Perceivin

PROSES EKOSISTEM:
PERCEIVING
Sumber Utama :
1. Melso. 1980. Family and Environment. An Ecosystem Perspective
2. Soemarwoto. 1983. Ekologi Lingkungan Hidup dan Pembangunan
3. Sunarti. 2011. Optimalisasi Transaksi Materi dan Energi Keluarga
dengan Lingkungannya. FEMA IPB.
4. Sunarti. 2009. Ed. Pengembangan Model Ecovillage.
Pembangunan Kawasan Perdesaan serta Sumbangan Pertanian
Bagi Peningkatan Kualitas Hidup Penduduk Perdesaan

Kualitas Kehidupan
Manusia dan Lingkungan
Dampak
Terkucil
Terabaikan
Marginalisasi
Diskriminasi
Pertikaian
Separation (dll)
Dukungan Sosial
Perdamaian
Jaringan Sosial
Menghormati
Menghargai
Mengasihi (dll)
Sustainability,
keseimbangan
Keterjaminan
Sejahtera
Aman
Ketidakseimbangan
Alam (Kelangkaan
Energi, Kekeringan,
Bencana Alam)
Kelaparan (dll)
- + + -
Perilaku
LINGKUNGAN
SOSIAL
Cuek
Abai
Agresif
Tidak Sensitif
Self Oriented (dll)
- + + -
Empati
Harmonis
Tenggang Rasa
Toleransi
Menghormati
Menghargai
Mengasihi
Social Gathering (dll)
KELUARGA
Hemat
Konservasi
Reboisasi
Recycling
Diversity
Konversi (dll)
Eksploitasi
Boros
Rakus
Profit Oriented (dll)
LINGKUNGAN
ALAM
Kualitas Kehidupan
Manusia dan Lingkungan

INTERACTION BETWEEN NATURE,
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND FAMILY
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
INPUT
OUTPUT
ENERGY
INFORMATIO
N ABOUT
ENERGY
PROBLEM
FAMILY ECOSYSTEM’S
MANAGEMENT OF HABITAT
(FAMILY BEHAVIOR WITH
REGARD TO ITS RESIDENCE)
ENERGY :
CONSUMPTION
& WASTE
INFORMATION
ABOUT THE
ENERGY
PROBLEM
(BELIEFS,
PRACTICES)
INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT

TRANSACTIONAL PROCESS
BETWEEN FAMILY AND ITS
ENVIRONMENT
• PERCEIVING
• VALUING
• DECIDING
• SPACING

A. PERCEIVING
what IS, is what is perceived
Perceiving may be defined as the process by which
meaningful information is extracted from physical
stimulation
Perceiving is a complex experience, involving
organization and actions as well as sensory input
Perceiving must be understood within the total
environmental network within which it takes place,
both as source of information and as an arena for
action

PERCEIVING
1. The nature of perception
2. Individual perceptual styles
3. Cultural influences on perception
4. Family perception of the environment

1. The nature of perception
Everyone is prisoner of his own experiences. No
one can eliminate prejudice, just recognize them
(Edward R Murrow)
• Perception is a process of interpretation based on
what has been previously perceived
• SEEING IS BELIEVING
• BELIEVING IS SEEING

MEKANISME INTERNALISASI
PEMBENTUKAN PERSEPSI
Stimulus :
Orang,
situasi,
informasi,
kejadian
Stimulus
yang
sama
Respon tidak
memuaskann
Respon
memuaskan,
pembelajaran
tuntas
Penerimaan
oleh
pancaindera
INTERPRETASI
Ingatan
Jangka
Pendek
Ingatan
Jangka
Panjang
SELECTIVE :
RECEPTION
RETENTION
INTERPRETATIO
N
PERCEPTION

TAHAPAN PROSES INFORMASI
STIMULUS
TERPAPAR
PERHATIAN
PEMAHAMAN
MANUSIA
KIKIR
KOGNITIF
?
INGATAN
perhatian:
Alokasi
Kapasitas
Kognitif
PENERIMAAN
RETENSI

Bagaimana
1) PROSES TRANSAKSI KELUARGA
dan
2) KONSEKUENSINYA THDP KUALITAS
KELUARGA,
diinformasikan dan menjadi
3) STIMULUS BAGI KELUARGA
sehingga keluarga melakukan
5) TRANSAKSI YANG POSITIF ?

2. Individual perceptual style
Individuals vary : (1) in the complexity of their
cognitive categories, (2) in their openness to new
information, (3) In their responses to information
overload, and (4) in their preferred level of risk taking
Difference (1) in level of perceptual information
needed, & (2) In the use of perceptual information to
make judgments
• Augmenter – reducer
• Leveling Vs sharpening
• Reflective – impulsive
• Independence - dependence

• Augmenter : one who is able to make a lot out
of a little stimulation
• Reducer: one who makes a little out of a lot of
stimulation
• Leveling-sharpening: as the tendency of the
individual to minimize or maximize differences
among environmental stimuli
• Impulsive approach is to fasten on to the first likely
choice and quickly write it down
• Reflective approach involves careful consideration
of each alternative, matching it against a criterion of
“most appropriate response” and only after such
thorough investigation, making a choice.

• Field dependency: the tendency to use
external cues in making a judgment based on
conflicting perceptual evidence from the
environment and from within oneself. Refers
to reliance on the environment external to
oneself
• Field independency; by contrast, relies upon
attention to internal cues

3. Cultural Differences in Perceiving
• Perbedaan budaya dalam penggunaan
receptor (differences in receptor use)
• Contact-cultures
• Arab: “close contact”
• Japan : “The paper Thin Walls”
• (Germany: “Thicker Walls”)
• Density may be associated with a perceptual
style of close interpersonal sensory
involvement

4. Family Perception Of The Environment
• The sensory needs of family members are
not the same
• Kebutuhan lingkungan yang hangat dengan
sentuhan fisik bagi bayi dan anak-anak
• Kebutuhan difahami dan dimengerti / diterima apa
adanya / difasilitasi dan ruang untuk berkembang
• Persepsi thdp lingkungan sosial (ideal,normal,
mengancam)
• Persepsi thdp lingkungan alam (yang ideal, yg
mengancam)

• Perbedaan persepsi terjadi karena perbedaan sejarah,
pengalaman, dan temperamen seseorang
• Perbedaan temperamen : seseorang yg distractible
memproses informasi dg cepat dan membutuhkan high
level of environmental stimulation (dmkn sebaliknya)
• Difference s in Styles of information processing :
• Style of information processing will differ in complexity of
cognitive information, overload, and level of desired risk
of uncertainty contained in new information
• How is information overload handled ?
• Adaptasi thdp overload : withdrawal from interaction;
filtering stimulation; or cognitive structuring

• Information processing style also consists of
attitudes toward risk or uncertainty.
• People who dislike taking risks will not attend
to information that might increase their sense
of uncertainty
• Secure vs unsecure environment
• Certainty vs uncertainty environment

summary
• Perceiving is an active process of interpreting &
giving meaning to the environment, not the passive
imprint of sensation upon sensory receptors
• This view of perceiving means that many kinds of
individual and group differences will be reflected in
perceptual style : cultural distinctiveness,
developmental change, historical change
• The diverse perceptual styles identified (augmenterreducers,
leveler-sharpener, reflective-impulsive, field
independence-dependence) share common
differences in preferred level of stimulation or
adaptation level.