve their<br />
opportunities in life.<br />
There is support and enthusiasm for a vibrant Local Economy, where investment and<br />
innovation are invited and welcomed, where there is a well-balanced housing market that<br />
provides housing for all, and where the heart of the holy city, the core area will be revitalized.<br />
The advantages of Ujjain as a Pilgrim Centre are complemented by excellent local transport<br />
and traffic arrangements providing easy, safe and affordable movement throughout the city.<br />
The administration has responsibilities for Culture, Heritage and Religious feelings, and it<br />
makes every effort, with partners, to offer exciting high quality life and facilities for all.<br />
The Environment and Heritage are protected, promoted and enhanced, therefore increasing<br />
even further its attractiveness as a place to live and work.<br />
Vision statement<br />
“To make Ujjain a knowledge and pilgrim centre –<br />
maintaining its great religious and cultural image<br />
providing a better and sustainable environment to all walks of life.”<br />
Ujjain will be<br />
Knowledge centre<br />
Pilgrim centre<br />
Environmentally sustainable<br />
Beautiful and self reliant<br />
A city with Better quality of life to all sectors of the society<br />
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Sewerage and sanitation<br />
Vision and goals Sewerage and sanitation 2010 2015 2020<br />
Need<br />
Ujjain city does not have<br />
a sewage collection and<br />
disposal system. Septic<br />
tanks used by some<br />
houses are inadequately<br />
designed and the partly<br />
treated effluent from<br />
these tanks flows to the<br />
open drains. The<br />
indiscriminant disposal of<br />
sewage, waste from dry<br />
latrines or open<br />
defecation is common in<br />
several areas. The<br />
collection of night soil<br />
and its disposal to water<br />
channels still exists in the<br />
city. The absence of<br />
appropriate sanitation or a<br />
sewage collection and<br />
disposal system pollutes<br />
the river Kshipra (revered<br />
as a holy river by<br />
millions) and exposes the<br />
city population and<br />
numerous pilgrims to<br />
high environmental and<br />
public health risks.<br />
Healthy<br />
Community<br />
Improving on<br />
the basic<br />
Infrastructure<br />
gaps.<br />
Environmental<br />
upgradation of<br />
city.<br />
Incorporating<br />
Cost<br />
effectiveness<br />
for the<br />
sustenance of<br />
the project.<br />
100 %<br />
coverage of<br />
the<br />
population.<br />
Incorporation<br />
of efficient<br />
system to<br />
maintain and<br />
operate the<br />
assets.<br />
Regular<br />
monitoring<br />
and<br />
reviewing of<br />
the<br />
performance<br />
of the<br />
system.<br />
Building a<br />
self<br />
sustained<br />
sewerage<br />
system<br />
equipped to<br />
cater the<br />
peak<br />
population<br />
flow at city<br />
festive<br />
occasions<br />
Major ٭issues No underground<br />
sewerage system<br />
Strengths -<br />
Strategies<br />
Installation of city level<br />
Sewerage system<br />
System Management<br />
Improvements<br />
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The٭ issues regarding Sewerage and Sanitation have been discussed in detail in the chapter<br />
on urban services<br />
Aim : To exploit all the available water resources in the city vicinity and improve supply<br />
network so as to provide water for all.<br />
Water supply<br />
Vision<br />
goals<br />
and<br />
Water supply 2010 2015 2020<br />
Need<br />
Ujjain city is presently<br />
supplied with 90 mld of<br />
treated water. Ujjain will<br />
need a total of 107 mld of<br />
water production capacity<br />
to fulfil the requirement<br />
of 2021 population with a<br />
per capita supply rate of<br />
135 lcpd.<br />
Presently Ujjain has<br />
water adequacy up to<br />
2020 but the city needs<br />
optimisation of existing<br />
system through<br />
replacement of old<br />
distribution pipes of<br />
inadequate size,<br />
rehabilitation of old<br />
equipment and additional<br />
service reservoirs to<br />
optimise the water supply<br />
service in terms of<br />
quantity, pressure and<br />
duration.<br />
Efficient and<br />
Effective<br />
coverage of<br />
distribution<br />
with<br />
accessibility to<br />
each and every<br />
House hold of<br />
Ujjain city.<br />
Capacity<br />
building of the<br />
institution to<br />
cater to the<br />
rising<br />
demands of<br />
future<br />
envisaged.<br />
Designing pro<br />
poor water<br />
policy for poor<br />
of the city.<br />
100% metered<br />
Connections.<br />
Full Cost<br />
recovery of<br />
the<br />
investment<br />
made.<br />
Regular<br />
monitoring<br />
and<br />
reviewing of<br />
the<br />
performance<br />
of the<br />
system.<br />
Conservation<br />
of the water<br />
resource and<br />
Reduction in<br />
the real cost<br />
of water<br />
through<br />
better<br />
demand<br />
management.<br />
Major ٭issues Inadequacy in water<br />
supply coverage<br />
Strengths<br />
Strategies<br />
Lack of interlinked<br />
networking<br />
The city has adequate<br />
water till 2020<br />
Optimisation of Existing<br />
Water Supply System<br />
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Water<br />
Supply<br />
Distribution Expansion<br />
Making water meters<br />
compulsory<br />
The٭ issues regarding water supply have been discussed in detail in the chapter on urban<br />
services<br />
Drainage system<br />
Vision<br />
goals<br />
and<br />
Storm water 2010 2015 2020<br />
Need<br />
There is no planned storm<br />
water disposal system in the<br />
city. Small and medium<br />
surface drains constructed<br />
along the roads carry<br />
household wastewater and<br />
discharge it to open areas or<br />
small water courses like<br />
Hanuman nallah, Sombaria<br />
nallah, etc. These nallahs in<br />
turn discharge to the river<br />
Kshipra.<br />
None of the city nallahs are<br />
capable of carrying storm<br />
water and overflow<br />
immediately after heavy<br />
rain. Further, due to<br />
construction activities<br />
without proper regard to the<br />
drainage there are several<br />
disruptions in the alignment<br />
leading to stagnation of<br />
water in residential and<br />
business areas. The<br />
situation is aggravated due<br />
to dumping of solid waste<br />
in the drains, blocking the<br />
Design and<br />
development<br />
of city<br />
Drainage<br />
master plan.<br />
Control on the<br />
disposal of<br />
Untreated<br />
waste water to<br />
the surface<br />
water<br />
resources.<br />
Integration<br />
of tertiary<br />
Household<br />
drains<br />
Connections.<br />
O& M,<br />
Training and<br />
capacity<br />
building<br />
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CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME
flow There are about 12<br />
major flood prone areas in<br />
the city like Somwaria,<br />
Kartik Chowk, Begampura,<br />
Singpuri,Khatriwadi,<br />
Sakhipura,<br />
Jasingpura,Awantipura,<br />
Ramghat, Indore Gate,<br />
Indira Nagar and K D Gate.<br />
These suffer an unhygienic<br />
environment during the<br />
monsoon.<br />
٭issues Major<br />
Strengths<br />
Poor condition of drains<br />
Improper maintenance<br />
Satisfactory coverage<br />
Strategies Construction and<br />
Renovation of Drains<br />
Solid Waste Management<br />
System Management<br />
Improvements<br />
Vision<br />
goals<br />
and<br />
Solid waste management 2010 2015 2020<br />
Need<br />
In Ujjain the main source<br />
of waste generation is<br />
from households, hotels<br />
and market. Waste<br />
generated from hospital<br />
and clinics, which could<br />
be toxic/hazardous in<br />
nature, is currently not<br />
separated from domestic<br />
waste. There are no<br />
industries in the area<br />
hence the problem of<br />
industrial waste is nonexistent.<br />
Solid waste<br />
generated in civil area is<br />
not segregated into<br />
biodegradable and nonbiodegradable<br />
category.<br />
Waste is collected in open<br />
70%<br />
Coverage<br />
80%<br />
Coverage<br />
100%coverage<br />
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CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME
trolleys/tractors daily in<br />
the morning hours.<br />
Major ٭issues No provision of<br />
segregation<br />
Strengths -<br />
Existing open dumping<br />
system<br />
Strategies Provision to collect<br />
infectious biomedical and<br />
hazardous waste<br />
separately as per law<br />
Improve working<br />
conditions for sanitary<br />
workers through better<br />
equipment and material,<br />
and more effectives<br />
procedures<br />
Improve transportation by<br />
mechanisation and<br />
enhancing workshop<br />
facilities<br />
Improve final disposal<br />
from uncontrolled<br />
dumping to sanitary<br />
landfill<br />
Roads and Transportation<br />
Vision<br />
goals<br />
Need<br />
and<br />
Roads andTransportation 2010 2015 2020<br />
Like all other cities the<br />
road network in the old<br />
city area, with little or no<br />
scope for widening, is<br />
quite inefficient and<br />
inadequate for the present<br />
day traffic. Moreover,<br />
there is a very high degree<br />
Better<br />
connectivity<br />
to all parts of<br />
the city.<br />
Decongesting<br />
the pressure<br />
core areas of<br />
Encouraging<br />
local public<br />
transport<br />
system<br />
Cost<br />
recovery of<br />
the assests<br />
created with<br />
Building<br />
road<br />
infrastructure<br />
to cater rapid<br />
transport<br />
system<br />
owing to the<br />
increasing<br />
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UJJAIN<br />
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME
of pedestrian traffic,<br />
commercial activities<br />
including the informal<br />
sector, absence of any<br />
organised parking space<br />
make the situation worse.<br />
Though some traffic<br />
management measures in<br />
the form of banning of<br />
heavy vehicles, one-way<br />
operation etc. are in place,<br />
but due to lack of strict<br />
enforcement measures it<br />
fails to give any relief to<br />
the core area.<br />
the city.<br />
Constructing<br />
roads to suit<br />
the local<br />
traffic and<br />
city<br />
environment.<br />
O& M<br />
capacity<br />
building of<br />
Institution.<br />
congestion in<br />
the city.<br />
Major ٭issues Absence of of public<br />
transport system (like<br />
BRTS etc.) and poor<br />
quality of service and<br />
associated infrastructure<br />
(like bus terminals and<br />
tempo stops)<br />
Absence of a<br />
comprehensive and<br />
scientific traffic<br />
management system<br />
Strengths<br />
Strategies<br />
Good percentage of road<br />
Coverage .<br />
Decongestion of the CBD<br />
and old city area.<br />
Widening<br />
and<br />
Strengthening of Road<br />
Structures and Removal of<br />
Encroachments.<br />
Introduction of an<br />
Integrated transportation<br />
system<br />
Introduction of public<br />
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UJJAIN<br />
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME
transport system<br />
The issues regarding Roads and Transportation have been discussed in detail with the ٭<br />
chapter on Roads and Transportation<br />
Urban Poor<br />
Vision<br />
goals<br />
and<br />
Urban poor 2010 2015 2020<br />
Need<br />
A large slum population in<br />
Ujjain, some of which are<br />
as yet, unidentified<br />
squatters without any legal<br />
standing or secure tenure,<br />
translate into miserable<br />
and unhealthy living<br />
conditions, which affects<br />
the slum dwellers’<br />
economic productivity and<br />
cumulatively, that of the<br />
city as a whole. The<br />
absence of water supply,<br />
disposal of human waste<br />
and garbage collection<br />
may be identified as the<br />
three most important<br />
factors that endanger the<br />
health and wellbeing of<br />
people living in slums.<br />
Provision of these basic<br />
urban services has<br />
traditionally been a<br />
municipal function.<br />
Hence, in this context, it is<br />
important to examine<br />
characteristics of slums<br />
and slum population in<br />
Ujjain, and most<br />
importantly, the level of<br />
access to basic services<br />
and how best Municipal<br />
Major ٭issues The absence of water<br />
supply, disposal of human<br />
waste and garbage<br />
Integrated<br />
slum<br />
infrastructure<br />
development:<br />
for sewerage<br />
and<br />
supply<br />
Deliver<br />
quality<br />
services<br />
water<br />
to<br />
urban<br />
city<br />
poor,<br />
effectively<br />
and<br />
efficiently.<br />
100 %<br />
coverage of<br />
population<br />
with access<br />
to water<br />
supply and<br />
roads<br />
Integrating<br />
slum<br />
dwellers in<br />
the city<br />
development<br />
mainstream<br />
and<br />
enhancing<br />
their social<br />
and<br />
economic<br />
base through<br />
local<br />
employment<br />
generation.<br />
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UJJAIN<br />
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME
collection may be<br />
identified as the three most<br />
important factors that<br />
endanger the health and<br />
wellbeing of people living<br />
in slums<br />
Strengths<br />
Strategies<br />
Many of the slums have<br />
been provided with basic<br />
services earlier .<br />
Involvement of NGOs for<br />
speedier implementation<br />
of the SNP.<br />
Explore options for private<br />
sector participation in this<br />
project<br />
Evolve strategies for<br />
provision of housing for<br />
the Economically Weaker<br />
Sections to accommodate<br />
the urban poor in<br />
proximity to major<br />
industrial areas,<br />
commercial hubs etc., by<br />
reserving adequate lands<br />
for EWS housing.<br />
Channelise all programs<br />
and activities of various<br />
government agencies for<br />
the urban poor through the<br />
Special Purpose Vehicle.<br />
Motivate private sector to<br />
participate in slum<br />
upgradation projects.<br />
٭<br />
The issues regarding urban poor and slums have been discussed in detail in the chapter on urban poverty and slums<br />
People of Ujjain have given their significant contribution in the preparation of this<br />
development plan and the aim is to make this plan come true.<br />
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UJJAIN<br />
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR JNNURM SCHEME
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
Annexure<br />
Annexure – 1: Twelfth Schedule - Constitution<br />
Urban planning including town planning<br />
Regulation of land use and construction of buildings<br />
Planning for economic and social development<br />
Roads and bridges<br />
Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes<br />
Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste management<br />
Fire services<br />
Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects<br />
Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and<br />
the mentally retarded<br />
Slum improvement and upgradation<br />
Urban poverty alleviation<br />
Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds<br />
Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects<br />
Burials and burial grounds, cremations, cremation grounds and electrical crematoriums<br />
Cattle pounds; prevention of cruelty to animals<br />
Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths<br />
Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences<br />
Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries.<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
Annexure – 2: Obligatory and Discretionary Duties of the Municipal Corporation<br />
Matters to be provided for By Corporation:<br />
(1) The Corporation shall make adequate provision, by any means or measures which it may<br />
lawfully use or take, for each of the following matters, namely:-<br />
(a) Lighting public streets, places and buildings.<br />
(b) Cleaning public streets, places and sewers and all spaces not being private property,<br />
which are open to the enjoyment of the public, whether such spaces are vested in the<br />
corporation or not; removing noxious vegetation, and abating all public nuisances;<br />
(c) Disposing of night soil and rubbish and, if so deemed desirable, preparation of<br />
compost manure from night soil and rubbish;<br />
(d) The maintenance of the fire-brigade for extinguishing fire, and protection of (life)<br />
[Substituted by Section 3(2) of the M.P. Act 13 of 1961] and property when fires occur;<br />
(e) Regulating or abating dangerous or offensive trades or practices;<br />
(f) Removing obstructions and projections in public streets and places, and in spaces not<br />
being private property, which are open to the enjoyment of the public whether such spaces<br />
are vested in the Corporation or the Government;<br />
(g) Establishing and managing cattle ponds;<br />
(h) Securing or removing dangerous buildings or places;<br />
(i) Acquiring and maintaining, changing and regulating places for the disposal of the dead<br />
and disposing of unclaimed dead bodies and dead bodies of paupers;<br />
(j) Constructing, altering and maintaining public streets, culverts and Corporation<br />
boundary markets, latrines, urinals, drains, sewers and providing public facilities for<br />
drinking water; watering public streets and places;<br />
(k) The management and maintenance of all municipal water works and the construction<br />
and maintenance of new work and means for providing a sufficient supply of suitable<br />
water for public and private purposes;<br />
(l) The erection in proper and convenient situations on municipal land of water closets,<br />
closet accommodation, urinals, and other conveniences for the public and the maintenance<br />
and the cleansing of the same;<br />
(m) The construction and the maintenance of public market and slaughter houses and the<br />
regulation of all markets and slaughter houses;<br />
(n) *[Omitted by M.P. Act No. 13 of 1961.]<br />
(o) The maintenance of an ambulance service;<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
(p) Naming streets and numbering houses;<br />
(q) Registering births, marriages and deaths;<br />
(r) Public vaccination;<br />
(s) Establishing and maintaining primary schools;<br />
(t) Taking measures to prevent the out-break, spread or recurrence of infectious diseases;<br />
(u) The maintenance of municipal office and of all public monuments and other property<br />
vested in the Corporation;<br />
(v) Provision of traffic signs;<br />
(w) Printing and publishing such annual reports and returns on the administration of the<br />
Corporation as the Government may by general or special order, require the Corporation<br />
to submit;<br />
(x) The maintenance of Public Park, gardens, recreation grounds, public places and open<br />
spaces in existence and vested in the Corporation;<br />
(y) Fulfilling any obligation imposed by this Act or any other law for the time being in<br />
force;<br />
(z) Construction and maintenance of veterinary dispensaries.<br />
(2) No suit for damages or for specific performance shall be maintainable against the Corporation<br />
or any officer or council or thereof, on the ground that any of the duties specified in sub-section<br />
(1) have not been performed.<br />
Matters which may be provided for by Corporation at its discretion - In addition to the other<br />
powers and duties, conferred or imposed on it by or under this Act or any other Act for the time<br />
being in force, the Corporation may in its discretion provide from time to time either wholly or<br />
partly for all or any of the following matters, namely:-<br />
(a) Reclaiming healthy localities, laying out, whether in areas previously built upon or not,<br />
new public streets, and acquiring land for that purpose, including plots of land for building<br />
on such streets;<br />
(b) Constructing, establishing or maintaining public parks or gardens, library, museums,<br />
halls, theatres, stadiums, offices, sarais, rest houses and other public buildings;<br />
(c) Constructing and maintaining residential quarters for municipal officers and servants;<br />
(d) Construction, maintenance and cleansing of washing and bathing places;<br />
(e) Furthering educational objects other than the establishment and maintenance of<br />
primary schools and making grants to educational institutions;<br />
(f) Planting and maintaining road side and other trees;<br />
(g) Taking a Census and granting rewards for information tending to secure the correct<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
registration of vital statistics;<br />
(h) Making a survey;<br />
(i) The destruction or the detention of ownerless dogs or stray pigs, or detention of<br />
animals causing nuisance;<br />
(j) Securing or assisting to secure suitable places for the carrying on offensive trades or<br />
practices;<br />
(k) Supplying, constructing and maintaining pipe and other fittings for the supply of water<br />
to private premises from water-works maintained by the Corporations;<br />
(l) Supplying, constructing and maintaining receptacles, fittings, pipes, and other<br />
appliances on or for the use of private premises for receiving and conducting the sewage<br />
thereof into sewers under the control of the Corporation;<br />
(m) Fairs and exhibitions, or athletics or games competitions or tournaments;<br />
(n) Constructing and maintaining such roads and buildings and other Government works<br />
as the Government may transfer to the Corporation;<br />
(o) Organisation and management of chemical or bacteriological laboratories for the<br />
examination on analysis of water, food or drugs, for the detection of disease or for<br />
researches connected with public health; and<br />
(p) The construction and maintenance in the public streets of drinking fountains for human<br />
beings and water - troughs for animals;<br />
(q) The prevention of cruelty to animals;<br />
(r) The playing of music in squares, gardens or other places of public resort;<br />
(s) The construction, purchase, organization, maintenance or management of tramways or<br />
motor transport facilities for the conveyance of the public;<br />
(t) Preparation and presentation of address to persons of distinction;<br />
(u) Prevention of vagrancy; establishing and maintaining poor houses;<br />
(v) Establishing and maintaining a farm or factory for the disposal of sewage;<br />
(w) Organization and maintenance of maternity homes and infant welfare centres;<br />
(x) The organization, maintenance or management of institutions, for the care and training<br />
of blind, deaf, dumb or otherwise disable persons;<br />
(y) Swimming pools, public wash houses, bathing places, and other institutions designed<br />
for the improvement of public health;<br />
(z) Dairies of farms within or without the city for the supply, distribution and processing<br />
of milk or milk products, for the benefit of the residents of the city;<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
(aa) Establishment and control of gwala colonies and cattle pans within or without the<br />
city:<br />
(bb) The purchase of any undertaking for the supply of electric energy or gas or starting or<br />
subsidizing of any such undertaking;<br />
(cc) The acquisition and maintenance of grazing grounds within or without the city;<br />
(dd) Granting rewards for information regarding the infringement of any provisions of this<br />
Act or of any other Acts, the enforcement of which is entrusted to the corporation by<br />
regulation or standing order there under;<br />
(ee) The construction and maintenance of sanitary stables for animals or vehicles, or<br />
garages;<br />
(ff) measures to meet any calamity affecting the public in the city<br />
(gg) The regulation of lodging houses, and boarding houses in the city;<br />
(hh) The grant of loans for building purposes or for purchase of conveyance to municipal<br />
officers and servants, on such terms and conditions as may be prescribed [by bylaws] by<br />
the corporation;<br />
(ii) Any other measures for the welfare of municipal servants;<br />
(jj) contribution towards any public fund raised for the relief of human sufferings within<br />
the city or for the public welfare;<br />
(kk) Establishing and maintaining pre-primary schools;<br />
(ll) Establishing and maintaining public hospitals and dispensaries and carrying out other<br />
means necessary for public medical relief;<br />
(mm) Any other matter likely to promote the public health, safety or convenience of the<br />
public.<br />
(nn) Urban planning including town planning;<br />
(oo) Regulations of land-use and construction of buildings;<br />
(pp) Planning for economic and social development;<br />
(qq) Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects;<br />
(rr) Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped<br />
and mentally retarded; and<br />
(ss) Urban poverty alleviation.<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
Annexure – 3: Taxation Powers of Municipal Corporation<br />
Taxes to be imposed under this Act.- (1) For the purpose of this Act, the Corporation shall,<br />
subject to any general or special order which the State Government may make in this behalf,<br />
impose in the whole or in any part of the Municipal Area, the following taxes, namely:-<br />
(a) A tax payable by the owners of buildings or lands situated within the city with<br />
reference to the gross annual letting value of the buildings or lands, called the property<br />
tax, subject to the provisions of Sections 135, 136 and 138.<br />
(b) A water tax, in respect of lands and buildings to which a water supply is furnished<br />
from or which are connected by means of pipe with municipal water works.<br />
(c) A general sanitary cess, for the construction and maintenance of public latrines and for<br />
removal and disposal of refuse and general cleanliness of the city.<br />
(d) A general lighting tax, where the lighting of public streets and places is undertaken by<br />
the corporation.<br />
(e) A general fire tax, for the conduct and management of the fire service and for the<br />
protection of life and property in the case of fire.<br />
(f) A local body tax on the entry of such goods as may be declared by the State<br />
Government by notification in the official Gazette into the municipal area for<br />
consumption use or sale therein at a rate not exceeding four percent of the value of goods.<br />
(6) In addition to the taxes specified in sub-section (1), the Corporation may, for the purpose<br />
of this Act, subject to any general or special order which the State Government may make in<br />
this behalf, impose any of the following taxes, namely:-<br />
(a) A latrine or conservancy tax payable by the occupier or owner upon private latrines,<br />
privies or cesspools or open premises or compounds cleansed by Corporation agency;<br />
(b) A drainage tax, where a system of drainage has been introduced;<br />
(c) A tax on persons exercising any profession or art or carrying on any trade or calling<br />
within the city.<br />
(d) A tax payable by the owners on all or any vehicles or animals used for riding, driving<br />
draught or burden or on dogs, where such vehicles, animals or dogs are used within the<br />
city, whether they are actually kept within the city or not;<br />
(e) A toll on vehicles and animals used as aforesaid entering the city but not liable to<br />
taxation under clause (d).<br />
(f) Fees on the registration of cattle sold within the city;<br />
(g) Market dues on persons exposing goods for sale in any market or in any place<br />
belonging to or under the control of the Government or of the Corporation;<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
(h) A betterment tax on properties whose value may have improved as a result of town<br />
planning scheme undertaken by the Corporation;<br />
(i) A tax on pilgrims resorting periodically to a shrine within the limits of the<br />
Corporation;<br />
(j) A tax on persons occupying, houses, buildings or lands within the limits of the<br />
Corporation according to their circumstances and property;<br />
(k) A toll on new bridge constructed by the Corporation;<br />
(l) A tax on advertisements other than advertisements published in newspapers;<br />
(m) A tax on theatres, theatrical performances and other shows for public<br />
amusement;<br />
(n) A terminal tax on goods or animals exported from the limits of the Corporation; and<br />
(o) Any other tax which the State Government has power to impose under the Constitution<br />
of India, with the prior approval of the State Government.<br />
133-A (3). The State Government shall every year pay to each Corporation from the<br />
Consolidated Fund of the State a grant-in-aid approximately equal to the extra duty realized<br />
under sub-section (1) in respect of the property situated within the area of each such<br />
Corporation after making such deductions on account of cost of collection as the State<br />
Government may determine.<br />
135. Imposition of Property-Tax - Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the tax<br />
under clause (a) of sub-section (1) of Section 132 shall be charged, levied and paid, at the rate<br />
not less than six percent and not more than ten percent of the annual letting value, as may be<br />
determined by the Corporation for each financial year.<br />
136. Exemptions - The property tax levied under section 135 shall not be leviable in respect<br />
of the following properties, namely:-<br />
(a) Buildings and lands owned by or vesting in -<br />
(i) The Union Government;<br />
(ii) The State Government;<br />
(iii) The Corporation;<br />
(b) Buildings and lands the annual value of which does not exceed six thousand rupees in<br />
case of Municipal area having population of one lakh or above and four thousand eight<br />
hundred rupees in case of Municipal area having population below one lakh. Provided that<br />
if any such building or land is in the ownership of a person who owns any other building<br />
or land in the same city, the annual value of such building or land shall for the purposes of<br />
this clause, be deemed to be the aggregate annual value of all buildings or lands, owned<br />
by him in the city;<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
(c) Buildings and lands or portions thereof used exclusively for educational purposes<br />
including schools, boarding houses, hostels and libraries if such buildings and lands or<br />
portions thereof are either owned by the educational institutions concerned or have been<br />
placed at the disposal of such educational institutions without payment of any rent;<br />
(d) Public parks and play grounds which are open to the public and building and land<br />
attached thereto if the rent derived there from is exclusively spent for the administration of<br />
parks and play grounds to which they are attached;<br />
(e) Buildings and lands or portions thereof used exclusively for public worship or public<br />
charity such as mosques, temples, churches, dharamshalas, gurudwaras, hospitals,<br />
dispensaries, orphanages, alms houses, drinking water fountains, infirmaries for the<br />
treatment and care of animals and public burial grounds, or other places for the disposal of<br />
the dead :<br />
Provided that the following building and lands or portions thereof shall not be deemed to be<br />
used exclusively for public worship or for public charity within the meaning of this section,<br />
namely:-<br />
(i) Buildings in or lands on which any trade or business is carried on unless the rent derived<br />
from such buildings or lands is applied exclusively to religious purposes or to public<br />
charitable institutions aforesaid;<br />
(ii) Buildings or lands in respect of which rent is derived and such rent is not applied<br />
exclusively to religious purposes or public charitable institutions aforesaid.;<br />
(f) Buildings and lands owned by widows or minors or persons subject to physical<br />
disability or mental infirmity owing to which they are incapable of earning their<br />
livelihood, where the main source of maintenance of such widows or minors or persons is<br />
the rent derived from such buildings and lands:<br />
Provided that such exemption shall, relate only to the first [twelve thousand rupees] of the<br />
annual value of such buildings and lands.] 1<br />
[(g) buildings and lands owned by freedom fighters, retired members or Defence Services<br />
and their widows during their life time if they are exempted from income tax.<br />
(h) buildings and lands owned by blind persons, abandoned women and mentally<br />
incapacitated persons.<br />
(i) buildings and lands in occupation of owner for his residence shall be exempted from<br />
property tax to the extent of fifty percent.]<br />
1 Substituted / Inserted by M.P. Act No. 18 of 1997. Published in M.P. Gazette (Extraordinary) dt. 21.4.97.<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
Annexure-4: Functions and Powers of Ward Committees<br />
Construction of new roads and drains as necessary and repair and maintenance of the<br />
roads, drains already constructed.<br />
To provide water supply and new pipe connections<br />
Sanitation<br />
To give necessary recommendation for all type of licenses<br />
Collection of tax, fee, rate etc.<br />
To prepare and execute the schemes of market, development and beautifications.<br />
National Programme – Execution of Programme relating to health, women and child<br />
welfare, destitute pensions, handicapped and to run the homes for old age persons.<br />
To remove the encroachments and unauthorised constructions.<br />
To arrange for lighting of streets.<br />
Supervision of school up to primary standard and hospitals up to primary health<br />
centres.<br />
Development and maintenance of gardens, squares and public places.<br />
Activities relating to libraries, Reading Rooms and Sports.<br />
Works relating to control of food adulteration.<br />
Supervision of public distribution system.<br />
Plantation and betterment of environment.<br />
Other functions allotted by the Corporation<br />
Powers of Wards Committees<br />
Sanctioning of an amount up to Rs.50,000/- for the execution of functions as given<br />
above.<br />
Sanction may be granted only if the amount is available in the relevant head of Budget.<br />
Information of every such sanction given by the Wards Committee in which<br />
expenditure of more than Rs.25,000/- is involved, shall be communicated to the<br />
Standing Committee/Mayor-in-Council within 15 days from the date of sanction.<br />
Inspection and supervision of any work.<br />
General Administrative Control over the officers and employees working under the<br />
Wards Committee.<br />
Procedure of Conduct of Business<br />
There shall be a separate office of every Wards Committee, and incharge thereof, under<br />
whom all the officers and employees of wards committee shall work. The officer incharge<br />
shall be responsible for all the works of the Wards Committee.<br />
The date of meeting of Wards Committee shall be fixed by its Chairman and meetings shall<br />
be invited at least once in every 15 days. The quorum for the meeting shall be ½ of the total<br />
number of its members.<br />
The necessary Officers and employees shall be made available to the office of the Wards<br />
Committee by the Municipal Commissioner for the performance of the functions of the<br />
Wards Committee.<br />
The Wards Committee shall take decisions by majority of votes and in the case of equality of<br />
votes, the Chairman shall have casting vote.<br />
The in charge of the office of the Wards Committee shall attend every meeting and may give<br />
his suggestions, but he shall not have right to vote.<br />
Wards Committee shall be empowered to invite any officer of the Corporation for giving<br />
suggestions in its meetings.<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
Budget Allotment for the Wards Committee<br />
The Corporation shall provide in the budget of every financial year, the proposed income and<br />
expenditure for the territorial area of the Wards Committee.<br />
Every Wards Committee shall prepare and send its proposals to the Municipal Commissioner<br />
in the month October for next financial year, showing head wise proposed income and<br />
expenditure, and the Commissioner shall submit consolidated proposals to the Standing<br />
Committee/Mayor-in-Council.<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
First Stage<br />
Annexure-5: Delegation of Powers by the Commissioner to the Zonal Officers<br />
All proposals relating new construction work, repairs and maintenance under the budget head<br />
– Public Works, Planning and Water Supply. For this purpose following powers are given:<br />
Sanction of expenditure proposals up to Rs. 50,000/-. The administrative and financial<br />
sanction will be given by the Ward Committee and technical sanction will be given by<br />
the Divisional Engineer.<br />
After obtaining approval of the Ward Committee, the will be sent to the Commissioner<br />
for financial arrangements<br />
Disconnection of illegal water connections, regularisation of illegal water connections<br />
and provision of new water connections<br />
Permanent advance of Rs. 5000/- will be given to Divisional Officer for petty works in<br />
the zone. For execution of work from this advance, proposal from the Councilor and his<br />
certificate after completion of the work is necessary. Divisional Officer shall give<br />
information relating to the work taken up from this sum in the meetings of the Ward<br />
Committee.<br />
The Divisional Officer shall prepare a plan and cost estimate for the expenditure<br />
proposals exceeding Rs.50,000/- and present it to the Ward Committee. The proposal<br />
will be forwarded to the Commissioner for sanction along with the comments of the<br />
Divisional Officer and Ward Committee. After obtaining sanction from the<br />
Commissioner, the proposal will be forwarded for the technical and administrative<br />
sanction. After completion of all formalities, the Divisional Officer will take necessary<br />
steps for implementation. The work relating to advertisements, tender notice and<br />
publication will be handled by the Public relation Section at Central Office.<br />
The Commissioner will give powers regarding the contracts to the Divisional Officer.<br />
The annual rates for the construction and repair works, purchase of materials will be<br />
decided by the Central Office. The Divisional Officer/Ward Committee is empowered<br />
to make purchases at these rates subject to their financial powers.<br />
The powers under – Section 80, 82, 83, 85, 136, 138, 140, 148, 152, 153, 155, 156, 159,<br />
167, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 317, 322, 323 to 346, 363, 366 to 391 of the Madhya<br />
Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956 are given to the Divisional Officers.<br />
The powers relating to health, sanitation and food adulteration under Section 190 to 219, 355<br />
to 358 and 361 of the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956 are given to the<br />
Divisional Officers.<br />
The powers relating to tax assessments and collection under Section 173 to 178 of the<br />
Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956 are given to the Divisional Officers.<br />
The daily receipt of taxes and the other receipts will deposited by the Divisional Officer in<br />
the bank and the report of daily collection under different heads will be sent to the Central<br />
Office.<br />
The powers relating to building permissions under Section 299, 301, 302, 303, 304, 307, 309,<br />
and 310 of The Madhya Pradesh Munocipal Corporaton Act 1956 are given to the Divisional<br />
Officers. Presently, Zonal Office will give building permissions for residential constructions<br />
up to 1500 sq. ft. only. The Divisional officer will undertake site visit and forward his report<br />
along with comments to Central Office in case of building permissions for residential<br />
construction exceeding 1500 sq.ft. and commercial purpose.<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
The powers relating to removal of illegal constructions and encroachments under Section<br />
302,307,322 and 323 of the Madhya pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956 are given to<br />
the Chairman of the Wards Committee.<br />
The Divisional Officer will be responsible for Lighting, maintenance of parks and gardens,<br />
maintenance of libraries and sports grounds, tree planting, preparation of proposals for area<br />
development and supervision of primary schools. These functions will be performed by the<br />
Divisional Officer on his discretion or under the instructions of higher authorities, public<br />
representatives and by public demand.<br />
Second Stage<br />
Implementation of Government Schemes like old age pension, handicapped and destitute<br />
pension etc.<br />
Building permissions for the construction of commercial complexes and other big<br />
constructions<br />
Tax assessment and collection of all taxes. Classification of receipts. Mutation of property.<br />
Preparation of zonal budget and submission to the Central Office for inclusion in annual<br />
budget. Proposed arrangements for funding of the budgeted expenditure.<br />
Decentralisation of stores and vehicles.<br />
Third Stage<br />
For achieving total functional decentralisation, the powers of the Commissioner relating to<br />
implementation, regulation etc. will be given to Ward Committee and Divisional Officer. All<br />
Ward Committees will function independently under the supervision of Central Office.<br />
Proposals will be referred to Central Office for policy and financial matters only.<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
Annexure – 6: Departmental Functions of Central Office<br />
Departments / Sections<br />
1. General Adm.<br />
Dept./Section<br />
Mayors Office,<br />
Commissioners office,<br />
Dy. Commissioners Office,<br />
Public Relations,<br />
Treasury, General Section,<br />
Security, Records,<br />
Law Section, Accounts,<br />
Establishment Section,<br />
Accountant, Audit,<br />
License,<br />
Rikshaw Section,<br />
Tax Assessment,<br />
Education Department and<br />
Library.<br />
2. Health / Sanitation<br />
3.Water Supply<br />
4. Public Works<br />
Stores, Work Shop, DM<br />
Functions<br />
• All functions like appointments, transfers, preparation of pay bills,<br />
promotions, preparation of seniority list, annual increments, leave<br />
encashment and maintenance of service books and files relating to<br />
Establishment of permanent officers and employees.<br />
• All functions relating to release of advertisements and hoardings.<br />
• Printing and stationery<br />
• Allotment of quarters to municipal staff.<br />
• Registration of births and deaths, issue of birth and death certificates.<br />
• Issue of mutation and other Certificates on the basis records<br />
maintained by the Corporation.<br />
• Preparation of Annual Budget<br />
• Payment of bills as per different heads of expenditure.<br />
• Maintenance of Advance Register and Classification.<br />
• Payment of pension, gratuity etc. to the retired employees.<br />
• Audit<br />
• Issue and renewal of licenses, rickshaw licenses etc. and receipt of<br />
fees thereof.<br />
• Removal of encroachments.<br />
• Running of schools and libraries under UMC.<br />
• Implementation of various Government Schemes like payment of<br />
pension to destitute, social security pension, old age pension, girls<br />
welfare scheme, SJSRY<br />
• Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over<br />
expenditure.<br />
• Collection and disposal of garbage within the municipal limits.<br />
• Running of ayurvedic and homeopathic dispensaries.<br />
• Public vaccination<br />
• Prevention of out-break, spread of infectious diseases.<br />
• Running of dharamshalas.<br />
• Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over<br />
expenditure.<br />
• Provision of potable water to the public<br />
• Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply services<br />
• Provision of new connections for water supply as per rules.<br />
• Regularisation of illegal water connections.<br />
• Checking of water meters.<br />
• Implementation of water supply scheme<br />
• Operation and maintenance of water treatment plants and analysis of<br />
water samples.<br />
• Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over<br />
expenditure.<br />
• Preparation of capital expenditure proposals for the consideration of<br />
the Commissioner.<br />
• Checking and passing of bills for payment<br />
• Laying of new pipe lines for distribution<br />
• Coordination with PHED authorities regarding the water supply<br />
designed for UMC.<br />
• Construction of roads, culverts etc. and commercial complexes within<br />
the municipal limits<br />
• Repairs and maintenance of roads, culverts etc. and commercial<br />
complexes constructed by the UMC<br />
• Development Works under various Government schemes in municipal<br />
wards and schemes proposed by the Member of Parliament and<br />
Legislators under the funds made available to them for carrying out<br />
development work within the constituencies.<br />
• Running and maintenance of municipal vehicles.<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
5. Revenue<br />
6. Fire brigade<br />
7. Lighting<br />
• Supply of water through tankers.<br />
• Recovery of Market Fees on daily/monthly basis from municipal<br />
markets<br />
• Recovery of rent etc. from shops<br />
• Mutation and transfer of lease<br />
• Recovery of land, colony and development fees.<br />
• Sanctioning of building plans and permission for commencement of<br />
work.<br />
• Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over<br />
expenditure.<br />
• Collection of property tax, water tax, compulsory water tax,<br />
consolidated tax for health; fire and lighting, development tax and<br />
show tax.<br />
• Collection of lease rent on municipal Lands given on lease.<br />
• Collection of rent from slum dwellers who have been allotted “pattas”<br />
by the Collector.<br />
• Collection of miscellaneous taxes.<br />
• Collection of service charges on Central Government properties.<br />
• Maintenance of various records regarding tax collection<br />
• Preparation of DCB statement.<br />
• Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over<br />
expenditure.<br />
• Attending fire calls within the municipal limits and outside and<br />
prevention of fire.<br />
• Imparting training regarding prevention and control of fire.<br />
• Activities regarding catching of stray animals.<br />
• Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control over<br />
expenditure.<br />
• Repairs and maintenance of street lights within municipal limits.<br />
• Activities relating to provision, repairs and maintenance of lighting<br />
facilities to municipal buildings.<br />
• Provision of lighting arrangements during fairs and festivals and<br />
special functions.<br />
• Upgradation of lighting fixtures within municipal limits.<br />
• Purchase of electrical materials and fixtures.<br />
• Supply of electrical material to Divisional Offices as per the<br />
requirements received from them.<br />
• Checking and passing of all electricity bills received from M.P.E.B.<br />
for power supply to UMC at different places.<br />
• Preparation of departmental budget and exercising control of<br />
expenditure.<br />
• Coordination with M.P.E.B. for the erection of electricity poles within<br />
the municipal limits.<br />
• Preparation of capital expenditure proposals for the consideration of<br />
Commissioner.<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
Annexure – 7: List of participants (CDS workshop Ujjain, on 07-01-06)<br />
Joint meeting organised by Municipal Corporation<br />
(Renowned City persons & Senior Citizens)<br />
Sr. Name Disingnation Orgnisation<br />
No.<br />
1 Shri Satyanarayan Jatiya Member of Parliament Ujjain<br />
2 Shri Shivnarayan Jagirdar M.L.A. Ujjain South<br />
3. Ms. Soni Meher Mayor Ujjain UMC<br />
4. Shri. Azad Yadav Chair Person UMC<br />
3 Shri Awantilal Jain Senior Citizen Freedem fighter, Ujjain<br />
4 Shri Babulal Jain Ex. Minister Govt. of M.P.<br />
5 Shri Manohar Beragi Secretary Pradesh Congress<br />
Committee<br />
6 Shri Shiva Kotwani Dist. President B.J.P., Ujjain<br />
7 Shri Diwakar Natu Chairman Simhast Development<br />
Authority<br />
8 Shri Mahaveer Prasad Ex. M.L.A.<br />
Ujjain<br />
Vashistha<br />
9 Shri Mohan Yadav Chairman Ujjain Devlopment<br />
Authority<br />
10 Shri Rajhujursingh Gowr Ex. Chairman Ujjain Devlopment<br />
Authority<br />
11 Shri Bamshanker Joshi President Industrial area Ujjain<br />
12 Shri Beerendra Kawadiya Leader B.J.P., Ujjain<br />
13 Shri Mahendra Gadiya Member Divisional Railway Advisiory<br />
Committee<br />
Ujjain<br />
14 Shri Rajendra Washistha Ward Counsiler Municipal Corporation<br />
Ujjain<br />
15 Shri Ravi Ray Ward Counsiler Municipal Corporation<br />
Ujjain<br />
16 Shri Devbrat Yadav Ward Cousiler Municipal Corporation<br />
Ujjain<br />
17 Shri Anant Narayan Ward Cousiler Municipal Corporation<br />
Meena<br />
Ujjain<br />
18 Shri Ram Bhagwat Ward Cousiler Municipal Corporation<br />
Ujjain<br />
19 Smt. Indira Trivedi Ex. Mayor Municipal Corporation<br />
Ujjain<br />
20 Shri Madanlal Lalawat Ex. Mayor Municipal Corporation<br />
Ujjain<br />
21 Shri Prakash Chittora Ex. Chair Person Municipal Corporation<br />
Ujjain<br />
22 Shri Prakash Choube Ex. Wice Mayor Municipal Corporation<br />
Ujjain<br />
23 Shri Jai Prakash Joonwal Ex. Counsilor Municipal Corporation<br />
Ujjain<br />
24 Shri Neeraj Mandloi Collector & Distt. Megistrate Distt. Ujjain<br />
25 Shri Anil Mehta Beurochief Awantika News Paper<br />
26 Shri Abhay Jain Corspondent Naiduniya News Paper<br />
27 Shri Dharmendra Sikarwar Corspondent Naw Bharat News Paper<br />
28 Shri Sandeep Pandla Corspondent City Channel, Ujjain<br />
29 Shri Kirti Rana Beurochief Bhasker News Paper Ind.<br />
30 Shri Tiwari Corspondent Star News Channel, Ujjain<br />
31 Shri Sachin Goyal Corspondent N.D. T.V., Ujjain<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
32 Shri Sachin Kasliwal Beurochief Loklakshy News Paper<br />
33 Representative Corspondent Sahara News, Ujjain<br />
34 Shri Veerendra Bhardwaj Corspondent Madhayanchal News<br />
Paper<br />
35 Shri Shubh Karan Sharma Administrator Shri Mahakal Temple<br />
36 Shri I.V. Mulle Executive Eng. M.P. Housing Board<br />
37 Shri J.P. Tyagi Executive Eng. M.P.E.B., Ujjain<br />
38 Shri Manaklal Giriya President Chamber of Commerce,<br />
UJN<br />
39 Shri A.I. Kara Father Katholik Charch, Ujjain<br />
40 Shri B.R. Sarfaraj Sinior Citizen Ujjain<br />
41 Shri S.K. Shriwastava Doctor Ujjain<br />
42 Shri Ashok Jain Social Worker Ujjain<br />
43 Shri Dawarkadhish Advocate<br />
Ujjain<br />
Choudhari<br />
44 Shri Shrikant Architect<br />
Ujjain<br />
Veshampayan<br />
45 Shri Kedar Bansal Secretary Fertiliser Union, Ujjain<br />
46 Shri Suresh Chopara Member Loding Matadore, Union<br />
47 Shri Ashok Jain President Transport Union Ujjain<br />
48 Shri Krashna Chowrasia President Hansraj Dhannalal Trust<br />
49 Shri Basant Chowrasia Member Hansraj Dhannalal Trust<br />
50 Shri M. Rizwani Executive Eng. Municipal Corporation<br />
Ujjain<br />
51 Shri Farid Khan Kureshi Asst. Comm. Municipal Corporation<br />
Ujjain<br />
52 Shri R.S. Rawat Dy. Comm. Municipal Corporation<br />
Ujjain<br />
53 Shri B. K. Sharma Asstt. Engineer Municipal Corporation<br />
Ujjain<br />
54 Shri. Rajesh jain Municipal Commissioner Municipal Corporation<br />
Ujjain<br />
List of participants (CDS workshop Ujjain, on 09-01-06)<br />
Joint meeting organised by Municipal Corporation<br />
Sr. Name Disingnation Orgnisation<br />
No<br />
.<br />
1. Ms. Soni Meher Mayor Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
2. Shri Azad Yadav Chair Person Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
1 Shri Rahul Lot Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
2 Smt. Sugan Rathore Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
3 Smt. Komal Bai Bhati Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
4 Shri Sushil Kumar Choursiya Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
5 Smt. Deepkuwar Sisodiya Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
6 Smt. Shantaban Bese Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
7 Shri Annatnarayan Meena Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
8 Shri Gajndra Sakalecha Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
9 Shri Sonu Gehlot Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
10 Shri Abdull Gaffar Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
11 Smt. Shashikala Joshi Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
12 Shri Salim Kabadi Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
13 Smt. Kalawati Yadav Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
14 Shri Sunil Kachhaway Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
15 Shri Ravi Ray Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
16 Shri Prakash Sharma Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
17 Smt. Varsha Sugandhi Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
18 Shri Girish Shastri Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
19 Smt. Rekha Ora Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
20 Smt. Pravina Ben Patal Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
21 Shri Kailash Singh Bisen Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
22 Shri Satyanarayan Chouhan Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
23 Shri Mehtab Shah lala Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
24 Shri Sunil Goyal Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
25 Shri Rameshwar Dubey Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
26 Shri Mohammd Jawad Kurashi Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
27 Smt. Seraj bee Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
28 Shri Bhagwansingh Gaud Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
29 Smt. Geeta Bai Choudhari Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
30 Smt. Shashi Chandel Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
31 Shri Ram Bhagwat Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
32 Smt. Leela Junwal Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
33 Smt. Rajni Kotwani Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
34 Shri Jeetendra Tilkar Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
35 Shri Atmaram Malviya Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
36 Shri Radheshyam Verma Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
37 Shri Ramsingh Sikarwar Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
38 Shri Sanjay Mehata Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
39 Shri Ramnarayan Kuwal Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
40 Shri Santosh Yadav Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
41 Shri Jaisingh Darabar Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
42 Shri Vijay Jonwal Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
43 Shri Amit Shrivastava Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
44 Shri Davvrat Yadav Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
45 Shri Rajendra Vashistha Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
46 Shri Shalendra Veenu Kushwaha Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
47 Shri Babulal Vaghela Ward Counsiler Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
48 Shri Shil Lashkari Elderman Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
49 Shri Charansingh Gil Elderman Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
50 Shri Vijay Agrawal Elderman Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
51 Shri Babulal Jain Elderman Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
52 Shri Rajesh Jain Municipal<br />
Commissioner<br />
Municipal Corp. Ujjain<br />
List of participants (CDS workshop Ujjain, on 09-01-06)<br />
Joint meeting organised by Municipal Corporation<br />
Sr. Name Disingnation Orgnisation<br />
No<br />
.<br />
1 Shri Shailesh Vyas City Correspondent Naiduniya News Paper<br />
2 Shri Hemant Sen City Correspondent Bhaskar News Paper<br />
3 Shri Vishvas Sharma City Correspondent Awantika News Paper<br />
4 Shri Anilsingh Chandel City Correspondent Agnipath News Paper<br />
5 Shri Kumar Narendra Choukse City Correspondent Chouthasansar NewsPaper<br />
6 Shri Tarun Sen City Correspondent Free Prass<br />
7 Shri Shailendra Kulmi City Correspondent Sandhya Dainik News Paper<br />
8 Shri Prekash Triwadi City Correspondent Samachar Line Dota com<br />
9 Shri Dharmandra Singh City Correspondent Naw Bharat News Paper<br />
10 Shri Shadab Ansari City Correspondent S.R. Chainnal<br />
11 Shri Sandeep Pandla City Correspondent City Chainnal<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
12 Shri Dinesh Sisodia City Correspondent Madhyanchal News Paper<br />
13 Representetive City Correspondent Vikram Dershan News Paper<br />
14 Representetive City Correspondent Prajaduta News Paper<br />
15 Representetive City Correspondent Nirnayak News Paper<br />
16 Representetive City Correspondent Malwa Kranti News Paper<br />
17 Representetive City Correspondent Aksharvishve News Paper<br />
18 Representetive City Correspondent Matikimahima News Paper<br />
19 Representetive City Correspondent Amar Shaym News Paper<br />
List of participants (CDS workshop Ujjain, on 09-01-06)<br />
Joint meeting organised by Municipal Corporation<br />
20 Auto Mobile Sangh President Ujjain<br />
21 Industrialist Association President Ujjain<br />
22 Chamber of Comm. President Ujjain<br />
23 Power Lum Association Secretary Ujjain<br />
24 Plastic Association Secretary Ujjain<br />
25 Transport Association President Ujjain<br />
26 Patni Bazar Association President Ujjain<br />
27 Freeganj Marchant Association President Ujjain<br />
28 Sarafa Association President Ujjain<br />
29 Mandi Samiti President Ujjain<br />
List of participants (CDS workshop Ujjain, on 10-01-06)<br />
Joint meeting organised by Municipal Corporation<br />
Sr. Name Disingnation Orgnisation<br />
No<br />
1 Smt. Sudha Baheti President Lions Club, Surbhi, UJN<br />
2 Shri Sanjay Agrawal President Lions Club, Classic, UJN<br />
3 Dr. V.S. Uveja Director & Principal Mahakal Institute of Technology &<br />
Science<br />
4 Shri S. Vaishampayan Architect Ujjain<br />
5 Shri Tulsidas Ji Vastu Vid Ujjain<br />
6 Dr. Nemichand Ji Jain President Lions Club, Metri, UJN<br />
7 Shri Anand Ji Bangar Member Lions Club, UJN<br />
8 Shri Bharat Jain Charterpresident Ujjain<br />
9 Shri Sanjay Triwadi Enginer & Architect Ujjain<br />
10 Shri K.L. Sonhare Training Officer I.T.I. Ujjain<br />
11 Shri Shiv Soni Secretary Sarafa Association<br />
12 Shri Prakash Jain President Daulat Gunj Merchant Asso. Ujjain<br />
13 Shri Sanjay Khandalwal Secretary Lions Club, Kshipra, UJN<br />
14 Shri Navin Jain President Lions Club, Kshipra, UJN<br />
15 Smt. Urmila Nirkhe President Bhumika Sa. Sanstha, UJN<br />
16 Shri Mukesh Harbhajanka Vice President Lions Club, Holicity, UJN<br />
17 Shri Bhagwan Khandegar State Co-ordinater Ravidas Mahasangh, UJN<br />
18 Prof. Jagdish Palsaniya Reader, Civil Engg. Civil Engg. Club., UJN<br />
Dept<br />
As a part of formulating City Development Plan for Ujjain City, a series of meetings of city<br />
stake holder were organised by Municipal Corporation of Ujjain. The valuable suggestions<br />
from the participants are summarised below.<br />
Develop the city of Ujjain with all Religious tourism facilities and provide the city with<br />
all required infrastructure.<br />
Initiate up gradation programmes and provide basic services to the urban poor of Ujjain<br />
so that the city may reduce pressure by 2021.<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City Development Plan Ujjain<br />
To exploit all the available water resources in the city vicinity and improve supply<br />
network so as to provide water for all.<br />
Promote public health and wellness by providing opportunities for residents to be<br />
physically, socially and culturally active.<br />
Provide a range of transportation alternatives to enhance mobility of all citizens. Plan,<br />
design and construct transportation infrastructure that promotes and enhances safety.<br />
Regular monitoring and reviewing of the performance of the system which shall be<br />
shaped.<br />
Explore options for private sector participation in this project and Motivate private<br />
sector to participate in slum upgradation projects.<br />
Purification of Shipra River.<br />
Purification of Shipra River and linking project with Narmada River.<br />
Development of Dewas Gate Bus Stand, Krashi Upaj Mandi and other important Trade<br />
Centre of city.<br />
City core Area has remained as prime agenda, as the city activities concentrate in and<br />
around the Mahakal Temple and Shipra river city ghats which needs immediate<br />
refurbishment and upgradation.<br />
Over Bridges and Underpass is also need for the city as existing infrastructure is in<br />
dilapidated condition city need to count on the issue.<br />
The over congested area are short of proper parking space which need to be catered<br />
immediately and effectively through innovative and cost effective mechanisms<br />
The over all Assets created under the project should suffice the need of the city even in<br />
the peek festive occasions, where population is at times 5 folds.<br />
Most of the suggestions have been undertaken and incorporated in formulating the vision and<br />
setting objectives for the city development for 2021.<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation<br />
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Annexure 8: Ujjain City Development Plan – Financial Operating Plan<br />
Particulars (Receipts) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11<br />
Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Estd. Rs Lakh<br />
Opening Balance 0 145.18 -462.06 28.43 471.52 -415.94 431.19 531.55 -140.22 -390.53 -154.52<br />
I Revenue Receipts<br />
A Tax Receipts<br />
1 Property Tax 148.94 165.10 205.89 223.24 245.58 315.04 335.00 400.00 460.00 529.00 608.35<br />
2 Consolidated Tax 63.05 67.28 81.99 88.17 96.47 111.51 122.00 265.00 296.80 332.42 372.31<br />
3 Miscellaneous Tax 6.14 14.16 9.37 8.94 10.38 12.35 16.20 31.50 36.82 43.06 50.40<br />
4 Water Charges 492.01 462.68 356.51 314.44 298.50 378.28 435.02 559.61 789.42 926.63 1068.35<br />
B Income from Municipal Property<br />
1 Income from Municipal land and assets 44.60 41.18 53.59 45.40 41.87 45.18 40.17 70.70 76.81 83.61 91.06<br />
2 Income from Market 74.66 79.81 70.16 69.12 56.86 87.56 80.00 80.00 88.00 96.80 106.48<br />
C Fees,Service Charges and Penalties<br />
1 License Income 119.37 57.11 66.60 119.22 84.43 32.86 36.93 41.80 43.89 46.08 48.39<br />
2 Income from Advertising 2.48 1.66 2.17 4.88 4.26 2.23 1.50 10.00 11.00 12.10 13.31<br />
3 Income from Map sanctiomning etc. 26.03 25.73 37.44 39.92 41.51 107.46 135.00 190.00 230.00 279.25 339.99<br />
4 Miscellaneous Income 112.37 65.20 100.94 60.34 52.56 35.48 84.48 80.60 85.07 89.91 95.17<br />
D1 Revenue Transfer<br />
1 Octroi Compensation 913.60 889.20 1227.34 843.28 1170.43 1354.30 1350.00 1696.00 1865.60 2052.16 2257.38<br />
2 Stamp Duty Transfers 45.73 39.98 12.83 54.60 64.80 170.34 137.55 150.00 165.00 181.50 199.65<br />
3 Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax 168.17 154.51 165.60 238.34 202.53 214.94 350.00 350.00 367.50 385.88 405.17<br />
Total Revenue Receipt 2217.15 2063.60 2390.43 2109.89 2370.18 2867.53 3123.85 3925.22 4515.91 5058.40 5655.99<br />
D2 Capital Receipts<br />
PHED- WTP/ Intake Maintenance 248.48 150.46 179.72 196.99 325.63 175.41 184.18 193.39 203.06 213.21 223.87<br />
Grants- Other Infrastructure (Road Cons.&<br />
Main & Slum Imp.) 149.54 119.00 193.02 154.27 206.51 194.36 233.06 250.00 275.00 302.50 332.75<br />
SFC & Basic Services Grant 229.96 66.04 81.51 330.76 445.29 697.43 610.00 729.36 838.76 964.58 1109.27<br />
Dev Grants / Sinhastha 2004/MP/MLA 0.00 13.25 902.50 3590.86 1502.75 565.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
JNNURM Receipts 2881.73 18951.0 27063.9 25814.7 30103.4<br />
JNNURM Receipts from Local Bodies,<br />
Trusts and PPP Projects (3%) 108.45 713.21 1018.53 971.52<br />
Total- Capital Receipts 628.0 348.8 1356.8 4272.9 2480.2 1633.1 3909.0 20232.2 29094.0 28313.5 32740.8<br />
Total Income 2845.1 2412.4 3747.2 6382.8 4850.4 4500.6 7032.8 24157.4 33634.9 33426.4 38485.9<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Expenditure)<br />
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003- 2004-05 2005-06 2006- 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11<br />
04<br />
07<br />
Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Estd. Rs.Lakh<br />
III Revenue Expenditure<br />
E Admin &Establishment Expenditure<br />
1 Establishment & salary 1344.42 1620.93 1416.51 1551.73 1721.24 1891.07 2025.87 2170.74 2326.46 2493.86 2673.84<br />
2 General Administration 49.53 57.40 66.39 92.84 135.14 141.93 72.06 78.69 88.71 96.94 105.97<br />
F O & M Expenditure<br />
1 Lighting 116.37 141.00 184.65 215.30 232.67 247.78 309.73 387.16 483.95 604.93 756.16<br />
2 Water Works 733.12 652.62 738.94 590.48 637.77 534.68 561.41 589.48 618.96 649.91 762.39<br />
3 Health 93.09 79.75 114.31 145.33 455.95 183.09 21.97 224.64 52.67 57.36 62.60<br />
4 Public Works & Roads 67.00 43.61 43.34 77.54 35.74 48.61 149.12 161.94 178.17 298.50 766.25<br />
5 Workshop &Stores 73.13 75.56 128.04 125.13 146.97 153.20 175.02 200.03 228.70 261.57 299.26<br />
6 Miscellaneous 59.46 56.57 74.63 90.22 177.05 92.15 104.89 119.47 136.14 155.21 177.04<br />
Total- Revenue Expenditure 2536.12 2727.44 2766.81 2888.57 3542.53 3292.51 3420.08 3932.16 4113.75 4618.29 5603.51<br />
G Capital Expenditure<br />
1 water Supply 32.01 137.51 266.29 796.91 783.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 36.81 42.33 48.68<br />
2 Road construction 13.12 8.60 83.14 1622.00 835.56 141.25 166.15 195.70 230.79 272.50 322.09<br />
3 Stadium & Swimming pool Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
4 Drainage work for small localities 50.90 27.30 0.00 22.49 53.13 10.26 10.77 11.31 11.88 12.47 13.09<br />
5 Other/Misc. 17.75 22.07 47.08 413.27 329.99 43.56 45.94 48.46 54.96 58.08 61.40<br />
6<br />
Recommendation work for all ward<br />
members 50.05 96.67 93.37 178.44 183.18 165.92 182.51 200.76 220.84 242.92 267.22<br />
7 Expenditure under JNNURM 3098.6 20377.4 29101.0 27757.7 32369.2<br />
8 Repayment of Loan 8.4 63.4 142.0 216.9 304.3<br />
Total- Capital Expenditure 163.8 292.2 489.9 3051.1 2195.3 361.0 3512.4 20897.0 29771.4 28572.1 33350.5<br />
Total Expenditure 2700.0 3019.6 3256.7 5939.7 5737.8 3653.5 6932.4 24829.2 33885.2 33190.4 38954.1<br />
Revenue Account -319.0 -663.8 -376.4 -778.7 -1172.4 -425.0 -296.2 -6.9 427.2 494.6 141.6<br />
Capital Account 464.2 56.6 866.9 1221.8 284.9 1272.1 396.6 -664.8 -677.5 -258.6 -609.8<br />
Overall Status of Municipal Fund 145.2 -607.2 490.5 443.1 -887.5 847.1 100.4 -671.8 -250.3 236.0 -468.1<br />
Closing balance 145.2 -462.1 28.4 471.5 -415.9 431.2 531.6 -140.2 -390.5 -154.5 -622.6<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Receipts) 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21<br />
Rs.Lakh<br />
Opening Balance -622.64 562.21 1022.14 1619.21 2443.03 3897.43 4035.72 6380.22 8725.95 10995.64<br />
I Revenue Receipts<br />
A Tax Receipts<br />
1 Property Tax 699.60 804.54 925.22 1064.01 1170.41 1287.45 1416.19 1557.81 1713.60 1884.95<br />
2 Consolidated Tax 416.98 467.02 523.06 585.83 656.13 734.87 823.05 921.82 1032.43 1156.33<br />
3 Miscellaneous Tax 59.02 69.14 81.03 95.01 111.42 130.72 153.39 180.03 211.34 248.14<br />
4 Water Charges 1412.88 1437.32 1462.19 1487.48 1513.21 2001.21 2035.83 2071.05 2106.88 2143.33<br />
B Income from Municipal Property<br />
1 Income from Municipal land and assets 99.20 108.13 117.90 128.61 144.31 162.11 182.32 205.25 231.31 261.39<br />
2 Income from Market 117.13 128.84 141.72 155.90 171.49 188.64 207.50 228.25 251.07 276.18<br />
C Fees, Service Charges and Penalties<br />
1 License Income 50.81 53.35 56.02 58.82 67.64 77.79 89.45 102.87 118.30 147.88<br />
2 Income from Advertising 14.64 16.11 17.72 19.49 22.41 25.77 29.64 34.08 39.20 45.08<br />
3 Income from Map sanctioning etc. 415.00 507.77 622.64 765.01 850.94 947.37 1055.66 1177.34 1314.17 1439.37<br />
4 Miscellaneous Income 100.88 107.08 113.82 121.14 130.30 140.21 150.94 162.56 175.15 188.80<br />
D1 Revenue Transfer<br />
1 Octroi Compensation 2483.11 2731.42 3004.57 3305.02 3635.53 3999.08 4398.99 4838.89 5322.77 5855.05<br />
2 Stamp Duty Transfers 262.35 301.70 346.96 399.00 418.95 439.90 461.90 484.99 509.24 534.70<br />
3 Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax 512.44 563.68 620.05 682.05 716.15 751.96 789.56 829.04 870.49 914.01<br />
Total Revenue Receipt 6644.0 7296.1 8032.9 8867.4 9608.9 10887.1 11794.4 12794.0 13896.0 15095.2<br />
D2 Capital Receipts<br />
PHED- WTP/ Intake Maintenance 235.07 246.82 259.16 272.12 285.72 300.01 285.72 300.01 315.01 330.76<br />
Grants- Other Infrastructure (Road Cons.&<br />
Main & Slum Imp.) 366.03 402.63 442.89 487.18 535.90 589.49 648.44 713.28 784.61 823.84<br />
SFC & Basic Services Grant 1275.66 1467.00 1687.05 1940.11 2063.72 2196.16 2338.16 2490.47 2653.94 2786.64<br />
Dev Grants / Sinhastha 2004/MP/MLA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3770.40 1577.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
JNNURM Receipts 12376.35<br />
JNNURM Receipts from Local Bodies,<br />
Trusts and PPP Projects (3%) 1132.92<br />
Total- Capital Receipts 15386.0 2116.5 2389.1 2699.4 6655.7 4663.5 3272.3 3503.8 3753.6 3941.2<br />
Total Income 22030.1 9412.6 10422.0 11566.8 16264.6 15550.6 15066.7 16297.7 17649.5 19036.4<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Expenditure) 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21<br />
Rs. Lakh<br />
III Revenue Expenditure<br />
E Admin &Establishment Expenditure<br />
1 Establishment & salary 2867.35 3075.43 3299.21 3539.89 3731.51 3934.14 4148.48 4375.23 4615.18 4826.43<br />
2 General Administration 115.86 126.71 138.61 151.66 147.91 220.83 179.16 191.31 204.34 217.74<br />
F O & M Expenditure<br />
1 Lighting 945.21 1181.51 1476.88 1846.10 2215.33 2658.39 3190.07 3828.08 4593.70 5512.44<br />
2 Water Works 800.51 840.53 882.56 926.69 973.02 1021.67 1072.76 1126.39 1182.71 1241.85<br />
3 Health 68.44 74.97 82.28 90.49 157.12 500.87 145.73 107.96 89.70 93.00<br />
4 Public Works & Roads 1086.25 1139.37 1195.04 1253.35 1693.20 1877.37 1414.22 1492.04 1573.78 1659.41<br />
5 Wiorkshop &Stores 342.49 392.06 448.94 514.19 575.94 586.21 618.74 649.67 682.16 716.26<br />
6 Miscellaneous 202.04 230.65 263.43 300.98 337.54 453.77 398.85 438.34 481.76 529.46<br />
Total- Revenue Expenditure 6428.13 7061.24 7786.96 8623.37 9831.57 11253.26 11167.98 12209.02 13423.32 14796.58<br />
G Capital Expenditure<br />
1 Water Supply 15.21 17.49 110.11 118.13 876.60 861.77 3.46 3.81 4.19 4.61<br />
2 Road construction 381.12 451.42 535.18 635.04 2327.07 1603.74 928.66 1059.67 1209.92 1382.27<br />
3 Stadium & Swimming pool Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
4 Drainage work for small localities 13.75 14.44 15.16 15.92 24.74 58.44 16.71 17.55 18.43 19.35<br />
5 Other/Misc. 64.93 68.67 72.66 76.90 504.39 413.04 84.68 89.17 93.90 98.59<br />
6 Recommendation work for all ward members 293.94 323.33 355.66 391.23 430.35 473.39 520.73 572.80 630.08 661.58<br />
7 Expenditure under JNNURM 13307.90 0.00<br />
8 Repayment of Loan 340.23 1016.03 949.19 882.36 815.52 748.68 0.00 0.00<br />
Total- Capital Expenditure 14417.08 1891.38 2037.97 2119.58 4978.67 4159.07 1554.24 1742.99 1956.51 2166.40<br />
Total Expenditure 20845.21 8952.63 9824.93 10742.94 14810.24 15412.33 12722.22 13952.01 15379.83 16962.98<br />
Revenue Account 215.92 234.86 245.93 243.99 -222.67 -366.19 626.42 584.96 472.64 298.62<br />
Capital Account 968.94 225.07 351.13 579.83 1677.07 504.48 1718.08 1760.77 1797.05 1774.84<br />
Overall Status of Municipal Fund 1184.85 459.93 597.07 823.82 1454.40 138.29 2344.50 2345.73 2269.69 2073.46<br />
Closing balance 562.21 1022.14 1619.21 2443.03 3897.43 4035.72 6380.22 8725.95 10995.64 13069.10<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Annexure 9: Ujjain City Development Plan FOP – Contribution of Revenue and Expenditure Heads to Total<br />
Particulars (Receipts) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11<br />
In Percentage<br />
I Revenue Receipts<br />
A Tax Receipts<br />
1 Property Tax 6.72 8.00 8.61 10.58 10.36 10.99 10.72 10.19 10.13 10.35 10.59<br />
2 Consolidated Tax 2.84 3.26 3.43 4.18 4.07 3.89 3.91 6.75 6.54 6.50 6.48<br />
3 Miscellaneous Tax 0.28 0.69 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.52 0.80 0.81 0.84 0.88<br />
4 Water Charges 22.19 22.42 14.91 14.90 12.59 13.19 13.93 14.26 17.38 18.12 18.60<br />
B Income from Municipal Property<br />
1 Income from Municipal land and assets 2.01 2.00 2.24 2.15 1.77 1.58 1.29 1.80 1.69 1.64 1.58<br />
2 Income from Market 3.37 3.87 2.94 3.28 2.40 3.05 2.56 2.04 1.94 1.89 1.85<br />
C Fees,Service Charges and Penalties<br />
1 License Income 5.38 2.77 2.79 5.65 3.56 1.15 1.18 1.06 0.97 0.90 0.84<br />
2 Income from Advertising 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.23 0.18 0.08 0.05 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.23<br />
3 Income from Map sanctiomning etc. 1.17 1.25 1.57 1.89 1.75 3.75 4.32 4.84 5.07 5.46 5.92<br />
4 Miscellaneous Income 5.07 3.16 4.22 2.86 2.22 1.24 2.70 2.05 1.87 1.76 1.66<br />
D1 Revenue Transfer<br />
1 Octroi Compensation 41.21 43.09 51.34 39.97 49.38 47.23 43.22 43.21 41.08 40.14 39.29<br />
2 Stamp Duty Transfers 2.06 1.94 0.54 2.59 2.73 5.94 4.40 3.82 3.80 3.88 3.97<br />
3 Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax 7.58 7.49 6.93 11.30 8.54 7.50 11.20 8.92 8.48 8.28 8.11<br />
Total Revenue Receipt 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00<br />
D2 Capital Receipts<br />
Grants- Water Supply 39.57 43.14 13.25 4.61 13.13 10.74 4.71 0.96 0.70 0.75 0.68<br />
Grants- Other Infrastructure 23.81 34.12 14.23 3.61 8.33 11.90 5.96 1.24 0.95 1.07 1.02<br />
SFC & Basic Services Grant 36.62 18.94 6.01 7.74 17.95 42.71 15.61 3.60 2.88 3.41 3.39<br />
Central/State/District Grants for<br />
Development / Sinhastha 2004/MP/MLA 0.00 3.80 66.52 84.04 60.59 34.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
JNNURM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 73.72 93.67 93.02 91.17 91.94<br />
JNNURM Receipts from Local Bodies,<br />
Trusts and PPP Projects (3%) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.54 2.45 3.60 2.97<br />
Total- Capital Receipts 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Expenditure)<br />
2000-01 2001- 2002-03 2003- 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008- 2009- 2010-11<br />
02<br />
04<br />
09 10<br />
In Percentage<br />
III Revenue Expenditure<br />
E Admin &Establishment Expenditure<br />
1 Establishment & salary 53.01 59.43 51.20 53.72 48.59 57.44 59.23 55.20 56.55 54.00 47.72<br />
2 General Administration 1.95 2.10 2.40 3.21 3.81 4.31 2.11 2.00 2.16 2.10 1.89<br />
F O & M Expenditure<br />
1 Lighting 4.59 5.17 6.67 7.45 6.57 7.53 9.06 9.85 11.76 13.10 13.49<br />
2 Water Works 28.91 23.93 26.71 20.44 18.00 16.24 16.42 14.99 15.05 14.07 13.61<br />
3 Health 3.67 2.92 4.13 5.03 12.87 5.56 0.64 5.71 1.28 1.24 1.12<br />
4 Public works & Roads 2.64 1.60 1.57 2.68 1.01 1.48 4.36 4.12 4.33 6.46 13.67<br />
5 Wiorkshop &Stores 2.88 2.77 4.63 4.33 4.15 4.65 5.12 5.09 5.56 5.66 5.34<br />
6 Miscellaneous 2.34 2.07 2.70 3.12 5.00 2.80 3.07 3.04 3.31 3.36 3.16<br />
Total- Revenue Expenditure 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00<br />
G Capital Expenditure<br />
1 Water Supply 19.54 47.07 54.36 26.12 35.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.04<br />
2 Road Construction 8.01 2.94 16.97 53.16 38.06 39.13 4.73 0.94 0.78 0.95 0.97<br />
3 Stadium & Swimming pool Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
4 Drainage work for small localities 31.07 9.34 0.00 0.74 2.42 2.84 0.31 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04<br />
5 Other/Misc. 10.83 7.55 9.61 13.54 15.03 12.07 1.31 0.23 0.18 0.20 0.18<br />
6<br />
Recommendation work for all ward<br />
members 30.55 33.09 19.06 5.85 8.34 45.96 5.20 0.96 0.74 0.85 0.80<br />
7 Expenditure under JNNURM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 88.22 97.51 97.75 97.15 97.06<br />
8 Repayment of Loan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.30 0.48 0.76 0.91<br />
Total- Capital Expenditure 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Receipts) 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21<br />
In Percentage<br />
I Revenue Receipts<br />
A Tax Receipts 10.53 11.03 11.52 12.00 12.18 11.83 12.01 12.18 12.33 12.49<br />
1 Property Tax 6.28 6.40 6.51 6.61 6.83 6.75 6.98 7.21 7.43 7.66<br />
2 Consolidated Tax 0.89 0.95 1.01 1.07 1.16 1.20 1.30 1.41 1.52 1.64<br />
3 Miscellaneous Tax 21.27 19.70 18.20 16.77 15.75 18.38 17.26 16.19 15.16 14.20<br />
4 Water Charges<br />
B Income from Municipal Property 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.45 1.50 1.49 1.55 1.60 1.66 1.73<br />
1 Income from Municipal land and assets 1.76 1.77 1.76 1.76 1.78 1.73 1.76 1.78 1.81 1.83<br />
2 Income from Market<br />
C Fees,Service Charges and Penalties 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.66 0.70 0.71 0.76 0.80 0.85 0.98<br />
1 License Income 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.30<br />
2 Income from Advertising 6.25 6.96 7.75 8.63 8.86 8.70 8.95 9.20 9.46 9.54<br />
3 Income from Map sanctiomning etc. 1.52 1.47 1.42 1.37 1.36 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.25<br />
4 Miscellaneous Income<br />
D1 Revenue Transfer 37.37 37.44 37.40 37.27 37.84 36.73 37.30 37.82 38.30 38.79<br />
1 Octroi Compensation 3.95 4.14 4.32 4.50 4.36 4.04 3.92 3.79 3.66 3.54<br />
2 Stamp Duty Transfers 7.71 7.73 7.72 7.69 7.45 6.91 6.69 6.48 6.26 6.05<br />
3 Passenger/Motor Vehicle Tax<br />
Total Revenue Receipt 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00<br />
D2 Capital Receipts 16.49 16.49 16.49 16.49 5.14 8.77 16.23 16.40 16.57 16.42<br />
Grants- Water Supply 21.32 21.32 21.32 21.32 6.45 10.69 20.36 19.98 19.61 19.42<br />
Grants- Other Infrastructure 62.19 62.19 62.19 62.19 19.24 32.57 63.41 63.61 63.82 64.16<br />
SFC & Basic Services Grant<br />
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 69.17 47.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Dev. Grants / Singhstha 2004/MP/MLA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 56.65 33.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
JNNURM 80.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
JNNURM Receipts from Local Bodies,<br />
Trusts and PPP Projects (3%) 7.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Total- Capital Receipts<br />
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Expenditure) 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21<br />
In Percentage<br />
III Revenue Expenditure<br />
E Admin. &Establishment Expenditure<br />
1 Establishment & salary 44.61 43.55 42.37 41.05 37.95 34.96 37.15 35.84 34.38 32.62<br />
2 General Administration 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.76 1.50 1.96 1.60 1.57 1.52 1.47<br />
F O & M Expenditure<br />
1 Lighting 14.70 16.73 18.97 21.41 22.53 23.62 28.56 31.35 34.22 37.25<br />
2 Water Works 12.45 11.90 11.33 10.75 9.90 9.08 9.61 9.23 8.81 8.39<br />
3 Health 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.60 4.45 1.30 0.88 0.67 0.63<br />
4 Public works & Roads 16.90 16.14 15.35 14.53 17.22 16.68 12.66 12.22 11.72 11.21<br />
5 Wiorkshop &Stores 5.33 5.55 5.77 5.96 5.86 5.21 5.54 5.32 5.08 4.84<br />
6 Miscellaneous 3.14 3.27 3.38 3.49 3.43 4.03 3.57 3.59 3.59 3.58<br />
Total- Revenue Expenditure 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00<br />
G Capital Expenditure<br />
1 Water Supply 0.11 0.92 5.40 5.57 17.61 20.72 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21<br />
2 Road Construction 2.64 23.87 26.26 29.96 46.74 38.56 59.75 60.80 61.84 63.81<br />
3 Stadium & Swimming pool Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
4 Drainage work for small localities 0.10 0.76 0.74 0.75 0.50 1.41 1.08 1.01 0.94 0.89<br />
5 Other/Misc. 0.45 3.63 3.57 3.63 10.13 9.93 5.45 5.12 4.80 4.55<br />
6<br />
Recommendation work for all ward<br />
members 2.04 17.09 17.45 18.46 8.64 11.38 33.50 32.86 32.20 30.54<br />
7 Expenditure under JNNURM 92.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
8 Repayment of Loan 2.36 53.72 46.58 41.63 16.38 18.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Total- Capital Expenditure 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Annexure 10: Ujjain City Development Plan– Schedules to FOP<br />
Particular (Receipts) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11<br />
Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Est. Rs. Lakh<br />
Income from Municipal<br />
A Taxes<br />
1<br />
Conservancy/ Light/ Fire<br />
Tax 63.05 67.28 81.99 88.17 96.47 111.51 122 265.00 296.8 332.42 372.31<br />
2 Property Tax 148.94 165.10 205.89 223.24 245.58 315.04 335.00 400.00 460.00 529.00 608.35<br />
3 Water Tax 492.01 462.68 356.51 314.44 298.50 378.28 435.02 559.61 789.42 926.63 1068.35<br />
4 Development Tax 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
5 Cinema Tax 3.21 2.77 2.13 0.01 0.93 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.16<br />
Tax under Special Rule<br />
6 (education cess) 0.00 4.93 6.85 7.71 9.00 11.07 15.00 30.00 35.27 41.46 48.74<br />
7 Service Fees 2.15 5.86 0.00 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
8 Income from Entry Tax 0.78 0.60 0.39 0.50 0.45 0.34 0.20 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50<br />
Sub Total -1 710.14 709.22 653.76 634.79 650.93 817.18 908.22 1256.11 1583.04 1831.11 2099.40<br />
Income from Municipal<br />
B1 Properties<br />
1<br />
Lease Income from<br />
Municipal Land 1.73 1.39 1.76 0.26 2.05 2.05 2.00 3.00 3.15 3.31 3.47<br />
2 Truck Terminus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
3 Income fromGardens 1.53 0.62 1.75 0.43 1.40 1.22 0.50 2.00 2.10 2.21 2.32<br />
4<br />
Income from Swimming<br />
Pools 4.05 4.00 1.69 3.97 3.76 5.04 5.00 5.00 5.25 5.51 5.79<br />
5 Rent on Community Halls 0.96 0.84 0.89 1.63 0.69 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.02 1.18 1.35<br />
6<br />
Hiring of Equipments (<br />
health Workshop<br />
Firebrigade) 1.55 2.31 0.66 0.46 0.47 0.56 0.42 2.70 2.84 2.98 3.13<br />
7 Shops and Stadiums 22.29 14.73 18.54 17.84 19.51 29.92 25.00 40.00 44.00 48.40 53.24<br />
8 Premiums on shops 0.61 13.82 17.49 8.46 4.82 0.55 3.25 5.00 5.25 5.51 5.79<br />
9 Income from lodges 11.88 3.47 10.81 12.35 9.17 5.84 4.00 12.00 13.20 14.52 15.97<br />
10 Gumtian 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Sub Total -2 44.60 41.18 53.59 45.40 41.87 45.18 40.17 70.70 76.81 83.61 91.06<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particular (Receipts) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11<br />
B2 Income from Markets<br />
1 Market Rent 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0<br />
2 Daily Market Sitting 74.66 79.81 70.16 69.12 56.86 87.56 80.00 80.00 88.00 96.80 106.48<br />
Sub Total -3 74.66 79.81 70.16 69.12 56.86 87.56 80.00 80.00 88.00 96.80 106.48<br />
C1 License Income 114.52<br />
1 Income from License 84.87 57.11 66.60 119.22 84.43 32.86 36.93 41.80 43.89 46.08 48.39<br />
2 Income from Excise 34.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Sub Total -4 119.37 57.11 66.60 119.22 84.43 32.86 36.93 41.80 43.89 46.08 48.39<br />
C2 Income from Advertising<br />
1 Advertising Hoarding 2.48 1.66 2.17 4.88 4.26 2.23 1.50 10.00 11.00 12.10 13.31<br />
Sub Total -5 2.48 1.66 2.17 4.88 4.26 2.23 1.50 10.00 11.00 12.10 13.31<br />
Income from Map<br />
C3 Sanctioning etc<br />
1 Map Sanctioning 12.84 13.89 19.80 21.15 24.25 40.03 45.00 60.00 75.00 93.75 117.19<br />
2 Compounding 12.48 11.63 14.40 15.21 17.26 61.21 45.00 80.00 100.00 125.00 156.25<br />
3 Colony Development 0.71 0.21 3.24 3.56 0.00 6.22 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.50 66.55<br />
Sub Total -6 26.03 25.73 37.44 39.92 41.51 107.46 135.00 190.00 230.00 279.25 339.99<br />
C4 Miscellaneous Income<br />
1 Income from Encroachment 34.46 50.26 33.78 30.87 21.16 0.00 23.28 25.60 28.16 30.98 34.08<br />
2 Other Income 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
3<br />
Penalty income under<br />
Municipal Corporation Act 0.48 0.66 0.32 4.51 5.76 7.66 6.40 6.00 6.30 6.62 6.95<br />
4<br />
Income from Auction<br />
Saving 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
5 Income From Form Selling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.85 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.16<br />
6 Ration Card Income 0.35 0.31 0.20 0.23 0.17 0.21 2.50 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06<br />
7 Road Cutting Charges 26.21 11.87 39.78 3.12 16.09 3.14 4.25 24.00 24.00 24.00 24.00<br />
8<br />
Income from Slaughter<br />
Houses 1.33 0.97 0.89 0.81 0.66 0.71 0.75 1.50 1.53 1.56 1.59<br />
9 Bank Interest 49.54 1.13 25.97 20.80 8.72 22.95 46.45 21.50 23.01 24.62 26.34<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Sub Total-7 112.37 65.20 100.94 60.34 52.56 35.48 84.48 80.60 85.07 89.91 95.17<br />
Particular (Receipts) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11<br />
Government Loans,<br />
D1+D2 Transfers and Grants<br />
1 Octroi Compensation 913.60 889.20 1227.34 843.28 1170.43 1354.30 1350.00 1696.00 1865.60 2052.16 2257.38<br />
2<br />
Passenger Tax<br />
Compensation 168.17 154.51 165.60 238.34 202.53 214.94 350.00 350.00 385.00 423.50 465.85<br />
3 Stamp Duty 45.73 39.98 12.83 54.60 64.80 170.34 137.55 150.00 172.50 198.38 228.13<br />
4<br />
State Finance Commission<br />
Grant 229.96 66.04 81.51 266.80 41.53 340.96 150.00 200.00 230.00 264.50 304.18<br />
5<br />
Road Construction &<br />
Maintenance 93.39 82.35 170.53 154.27 149.74 113.97 233.06 250.00 275.00 302.50 332.75<br />
6<br />
Slum Area Improvement &<br />
Development 56.15 36.65 22.49 0.00 56.77 80.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
7 Basic Services Planning 0.00 0.00 0.00 63.96 403.76 356.47 460.00 529.36 608.76 700.08 805.09<br />
8 Water Supply Planning 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
9<br />
PHED- WTP/ Intake<br />
Maintenance 248.48 150.46 179.72 196.99 325.63 175.41 184.18 193.39 203.06 213.21 223.87<br />
10 Income for W/S Scheme 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Other Grants/Singhastha<br />
11<br />
2004/M.P.&,M.L.A.(Pavitra<br />
Nagrai Vikas) 0.00 13.25 902.50 3590.86 1502.75 565.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
12 Receipts under JNNURM<br />
- Receipt from GoI 2478.90 16301.94 23280.79 22206.19 25895.37<br />
- Receipt from GoMP 309.86 2037.74 2910.10 2775.77 3236.92<br />
13 Loan for JNNURM from FI 92.96 611.32 873.03 832.73 971.08<br />
Sub Total -8 1755.48 1432.44 2762.52 5409.10 3917.94 3372.68 5870.28 22443.51 30940.94 29974.72 34570.69<br />
Total Receipts 2845.13 2412.35 3747.18 6382.77 4850.36 4500.63 7032.81 24048.97 32921.65 32407.89 37514.41<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Receipts) 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21<br />
Rs. Lakh<br />
A Income from Municipal Taxes<br />
Conservancy/ Light/ Fire<br />
Tax 416.98 467.02 523.06 585.83 656.13 734.87 823.05 921.82 1032.43 1156.33<br />
1<br />
2 Property Tax 699.60 804.54 925.22 1064.01 1170.41 1287.45 1416.19 1557.81 1713.60 1884.95<br />
3 Water Tax 1412.88 1437.32 1462.19 1487.48 1513.21 2001.21 2035.83 2071.05 2106.88 2143.33<br />
4 Development Tax 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
5 Cinema Tax 1.22 1.28 1.34 1.41 1.48 1.55 1.63 1.71 1.80 1.89<br />
Tax under Special Rule<br />
(education cess) 57.30 67.36 79.19 93.10 109.45 128.67 151.26 177.82 209.05 245.76<br />
6<br />
7 Service Fees 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
8 Income from Entry Tax 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50<br />
Sub Total -1 2588.48 2778.02 2991.50 3232.32 3451.18 4154.24 4428.46 4730.71 5064.25 5432.75<br />
Income from Municipal<br />
B1 Properties<br />
1<br />
Lease Income from<br />
Municipal Land 3.65 3.83 4.02 4.22 4.43 4.65 4.89 5.13 5.39 5.66<br />
2 Truck Terminus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
3 Income fromGardens 2.43 2.55 2.68 2.81 2.95 3.10 3.26 3.42 3.59 3.77<br />
4<br />
Income from Swimming<br />
Pools 6.08 6.38 6.70 7.04 7.39 7.76 8.14 8.55 8.98 9.43<br />
5 Rent on Community Halls 1.56 1.79 2.06 2.37 2.60 2.86 3.15 3.47 3.81 4.19<br />
6<br />
Hiring of Equipments (<br />
health Workshop<br />
Firebrigade) 3.28 3.45 3.62 3.80 4.18 4.60 5.06 5.56 6.12 6.73<br />
7 Shops and Stadiums 58.56 64.42 70.86 77.95 89.64 103.09 118.55 136.33 156.78 180.30<br />
8 Premiums on shops 6.08 6.38 6.70 7.04 7.39 7.76 8.14 8.55 8.98 9.88<br />
9 Income from lodges 17.57 19.33 21.26 23.38 25.72 28.30 31.12 34.24 37.66 41.43<br />
10 Gumtian 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Sub Total -2 99.20 108.13 117.90 128.61 144.31 162.11 182.32 205.25 231.31 261.39<br />
B2 Income from Markets<br />
1 Market Rent 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
2 Daily Market Sitting 117.13 128.84 141.72 155.90 171.49 188.64 207.50 228.25 251.07 276.18<br />
Sub Total -3 117.13 128.84 141.72 155.90 171.49 188.64 207.50 228.25 251.07 276.18<br />
Particulars (Receipts) 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21<br />
C1 License Income<br />
1 Income from License 50.81 53.35 56.02 58.82 67.64 77.79 89.45 102.87 118.30 147.88<br />
2 Income from Excise 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Sub Total -4 50.81 53.35 56.02 58.82 67.64 77.79 89.45 102.87 118.30 147.88<br />
C2 Income from Advertising<br />
1 Advertising Hoarding 14.64 16.11 17.72 19.49 22.41 25.77 29.64 34.08 39.20 45.08<br />
Sub Total -5 14.64 16.11 17.72 19.49 22.41 25.77 29.64 34.08 39.20 45.08<br />
Income from Map<br />
C3 Sanctioning etc<br />
1 Map Sanctioning 146.48 183.11 228.88 286.10 329.02 378.37 435.13 500.39 575.45 633.00<br />
2 Compounding 195.31 244.14 305.18 381.47 419.62 461.58 507.74 558.51 614.36 675.80<br />
3 Colony Development 73.21 80.53 88.58 97.44 102.31 107.42 112.79 118.43 124.36 130.57<br />
Sub Total -6 415.00 507.77 622.64 765.01 850.94 947.37 1055.66 1177.34 1314.17 1439.37<br />
C4 Miscellaneous Income<br />
1 Income from Encroachment 37.49 41.23 45.36 49.89 54.88 60.37 66.41 73.05 80.36 88.39<br />
2 Other Income 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
3<br />
Penalty income under<br />
Municipal Corporation Act 7.29 7.66 8.04 8.44 8.86 9.31 9.77 10.26 10.78 11.31<br />
4<br />
Income from Auction<br />
Saving 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
5 Income From Form Selling 1.22 1.28 1.34 1.41 1.48 1.55 1.63 1.71 1.80 1.89<br />
6 Ration Card Income 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.29<br />
7 Road Cutting Charges 24.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 25.20 26.46 27.78 29.17 30.63 32.16<br />
8<br />
Income from Slaughter<br />
Houses 1.62 1.66 1.69 1.72 1.76 1.79 1.83 1.87 1.90 1.94<br />
9 Bank Interest 28.18 30.15 32.27 34.52 36.94 39.53 42.29 45.25 48.42 51.81<br />
Sub Total-7 100.88 107.08 113.82 121.14 130.30 140.21 150.94 162.56 175.15 188.80<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Receipts) 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21<br />
Government Loans,<br />
D1+D2 Transfers and Grants<br />
1 Octroi Compensation 2483.11 2731.42 3004.57 3305.02 3635.53 3999.08 4398.99 4838.89 5322.77 5855.05<br />
2<br />
Passenger Tax<br />
Compensation 512.44 563.68 620.05 682.05 716.15 751.96 789.56 829.04 870.49 914.01<br />
3 Stamp Duty 262.35 301.70 346.96 399.00 418.95 439.90 461.90 484.99 509.24 534.70<br />
4<br />
State Finance Commission<br />
Grant 349.80 402.27 462.61 532.00 585.20 643.72 708.10 778.91 856.80 899.64<br />
5<br />
Road Construction &<br />
Maintenance 366.03 402.63 442.89 487.18 535.90 589.49 648.44 713.28 784.61 823.84<br />
6<br />
Slum Area Improvement &<br />
Development 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
7 Basic Services Planning 925.85 1064.73 1224.44 1408.11 1478.51 1552.44 1630.06 1711.56 1797.14 1887.00<br />
8 Water Supply Planning 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
9<br />
PHED- WTP/ Intake<br />
Maintenance 235.07 246.82 259.16 272.12 285.72 300.01 285.72 300.01 315.01 330.76<br />
10 Income for W/S Scheme 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Other Grants/Singhastha<br />
11<br />
2004/M.P.&,M.L.A.(Pavitra<br />
Nagrai Vikas) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3770.40 1577.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
12 Receipts under JNNURM<br />
- Receipt from GoI 10646.32 0 0.00 0.00 300.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
- Receipt from GoMP 1330.79 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
13 Loan for JNNURM from FI 399.24<br />
Sub Total -8 17510.99 5713.26 6360.68 7085.49 11726.38 9854.49 8922.76 9656.67 10456.06 11245.00<br />
Total Receipts 20897.14 9412.56 10421.99 11566.77 16564.64 15550.62 15066.72 16297.74 17649.52 19036.44<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Expenditure) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11<br />
E1 Establishment and Salaries<br />
1 General Administration 103.31 112.67 116.02 96.71 108.24 114.23 116.51 118.84 121.22 123.65 126.12<br />
2 Revenue 66.62 70.78 74.31 64.73 75.73 77.12 80.98 85.02 89.28 93.74 98.43<br />
3 Fire Services 30.63 34.76 34.41 38.50 39.66 41.29 43.35 45.52 47.80 50.19 52.70<br />
4 Lighting 6.26 6.87 7.95 8.37 8.62 8.89 9.51 10.18 10.89 11.65 12.47<br />
5 Water Works 377.10 385.97 385.15 416.54 444.08 488.40 522.59 559.17 598.31 640.19 685.01<br />
6 Health 408.56 415.39 298.30 493.11 552.71 598.23 646.09 697.78 753.60 813.89 879.00<br />
7 Market 50.00 51.00 52.00 55.64 63.70 64.21 68.70 73.51 78.66 84.17 90.06<br />
8 Dharamshalla 6.74 8.21 9.14 9.17 9.45 9.61 10.38 11.21 12.11 13.07 14.12<br />
9 Garden 34.81 36.84 41.72 33.24 44.85 45.21 48.83 52.73 56.95 61.51 66.43<br />
10 Public Works Department 51.59 55.94 64.21 55.50 70.50 73.58 79.47 85.82 92.69 100.10 108.11<br />
11 Workshop & Stores 10.40 10.74 12.07 14.48 14.91 15.13 16.34 17.65 19.06 20.58 22.23<br />
12 Public Education 7.79 8.14 7.87 7.45 7.67 7.87 8.26 8.68 9.11 9.57 10.04<br />
13 Labour 38.77 49.02 49.55 50.54 58.72 60.23 66.25 72.88 80.17 88.18 97.00<br />
14<br />
Payment of Employee Pension<br />
& Gratuity 151.84 205.28 263.81 207.75 222.40 287.07 308.60 331.75 356.63 383.37 412.13<br />
15<br />
Difference of 5th Pay<br />
Commission 0.00 169.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Sub Total -1 1344.42 1620.93 1416.51 1551.73 1721.24 1891.07 2025.87 2170.74 2326.46 2493.86 2673.84<br />
E2 Office Expenditure<br />
1 Printing & Stationery 15.28 11.55 19.86 24.72 10.49 9.76 10.25 10.76 11.30 11.86 12.46<br />
2<br />
Public Relations & Magazine<br />
Printing/( Sinhanstha 2004) 11.91 19.42 19.55 30.06 86.18 64.21 21.51 23.66 26.02 28.62 31.49<br />
3 Court Expenditure 1.20 0.98 0.66 0.57 0.37 1.22 1.28 1.35 1.41 1.48 1.56<br />
4 Welcome Expenditure 1.11 1.21 2.05 2.63 2.39 3.04 3.34 3.68 4.05 4.45 4.90<br />
5<br />
TA and Medical<br />
Reimbursement 0.13 0.08 0.71 1.57 0.24 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.35<br />
6 Building Electricity Billing 18.15 20.56 21.08 26.79 26.47 27.22 29.94 32.94 36.23 39.85 43.84<br />
7<br />
Renovation & Modernization<br />
of Departments 1.00 2.00 2.10 4.00 5.00 36.26 5.50 6.05 6.66 7.32 8.05<br />
8 Zonal Office Modernization 0.75 1.60 0.38 2.50 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.75 3.03 3.33<br />
Sub Total -2 49.53 57.40 66.39 92.84 135.14 141.93 72.06 78.69 88.71 96.94 105.97<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Expenditure) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11<br />
F1 Lighting Department<br />
1 Street Lighting Bills 116.37 141.00 184.65 215.30 232.67 247.78 309.73 387.16 483.95 604.93 756.16<br />
2 Payable of Lighting Liabilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Sub Total -3 116.37 141.00 184.65 215.30 232.67 247.78 309.73 387.16 483.95 604.93 756.16<br />
F2 Water Works<br />
1 MPSEB Bills for Electricity 320.94 281.56 405.69 378.89 341.92 357.41 375.28 394.04 413.75 434.43 456.16<br />
2<br />
City Water Distribution<br />
Arrangement<br />
Temporary Water Distribution<br />
3 (Tubewells, etc.)<br />
412.18 371.06 333.25 211.59 295.85 177.27 186.13 195.44 205.21 215.47 226.25<br />
4 Maintenance of WTP<br />
5 Maintenance of Pump Houses<br />
Increase in O&M owing to<br />
6 augmentation<br />
0.00 0.00 0.00 79.98<br />
Sub Total -4 733.12 652.62 738.94 590.48 637.77 534.68 561.41 589.48 618.96 649.91 762.39<br />
F3 Health<br />
1<br />
Casual Expenditure/ Singhstha<br />
2004 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.82 309.26 163.47 0.00 200.00 25.00 26.25 27.56<br />
2<br />
Purchase of Medicine for<br />
Hospital 1.15 0.38 0.71 2.30 0.46 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48<br />
3<br />
Expenses on Clearing &<br />
Dusting 3.79 6.18 6.33 10.24 5.66 2.97 3.19 3.43 3.69 3.97 4.26<br />
4 Expenses on Clearing Contract 83.25 66.64 96.45 109.05 120.98 3.32 3.49 3.66 3.84 4.04 4.24<br />
Sub Total -5 88.19 73.20 103.49 127.41 436.36 170.14 7.08 207.51 32.97 34.71 36.55<br />
F3 Gardening<br />
1<br />
Expenses on Garden<br />
Maintenance 4.90 6.55 10.82 17.92 19.59 12.95 14.89 17.13 19.70 22.65 26.05<br />
Sub Total -6 4.90 6.55 10.82 17.92 19.59 12.95 14.89 17.13 19.70 22.65 26.05<br />
F4 Public Works Department<br />
1 Road Repairs<br />
Existing Exp 33.27 23.52 12.88 21.12 11.19 16.77 116.13 127.75 140.52 154.58 170.03<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Expenditure) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11<br />
Incremental from projects 56.54<br />
Repairs of Public<br />
2 Conveniences 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.07 1.18 1.29 1.42 1.57 1.72<br />
3 Drainage Work 27.64 12.40 22.77 41.61 18.06 20.92 21.34 21.77 22.20 22.64 23.10<br />
4 Bridge Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
5<br />
Dustbin Construction &<br />
Repairing 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.55 0.06 5.78 6.07 6.37 6.69 7.03 7.38<br />
6<br />
Maintenance of Ponds &<br />
Wells 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.40 0.42<br />
7 Maintenanceof Markets 0.25 0.44 0.45 0.55 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.10 1.21 1.33<br />
8 Parking & Traffic Signals 0.49 0.10 0.00 0.63 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.69 0.76 0.84<br />
9<br />
Stadium & Community<br />
Maintenance 3.57 4.46 5.61 5.17 3.93 2.57 2.83 3.11 3.42 3.76 4.14<br />
10<br />
Maintenance of swimming<br />
pools 1.42 2.69 0.66 7.91 1.25 1.50 1.58 1.65 1.74 1.82 1.91<br />
11 Liabilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
12 Solid Waste Management 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
13 Sewerage 0.00 0.00 104.74 164.96<br />
Strom Water Drainage<br />
14 augmentation 29.00<br />
15 Heritage 304.88<br />
Sub Total -7 67.00 43.61 43.34 77.54 35.74 48.61 149.12 161.94 178.17 298.50 766.25<br />
F5 Workshop<br />
1<br />
Mainatenance of<br />
vehicle/vehicle<br />
repairs(B135+B140) 15.74 16.04 39.88 34.93 20.57 11.33 12.46 13.71 15.08 16.59 18.25<br />
2 Material Purchase 2.11 0.60 4.86 4.46 6.19 5.90 6.20 6.50 6.83 7.17 7.53<br />
Sub Total -8 17.85 16.64 44.74 39.39 26.76 17.23 18.66 20.21 21.91 23.76 25.78<br />
F6 Stores<br />
1 Purchase of diesel/ oil 55.28 58.92 83.30 85.74 120.21 135.97 156.37 179.82 206.79 237.81 273.48<br />
2 Liabilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Sub Total -9 55.28 58.92 83.30 85.74 120.21 135.97 156.37 179.82 206.79 237.81 273.48<br />
F7 Miscellaneous Expenditure<br />
1<br />
Miscellaneous Revenue<br />
expenditure 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.73 0.74 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.81<br />
2 Expenditure on Municipal 0.04 0.00 0.36 0.01 0.96 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.01 1.06 1.11<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Expenditure) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11<br />
Elections<br />
3 Fire Casualty 17.08 2.13 6.51 10.58 86.74 2.95 3.10 3.25 3.41 3.59 3.77<br />
4 Expenses on Stray Animals 0.18 0.36 0.00 1.65 1.81 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01<br />
5 Public Education 1.38 2.30 1.21 0.63 1.31 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.31 0.36<br />
6 School Rent 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
7 Sport Activities 0.67 0.18 2.64 1.41 0.40 10.12 11.13 12.25 13.47 14.82 16.30<br />
8<br />
Deduction of Employees GPF<br />
& workers Society payment 40.03 51.41 62.71 74.01 85.31 75.37 86.68 99.68 114.63 131.82 151.60<br />
9<br />
Consultancy for Planning<br />
Assignments 0.08 0.19 1.20 1.93 0.52 1.92 2.11 2.32 2.56 2.81 3.09<br />
Sub Total -10 59.46 56.57 74.63 90.22 177.05 92.15 104.89 119.47 136.14 155.21 177.04<br />
G Capital Expenditure<br />
New pipelines 32.01 85.81 41.19 189.73 2.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 11.50 13.23<br />
WS Project/(Singhstha 2004) 0.00 0.00 172.66 607.18 780.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
New Tubewells and<br />
handpumps 0.00 51.70 52.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Road Constructions 13.12 8.60 40.55 87.88 46.22 107.78 129.34 155.20 186.24 223.49 268.19<br />
Construction of main roads /<br />
Singhstha 2004 0.00 0.00 42.59 1534.12 789.34 33.47 36.82 40.50 44.55 49.00 53.90<br />
Stadium and Swimming pool<br />
construction/refurbishment 18.00 10.00<br />
Drainage for Small Localities 50.90 27.30 0.00 22.49 53.13 10.26 10.77 11.31 11.88 12.47 13.09<br />
Purchase of Electric Items<br />
(Singhstha 2004) 11.17 12.00 21.27 196.10 179.35 29.81 31.30 32.87 34.51 36.23 38.05<br />
Vehicle Purchase (Singhastaha<br />
2004) 0.00 0.00 0.00 197.28 138.16 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10<br />
Gardens and Entertainment<br />
Parks 1.39 8.32 20.36 10.46 7.89 4.13 4.54 5.00 5.50 6.05 6.65<br />
Plantation & environmental<br />
Development 0.52 0.15 1.35 3.40 0.00 0.99 1.04 1.09 1.15 1.20 1.26<br />
Market Development 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.37 8.79 9.23 9.69 10.17 10.68<br />
Development of Ponds 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.20<br />
Community Halls, Library,<br />
etc. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Slaughter Houses 1.51 1.60 1.64 2.35 2.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.72 1.81 1.90<br />
Bridges 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Public Convenience 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Expenditure) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11<br />
Construction<br />
Development of Graveyards 3.16 0.00 2.46 3.68 1.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.11 2.32 2.56<br />
Recommendation work for all<br />
ward members 50.05 96.67 93.37 178.44 183.18 165.92 182.51 200.76 220.84 242.92 267.22<br />
Expenditure for Projects under<br />
JNNURM 3098.63 20377.4 29101.0 27757.74 32369.2<br />
Repayment of Loan 8.37 63.39 141.96 216.90 304.30<br />
Sub Total -11 118.70 146.04 140.45 614.20 566.30 219.74 3346.22 20701.3 29530.6 28288.12 33015.2<br />
Total- Expenditure 2654.82 2873.48 2907.26 3502.77 4108.83 3512.25 6766.30 24633.5 33644.3 32906.42 38618.7<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Expenditure) 2011-12 2012-<br />
13<br />
2013-<br />
14<br />
2014-<br />
15<br />
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21<br />
Rs. Lakh<br />
E1 Establishment and Salaries<br />
1 General Administration 128.64 131.21 133.84 136.52 139.25 142.03 144.87 147.77 150.72 153.74<br />
2 Revenue 103.35 108.52 113.94 119.64 125.62 131.90 138.50 145.42 152.69 160.33<br />
3 Fire Services 55.33 58.10 61.00 64.05 67.26 70.62 74.15 77.86 81.75 85.84<br />
4 Lighting 13.34 14.28 15.27 16.34 17.16 18.02 18.92 19.87 20.86 21.90<br />
5 Water Works 732.96 784.26 839.16 897.90 942.80 989.94 1039.44 1091.41 1145.98 1180.36<br />
6 Health 949.32 1025.26 1107.28 1195.86 1255.66 1318.44 1384.36 1453.58 1526.26 1602.57<br />
7 Market 96.36 103.11 110.32 118.05 123.95 130.15 136.65 143.49 150.66 155.18<br />
8 Dharamshalla 15.25 16.47 17.79 19.21 20.17 21.18 22.24 23.35 24.52 25.25<br />
9 Garden 71.74 77.48 83.68 90.37 94.89 99.64 104.62 109.85 115.34 121.11<br />
10 Public Works Department 116.76 126.10 136.19 147.09 154.44 162.16 170.27 178.78 187.72 197.11<br />
11 Workshop & Stores 24.01 25.93 28.00 30.24 32.36 34.63 37.05 39.64 42.42 44.54<br />
12 Public Education 10.55 11.07 11.63 12.21 12.82 13.46 14.13 14.84 15.58 16.36<br />
13 Labour 106.70 117.37 129.11 142.02 156.22 171.84 189.03 207.93 228.72 251.60<br />
14<br />
15<br />
Payment of Employee<br />
Pension & Gratuity 443.04 476.26 511.98 550.38 588.91 630.13 674.24 721.44 771.94 810.54<br />
Difference of 5th Pay<br />
Commission 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Sub Total -1 2867.35 3075.43 3299.21 3539.89 3731.51 3934.14 4148.48 4375.23 4615.18 4826.43<br />
E2 Office Expenditure<br />
1 Priniting & Stationery 13.08 13.73 14.42 15.14 15.90 16.69 17.53 18.40 19.32 20.29<br />
2<br />
Public Relations &<br />
Magazine Priniting/(<br />
Singhstha 2004) 34.63 38.10 41.91 46.10 34.57 99.11 48.40 50.82 53.36 56.03<br />
3 Court Expenditure 1.63 1.72 1.80 1.89 1.99 2.09 2.19 2.30 2.42 2.54<br />
4 Welcome Expenditure 5.39 5.92 6.52 7.17 7.88 8.67 9.54 10.49 11.54 12.12<br />
5<br />
TA and Medical<br />
Reimbursement 0.39 0.43 0.47 0.52 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.76 0.84 0.92<br />
6 Building Electricity Billing 48.22 53.04 58.35 64.18 68.68 73.48 78.63 84.13 90.02 96.32<br />
7<br />
Renovation &<br />
Modernisation 8.86 9.74 10.72 11.79 12.97 14.27 15.69 17.26 18.99 20.89<br />
8 Zonal Office Modernisatn 3.66 4.03 4.43 4.87 5.36 5.89 6.48 7.13 7.85 8.63<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Expenditure) 2011-12 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21<br />
13 14 15<br />
Sub Total -2 115.86 126.71 138.61 151.66 147.91 220.83 179.16 191.31 204.34 217.74<br />
F1 Lighting Department<br />
1 Street Lighting Bills 945.21 1181.51 1476.88 1846.10 2215.33 2658.39 3190.07 3828.08 4593.70 5512.44<br />
2<br />
Payable of Lighting<br />
Liabilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Sub Total -3 945.21 1181.51 1476.88 1846.10 2215.33 2658.39 3190.07 3828.08 4593.70 5512.44<br />
F2 Water Works<br />
1 MPSEB Bills for Electricity 478.96 502.91 528.06 554.46 582.18 611.29 641.86 673.95 707.65 743.03<br />
2<br />
City Water Distribution<br />
Arrangement<br />
Temporary Water<br />
3 Distribution (Tube well etc.)<br />
237.56 249.44 261.91 275.00 288.75 303.19 318.35 334.27 350.98 368.53<br />
4 Maintenance of WTP<br />
5 Maintenance of Pump Hses<br />
Increase in O&M owing to<br />
6 augmentation<br />
83.98 88.18 92.59 97.22 102.08 107.19 112.55 118.17 124.08 130.29<br />
Sub Total -4 800.51 840.53 882.56 926.69 973.02 1021.67 1072.76 1126.39 1182.71 1241.85<br />
F3 Health<br />
1<br />
Casual Expenditure/<br />
Singhstha 2004 28.94 30.39 31.91 33.50 6.40 340.19 85.82 45.06 23.65 23.65<br />
2<br />
Purchase of Medicine for<br />
Hospital 0.51 0.53 0.56 0.59 0.62 0.65 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.79<br />
3<br />
Expenses on Clearing &<br />
Dusting 4.58 4.93 5.30 5.69 11.01 6.08 5.98 6.28 6.59 6.92<br />
4<br />
Expenses on Clearing<br />
Contract 4.45 4.67 4.91 5.15 117.23 130.05 5.41 5.68 5.96 6.26<br />
Sub Total -5 38.48 40.52 42.67 44.94 135.26 476.97 97.89 57.73 36.96 37.63<br />
F3 Gardening<br />
1<br />
Expenses on Garden<br />
Maintenance 29.95 34.45 39.61 45.56 21.86 23.90 47.83 50.23 52.74 55.37<br />
Sub Total -6 29.95 34.45 39.61 45.56 21.86 23.90 47.83 50.23 52.74 55.37<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Expenditure) 2011-12 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21<br />
13 14 15<br />
F4 Public Works Department<br />
1 Road Repairs<br />
Existing Exp 187.04 205.74 226.31 248.94 266.37 285.02 304.97 326.32 349.16 373.60<br />
Incremental from projects 118.74 124.68 130.91 137.46 445.31 467.57 159.12 167.08 175.43 184.20<br />
2<br />
Repairs of Public<br />
Conveniences 1.90 2.09 2.29 2.52 2.70 2.89 3.09 3.31 3.54 3.79<br />
3 Drainage Work 23.56 24.03 24.51 25.00 45.77 19.87 26.25 27.56 28.94 30.39<br />
4 Bridge Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
5<br />
Dustbin Construction &<br />
Repairing 7.75 8.13 8.54 8.97 9.42 9.89 10.38 10.90 11.44 12.02<br />
6<br />
Maintenance of Ponds &<br />
Wells 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.51 0.53 0.56 0.59 0.62 0.65 0.68<br />
7 Maintenanceof Markets 1.46 1.61 1.77 1.95 2.14 2.36 2.59 2.85 3.14 3.30<br />
8 Parking & Traffic Signals 0.92 1.01 1.12 1.23 1.29 1.35 1.42 1.49 1.57 1.65<br />
9<br />
Stadium & Community<br />
Maintenance 4.55 5.01 5.51 6.06 5.95 4.52 6.36 6.68 7.02 7.37<br />
10<br />
Maintenance of swimming<br />
pools 2.01 2.11 2.22 2.33 8.70 1.38 1.44 1.52 1.59 1.67<br />
11 Liabilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
12 Solid Waste Management 155.67 152.48 148.02 142.13 134.63 113.33 112.99 111.74 109.42 105.86<br />
13 Sewerage 230.95 242.49 254.62 267.35 294.08 287.40 308.96 332.13 357.04 383.81<br />
14<br />
Strom Water Drainage<br />
augmentation 31.14 33.40 35.79 38.32 87.20 272.67 47.05 49.40 51.87 54.46<br />
15 Heritage 320.13 336.13 352.94 370.59 389.12 408.57 429.00 450.45 472.97 496.62<br />
Sub Total -7 1086.25 1139.37 1195.04 1253.35 1693.20 1877.37 1414.22 1492.04 1573.78 1659.41<br />
F5 Workshop<br />
1<br />
Mainatenance of<br />
vehicle/vehicle<br />
repairs(B135+B140) 20.07 22.08 24.29 26.72 40.17 23.66 28.05 29.45 30.93 32.47<br />
2 Material Purchase 7.91 8.30 8.72 9.15 9.61 10.09 10.60 11.13 11.68 12.27<br />
Sub Total -8 27.98 30.38 33.00 35.87 49.78 33.75 38.65 40.58 42.61 44.74<br />
F6 Stores<br />
1 Purchase of diesel/ oil 314.51 361.68 415.94 478.33 526.16 552.47 580.09 609.09 639.55 671.53<br />
2 Liabilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Sub Total -9 314.51 361.68 415.94 478.33 526.16 552.47 580.09 609.09 639.55 671.53<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Expenditure) 2011-12 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21<br />
13 14 15<br />
F7 Miscellaneous Expenditure<br />
1<br />
Miscellaneous Revenue<br />
expenditure 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.98<br />
2<br />
Expenditure on Municipal<br />
Elections 1.17 1.22 1.29 1.35 1.42 1.49 1.56 1.64 1.72 1.81<br />
3 Fire Casualty 3.95 4.15 4.36 4.58 11.64 95.41 4.81 5.05 5.30 5.56<br />
4 Expenses on Stray Animals 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02<br />
5 Public Education 0.42 0.48 0.55 0.63 0.70 0.77 0.84 0.93 1.02 1.07<br />
6 School Rent 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
7 Sport Activities 17.93 19.72 21.69 23.86 26.25 28.87 31.76 34.94 38.43 42.27<br />
8<br />
Deduction of Employees<br />
GPF & workers Society<br />
payment 174.34 200.49 230.56 265.14 291.66 320.82 352.90 388.19 427.01 469.72<br />
9<br />
Consultancy for Planning<br />
Assignments 3.40 3.74 4.12 4.53 4.98 5.48 6.03 6.63 7.29 8.02<br />
Sub Total -10 202.04 230.65 263.43 300.98 337.54 453.77 398.85 438.34 481.76 529.46<br />
G Capital Expenditure<br />
New pipelines 15.21 17.49 20.11 23.13 208.70 3.15 3.46 3.81 4.19 4.61<br />
WS Project/(Singhstha<br />
2004) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 667.90 858.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
New Tubewells and<br />
handpumps 0.00 0.00 90.00 95.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Road Constructions 321.83 386.20 463.43 556.12 639.54 735.47 845.79 972.66 1118.56 1286.34<br />
Construction of main roads /<br />
Singhstha 2004 59.29 65.22 71.75 78.92 1687.53 868.27 82.87 87.01 91.36 95.93<br />
Stadium and Swimming pool<br />
construction/refurbishment<br />
Drainage for Small<br />
Localities 13.75 14.44 15.16 15.92 24.74 58.44 16.71 17.55 18.43 19.35<br />
Purchase of Electric Items<br />
(Singhstha 2004) 39.95 41.95 44.04 46.25 225.52 206.25 48.56 50.99 53.53 56.21<br />
Vehicle Purchase<br />
(Singhastaha 2004) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 246.60 172.70 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12<br />
Gardens and Entertainment<br />
Parks 7.32 8.05 8.85 9.74 10.23 10.74 11.27 11.84 12.43 13.05<br />
Plantation & environmental<br />
Development 1.33 1.39 1.46 1.54 1.61 1.69 1.78 1.87 1.96 2.06<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Expenditure) 2011-12 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21<br />
13 14 15<br />
Market Development 11.22 11.78 12.37 12.98 13.63 14.32 15.03 15.78 16.57 17.40<br />
Development of Ponds 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.32 0.33<br />
Community Halls, Library,<br />
etc. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Slaughter Houses 1.99 2.09 2.20 2.31 2.42 2.54 2.67 2.80 2.95 3.09<br />
Bridges 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Public Convenience<br />
Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Development of Graveyards 2.81 3.09 3.40 3.74 4.12 4.53 4.98 5.48 6.03 6.33<br />
Recommendation work for<br />
= all ward members 293.94 323.33 355.66 391.23 430.35 473.39 520.73 572.80 630.08 661.58<br />
Expenditure for Projects<br />
under JNNURM 13307.90 0.00 0.00 700.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Repayment of Loan 340.23 1016.03 949.19 882.36 815.52 748.68 0.00<br />
Sub Total -11 14020.75 1422.47 1392.68 2066.40 1775.00 1693.56 622.12 679.52 742.41 779.52<br />
Total- Expenditure 20448.87 8483.72 9179.64 10689.8 11606.57 12946.81 11790.10 12888.54 14165.72 15576.10<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Annexure 11: Growth Rate Assumptions for FOP<br />
Particulars (Receipts)<br />
2005-06 to Sinhastha 2015-16 to<br />
2014-15 Years 2019-20<br />
A Income from Municipal Taxes<br />
1 Conservancy/ Light/ Fire Tax 12% 12%<br />
2 Property Tax 15% 10%<br />
3 Water Tax 15% 10%<br />
4 Development Tax 0% 0%<br />
5 Cinema Tax 5% 5%<br />
6 Tax under Special Rule (education cess) 18% 18%<br />
7 Service Fees 0% 0%<br />
8 Income from Entry Tax 0% 0%<br />
B1 Income from Municipal Properties<br />
1 Lease Income from Municipal Land 5% 5%<br />
2 Truck Terminus 0% 0%<br />
3 Income fromGardens 5% 5%<br />
4 Income from Swimming Pools 5% 5%<br />
5 Rent on Community Halls 15% 10%<br />
6 Hiring of Equipments ( health Workshop Firebrigade) 5% 10%<br />
7 Shops and Stadiums 10% 15%<br />
8 Premiums on shops 5% 5%<br />
9 Income from lodges 10% 10%<br />
10 Gumtian 0% 0%<br />
B2 Income from Markets<br />
1 Market Rent 0% 0%<br />
2 Daily Market Sitting 10% 10%<br />
C1 License Income<br />
1 Income from License 5% 15%<br />
2 Income from Excise 0% 0%<br />
C2 Income from Advertising<br />
1 Advertising Hoarding 10% 15%<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
A<br />
Particulars (Receipts)<br />
Income from Municipal Taxes<br />
Sub Total -5<br />
2005-06 to<br />
2014-15<br />
Sinhastha<br />
Years<br />
2015-16 to<br />
2019-20<br />
C3 Income from Map Sanctioning etc<br />
1 Map Sanctioning 25% 15%<br />
2 Compounding 25% 10%<br />
3 Colony Development 10% 5%<br />
C4 Miscellaneous Income<br />
1 Income from Encroachment 10% 10%<br />
2 Other Income 10% 10%<br />
3 Penalty income under Municipal Corporation Act 5% 5%<br />
4 Income from Auction Saving 2% 2%<br />
5 Income From Form Selling 5% 5%<br />
6 Ration Card Income 2% 2%<br />
7 Road Cutting Charges 0% 5%<br />
8 Income from Slaughter Houses 2% 2%<br />
9 Bank Interest 7% 7%<br />
D1+D2 Government Loans, Transfers and Grants<br />
1 Octroi Compensation 10% 10%<br />
2 Passenger Tax Compensation 5% 5%<br />
3 Stamp Duty 10% 10%<br />
4 State Finance Commission Grant 5% 0%<br />
5 Road Construction & Maintenance 5% 0%<br />
6 Slum Area Improvement & Development 5% 5%<br />
7 Basic Services Planning 5% 3%<br />
8 Water Supply Planning 0% 0%<br />
9 PHED- WTP/ Intake Maintenance 5% 10% 3%<br />
10 Income for W/S Scheme 0% 0%<br />
11<br />
Other Grants/Singhastha 2004/M.P.&,M.L.A.(Pavitra Nagrai<br />
Vikas) 0% 5% 0%<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Expenditure)<br />
2005-06 to<br />
2014-15<br />
Sinhstha<br />
Years<br />
2015-16 to<br />
2019-20<br />
2020-21 to<br />
2024-25<br />
E1 Establishment and Salaries<br />
1 General Administration 2% 2% 2%<br />
2 Revenue 5% 5% 5%<br />
3 Fire Services 5% 5% 5%<br />
4 Lighting 7% 5% 5%<br />
5 Water Works 7% 5% 3%<br />
6 Health 8% 5% 5%<br />
7 Market 7% 5% 3%<br />
8 Dharamshalla 8% 5% 3%<br />
9 Garden 8% 5% 5%<br />
10 Public Works Department 8% 5% 5%<br />
11 Workshop & Stores 8% 7% 5%<br />
12 Public Education 5% 5% 5%<br />
13 Labour 10% 10% 10%<br />
14 Payment of Employee Pension & Gratuity 8% 7% 5%<br />
15 Difference of 5th Pay Commission 0% 0% 0%<br />
E2 Office Expenditure<br />
1 Priniting & Stationery 5% 5% 5%<br />
2 Public Relations & Magazine Priniting/( Singhstha 2004) 10% 15% 5% 5%<br />
3 Court Expenditure 5% 5% 5%<br />
4 Welcome Expenditure 10% 10% 5%<br />
5 TA and Medical Reimbursement 10% 10% 10%<br />
6 Building Electricity Billing 10% 7% 7%<br />
7 Renovation & Modernisation of Departments 10% 10% 10%<br />
8 Zonal Office Modernisation 10% 10% 10%<br />
F1 Lighting Department<br />
1 Street Lighting Bills 25% 20% 20%<br />
2 Payable of Lighting Liabilities 5% 5% 5%<br />
F2 Water Works<br />
1 MPSEB Bills for Electricity 5% 5% 5%<br />
2 City Water Distribution Arrangement<br />
5% 5% 5%<br />
3 Temporary Water Distribution (Tubewells, etc.)<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
Particulars (Expenditure)<br />
E1 Establishment and Salaries<br />
4 Maintenance of WTP<br />
5 Maintenance of Pump Houses<br />
6 Increase in O&M owing to augmentation<br />
2005-06 to<br />
2014-15<br />
Sinhstha<br />
Years<br />
2015-16 to<br />
2019-20<br />
2020-21 to<br />
2024-25<br />
F3 Health<br />
1 Casual Expenditure/ Singhstha 2004 5% 10% 5% 0%<br />
2 Purchase of Medicine for Hospital 5% 5% 5%<br />
3 Expenses on Clearing & Dusting 8% 8% 5% 5%<br />
4 Expenses on Clearing Contract 5% 8% 5% 5%<br />
Sub Total -5<br />
F3 Gardening<br />
1 Expenses on Garden Maintenance 15% 22% 5% 5%<br />
F4 Public Works Department<br />
1 Road Repairs<br />
Existing Exp 10% 7% 7%<br />
Incremental from projects<br />
2 Repairs of Public Conveniences 10% 7% 7%<br />
3 Drainage Work 2% 10% 5% 5%<br />
4 Bridge Construction 2% 2% 2%<br />
5 Dustbin Construction & Repairing 5% 5% 5%<br />
6 Maintenance of Ponds & Wells 5% 5% 5%<br />
7 Maintenanceof Markets 10% 10% 5%<br />
8 Parking & Traffic Signals 10% 5% 5%<br />
9 Stadium & Community Maintenance 10% 15% 5% 5%<br />
10 Maintenance of swimming pools 5% 10% 5% 5%<br />
11 Liabilities 0% 0% 0%<br />
12 Solid Waste Management<br />
13 Sewerage<br />
14 Strom Water Drainage augmentation<br />
15 Heritage<br />
F5 Workshop<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
E1<br />
Particulars (Expenditure)<br />
2005-06 to<br />
2014-15<br />
Sinhstha<br />
Years<br />
2015-16 to<br />
2019-20<br />
2020-21 to<br />
2024-25<br />
Establishment and Salaries<br />
1 Mainatenance of vehicle/vehicle repairs(B135+B140) 10% 15% 5% 5%<br />
2 Material Purchase 5% 5% 5%<br />
F6 Stores<br />
1 Purchase of diesel/ oil 15% 10% 5%<br />
2 Liabilities 0% 0% 0%<br />
F7 Miscellaneous Expenditure<br />
1 Miscellaneous Revenue expenditure 2% 2% 2%<br />
2 Expenditure on Municipal Elections 5% 5% 5%<br />
3 Fire Casualty 5% 10% 5% 5%<br />
4 Expenses on Stray Animals 5% 5% 5%<br />
5 Public Education 15% 10% 5%<br />
6 School Rent 5% 5% 5%<br />
7 Sport Activities 10% 10% 10%<br />
8 Deduction of Employees GPF & workers Society payment 15% 10% 10%<br />
9 Consultancy for Planning Assignments 10% 10% 10%<br />
G Capital Expenditure<br />
New pipelines 15% 20% 15% 10%<br />
WS Project/(Singhstha 2004) 0% 10% 0% 0%<br />
New Tube wells and hand pumps 0% 10% 0% 0%<br />
Road Constructions 20% 15% 15%<br />
Construction of main roads / Singhstha 2004 10% 10% 5% 5%<br />
Stadium and Swimming pool construction/refurbishment<br />
Drainage for Small Localities 5% 10% 5% 5%<br />
Purchase of Electric Items (Singhstha 2004) 5% 15% 5% 5%<br />
Vehicle Purchase (Singhastaha 2004) 0% 25% 5% 0%<br />
Gardens and Entertainment Parks 10% 5% 5%<br />
Plantation & environmental Development 5% 5% 5%<br />
Market Development 5% 5% 5%<br />
Development of Ponds 5% 5% 5%<br />
Community Halls, Library, etc. 10% 10% 5%<br />
Slaughter Houses 5% 5% 5%<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
City development plan Ujjain<br />
E1<br />
Particulars (Expenditure)<br />
2005-06 to<br />
2014-15<br />
Sinhstha<br />
Years<br />
2015-16 to<br />
2019-20<br />
2020-21 to<br />
2024-25<br />
Establishment and Salaries<br />
Bridges 0% 0% 0%<br />
Public Convenience Construction 0% 0% 0%<br />
Development of Graveyards 10% 10% 5%<br />
Recommendation work for all ward members 10% 10% 5%<br />
Ujjain Municipal Corporation City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh