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<strong>Calendar</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Record</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South: 1780-1781<br />
N<strong>in</strong>th Edition.<br />
By Wm. Thomas Sherman<br />
2014.
Gun Jones Publish<strong>in</strong>g, Seattle, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, 2013<br />
Copyright 2003, 2006. Wm. Thomas Sherman<br />
July 17, 2003, TXU 1-102-840<br />
<strong>Calendar</strong> 3rd edition. June 19, 2006 TXu 1-361-729<br />
1604 N.W. 70 th St.<br />
Seattle, WA 98117<br />
206-784-1132<br />
wts@gunjones.<strong>com</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> also williamthomassherman@gmail.<strong>com</strong><br />
website: http://www.gunjones.<strong>com</strong><br />
On Scrbd: http://www.scribd.<strong>com</strong>/wsherman_1/shelf<br />
ISBN: 0-9787684-0-X (hardcover version)<br />
ISBN: 0-9787684-5-0 (s<strong>of</strong>tbound version)<br />
9 th edition text last updated: 6 Aug. 2014.<br />
This book may be freely copied, duplicated, <strong>and</strong> given away; though under no circumstances may such<br />
copies be sold for pr<strong>of</strong>it. If published to benefit a not-for-pr<strong>of</strong>it historical preservation organization (as is<br />
permitted), its contents may not be modified without <strong>the</strong> written consent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> author <strong>and</strong> copyright<br />
holder, Wm. Thomas Sherman. Users are free, however, to change font size, style, <strong>and</strong> format <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> text<br />
with respect to its surface appearance.<br />
2
Dedicated <strong>in</strong> Memory <strong>of</strong><br />
Sgt. Kev<strong>in</strong> J. Lannon,<br />
U.S. Army Rangers,<br />
2nd Ranger Battalion, 75 th Inf. Div., A Company, 3rd Platoon.<br />
KIA Grenada Oct. 27 1983.<br />
Without such, <strong>the</strong>re is no freedom;<br />
Without freedom is no life.<br />
3
TABLE <strong>of</strong> CONTENTS<br />
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………p. 7<br />
The American Revolution <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn <strong>War</strong> <strong>in</strong> Perspective………...p. 15<br />
Leaders <strong>and</strong> Units…………...…………………………………………………..p. 37<br />
I. AMERICAN LEADERS<br />
The Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army………………………………………………..………..p. 37<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Militia <strong>and</strong> State Troops………………………………..…..………p. 48<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia <strong>and</strong> State Troops…………………..………………..p. 50<br />
Frontier Militia………………………………………………………………….p. 57<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia <strong>and</strong> State Troops……………...…………….………p. 58<br />
Georgia Militia <strong>and</strong> State Troops…………….………………………..……..p. 67<br />
II. AMERICAN UNITS<br />
The Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army…………………………………………………………p. 68<br />
State Troops……………………………………………………………………..p. 71<br />
III. BRITISH LEADERS<br />
The British Army <strong>and</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cials…………………………………………...p. 73<br />
German……………………………………………………………………….….p. 85<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Loyalists………………………………………………………p. 86<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Loyalists………………………………………………….…...p. 88<br />
Georgia Loyalists…………………………………………………..…….……..p. 92<br />
IV. BRITISH UNITS<br />
The British Army………….……………………..………………………….….p. 93<br />
Prov<strong>in</strong>cials…………………………………………….………………………....p. 94<br />
Royal Militia……………………………………………………………………..p. 97<br />
German…………………………………………………………………….…..…p. 102<br />
5
V. CALENDAR AND RECORD……………………….…..………….………p. 105<br />
Appendix<br />
December 1779………….……………………….…..………….………p. 107<br />
1780<br />
January…….………….…………….……………….…..………….……..p.111<br />
February….…………….…………………………….…..………….……p. 113<br />
March…….………….…………………………….…..………….………p. 120<br />
April….………….……………………….…..…………..……….………p. 131<br />
May….………….……………………….…..………….…………………p. 147<br />
June….………….……………………….…..………….…………………p. 167<br />
July….………….……………………….…..………….……………….…p. 191<br />
August….………….……………………….…..…………………………p. 213<br />
September….………….……………………….…..………….…….……p. 250<br />
October….………….……………………….…..………….…………..…p. 273<br />
November….………….……………………….…..………….……….…p. 301<br />
December….………….……………………….…..………….………..…p. 326<br />
1781<br />
January….………….……………………….…..………….…………..…p. 344<br />
February…………….……………………….…..………….………….…p. 376<br />
March…….………….……………………….…..………….…….………p. 410<br />
April….………….……………………….…..………….………….…..…p. 454<br />
May….………….………………………….…..……….……………...….p. 493<br />
June….………….……….……………….…..………………...…….……p. 524<br />
July….………….………………………….…..………….………….…....p. 550<br />
August….………….………………………….…....……….………….…p. 586<br />
September….………….……….………………….…..……….…………p. 605<br />
October….………….……………….……….…….………….……….….p. 630<br />
A. Totals for Greene’s Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South………………………….…p. 643<br />
B. Totals for <strong>the</strong> British Army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as <strong>and</strong> Georgia……..…..….…p. 644<br />
C. Loyalties <strong>and</strong> Population <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South <strong>in</strong> 1780…………..……….……….p. 645<br />
Bibliography……………………………………..……………………….………..p. 650<br />
6
INTRODUCTION<br />
The work presently before you is <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> many years <strong>of</strong> research, <strong>and</strong> made possible by <strong>the</strong> studious <strong>and</strong><br />
prolonged efforts <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals too numerous to name. However, thanks must be expressed here to (<strong>in</strong><br />
alphabetical order):<br />
Lawrence E. Babits; Marg Bask<strong>in</strong>s with BanastreTarleton.org; Charles B. Baxley, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> Camden Project;<br />
John Beakes; Robert Anthony Blazis; Lee Boyle; Sherri Bower; Todd Braisted at <strong>the</strong> Onl<strong>in</strong>e Institute <strong>of</strong> Advanced<br />
Loyalist Studies; Ann Brownlee, Shallow Ford researcher <strong>and</strong> Trad<strong>in</strong>g Ford Historic Area Preservation Association<br />
founder; Carol Buckler; Jay Callaham; Richard DeLaughter; Jo Church Dickerson; William Earl F<strong>in</strong>ley; Charlie<br />
Frye; Donald J. Gara; William T. Graves, Michael David Kennedy; Charles LeCount, Jim Legg; John Maass;<br />
Stephen McLeod from <strong>the</strong> staff at Mount Vernon; Robert Menton; Odell McQuire; Phil Norfleet, Patrick O’Kelley;<br />
Stephen Rank<strong>in</strong>, <strong>War</strong>ren Ripley; John A. Robertson <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> Camden Project; Ed St. Germa<strong>in</strong> at<br />
AmericanRevolution.org, Jane S. Semple, Michael C. Scogg<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Culture & Heritage Museums, Brattonsville, Don<br />
Londahl-Smidt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Johannes Schwalm Historical Association; Toby Turner, Bruce W. Trogdon; Sam West;<br />
James H. Williams; Mel<strong>in</strong>da M. Zupon <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six National Historic Site, National Park Service.<br />
It is only etiquette to throw toge<strong>the</strong>r a list <strong>of</strong> acknowledgments <strong>in</strong> a non-fiction work. Yet here it should be<br />
mentioned that <strong>the</strong> direct <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>direct contributions <strong>of</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se people has been tremendous; <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> some<br />
<strong>in</strong>stances, pioneer<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> ground break<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>and</strong> were it necessary to delete what <strong>the</strong>y have provided, you would<br />
very much notice a difference <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> quality <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> text. Marg Bask<strong>in</strong>s 1 www.banatsretarleton.org <strong>and</strong> John<br />
Robertson’s “Onl<strong>in</strong>e Library <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Campaign <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution,” 2 are veritable libraries <strong>of</strong><br />
rare books <strong>and</strong> documents relat<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South with few, if any, peers; though Todd<br />
Braisted’s “Onl<strong>in</strong>e Institute <strong>of</strong> Loyalist Studies,” 3 <strong>and</strong> Phil Norfleet’s “South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Loyalists <strong>and</strong> Rebels” 4 <strong>and</strong><br />
Charles B. Baxley’s “Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Campaigns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution” 5 ought certa<strong>in</strong>ly be mentioned <strong>in</strong> this wise<br />
also. All <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir websites have contributed both enormously <strong>and</strong> generously <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong><br />
resources <strong>and</strong> material for this project.<br />
I would also like, as well, to express deep gratitude to hundreds <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r genealogical <strong>and</strong> historical<br />
organizations <strong>and</strong> websites, such as those <strong>of</strong> state <strong>and</strong> county historical societies, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>in</strong>dividual<br />
researchers as well; which <strong>and</strong> who furnished most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pension extracts; while mak<strong>in</strong>g it possible to fill <strong>in</strong><br />
small details which could not be found anywhere else. They are too many to list unfortunately. Yet I hope that<br />
this token expression <strong>of</strong> thanks will give at least some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m a little satisfaction <strong>in</strong> know<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
endeavors have, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, been <strong>of</strong> substantial benefit to o<strong>the</strong>rs.<br />
<strong>Calendar</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Record</strong><br />
The orig<strong>in</strong>al purpose <strong>of</strong> this book is <strong>and</strong> has been to record <strong>and</strong> provide more precise <strong>in</strong>formation than is <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
usually <strong>and</strong> readily available on <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn states dur<strong>in</strong>g 1780 <strong>and</strong> 1781. “Who?”<br />
“Where?” “When?” “How many?” are asked as <strong>the</strong>se questions perta<strong>in</strong> to <strong>the</strong> military situation exist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
from Georgia to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia dur<strong>in</strong>g that period. In its earliest form, this work was <strong>in</strong>tended as resource to aid <strong>in</strong><br />
historical simulation design <strong>and</strong> focused exclusively on <strong>the</strong> events relat<strong>in</strong>g to General Nathanael Greene’s<br />
campaigns; with an effort to provide extensive coverage <strong>of</strong> partisan operations <strong>in</strong> this same area <strong>and</strong> period<br />
also. Now, however, <strong>the</strong> chronology is filled out with more material on <strong>the</strong> British siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston <strong>in</strong> 1780,<br />
events prior to <strong>and</strong> culm<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Greene’s arrival <strong>in</strong> early Dec. 1780, with general coverage as well <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> Yorktown campaigns. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, some alebit scant consideration has also been allotted to <strong>the</strong><br />
Spanish <strong>of</strong>fensive <strong>in</strong> Florida; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> numerous frontier skirmishes with <strong>the</strong> British allied Indians <strong>in</strong> western<br />
Georgia, (<strong>the</strong>n) western North Carol<strong>in</strong>a (i.e., present day Tennessee), <strong>and</strong> southwestern Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. 6 But more than<br />
this, <strong>the</strong> work, while still fundamentally a reference source, over time has taken on a more conventional literary<br />
<strong>and</strong> reflective character not at first quite anticipated or <strong>in</strong>tended; <strong>and</strong> which it is hoped has contributed to<br />
mak<strong>in</strong>g it more <strong>in</strong>structive to <strong>the</strong> heart <strong>and</strong> illum<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> spirit.<br />
Though military activity cont<strong>in</strong>ued well <strong>in</strong>to late 1782, it was decided, <strong>and</strong> given <strong>the</strong> large amount <strong>of</strong> data <strong>and</strong><br />
research <strong>in</strong>volved, to limit this study to <strong>the</strong> actions <strong>and</strong> movements lead<strong>in</strong>g up to <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
<strong>and</strong> Yorktown. In addition, I had orig<strong>in</strong>ally hoped to at least <strong>com</strong>plete this work with coverage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
November <strong>and</strong> December 1781, but later circumstances suggested that it was better to keep th<strong>in</strong>gs as <strong>the</strong>y were.<br />
The book’s full title <strong>the</strong>n (i.e., with respect to “1780-1781”) is someth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a misnomer; that it is hoped<br />
1 I have told Ms. Bask<strong>in</strong>s that even if Tarleton were reproachable for th<strong>in</strong>gs he’s accused <strong>of</strong> by some historians (<strong>and</strong> to which Ms.<br />
Bask<strong>in</strong>s takes exasperated exception), he, none<strong>the</strong>less, certa<strong>in</strong>ly shows great merit <strong>in</strong> his admirers.<br />
2 http://lib.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/<br />
3 http://www.royalprov<strong>in</strong>cial.<strong>com</strong>/<br />
4 http://sc_tories.tripod.<strong>com</strong><br />
5 http://www.sou<strong>the</strong>rncampaign.org/<br />
6 Aside from actions <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g large fleets, naval matters, such as perta<strong>in</strong> to <strong>the</strong> South <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a navies (not to mention<br />
British <strong>and</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental navies, or for that matter privateers; respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se last for example see SCP5 p. 307), are largely <strong>and</strong><br />
glar<strong>in</strong>gly omitted. As regrettable as this is, it could not, under <strong>the</strong> circumstances, be helped; due to <strong>the</strong> already large scale <strong>of</strong><br />
this work <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> con<strong>com</strong>itant amount <strong>of</strong> material to be researched, located, <strong>and</strong> gone through necessary to achieve a properly<br />
<strong>com</strong>prehensive record.<br />
7
eaders will <strong>in</strong>dulge as a pardonable convenience; <strong>and</strong> “From Charleston to Yorktown” (or someth<strong>in</strong>g like)<br />
perhaps would have been more suitable.<br />
Given that <strong>the</strong>re has been an effort to organize <strong>the</strong> data <strong>in</strong> specific categories, a few identical passages <strong>and</strong><br />
notes <strong>in</strong> this work are on odd occasion reproduced <strong>in</strong> different sections. While perhaps not terribly aes<strong>the</strong>tical,<br />
this approach has practical valu<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> allow<strong>in</strong>g certa<strong>in</strong> records, such as troop strengths <strong>and</strong> supply lists, for<br />
example, to be seen <strong>in</strong> different contexts; thus provid<strong>in</strong>g added <strong>in</strong>sight on a given topic. To illustrate, that many<br />
<strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ men were without shoes helps to partly expla<strong>in</strong> his hurried retreat to Cross Creek after Guilford<br />
Court House. This lack <strong>of</strong> shoes <strong>the</strong>n might be noted <strong>in</strong> separate sections as someth<strong>in</strong>g affect<strong>in</strong>g military<br />
movement <strong>and</strong> morale, while also be<strong>in</strong>g relevant to logistics: ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> which might be a given reader’s<br />
particular concern or <strong>in</strong>terest.<br />
Notes on Formatt<strong>in</strong>g, Phras<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Footnotes <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Calendar</strong><br />
Explanation <strong>of</strong> phras<strong>in</strong>g used for date entries <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Calendar</strong>:<br />
* {date}. X marched to (L)<br />
Means that X arrived at location L on <strong>the</strong> date given. Sometimes more than one specific date will be mentioned<br />
<strong>in</strong> a date entry, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g say an alternatively proposed or else related date with respect to <strong>the</strong> event described.<br />
But <strong>the</strong> s<strong>in</strong>gle date is assumed to be <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> reference for <strong>the</strong> event described or document (such as a<br />
letter) reproduced.<br />
* {date}. X wrote Y; also X ordered Y: also Y received from X<br />
Means on that given date X wrote or sent (or else received) an order to Y. This does not necessarily imply,<br />
however, that ei<strong>the</strong>r that Y received it on that date. In some <strong>in</strong>stances it may be <strong>the</strong> case that Y did receive <strong>the</strong><br />
letter/order, <strong>and</strong> or carried it out its <strong>in</strong>structions <strong>the</strong> same day it was dispatched.<br />
Though occasionally specific times <strong>of</strong> day are given, <strong>the</strong> phrases such as “marched to” or “arrived at” as used<br />
might have a somewhat wide latitude <strong>of</strong> mean<strong>in</strong>g as to when <strong>the</strong> person or force came to a certa<strong>in</strong> place. For<br />
<strong>in</strong>stance, <strong>the</strong>y may have marched <strong>the</strong> night before <strong>the</strong> date given, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n arrived on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> that date.<br />
Or <strong>the</strong>y might have started out on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> that date <strong>and</strong> reached <strong>the</strong>ir dest<strong>in</strong>ation by day’s end. If not<br />
elaborated on by, <strong>the</strong> phrase employed is o<strong>the</strong>rwise assumed to be adequate to <strong>in</strong>dicate at least roughly where<br />
<strong>the</strong> person or force was situated on a given calendar day.<br />
In keep<strong>in</strong>g with age-old usage <strong>and</strong> practice, frequently <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> a force or army’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er is used to<br />
refer to that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army (or body <strong>of</strong> soldiers) under <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. So, for example, if “Wash<strong>in</strong>gton crossed <strong>the</strong><br />
Hudson River,” this means that Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> army under this <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> crossed <strong>the</strong> Hudson River on <strong>the</strong><br />
day mentioned. Similarly, if “Cornwallis camped at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough,” it means Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> his army were<br />
encamped at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough on such <strong>and</strong> such date. Instances where only <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual leader is <strong>in</strong>tended, <strong>and</strong><br />
not <strong>the</strong> army, should aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> without difficulty be discerned by context or by worded specification.<br />
Letters, correspondence, <strong>and</strong> passages from o<strong>the</strong>r works quoted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> text, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vast majority <strong>of</strong> cases, are<br />
selected extracts, <strong>and</strong> should be understood <strong>and</strong> treated as such.<br />
As a matter <strong>of</strong> convenience, I typically refer to both sides as American <strong>and</strong> British when <strong>in</strong> some engagements<br />
<strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g took place entirely or almost entirely between Americans; who were ei<strong>the</strong>r “Rebels” or “Tories.”<br />
This is not <strong>in</strong>tended to be a slight toward <strong>the</strong> Loyalists (i.e., as if to say <strong>the</strong>y were not necessarily “American”),<br />
but is merely adopted to avoid ambiguity <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> presentation <strong>of</strong> battles <strong>and</strong> skirmishes.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> footnotes where source materials are made reference to, three letter codes are used to designate a<br />
particular author <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> work be<strong>in</strong>g cited. The follow<strong>in</strong>g gives <strong>the</strong> keys to or translations <strong>of</strong> those codes. Names<br />
placed <strong>in</strong> paren<strong>the</strong>sis <strong>in</strong>dicate that that author or o<strong>the</strong>r person is directly quoted with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> text. More <strong>com</strong>plete<br />
titles, author’s names, publishers, etc. can be found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> bibliography.<br />
Footnote Key.<br />
ACG ~ The Correspondence <strong>of</strong> George, Pr<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
<strong>of</strong> Wales (A. Asp<strong>in</strong>all, editor)<br />
ADA ~ (Anthony Allaire’s, Lieut. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Loyal<br />
American Volunteers) “Diary <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant<br />
Anthony Allaire” (see Draper’s K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong><br />
& Its Heroes)<br />
AJO ~ (Thomas Anderson, Lieut. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Delaware Regt.) “Journal <strong>of</strong> Thomas<br />
Anderson’s 1 st Delaware Regiment”<br />
AR80 ~ Annual Register for 1780 (author listed<br />
formally as “Anonymous.”)<br />
AR81 ~ Annual Register for 1781<br />
ATR80a ~ The Remembrancer for 1780, (part 1,<br />
vol. 9)<br />
ATR80b ~ The Remembrancer for 1780, (part 2,<br />
vol. 10)<br />
ATR81a ~ The Remembrancer for 1781, (part 1,<br />
vol. 11)<br />
ATR81b ~ The Remembrancer for 1781, (part 2,<br />
vol. 12)<br />
ATR82a ~ The Remembrancer for 1782, (part 1,<br />
vol. 13)<br />
BAV ~ Thomas Baker’s Ano<strong>the</strong>r Such Victory<br />
BCA ~ E.H. Britton’s “The Siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution,” The Sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Quarterly Review, Oct. 1848. [pp. 261-337]<br />
BDB ~ Bright & Dunaway’s Like a Bear With His<br />
Stern <strong>in</strong> a Corner: The Battles <strong>of</strong> Hart’s Mill,<br />
Pyle’s Defeat, Clapp’s Mill, Weitzel’s Mill<br />
BDW ~ (Lawrence Babits’) Devil <strong>of</strong> a Whipp<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
The Battle <strong>of</strong> Cowpens<br />
8
BEA ~ (Mark M. Boatner’s) Encyclopedia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
American Revolution, 3 rd ed.<br />
BGC ~ (Robert Bass’) Gamecock: The Life <strong>and</strong><br />
Campaigns <strong>of</strong> General Thomas Sumter<br />
BGD ~ (Robert Bass’) The Green Dragoon: The<br />
Lives <strong>of</strong> Banastre Tarleton <strong>and</strong> Mary Rob<strong>in</strong>son<br />
BLB ~ (Nisbet Balfour) Letterbook<br />
BLO ~ (Lawrence Babits’) Long, Obst<strong>in</strong>ate, <strong>and</strong><br />
Bloody: The Battle <strong>of</strong> Guilford Courthouse<br />
BMS ~ (Tarleton Brown) Memoirs <strong>of</strong> Tarleton<br />
Brown, A Capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> Army<br />
BRG ~ John Buchanan’s Road to Guilford Court<br />
House<br />
BSC ~ Carl Borick’s A Gallant Defense: The<br />
Siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston, 1780<br />
BSF ~ (Robert Bass’) Swamp Fox: The Life <strong>and</strong><br />
Campaigns <strong>of</strong> General Francis Marion<br />
CAC ~ Cornwallis‘ An Answer to that Part <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Narrative <strong>of</strong> Lt. General Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton<br />
CAR ~ Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s The American Rebellion<br />
(William B. Wilcox, editor)<br />
CBA ~ Henry Carr<strong>in</strong>gton‘s Battles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
American Revolution 1775-1783<br />
CDI ~ (Alex<strong>and</strong>er Chesney) Diary <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Chesney (Samuel C. Williams,<br />
editor) from Tennessee Historical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e<br />
CGA ~ (Kenneth Coleman’s) The American<br />
Revolution <strong>in</strong> Georgia<br />
CGP ~ French Ensor Chadwick’s The [Thomas]<br />
Graves Papers<br />
CKR ~ Edward Cash<strong>in</strong>’s The K<strong>in</strong>g’s Ranger:<br />
Thomas Brown <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Frontier<br />
CLC ~ (Rev. Eli W. Caru<strong>the</strong>r’s) Life <strong>of</strong> Rev.<br />
David Caldwell.<br />
CLS ~ M. J. Clark’s Loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Campaign <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>, vol. I<br />
CNC14 ~ The State <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
vol. 14, (Walter Clark, editor) 7<br />
CNC15 ~ The State <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
vol. 15 (Walter Clark, editor)<br />
CNC17 ~ The State <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
vol. 17 (Walter Clark, editor)<br />
CNC22 ~ The State <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
vol. 22 (Walter Clark, editor)<br />
CNS1 ~ (Rev. Eli W. Caru<strong>the</strong>rs’) <strong>Revolutionary</strong><br />
Incidents <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Old North State, vol. I (1854)<br />
CNS2 ~ (Rev. Eli W. Caru<strong>the</strong>rs’) <strong>Revolutionary</strong><br />
Incidents <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Old North State, vol. II (1856)<br />
COC ~ (Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s) Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s Observations<br />
on Earl Cornwallis‘s Answer.<br />
CON ~ Marv<strong>in</strong> Cann’s Old N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Backcountry 1700-1781<br />
CSS ~ The Spirit <strong>of</strong> Seventy-Six (Henry Steele<br />
Commager & Richard B. Morris, editors)<br />
DKM ~ (Lyman Draper’s) K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
Its Heroes<br />
DLM ~ Stewart E. Dunaway’s The Battle at<br />
L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mill<br />
DME ~ Christopher Duffy’s Military Experience<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Age <strong>of</strong> Reason<br />
DNC ~ Charles Davis’ A Brief History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Troops <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
Establishment <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>War</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution<br />
DRO - Robert M. Dunkerly’s Redcoats on <strong>the</strong><br />
River<br />
DRR ~ John C. Dann’s The Revolution<br />
Remembered<br />
DRS ~ (William Richardson Davie) <strong>Revolutionary</strong><br />
<strong>War</strong> Sketches <strong>of</strong> William R. Davie (Blackwell<br />
P. Rob<strong>in</strong>son, editor)<br />
DSC ~ (Wilmot G. DeSaussure’s) An Account <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston<br />
DSK ~ (Guilford Dudley’s) “A Sketch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Military Services Performed by Guilford Dudley,<br />
Then <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Town <strong>of</strong> Halifax, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>,” Sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
7 See http://docsouth.unc.edu/csr/<strong>in</strong>dex.html/volumes<br />
Literary Messenger, March-June 1845 (vol. 11,<br />
Issues 3-6)<br />
EHJ ~ (Johann Ewald’s) Diary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American<br />
<strong>War</strong> (Joseph P. Tust<strong>in</strong>, editor <strong>and</strong> translator.)<br />
EPY ~ Greg Eanes’ Prelude to Yorktown:<br />
Tarleton‘s Southside Raid<br />
FNA ~ (David Fann<strong>in</strong>g‘s) The Narrative <strong>of</strong> David<br />
Fann<strong>in</strong>g 8<br />
FRM ~ <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians <strong>in</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, vol. IV 1780-1783 (Adelaide L. Fries,<br />
editor)<br />
FSN ~ (Henry Foote’s) Sketches <strong>of</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
FWI ~ (Sir John Fortescue’s) The <strong>War</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Independence (History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Army,<br />
vol. III)<br />
FWV ~ Flagg’s <strong>and</strong> Waters’ Virg<strong>in</strong>ia’s Soldiers<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution 9<br />
GAH ~ (Horatio Gates) “Letters <strong>of</strong> Major<br />
General Gates from 21st June to 31st August”<br />
from Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> American History, October<br />
1880 (John Aust<strong>in</strong> Stevens, editor.)<br />
GAM1 ~ (Joseph Graham 10 ) Archibald Murphey<br />
Papers, vol. I (William Henry Hoyt, editor)<br />
GAM2 ~ (Joseph Graham) Archibald Murphey<br />
Papers, vol. II (William Henry Hoyt, editor)<br />
GAR1 ~ (Alex<strong>and</strong>er Garden‘s) Anecdotes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> <strong>in</strong> America (1822) [first<br />
series]<br />
GAR2 ~ (Alex<strong>and</strong>er Garden‘s) Anecdotes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> <strong>in</strong> America (1828) [second<br />
series]<br />
GCS ~ Donald E. Graves’ Guide to Canadian<br />
Sources Related to Sou<strong>the</strong>rn <strong>Revolutionary</strong><br />
<strong>War</strong> National Parks<br />
GDH2 ~ R. W. Gibbes’ Documentary History <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> American Revolution: 1781-1782, vol. II<br />
GDH3 ~ R.W. Gibbes’ Documentary History <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> American Revolution: 1776-1782, vol. III<br />
GDM ~ James Graham’s The Life <strong>of</strong> Daniel<br />
Morgan<br />
GHA3 ~ (William Gordon‘s, <strong>and</strong> also Otho<br />
Williams who is quoted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> work) The<br />
history <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rise progress <strong>and</strong> establishment<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dependence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States <strong>of</strong><br />
America, vol. III 11<br />
8 In addition to what is listed <strong>in</strong> our<br />
bibliography, ano<strong>the</strong>r copy <strong>of</strong> Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
Narrative can also be found at CNC22 pp. 180-<br />
239.<br />
9 This work can be found as an appendix <strong>in</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Military <strong>Record</strong>s: From <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> History <strong>and</strong> Biography, The<br />
William <strong>and</strong> Mary College Quarterly <strong>and</strong><br />
Tyler’s Quarterly, with Index by Elizabeth<br />
Petty Bentley, Genealogical Publish<strong>in</strong>g Co.,<br />
Inc., Baltimore, 1983.<br />
10 Graham is quoted extensively <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>se texts.<br />
11<br />
Respect<strong>in</strong>g Gordon, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American<br />
Revolution’s earliest historians, <strong>and</strong> to whom<br />
sometimes strangely op<strong>in</strong>ionated reference is<br />
made <strong>in</strong> modern histories, Appleton’s<br />
Encyclopedia provides this useful sketch:<br />
“GORDON, William, clergyman, born <strong>in</strong> Hitch<strong>in</strong>,<br />
Engl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> 1730; died <strong>in</strong> Ipswich, Engl<strong>and</strong>, 19<br />
October, 1807. He was settled over a large<br />
<strong>in</strong>dependent society at Ipswich, <strong>and</strong> afterward<br />
at Old Gravel Lane, Wapp<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>and</strong> came to<br />
Massachusetts <strong>in</strong> 1770. After preach<strong>in</strong>g a year<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Third Church <strong>in</strong> Roxbury, he became its<br />
pastor, 6 July, 1772. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Revolution he<br />
took an active part <strong>in</strong> public measures, <strong>and</strong><br />
while chapla<strong>in</strong> to <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial congress <strong>of</strong><br />
Massachusetts preached a fast-day sermon,<br />
strongly express<strong>in</strong>g his political sentiments, He<br />
was dismissed from his post, as <strong>the</strong> legislature<br />
regarded his prayers as <strong>in</strong>tended ra<strong>the</strong>r to<br />
dictate <strong>the</strong>ir measures than to implore <strong>the</strong><br />
9
GHA4 ~ (William Gordon‘s, <strong>and</strong> also Otho<br />
Williams who is quoted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> work) The<br />
history <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rise progress <strong>and</strong> establishment<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dependence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States <strong>of</strong><br />
America, vol. IV<br />
GHC ~ (Alex<strong>and</strong>er Gregg’s) History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Old<br />
Cheraws<br />
GJG ~ A. A. August Gunby’s Colonel John<br />
Gunby <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e<br />
GJW ~ William T. Graves’ James Williams: An<br />
American Patriot <strong>in</strong> he Carol<strong>in</strong>a Backcountry<br />
GLG3 ~ G.W. Greene’s. The Life <strong>of</strong> Nathanael<br />
Greene, vol. III<br />
GNC ~ (Joseph Graham’s) General Joseph<br />
Graham <strong>and</strong> his Papers on North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
<strong>Revolutionary</strong> History (William A Graham, 12<br />
editor)<br />
GNS ~ (Jerome A. Greene’s) N<strong>in</strong>ety Six: A<br />
Historical Narrative<br />
GPS ~ Pension application <strong>of</strong> Joseph Graham<br />
S6937, Transcribed by William T. Graves, see<br />
also GAM, GNC <strong>and</strong> SNC for o<strong>the</strong>r Joseph<br />
Graham transcripts.<br />
GRA ~ (William A. Graham’s) “The Battle <strong>of</strong><br />
Ramsaur’s Mill” (booklet article)<br />
GWC ~ (Robert Gray’s) “Observations on <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>War</strong> <strong>in</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a, 1782.” See South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XI,<br />
no.3. See also SCAR vol. 3 no. 2, p. 47.<br />
GYT ~ (Jerome A. Greene’s) The Allies at<br />
Yorktown: A Bicentennial History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege<br />
<strong>of</strong> 1781.<br />
HDM ~ Donald Higg<strong>in</strong>botham’s Daniel Morgan,<br />
<strong>Revolutionary</strong> Rifleman<br />
HFR ~ Gaillard Hunt’s Fragments <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Revolutionary</strong> History<br />
HGS ~ John Hard<strong>in</strong>’s “Two Leaves <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Revolutionary</strong> History taken down from<br />
Conversations with Governor Shelby” The<br />
American Whig Review, vol. 8, Issue 6, pp. 577-<br />
584. See also CNC15 pp. 104-111.<br />
HMS ~ (William Hill’s) Col. William Hill’s<br />
Memoirs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution (A.S. Salley, Jr.,<br />
editor)<br />
HMP ~ (Samuel Hammond’s) Pension<br />
Application <strong>of</strong> Col. Samuel Hammond (William<br />
T. Graves, editor, see SCAR vol. 2, no.1) 13<br />
HRS ~ (George Hanger’s) Reply to MacKenzie’s<br />
Strictures<br />
HSC ~ Frankl<strong>in</strong> Hough’s Siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston<br />
1780<br />
HWW ~ Stephen E. Haller’s William<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: Cavalryman <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution<br />
div<strong>in</strong>e direction on <strong>the</strong>m. He returned to<br />
Engl<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> 1786, <strong>and</strong> published his ‘History <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Rise, Progress, <strong>and</strong> Establishment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Independence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States,’ a m<strong>in</strong>ute<br />
<strong>and</strong> generally faithful narrative (4 vols.,<br />
London, 1788). The value <strong>of</strong> this work was<br />
somewhat impaired by <strong>the</strong> expurgation <strong>of</strong> such<br />
passages as might <strong>in</strong>cur prosecution. He<br />
subsequently settled at St. Neot’s,<br />
Hunt<strong>in</strong>gdonshire. Besides his history, he<br />
published ‘A Plan <strong>of</strong> a Society for mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Provision for Widows by Life Annuities’ (1772);<br />
‘First Anniversary Sermon after <strong>the</strong> Declaration<br />
<strong>of</strong> Independence, 4 July, 1777”; <strong>and</strong> an<br />
‘Abridgment <strong>of</strong> Edwards’s Work on ‘The<br />
Affections.’”<br />
12<br />
William A. Graham (1804-1875), Gov. <strong>of</strong><br />
N.C., U.S. Secretary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Navy, U.S. <strong>and</strong> later<br />
C.S.A. Senator, was <strong>the</strong> son <strong>of</strong> Joseph Graham,<br />
<strong>and</strong> not to be confused with Col. William<br />
Graham, a N.C. militia <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Revolutionary</strong> war.<br />
13 See also JTR which conta<strong>in</strong>s Samuel<br />
Hammond’s “Notes.”<br />
JFM ~ (William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James’) A Sketch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Life <strong>of</strong> Brig. Gen. Francis Marion (Kess<strong>in</strong>ger<br />
Pub. edition, 2004)<br />
JJA ~ (Stephen Jarvis’) “Narrative” appear<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong> “Journal <strong>of</strong> American History,” vol.1, No. 4<br />
JHG ~ Charles Jones’ The History <strong>of</strong> Georgia<br />
JKH ~ (Stephen Jarvis’) The K<strong>in</strong>g’s Loyal<br />
Horseman, His Narrative, 1775-1783 (John T.<br />
Hayes, editor)<br />
JLG1 ~ (William Johnson’s) Life <strong>and</strong><br />
Correspondence <strong>of</strong> Nathanael Greene, vol. I<br />
JLG2 ~ (William Johnson’s) Life <strong>and</strong><br />
Correspondence <strong>of</strong> Nathanael Greene, vol. II<br />
JPM ~ (Joseph Plumb Mart<strong>in</strong>’s) Private Yankee<br />
Doodle (George Scheer, editor)<br />
JTR ~ (Joseph Johnson’s, also Samuel<br />
Hammond’s “Notes” 14 are quoted at great<br />
length) Traditions <strong>and</strong> Rem<strong>in</strong>iscences chiefly <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> American Revolution <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South<br />
JYC ~ Henry Johnston’s The Yorktown<br />
Campaign <strong>and</strong> Surrender <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis - 1781<br />
KJO ~ (Robert Kirkwood, Capt. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Delaware<br />
Regt.) Journal <strong>and</strong> Order Book (Rev. Joseph<br />
Brown Turner, editor)<br />
LCC ~ (Henry Lee, IV; namesake <strong>and</strong> son <strong>of</strong><br />
“Light Horse Harry” <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion) The<br />
Campaign <strong>of</strong> 1781 <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as 15<br />
LCR ~ (J.B.O. L<strong>and</strong>rum’s) Colonial <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>Revolutionary</strong> History <strong>of</strong> Upper South Carol<strong>in</strong>a.<br />
LFB2 ~ (Benson J. Loss<strong>in</strong>g’s) Pictorial Field<br />
Book <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution, vol. II<br />
LOB ~ “Leslie“ Orderly Book (A.R. Newsome,<br />
editor); also known as <strong>the</strong> “British Orderly<br />
Books;” while Caru<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> appendix <strong>of</strong> his<br />
Old North State, has a version <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same,<br />
<strong>and</strong> calls it <strong>the</strong> “Cornwallis Order Book,” see<br />
CNS2 pp. 207-231.<br />
LOC ~ (John Laurens’) “Orig<strong>in</strong>al<br />
Correspondence <strong>of</strong> Col. John Laurens, J. L.<br />
Gervais, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Privy Council <strong>of</strong> S.C., <strong>and</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r persons dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston.”<br />
Found <strong>in</strong> BCA.<br />
LJA ~ (Roger Lamb, Sgt. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 rd regt.) An<br />
Orig<strong>in</strong>al <strong>and</strong> Au<strong>the</strong>ntic Journal <strong>of</strong> Occurrences<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Late American <strong>War</strong><br />
LLW ~ (Marquis de Lafayette) The Letters <strong>of</strong><br />
Lafayette to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton (Louis Gottschalk,<br />
editor)<br />
LMS ~ (Henry Lee) Memoirs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>War</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Department (1869 edition)<br />
LPS ~ Pension statement <strong>of</strong> Moses L<strong>in</strong>dsay<br />
S4551<br />
LSC ~ Terry Lips<strong>com</strong>b’s Battles, Skirmishes,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Actions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution <strong>in</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
LSL ~ Robert Stansbury Lambert’s South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a Loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution,<br />
1 st ed.<br />
LSY ~ Henry Lumpk<strong>in</strong>’s From Savannah to<br />
Yorktown<br />
MDR ~ Frank Moore’s Diary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American<br />
Revolution<br />
MGC ~ (Odell McQuire’s) “And Some Were Sore<br />
Chased <strong>and</strong> Cut Down” (article series)<br />
MHG ~ (Hugh McCall’s) The History <strong>of</strong> Georgia<br />
MLL ~ M.A. Moore’s Life <strong>of</strong> General Edward<br />
Lacey.<br />
MLW3 ~ (John Marshall) Life <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton,<br />
vol. III (1926 Citizen’s Guild edition)<br />
MLW4 ~ (John Marshall) Life <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton,<br />
vol. IV (1926 Citizen’s Guild edition)<br />
14 With respect to Samuel Hammond, see also HMP.<br />
15 Found at various locations <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> pages <strong>of</strong><br />
LCC are orig<strong>in</strong>al <strong>and</strong> illum<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g recollections,<br />
drawn from <strong>the</strong> post-war correspondence <strong>of</strong><br />
Henry Lee III; with John Eager Howard, Edward<br />
Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, William Richardson Davie, Otho H.<br />
Williams, <strong>and</strong> members <strong>of</strong> Lee’s Legion.<br />
10
MLW4A ~ Marshall’s Life <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, vol. IV<br />
(1805 edition)<br />
MMS2 ~ (William Moultrie’s) Memoirs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
American Revolution, vol. 2<br />
MNS ~ (Lachlan McIntosh’s) “Notes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Siege<br />
<strong>of</strong> Charleston.” See BCA.<br />
MSC1 ~ (Edward McCrady’s) History <strong>of</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution: 1775-1780<br />
MSC2 ~ McCrady’s History <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Revolution: 1780-1783<br />
MST ~ (Roderick MacKenzie) Strictures on<br />
Lieut. Col. Tarleton’s History<br />
NDI ~ (Henry Nase <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American<br />
Regt.) “The Diary <strong>of</strong> Henry Nase, K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
American regiment,” transcribed by Todd<br />
Braisted.<br />
NGP ~ The Nathanael Greene Papers (Richard<br />
K. Showman, Dennis M. Conrad editors-<strong>in</strong>chief)<br />
The number follow<strong>in</strong>g “NGP” refers to<br />
which volume <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> series.<br />
ONB ~ Patrick O’Kelley’s Noth<strong>in</strong>g But Blood <strong>and</strong><br />
Slaughter, vols. 2-3.<br />
PLP ~ William K. Polk’s Leonidas Polk: Bishop<br />
<strong>and</strong> General<br />
PRO. ~ British “Public <strong>Record</strong>s Office”<br />
PMS ~ Purdon’s History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 64 th regt.<br />
RCC ~ (Cornwallis) Correspondence <strong>of</strong><br />
Cornwallis, (Charles Ross, editor)<br />
RCO ~ (Charles O’Hara) “Letters <strong>of</strong> Charles<br />
O’Hara to <strong>the</strong> Duke <strong>of</strong> Grafton” (George C.<br />
Rogers, ed.), South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical<br />
Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, July 1964<br />
RHA2 ~ Dr. David Ramsay’s History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
American Revolution, vol. II<br />
RNC ~ (Hugh Rank<strong>in</strong>’s) The North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals<br />
RBG ~ <strong>War</strong>ren Ripley’s Battleground: South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution<br />
RSC2 ~ (Dr. David Ramsay’s) History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Revolution <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, vol. II<br />
RWW2 ~ Theodore Roosevelt’s The W<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> West, vol. 2: From <strong>the</strong> Alleghanies to <strong>the</strong><br />
Mississippi, 1777-1783.<br />
SAW2 ~ (Charles Stedman‘s) History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Orig<strong>in</strong>s, Progress <strong>and</strong> Term<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
American <strong>War</strong>, vol. II<br />
SCAR ~ Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Campaigns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American<br />
Revolution (an onl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ted periodical<br />
found at www.sou<strong>the</strong>rncampaign.org)<br />
SCP ~ The Cornwallis Papers, vols. I-VI (Ian<br />
Saberton, editor)<br />
SCV1 <strong>and</strong> SCV2 ~ B. F. Stevens’ The Campaign<br />
<strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia 1781<br />
SDR ~ (Michael Scogg<strong>in</strong>s’) The Day It Ra<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
Militia: Huck’s Defeat <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Backcountry<br />
SEU ~ (William Gilmore Simms’) Eutaw, 1976<br />
Repr<strong>in</strong>t edition (Beverly Scafidel, editor)<br />
SFR ~ (Simms’) Forayers, 1976 Repr<strong>in</strong>t edition<br />
(G. Michael Richards, editor)<br />
SJM ~ (Rev. James Hodge Saye’s, <strong>and</strong> also<br />
Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong> who is quoted) Memoirs <strong>of</strong><br />
Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong>. For McJunk<strong>in</strong>’s orig<strong>in</strong>al<br />
narrative (as opposed to Saye’s version) see<br />
SCAR vol. 2, no.11, pp 37-47.<br />
SJS ~ (William Seymour’s, Sgt.-Maj. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Del.<br />
Regt. ) “Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Expedition,<br />
1780-1783”<br />
SLA1 ~ Lorenzo Sab<strong>in</strong>e’s Loyalists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
American Revolution, vol. 1<br />
SLA2 ~ Lorenzo Sab<strong>in</strong>e’s Loyalists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
American Revolution, vol. 2<br />
SNA2 ~ Page Smith’s A New Age Now Beg<strong>in</strong>s: A<br />
People’s History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution,<br />
vol. 2<br />
SNC ~ (David Schenck’s) North Carol<strong>in</strong>a 1780-<br />
1781<br />
SQR ~ (John Graves Simcoe, also Capt. John<br />
Saunders who is quoted) Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Queen’s Rangers<br />
SRW ~ (Isaac Shelby’s) Account <strong>of</strong> his Exploits<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> (William T.<br />
Graves, editor, see SCAR vol. 2, no. 3)<br />
STL ~ “Scottish travel log” by anonymous<br />
British soldier that came to S.C. with Leslie’s<br />
detachment <strong>in</strong> Dec. 1780. Like <strong>the</strong> LOB <strong>and</strong> for<br />
which it serves as a useful supplement, STL<br />
records places Leslie’s <strong>and</strong>, where it applies,<br />
Cornwallis’ forces halted between 2 Jan. <strong>and</strong> 8<br />
Apr. 1781; see BDB pp. 12-13, 206-207, <strong>and</strong><br />
N.C. Archives 80.1304.1-2 GD 26/9/51.<br />
TBY ~ Erw<strong>in</strong> Thompson’s The British Defenses<br />
<strong>of</strong> Yorktown, 1781<br />
TCS ~ (Banastre Tarleton) Campaigns <strong>of</strong> 1780<br />
<strong>and</strong> 1781 <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Prov<strong>in</strong>ces<br />
TOW ~ Osmond Tiffany’s Sketch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Life <strong>and</strong><br />
Services <strong>of</strong> Gen. Otho Williams<br />
TPY ~ M.F. Treacy’s Prelude to Yorktown<br />
USC ~ (H<strong>in</strong>richs) The Siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston (B.<br />
Uhlendorf, ed.)<br />
WAR2 ~ Christopher <strong>War</strong>d’s The <strong>War</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
American Revolution, vol. 2<br />
WCA ~ (Otho Williams’) <strong>Calendar</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Otho<br />
Williams Papers<br />
WCO ~ Frankl<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> Mary Wickwires’<br />
Cornwallis: The American Adventure<br />
WDC ~ Christopher <strong>War</strong>d’s The Delaware<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals: 1776-1783<br />
WFK ~ (Wertenbaker’s) Fa<strong>the</strong>r Knickerbocker<br />
Rebels: How People Lived <strong>in</strong> New York City<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Revolution<br />
WHG ~ (Thomas Brown, loyalist ) “Reply to<br />
David Ramsay” found <strong>in</strong> George White’s<br />
Historical Collections <strong>of</strong> Georgia<br />
WNA ~ (Otho Williams) Narrative <strong>of</strong> Col. Otho<br />
Williams<br />
WNO ~ (Richard W<strong>in</strong>n) Col. Richard W<strong>in</strong>n’s<br />
Notes (Samuel C. Williams, editor)<br />
WNC ~ John H. Wheeler’s Historical Sketches<br />
<strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. from 1584 to 1851. (2 vols.<br />
bound as one) 16<br />
WNR ~ (John Watson) “Narrative,” transcribed<br />
by Donald J. Gara. See SCAR vol. 4, nos. 4-5-6,<br />
pp. 55-61<br />
WRM ~ John H. Wheeler’s Rem<strong>in</strong>iscences <strong>and</strong><br />
Memoirs <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
16 Wheeler, as fellow N.C. historian Joseph<br />
Schenck po<strong>in</strong>ts out, is not always reliable; <strong>and</strong><br />
occasional, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g obvious, factual errors<br />
crop up <strong>in</strong> his work (he, for <strong>in</strong>stance,<br />
erroneously states Jethro Sumner was at <strong>the</strong><br />
battle <strong>of</strong> Camden, <strong>and</strong> Sevier at Musgrove’s<br />
Mill.) Yet I <strong>in</strong>clude him -- <strong>in</strong> selected <strong>in</strong>stances<br />
-- because <strong>the</strong> majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time he is<br />
correct; <strong>and</strong>, if this isn’t enough, because he is<br />
at least useful <strong>in</strong> provid<strong>in</strong>g leads <strong>and</strong> fill<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
gaps regard<strong>in</strong>g matters covered by just about<br />
no one else. None<strong>the</strong>less <strong>and</strong> needless to add,<br />
he should be resorted to with caution <strong>and</strong>,<br />
where possible, supplemented with o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
sources.<br />
11
Some General Remarks on <strong>the</strong> Text<br />
Some areas on a given topic, person or event are filled out some more or some less than might be deemed<br />
desirable or necessary. This is a result <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation available or else a judgment call made by myself as to<br />
importance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> subject. Without attempt<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>clude every possible or <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g detail, it could not be<br />
avoided. As much as I have tried to be thorough, <strong>the</strong>re are bound to be gaps <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> record as presented here;<br />
which taken <strong>in</strong>dividually <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong>mselves might not have been impossible to fill. Despite this, <strong>in</strong> a few places<br />
<strong>in</strong>sufficiency <strong>of</strong> time <strong>and</strong> resources prevented me from be<strong>in</strong>g thoroughly exhaustive with respect to what would<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise have been possible to <strong>in</strong>sert. For <strong>in</strong>stance, David Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> his memorial (reproduced at FNA pp. 66-<br />
67) states <strong>of</strong> his hav<strong>in</strong>g been <strong>in</strong> thirty six skirmishes <strong>in</strong> N.C. <strong>and</strong> four <strong>in</strong> S.C.; even so, our text does not try to<br />
account for even half this total <strong>of</strong> his averred encounters. Also, Simcoe <strong>and</strong> Ewald’s respective Journals<br />
(particularly <strong>the</strong> latter) <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cornwallis Papers make reference to so many m<strong>in</strong>or <strong>com</strong>bats <strong>and</strong> encounters,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g small naval actions while <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia that it would have been too ambitious, under <strong>the</strong> circumstances,<br />
to attempt to have created a formal entry for all <strong>of</strong> those.<br />
Several skirmishes are <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Calendar</strong> with no more <strong>in</strong>formation than a date, name <strong>and</strong> county. Except<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> some engagements that are mentioned <strong>in</strong> pension statements, I have <strong>in</strong>sisted that an action at<br />
least fulfill all three <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se criteria if it is to be listed. Initially I was not go<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>clude such skirmishes at all<br />
(i.e., which only have date, name <strong>and</strong> county), but changed this when I considered that <strong>the</strong>y could still be a<br />
start<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>t for o<strong>the</strong>rs who perhaps might be better situated than I am to uncover fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>formation on <strong>the</strong>se<br />
specific events. I have, even so, made an exception to requir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> county <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> certa<strong>in</strong> actions<br />
recorded by Patrick O’Kelley <strong>in</strong> his Noth<strong>in</strong>g But Blood <strong>and</strong> Slaughter. Though he does not address <strong>the</strong> 1781<br />
campaign <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, Mr. O’Kelley has done quite a most <strong>com</strong>mendable job <strong>in</strong> his research, 17 <strong>and</strong> was able to<br />
uncover skirmishes that I had missed. Yet ra<strong>the</strong>r than attempt to catch up on all <strong>the</strong>se, I have <strong>in</strong>cluded many <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m here as simple name <strong>and</strong> date entries ac<strong>com</strong>panied by citations to <strong>the</strong> particular volume <strong>and</strong> page <strong>in</strong> his<br />
books where more can be found.<br />
The movements <strong>of</strong> light troops such as those <strong>of</strong> Henry Lee <strong>and</strong> William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Guilford Court<br />
House <strong>and</strong> post N<strong>in</strong>ety Six campaigns, are difficult, if not impossible, to record with close accuracy.<br />
Consequently, reports <strong>of</strong> routes, marches, <strong>and</strong> halts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se units or forces are sometimes necessarily<br />
restricted. While a more thorough record<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> movements <strong>of</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> small detachment is desirable, as<br />
a rule, it simply has not always been possible to furnish <strong>in</strong>formation on <strong>the</strong>se as <strong>of</strong>ten as one might wish.<br />
Likewise, it is very difficult to keep track <strong>of</strong> militia strengths; s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong>ten times <strong>the</strong> men would <strong>com</strong>e <strong>and</strong> go as<br />
<strong>the</strong>y pleased. For this <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r reasons, <strong>the</strong>re were militia presences <strong>and</strong> m<strong>in</strong>or skirmishes well beyond what<br />
we have been able to enumerate. And while a search through pension statements, rare correspondence, <strong>and</strong><br />
contemporary periodicals would br<strong>in</strong>g many more small scale actions to light, a full <strong>and</strong> accurate list<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> this<br />
book was under present circumstances deemed impracticable.<br />
The numbers given for a given force are occasionally derived from reconnaissance reports <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, an<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer’s casual statement <strong>in</strong> a letter to a very distant superior, or (at worst) a secondary source that gives no<br />
reference. Underst<strong>and</strong>ably, such evidence cannot always be given full credit for accuracy. Yet many times it is<br />
as much as <strong>the</strong>re is to go on with respect to <strong>the</strong> numbers <strong>in</strong> question, or for that matter data <strong>in</strong> general on that<br />
topic. The majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time, troop strengths <strong>in</strong>clude all “effectives” (that is all listed personnel, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers, non <strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficers [NCOs], supernumeraries, musicians, as well as rank <strong>and</strong> file); but where<br />
“Rank <strong>and</strong> File” is mentioned only privates <strong>and</strong> corporals are <strong>in</strong>tended. Technically, “effectives” <strong>in</strong>cludes<br />
wounded, <strong>in</strong>valids, prisoners, those <strong>of</strong>f duty, etc. Yet unless that form or strict <strong>in</strong>terpretation is <strong>in</strong>dicated, <strong>the</strong><br />
term ord<strong>in</strong>arily <strong>and</strong> as <strong>of</strong>ten <strong>com</strong>monly used by people <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time <strong>and</strong> historians to denote “fit for duty” (<strong>the</strong><br />
more proper term); <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time we employ “effectives” <strong>in</strong> this latter more colloquial sense <strong>of</strong><br />
“fit for duty.”<br />
To obta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> full total number <strong>of</strong> effectives for a rank <strong>and</strong> file unit or force: <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British add<br />
17.5%; <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans add 28% to <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>and</strong> file total. To obta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>and</strong> file strength from<br />
<strong>the</strong> total force <strong>of</strong> effectives, subtract <strong>the</strong> 17.5 or 28 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> overall number. These percentages <strong>com</strong>e from <strong>the</strong><br />
work <strong>of</strong> H<strong>of</strong>fman Nickerson, as cited <strong>in</strong> Boatner. 18 Troop strengths when ord<strong>in</strong>arily given, <strong>and</strong> unless stated<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise, assume <strong>the</strong> full strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> unit <strong>and</strong> not merely rank <strong>and</strong> file.<br />
When <strong>com</strong>pil<strong>in</strong>g number strengths <strong>of</strong> a given unit for a certa<strong>in</strong> date or period, typically both a field <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er<br />
(<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time) or a historian (writ<strong>in</strong>g years later) arriv<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong>ir total <strong>of</strong>ten make a certa<strong>in</strong> amount <strong>of</strong> judgment<br />
call as to what men could be considered fit for duty <strong>and</strong> who were not so (say, ow<strong>in</strong>g to illness or absence <strong>of</strong><br />
some o<strong>the</strong>r k<strong>in</strong>d.) As a result, <strong>the</strong> number <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer orig<strong>in</strong>ally given may ended hav<strong>in</strong>g been changed or<br />
modified with<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> a few days <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tally due to soldiers recover<strong>in</strong>g (from sickness), return<strong>in</strong>g, or else more<br />
soldiers be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g sick or miss<strong>in</strong>g. For this reason attempts at precise numbers for a particular unit on a given<br />
17 And no less impressive are his f<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> sometimes lively, draw<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong>serted <strong>in</strong> his works. Praiseworthy as well are John<br />
Robertson’s maps conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> O’Kelley’s volumes. S<strong>in</strong>ce this <strong>Calendar</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Record</strong>: 1780-1781 <strong>in</strong> its present state, is,<br />
regrettably, without maps, I would strongly re<strong>com</strong>mend <strong>and</strong> refer you to: O’Kelley’s books, Borick’s on <strong>the</strong> Charleston siege, <strong>and</strong><br />
volumes 7, 8, <strong>and</strong> 9 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nathanael Greene Papers for that purpose.<br />
18 BEA p. 916.
date should be understood as be<strong>in</strong>g usually fraught with a certa<strong>in</strong> amount <strong>of</strong> vagueness or uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty. In o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
words, even if on paper we know <strong>the</strong> regiment has so many men present on such <strong>and</strong> such a date, we cannot<br />
always be wholly sure how many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m were or rema<strong>in</strong>ed present <strong>and</strong> fit immediately afterward. Sometimes<br />
also, for example, <strong>the</strong> sudden outbreak <strong>of</strong> illness, desertion or attrition on <strong>the</strong> march could affect <strong>the</strong> total<br />
significantly, such as dur<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis’ pursuit <strong>of</strong> Greene <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Race to <strong>the</strong> Dan.<br />
Promotions <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> exact date <strong>the</strong>y took place it was not always possible to f<strong>in</strong>d out. In order to be more<br />
careful, it is well to be aware that ranks given for <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> histories do not always s reflect that person’s rank<br />
when <strong>the</strong>y served <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war or at that time <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. This problem, for example, is found <strong>in</strong> Lee or Tarleton<br />
where someone might be mentioned as a capta<strong>in</strong>, or a major; who at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g was a lieutenant or<br />
a capta<strong>in</strong> (respectively,) or vice versa. Also Lieutenant Colonels are very <strong>of</strong>ten referred to as Colonels, <strong>and</strong>, if<br />
one wants to be more accurate <strong>and</strong> correct, one has to be cautious <strong>in</strong> not mix<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> two. With respect to<br />
militia <strong>of</strong>ficers, it is highly probable that someone listed as a colonel was actually a lieutenant colonel; only<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation was not conveniently to be had to clarify this. Although “Lt.” is a conventional abbreviation for<br />
“lieutenant,” here I <strong>in</strong>stead usually use “Lieut.,” while “Lt.” is more typically employed for “light,” as <strong>in</strong> light<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry.<br />
While we have striven to be thorough <strong>in</strong> cit<strong>in</strong>g every major source when it applies to a given topic or event, one,<br />
<strong>of</strong> course, should not automatically assume that <strong>the</strong>re isn’t more to be found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>se same sources on a given<br />
subject or occurrence that we cover. Moreover, <strong>the</strong>re are o<strong>the</strong>r occasional lacunae <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>of</strong> data <strong>and</strong><br />
reference; which for lack <strong>of</strong> available sources, it was not possible to fill. Aga<strong>in</strong>, this does not mean that such<br />
miss<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation is nowhere to be had, only that I did not know <strong>of</strong> or have access to it. Some <strong>in</strong>formation was<br />
deliberately omitted, perhaps unwisely, as be<strong>in</strong>g too trivial, deemed already generally known, or else thought to<br />
be someth<strong>in</strong>g which could be <strong>in</strong>ferred from o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>formation given. This was viewed as necessary <strong>in</strong> order to<br />
avoid overload. Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> more detailed <strong>and</strong> elaborate <strong>in</strong>formation was to be found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sources cited <strong>and</strong><br />
with more yet (i.e., not conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> this book) to be found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same; most especially Showman-Conrad’s<br />
Nathanael Greene Papers which has proved <strong>in</strong>dispensable, particularly with respect to <strong>the</strong> military strengths <strong>and</strong><br />
movements <strong>of</strong> 1781. Military historians <strong>and</strong> scholars who study this period <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ater <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> war<br />
owe Mr. Showman, Mr. Conrad, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir assistants great gratitude for detail<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> clarify<strong>in</strong>g much that was<br />
previously unknown, muddled or obscure.<br />
Note to <strong>the</strong> 9 th edition. The appearance <strong>in</strong> 2010 <strong>of</strong> editor Ian Saberton’s The Cornwallis Papers: The<br />
Campaigns <strong>of</strong> 1780 <strong>and</strong> 1781 <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Theatre <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> is <strong>com</strong>parable <strong>in</strong><br />
value <strong>and</strong> signficance to <strong>the</strong> Greene Papers, <strong>and</strong> augments our knowledge <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>prehension <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state<br />
<strong>of</strong> military affairs enormously for <strong>the</strong> location <strong>and</strong> period we cover. For this we are immensely <strong>in</strong>debted to<br />
<strong>the</strong> praiseworthy <strong>and</strong> assiduous efforts <strong>of</strong> Mr. Saberton. So much <strong>in</strong>formation does his six volume work<br />
conta<strong>in</strong> that it was frankly impossible, under <strong>the</strong> circumstances, to have <strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong> our own as much<br />
<strong>of</strong> it as we would have liked to; not least <strong>of</strong> which with respect to <strong>the</strong> movements <strong>and</strong> strengths <strong>of</strong> British<br />
forces, especially small units, detachments, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers; <strong>and</strong> also problems <strong>and</strong> issues relat<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
<strong>the</strong> embody<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g operational <strong>the</strong> Royal militia. We have <strong>in</strong> this 9 th edition, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>,<br />
sought at least to footnote <strong>and</strong> make brief reference to a considerable amount <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same; while<br />
simultaneously direct<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> reader as a fundamental rule (as with <strong>the</strong> Greene Papers) to <strong>the</strong> Cornwallis<br />
Papers for fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> more greater depth <strong>and</strong> detail.<br />
The war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south received more coverage <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> formal memoirs <strong>and</strong> published writ<strong>in</strong>gs by<br />
participants <strong>and</strong> contemporary historians than any o<strong>the</strong>r part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> conflict. One apparent cause <strong>of</strong> this was <strong>the</strong><br />
need <strong>of</strong> some British military men to expla<strong>in</strong> why <strong>the</strong> contest had been lost, <strong>and</strong> this necessarily entailed go<strong>in</strong>g<br />
over <strong>the</strong> events that immediately led up to <strong>and</strong> culm<strong>in</strong>ated <strong>in</strong> Yorktown. As an aid to underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g how <strong>the</strong><br />
written history <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revoluionary <strong>War</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South first evolved <strong>and</strong> developed, <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g is a chronology<br />
<strong>of</strong> primary works (frequently cited <strong>in</strong> our text) that, <strong>in</strong> whole or <strong>in</strong> part, s<strong>in</strong>gularly perta<strong>in</strong> to <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
south, <strong>and</strong> which were published prior to 1830. Included are The Annual Register <strong>and</strong> The Remembrancer, much<br />
drawn on by most all <strong>the</strong> early historians, <strong>and</strong> which, <strong>of</strong> course, were <strong>in</strong> already <strong>in</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>t while <strong>the</strong> war was still<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g waged. (Some titles here are abbreviated for convenience.)<br />
The Annual Register, for 1780 <strong>and</strong> 1781.<br />
The Remembrancer. (two issues a given year; for 1780 <strong>and</strong> 1781)<br />
Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, Narrative <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Campaign <strong>in</strong> 1781 <strong>in</strong> North America. (1783)<br />
Lord Cornwallis, An answer to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s Narrative. (1783)<br />
John Graves Simcoe, Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers. (1784, but not published till 1844)<br />
Dr. David Ramsay, History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution <strong>of</strong> S.C. (1785)<br />
Banastre Tarleton, Campaigns. (1787)<br />
Roderick MacKenzie, Strictures on Tarleton’s History. (1787)<br />
George Hanger, Reply to Mackenzie’s Strictures. (1789)<br />
William Gordon, History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rise...<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>dependence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S.A. (1788)<br />
Charles Stedman, History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American <strong>War</strong>. (1792)<br />
Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, Observations on Stedman’s History. (1794)<br />
William Moultrie, Memoirs. (1802)<br />
John Marshall, Life <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton. (1805-1807)<br />
Roger Lamb, Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American <strong>War</strong>. (1809)<br />
13
Henry Lee, Memoirs. (1812)<br />
Hugh McCall, History <strong>of</strong> Georgia. (1816) 19<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James, Life <strong>of</strong> Marion. (1821)<br />
William Johnson, Life <strong>of</strong> Greene. (1822)<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Garden, Anecdotes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>. (1822) <strong>and</strong> (1828)<br />
Henry Lee IV, Campaign <strong>of</strong> 1781 (1824)<br />
* Among <strong>the</strong> (<strong>the</strong>n) unpublished memoirs <strong>of</strong> special note <strong>and</strong> that were penned <strong>in</strong> this same period are:<br />
Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, The American Rebellion (Edited <strong>and</strong> published by Wilcox <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 20 th century.)<br />
Peter Horry, now mostly lost Memoirs <strong>and</strong> biography <strong>of</strong> Marion. (c. 1800-1815?)<br />
Richard W<strong>in</strong>n, Notes. (1811-1812)<br />
William Richardson Davie, <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> Sketches.(c. 1800-1820?)<br />
19 The portion <strong>of</strong> McCall’s work that recounts <strong>the</strong> Revolution came out <strong>in</strong> this year; with <strong>the</strong> very first volume <strong>of</strong> his history <strong>of</strong><br />
Georgia appear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> 1811.<br />
14
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army 6 th S.C. Regt. Queens Rangers Coldstream Guards<br />
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION AND THE SOUTHERN WAR<br />
IN PERSPECTIVE<br />
In a day-by-day chronology <strong>of</strong> this k<strong>in</strong>d, <strong>and</strong> which covers so much <strong>and</strong> various <strong>in</strong>formation, it is well to make a<br />
few prelim<strong>in</strong>ary historical remarks <strong>and</strong> observations <strong>in</strong> order to account for both noteworthy <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g<br />
facts which might o<strong>the</strong>rwise be unknown or overlooked <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Calendar</strong> itself. Additional data <strong>and</strong> anecdotal<br />
details <strong>of</strong> this k<strong>in</strong>d are also to be found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> footnotes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> text.<br />
Some Odds <strong>and</strong> Ends<br />
* Both Regulator <strong>and</strong> Indian fight<strong>in</strong>g (particularly aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Cherokees) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1760’s <strong>and</strong> early 1770’s had a<br />
decisive role <strong>and</strong> impact on <strong>the</strong> organization <strong>and</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> Georgia <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as; nor would<br />
it be all that much <strong>of</strong> an exaggeration to say that when <strong>the</strong> British launched <strong>the</strong>ir large scale <strong>in</strong>vasion <strong>in</strong> 1780<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were enter<strong>in</strong>g a region that was <strong>in</strong> no small way already prepared to receive <strong>the</strong>m militarily. The<br />
“Regulators” were orig<strong>in</strong>ally vigilante groups formed to check <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> legal authority <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
backcountry. At <strong>the</strong> same time, <strong>the</strong>y sometimes used <strong>the</strong>ir power to resist what <strong>the</strong>y considered overreach<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>and</strong> excessive legal fees <strong>and</strong> taxes imposed by governors, crown sheriffs, <strong>and</strong> seaboard aristocrats. One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
results <strong>of</strong> this was that <strong>the</strong>se backcountry people <strong>the</strong>n became accustomed to a k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> self-government<br />
noticeably <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>and</strong>ed gentry <strong>and</strong> royal authority. However, after <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al lawlessness was<br />
effectively dispelled, <strong>the</strong> Regulators <strong>the</strong>n used <strong>the</strong> power <strong>the</strong>y had acquired to settle personal grudges; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
some <strong>in</strong>stances became petty tyrants punish<strong>in</strong>g (among o<strong>the</strong>r alleged <strong>of</strong>fenders) vagrants, immoral women, <strong>and</strong><br />
lax family providers. 20 There followed <strong>the</strong>n an effort on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> Counter-Regulators or moderates from <strong>the</strong><br />
lowl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Backcountry to <strong>com</strong>bat <strong>and</strong> suppress <strong>the</strong>m. Yet some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se Counter-Regulators <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> turn<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves became guilty <strong>of</strong> lawless acts <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own personal <strong>in</strong>terests. So that by <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Revolution, <strong>the</strong> demarcation between Regulator <strong>and</strong> Counter-Regulator had <strong>in</strong> large measure (though not<br />
entirely) be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> political boundary between Whig <strong>and</strong> Tory respectively. Even so, this division between<br />
warr<strong>in</strong>g parties dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Revolution was by no means always or necessarily so easily decided on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong><br />
prior political allegiances. Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong>terior, for <strong>in</strong>stance, had <strong>the</strong>mselves at<br />
one time been both Regulators <strong>and</strong> political enemies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> detested eastern l<strong>and</strong> bosses, <strong>and</strong> whom <strong>the</strong>y<br />
deemed <strong>the</strong> opposition ra<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>the</strong> crown; <strong>and</strong> it was from <strong>the</strong>se that most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terior (<strong>and</strong> as it turned<br />
out <strong>of</strong>ten ill-fated) North Carol<strong>in</strong>a loyalists derived. Likewise as a similar exception, <strong>the</strong> whigs <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
were made up <strong>of</strong> both backcountry former Regulators <strong>and</strong> former seaboard Counter-regulators -- which realignment<br />
<strong>in</strong> practice sometimes made for an awkward, if not embarrass<strong>in</strong>g, alliance, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> state was<br />
fortunate <strong>in</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> likes <strong>of</strong> Griffith Ru<strong>the</strong>rford <strong>and</strong> William Richardson Davie to bridge <strong>the</strong> western-eastern<br />
political gap. 21<br />
* As re-brought attention to <strong>of</strong> late by historian Michael Scogg<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> his The Day it Ra<strong>in</strong>ed Militia, much anti-<br />
British sentiment <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a backcountry stemmed from an animosity to <strong>the</strong> religious authority that <strong>the</strong><br />
British government represented <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Anglican church, <strong>the</strong> government backed <strong>and</strong> thus more legally<br />
authorized church <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pre-revolution sou<strong>the</strong>rn colonies; with <strong>the</strong> same church <strong>of</strong> Engl<strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g historically<br />
viewed Presbyterians <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r religious dissenters with disapproval, antipathy <strong>and</strong> or subjected <strong>the</strong>m to<br />
discrim<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> some cases, persecution; <strong>and</strong> where such dom<strong>in</strong>ance could be used to affect social <strong>and</strong><br />
economic st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g. South Carol<strong>in</strong>a chronicler Joseph Johnson states: “Those residents <strong>in</strong> Spartanburg, York <strong>and</strong><br />
Chester, <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, aided by those <strong>of</strong> Mecklenburg <strong>and</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln, <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, were <strong>the</strong> first <strong>and</strong><br />
firmest <strong>in</strong> resist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> royal authority <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South. This region <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country was chiefly settled by families<br />
who had emigrated from <strong>the</strong> north <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> were descendants from <strong>the</strong> Puritans from Scotl<strong>and</strong>, who had<br />
taken refuge <strong>the</strong>re dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> cruel persecutions which both <strong>the</strong> church <strong>and</strong> state carried out aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
From such circumstances, <strong>the</strong>se Carol<strong>in</strong>a patriots were called <strong>the</strong> Scotch-Irish, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir descendants still pride<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> this appellation, tradition <strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>eage.” 22 This enmity lived on <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>; not only<br />
with <strong>the</strong> religious dissenters <strong>the</strong>mselves, but with a few but very aggressive British <strong>of</strong>ficers who made it <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
bus<strong>in</strong>ess, <strong>and</strong> not without good reason, to associate vociferous protestant clergymen with <strong>the</strong> American cause.<br />
Moreover, some American Irish, Scots, Scots-Irish -- <strong>and</strong> some Welsh -- <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>bat<strong>in</strong>g British authority were tak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
20 GNS pp. 47-48.<br />
21 RSC2 pp. 213-214, SDR pp. 21-23.<br />
22 JTR p. 551.<br />
15
up arms aga<strong>in</strong>st what was for <strong>the</strong>m was a traditional foe or rival. States Tarleton: “Irish were <strong>the</strong> most adverse<br />
<strong>of</strong> all o<strong>the</strong>r settlers to <strong>the</strong> British government <strong>in</strong> America.” 23 Deserv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> mention as well <strong>in</strong> this regard, French<br />
Huguenots, known <strong>and</strong> recognized widely for <strong>the</strong>ir own struggles for religious liberty, were a conspicuous ethnic<br />
group <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a coastal region; <strong>and</strong> a few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> more well known sou<strong>the</strong>rn whigs leaders, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Francis Marion, Isaac Huger, <strong>and</strong> John Sevier, sprang from families <strong>of</strong> that stock. 24<br />
* A relatively later wave <strong>of</strong> colonists <strong>in</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern North Carol<strong>in</strong>a was <strong>com</strong>promised <strong>of</strong> Scotch Highl<strong>and</strong><br />
emigrants who, beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> 1729 <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> fairly steady streams <strong>the</strong>reafter, settled on l<strong>and</strong>s deeded <strong>the</strong>m by<br />
George II. It was <strong>the</strong>ir gratitude for <strong>and</strong> fidelity to such royal grants that <strong>in</strong>duced <strong>the</strong>m to side with <strong>the</strong> British.<br />
Likewise <strong>and</strong> for <strong>the</strong> same reasons did many German colonists who settled <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a h<strong>in</strong>terl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
backcountry, <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fecund <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong> rich “Dutch” [i.e., Deutsch] Fork <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalist participants at Ramseur’s Mill <strong>in</strong> June 1780 be<strong>in</strong>g two noteworthy <strong>in</strong>stances <strong>of</strong> such. The Moravians <strong>of</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a are <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> that as dissenters <strong>of</strong> a k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>y tended to like <strong>the</strong> American cause from an<br />
idealistic st<strong>and</strong>po<strong>in</strong>t, yet <strong>the</strong>ir more conservative temperament argued aga<strong>in</strong>st radicalism; so that, formally <strong>and</strong><br />
for <strong>the</strong> most part, <strong>the</strong>y rema<strong>in</strong>ed neutrals <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> conflict, <strong>and</strong> which neutrality both British <strong>and</strong> Americans (at<br />
least formally) honored <strong>and</strong> respected.<br />
* A considerable portion <strong>of</strong> major Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia military leaders, ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>mselves or <strong>the</strong>ir parents, had<br />
emigrated to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> Pennsylvania sometime just prior to <strong>the</strong> war. A<br />
few had even been born <strong>in</strong> Engl<strong>and</strong>, such as William Richardson Davie, Henry William Harr<strong>in</strong>gton, Robert Lawson,<br />
<strong>and</strong> James Jackson. Sumter <strong>and</strong> many <strong>of</strong> his regimental <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers, <strong>and</strong> such as Samuel Hammond, were<br />
orig<strong>in</strong>ally from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. Pickens, William Lee Davidson, <strong>and</strong> Edward Lacey were born <strong>in</strong> Pennsylvania; while<br />
Elijah Clark, <strong>the</strong> Georgian, had <strong>com</strong>e from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Of all <strong>the</strong> prom<strong>in</strong>ent leaders among <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
militia <strong>and</strong> partisans, only Marion was an <strong>in</strong>digenous South Carol<strong>in</strong>ian. The same is also true <strong>of</strong> some <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
loyalist leaders, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Richard K<strong>in</strong>g who hailed from Great Brita<strong>in</strong>; Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, John Harrison, James<br />
Cary by birth Virg<strong>in</strong>ians; <strong>and</strong> Daniel Plummer from Pennsylvania.<br />
* Many names <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cities <strong>and</strong> towns mentioned are spelled or styled differently today than <strong>the</strong>y usually were <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> late 18 th century. Charleston, for example, was “Charles Town, or “Charlestown,” 25 Hillsboro “Hillsborough,”<br />
Orangeburg “Orangeburgh,” Charlotte “Charlotte Town,” <strong>and</strong> W<strong>in</strong>nsboro “W<strong>in</strong>nsborough“ or “Wynnesborough.”<br />
Waxhaw (<strong>the</strong> correct name) is sometimes referred to as Waxhaw or Waxhaws’ district. Most frequently, <strong>the</strong><br />
older version will be used <strong>in</strong> this work. In some rarer <strong>in</strong>stances <strong>the</strong>re are towns <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r geographical locations<br />
<strong>and</strong> features that have names entirely different from what <strong>the</strong>y were back <strong>the</strong>n; for <strong>in</strong>stance, Cross Creek is now<br />
Fayetteville, <strong>and</strong> Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek is now Lumber River. Also, Cheraws (once also known as “Chatham”) is<br />
pronounced “Cheroys,” 26 while Catawba is “Cut-taw-buh.” The name “Carol<strong>in</strong>a,” <strong>in</strong>cidentally, was bestowed by<br />
Charles II for his fa<strong>the</strong>r Charles I for an area that <strong>in</strong>cluded later Georgia, South <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a; <strong>the</strong> division<br />
creat<strong>in</strong>g North <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a be<strong>in</strong>g later enacted by George II <strong>in</strong> 1729; with Georgia receiv<strong>in</strong>g its charter <strong>in</strong><br />
1732. Last, unusual Carol<strong>in</strong>a names such as Wadboo, Combahee, Pocotaligo, Congaree, Peedee, Eutaw,<br />
Catawba, are, <strong>of</strong> course <strong>and</strong> if not obvious o<strong>the</strong>rwise, <strong>of</strong> Native American orig<strong>in</strong>. 27<br />
* William A. Graham (son <strong>of</strong> Major Joseph Graham): “In those days <strong>the</strong>re were no post-<strong>of</strong>fices or country stores<br />
for <strong>the</strong> congregat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> people. The flour<strong>in</strong>g mills were <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>of</strong> assembl<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> roads usually<br />
named for <strong>the</strong> mills to which <strong>the</strong>y led.” 28<br />
Frequent mention is made <strong>of</strong> mills <strong>in</strong> our text, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were <strong>of</strong> course water mills; <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong>re were four<br />
basic k<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18th century: grist mills for gr<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g gra<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> for dye plants (such as <strong>in</strong>digo, a by <strong>the</strong>n staple<br />
resource <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>modity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a low country); lumber mills for saw<strong>in</strong>g wood; loom or textile mills;<br />
<strong>and</strong> iron, or metal shap<strong>in</strong>g, mills. Plantation’s as well <strong>and</strong> similarly differed <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> what sort <strong>of</strong> crop <strong>the</strong><br />
given owner might predom<strong>in</strong>antly harvest <strong>and</strong> trade <strong>in</strong>.<br />
* Soldiers could vary greatly <strong>in</strong> age. Typically, <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir teens. Yet sometimes one f<strong>in</strong>ds described <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
record an old timer with more energy than many youths. 29 The average height <strong>of</strong> soldiers on both sides tended to<br />
be under six feet, <strong>and</strong> soldiers taller than this were <strong>the</strong> much rarer exception, despite notable examples among<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers like Col. William Campbell, Daniel Morgan, or <strong>of</strong> course, George Wash<strong>in</strong>gton himself. 30<br />
* The British <strong>and</strong> loyalists <strong>of</strong>ten tended, due <strong>in</strong> part to lack <strong>of</strong> tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g aim<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> or excessive powder <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
cartridges, to over shoot <strong>the</strong>ir targets. Fir<strong>in</strong>g downhill would only <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>the</strong> likelihood <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ball go<strong>in</strong>g higher<br />
than <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tended po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> impact. This phenomenon is mentioned specifically as occurr<strong>in</strong>g at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guilford Court House campaign. 31 By contrast, <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> a small number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whig militia<br />
23 TCS p. 86.<br />
24 For more on <strong>the</strong> topic <strong>of</strong> religion dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution, see JLG1 pp. 287-288, SCAR vol. 5, no2.<br />
25 Charlestown was <strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong> 1783, <strong>and</strong> only <strong>the</strong>n became “Charleston.” In <strong>the</strong> <strong>Calendar</strong> itself, <strong>the</strong> old spell<strong>in</strong>g is used.<br />
26 Also at one time known as “Chatham.” JTR p. 486, GHC p. 119.<br />
27 Oddly enough, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most <strong>in</strong>cisive <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> same time <strong>com</strong>prehensive descriptions, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g a summary history, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>as <strong>and</strong> Georgia prior to <strong>the</strong> Revolution is found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hessian diary <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Johann H<strong>in</strong>richs, USC pp. 145-159, 319-363.<br />
28 GRA.<br />
29 See for example EHJ, vol. iii, ch. 2, p. 231.<br />
30 Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> height <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>and</strong> file, see CLS pp. 471-474.<br />
31 See LMS pp. 275n, 285n, <strong>and</strong> also CSS p. 620.<br />
16
were generally spar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> powder <strong>and</strong> lead, <strong>and</strong> thus were prompted to make more economical use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
shots. 32<br />
* Customarily a cannon is spoken <strong>of</strong> as be<strong>in</strong>g, for example, a three-pounder, or four-pounder, or six-pounder,<br />
etc. The number spoken here refers to <strong>the</strong> weight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ball or shot it fired. Iron cannon (which is heavier than<br />
brass) had <strong>the</strong> advantage <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g able to fire somewhat longer distances than brass cannons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same<br />
caliber; <strong>the</strong> latter, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, were less likely to be<strong>com</strong>e damaged or explode due to a mishap than iron<br />
guns. Howitzers, unlike ord<strong>in</strong>ary ordnance, could fire at both low <strong>and</strong> high trajectories; while mortars (usually<br />
<strong>the</strong> more portable <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two types) could aim only from high angles. These last two types threw explosive shells<br />
<strong>and</strong> were customarily (though not always) employed <strong>in</strong> sieges <strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong>st fortifications. For an <strong>in</strong>depth <strong>and</strong><br />
detailed survey <strong>of</strong> artillery formations <strong>and</strong> tactics, types <strong>of</strong> guns, <strong>and</strong> ammunition used <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>War</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Independence, see GYT pp. 49-72.<br />
* In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> this work reference is made to types <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>ponents <strong>of</strong> fixed <strong>and</strong> field fortifications. The<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>n is a brief glossary <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se. An at length presentation <strong>of</strong> 18 th century defensive works,<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir role <strong>and</strong> usage can be found at GYT pp. 23-48.<br />
~ abatis (also abbatis): a carefully constructed defensive obstacle, ei<strong>the</strong>r laid on open ground or stick<strong>in</strong>g out<br />
from earthworks; formed <strong>of</strong> felled trees or branches (as opposed to stakes) with sharpened ends fac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy (not unlike how barbwire was employed militarily <strong>in</strong> later times.)<br />
~ embrasure: an aperture or port, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g loopholes, through which to fire.<br />
~ fasc<strong>in</strong>e: a long bundle <strong>of</strong> wooden sticks or staves (usually 6 foot long) bound toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>to bundles <strong>of</strong> 6 to 8<br />
<strong>in</strong>ches <strong>in</strong> diameter <strong>and</strong> used to streng<strong>the</strong>n an earthwork’s <strong>in</strong>ner foundations <strong>and</strong> typically used <strong>in</strong> conjunction<br />
with gabions; while fraises, palisades <strong>and</strong> abatis by <strong>com</strong>parison aided <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fortification’s outer defense.<br />
~ fleches: two trenches <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r at a slight angle po<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy typically used <strong>in</strong><br />
siege defense <strong>and</strong> besieg<strong>in</strong>g approaches.<br />
~ fraise: an obstacle <strong>of</strong> po<strong>in</strong>ted stakes (<strong>and</strong> larger than <strong>the</strong> branches <strong>of</strong> an abatis) driven, <strong>in</strong> uniform rows, <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>the</strong> ramparts <strong>of</strong> a fortification or redoubt <strong>in</strong> a horizontal or <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed position. While fraises, though larger <strong>in</strong> size,<br />
could be said to resemble certa<strong>in</strong> k<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>of</strong> abatis, not all abatis resembled fraises.<br />
~ gabion: a basket or cage filled with earth or rocks <strong>and</strong> used especially <strong>in</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g a support or abutment.<br />
~ redan: a small two palisaded redoubt usually with a ditch <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> it.<br />
~ redoubt: a small, usually temporary, enclosed defensive work usually dug <strong>and</strong> constructed <strong>of</strong> earth.<br />
* There were two pr<strong>in</strong>cipal agricultural harvests <strong>in</strong> a given year -- one <strong>in</strong> early summer <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> early<br />
autumn. In South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, for example, plant<strong>in</strong>g would take place <strong>in</strong> March <strong>and</strong> April with a crop follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
July <strong>and</strong> August. A second plant<strong>in</strong>g would occur <strong>in</strong> July <strong>and</strong> August with a possible crop <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> September <strong>and</strong><br />
October. Not untypically, <strong>the</strong> harvest times would draw many men from <strong>the</strong> militia home <strong>and</strong> away from <strong>the</strong><br />
army.<br />
* With armies camp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g through <strong>the</strong>m, an area <strong>of</strong> territory could be exhausted <strong>of</strong> food <strong>and</strong><br />
provisions, ei<strong>the</strong>r for reasons <strong>of</strong> supply or because <strong>of</strong> willful destruction. And even if left untouched afterward,<br />
<strong>the</strong> denuded locale might still not substantially recover (as to be able to feed an army <strong>of</strong> 1,000 or more) for<br />
many months or even years. What happened above Camden <strong>and</strong> around Charlotte <strong>and</strong> Salisbury <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong><br />
1780 are good illustrations <strong>of</strong> this problem.<br />
* So acute could be supply shortages for armies <strong>of</strong> both sides that not <strong>in</strong>frequently <strong>the</strong> latter found <strong>the</strong>mselves<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g to subsist by impress<strong>in</strong>g food <strong>and</strong> basic necessities from <strong>the</strong> local populace -– though not without<br />
conscience or reluctance on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> higher rank<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> more politically sensitive, <strong>of</strong>ficers, see LMS p. 544.<br />
The Americans, moreover, <strong>and</strong> particularly <strong>the</strong> militia, <strong>of</strong>ten had to rely on captur<strong>in</strong>g stores from <strong>the</strong> enemy,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g arms <strong>and</strong> ammunition, <strong>in</strong> order to provide <strong>the</strong>mselves with what <strong>the</strong>y needed to both fight <strong>and</strong> survive;<br />
<strong>and</strong> which <strong>the</strong> British naturally decried as plunder<strong>in</strong>g. One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> reasons cited by historians for Cornwallis’<br />
supply problems was lack <strong>of</strong> wagons <strong>and</strong> teams <strong>of</strong> wagons <strong>and</strong> horses. The American army, for its part, lost most<br />
<strong>of</strong> what it had <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> quartermaster’s department at Camden, 16 Aug. 1780; so that Greene faced difficulties<br />
similar to his opponent <strong>in</strong> this respect. Nor were matters helped that <strong>the</strong> roads <strong>of</strong> that time were <strong>of</strong>ten very<br />
bad. Waterways, <strong>the</strong>refore, were a very <strong>of</strong>ten sought after means <strong>of</strong> transport. However, <strong>the</strong> British were<br />
usually prohibited from us<strong>in</strong>g river transport to Camden, or from Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Cross Creek (<strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terior),<br />
due to <strong>in</strong>terdiction by enemy militia <strong>and</strong> partisans. Loyalist Robert Gray describes one such supply path this way:<br />
“The stores at Camden were sent by water from Charles Town to Monck’s Corner, from <strong>the</strong>nce waggoned [sic] to<br />
a l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g on Santee near Nelson’s ferry where <strong>the</strong>y were embarked <strong>in</strong> boats for Camden.” 33 While Greene came<br />
to have <strong>the</strong> advantages <strong>of</strong> Thomas Polk, Davie, Sumter, <strong>and</strong> Marion as defacto <strong>com</strong>missaries <strong>in</strong> North <strong>and</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a to help assist him when <strong>the</strong>y could. Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> Rawdon, although sometimes receiv<strong>in</strong>g important<br />
aid from loyalists on <strong>the</strong> local <strong>and</strong> immediate level, had very little <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> loyalist leaders <strong>of</strong> such broad<br />
<strong>and</strong> centraliz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>fluence as Polk, Davie etc., to do <strong>the</strong> same, <strong>and</strong> frequently had to resort to immediate<br />
purchase (usually <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g promissory notes <strong>of</strong> payment) <strong>and</strong> or seizure for provisions.<br />
Militia, on both sides, as well as act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a military capacity, facilitated both American <strong>and</strong> British efforts <strong>in</strong><br />
ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g supplies, <strong>and</strong> provid<strong>in</strong>g military <strong>and</strong> geographical <strong>in</strong>formation (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g through spy<strong>in</strong>g) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own<br />
locales <strong>and</strong> neighborhoods. While <strong>the</strong> Americans could normally be said to have had <strong>the</strong> much greater advantage<br />
32 See also BDW pp. 14-15.<br />
33 GWC p. 147.<br />
17
<strong>in</strong> this; when Greene lay at Ramsey’s Mill <strong>in</strong> late March 1781 he found himself <strong>in</strong> enemy country; such that<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence reports were not <strong>the</strong>n so easily had <strong>the</strong>re as elsewhere. 34<br />
* Parties were sometimes sent out on <strong>in</strong> small groups from <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army as much too feed <strong>the</strong>mselves as to<br />
scout <strong>and</strong> act as sentries, <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> skirmishes arose as a direct result <strong>of</strong> some detachment (usually <strong>the</strong><br />
British) seek<strong>in</strong>g food for <strong>the</strong>ir men. Prior to an important march, troops would usually be doled out <strong>the</strong>ir rations<br />
(say for three days); which <strong>the</strong>y were sometimes <strong>in</strong>structed to cook <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> sett<strong>in</strong>g out.<br />
* The conduct <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south was <strong>in</strong> no small way restricted <strong>and</strong> or facilitated by <strong>the</strong> judicious (or<br />
<strong>in</strong>judicious) use <strong>of</strong> rivers both as supply routes <strong>and</strong> strategic obstacles. As an aid to remember<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
ma<strong>in</strong> waterways south <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g is a helpful guidel<strong>in</strong>e:<br />
~The (smaller) Haw <strong>and</strong> Deep Rivers jo<strong>in</strong> to be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> (larger) Cape Fear River<br />
Bell’s <strong>and</strong> Ramsey’s Mills are two key spots on <strong>the</strong> Deep River (<strong>the</strong> Haw, for that time, had none as such); <strong>the</strong><br />
chief towns for Cape Fear are Cross Creek <strong>and</strong>, much lower down, Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton.<br />
~The (smaller) Yadk<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> Little Pee Dee Rivers be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> (larger) Pee Dee.<br />
The chief town on <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> is Salisbury; that on <strong>the</strong> Pee Dee is Georgetown.<br />
~ The Catawba River be<strong>com</strong>es <strong>the</strong> Wateree.<br />
The chief town on, or at least very near, <strong>the</strong> Catawba is Charlotte; on <strong>the</strong> Wateree it’s Camden.<br />
~ The Broad <strong>and</strong> Saluda Rivers toge<strong>the</strong>r be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> Congaree.<br />
The Saluda served <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong> Dutch Fork area; while <strong>the</strong> chief locale on <strong>the</strong> Congaree was Belleville,<br />
Fort Gr<strong>and</strong>by, Ancrum’s Plantation, <strong>and</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity.<br />
~ The Wateree <strong>and</strong> Congaree Rivers <strong>the</strong>n be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> (much larger) Santee River.<br />
* John Marshall: “The distresses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn [Cont<strong>in</strong>ental] army like those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> north were such that it was<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten difficult to keep <strong>the</strong>m toge<strong>the</strong>r. That he might relieve <strong>the</strong>m when <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> last extremity, <strong>and</strong> yet not<br />
dim<strong>in</strong>ish <strong>the</strong> exertions made to draw support from o<strong>the</strong>r sources by creat<strong>in</strong>g an op<strong>in</strong>ion that any supplies could<br />
be drawn from him, Mr. [Robert] Morris [Congress’ Super<strong>in</strong>tendent <strong>of</strong> F<strong>in</strong>ance] employed an agent to attend <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn army as a volunteer, whose powers were unknown to general Greene. This agent was <strong>in</strong>structed to<br />
watch its situation, <strong>and</strong> whenever it appeared impossible for <strong>the</strong> general to extricate himself from his<br />
embarrassments, to furnish him, on his pledg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> faith <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> government for repayment, with a draft on <strong>the</strong><br />
f<strong>in</strong>ancier for such a sum as would relieve <strong>the</strong> urgency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> moment. Thus was Greene frequently rescued from<br />
impend<strong>in</strong>g ru<strong>in</strong> by aids which appeared providential, <strong>and</strong> for which he could not account.” 35<br />
* It was not at all unusual for soldiers <strong>and</strong> sailors <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18 th century to see a given war as a means <strong>of</strong> obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
personal plunder. Though loudly declaimed <strong>and</strong> ordered aga<strong>in</strong>st by higher <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers, a few British <strong>of</strong>ficers,<br />
like Andrew Maxwell, ga<strong>in</strong>ed notorious reputations for private pr<strong>of</strong>iteer<strong>in</strong>g; even to <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong> some cases <strong>of</strong><br />
tak<strong>in</strong>g advantage <strong>of</strong> loyalists; which, not surpris<strong>in</strong>gly, only ended up mak<strong>in</strong>g it that more difficult to secure<br />
cooperation from <strong>the</strong> local populace <strong>in</strong> obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g provisions. By contrast, some important American militia<br />
leaders, such a Sumter <strong>and</strong> John Stark (<strong>of</strong> Bunker Hill <strong>and</strong> Benn<strong>in</strong>gton fame) relied on confiscation <strong>of</strong> enemy<br />
property, on <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> battlefield, as a means necessary to secur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir men’s presence <strong>and</strong> cooperation; not<br />
unlike <strong>com</strong>parable methods used by naval privateers to achieve <strong>the</strong> same end. Although much has been written<br />
concern<strong>in</strong>g Hessian loot<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> north States (particularly <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war), <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south <strong>the</strong>re is (to<br />
my knowledge) no mention <strong>of</strong> any such go<strong>in</strong>g on by <strong>the</strong> Germans. 36<br />
* Wea<strong>the</strong>r played a vital role throughout <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south, both <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> heavy precipitation <strong>and</strong><br />
excessive heat. 37 With respect to <strong>the</strong> former, <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g that it would ra<strong>in</strong> more heavily <strong>in</strong> some<br />
areas than o<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>the</strong>re were notable showers, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some storms, <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>of</strong><br />
1780. The K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> army encountered ra<strong>in</strong> on its march <strong>in</strong> early October. December, January, <strong>and</strong> early<br />
February found both Cornwallis’ <strong>and</strong> Greene’s men contend<strong>in</strong>g with flooded <strong>and</strong> obstructed waterways; while a<br />
major downpour immediately follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> battle at Guilford Court House prevented immediate assistance to<br />
many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wounded left on <strong>the</strong> field.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> occasion <strong>of</strong> such deluges, fords, <strong>and</strong> even ferries, could be<strong>com</strong>e problematical, highly dangerous, or even<br />
impossible to cross or use. In clear wea<strong>the</strong>r, it took Cornwallis’ army (i.e., a force <strong>of</strong> one to three thous<strong>and</strong>)<br />
approximately twelve hours to cross a large river like <strong>the</strong> Santee by ferry. Swamps also, as a result <strong>of</strong> such<br />
34 It had been part <strong>of</strong> my orig<strong>in</strong>al plan for this work to have <strong>com</strong>piled a supplementary volume; record<strong>in</strong>g by means <strong>of</strong> both a<br />
general <strong>in</strong>troduction <strong>and</strong> specific date <strong>the</strong> types, sources, <strong>and</strong> means <strong>of</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> transport<strong>in</strong>g various types <strong>of</strong> provisions<br />
<strong>and</strong> military supplies. This wish not be<strong>in</strong>g as yet been possible to realize, it is at least worth not<strong>in</strong>g that much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> primary<br />
data <strong>and</strong> source materials for such a project can be found <strong>in</strong> many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> works cited <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> bibliography, not least <strong>of</strong> which<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficial records <strong>and</strong> correspondence (such as are presented, for example, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Greene <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis papers.)<br />
35 MLW4A pp. 557n-558n, RSC2 pp. 99-100. See also regard<strong>in</strong>g Mr. John Banks <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia who <strong>in</strong> 1782 personally provided<br />
valuable assistance <strong>in</strong> supply<strong>in</strong>g Greene at LMS p. 420.<br />
36 WCO p. 239. Also, <strong>the</strong> successful expedition aga<strong>in</strong>st Musgrove’s Mill <strong>in</strong> August 1780 was to some extent prompted by a desire<br />
for monetary ga<strong>in</strong> on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whigs, see LCR pp. 147-148.<br />
37 Henry Lee: “The heat <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> months <strong>of</strong> July <strong>and</strong> August forbade <strong>the</strong> toils <strong>of</strong> war. In 1781 we found <strong>the</strong> heat <strong>of</strong> September <strong>and</strong><br />
October very oppressive.” LMS p. 133n.<br />
18
flood<strong>in</strong>g, could be<strong>com</strong>e even more impassible than <strong>the</strong>y were o<strong>the</strong>rwise. Natural delay<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> movement would<br />
make force marches <strong>and</strong> surprise raids (such as Tarleton carried out) much less feasible. As well, sometimes<br />
supplies would be delayed before reach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>tended dest<strong>in</strong>ation because <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> muddy roads <strong>the</strong>y<br />
created.<br />
Charles Baxley, editor <strong>of</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Campaigns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution (SCAR), <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>ment adds: “Most<br />
summers <strong>in</strong> SC it ra<strong>in</strong>s almost every afternoon <strong>and</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g with short duration, but <strong>of</strong>ten severe thunderstorms,<br />
sometimes scattered, but <strong>of</strong>ten <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es 100 miles long or more may dump 3” to 5” <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> an area <strong>in</strong> less than<br />
an hour...<strong>the</strong> severe river ‘freshets’ were usually caused by ‘Hurryca<strong>in</strong>s’ hitt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> upper dra<strong>in</strong>age bas<strong>in</strong>s along<br />
<strong>the</strong> eastern face <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Blue Ridge <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter by Nor’easters...hence: high roads <strong>and</strong> low roads...high<br />
roads were better <strong>in</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>y wea<strong>the</strong>r as <strong>the</strong>y crossed streams <strong>and</strong> rivers higher up where <strong>the</strong>y are smaller <strong>and</strong> low<br />
roads, <strong>of</strong>ten more a direct route, but it had broader rivers, swamps <strong>and</strong> creeks to ford.”<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> warmer months <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> year, i.e., late summer <strong>and</strong> early autumn, armies would <strong>com</strong>monly march<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, night, or very early morn<strong>in</strong>g to avoid <strong>the</strong> swelter<strong>in</strong>g heat. In <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter, nighttime <strong>in</strong> parts<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as could be bit<strong>in</strong>g cold. But with warm daylight hours, <strong>the</strong> snow that had fallen earlier <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
darkness would melt <strong>in</strong>to slush; thus mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> already arduous roads that much more challeng<strong>in</strong>g to travel<br />
on. 38<br />
* Although such regulations could not always be met <strong>and</strong> adhered to, an American <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>in</strong> 1781<br />
formally consisted <strong>of</strong> 1 Capta<strong>in</strong>, 1 Lieutenant, 1 Ensign, 5 Sergeants, 1 Drummer, <strong>and</strong> 68 Corporals <strong>and</strong> Privates.<br />
An American cavalry troop, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g those part <strong>of</strong> a Legion, were made up <strong>of</strong> 1 Capt., 2 Lieut., 1 Cornet, 1 Qtr.<br />
Master Sgt., 1 Sgt., 5 Corporals, 1 Trumpeter, 1 Farrier, <strong>and</strong> 60 privates; none<strong>the</strong>lesss <strong>in</strong> practice a given<br />
<strong>com</strong>pany, due to losses (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g illness <strong>and</strong> desertion), might <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field well number less than this.<br />
These <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>the</strong>n made up <strong>the</strong> battalion or battalions which formed <strong>the</strong> basis for a given regiment; while a<br />
cavalry regiment consisted exclusively <strong>of</strong> “troops” -- <strong>the</strong>re be<strong>in</strong>g no sub-regimental cavalry organization larger<br />
than this.<br />
A British foot <strong>com</strong>pany, for its part, was made up <strong>of</strong> 1 Capt., 2 Lieuts., 2 Sgts., 3 Corporals, 1 Drummer, <strong>and</strong> 38<br />
privates; with similarly <strong>and</strong> at given times, casualties <strong>of</strong> a campaign result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a <strong>com</strong>pany’s operat<strong>in</strong>g under its<br />
full strength.<br />
With respect to <strong>the</strong> British cavalry, Robert K. Wright (<strong>in</strong> his The Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army p. 105) states: “The British<br />
Army’s large cavalry cont<strong>in</strong>gent was organized for European <strong>com</strong>bat. As a result, only two light cavalry<br />
regiments served <strong>in</strong> America dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Revolution. The 17 th Light Dragoons arrived <strong>in</strong> Boston <strong>in</strong> May 1775 <strong>and</strong><br />
served throughout <strong>the</strong> war; <strong>the</strong> 16 th reached New York <strong>in</strong> October 1776 <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed for only two years. Each<br />
regiment consisted <strong>of</strong> six troops plus a small headquarters consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a titular colonel, a lieutenant colonel, a<br />
major, an adjutant, a chapla<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> a surgeon. Each troop <strong>in</strong>itially conta<strong>in</strong>ed a capta<strong>in</strong>, a lieutenant, a cornet<br />
(equivalent to an <strong>in</strong>fantry ensign), a quartermaster, 2 sergeants, 2 corporals, a hautboy (drummer), <strong>and</strong> 38<br />
privates. In <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1776 <strong>the</strong> establishment <strong>of</strong> a troop was <strong>in</strong>creased by ano<strong>the</strong>r cornet, a sergeant, 2<br />
corporals, <strong>and</strong> 30 privates. General [William] Howe was given <strong>the</strong> option <strong>of</strong> ei<strong>the</strong>r mount<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> augmentation<br />
with locally procured horses or us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> men as light <strong>in</strong>fantry.”<br />
Despite this augmentation, it does not appear <strong>in</strong> practice that an ord<strong>in</strong>ary British or loyalist cavalry troop ever<br />
exceeded 38-40 mounted privates. What’s more, <strong>the</strong> organization <strong>of</strong> both loyalist <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>and</strong> cavalry<br />
troops occasionally permitted or necessitated some variation from <strong>the</strong> British model. In <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter,<br />
we f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g examples:<br />
~ A cavalry troop <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> East Florida Rangers <strong>in</strong> early 1777 was <strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> 1 Capt., 1 Lieut., 2 Sgts., 2<br />
Corporals, 25-30 Privates.<br />
~ Philadelphia Light Dragoons troop <strong>in</strong> 1777: 1 Capt., 1 Lieut., 1 Cornet, 1 Quarter Master [Sergeant], 2 Sgts., 2<br />
Corporals, 1 Trumpeter, 1 Farrier <strong>and</strong> 40 Privates.<br />
~ A troop <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Dragoons <strong>in</strong> 1782: 3 Commissioned Officers, 1 Staff Officer, 2 Sgts., 2 Corporals,<br />
1 Trumpeter, 1 Farrier <strong>and</strong> 55 Privates.<br />
* In <strong>the</strong> 18 th century, <strong>the</strong> three or four rank l<strong>in</strong>e was <strong>the</strong> more ord<strong>in</strong>ary battle formation for <strong>in</strong>fantry; except <strong>in</strong><br />
North America where <strong>the</strong> two rank l<strong>in</strong>e was more generally adopted <strong>in</strong> order to facilitate movement through<br />
difficult terra<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> or due to <strong>the</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> men to fill <strong>the</strong> ranks. Similarly, an open l<strong>in</strong>e formation, where distance<br />
between adjacent soldiers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e was maximized, was normally preferred over a close order l<strong>in</strong>e (where<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were more or less shoulder to shoulder); <strong>in</strong> order to both extend <strong>the</strong> length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, enhance ease <strong>of</strong><br />
movement, <strong>and</strong> to dim<strong>in</strong>ish <strong>the</strong> chance <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g hit by enemy fire. Yet if risk <strong>of</strong> a melee was imm<strong>in</strong>ent, <strong>the</strong> close<br />
l<strong>in</strong>e might be reverted to. 39 States Henry Lee: “[Americans soldiers]…underst<strong>and</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g with facility through<br />
mud, water, <strong>and</strong> thick brush, fight<strong>in</strong>g from covert to covert; whereas <strong>the</strong> enemy would never feel himself safe,<br />
unless <strong>in</strong> close order <strong>and</strong> unison <strong>of</strong> action, nei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> which could long be preserved when attacked <strong>in</strong> such a<br />
position.” 40<br />
* While we have fairly thorough <strong>and</strong> reasonably <strong>com</strong>plete record <strong>of</strong> British, German, <strong>and</strong> French uniforms, with<br />
respect to American military cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation is <strong>of</strong>ten sorely lack<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> it is not unusual <strong>in</strong> do<strong>in</strong>g deeper<br />
research that we sometimes f<strong>in</strong>d ourselves discover<strong>in</strong>g peculiar facts that <strong>com</strong>e somewhat as a surprise to a<br />
38 TPY p. 4.<br />
39 EHJ p. 340, SQR pp. 187-188, DME p. 110. Incidentally <strong>and</strong> worth <strong>the</strong> not<strong>in</strong>g, a table-top historical simulation that<br />
demonstrates <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> tactical formations well <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a readily grasped manner is Richard H. Berg’s “Fl<strong>in</strong>tlock” put out by<br />
LocknLoad publish<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
40 LMS p. 304.<br />
19
<strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> historian who is not already a specialist on <strong>the</strong> subject <strong>of</strong> attire. To give just one <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>stance, Lieut. Col. Turnbull <strong>in</strong> a letter 41 mentions some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a partisans <strong>of</strong> York County <strong>and</strong> nearby<br />
wear<strong>in</strong>g “uniforms;” when we normally would take it for granted that such would be garbed <strong>in</strong> civilian clo<strong>the</strong>s.<br />
Although, naturally, quite what he means by “uniforms” is open to question; <strong>the</strong> sort <strong>of</strong> possibility this raises<br />
cannot help but <strong>in</strong>trigue. So that while we are used to, say, pictur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> patriots at Musgrove’s Mill <strong>and</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong> as garbed <strong>in</strong> hunt<strong>in</strong>g shirts <strong>and</strong> civilian frocks <strong>of</strong> some k<strong>in</strong>d, it is not implausible that some may have<br />
been (more or less <strong>and</strong> relatively speak<strong>in</strong>g) conventionally uniformed. One form <strong>of</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ard cloth<strong>in</strong>g adopted by<br />
Greene’s troops <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south were shirts, trousers <strong>and</strong> overhauls made from osnaburg -- an <strong>of</strong>f-white cotton<br />
fabric. With respect to overhauls, Milfred F. Treacy writes: “These ‘overhauls’ [or overalls] fashioned <strong>of</strong> wool <strong>in</strong><br />
w<strong>in</strong>ter <strong>and</strong> unbleached [cotton] l<strong>in</strong>en <strong>in</strong> summer, consisted <strong>of</strong> close-fitt<strong>in</strong>g trousers or legg<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>the</strong> bottoms <strong>of</strong><br />
which extended over <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>step. They had a strap which passed under <strong>the</strong> arch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> foot to hold <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> place<br />
snugly. Worn with a fr<strong>in</strong>ged hunt<strong>in</strong>g shirt <strong>of</strong> match<strong>in</strong>g material, <strong>the</strong> garments made a serviceable, if easily<br />
soiled, uniform for field duty.” 42 Sometimes seamstresses were hired to make <strong>and</strong> mend cloth<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> for which<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were typically paid <strong>in</strong> salt (<strong>in</strong> place <strong>of</strong> ord<strong>in</strong>ary currency.) Some volumes worth re<strong>com</strong>mend<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> topic<br />
<strong>of</strong> uniforms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> are: Uniforms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army by Philip Katcher;<br />
Soldiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution by Don Troiani <strong>and</strong> James L. Kochan; The Book <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Soldier<br />
by Harold L. Peterson; Uniforms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution by John Mollo <strong>and</strong> Malcolm McGregor; Military<br />
Uniforms <strong>in</strong> America: The Era <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution, 1755-1795 by John R. Elt<strong>in</strong>g, ed. <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Company <strong>of</strong><br />
Military Historians); The American <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>: Uniforms From 1775-1783 by Kev<strong>in</strong> F. Kiley <strong>and</strong> Digby<br />
Smith; various pert<strong>in</strong>ent titles <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Osprey military books series; <strong>and</strong> see as well for additional reference,<br />
CNC14 pp. 714-716, CNC15 p. 181, GYT pp. 110-111, TPY p. 69. F<strong>in</strong>ally, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dexes to <strong>the</strong> Nathanael Greene<br />
Papers (NGP) head<strong>in</strong>gs are to be found for “cloth<strong>in</strong>g,” “overalls,” “osnaburg,” “uniforms“ (where <strong>in</strong> a given<br />
volume applicable.)<br />
* “The horse is our greatest safeguard,” said Greene, “<strong>and</strong> without <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong> militia could not keep <strong>the</strong> field <strong>in</strong><br />
this country.” 43 Generally speak<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> mounts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental cavalry, <strong>of</strong>ten be<strong>in</strong>g drawn from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
thoroughbreds, were swifter <strong>and</strong> heartier than those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British; who had effectively lost (just about) all <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
mounts <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> storms at sea sail<strong>in</strong>g south to Charleston <strong>in</strong> Jan. <strong>of</strong> 1780. 44 The quality <strong>of</strong> horses made a s<strong>in</strong>gular<br />
difference both on <strong>the</strong> march <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>bat. On campaign, <strong>the</strong> American cavalry could usually move longer<br />
distances <strong>and</strong> more quickly without show<strong>in</strong>g stra<strong>in</strong> too early. In a charge <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>bat, <strong>the</strong>ir stronger <strong>and</strong> heavier<br />
horses added additional power to <strong>the</strong> force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> attack. Lee speaks on this topic a few times <strong>in</strong> his memoirs.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, by <strong>the</strong> time Cornwallis <strong>in</strong>vaded Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781, Tarleton quickly availed<br />
himself <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> horses <strong>of</strong> that state <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> process was able to carry out some extraord<strong>in</strong>ary long distance<br />
raids. Meanwhile, it had o<strong>the</strong>rwise be<strong>com</strong>e almost impossible for Greene (<strong>and</strong> despite Gov. Thomas Jefferson’s<br />
own efforts <strong>in</strong>itially to aid him <strong>in</strong> this) to obta<strong>in</strong> new steeds for his army from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; as an act by <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
legislature about <strong>the</strong> same time fur<strong>the</strong>r prohibited <strong>the</strong>ir impressment <strong>and</strong> seizure by his agents. 45<br />
* In at least 1780, whig militia <strong>com</strong>monly fastened pieces <strong>of</strong> paper <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir hats to demarcate <strong>the</strong>m from <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
opponents; while loyalist or tories wore green tree sprigs. Such was reportedly <strong>the</strong> case, for <strong>in</strong>stance, at<br />
Ramseur’s Mill <strong>and</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. However, by 1781 it is recorded, at least <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, that it was <strong>the</strong><br />
whigs who fitted green twigs to <strong>the</strong>ir hats. Loyalists, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, by <strong>the</strong>n wore a red cloth or red rosette;<br />
derisively referred to by historian Alex<strong>and</strong>er Garden (himself a member <strong>of</strong> Lee’s Legion) as a “red rag.” 46<br />
* With respect to movement rates <strong>the</strong>re are <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g examples to <strong>com</strong>pare <strong>and</strong> consider:<br />
~ Joseph Plumb Mart<strong>in</strong>, a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental soldier from Massachusetts reports walk<strong>in</strong>g a squad under his<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> 50 miles <strong>in</strong> 12 hours, <strong>and</strong> 90 miles <strong>in</strong> 24 hours.<br />
~In pursuit to Waxhaws, Tarleton‘s troops rode 105 miles <strong>in</strong> 54 hours (while los<strong>in</strong>g horses on <strong>the</strong><br />
march; which were replaced en route.)<br />
~After Musgrove’s Mill, Isaac Shelby immediately retreated with a mounted forced, encumbered with<br />
prisoners, some 60 miles; such that <strong>in</strong> course <strong>of</strong> 48 hours his men had rode 160 miles, i.e., 100 to get to<br />
Musgrove’s <strong>and</strong> 60 <strong>in</strong> retreat back toward <strong>the</strong> over-mounta<strong>in</strong> settlements.<br />
~ Joseph McDowell (<strong>of</strong> Quaker Meadows) <strong>and</strong> his militia marched 31 miles <strong>in</strong> one day; while o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
forces ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> engagement did above 23 miles per day. On October 1 st , <strong>the</strong> entire<br />
force left Quaker Meadows <strong>and</strong> did 18 miles <strong>in</strong> one day, but <strong>the</strong>re was ra<strong>in</strong>; which forced <strong>the</strong>m to halt for <strong>the</strong><br />
entire next day. On <strong>the</strong> actual day <strong>of</strong> battle, <strong>and</strong> despite some drizzle <strong>and</strong> light ra<strong>in</strong>, Shelby <strong>and</strong> Campbell’s rode<br />
40 miles to reach K<strong>in</strong>gs Mounta<strong>in</strong>.<br />
~ An army mov<strong>in</strong>g at 10-15 miles a day considered to be mov<strong>in</strong>g at a very slow rate. As one example <strong>of</strong><br />
this, <strong>in</strong> late January 1781, it took Cornwallis, 3 days to move 36 miles from his camp on Little Broad River to<br />
Ramseur’s Mill.<br />
~ Prisoners taken by Morgan at Cowpens (16 January 1781) amounted to two thirds <strong>of</strong> his force. Slowed<br />
by captured prisoners <strong>and</strong> munitions (muskets, artillery <strong>and</strong> ammunition), he did not reach <strong>the</strong> north fork or<br />
41 Turnbull to Cornwallis, 15 July, 1780, PRO. 30/11/2/158-159.<br />
42 TPY p. 69, CNC15 p. 181.<br />
43 Greene to Joseph Reed, 18 March, 1781, NGP7 p. 448.<br />
44 Though, <strong>of</strong> course, <strong>the</strong> British were able to mount many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir cavalry similarly when Cornwallis <strong>in</strong>vaded Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> along<br />
<strong>the</strong> way captured some <strong>of</strong> those same breeds. See LMS p. 274n.<br />
45 LMS pp. 241, 265n, 274n, 379n, HWW p. 134. MSC2 p. 240. Somewhat conversely, <strong>the</strong> swords <strong>of</strong> American cavalry tended to be<br />
noticeably <strong>in</strong>ferior to those wielded by British horsemen. LMS p. 215n, HWW p. 114.<br />
46 GHA3 p. 170, GAR1 p. 143, GAM2 pp. 225-226, TPY p. 162.<br />
20
ma<strong>in</strong> stream <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba until <strong>the</strong> 23 rd <strong>of</strong> January (hav<strong>in</strong>g moved a distance <strong>of</strong> approximately 50 plus miles <strong>in</strong><br />
7 days.)<br />
~ Kirkwood’s Delaware troops would typically move 60 miles a week on ma<strong>the</strong>matical average,<br />
sometimes up to 70 or 80. An ord<strong>in</strong>ary days march was 20 to 30 miles, or less depend<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> strategy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
moment Greene was employ<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
~ Dur<strong>in</strong>g his pursuit <strong>of</strong> Greene to <strong>the</strong> Dan River, Cornwallis managed a march <strong>of</strong> nearly 180 miles <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
short space <strong>of</strong> ten days. Greene <strong>and</strong> his army, for <strong>the</strong>ir part, had moved on average 20 to 30 miles a day <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
same period (see CNS2 pp. 59-60.)<br />
~ On <strong>the</strong> retreat from <strong>the</strong> battle at Guilford, Cornwallis’ sore, weary, <strong>and</strong> many shoeless men, <strong>and</strong><br />
encumbered with sick <strong>and</strong> wounded, did 90 miles <strong>in</strong> six days. 47<br />
* Accord<strong>in</strong>g to historian Christopher Duffy, exhaustion, disease <strong>and</strong> desertion <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>com</strong>monly deprived an<br />
army <strong>of</strong> about one-fifth <strong>of</strong> its strength <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> an 18 th century campaign. 48 In <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south, <strong>the</strong><br />
effect <strong>of</strong> fevers <strong>and</strong> “fluxes,” <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g typhus <strong>and</strong> dysentery, not unusually had a ru<strong>in</strong>ous impact on army<br />
strengths, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> army’s capacity to carry out operations, particularly with <strong>the</strong> British. 49 It was <strong>com</strong>mon<br />
medical belief at <strong>the</strong> time that such illnesses, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> words <strong>of</strong> historian Milfred F. Treacy, were <strong>in</strong>duced by a<br />
“mysterious effluvia or miasma ris<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> swamps.” 50 For some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans small pox at times could<br />
be a problem as well. Yet with respect to be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g ill generally, high-rank<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers could fall victim as likely<br />
as ord<strong>in</strong>ary soldiers; with some be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g unfit for fur<strong>the</strong>r duty or, such as James Hogun, James McCall, William<br />
Campbell, <strong>and</strong> William Phillips, actually dy<strong>in</strong>g as a result. 51<br />
* The presence <strong>of</strong> ei<strong>the</strong>r British or American regular forces would tend to encourage <strong>the</strong> turnout <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
respective militias significantly. Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army presence tended to <strong>in</strong>crease whig militia activity.<br />
Correspond<strong>in</strong>gly, when <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals absence became prolonged, as after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charlestown <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
battle <strong>of</strong> Camden, <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> whig militia who turned out dropped; with both large <strong>and</strong> small successes<br />
encourag<strong>in</strong>g men to jo<strong>in</strong> an army as militia for ei<strong>the</strong>r side. The time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Race to <strong>the</strong> Dan st<strong>and</strong>s as an<br />
<strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g exception to this (few militia stayed with Greene <strong>in</strong> N.C. dur<strong>in</strong>g that event); though this was due <strong>in</strong><br />
no small part to <strong>the</strong> relentless pressure Americans <strong>the</strong>n were plac<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Later,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a as well, <strong>the</strong> Americans were so successful that by <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>of</strong> 1781 some who had<br />
<strong>in</strong>itially been loyalists ended up fight<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>and</strong> alongside <strong>the</strong> rebels. Last <strong>of</strong> note, it was not at all strange or<br />
unusual to f<strong>in</strong>d soldiers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ranks who had fought on both sides -- <strong>and</strong> not a few times men taken as prisoner<br />
were hung as deserters.<br />
* In most cases, <strong>in</strong> order for Cont<strong>in</strong>entals to be raised <strong>in</strong> a given state <strong>the</strong> British would ei<strong>the</strong>r have to be absent,<br />
or else greatly circumscribed from operat<strong>in</strong>g with<strong>in</strong> its borders; <strong>and</strong> when <strong>the</strong> enemy approached closer to home<br />
men tend to be drawn sooner <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> militia than <strong>the</strong> regular army.<br />
* Both Americans <strong>and</strong> British would <strong>of</strong>ten try to recruit from among <strong>the</strong> prisoners <strong>the</strong>y might capture, <strong>and</strong> on<br />
some occasions, particularly that <strong>of</strong> a major victory, <strong>the</strong>y succeeded. In spite <strong>of</strong> this, <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>fer to enlist was not<br />
always open to everyone. Sumter, for <strong>in</strong>stance, would only recruit loyalist prisoners whom he thought to be good<br />
<strong>and</strong> responsible men; <strong>the</strong>re be<strong>in</strong>g an expressed loath<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> distrust <strong>of</strong> a perceived crim<strong>in</strong>al element among <strong>the</strong><br />
tories o<strong>the</strong>rwise.<br />
* It was <strong>com</strong>mon practice to “parole” someone taken prisoner. This meant that <strong>the</strong> captive was allowed to go<br />
free, yet if he were taken aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g he was liable to be executed. This civilized approach for deal<strong>in</strong>g<br />
with prisoners had <strong>the</strong> advantage <strong>of</strong> reliev<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> conqueror <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> unwel<strong>com</strong>e task <strong>of</strong> transport<strong>in</strong>g, hous<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong><br />
feed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m. Also if <strong>the</strong> prisoners were seriously wounded, it spared hav<strong>in</strong>g to move <strong>the</strong>m unnecessarily.<br />
Though violations <strong>of</strong> parole did occur, what is perhaps to us now more remarkable is that most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were respected <strong>and</strong> observed. Paroled prisoners could be exchanged just like regular prisoners, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> such<br />
trad<strong>in</strong>g had equal status as <strong>the</strong> latter. This all said, <strong>the</strong> difference between a paroled captive <strong>and</strong> one conf<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
could perhaps be likened to that between a promise versus payment <strong>in</strong> h<strong>and</strong>. 52<br />
47 “A day’s march <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Canada expedition was frequently as little as ten miles, while <strong>in</strong> Sullivan’s campaign aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Indians<br />
<strong>the</strong> day’s journey varied from less than ten to about twenty miles; although it at times rose to forty miles <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> twenty-four<br />
hours. Major Norris <strong>in</strong> his diary calls attention to <strong>the</strong> ‘most extraord<strong>in</strong>ary march’ <strong>of</strong> his men from Tioga to Easton <strong>in</strong><br />
Pennsylvania, a distance <strong>of</strong> 156 miles, <strong>in</strong> eight days—n<strong>in</strong>eteen miles a day—over a mounta<strong>in</strong>ous <strong>and</strong> rough wilderness, with<br />
artillery <strong>and</strong> baggage. Better progress could be made by <strong>in</strong>fantry when unencumbered; <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> riflemen<br />
marched nearly 550 miles from Frederick Town (now Frederick City) to Cambridge <strong>in</strong> twenty-two days, or almost twenty-five<br />
miles a day. General Greene’s army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn expedition covered 2,620 miles from April 16, 1780, to April 19, 1781<br />
(Morristown to Camden), or about seven miles a day, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g battles <strong>and</strong> camp<strong>in</strong>g.” Charles Knowles Bolten, The Private<br />
Soldier Under Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, p. 195.<br />
48 DME p. 173.<br />
49 WCO pp. 245; see also “The Medical Dimension <strong>in</strong> Cornwallis’s Army, 1780–1781” by Paul E. Kopperman, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Historical Review, Oct. 2012.<br />
50 TPY p. 4.<br />
51 CNC15 pp. 166-168.<br />
52 The follow<strong>in</strong>g is a parole signed by Capt. Samuel Ryerson, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New Jersey Volunteers, taken at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>: “I, <strong>the</strong><br />
Subscriber, do acknowledge myself a Prisoner to a Detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Troops <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> united American States, under <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> Colo. William Campbell; <strong>and</strong> do solemnly engage that I will not, directly or <strong>in</strong>directly, act aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Troops or Citizens <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
said United States, ei<strong>the</strong>r by carry<strong>in</strong>g Arms, giv<strong>in</strong>g Intelligence, or any o<strong>the</strong>r Means, until I am fairly exchang’d, accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong><br />
Rules <strong>and</strong> Customs <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong>; <strong>and</strong> that I will, when called upon by <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>er-<strong>in</strong>-Chief, Commissary <strong>of</strong> Prisoners, or any o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
21
* The preponderance <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army men were ethnically <strong>of</strong> English, Scots-Irish, <strong>and</strong> Irish orig<strong>in</strong>. Like <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
British counterparts, most soldiers came from lower economic strata; were illiterate <strong>and</strong> not <strong>in</strong>frequently some<br />
at times could be as unruly <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>subord<strong>in</strong>ate. While historians have debated <strong>the</strong> extent to which patriotism was<br />
a major motive for enlistment, it is not <strong>in</strong> question that most signed on for l<strong>and</strong> grants <strong>and</strong> bounties. Yet so<br />
typically impoverished were <strong>the</strong>se that much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time, <strong>and</strong> sometimes early on, <strong>the</strong>y sold <strong>the</strong>se grants <strong>and</strong><br />
bounties <strong>of</strong>f to speculators <strong>in</strong> order to obta<strong>in</strong> much needed cash. 53 Even so, ardor for <strong>the</strong> revolutionary cause <strong>and</strong><br />
“<strong>the</strong> United States <strong>of</strong> America” was present. For not only was a cause <strong>and</strong> “team” spirit necessary for w<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
but it also gave to <strong>in</strong>dividuals greater mean<strong>in</strong>g to what <strong>the</strong>y were do<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> engaged <strong>in</strong>; <strong>and</strong> which enthusiasm<br />
we not <strong>in</strong>frequently f<strong>in</strong>d expressed <strong>in</strong> letters, private journals, or reported spoken exchanges <strong>and</strong> anecdotes, not<br />
to mention post-war rem<strong>in</strong>iscences <strong>and</strong> reflections.<br />
* On 29 March 1779, Congress enacted a (for <strong>the</strong> most part) reduction, <strong>and</strong> ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g reorganization, <strong>of</strong><br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental l<strong>in</strong>e regiments that resulted <strong>in</strong> many <strong>of</strong>ficers hav<strong>in</strong>g to be sent home for lack <strong>of</strong> a unit to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
or <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>. 54 Subsequently, a not <strong>in</strong>significant number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most noted American partisan <strong>and</strong> militia<br />
leaders who went on to dist<strong>in</strong>guish <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn <strong>the</strong>ater <strong>in</strong> 1780 <strong>and</strong> 1781 were former Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers.<br />
* On <strong>the</strong> day <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yorktown surrender, Hessian <strong>of</strong>ficer Johann Ewald had this to say about his French <strong>and</strong><br />
American opponents:<br />
“Of <strong>the</strong> French I do not th<strong>in</strong>k it necessary to write much, for everyone knows that when <strong>the</strong>se soldiers are<br />
properly led, everyth<strong>in</strong>g goes well with <strong>the</strong>m. The regiments have f<strong>in</strong>e men, <strong>in</strong> very good order, clean <strong>and</strong> well<br />
uniformed. The men look healthy, <strong>and</strong> this climate affects <strong>the</strong>m about as it does us. 55<br />
“But I can assert with much truth that <strong>the</strong> American <strong>of</strong>ficer, like his soldier, hates his foes more than we do.<br />
They admit this openly, <strong>and</strong> claim as <strong>the</strong> reason that <strong>the</strong>y want more freedom than we, on our side, wish to give<br />
<strong>the</strong>m. I th<strong>in</strong>k, too, that it is as much a k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> policy as a stratagem <strong>of</strong> General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton to prevent quarrels<br />
that he separated <strong>the</strong> armies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French <strong>and</strong> Americans so far apart dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter quarters…<br />
“Concern<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> American army, one should not th<strong>in</strong>k that it can be <strong>com</strong>pared to a motley crowd <strong>of</strong> farmers.<br />
The so-called Cont<strong>in</strong>ental, or st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, regiments are under good discipl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> drill <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> English style as well<br />
as <strong>the</strong> English <strong>the</strong>mselves. I have seen <strong>the</strong> Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong> Regiment march <strong>and</strong> perform several mount<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
guard which left noth<strong>in</strong>g to criticize. The men were <strong>com</strong>plete masters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir legs, carried <strong>the</strong>ir weapons well,<br />
held <strong>the</strong>ir heads straight, faced right without mov<strong>in</strong>g an eye, <strong>and</strong> wheeled so excellently without <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g to shout much, that <strong>the</strong> regiment looked like it was dressed <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e with a str<strong>in</strong>g. I was greatly surprised<br />
that <strong>the</strong> men were not <strong>in</strong> close formation, arm to arm, but had consistently left a place for a man between<br />
every two men, which is a very good th<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> penetrat<strong>in</strong>g a thick wood or underbrush with entire battalions…<br />
“S<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> American nation consists <strong>of</strong> slender well-formed people, it is an easily recognizable fact that <strong>the</strong><br />
regiments <strong>of</strong> this army consist <strong>of</strong> h<strong>and</strong>some, <strong>and</strong> for <strong>the</strong> soldier’s pr<strong>of</strong>ession, well-built men whose appearance<br />
suffers very much <strong>in</strong>deed from lack <strong>of</strong> cloth<strong>in</strong>g, hats, <strong>and</strong> shoes. For I have seen many soldiers <strong>of</strong> this army<br />
without shoe, with tattered breeches <strong>and</strong> uniforms patched with all sorts <strong>of</strong> colored cloth, without neckb<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> only <strong>the</strong> lid <strong>of</strong> a hat, who marched <strong>and</strong> stood <strong>the</strong>ir guard as proudly as <strong>the</strong> best uniformed soldier <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
world, despite <strong>the</strong> raw wea<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> hard ra<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> October. But he keeps his piece clean <strong>and</strong> sh<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> powders<br />
his hair as white as possible with provisions flour when on gr<strong>and</strong> parades…<br />
“With what soldiers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> world could one do what was done by <strong>the</strong>se men, who go about nearly naked <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
greatest privation? Deny <strong>the</strong> best-discipl<strong>in</strong>ed soldiers <strong>of</strong> Europe what is due <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y will run away <strong>in</strong><br />
droves, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> general will soon be alone. But from this one can perceive what an enthusiasm -- which <strong>the</strong>se<br />
poor fellows call ‘Liberty’ -– can do!” 56<br />
Officer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States, appear at any place to which I am so directed, <strong>and</strong> untill called upon will keep with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bounds <strong>of</strong><br />
six Miles <strong>of</strong> my present abode, unless removed with <strong>the</strong> wounded <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Troops nearer to Salisbury. Given under my<br />
h<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Camp at Colo. Walker’s, Ru<strong>the</strong>rford County, October 13 th , 1780.” CNC14 p. 694.<br />
53 BSC pp. 88-91.<br />
54 CNC15 p. 95, MLW4A pp. 125-129, MLW3 pp. 101-104, SNC pp. 30-31, BEA p. 263.<br />
55 For one illum<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g presentation <strong>of</strong> American views <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French, see GAR1 pp. 206-216; while for <strong>com</strong>mentary respect<strong>in</strong>g<br />
French <strong>and</strong> American military <strong>and</strong> diplomatic relations as assessed by some contemporary observers, see AR81 pp. 21-22 <strong>and</strong><br />
MLW3 p. 149n. Though it is well <strong>and</strong> rightly po<strong>in</strong>ted out that <strong>the</strong> Americans had <strong>the</strong> French to assist <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong> British, <strong>in</strong> addition<br />
to hav<strong>in</strong>g more prodigious c<strong>of</strong>fers <strong>and</strong> fund<strong>in</strong>g readily available to <strong>the</strong>m, required <strong>and</strong> had <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>of</strong> (part <strong>of</strong>) Germany at<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir disposal -- up to 30,000 -– <strong>and</strong> this three years before a s<strong>in</strong>gle regiment <strong>of</strong> Louis XVI’s ever l<strong>and</strong>ed on American shores.<br />
56 EHJ pp. 339-341; while for British recognition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> improved quality <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals at about this time see AR81 p. 18.<br />
Lafayette, at camp New W<strong>in</strong>dsor, N.Y., on 20 January 1781 wrote to Count de Vergennes: “From my peculiar situation, sir, <strong>and</strong><br />
from what it has enabled me to know <strong>and</strong> see, I th<strong>in</strong>k it is my duty to call your attention to <strong>the</strong> American soldiers, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong><br />
part <strong>the</strong>y must take <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> operations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> next campaign. The Cont<strong>in</strong>ental, troops have as much courage <strong>and</strong> real discipl<strong>in</strong>e as<br />
those that are opposed to <strong>the</strong>m. They are more <strong>in</strong>ured to privation, more patient than Europeans, who, on <strong>the</strong>se two po<strong>in</strong>ts,<br />
cannot be <strong>com</strong>pared to <strong>the</strong>m. They have several <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> great merit, without mention<strong>in</strong>g those who have served dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
last wars, <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong>ir own talents have acquired knowledge <strong>in</strong>tuitively; <strong>the</strong>y have been formed by <strong>the</strong> daily experience <strong>of</strong><br />
several campaigns, <strong>in</strong> which, <strong>the</strong> armies be<strong>in</strong>g small <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> country a rugged one, all <strong>the</strong> battalions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e were obliged to<br />
serve as advance-guards <strong>and</strong> light troops. The recruits whom we are expect<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> who only bear, <strong>in</strong> truth, <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong><br />
recruits, have frequently fought battles <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same regiments which <strong>the</strong>y are now re-enter<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> have seen more gun-shots<br />
than three-fourths <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> European soldiers. As to <strong>the</strong> militia, <strong>the</strong>y are only armed peasants, who have occasionally fought, <strong>and</strong><br />
who are not deficient <strong>in</strong> ardour <strong>and</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>e, but whose services would be most useful <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> labours <strong>of</strong> a siege.” CSS pp. 1212-<br />
1213. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton Irv<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> his Life <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton (Book IV, ch. 8), for his part presents this eyewitness testimony concern<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> evacuation <strong>of</strong> New York <strong>in</strong> 1783, but which presumably was such as might also have been experienced at <strong>the</strong> British leav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong> Charleston: “An American lady, who was at that time very young <strong>and</strong> had resided dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> latter part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> city,<br />
22
* Maurice Saxe (1696-1750), <strong>the</strong> French Field Marshall, <strong>in</strong> 1732 wrote: “…he [<strong>the</strong> military author Folard] assumes<br />
that soldiers are always brave, without tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong> courage <strong>of</strong> troops varies from day to<br />
day...Good explanations are rare, for <strong>the</strong>y lie <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> hearts <strong>of</strong> men, <strong>and</strong> it is <strong>the</strong>re that we must search <strong>the</strong>m<br />
out. Nobody has yet expounded on this subject, which is never<strong>the</strong>less <strong>the</strong> most important, <strong>the</strong> most subtle <strong>and</strong><br />
most fundamental <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> trade <strong>of</strong> war.” 57<br />
* From Annual Register, 1781: “Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se actions would <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r wars be considered but as skirmishes <strong>of</strong><br />
little account, <strong>and</strong> scarcely worthy <strong>of</strong> a detailed narrative. But <strong>the</strong>se small actions are as capable as any <strong>of</strong><br />
display<strong>in</strong>g military conduct. The operations <strong>of</strong> war be<strong>in</strong>g spread over that vast cont<strong>in</strong>ent, by <strong>the</strong> new plan that<br />
was adopted it is by such skirmishes that <strong>the</strong> fate <strong>of</strong> America must be necessarily decided. They are <strong>the</strong>refore as<br />
important as battles <strong>in</strong> which an hundred thous<strong>and</strong> men are drawn up on each side.” 58 Fur<strong>the</strong>r, it could be<br />
reasonably argued that on <strong>the</strong> day <strong>of</strong> pitched battle (<strong>and</strong> where formal <strong>and</strong> outright suicide isn’t be<strong>in</strong>g ordered),<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual is put at greater risk <strong>of</strong> los<strong>in</strong>g his life or be<strong>in</strong>g wounded when <strong>the</strong>re are fewer men <strong>in</strong>volved<br />
<strong>com</strong>pared to an engagement where <strong>the</strong> same soldier f<strong>in</strong>ds himself amidst huge masses <strong>of</strong> men.<br />
Women <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>War</strong><br />
There were some exceptions, like Jane Black Thomas, 59 but very seldom do we hear <strong>of</strong> women be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g. 60 The more usual female a soldier might see would be among <strong>the</strong> camp-followers; that consisted <strong>of</strong><br />
wives, mo<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>com</strong>panions, <strong>and</strong> children. For <strong>the</strong> most part <strong>the</strong>y took care <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiers, do<strong>in</strong>g many <strong>of</strong> those<br />
rout<strong>in</strong>e, yet necessary <strong>and</strong> essential tasks that made a soldier’s life more livable; <strong>and</strong> which <strong>in</strong>cluded cook<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
mend<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> wash<strong>in</strong>g clo<strong>the</strong>s, as well as car<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> sick <strong>and</strong> wounded. Officers, when <strong>the</strong>y could, regularly<br />
corresponded with <strong>the</strong>ir wives <strong>and</strong> family, <strong>and</strong> sometimes would furnish small sketches <strong>of</strong> what was go<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir letters home. But mostly <strong>the</strong>y wrote about domestic matters, such as how <strong>the</strong> children were<br />
do<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong>ir school<strong>in</strong>g, along with wishes to be toge<strong>the</strong>r aga<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Emily Geiger became a little folk-tale <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Benson Loss<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> story <strong>of</strong> how she was captured by<br />
<strong>the</strong> British; while attempt<strong>in</strong>g to deliver an important message from General Greene. Through a bit <strong>of</strong> slyness she<br />
succeeded <strong>in</strong> destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> message before it could be found. 61 Ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>t recounted story concerns Greene’s<br />
even<strong>in</strong>g’s sojourn at an <strong>in</strong>n at Salisbury, N.C. <strong>in</strong> early February 1781. Without a dollar to <strong>the</strong> army chest, he was<br />
feel<strong>in</strong>g especially overwrought with <strong>the</strong> responsibilities <strong>and</strong> cares that fell under his charge when Elizabeth<br />
Maxwell Gillespie Steele (or as she was named at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> occurrence, Elizabeth Maxwell Gillespie), wife<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>nkeeper, h<strong>and</strong>ed him a bag <strong>of</strong> money that represented a substantial part <strong>of</strong> her sav<strong>in</strong>gs. Greene,<br />
touched by her generosity, wrote on <strong>the</strong> back <strong>of</strong> a portrait <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g George <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>n, “Oh George, hide thy face<br />
<strong>and</strong> mourn!” He <strong>the</strong>n left <strong>the</strong> picture fac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> wall. What is claimed to be <strong>the</strong> portrait (which happens to be a<br />
pr<strong>in</strong>t by <strong>the</strong> way) still exists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Thyatira Presbyterian Church <strong>in</strong> Millbridge, Rowan County. 62 The<br />
legend <strong>of</strong> Nancy Hart, by contrast, <strong>the</strong> Georgia woman who, almost s<strong>in</strong>gle-h<strong>and</strong>edly, captured or killed a group<br />
<strong>of</strong> 6 tories that had <strong>in</strong>vaded her home, 63 probably didn’t take place. Although it is agreed <strong>the</strong>re was <strong>in</strong>deed a<br />
real Nancy Hart, modern scholarship tends (though not always) to take <strong>the</strong> view that <strong>the</strong> tale itself is bit <strong>of</strong> early<br />
19 th century story-tell<strong>in</strong>g that made its way <strong>in</strong>to popular <strong>and</strong> hagiographic histories.<br />
Among <strong>the</strong> historical traditions <strong>and</strong> lore, <strong>the</strong>re are tales <strong>of</strong> young ladies <strong>in</strong> love with British <strong>and</strong> Loyalist<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers. 64 One <strong>in</strong> particular reportedly died <strong>of</strong> a broken heart when <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer was required to leave <strong>the</strong><br />
has given us an account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> strik<strong>in</strong>g contrast between <strong>the</strong> American <strong>and</strong> British troops. ‘We had been accustomed for a long<br />
time,’ said she, ‘to military display <strong>in</strong> all <strong>the</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ish <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ery <strong>of</strong> garrison life; <strong>the</strong> troops just leav<strong>in</strong>g us were as if equipped for<br />
show, <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong>ir scarlet uniforms <strong>and</strong> burnished arms, made a brilliant display; <strong>the</strong> troops that marched <strong>in</strong>, on <strong>the</strong> contrary,<br />
were ill-clad <strong>and</strong> wea<strong>the</strong>r-beaten, <strong>and</strong> made a forlorn appearance; but <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong>y were our troops, <strong>and</strong> as I looked at <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong><br />
thought upon all <strong>the</strong>y had done <strong>and</strong> suffered for us, my heart <strong>and</strong> my eyes were full, <strong>and</strong> I admired <strong>and</strong> gloried <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong><br />
more, because <strong>the</strong>y were wea<strong>the</strong>r-beaten <strong>and</strong> forlorn.’”<br />
57 DME p. 240; cit<strong>in</strong>g Saxe’s Mes rêveries (1732), Paris, 1877 ed., p. 6.<br />
58 AR81 p. 83, author unknown.<br />
59 See <strong>the</strong> entry for Col. John Thomas, Jr., S.C. Militia.<br />
60 However, as Rev. Eli Caru<strong>the</strong>rs observes: “An old lady <strong>of</strong> great respectability remarked to <strong>the</strong> writer not long s<strong>in</strong>ce [<strong>the</strong> early<br />
1850’s], when speak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> revolutionary times, that <strong>the</strong> women <strong>in</strong> this part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country [North Carol<strong>in</strong>a] would have<br />
shouldered <strong>the</strong>ir muskets <strong>and</strong> fought, if it had not been for <strong>the</strong> impropriety. The remark has been made by o<strong>the</strong>rs; <strong>and</strong> we<br />
believe it to be true, for <strong>the</strong>y seem to have been, from pr<strong>in</strong>ciple, as patriotic as <strong>the</strong> men; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y suffered so much from both<br />
British <strong>and</strong> Tories, that it could not be thought strange if <strong>the</strong>y felt like shoulder<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir muskets <strong>and</strong> march<strong>in</strong>g out to meet <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
ruthless oppressors <strong>in</strong> mortal <strong>com</strong>bat.” CNS2 pp. 270-271.<br />
61 McCrady, none<strong>the</strong>less, questions <strong>the</strong> accuracy <strong>of</strong> this anecdote, see MSC2 p. 301n.<br />
62 Why a portrait <strong>of</strong> George III adorned <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>n <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first place, however, has yet to be expla<strong>in</strong>ed. Sources for this <strong>in</strong>cident<br />
<strong>in</strong>clude JLG1 p. 417, LFB2 p. 392n WAR2 p. 769, TPY p. 140.<br />
63 WHG pp. 441-447.<br />
64 Henry Nase <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American regiment (a Prov<strong>in</strong>cial corps): “27 th . Novr. 1782 -- The heavy Baggage <strong>of</strong> all Corps <strong>and</strong><br />
Departments , are Embark<strong>in</strong>g, this day -- It is impossible to describe, what Confusion people <strong>of</strong> all denom<strong>in</strong>ations, seem to be <strong>in</strong><br />
at <strong>the</strong> thought <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Approach<strong>in</strong>g evacuation <strong>of</strong> Charles Town. The one is buy<strong>in</strong>g every th<strong>in</strong>g he Can to Compleat [sic] his Shop<br />
<strong>of</strong> goods, <strong>the</strong> 2d. is Seek<strong>in</strong>g for a passage to some O<strong>the</strong>r Garrison <strong>of</strong> His Majesty[’]s Troops, <strong>the</strong> third is go<strong>in</strong>g from house to<br />
house to Collect his debts, <strong>the</strong> fourth, <strong>and</strong> which is most <strong>of</strong> all to be lamented, is <strong>the</strong> Young Ladies ready to break <strong>the</strong>ir hearts,<br />
at <strong>the</strong> thoughts, that we are now go<strong>in</strong>g to Evacuate <strong>the</strong> Town, <strong>and</strong> leave <strong>the</strong>m Subjected to <strong>the</strong> power <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Merciless <strong>and</strong><br />
Insolent; at eleven o[’] Clock P.M. Mr. Anthony Lechmere was found Mortally wounded, <strong>in</strong> Broadway, <strong>and</strong> expired immediately -–<br />
” NDI.<br />
23
prov<strong>in</strong>ce. South Carol<strong>in</strong>a historians <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution, David Ramsay <strong>and</strong> Alex<strong>and</strong>er Garden, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> allow<strong>in</strong>g for underst<strong>and</strong>able bias, are most zealous <strong>in</strong> depict<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> ladies <strong>of</strong> Charlestown as aiders <strong>and</strong><br />
supporters <strong>of</strong> those fight<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>in</strong>dependence. And while we not <strong>in</strong>frequently hear <strong>of</strong> poor American soldiers<br />
subsist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g clo<strong>the</strong>d thanks to foreign aid, military captures, or impressment, <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong> society women<br />
jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r, by means <strong>of</strong> charity drives <strong>and</strong> private donations, to contribute money <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r necessities<br />
toward <strong>the</strong> welfare <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals has, by <strong>com</strong>parison, received much less attention <strong>and</strong> elaboration <strong>in</strong><br />
modern histories than <strong>in</strong> fairness <strong>the</strong> topic deserves. 65<br />
Whigs <strong>and</strong> Rebels<br />
At <strong>the</strong> outset <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebellion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> thirteen colonies, it was generally (if not with all persons everywhere<br />
strictly speak<strong>in</strong>g) thought reasonable by ord<strong>in</strong>ary people to take ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> British or American side, each hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
some good arguments to bolster <strong>the</strong>ir position. Revolutionaries would speak <strong>of</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g for liberty <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>and</strong>;<br />
while Loyalists could speak <strong>of</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g for loyalty <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>g. If one side was no so virtuous as <strong>the</strong>y would have<br />
wished, at least its opponent could be seen as be<strong>in</strong>g worse for one reason or o<strong>the</strong>r. As events proceeded, actions<br />
(military <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rwise) taken by <strong>the</strong> armies <strong>and</strong> partisans <strong>of</strong> ei<strong>the</strong>r side could create new grounds for people to<br />
be for or aga<strong>in</strong>st a given party; until eventually <strong>the</strong>re was little or no room permitted for neutrality.<br />
Whig was <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon term used to describe those militia <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs support<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> American cause locally or<br />
on <strong>the</strong> grass roots level -- yet rarely if ever with respect to <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals or <strong>the</strong> American cause at large;<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> Declaration <strong>of</strong> Independence, <strong>of</strong> course, did away with any suggestion <strong>of</strong> overt <strong>com</strong>monality with<br />
Brita<strong>in</strong>. Given <strong>the</strong> subsequent ramifications <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>, <strong>the</strong> name derived from a parliamentary<br />
faction might seem to us somewhat odd. Yet for <strong>the</strong> Americans to characterize <strong>the</strong>mselves as Whigs was a way<br />
to tap <strong>in</strong>to a long st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g (<strong>and</strong> still present) division <strong>in</strong> British political <strong>and</strong> religious society; while at <strong>the</strong> same<br />
time it permitted <strong>the</strong>m from seem<strong>in</strong>g too unnecessarily radical or disloyal to <strong>the</strong> mo<strong>the</strong>r country herself. The<br />
divisions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> part <strong>the</strong>n had its orig<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> domestic political rivalry <strong>in</strong> Brita<strong>in</strong>. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, as some<br />
historians have po<strong>in</strong>ted out, George III’s pack<strong>in</strong>g parliament with Tories (i.e., “Tories” <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> conservative<br />
political party sense <strong>of</strong> that term) after <strong>the</strong> French <strong>and</strong> Indian (or Seven Years) <strong>War</strong> was itself a consequential<br />
factor <strong>in</strong> foment<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> conflict. 66 Such <strong>in</strong> advance stack<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> political deck aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Whigs could only<br />
have fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>com</strong>pounded matters when it is recalled that many colonists orig<strong>in</strong>ally came to America as religious<br />
dissenters, <strong>and</strong> this <strong>of</strong> itself would have qualified many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> colonials as Whigs <strong>in</strong> some eyes. 67 Yet aside from<br />
65 Dr. David Ramsay: “In this crisis <strong>of</strong> danger to <strong>the</strong> liberties <strong>of</strong> America, <strong>the</strong> ladies <strong>of</strong> South-Carol<strong>in</strong>a conducted <strong>the</strong>mselves with<br />
more than Spartan magnanimity. They gloried <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> appellation <strong>of</strong> rebel ladies; <strong>and</strong>, though <strong>the</strong>y withstood repeated<br />
solicitations to grace publick enterta<strong>in</strong>ments with <strong>the</strong>ir presence, yet <strong>the</strong>y crowded on board prison-ships, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r places <strong>of</strong><br />
conf<strong>in</strong>ement, to solace <strong>the</strong>ir suffer<strong>in</strong>g countrymen. While <strong>the</strong> conquerors were regal<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves at concerts <strong>and</strong> assemblies,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y could obta<strong>in</strong> very few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fair sex to associate with <strong>the</strong>m; but no sooner was an American <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong>troduced as a<br />
prisoner, than his <strong>com</strong>pany was sought for, <strong>and</strong> his person treated with every possible mark <strong>of</strong> attention <strong>and</strong> respect…Many <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m like guardian Angels, preserved <strong>the</strong>ir husb<strong>and</strong>s from fall<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> hour <strong>of</strong> temptation, when <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>and</strong> convenience had<br />
almost gotten <strong>the</strong> better <strong>of</strong> honour <strong>and</strong> patriotism.” RSC2 pp. 123-124. After <strong>the</strong> city fell to <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> May 1780, whig ladies<br />
were sometimes permitted to enter more or less freely <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> out <strong>of</strong> Charleston. JTR p. 102. For more with respect to notable<br />
female patriots, see AR81 pp. 19-20, GAR1 pp. 224-245, <strong>and</strong> GAR2 pp. 42-69.<br />
66 BEA pp. 416-419.<br />
67 A good, albeit brief, history <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> terms Whig <strong>and</strong> Tory can be found <strong>in</strong> Caru<strong>the</strong>rs, CNS1 pp. 13-15, LFB21 p. 71n,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Boatner also. Both names are evidently <strong>of</strong> derogatory orig<strong>in</strong>, not unlike <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> Donkeys <strong>and</strong> Elephants as symbols to<br />
represent modern American political parties; for “Whig” derives from “Whiggamore” <strong>and</strong> refers to a group <strong>of</strong> Scottish rebels <strong>of</strong><br />
1648; later sc<strong>of</strong>fed at as characteristic <strong>of</strong> those widely out <strong>of</strong> touch with <strong>the</strong> British public <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Restoration<br />
<strong>of</strong> Charles II; as well, “whig” make us th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>of</strong> “wig” suggest<strong>in</strong>g false pretense; specifically <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> cant <strong>and</strong> religious affectation<br />
attributed to Presbyterians <strong>and</strong> Puritans by <strong>the</strong>ir enemies. In one sense, Whig could be seen as a reborn, reformed <strong>and</strong> moderate<br />
Puritan. “Tory,” <strong>the</strong> title for Royalists <strong>and</strong> Anglicans (<strong>and</strong> presumably as well those perceived as “Catholic” by some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
opponents), emanates from an Irish word for “robber;” <strong>and</strong> was reportedly <strong>in</strong>troduced by <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>famously scurrilous (or, if you<br />
prefer, tragically misguided) Titus Oates about 1680.<br />
The <strong>Revolutionary</strong> cause was sometimes metaphorically associated, by people on both sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Atlantic (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Horace<br />
Walpole, see letter to Horace Mann, Feb. 20, 1778) with Oliver Cromwell <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Parliamentarians (versus <strong>the</strong> Royalists.) The<br />
dist<strong>in</strong>ction, however, be<strong>com</strong>es blurry when Hanover is substituted for Stuart; at <strong>the</strong> same time Wash<strong>in</strong>gton acted quite opposite<br />
from Cromwell. Indeed ironically, <strong>the</strong> forbearers <strong>of</strong> such as <strong>the</strong> famous Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, R<strong>and</strong>olph, Lee, Madison, et al. families --<br />
<strong>and</strong> whom we associate with <strong>the</strong> Whigs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> -- were Cavaliers or Royalist lean<strong>in</strong>g men <strong>and</strong> women who<br />
emigrated to America to escape Cromwell’s Protectorate.<br />
A remark <strong>of</strong> Dr. Johnson’s (given <strong>in</strong> Boswell’s Life,”) <strong>and</strong> allow<strong>in</strong>g for Johnson’s usual hyperbole, is useful <strong>and</strong> illum<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g with<br />
respect to <strong>the</strong> dist<strong>in</strong>ction to be made between <strong>the</strong> two viewpo<strong>in</strong>ts: “A Jacobite, Sir, believes <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> div<strong>in</strong>e right <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gs. He that<br />
believes <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> div<strong>in</strong>e right <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gs believes <strong>in</strong> a Div<strong>in</strong>ity. A Jacobite believes <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> div<strong>in</strong>e right <strong>of</strong> Bishops. He that believes <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> div<strong>in</strong>e right <strong>of</strong> Bishops believes <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> div<strong>in</strong>e authority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Christian religion. Therefore, Sir, a Jacobite is nei<strong>the</strong>r an<br />
A<strong>the</strong>ist nor a Deist. That cannot be said <strong>of</strong> a Whig; for Whiggism is a negation <strong>of</strong> all pr<strong>in</strong>ciple.” And yet, ironically, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
American Revolution it was <strong>the</strong> Whigs who were most vocally religious; <strong>in</strong>deed <strong>of</strong>ten <strong>the</strong> most effective foment<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> rebellion<br />
sprang from local church pulpits <strong>in</strong> both <strong>the</strong> north <strong>and</strong> south.<br />
Then <strong>the</strong>re is Thomas Jefferson’s del<strong>in</strong>eat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> essential difference to be observed between <strong>the</strong> two views: “In every<br />
country <strong>the</strong>se two parties exist, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> every one where <strong>the</strong>y are free to th<strong>in</strong>k, speak, <strong>and</strong> write, <strong>the</strong>y will declare <strong>the</strong>mselves.<br />
Call <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong>refore, liberals <strong>and</strong> serviles, Jacobians <strong>and</strong> Ultras, whigs <strong>and</strong> tories, republicans <strong>and</strong> federalists, aristocrats <strong>and</strong><br />
democrats, or by whatever name you please, <strong>the</strong>y are <strong>the</strong> same parties still, <strong>and</strong> pursue <strong>the</strong> same object. The last appellation <strong>of</strong><br />
aristocrats <strong>and</strong> democrats is <strong>the</strong> true one express<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> essence <strong>of</strong> it all.” Letter to Henry Lee Jr., 10 August 1824.<br />
Often <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> text I use <strong>the</strong> spell<strong>in</strong>g “whig” <strong>and</strong> “tory,” that is with lower case letters for purposes <strong>of</strong> emphasiz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> expediency<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se titles; while down play<strong>in</strong>g too great an association with <strong>the</strong>ir orig<strong>in</strong>al or more conventional mean<strong>in</strong>g. This is not to say<br />
<strong>the</strong> traditional opposition between Tory <strong>and</strong> Whig was not <strong>of</strong> significance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>; only I deemed it preferable<br />
24
<strong>the</strong> extent to which this should be adopted as <strong>the</strong> best explanation, Whig was, <strong>in</strong> any event, <strong>the</strong> title <strong>the</strong> many<br />
Americans orig<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> local level denoted <strong>the</strong>mselves as. More rarely, Revolutionist was ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
sometimes applied, <strong>and</strong> “Defenders <strong>of</strong>” or “Sons <strong>of</strong>” Liberty (or someth<strong>in</strong>g similar relat<strong>in</strong>g to “Liberty”) yet<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r. However, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south towards early 1781, “American” or “republican” came to be more gradually<br />
adopted as a st<strong>and</strong>ard name <strong>in</strong> place <strong>of</strong> “whigs.” To <strong>the</strong> British, however, <strong>the</strong>se militia were almost always or<br />
<strong>in</strong>variably mere “rebels.” 68<br />
When <strong>the</strong>n we read <strong>of</strong> “whigs” <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>, we typically f<strong>in</strong>d it used <strong>in</strong> reference to <strong>the</strong> militia or<br />
else <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> movement carried out on <strong>the</strong> more local levels. Higher rank<strong>in</strong>g Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers like<br />
Nathanael Greene were rout<strong>in</strong>ely critical <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reliance on militia <strong>in</strong> conduct<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> war; based on <strong>the</strong> view that<br />
<strong>the</strong> militia, generally speak<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>of</strong>fered less quality at a higher cost; <strong>in</strong> part because <strong>the</strong> militia were frequently<br />
unreliable <strong>in</strong> a battle, hard to control <strong>and</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> tended to squ<strong>and</strong>er much needed <strong>and</strong> not always easy<br />
to obta<strong>in</strong> supplies. Ano<strong>the</strong>r serious problem was <strong>the</strong>ir not always be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re when <strong>the</strong>y were needed. William<br />
Johnson, Greene’s early biographer, remarks, “(B)oth <strong>the</strong> regulars <strong>and</strong> militia were for ever fluctuat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
number; for, <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia l<strong>in</strong>e, hav<strong>in</strong>g been enlisted for various periods <strong>of</strong> service, <strong>and</strong><br />
calculat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir time from <strong>the</strong> date <strong>of</strong> enlistment, were cont<strong>in</strong>ually claim<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir discharges; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er had <strong>the</strong> mortification <strong>of</strong> see<strong>in</strong>g daily his best troops drop <strong>of</strong>f <strong>in</strong> detail. As to <strong>the</strong> militia, most<br />
generally, be<strong>in</strong>g volunteers <strong>the</strong>y came <strong>and</strong> went when <strong>the</strong>y pleased; or be<strong>in</strong>g summoned <strong>in</strong>to service for a short<br />
time, one half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir term was consumed <strong>in</strong> march<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> countermarch<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y could never be<br />
calculated upon for a week toge<strong>the</strong>r.” 69<br />
The quality <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia would <strong>of</strong>ten diverge considerably accord<strong>in</strong>g to where <strong>the</strong>y came from <strong>and</strong> who was<br />
lead<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m. In <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> partisans -- as dist<strong>in</strong>ct from legislature supervised state militia -- it was not unusual<br />
<strong>in</strong> 1780 to freely move from leader/unit to ano<strong>the</strong>r leader/unit. Thus someone under Sumter might serve under<br />
James Williams <strong>and</strong> vice versa, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> some <strong>in</strong>stances this might create <strong>com</strong>petition between <strong>the</strong> relative<br />
importance <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers. Yet <strong>in</strong> strik<strong>in</strong>g contrast to Sumter’s men, Elijah Clark’s Georgians had no qualms<br />
about serv<strong>in</strong>g under South Carol<strong>in</strong>ian Andrew Pickens when <strong>the</strong>ir own leader was laid up recover<strong>in</strong>g from a<br />
wound. 70 Yet until state government could be re<strong>in</strong>stated <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>the</strong> partisans had to depend strictly<br />
on volunteers who more freely <strong>and</strong> easily decide for <strong>the</strong>mselves if <strong>and</strong> under whom <strong>the</strong>y would serve.<br />
The formal state militia, however <strong>and</strong> by contrast, could m<strong>and</strong>ate service. Terms <strong>of</strong> enlistment for such might<br />
range from three weeks to two months. By state law <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militiaman’s tour was two months, even<br />
as late as July 1781; after which time new regulations were implemented. North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>of</strong>ten had men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
field for two months, but sometimes <strong>the</strong>se tours were consecutive; so that a citizen soldier might end up serv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
four months, maybe more, at least if he was so <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed. The Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia with Greene at Guilford Court<br />
House had been enlisted for six weeks. Most though went home before <strong>the</strong> six weeks were up, <strong>in</strong> part due to <strong>the</strong><br />
on<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> harvest for which <strong>the</strong> men were needed, but also because (<strong>and</strong> so <strong>the</strong> militia men decided<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves) <strong>the</strong> time it took to get home was <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> six weeks term. S<strong>in</strong>ce Georgia <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
were without state governments for most <strong>of</strong> 1780-1781, <strong>the</strong>ir militia generally acted as volunteer partisans<br />
stay<strong>in</strong>g or leav<strong>in</strong>g as <strong>the</strong>y felt necessary. Never<strong>the</strong>less, one should not <strong>in</strong>fer that <strong>the</strong>y were lackadaisical about<br />
this. In <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Georgians, <strong>the</strong> threat from Indians <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Tory allies, alone, gave <strong>the</strong>m cause to serve<br />
regularly. Given <strong>the</strong> stra<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> British occupation, most especially <strong>in</strong> 1780, it was <strong>of</strong>ten necessary for both Georgia<br />
<strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, <strong>and</strong> sometimes <strong>the</strong>ir families, to supply <strong>and</strong> equip <strong>the</strong>mselves: <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>of</strong> any<br />
external civil or military source (o<strong>the</strong>r than materials captured from <strong>the</strong> enemy.) The British called <strong>the</strong>m<br />
plunderers, yet for many it was <strong>the</strong> only way to keep <strong>the</strong>mselves supplied.<br />
Much (if not most) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time, <strong>the</strong> militia, especially those <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> western halves <strong>of</strong> a given state, would be<br />
mounted. This had its advantages <strong>and</strong> disadvantages. George Hanger, a member <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Legion, observes:<br />
“The crackers <strong>and</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> those parts <strong>of</strong> America are all mounted on horse-back, which renders it totally<br />
impossible to force <strong>the</strong>m to an engagement with <strong>in</strong>fantry only. When <strong>the</strong>y chuse [sic] to fight, <strong>the</strong>y dismount,<br />
<strong>and</strong> fasten <strong>the</strong>ir horses to <strong>the</strong> fences <strong>and</strong> rails; but if not very confident <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> superiority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir numbers, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
rema<strong>in</strong> on horse-back, give <strong>the</strong>ir fire, <strong>and</strong> retreat, which renders it useless to attack <strong>the</strong>m without cavalry: for<br />
though you repulse <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> drive <strong>the</strong>m from <strong>the</strong> field, you never can improve <strong>the</strong> advantage, or do <strong>the</strong>m any<br />
material detriment.” 71 Greene <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers did not want too many mounted militia because it<br />
made <strong>the</strong>m more difficult to tra<strong>in</strong>, discipl<strong>in</strong>e, feed, <strong>and</strong> organize, <strong>and</strong> gave <strong>the</strong>m too easy an excuse to avoid<br />
<strong>com</strong>bat if <strong>the</strong>y felt like it; with <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> many horsemen <strong>of</strong>ten appreciably deplete <strong>the</strong> forag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a<br />
given area. This said, though be<strong>in</strong>g mounted could make <strong>the</strong> militia’s presence <strong>in</strong> a battle precarious, it did on<br />
occasion allow <strong>the</strong>m to <strong>in</strong>dependently carry out effective raids <strong>and</strong> forays (Musgrove’s Mil <strong>and</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong><br />
be<strong>in</strong>g signal <strong>in</strong>stances <strong>of</strong> such.)<br />
to err on <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>imiz<strong>in</strong>g it <strong>in</strong> order to avoid possible misconceptions about how <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>the</strong>mselves viewed such<br />
titles.<br />
68 Of course, from <strong>the</strong> very onset <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>and</strong> look<strong>in</strong>g at affairs from a more strategic viewpo<strong>in</strong>t, <strong>the</strong> title “American” was<br />
used by British <strong>and</strong> colonists alike, yet <strong>in</strong> some places it took some time for this identification to be accepted <strong>and</strong> adopted by<br />
people on <strong>the</strong> more regional <strong>and</strong> local levels, <strong>and</strong> it is this is <strong>the</strong> dist<strong>in</strong>ction -– local versus national – that I am allud<strong>in</strong>g to here.<br />
69 JLG1 p. 392.<br />
70 See GJW p. 16.<br />
71 HRS p. 82n.<br />
25
Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> western militia acquired military experience from fight<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> Indians; which <strong>of</strong>ten stood <strong>the</strong>m<br />
<strong>in</strong> good stead aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> British, particularly <strong>in</strong> backcountry fight<strong>in</strong>g. 72 As well, many, both east <strong>and</strong> west <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
given state, served <strong>in</strong> earlier parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. Not all militia <strong>the</strong>n were green recruits or <strong>in</strong>experienced civilians,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>deed, some effort was made to giv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m a martial look <strong>and</strong> appearance, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> some <strong>in</strong>stances<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g fifers <strong>and</strong> drummers. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, at <strong>the</strong> engagements where numbers-wise <strong>the</strong>y were most<br />
congregated, such as Camden <strong>and</strong> Guilford Court House, <strong>the</strong> militia’s lack <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essionalism (though with some<br />
certa<strong>in</strong> exception) was most evident. But whe<strong>the</strong>r properly prepared to fight or not, <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>of</strong>ten an<br />
amalgam <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals with more peculiar <strong>and</strong> pronounced idiosyncrasies <strong>com</strong>pared to regular soldiers, <strong>and</strong><br />
lead<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m could be difficult. For <strong>in</strong>stance, “It is an <strong>in</strong>variable trait <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> character <strong>of</strong> Militia,” says Davie<br />
who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, “that <strong>the</strong>y will only obey <strong>the</strong>ir own <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> action.” For <strong>the</strong> same<br />
reason, Article 7 <strong>of</strong> David Fann<strong>in</strong>g‘s “regulations for <strong>the</strong> militia” state: “The men are to underst<strong>and</strong>, that <strong>in</strong><br />
what relates to <strong>the</strong> service <strong>the</strong>y are bound to obey all <strong>of</strong>ficers, though not immediately belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>ir own<br />
<strong>com</strong>panies.” 73 While <strong>the</strong>ir courage would sometimes surprise both British <strong>and</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals alike, 74 <strong>and</strong> though a<br />
necessary staple <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> forces on both sides, ord<strong>in</strong>arily <strong>and</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time, <strong>the</strong> militia could not be counted<br />
upon for very much, or that for very long.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, an <strong>in</strong>tractable resolve to reject militias <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir effectiveness (as was manifested by many<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers) <strong>in</strong>variably assumed <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fallibility <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>corruptibility <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> central government. Yet if<br />
<strong>the</strong> central government is over<strong>com</strong>e or temporarily absent, partisans <strong>and</strong> militias, as <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south<br />
demonstrated, be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> last defense <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. And though partisans <strong>and</strong> militias can, <strong>of</strong> course, be<br />
corrupted <strong>and</strong> misled by private motives, it is normally far more difficult to corrupt <strong>the</strong>m at large <strong>and</strong> over wide<br />
areas than <strong>the</strong> central government <strong>in</strong> isolation. It was well <strong>the</strong>n for President (i.e., governor) <strong>of</strong> Pennsylvania<br />
Joseph Reed, <strong>in</strong> a letter <strong>of</strong> 16 June 1781, to have prudently advised Greene with <strong>the</strong> proverb: “Be to <strong>the</strong>ir faults<br />
a little bl<strong>in</strong>d <strong>and</strong> to <strong>the</strong>ir virtues very k<strong>in</strong>d.” Although Morgan made pr<strong>of</strong>itable use <strong>of</strong> such wisdom, <strong>the</strong><br />
sometimes necessary practicality <strong>of</strong> this approach was mostly lost on Greene. As a result <strong>and</strong> not surpris<strong>in</strong>gly,<br />
<strong>the</strong> militia, generally speak<strong>in</strong>g, more trusted <strong>and</strong> dutifully acquiesced to Morgan’s requests while sometimes<br />
slight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> grudg<strong>in</strong>g (when not outright disobey<strong>in</strong>g) Greene’s. 75<br />
Despite Greene’s <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs underst<strong>and</strong>able reasons for discourag<strong>in</strong>g a too great dependency on <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn <strong>the</strong>ater <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia proved peculiarly decisive -- much more so than Greene <strong>and</strong> his fellow<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers would openly admit. For it was <strong>the</strong> militia w<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g contests such as Kettle Creek, Huck’s<br />
Defeat, Fort Anderson, Second Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, Ramseur’s Mill, Colson’s Mill, Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, Musgrove’s Mill, K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Marion’s persistent warr<strong>in</strong>g that signaled <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> loyalist support <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South, <strong>and</strong> to that<br />
extent contributed significantly to <strong>the</strong> war’s out<strong>com</strong>e. This is all <strong>the</strong> more remarkable <strong>in</strong> that <strong>the</strong> only nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
raids or battles where <strong>the</strong> militia conclusively affected a major campaign were <strong>the</strong> seiz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Fort Ticonderoga,<br />
Bunker Hill, <strong>and</strong> Benn<strong>in</strong>gton. At <strong>the</strong> same time, <strong>and</strong> perhaps more astonish<strong>in</strong>gly, <strong>the</strong> cumulative losses <strong>the</strong><br />
British suffered <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se militia borne contests cost <strong>the</strong>m as much as one or more major defeats on<br />
<strong>the</strong> field would have. Had <strong>the</strong>se victories not occurred, let alone lost, <strong>the</strong> battle for <strong>the</strong> south might easily have<br />
turned out quite opposite to what it did. Indeed, as contended by South Carol<strong>in</strong>a historian Edward McCrady, it<br />
can be very reasonably be concluded: “It is not too much to say that without <strong>the</strong> partisan leaders <strong>of</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir followers <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dependence <strong>of</strong> America would never have been achieved.” 76 Even Cornwallis,<br />
<strong>in</strong> a letter addressed to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, was at one po<strong>in</strong>t prompted to write: “I will not say much <strong>in</strong> praise <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn colonies, but <strong>the</strong> list <strong>of</strong> British <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> soldiers killed <strong>and</strong> wounded by <strong>the</strong>m s<strong>in</strong>ce last June<br />
[1780], proves but too fatally that <strong>the</strong>y are not wholly contemptible.” 77<br />
Yet let it nei<strong>the</strong>r be forgotten or ignored that many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> more notable sou<strong>the</strong>rn partisan <strong>and</strong> militia leaders<br />
were former Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army men, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some -- such as Edward Stevens, William Lee Davidson, Henry<br />
Dixon, Thomas Polk, James Read, <strong>and</strong> Joseph Graham -- who had led <strong>and</strong> served <strong>in</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s army at<br />
Br<strong>and</strong>yw<strong>in</strong>e, Germantown, <strong>and</strong> elsewhere.<br />
72 Marion’s careful practice <strong>of</strong> constantly mov<strong>in</strong>g his camp <strong>in</strong> order to avoid surprise, <strong>and</strong> for which he became famous, is said to<br />
have derived from his experience fight<strong>in</strong>g Indians, “a nation known to excell <strong>in</strong> war<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>and</strong> stratagem” (Wm. Johnson). JLG1 p.<br />
357.<br />
73 DRS p. 16, FNA p. 25.<br />
74 It wasn’t that <strong>the</strong> militia were always such bad soldiers, it was just that <strong>the</strong>y were too <strong>of</strong>ten organized <strong>and</strong> led <strong>in</strong> a manner<br />
that made <strong>the</strong>ir own efforts seem necessarily amateurish. By <strong>the</strong> same token, when overseen by veteran Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers this<br />
sometimes <strong>in</strong>spired such confidence <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m; such that <strong>the</strong>y could perform reasonably or even quite well. LMS pp. 400-420.<br />
Although <strong>the</strong> vast majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. <strong>and</strong> VA. militia (aside from <strong>the</strong> rifle <strong>com</strong>panies) fled after do<strong>in</strong>g (or not do<strong>in</strong>g) <strong>the</strong>ir part<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle at Guilford, some <strong>in</strong>dividual militia returned as volunteers to add <strong>the</strong>ir numbers to <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. JLG2 p. 14.<br />
75 TPY pp. 199-200<br />
76 MSC1 p. 563. Also, “[I]n five months, <strong>the</strong> partisan b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a under <strong>the</strong>ir own chosen leaders had fought twentysix<br />
battles, <strong>in</strong>flict<strong>in</strong>g a loss upon <strong>the</strong> British forces <strong>of</strong> 1200 <strong>in</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> wounded <strong>and</strong> 1286 <strong>in</strong> prisoners, <strong>in</strong> all 2486, at a loss to<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong> but 497 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded <strong>and</strong> 320 prisoners, <strong>in</strong> all 817; that is to say, <strong>the</strong>y had killed, wounded, <strong>and</strong> taken<br />
prisoners <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy more than three times as many as <strong>the</strong> enemy had <strong>the</strong>mselves.” MSC1 p. 854. See also MSC1 pp. 703-706,<br />
849-854. McCrady, by <strong>the</strong> way, takes exception to referr<strong>in</strong>g to such as Sumter, Marions, Clark <strong>and</strong> Harden’s men as militia<br />
‘partisan’ be<strong>in</strong>g preferred) because <strong>the</strong>y were, by <strong>and</strong> large volunteers raised <strong>and</strong> organized by leaders act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dependently <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> state government (<strong>and</strong> which for a time had effectively ceased to exist.)<br />
77 30 June 1780, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, RCC p. 102.<br />
26
The Catawbas <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cherokees<br />
“I never could see <strong>the</strong> justice <strong>of</strong> denom<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g our Indian borderers savage. They appear to me to merit a very<br />
different appellation, as we well know <strong>the</strong>y are not beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>ir civilized neighbors <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> practice <strong>of</strong> many <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> virtues most dear to human nature.” ~ Henry Lee 78<br />
Their numbers as warriors were not very great, perhaps anywhere from 60 to 200 at a time at most, but as allies<br />
with <strong>the</strong> colonists aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Cherokees, <strong>the</strong> Catawbas, <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mencement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war, fought <strong>the</strong><br />
British also. 79 They were present <strong>in</strong> a fairly large body at Hagler’s Branch (itself Indian l<strong>and</strong>) <strong>in</strong> mid June 1780<br />
when Sumter was first elected (by his own men) as general. Follow<strong>in</strong>g this, <strong>the</strong>y were (aga<strong>in</strong> alongside Sumter)<br />
part <strong>of</strong> Brig. Gen. Griffith Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s cont<strong>in</strong>gent that, armed with muskets <strong>and</strong> occasionally spears, collected<br />
to fight at Ramseur’s Mill (though, as with <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s column, <strong>the</strong>y did not arrive <strong>in</strong> time to take<br />
actual part <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle.) In July, with chief General Newriver <strong>the</strong>ir leader, <strong>the</strong>y acted with Maj. William<br />
Richardson Davie as light troops. Still later, <strong>the</strong>y participated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> retreat <strong>of</strong> Gates’ army after Camden; were<br />
at Pyle’s Defeat, <strong>and</strong> were alongside Lee’s Legion, <strong>and</strong> Preston’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> heaviest fight<strong>in</strong>g at<br />
Clapp’s Mill (<strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Alamance Creek, 2 March 1781) aga<strong>in</strong>st both Tarleton’s cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guards. Joseph Graham describes how <strong>the</strong> Catawbas led <strong>the</strong> counterattack <strong>the</strong>re when “one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Indians<br />
snorted like a deer, whereupon he <strong>and</strong> his <strong>com</strong>rades ran forward a few steps to <strong>the</strong> first timber, <strong>and</strong> fired.”<br />
While after engag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> some musketry <strong>the</strong>y fled, <strong>the</strong>y can be no more faulted for this than most any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r militia who predictably <strong>and</strong> not without good reason did <strong>the</strong> same <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>ed British soldiers<br />
wield<strong>in</strong>g bayonets.<br />
Richard W<strong>in</strong>n, one <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers, wrote: “I must here mention <strong>the</strong> Catawba Indians. At <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>mencement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>, <strong>the</strong> Catawbas had a k<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir nation by <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> Haghler [also<br />
Hagler]. When <strong>the</strong>y found that <strong>the</strong> Americans were about to shake <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong>ir k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>se Indians exiled K<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Haghler <strong>and</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>ted a native Indian by <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> New River to be <strong>the</strong>ir general. When we took <strong>the</strong> field<br />
after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston, we <strong>of</strong>ten encamped on <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>and</strong>s for days toge<strong>the</strong>r. Those friendly Indians drove us<br />
beef from <strong>the</strong>ir own stocks <strong>and</strong> several times brought out <strong>the</strong>ir whole force <strong>and</strong> encamped near us; <strong>and</strong> after <strong>the</strong><br />
defeats <strong>of</strong> Gen’s Gates <strong>and</strong> Sumter, those Indians were so fraid [sic] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British that <strong>the</strong>y [that is <strong>the</strong> tribe as<br />
a whole, but not <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some who rema<strong>in</strong>ed to fight alongside Pickens <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia] deserted <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
county, men, women <strong>and</strong> children, with a few exceptions, <strong>and</strong> moved on towards Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. And as we began to<br />
make head aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> enemy [i.e., after Guilford Court House, 15 March 1781], <strong>the</strong>y returned with joy to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
own l<strong>and</strong>.” 80 Robert Gray, a Prov<strong>in</strong>cial <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>in</strong> 1782 fur<strong>the</strong>r noted that Sumter had used <strong>the</strong>m to track<br />
loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> swamps. 81<br />
The tribe fell on hard times about <strong>the</strong> mid-19 th century. Yet <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> span <strong>of</strong> decades afterward <strong>and</strong> up until our<br />
own time <strong>the</strong>y have made a substantial <strong>com</strong>eback <strong>and</strong> thrive to this day. 82<br />
“Neglected by <strong>the</strong> United States, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>cited by <strong>the</strong> British,” 83 Cherokee <strong>and</strong> Creek Indians went aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong><br />
colonials. A numerous <strong>and</strong> widely spread people, <strong>the</strong> Cherokees were found <strong>in</strong> southwestern Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, eastern<br />
Tennessee, western Georgia, <strong>and</strong> far western South Carol<strong>in</strong>a; <strong>the</strong> Creeks <strong>in</strong> west Georgia <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> later state <strong>of</strong><br />
Alabama. This alliance with <strong>the</strong> crown ended up hav<strong>in</strong>g mixed benefits for <strong>the</strong> British while hav<strong>in</strong>g disastrous<br />
consequences for <strong>the</strong> Indians <strong>the</strong>mselves; by provid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> frontiersmen with both an excuse <strong>and</strong> a m<strong>and</strong>ate to<br />
act both <strong>in</strong> self-defense <strong>and</strong> retaliation; with settler’s from <strong>the</strong> western North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia settlements<br />
(such as those present at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>) <strong>the</strong>n gong on to defeat <strong>the</strong> Indians <strong>and</strong> set ablaze Cherokee towns<br />
(<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir crops) by <strong>the</strong> half dozen. Though <strong>in</strong>cursions by <strong>the</strong> Indians <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> frontier took significant pressure <strong>of</strong>f<br />
British forces, one modern genealogist, <strong>in</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir revolutionary ancestor, remarks, “It is <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g [to<br />
observe] that Joseph chose to fight <strong>the</strong> Cherokee first. Perhaps, had <strong>the</strong> British not stirred <strong>the</strong> Cherokees aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
<strong>the</strong> settlers, he might have not made <strong>the</strong> decision to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> revolutionists.” 84 Follow<strong>in</strong>g K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong><br />
Cornwallis felt <strong>com</strong>pelled, at that po<strong>in</strong>t, to request <strong>and</strong> summon <strong>the</strong>ir assistance. 85 Yet it was George Lord<br />
Germa<strong>in</strong>, Secretary <strong>of</strong> State for <strong>the</strong> American colonies <strong>of</strong> Lord North’s cab<strong>in</strong>et, more than any high rank<strong>in</strong>g army<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer who it seems was most enthusiastic about us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m militarily, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> view was by no means his own<br />
but had numerous supporters <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army <strong>and</strong> elsewhere <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> government. 86<br />
Though we sometimes hear <strong>of</strong> some such <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as, 87 attacks by Indians <strong>in</strong>to Georgia (usually ac<strong>com</strong>panied<br />
by loyalists dressed as Indians) were frequent. At <strong>the</strong> same time, <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued grabb<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> push <strong>of</strong><br />
78 LMS p. 198.<br />
79 At <strong>the</strong> time, <strong>the</strong> nation resided at a location just north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws settlement, or about roughly mid-po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a-North Carol<strong>in</strong>a border.<br />
80 WNO, part II, pp. 6-7.<br />
81 GWC p. 155. Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawbas, see SCP1 p. 128.<br />
82 Worth mention<strong>in</strong>g, some <strong>in</strong>dividual Native Americans <strong>and</strong> mixed-raced Native Americans are known to have served <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army.<br />
83 John Marshall, MLW4A p. 360n, MLW3 pp. 116n-117n.<br />
84 Biography <strong>of</strong> Joseph Chapman <strong>of</strong> Halifax, VA., <strong>and</strong> Guilford County, N.C., by Ira Chapman, Chapman Family Association.<br />
85 It is <strong>of</strong> no little significance to to observe that Cornwallis was at first much aga<strong>in</strong>st, <strong>and</strong> said “it was aga<strong>in</strong>st his <strong>in</strong>structions,”<br />
to employ <strong>the</strong> Indians to fight <strong>the</strong> rebels. However <strong>and</strong> as stated, he was o<strong>the</strong>rwise forced or persuaded to reverse his position<br />
on this follow<strong>in</strong>g K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. SCP1 p. 245, 274-275, SCP2 pp. 100, 150-151, SCP3 pp. 295-299.<br />
86 CKR p. 128.<br />
87 See, for <strong>in</strong>stance, The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. Apr. 1917, p. 63.<br />
27
settlers mov<strong>in</strong>g west, as occurred both dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> right after <strong>the</strong> war, <strong>in</strong>evitably resulted <strong>in</strong> conflict, aga<strong>in</strong> most<br />
especially <strong>in</strong> west Georgia <strong>and</strong> Alabama; with a number <strong>of</strong> prom<strong>in</strong>ent <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers, such as Pickens<br />
<strong>and</strong> Elijah Clark, go<strong>in</strong>g out on punitive expeditions, <strong>and</strong> which also <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>the</strong> burn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> lay<strong>in</strong>g waste <strong>of</strong><br />
whole Cherokee <strong>and</strong> Creek towns <strong>and</strong> villages. 88<br />
Loyalists <strong>and</strong> Tories<br />
In historical accounts, loyalists or “<strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Friends” are <strong>com</strong>monly referred to as Tories. The word “Tory” has<br />
different mean<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> associations, <strong>and</strong> to this day is, <strong>of</strong> course, still used to refer to conservative politics <strong>and</strong><br />
politicians <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> United K<strong>in</strong>gdom. Yet generally -- though not always, some loyalists used it -- it was seen by<br />
American revolutionaries as hav<strong>in</strong>g a negative connotation, <strong>and</strong> became <strong>the</strong> counter epi<strong>the</strong>t <strong>of</strong> “rebels;” though<br />
with perhaps more mock<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> derision to it. Pro Crown-Parliament Americans were at <strong>the</strong> time also called<br />
“royalists;” though <strong>in</strong> post war <strong>and</strong> early 19 th century histories that term is more rarely found.<br />
Andrew Hamilton, <strong>of</strong> Abbeville County, S.C., <strong>in</strong> his pension statement, along with many o<strong>the</strong>r veterans expressed<br />
<strong>the</strong> view: “(I)n oppos<strong>in</strong>g Tories, Indians, <strong>and</strong> British <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> all enemies he conceived <strong>the</strong> Tories, most detestable<br />
<strong>and</strong> most obnoxious to <strong>the</strong> Liberty <strong>of</strong> his country.”<br />
Part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reason for how <strong>the</strong> “Tory” problem arose, as Andrew Hamilton uses that term, was British<br />
confiscation <strong>of</strong> rebel property <strong>and</strong> estates <strong>in</strong> large quantities after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston <strong>in</strong> May 1780. When this<br />
took place, some men took to be<strong>in</strong>g active loyalists <strong>in</strong> order to pr<strong>of</strong>it as thieves <strong>and</strong> plunderers. Hence, <strong>the</strong>re<br />
was this dist<strong>in</strong>ctly crim<strong>in</strong>al element among o<strong>the</strong>rwise legitimate loyalists, with some amount <strong>of</strong> shade <strong>in</strong><br />
between. This is by no means to say that <strong>the</strong> Americans did not have some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same sort with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own<br />
ranks; only that Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s outlaw<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> non-loyalists, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> tendency <strong>of</strong> many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British early on <strong>in</strong> 1780 to<br />
simply take what <strong>the</strong>y needed is what escalated <strong>the</strong> trouble to such a pitch; with <strong>the</strong> Whig plunder<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> loyalist<br />
estates be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g only possible after K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong> order to get a h<strong>and</strong>le on unrestra<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>and</strong><br />
private loot<strong>in</strong>g, set up <strong>the</strong> system <strong>of</strong> sequestration <strong>and</strong> confiscation <strong>in</strong> which an adm<strong>in</strong>istrator, John Cruden, was<br />
appo<strong>in</strong>ted to oversee property taken. Though this took care <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> situation at large (which is to say most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
time), it could do little to halt <strong>the</strong> illicit seek<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>it by certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> more <strong>com</strong>mon <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>dividual level.<br />
Among <strong>the</strong> lower class elements, nei<strong>the</strong>r side had a monopoly on cruelty <strong>and</strong> loose obedience to law. There<br />
were rogues <strong>and</strong> b<strong>and</strong>its <strong>of</strong> no particular persuasion <strong>and</strong> who acted under <strong>the</strong> banner <strong>of</strong> loyalty or patriotism to<br />
excuse <strong>the</strong>ir crim<strong>in</strong>al actions <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tent. Tak<strong>in</strong>g up one side or ano<strong>the</strong>r sometimes became an excuse to <strong>com</strong>mit<br />
a crime aga<strong>in</strong>st ano<strong>the</strong>r’s person or property. It reached so sore a po<strong>in</strong>t that <strong>in</strong> late 1781, <strong>in</strong> Georgia <strong>and</strong> some<br />
parts <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, it didn’t matter whose side you were on, <strong>and</strong> b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> brig<strong>and</strong>s passed <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong>f as<br />
whoever <strong>the</strong>y liked, br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g havoc <strong>and</strong> destruction to whig <strong>and</strong> loyalist <strong>in</strong>discrim<strong>in</strong>ately.<br />
The bitterness <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternec<strong>in</strong>e war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south may be attributable <strong>in</strong> no small part to <strong>the</strong> British practice <strong>of</strong><br />
burn<strong>in</strong>g rebel homes <strong>and</strong> private property, such as Tarleton <strong>and</strong> Wemyss carried out act<strong>in</strong>g under orders from<br />
Cornwallis or Balfour; not to mention con<strong>com</strong>itant <strong>and</strong> sometimes steal<strong>in</strong>g or forag<strong>in</strong>g (depend<strong>in</strong>g on how you<br />
viewed it.) Such practices could only have <strong>in</strong>censed many neutrals <strong>and</strong> non-loyalists, <strong>and</strong> caused <strong>the</strong>m to take<br />
<strong>the</strong> conflict war more personally than <strong>the</strong>y o<strong>the</strong>rwise might have. If, for <strong>in</strong>stance, your neighbor fought for <strong>the</strong><br />
k<strong>in</strong>g, that was one th<strong>in</strong>g, but if he set yours, your friend’s or a neighbor’s house on fire, it’s easy to see how<br />
what was at first a fervid political dispute could escalate <strong>in</strong>to someth<strong>in</strong>g a good deal more acrimonious. And see<br />
LMS pp. 411-412 on Cornwallis’ moderat<strong>in</strong>g this policy when he entered Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. 89<br />
Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> more brutal <strong>and</strong> crim<strong>in</strong>al than usual nature <strong>of</strong> much <strong>of</strong> strife <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south, Georgia Prov<strong>in</strong>cial<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer, Col. Thomas Brown, himself (erroneously or not) accused <strong>of</strong> savage acts, had this to say: “…A civil war<br />
88 One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most extraord<strong>in</strong>ary Indian <strong>of</strong>fensive exploits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war was <strong>the</strong> noble <strong>in</strong> its dar<strong>in</strong>g but ultimately tragic attempt <strong>of</strong><br />
Creek chief Guristersigo (Ramsay titles him “Emistessigo”) to surprise Anthony Wayne; <strong>in</strong> an attempt to break through to reach<br />
British succor at Savannah (23-24 June 1782.) The story is an especially melancholy one <strong>and</strong>, despite Wayne’s victory, reflects<br />
far better on <strong>the</strong> character <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> defeated Indians than on Wayne; who, evidently still smart<strong>in</strong>g from Paoli while also<br />
exasperated at be<strong>in</strong>g so near ambushed by <strong>the</strong> natives, wantonly slew his captives afterward; <strong>and</strong> overrul<strong>in</strong>g Lieut. Col. Thomas<br />
Posey’s <strong>in</strong>itial tak<strong>in</strong>g for granted <strong>the</strong> natives’ right (as prisoners <strong>of</strong> war) to safety <strong>and</strong> protection. RSC2 pp 273-275 (respect<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Cherokees), LMS pp. 555-560. For more on <strong>the</strong> Creeks, Cherokees, <strong>and</strong> Native Americans generally <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Revolution, see RWW2 p. 239, USC pp. 157-159, MLW4A p. 556n, LMS pp. 198, 526-528, JLG1 pp. 471-472, 511-515, JLG2 pp.<br />
184-185, GAR2 pp. 185-186, GAM2 pp. 380-388, SCAR vol. 3, no.1, pp. 24-25; vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 27-31; vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 21-27.<br />
89 Lee: “When governments adopt <strong>the</strong> policy <strong>of</strong> plunder <strong>and</strong> conflagration, <strong>the</strong>y owe to <strong>the</strong> world, as well as to <strong>the</strong>ir nation, <strong>the</strong><br />
justification <strong>of</strong> such departure from <strong>the</strong> liberal usage <strong>of</strong> war. In every condition <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs such justification is difficult; <strong>in</strong> this<br />
state <strong>of</strong> affairs it was impracticable. The subjugation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> weakest portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Union, to which alone all <strong>the</strong> disposable<br />
force <strong>of</strong> Great Brita<strong>in</strong> had been <strong>and</strong> was devoted, began to be viewed as chimerical even by <strong>the</strong> British <strong>of</strong>ficers. The battle <strong>of</strong><br />
Guilford had fixed an impression on <strong>the</strong> condition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war, which audibly declared <strong>the</strong> futility even <strong>of</strong> victory itself. To burn<br />
<strong>and</strong> to destroy, where no hope <strong>of</strong> effect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> object could exist but with <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fatuated, was not less cruel than disgraceful.<br />
That <strong>the</strong> only people <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> world, underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> enjoy<strong>in</strong>g political liberty, powerful <strong>and</strong> enlightened, <strong>the</strong> brethren <strong>of</strong><br />
Locke, <strong>of</strong> Newton, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Hampden, should encourage, by <strong>the</strong>ir example, a return to barbarism, affords a melancholy pro<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>efficacy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> arts <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> sciences, <strong>the</strong> sweets <strong>of</strong> civilization, -- nay, even <strong>of</strong> liberty itself, over passion supported by<br />
power. The British nation guided by m<strong>in</strong>isters without talents, disappo<strong>in</strong>tment could not but ensue to many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir enterprises;<br />
which, embitter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> heart <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> correct<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> head, produced this baneful system, so destructive to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>fort first <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> farmers <strong>of</strong> Connecticut, now <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> planters <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; heap<strong>in</strong>g up a stock <strong>of</strong> irritation <strong>and</strong> hate, to be dissipated only by<br />
<strong>the</strong> force <strong>of</strong> time.” LMS p. 312.<br />
28
e<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> greatest evils <strong>in</strong>cident to human society, <strong>the</strong> history <strong>of</strong> every contest presents us with <strong>in</strong>stances<br />
<strong>of</strong> wanton cruelty <strong>and</strong> barbarity. Men whose passions are <strong>in</strong>flamed by mutual <strong>in</strong>juries, exasperated with personal<br />
animosity aga<strong>in</strong>st each o<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> eager to gratify revenge, <strong>of</strong>ten violate <strong>the</strong> laws <strong>of</strong> war <strong>and</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ciples <strong>of</strong><br />
humanity.<br />
“The American war exhibits many dreadful examples <strong>of</strong> wanton outrages, <strong>com</strong>mitted by both parties, disgraceful<br />
to human nature. From <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mencement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> limited sphere <strong>in</strong> which I acted, it was my duty,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> first wish <strong>of</strong> my heart, to carry it on agreeably to <strong>the</strong> rules which humanity formed to alleviate its<br />
attendant calamities. The crim<strong>in</strong>al excesses <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals were never warranted by authority, nor ever obta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
<strong>the</strong> sanction <strong>of</strong> my approbation…” 90<br />
There was also among <strong>the</strong> loyalist people who were idealistic about <strong>the</strong>ir K<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> mo<strong>the</strong>r country; even<br />
some whose <strong>in</strong>nocence <strong>and</strong> naiveté at what <strong>the</strong>y were up aga<strong>in</strong>st may have caused <strong>the</strong>m to suffer unnecessarily,<br />
such as those at Pyle’s Massacre <strong>in</strong> February 1781. Although from about <strong>the</strong> time Independence was first<br />
declared, American leaders had been very careful to demarcate loyalists <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ciple from those seen as merely<br />
hirel<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> mercenaries, such dist<strong>in</strong>ction was underst<strong>and</strong>ably difficult to make <strong>and</strong> subject to confusion <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
field where <strong>the</strong> two sorts were found <strong>in</strong>termixed. 91<br />
States David Ramsay:<br />
“Though among <strong>the</strong> tories <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> lower parts <strong>of</strong> South-Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>the</strong>re were gentlemen <strong>of</strong> honour, pr<strong>in</strong>ciple <strong>and</strong><br />
humanity, yet, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terior <strong>and</strong> back parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state, a great proportion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m was an ignorant,<br />
unpr<strong>in</strong>cipled b<strong>and</strong>itti, to whom idleness, licentiousness <strong>and</strong> deeds <strong>of</strong> violence, were familiar. Horse-thieves <strong>and</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs, whose crimes had led <strong>the</strong>m from society, attached <strong>the</strong>mselves to parties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British. Encouraged by<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir example, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>stigated by <strong>the</strong> love <strong>of</strong> plunder, <strong>the</strong>y <strong>com</strong>mitted <strong>the</strong> most extensive depredations. Under<br />
<strong>the</strong> cloak <strong>of</strong> attachment to <strong>the</strong> old government, <strong>the</strong>y covered <strong>the</strong> basest <strong>and</strong> most selfish purposes. The<br />
necessity which <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>discrim<strong>in</strong>ate plunder<strong>in</strong>g imposed on all good men <strong>of</strong> defend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves, did <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>itely<br />
more damage to <strong>the</strong> royal cause than was <strong>com</strong>pensated by all <strong>the</strong> advantages result<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong>ir friendship.<br />
They could scarcely ever be brought to <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> battle. They sometimes furnished <strong>the</strong> British army with<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence 92 <strong>and</strong> provisions, but on all o<strong>the</strong>r accounts <strong>the</strong>ir services were <strong>of</strong> very little importance.” 93<br />
While <strong>in</strong> his Memoirs <strong>of</strong> Major Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong>, <strong>the</strong> Rev. James Hodge Saye, asked <strong>the</strong> question, “who were <strong>the</strong><br />
Tories,” <strong>and</strong> arrived at this assessment:<br />
“Various classes <strong>of</strong> men were Tories. The follow<strong>in</strong>g divisions <strong>com</strong>prehend <strong>the</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m:<br />
“1. There were some men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> country conscientiously opposed to war <strong>and</strong> every sort <strong>of</strong> revolution which led<br />
to it or <strong>in</strong>voked its aids. They believed that <strong>the</strong>y ought to be <strong>in</strong> subjection to <strong>the</strong> powers that be, hence <strong>the</strong>y<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>ir allegiance to <strong>the</strong> British crown. The Quakers were <strong>of</strong> this class. They were far more numerous<br />
<strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>the</strong>n than now. They were non-<strong>com</strong>batants, but <strong>the</strong> weight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>fluence fell on <strong>the</strong> wrong<br />
side.<br />
“2. There were many men who knew noth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> merits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> question at issue. The world has always been<br />
sufficiently stocked with men <strong>of</strong> this class. Their days are passed <strong>in</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>ound ignorance <strong>of</strong> everyth<strong>in</strong>g which<br />
requires an exertion <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>tellect, yet <strong>of</strong>ten <strong>the</strong> most self-conceited, prejudiced be<strong>in</strong>gs that wear <strong>the</strong> human form<br />
-- perfect moles, delight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> dirt <strong>and</strong> darkness. Hence <strong>the</strong>y are fit subjects for demagogues <strong>and</strong> tyrants. They<br />
followed <strong>the</strong>ir leaders <strong>in</strong> 1776 as at o<strong>the</strong>r times.<br />
“3. Ano<strong>the</strong>r class thought <strong>the</strong> Government <strong>of</strong> George III too good to exchange for an uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty. Let well<br />
enough alone. A little tax on tea won’t hurt us, <strong>and</strong> as for pr<strong>in</strong>ciples <strong>and</strong> doctr<strong>in</strong>es, leave <strong>the</strong>m to <strong>the</strong> lawyers<br />
<strong>and</strong> parsons.<br />
“4. Ano<strong>the</strong>r class thought that how ever desirable <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> self-government might be, it was out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
question unless His Most Gracious Majesty might be pleased to grant it. They thought <strong>the</strong> fleets <strong>and</strong> armies <strong>of</strong><br />
Brita<strong>in</strong> perfectly <strong>in</strong>v<strong>in</strong>cible. Defeat <strong>and</strong> utter ru<strong>in</strong> must follow rebellion aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
“5. There was yet ano<strong>the</strong>r class. A set <strong>of</strong> men who give <strong>the</strong>mselves a good deal <strong>of</strong> credit for shrewdness <strong>and</strong><br />
management. They pride <strong>the</strong>mselves on be<strong>in</strong>g genteel <strong>and</strong> philosophical. If <strong>the</strong>y ever had scruples <strong>of</strong> conscience<br />
<strong>the</strong>y amount to very little. If <strong>the</strong>y have religious pr<strong>in</strong>ciples at all <strong>the</strong>y impose no self-denial <strong>and</strong> forbid no<br />
sensual gratifications. If <strong>the</strong>y have a spark <strong>of</strong> patriotism it is because <strong>the</strong>ir country has a treasury <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y see<br />
some prospect <strong>of</strong> gett<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir f<strong>in</strong>gers <strong>in</strong> it. Upon <strong>the</strong> whole, <strong>the</strong> needle is no truer to <strong>the</strong> pole than <strong>the</strong>y are to<br />
<strong>the</strong> prospect <strong>of</strong> ga<strong>in</strong>. ‘Make money’ is <strong>the</strong>ir maxim; ‘make money honestly if you can, but make it.’<br />
“Accord<strong>in</strong>gly, when Charlestown fell <strong>in</strong> 1780 <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> state was overrun someth<strong>in</strong>g appeared <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> proclamation<br />
<strong>of</strong> Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton which was to <strong>the</strong>m a law <strong>of</strong> promise. Pardon was <strong>of</strong>fered to all rebels, but such, &c. That<br />
exception covered many persons <strong>of</strong> large estates <strong>and</strong> a far greater number possessed <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>fortable means.<br />
Here now <strong>the</strong> shadow <strong>of</strong> a golden harvest flits before <strong>the</strong>ir long<strong>in</strong>g eyes. The success <strong>of</strong> British arms is an<br />
<strong>in</strong>evitable result <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. The excepted Whigs have property enough to make many rich if <strong>in</strong>formed<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st by <strong>the</strong> zealous advocates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> crown. The chance is too good to be lost by any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
90 WHG pp. 614-620.<br />
91 The British, for <strong>the</strong>ir part, could not, as a general <strong>and</strong> practical matter, permit a dist<strong>in</strong>ction based on purity <strong>of</strong> motive as such;<br />
because logically <strong>the</strong>ir opponents, as rebels, were (<strong>and</strong> had to be) all one.<br />
92 Indeed, British military <strong>in</strong>formation on <strong>the</strong> rebels <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south came almost entirely from local Loyalists; so that as <strong>the</strong><br />
number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter decreased so, correspond<strong>in</strong>gly, did British <strong>in</strong>telligence. SCP3 p. 167.<br />
93 RSC2 p. 276.<br />
29
Shylock family. Feel<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> humanity <strong>and</strong> tenderness weigh not a fea<strong>the</strong>r aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> well cultivated farms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
proscribed Whigs now marked as available stock.<br />
“6. There was ano<strong>the</strong>r class that had a bad representation among <strong>the</strong> Tories. A class too, which, ei<strong>the</strong>r on<br />
account <strong>of</strong> its numbers, <strong>in</strong>dustry or general <strong>in</strong>fluence, gave character to <strong>the</strong> whole fraternity. The writer has<br />
frequently asked <strong>Revolutionary</strong> Soldiers <strong>the</strong> question: ‘What sort <strong>of</strong> men were <strong>the</strong> Tories?’ The answer has<br />
generally been <strong>the</strong> same: ‘A pack <strong>of</strong> rogues.’ An em<strong>in</strong>ent example <strong>of</strong> this class was found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> person <strong>of</strong> Capt.<br />
S. Brown [“Plunder<strong>in</strong>g Sam Brown“], who is understood to have been a notorious robber years before <strong>the</strong> war<br />
<strong>com</strong>menced. Yet this Brown, like o<strong>the</strong>r men who have money, had numerous friends. He had <strong>the</strong> shrewdness to<br />
perceive that <strong>the</strong> field suited him. Accord<strong>in</strong>gly, he rallied his followers, jo<strong>in</strong>ed Ferguson <strong>and</strong> for a time proved a<br />
very efficient ally, <strong>and</strong> although he had been an outlaw for years, yet few brought under <strong>the</strong> Royal st<strong>and</strong>ard a<br />
larger share <strong>of</strong> natural <strong>and</strong> acquired talents for <strong>the</strong> position assigned him. He now enjoys <strong>the</strong> liberty <strong>of</strong><br />
plunder<strong>in</strong>g under <strong>the</strong> sanction <strong>of</strong> law <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> arrest<strong>in</strong>g for reward those who have been long known as staunch<br />
defenders <strong>of</strong> honesty <strong>and</strong> justice.” 94<br />
By contrast, Major Thomas Barclay, a Prov<strong>in</strong>cial <strong>of</strong>ficer, would have responded to such characterizations this<br />
way: “I f<strong>in</strong>d that those who were termed Royalists or Loyalists, <strong>in</strong> addition to <strong>the</strong>ir attachment to <strong>the</strong>ir k<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
country, preserve <strong>the</strong>ir pr<strong>in</strong>ciples <strong>of</strong> honor <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegrity, <strong>of</strong> openness <strong>and</strong> s<strong>in</strong>cerity, which marked <strong>the</strong> American<br />
previous to <strong>the</strong> year 1773; while those who have sold <strong>the</strong>ir k<strong>in</strong>g for a Republican Government, have adopted all<br />
<strong>the</strong> frivolity, <strong>in</strong>trigue, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>s<strong>in</strong>cerity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> rel<strong>in</strong>quish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir allegiance, resigned at <strong>the</strong> same<br />
time, almost universally, religion <strong>and</strong> morality.” 95<br />
Also Robert Gray: “The want <strong>of</strong> pay<strong>in</strong>g sufficient attention to our [i.e., Royal] Militia produced daily at this time<br />
<strong>the</strong> most disagreeable consequences. In <strong>the</strong> first place, when <strong>the</strong> Rebel Militia were made prisoners, <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
immediately delivered up to <strong>the</strong> Regular Officers, who, be<strong>in</strong>g entirely ignorant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dispositions & manners <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> people treated <strong>the</strong>m with <strong>the</strong> utmost lenity & sent <strong>the</strong>m home to <strong>the</strong>ir plantations upon parole & <strong>in</strong> short<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were treated <strong>in</strong> every respect as foreign enemies. The general consequences <strong>of</strong> this was that <strong>the</strong>y no<br />
sooner got our <strong>of</strong> our h<strong>and</strong>s than <strong>the</strong>y broke <strong>the</strong>ir paroles, took up arms, <strong>and</strong> made it a po<strong>in</strong>t to murder every<br />
Militia man <strong>of</strong> ours who had any concern <strong>in</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m prisoners, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong> when ever a Militia Man <strong>of</strong><br />
ours was made a prisoner he was delivered not to <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals but to <strong>the</strong> Rebel Militia, who looked upon him<br />
as a State prisoner, as a man who deserved a halter, & <strong>the</strong>refore treated him with <strong>the</strong> greatest cruelty.<br />
“If he was not assass<strong>in</strong>ated after be<strong>in</strong>g made a prisoner, he was <strong>in</strong>stantly hurried <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia or North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
where he was kept a prisoner without friends, money, credit, or perhaps hopes <strong>of</strong> exchange. This l<strong>in</strong>e be<strong>in</strong>g once<br />
drawn betwixt <strong>the</strong>ir militia & ours, it was no longer safe to be a loyalist <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> frontiers. These last be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
overwhelmed with dismay became dejected & timid while <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> boldness & enterprise made<br />
constant <strong>in</strong>rodes [sic] <strong>in</strong> small parties & murdered every loyalist <strong>the</strong>y found whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> arms or at home. Their<br />
irruptions [sic] answered <strong>the</strong> descriptions we have <strong>of</strong> those made by <strong>the</strong> Goths & V<strong>and</strong>als…Had our militia been<br />
certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g treated as prisoners <strong>of</strong> war by <strong>the</strong> enemy, many more would have sided with <strong>the</strong> royal<br />
St<strong>and</strong>ard.” 96<br />
The loyalists were grouped militarily <strong>in</strong> two ways, as prov<strong>in</strong>cials who acted as regular soldiers, <strong>and</strong> as royal<br />
militia. The prov<strong>in</strong>cials usually could be expected to perform as well or even better than ord<strong>in</strong>ary British<br />
soldiers, <strong>the</strong>y were not allowed special benefits <strong>and</strong> privileges accorded regulars, <strong>and</strong> were formally considered<br />
second class troops, even though a corps like <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers could, <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> performance, be rated as<br />
elite. At <strong>the</strong> same time, some such regiments sometimes suffered from peculiar idiosyncrasies. Lord Rawdon,<br />
who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, one such unit, found some <strong>of</strong> his men desert<strong>in</strong>g when <strong>the</strong>y came <strong>in</strong><br />
contact with <strong>the</strong> Scots-Irish <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws region. In a letter to Cornwallis <strong>of</strong> 14 July 1780, Lieut. Col. George<br />
Turnbull, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers, <strong>in</strong>sisted that his New York men ought to be fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> New York. 97<br />
Although, <strong>and</strong> more rarely, some units like <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers (also known as Harrison’s Rangers), <strong>the</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists <strong>of</strong> 1780, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers were prov<strong>in</strong>cials on paper, on <strong>the</strong> march or<br />
<strong>in</strong> action <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>petence <strong>and</strong> durability <strong>of</strong> such was not much better than militia, <strong>and</strong> even some <strong>of</strong><br />
Cornwallis’ soldiers so viewed <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers as bumpk<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> objects <strong>of</strong> risible derision that his<br />
Lordship felt it necessary to enjo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m to be more forbear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> patient, on <strong>the</strong> march <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> camp,<br />
toward <strong>the</strong>ir rustic American cous<strong>in</strong>s from <strong>the</strong> swamp l<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> backcountry.<br />
The loyalist militia, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vast majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>stances, was <strong>in</strong>ferior <strong>in</strong> military skill <strong>and</strong> prowess to its whig<br />
counterparts, <strong>and</strong> had relatively few or no leaders among <strong>the</strong>ir ranks to match, or <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g close to match, <strong>the</strong><br />
likes <strong>of</strong> Sumter, Clark, James Williams, Marion, <strong>and</strong> Pickens. This was <strong>in</strong> part because <strong>the</strong>y were organized to<br />
fight more as a constabulary force than to operate as rampant guerillas. Some such as David Fann<strong>in</strong>g, Jesse<br />
Barfield, <strong>and</strong> William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham saw <strong>the</strong> error <strong>in</strong> this <strong>and</strong> accord<strong>in</strong>gly took on <strong>the</strong> roles <strong>of</strong> active partisans; at<br />
which <strong>the</strong>y were successful -– but <strong>the</strong>se were <strong>the</strong> exception. There was, <strong>the</strong>refore, sometimes a pronounced<br />
discrepancy between how <strong>the</strong> British wanted <strong>the</strong> loyalists to conduct <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalist’s own natural<br />
need <strong>and</strong> desire for some amount <strong>of</strong> autonomy <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>dependence.<br />
94 SJM, <strong>and</strong> regard<strong>in</strong>g Sam Brown, aga<strong>in</strong> as seen from <strong>the</strong> whig st<strong>and</strong>po<strong>in</strong>t, see DKM pp. 134-139.<br />
95 SLA1 p. 207.<br />
96 GWC pp. 144-145.<br />
97 WCO pp. 188-189.<br />
30
In letters, we f<strong>in</strong>d many high rank<strong>in</strong>g British <strong>of</strong>ficers occasionally giv<strong>in</strong>g scath<strong>in</strong>g assessments <strong>of</strong> such men; <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
accus<strong>in</strong>g or blam<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong> from everyth<strong>in</strong>g from unreliability to perfidy. 98 Yet <strong>the</strong> excuse for many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalist militia conduct<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves as <strong>the</strong>y did was British haught<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>solence. 99 Maj. Patrick Ferguson<br />
was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rare few among British <strong>of</strong>ficers who generally knew how to treat <strong>the</strong> loyalist militiamen with<br />
proper respect, encouragement <strong>and</strong> sympathy. As a result, <strong>and</strong> not so surpris<strong>in</strong>gly, British occasionally<br />
encountered pr<strong>of</strong>essed loyalists but who carried out <strong>the</strong>ir duties unreliably (perhaps, <strong>in</strong> a given <strong>in</strong>stance, out <strong>of</strong><br />
purposeful <strong>in</strong>tent or else grudg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir forced service) -- or worse behaved duplicitously; with <strong>the</strong> British,<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charlestown <strong>and</strong> throughout <strong>the</strong>ir stay <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south afterward, not <strong>in</strong>frequently f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves let down, betrayed or hav<strong>in</strong>g tricks played on <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
And strict British treatment <strong>and</strong> methods <strong>the</strong>n, did not always sit well even with conscientious <strong>and</strong> well-mean<strong>in</strong>g<br />
loyalists. Some felt taken advantage <strong>of</strong> when it came to <strong>the</strong>ir property. Ramsay states <strong>the</strong> British did not always<br />
pay for what <strong>the</strong>y took <strong>and</strong> were usually more <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> supply<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir army than <strong>in</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g careful to treat<br />
loyalist <strong>and</strong> rebels differently. 100 Likewise Robert Gray observed “<strong>the</strong> abuses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army <strong>in</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
peoples Horses, Cattle & provisions to make up for <strong>the</strong> shortages, <strong>in</strong> many cases without pay<strong>in</strong>g for<br />
<strong>the</strong>m…disgusted <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants.” 101<br />
Charles Stedman (from Pennsylvania), Cornwallis’ chief <strong>com</strong>missary <strong>and</strong> post-war historian, summed <strong>the</strong> matter<br />
up when he wrote, “The militia <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a were <strong>in</strong> general faithless, <strong>and</strong> altoge<strong>the</strong>r dissatisfied <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
British Service.” Yet <strong>and</strong> despite <strong>the</strong> challenges posed by friend <strong>and</strong> foe alike, <strong>the</strong> local loyalists did on several<br />
occasions succeed <strong>in</strong> perform<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>valuable services for <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> way <strong>of</strong> scout<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> were most<br />
<strong>in</strong>strumental help<strong>in</strong>g to keep <strong>the</strong> British army supplied (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> driv<strong>in</strong>g cattle from <strong>the</strong> woods),<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>formed. And some, like David Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, few though <strong>the</strong>y were, were even an<br />
<strong>in</strong>spiration to <strong>the</strong> British war effort. 102<br />
Historian Robert Stansbury Lambert estimates that as many as one fifth <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a’s free population <strong>in</strong><br />
1775 became loyalists dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> American Revolution. In addition, a smaller proportion resumed British<br />
allegiance after fall <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. Robert Gray, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, gives <strong>the</strong> number as one third, though<br />
“<strong>the</strong>se by no means <strong>the</strong> wealthiest part.” At <strong>the</strong> war’s close an exodus <strong>of</strong> loyalists left <strong>the</strong> state number<strong>in</strong>g<br />
9,000 to 10,000 people, roughly 5 percent <strong>of</strong> state’s prewar population, <strong>and</strong> numbered slightly more blacks than<br />
whites. 103<br />
To protract <strong>the</strong>ir hardships, towards <strong>and</strong> after <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war, some loyalists lost estates, both small <strong>and</strong><br />
large, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as <strong>and</strong> Georgia. These properties ended up be<strong>in</strong>g parceled <strong>and</strong> bought out at auctions by<br />
some <strong>of</strong> those who fought aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>m. While <strong>in</strong> retrospect this seems harsh, it should be recalled that many <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Rebels had <strong>the</strong>ir own properties confiscated dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British occupation. It <strong>the</strong>n became, as it does so<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten <strong>in</strong> war, a rule <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m or us. Although <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> peace negotiations sought reparations for <strong>the</strong> loyalists,<br />
<strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>in</strong> most <strong>in</strong>stances refused it; argu<strong>in</strong>g that such could only be countenanced if <strong>the</strong> British agreed to<br />
<strong>in</strong>demnify former rebels for property losses <strong>the</strong>y had suffered at British h<strong>and</strong>s.<br />
Aside from <strong>the</strong> matter <strong>of</strong> personal <strong>and</strong> property loss, follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Revolution some loyalists accepted <strong>the</strong><br />
out<strong>com</strong>e as much as if <strong>the</strong>y had simply lost a game. Many were still able to reside peaceably <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> new states,<br />
<strong>and</strong> not a few went on to be<strong>com</strong>e esteemed <strong>and</strong> honored participants <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>munity <strong>and</strong> government. On <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, o<strong>the</strong>rs who tried to stay, were received with little tolerance, <strong>and</strong> so at last moved to Canada,<br />
Engl<strong>and</strong>, or <strong>the</strong> West Indies -- as many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir brethren had already done before or when <strong>the</strong> war ended; with<br />
modern Canada to a significant extent be<strong>in</strong>g formed <strong>and</strong> founded by such <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir immediate descendants.<br />
The Role <strong>of</strong> Blacks<br />
Blacks as slaves did much labor for both sides, play<strong>in</strong>g a key role <strong>in</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> supplies, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
establishment <strong>and</strong> dismantl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> fortifications. They also did fatigue duties help<strong>in</strong>g to man <strong>the</strong> artillery, such as<br />
at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. There are, however, relatively sparse records <strong>of</strong> work done by slaves <strong>in</strong> various<br />
military roles.<br />
Their heaviest concentration was generally on <strong>the</strong> plantations along <strong>the</strong> coast <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> immediate h<strong>in</strong>terl<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Beyond <strong>the</strong>se regions slaves were not nearly so <strong>com</strong>mon by <strong>com</strong>parison, with <strong>the</strong> “<strong>in</strong>stitution” develop<strong>in</strong>g more<br />
slowly <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a than South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Not all farmers, particularly those <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> backcountry <strong>and</strong> more<br />
remote areas, were slaveholders <strong>of</strong> perhaps more than a few slaves, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> contemporary letters <strong>and</strong><br />
correspondence we not <strong>in</strong>frequently see statements mention<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> need for whites at plant<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> harvest. 104<br />
98 WCO pp. 185-188<br />
99 LSL pp. 151-153, see also 4 March 1781 “Leslie” Orderly Book entry for 4 March 1781 found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> text.<br />
100 Regard<strong>in</strong>g Ramsay’s view on how <strong>the</strong> British treated both rebels <strong>and</strong> loyalists, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> subject <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn loyalists generally,<br />
see RSC2 pp. 140-145, 155-160, 169-173, 192-195, 213-216.<br />
101 SAW2, pp. 204-215, RSC2 pp. 140-141, GWC p. 141. For <strong>the</strong> whig view <strong>of</strong> how loyalist prisoners were treated see CNS2 pp.<br />
222-227.<br />
102 SAW2 pp. 225-226n, LMS pp. 202n.<br />
103 GWC p. 140, LSL pp. 120, 306.<br />
104 TPY p. 7.<br />
31
Although reference is not frequently made to <strong>the</strong> fact, <strong>the</strong>y fought on occasion as well <strong>and</strong> or acted as<br />
<strong>in</strong>formers. Marion is known to have had some <strong>in</strong> his ranks. Scholars, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Bobby Gilmer Moss, 105 have<br />
<strong>com</strong>piled lists <strong>of</strong> Cowpens participants who were men <strong>of</strong> color. Greene’s black manservant was a private <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong> regiment, <strong>and</strong> gave his life for his country <strong>in</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g just after Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. 106 We f<strong>in</strong>d post war<br />
pension statements, as well, <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> black soldiers express a proud patriotism. This all said, it is unlikely to<br />
have found many black soldiers at a time <strong>in</strong> a given unit. Fur<strong>the</strong>r north <strong>the</strong> elite 1 st Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong> Regiment,<br />
which served at Yorktown, had a large proportion <strong>of</strong> black <strong>in</strong>fantrymen. Although <strong>the</strong>re was some effort by some<br />
to try <strong>and</strong> do so, rais<strong>in</strong>g such an organization <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> deep south was o<strong>the</strong>rwise unth<strong>in</strong>kable. Some South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
historians, such as William Gilmore Simms <strong>and</strong> Joseph Johnson provide portraits <strong>of</strong> slaves who stayed loyal to<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir masters despite temptations <strong>and</strong> threats from <strong>the</strong> British. 107 The placement <strong>and</strong> predom<strong>in</strong>ance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
bugler <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> well-known folk pa<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g 108 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry encounter at Cowpens, gives a good pictorial sense <strong>of</strong><br />
how <strong>the</strong> black presence <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army was usually <strong>the</strong>n seen or else was preferred to be seen: participat<strong>in</strong>g but<br />
<strong>in</strong>ferior; noble <strong>in</strong> his deeds, but still only a boy.<br />
Significantly more blacks, however, (some estimates mak<strong>in</strong>g it more than three or more times as many) came<br />
over to <strong>the</strong> British side <strong>and</strong> saw <strong>the</strong> latter as liberators, despite be<strong>in</strong>g mistreated just as some ord<strong>in</strong>ary loyalists<br />
were mistreated. As Stedman states: “[T]he Negroes <strong>in</strong> general followed <strong>the</strong> British army.” 109 Of <strong>the</strong>se we don’t<br />
have much record; so to what extent <strong>the</strong>y were used <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g down south is not quite clear. We know <strong>of</strong> at<br />
least one 110 that fought <strong>in</strong> a Prov<strong>in</strong>cial regiment at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock. While only a s<strong>in</strong>gle case, given <strong>the</strong> relative<br />
dearth <strong>of</strong> records for blacks generally, <strong>the</strong>re were undoubtedly a good many more than that <strong>in</strong>dividual who<br />
served as regular soldiers. George Fenwick Jones, <strong>in</strong> an article for South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, describes<br />
blacks be<strong>in</strong>g recruited by <strong>the</strong> Hessians. 111 It is possible that slaves carry<strong>in</strong>g muskets were part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Augusta<br />
garrison <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781. Yet <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south <strong>the</strong> arm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> blacks <strong>in</strong> large numbers was a sensitive issue; so<br />
<strong>the</strong> British had to tread cautiously. None<strong>the</strong>less, by 1782, a Prov<strong>in</strong>cial black regiment, <strong>the</strong> Black Dragoons, 112 was<br />
brought from New York to Charlestown, <strong>and</strong> saw some fight<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Some blacks, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g women <strong>and</strong> children died <strong>in</strong> collection camps <strong>of</strong> fever; 113 while o<strong>the</strong>rs were simply<br />
transported across <strong>the</strong> water to resume <strong>the</strong>ir enslaved status <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bahamas or Jamaica. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>re<br />
were o<strong>the</strong>rs who had jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> who did f<strong>in</strong>ally obta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir long sought emancipation <strong>in</strong> Canada <strong>and</strong><br />
elsewhere. 114<br />
The <strong>War</strong> <strong>and</strong> Its Purpose<br />
The American revolutionary war was very much a civil war as has been many times observed, but perhaps not<br />
sufficiently appreciated. This sometimes grievous nature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> strife between neighbors is vividly recounted by<br />
Joseph Graham’s son, William; <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>cidents he describes that took place at <strong>and</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g Ramseur’s Mill <strong>in</strong> June<br />
1780:<br />
“In some <strong>in</strong>stances this was a fight between neighbors <strong>and</strong> k<strong>in</strong>dred, although <strong>the</strong>re were not many Whigs <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
L<strong>in</strong>coln forces-<strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> County be<strong>in</strong>g with Colonel Graham, who was with Ru<strong>the</strong>rford.<br />
“In <strong>the</strong> thickest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight a Dutch Tory, see<strong>in</strong>g an acqua<strong>in</strong>tance, said: ‘How do you do, Pilly? I have knowed<br />
you s<strong>in</strong>ce you was a little boy, <strong>and</strong> never knew no harm <strong>of</strong> you except you was a rebel.’ Billy, who was out for<br />
bus<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>and</strong> not to renew acqua<strong>in</strong>tance, as his gun was empty, clubbed it <strong>and</strong> made a pass at his friend’s head,<br />
who dodged <strong>and</strong> said:<br />
“‘Stop! Stop! I am not go<strong>in</strong>g to st<strong>and</strong> still <strong>and</strong> be killed like a damn fool, needer’, <strong>and</strong> immediately made a lick<br />
at Billy’s head, which he dodged. A friend <strong>of</strong> Billy whose gun was loaded put it to <strong>the</strong> Dutchman’s side <strong>and</strong> shot<br />
him dead...<br />
“Fifty-six dead lay on <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ridge, up <strong>and</strong> down which <strong>the</strong> forces advanced <strong>and</strong> retreated. Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
dead were buried on <strong>the</strong> field...<br />
“Wives, mo<strong>the</strong>rs, daughters <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r k<strong>in</strong>dred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> contestants came that afternoon <strong>and</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
<strong>in</strong>quire for <strong>the</strong>ir friends. As <strong>the</strong>y discovered <strong>the</strong>m among <strong>the</strong> dead <strong>and</strong> dy<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>re were heart-rend<strong>in</strong>g scenes <strong>of</strong><br />
distress <strong>and</strong> grief. Mrs. Falls came twenty-five miles on horseback, ac<strong>com</strong>panied by her negro cook. F<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g her<br />
105 See African-American Patriots <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Campaign <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution, by Bobby Gilmer Moss <strong>and</strong> Michael C.<br />
Scogg<strong>in</strong>s, Scotia-Hibernia Press, Blacksburg, S.C., 2004, <strong>and</strong> Moss’ The Patriots at <strong>the</strong> Cowpens. Blacksburg, SC, Scotia Press,<br />
1994. Babits remarks on some men <strong>of</strong> color actually serv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army as NCO’s, see BLO pp. 74-75.<br />
106 JLG2 p. 242.<br />
107 See, for <strong>in</strong>stance, JTR p. 104.<br />
108 By William Tylee Ranney (1813-1857), <strong>and</strong> presently at <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a State House, Columbia.<br />
109 SAW2 p. 241n.<br />
110 Samuel Burke, a free black, who served <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales American Volunteers.<br />
111 George Fenwick Jones. “The Black Hessians: Negroes Recruited by <strong>the</strong> Hessians <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> O<strong>the</strong>r Colonies.” South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, no. 83, 1982, pp. 287-302.<br />
112 Regard<strong>in</strong>g which see Cavalry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution (2012), p. 213, edited by Jim Piecuch.<br />
113 David Ramsay: “The slaves a second time flocked to <strong>the</strong> British army, <strong>and</strong>, be<strong>in</strong>g crowded toge<strong>the</strong>r, were visited by <strong>the</strong> camp<br />
fever. The small pox, which had not been <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce for seventeen years, broke out among <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> spread rapidly. From<br />
<strong>the</strong>se two diseases, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> impossibility <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g provided with proper ac<strong>com</strong>modations <strong>and</strong> attendance <strong>in</strong> British<br />
encampments, great numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m died, <strong>and</strong> were left unburied <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods. A few <strong>in</strong>stances occurred, <strong>in</strong> which <strong>in</strong>fants<br />
were found <strong>in</strong> unfrequented retreats, draw<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> breasts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir deceased parent some time after life was gone.” RSC2 p. 67.<br />
114 TCS pp. 89-90, LMS p. 609, JLG1 pp. 276-282, JLG2 pp. 472-473, WCO p. 237, SNA2, LSL pp. 307-308. Some 3,500 blacks are<br />
estimated to have emigrated from <strong>the</strong> United States to Canada after <strong>the</strong> war, see GCS p. 7.<br />
32
gallant husb<strong>and</strong> dead, she obta<strong>in</strong>ed a quilt from Mrs. Re<strong>in</strong>hardt, whose husb<strong>and</strong> lived near <strong>the</strong> battleground, <strong>and</strong><br />
carried his body across Sherrill’s [Sherrald’s] Ford <strong>and</strong> buried it with his k<strong>in</strong>dred.” 115<br />
While Ramseur’s Mill was an untypical engagement, still it was <strong>the</strong>se attitudes, feel<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>and</strong> gestures so overtly<br />
expressed <strong>the</strong>re, that were <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon experience <strong>of</strong> many <strong>in</strong> a struggle that not <strong>in</strong>frequently brought<br />
neighbors <strong>in</strong> sangu<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> heated conflict with each o<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
The British soldier while battl<strong>in</strong>g for a dismally failed political policy, was battl<strong>in</strong>g also for a solid <strong>and</strong> wellestablished<br />
military tradition. For <strong>the</strong> soldier <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fledgl<strong>in</strong>g United States it was essentially <strong>the</strong> reverse. Yet<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> war itself, not a few have <strong>of</strong>ten po<strong>in</strong>ted out how not many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans were Revolutionaries, <strong>and</strong><br />
how not that many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolutionaries were men <strong>and</strong> women <strong>of</strong> ideals <strong>and</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ciple. But what <strong>the</strong>n makes<br />
<strong>the</strong> American Revolution among <strong>the</strong> most noteworthy <strong>of</strong> human achievements is that <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipals <strong>and</strong> ideals <strong>of</strong><br />
a few succeeded aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> designs, selfishness, <strong>in</strong>difference, or <strong>in</strong><strong>com</strong>petence <strong>of</strong> sometimes larger numbers.<br />
British Army historian, Sir John Fortescue, believes that it was <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>eptitude <strong>of</strong> George Lord Germa<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
political parties <strong>in</strong> Parliament that lost <strong>the</strong> colonies to Brita<strong>in</strong>. Yet <strong>the</strong> short sightedness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
adm<strong>in</strong>istration does not beg<strong>in</strong> to expla<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> forbearance <strong>and</strong> self-sacrifice <strong>of</strong> so many who were loyal to <strong>the</strong><br />
cause <strong>of</strong> liberty when th<strong>in</strong>gs seemed most bleak <strong>and</strong> resources were nil; who stayed <strong>the</strong> course when o<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
jumped ship. In this lay <strong>the</strong> fame <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American soldiery <strong>and</strong> it is this that for many <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> retrospect perhaps<br />
most <strong>in</strong>spires <strong>and</strong> fasc<strong>in</strong>ates <strong>the</strong>m about <strong>the</strong> war today.<br />
Fortescue for his part fur<strong>the</strong>r ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>s that <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial troops were generally better soldiers than <strong>the</strong><br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals; while at <strong>the</strong> same time believed more <strong>in</strong> what <strong>the</strong>y were fight<strong>in</strong>g for. The Americans, by<br />
<strong>com</strong>parison, were generally less high m<strong>in</strong>ded <strong>and</strong> more desirous <strong>of</strong> ga<strong>in</strong>. Without deny<strong>in</strong>g that many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Prov<strong>in</strong>cials did fight from pr<strong>in</strong>ciple, this (for several reasons) is a ra<strong>the</strong>r odd argument see<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong><br />
Prov<strong>in</strong>cials were <strong>in</strong>variably far better <strong>and</strong> regularly paid <strong>and</strong> supplied than <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals.<br />
An anonymous British <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Annual Register <strong>of</strong> 1781 116 , writes: “It is impossible to do justice to <strong>the</strong><br />
spirit, patience, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>v<strong>in</strong>cible fortitude, displayed by <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers, <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> soldiers, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se<br />
dreadful campaigns <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> two Carol<strong>in</strong>as. They were not only to contend with men, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>se by no means<br />
deficient <strong>in</strong> bravery <strong>and</strong> enterprise [sic], but <strong>the</strong>y encountered <strong>and</strong> surmounted difficulties <strong>and</strong> fatigues from <strong>the</strong><br />
climate <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, which would appear <strong>in</strong>superable <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ory, <strong>and</strong> almost <strong>in</strong>credible <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> relation. They<br />
displayed military, <strong>and</strong>, we may add, moral virtues, far above all praise. Dur<strong>in</strong>g renewed successions <strong>of</strong> forced<br />
marches, under <strong>the</strong> rage <strong>of</strong> a burn<strong>in</strong>g sun, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a climate, at that season, peculiarly <strong>in</strong>imical to man, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were frequently, when s<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g under <strong>the</strong> most excessive fatigue, not only destitute <strong>of</strong> every <strong>com</strong>fort, but almost<br />
<strong>of</strong> every necessary which seems essential to his existence. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> greater part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time, <strong>the</strong>y were totally<br />
destitute <strong>of</strong> bread, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> country afforded no vegetables for a substitute. Salt at length failed; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir only<br />
resources were water, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> wild cattle which <strong>the</strong>y found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods. Above fifty men, <strong>in</strong> this last<br />
expedition, sunk under <strong>the</strong> vigour <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir exertions, <strong>and</strong> perished through mere fatigue. We must not, however,<br />
conf<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong> praise entirely to <strong>the</strong> British troops, as a detachment <strong>of</strong> Hessians, which had been lent upon <strong>the</strong><br />
occasion by General de Bose, deservedly came <strong>in</strong> for <strong>the</strong>ir proper share. The same justice requires, that <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans should not be deprived <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir share <strong>of</strong> this fatal glory. They had <strong>the</strong> same difficulties to encounter,<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed to a fortune <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field generally adverse: Yet, on <strong>the</strong> whole, <strong>the</strong> campaign term<strong>in</strong>ated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir favour;<br />
General Greene hav<strong>in</strong>g recovered <strong>the</strong> far greater part <strong>of</strong> Georgia <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two Carol<strong>in</strong>as.” 117<br />
Although <strong>the</strong> writer’s impartiality is to be <strong>com</strong>mended, <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, arguably (<strong>and</strong> normally) still had it<br />
worse. 118 In addition to mak<strong>in</strong>g frequent long marches on makeshift <strong>and</strong> sometimes sodden roads, endur<strong>in</strong>g both<br />
extremes <strong>of</strong> wea<strong>the</strong>r, subject to sickness, <strong>of</strong>ten lack<strong>in</strong>g proper food, fight<strong>in</strong>g far from home, <strong>and</strong> neglected by<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir countrymen, <strong>the</strong>y received little or no pay or cloth<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> were usually limited <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir supply <strong>of</strong><br />
ammunition -- <strong>and</strong> this on a more constant <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ual basis than <strong>the</strong>ir adversaries. Fur<strong>the</strong>r, as Alex<strong>and</strong>er<br />
Garden po<strong>in</strong>ts out, though British soldiers might for a time go without salt or liquor; for <strong>the</strong> American soldier<br />
such th<strong>in</strong>gs were scarce luxuries. 119 Nor should we forget that not until <strong>the</strong> Articles <strong>of</strong> Confederation were<br />
formally ratified <strong>in</strong> March 1781 did <strong>the</strong> U.S. have a formally chartered system <strong>of</strong> government, <strong>and</strong> until <strong>the</strong>n had<br />
to rely on <strong>the</strong> voluntary contributions <strong>of</strong> states; while hav<strong>in</strong>g little or no power <strong>of</strong> its own to enforce its<br />
requisitions <strong>and</strong> quotas. 120 To fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>com</strong>pound matters, 1779-1780 also witnessed cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> stagger<strong>in</strong>g<br />
deflation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental dollar ($1,000 <strong>in</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental dollars for $100 <strong>in</strong> specie <strong>in</strong> March 1779; with by Jan.<br />
115 GRA.<br />
116 Much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Annual Register perta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> (though presumably not such as <strong>the</strong> proceed<strong>in</strong>g passage) is<br />
understood to have been written by Edmund Burke (an editor <strong>and</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal contributor) <strong>and</strong> most <strong>the</strong> contemporary <strong>and</strong> post<br />
contemporary formal histories <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g John Marshall’s, heavily rely on, if not <strong>in</strong>clude whole<br />
sections from, this fair <strong>and</strong> equitable work.<br />
117 This same passage is found <strong>in</strong> Tarleton’s work, though evidently Tarleton was not its author, it be<strong>in</strong>g not at all unusual for<br />
historians <strong>of</strong> that time freely quote o<strong>the</strong>r writers without cit<strong>in</strong>g or acknowledg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m. AR81 p. 97, TCS pp. 507-508, SAW2 p.<br />
225.<br />
118 Ferguson, <strong>in</strong> a letter <strong>of</strong> 9 Aug. to Cornwallis, decribes <strong>the</strong> suffer<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> his hard pushed Prov<strong>in</strong>cials, see SCP1 pp. 301-303,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> course Cornwallis’ own men endured severe hardship <strong>in</strong> March <strong>and</strong> April <strong>of</strong> 1781 while <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a.<br />
119 GAR1 p. 297.<br />
120 For example, for 1781 Congress “dem<strong>and</strong>ed” <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> states 37,000 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals by January, but <strong>in</strong> result <strong>the</strong> entire American<br />
army <strong>in</strong> May (not count<strong>in</strong>g militia present or which might be called up) numbered no more than 10,000 effectives. LMS pp. 481n-<br />
482n.<br />
33
1781, 75 paper dollars obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 1 dollar <strong>of</strong> hard money); 121 <strong>the</strong> expiration <strong>of</strong> numerous 1777 three-year<br />
enlistments; 122 <strong>the</strong> harshest w<strong>in</strong>ter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire war for <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army (at Morristown); <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g<br />
mut<strong>in</strong>ies <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental l<strong>in</strong>e, 123 <strong>and</strong> Arnold’s defection; 124 followed up <strong>in</strong> February 1781 with <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong><br />
money <strong>and</strong> supply channel<strong>in</strong>g St. Eustatius <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> (Dutch) West Indies -- all this on top <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> not unambitious<br />
task <strong>of</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>n f<strong>in</strong>est army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> world. All <strong>the</strong> more <strong>the</strong>n to be respected <strong>the</strong>n is <strong>the</strong> perseverance <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental troops at this time <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> such stra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g challenges; with, for our own purposes, Greene’s<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong>, Delaware <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiments <strong>in</strong> particular provid<strong>in</strong>g ample pro<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> such hardihood <strong>and</strong><br />
resiliency. 125<br />
While we might conveniently view <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> itself as a conflict between “American” <strong>and</strong> “British,”<br />
this is a gross simplification. Much more were people judged by <strong>the</strong>ir conduct <strong>and</strong> moral code than with any<br />
special regard to <strong>the</strong>ir happen<strong>in</strong>g to be by birth American or British. 126 Moreover, some Americans, could or<br />
would argue that <strong>the</strong>y were more genu<strong>in</strong>e adherents to <strong>the</strong> British sense <strong>of</strong> natural laws <strong>and</strong> rights (as, say,<br />
enunciated by John Locke), <strong>and</strong> to that extent were actually more British <strong>in</strong> spirit <strong>and</strong> tradition than <strong>the</strong>ir foes<br />
(who were presumably <strong>the</strong>n Hobbesians.) And while we like to th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two <strong>com</strong>batants as adher<strong>in</strong>g to one<br />
essential ideological viewpo<strong>in</strong>t versus its opposite; <strong>in</strong> reality <strong>the</strong> motives <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> contestants on an <strong>in</strong>dividual<br />
level were many <strong>and</strong> diverse, <strong>and</strong> not a little affected by conditions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> moment. “Few know, till <strong>the</strong>y are<br />
tried,” says Lyman Draper, “what <strong>the</strong>y would do under certa<strong>in</strong> circumstances.” 127 So that a given person may<br />
121 WAR2 p. 614.<br />
122 Fred Anderson Berg, Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army Units, pp. 141-142.<br />
123 The army ultimately survived <strong>the</strong> mut<strong>in</strong>y by impressments <strong>of</strong> money <strong>and</strong> supplies from civilians which bred discontent among<br />
<strong>the</strong> latter. Later foreign loans obta<strong>in</strong>ed by John Laurens from France <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rl<strong>and</strong>s fur<strong>the</strong>r secured <strong>the</strong> stability required<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army’s f<strong>in</strong>ances. AR81 pp. 72-77, GHA4 pp. 16-26, MLW3 pp. 127-128, GAR2 pp. 12-19.<br />
124 A de-coded letter ciphered letter from Arnold to André, July 12, 1780, reads: “The mass <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> People are heartily tired <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>War</strong>, <strong>and</strong> wish to be on / <strong>the</strong>ir former foot<strong>in</strong>g -- They are promised great events from this / year’s exertion -- If -<br />
disappo<strong>in</strong>ted -- you have only to persevere / <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> contest will soon be at an end. The present Struggles are / like <strong>the</strong> pangs <strong>of</strong><br />
a dy<strong>in</strong>g man, violent but <strong>of</strong> a short duration.” CSS p. 748.<br />
Even former American diplomat Silas Deane, <strong>in</strong> some private letters (captured <strong>and</strong> published by <strong>the</strong> British), came to see <strong>the</strong> war<br />
on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> states at that time as futile; while suggest<strong>in</strong>g that reconciliation with Brita<strong>in</strong>, on terms fair <strong>and</strong> honorable to<br />
America, was perhaps <strong>the</strong> best solution after all. In consequence <strong>of</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g this radical stance, he placed himself <strong>in</strong> a position<br />
which later, justifiably or no, cast grave doubts on his loyalty to <strong>the</strong> nation; a suspicion <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terpretation <strong>of</strong> his views <strong>the</strong><br />
unfortunate Deane, <strong>in</strong> response, vigorously denied.<br />
Ironically <strong>and</strong> despite <strong>the</strong>se doubts <strong>and</strong> second guess<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> American side, not all His Majesty’s <strong>of</strong>ficers were so very<br />
optimistic or had so rosy a view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British military position as Arnold or Deane, <strong>and</strong> some like, Charles O’Hara <strong>and</strong> Alex<strong>and</strong>er<br />
Leslie, actually fought <strong>the</strong> Americans with grave misgiv<strong>in</strong>gs when it came to <strong>the</strong> likelihood <strong>of</strong> ultimate British success. In large<br />
part <strong>the</strong>ir skepticism sprung from a rejection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Germa<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> M<strong>in</strong>istry’s view that <strong>the</strong>re was strong <strong>and</strong> latent loyalist<br />
sentiment <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> colonies; wait<strong>in</strong>g to be untapped. See RCO p. 161n. For <strong>the</strong> record <strong>of</strong> a debate held <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> House <strong>of</strong> Commons,<br />
conducted <strong>in</strong> Nov. 1780, on <strong>the</strong> merits <strong>and</strong> demerits <strong>of</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> war, see AR81 pp. 150-155.<br />
125 GAR1 pp. 295-298. Garden: “Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> severity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter campaign <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, General Greene, pass<strong>in</strong>g a sent<strong>in</strong>el<br />
who was barefoot said, ‘I fear, my good fellow, you must suffer from cold.’ ‘Pretty much so,’ was <strong>the</strong> reply; ‘but I do not<br />
<strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>, because I know that I should fare better, had our General power to procure supplies. They say, however, that <strong>in</strong> a few<br />
days we shall have a fight, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n, by <strong>the</strong> bless<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> god, I shall take care to secure a pair <strong>of</strong> shoes.” GAR1 p. 306. Also <strong>the</strong>re<br />
is this anecdote found <strong>in</strong> William Gordon: “Charly Morgan [a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental soldier who had been sent on an espionage mission by<br />
Lafayette when <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia] by his management carried <strong>of</strong>f seven deserters with him. When he had reached <strong>the</strong> American army,<br />
<strong>and</strong> was brought to head quarters, <strong>the</strong> marquis upon see<strong>in</strong>g him cried out, ‘Ha! Charly, are you got back?’ ‘Yes <strong>and</strong> please your<br />
excellency, <strong>and</strong> have brought seven more with me,’ was <strong>the</strong> answer. When Charly had related <strong>the</strong> reason <strong>of</strong> his return<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> observations he had made, <strong>the</strong> marquis <strong>of</strong>fered him money; but he decl<strong>in</strong>ed accept<strong>in</strong>g it, <strong>and</strong> only desired to have his gun<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>. The marquis <strong>the</strong>n proposed to promote him to <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>of</strong> a corporal or sergeant. To this Morgan replied -- ‘I will not have<br />
any promotion. I have abilities for a <strong>com</strong>mon soldier, <strong>and</strong> have a good character; should I be promoted my abilities may not<br />
answer, <strong>and</strong> I may lose my character.’ He however nobly requested for his fellow soldiers, who were not so well supplied with<br />
shoes, stock<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> cloth<strong>in</strong>g as himself, that <strong>the</strong> marquis would promise to do what he could to relieve <strong>the</strong>ir distresses; which<br />
he easily obta<strong>in</strong>ed.” GHA4 pp. 113-114. See also MLW3 p. 124, LMS pp. 203, 248-249, 386n, JLG1 p. 402.<br />
126 It must be admitted, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, that it was far easier for someone <strong>of</strong> British birth to rise up as a leader <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American<br />
ranks than vice versa; which, some would observe, goes to much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>and</strong> reason for <strong>the</strong> dispute. Even an outst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
British <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er like Rawdon, but who had a Prov<strong>in</strong>cial rank, was <strong>com</strong>pelled to defer humbly to a formal British army <strong>of</strong>ficer<br />
like Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Stewart. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, both before, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> even after <strong>the</strong> war it was customary with some to<br />
belittle Americans <strong>and</strong> view <strong>and</strong> or treat <strong>the</strong>m as second class citizens <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world. One very good such illustration <strong>of</strong> this,<br />
related by Ewald, is how follow<strong>in</strong>g Yorktown <strong>and</strong> much to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s dismay, <strong>the</strong> French <strong>of</strong>ficers at post siege ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
tended to seek <strong>com</strong>pany with <strong>the</strong>ir German <strong>and</strong> English counterparts ra<strong>the</strong>r than among <strong>the</strong> American <strong>of</strong>ficers. EHJ p. 342.<br />
127 DKM p. 239. Writes Lord Chesterfield <strong>in</strong> his April 26, 1748 letter to his son: “Were most historical events traced up to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
true causes, I fear we should not f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m much more noble nor dis<strong>in</strong>terested than [Mart<strong>in</strong>] Lu<strong>the</strong>r’s disappo<strong>in</strong>ted avarice; <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>refore I look with some contempt upon those ref<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> sagacious historians who ascribe all, even <strong>the</strong> most <strong>com</strong>mon<br />
events, to some deep political cause; whereas mank<strong>in</strong>d is made up <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>consistencies, <strong>and</strong> no man acts <strong>in</strong>variably up to his<br />
predom<strong>in</strong>ant character. The wisest man sometimes acts weakly, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> weakest sometimes wisely. Our jarr<strong>in</strong>g passions, our<br />
variable humors, nay, our greater or lesser degree <strong>of</strong> health <strong>and</strong> spirits, produce such contradictions <strong>in</strong> our conduct that, I<br />
believe, those are <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>tenest mistaken who ascribe our actions to <strong>the</strong> most seem<strong>in</strong>gly obvious motives. And I am conv<strong>in</strong>ced<br />
that a light supper, <strong>and</strong> a good night’s sleep, <strong>and</strong> a f<strong>in</strong>e morn<strong>in</strong>g, have sometimes made a hero <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same man who, by an<br />
<strong>in</strong>digestion, a restless night, <strong>and</strong> a ra<strong>in</strong>y morn<strong>in</strong>g, would have proved a coward.<br />
“Our best conjectures, <strong>the</strong>refore, as to <strong>the</strong> true spr<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> actions, are but very uncerta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> actions <strong>the</strong>mselves are all<br />
that we must pretend to know from history. That Caesar was murdered by twenty-three conspirators, I make no doubt, but I very<br />
much doubt that <strong>the</strong>ir love <strong>of</strong> liberty, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir country, was <strong>the</strong>ir sole or even pr<strong>in</strong>cipal motive; <strong>and</strong> I dare say that, if <strong>the</strong><br />
truth were known, we should f<strong>in</strong>d that many o<strong>the</strong>r motives at least concurred, even <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> great Brutus himself, -- such as pride,<br />
envy, personal pique, <strong>and</strong> disappo<strong>in</strong>tment. Nay, I cannot help carry<strong>in</strong>g my pyrrhonism still fur<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> extend<strong>in</strong>g it <strong>of</strong>ten to<br />
historical facts <strong>the</strong>mselves, at least to most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> circumstances with which <strong>the</strong>y are related; <strong>and</strong> every day’s experience<br />
confirms me <strong>in</strong> this historical <strong>in</strong>credulity. Do we ever hear <strong>the</strong> most recent fact related exactly <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same way, by <strong>the</strong> several<br />
34
well have been moved or persuaded to take one side or ano<strong>the</strong>r for reasons such as loyalty to family, region,<br />
culture, local politics, religion or career frustration -- wholly separate from any consideration <strong>of</strong> those ideals <strong>and</strong><br />
issues we <strong>com</strong>monly associate with <strong>the</strong> American Revolution (as Americans denote it) or <strong>the</strong> <strong>War</strong> for<br />
Independence (as <strong>the</strong> British.) When men fight <strong>in</strong> a literal war <strong>the</strong>y usually <strong>and</strong> to some extent fight bl<strong>in</strong>dly on<br />
behalf <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> side <strong>the</strong>y espouse; for <strong>the</strong> simple reason, namely that all <strong>the</strong>ir nom<strong>in</strong>al <strong>com</strong>rades <strong>in</strong> arms do not<br />
necessarily share or equally embrace <strong>the</strong>ir own particular view or <strong>in</strong>terpretation <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs. Is <strong>the</strong> cause <strong>the</strong>y<br />
adopt exactly <strong>the</strong> same or necessarily <strong>the</strong> same as <strong>the</strong> group <strong>of</strong> people <strong>the</strong>y happen to be with? They can’t<br />
always know, <strong>and</strong> even if <strong>the</strong>y could <strong>the</strong> motives overtime <strong>of</strong> some can <strong>and</strong> do change -– particularly <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> case<br />
<strong>of</strong> an event as <strong>com</strong>plex <strong>in</strong> its orig<strong>in</strong>s as <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>. And over time, o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> more immediate <strong>and</strong><br />
practical factors affect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>and</strong> character <strong>of</strong> one’s op<strong>in</strong>ion also would or might <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong>to play. For<br />
<strong>in</strong>stance, even if <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> conduct<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> war were assert<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir rightful sovereignty, <strong>the</strong>y never<strong>the</strong>less<br />
made <strong>the</strong>mselves obnoxious to many by impos<strong>in</strong>g it peremptorily <strong>and</strong> militarily. After all, why weren’t <strong>the</strong><br />
colonists <strong>the</strong>mselves asked, before troops were sailed over to Boston, whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> crown <strong>and</strong> parliament should<br />
use soldiers to suppress <strong>the</strong> militant elements <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir midst? And after it did <strong>com</strong>e to fight<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> Americans<br />
faced a situation where if <strong>the</strong>y were put down <strong>and</strong> overthrown, it meant los<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir nation. And while <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
opponents risked forfeit<strong>in</strong>g some citizenry, l<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> suffer<strong>in</strong>g embarrassment, at no time did <strong>the</strong> Americans<br />
pose a threat to <strong>the</strong> life <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British nation <strong>and</strong> its system <strong>of</strong> government as <strong>the</strong> British posed to <strong>the</strong>irs.<br />
Yet though <strong>in</strong> retrospect we see greater moral, cultural <strong>and</strong> jurisprudential implications to <strong>the</strong> conflict, some<br />
could, on some level or o<strong>the</strong>r at least, argue it didn’t strictly matter to <strong>the</strong>m which side was better (say morally<br />
speak<strong>in</strong>g); ei<strong>the</strong>r was not really so bad or so worse. For such it was, as a practical matter <strong>the</strong>n, all <strong>the</strong> same to<br />
<strong>the</strong>m who ran th<strong>in</strong>gs: whe<strong>the</strong>r Congress or <strong>the</strong> Crown <strong>and</strong> Parliament. Once <strong>the</strong> war was f<strong>in</strong>ally concluded,<br />
however, <strong>the</strong>n might <strong>the</strong>y feel <strong>com</strong>pelled or <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to philosophize <strong>and</strong> view th<strong>in</strong>gs from a broader<br />
perspective. 128<br />
This hav<strong>in</strong>g been said, it is none<strong>the</strong>less fair <strong>and</strong> reasonable to characterize <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> generally as a<br />
contest for self-determ<strong>in</strong>ation while, at <strong>the</strong> same time, an extension <strong>and</strong> culm<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> an effort that sought to<br />
f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>and</strong> secure a new way <strong>of</strong> life that arose above <strong>the</strong> real or perceived <strong>in</strong>equities <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>justices <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> old<br />
world. Asserts Henry Dietrich Von Bulow, a contemporary observer writ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> very early 19 th century: “The<br />
American Revolution, thus, was by no means brought about by dis<strong>in</strong>terested motives. It only furnished <strong>the</strong><br />
opportunity to circulate among <strong>the</strong> masses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> people <strong>the</strong> political truths which up to that period had been<br />
<strong>the</strong> exclusive possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most enlightened.” 129 Yet more than this, it was an idealistic cause that had<br />
actually began with <strong>the</strong> colonies earliest settlement, <strong>and</strong> which <strong>the</strong> higher-m<strong>in</strong>ded Revolutionaries were<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g. Yet <strong>the</strong>re were, <strong>and</strong> always had been o<strong>the</strong>rs, whose goals were less humanitarian <strong>and</strong> progressive,<br />
more materialistic <strong>and</strong> selfish. And it has ever been <strong>the</strong> clash between <strong>the</strong>se two forces that has brought about<br />
<strong>the</strong> saddest moments <strong>in</strong> this nation’s history, <strong>and</strong> criticism by foreign nations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American experiment. The<br />
history <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution, like all o<strong>the</strong>r periods <strong>in</strong> American history, was one <strong>of</strong> great successes <strong>and</strong> great<br />
failures. But it will not do to ignore <strong>the</strong> errors, or to forsake <strong>the</strong> hope because <strong>of</strong> those errors. Better to pr<strong>of</strong>it<br />
<strong>and</strong> learn from both <strong>the</strong> successes <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> failures as respective lights <strong>and</strong> warn<strong>in</strong>gs to guide us <strong>in</strong>to our future;<br />
while <strong>in</strong>sist<strong>in</strong>g on our ultimate aim <strong>of</strong> “life, liberty, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> happ<strong>in</strong>ess.”<br />
And howsoever it is just or appropriate (or not) to see <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> as <strong>the</strong> emphatic defiance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
“New World” aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> bad <strong>and</strong> corrupt ways <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “Old,” <strong>the</strong> “American Revolution,” <strong>in</strong> retrospect <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> its<br />
truest sense, was <strong>and</strong> is a contest for <strong>the</strong> realization <strong>of</strong> moral <strong>and</strong> civil aspirations <strong>and</strong> ideals, transcend<strong>in</strong>g any<br />
geographical location, that carries on to this day. How perfectly <strong>and</strong> auspiciously those ideals were manifested<br />
or realized <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> conflict between America <strong>and</strong> Brita<strong>in</strong> will, as we stated, naturally be a topic <strong>of</strong> some dispute.<br />
Yet that <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> that conflict significant ground was ga<strong>in</strong>ed toward achiev<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m, should not be. 130<br />
people who were at <strong>the</strong> same time eye-witnesses <strong>of</strong> it? No. One mistakes, ano<strong>the</strong>r misrepresents; <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs warp it a little to<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir own turn <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d, or private views. A man who has been concerned <strong>in</strong> a transaction will not write it fairly, <strong>and</strong> a man who<br />
has not cannot.”<br />
128 “It forcibly brought to m<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> prophetic remarks <strong>of</strong> Lord Shelburne to Mr. [Henry] Laurens, <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, once our<br />
envoy to Holl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> President <strong>of</strong> Congress, who had been a prisoner <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tower (1779) for some time; after his release, <strong>in</strong> an<br />
<strong>in</strong>terview with Engl<strong>and</strong>’s Secretary <strong>of</strong> State, <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g conversation occurred:<br />
“‘I am sorry for your people,’ said Lord Shelburne, ‘that <strong>the</strong>y have ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>dependence.’ ‘Why so?” asked Mr. Laurens.<br />
‘We English people ga<strong>in</strong>ed it, by centuries <strong>of</strong> wrangl<strong>in</strong>g, years <strong>of</strong> battle <strong>and</strong> blood, <strong>and</strong> confirmed it by at least fifty acts <strong>of</strong><br />
parliament,” answered his lordship. ‘All this taught <strong>the</strong> nation its <strong>in</strong>estimable value, <strong>and</strong> it is so <strong>in</strong>gra<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir creed as to<br />
be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> foundation <strong>of</strong> our liberty <strong>and</strong> no judge or party will ever dare to trample upon it. Your people will pick it up, <strong>and</strong><br />
attempt to use it; but hav<strong>in</strong>g cost <strong>the</strong>m noth<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>y will not know how to appreciate it. At <strong>the</strong> first <strong>in</strong>ternal feud you will have<br />
it trampled under foot by <strong>the</strong> lawless power <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> majority; <strong>the</strong> people will permit it to be done, <strong>and</strong> away goes your boasted<br />
liberty.’” WRM pp. 110-111.<br />
129 “Views <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution,” The Historical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, p. 112, vol. IX, No. 4, John H. Shea, New York, 1865.<br />
130 David Ramsay: “The American Revolution…brought forth great vices; but on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, it called forth many virtues, <strong>and</strong><br />
gave occasion for <strong>the</strong> display <strong>of</strong> abilities which, but for that event, would have been lost to <strong>the</strong> world.<br />
“When <strong>the</strong> war began, <strong>the</strong> Americans were a mass <strong>of</strong> husb<strong>and</strong>men, merchants, mechanics <strong>and</strong> fishermen; but <strong>the</strong> necessities <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> country gave a spr<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> active powers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants, <strong>and</strong> set <strong>the</strong>m on th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g, speak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a l<strong>in</strong>e far<br />
beyond that to which <strong>the</strong>y had been accustomed.<br />
“The difference between nations is not so much ow<strong>in</strong>g to nature as to education <strong>and</strong> circumstances. While <strong>the</strong> Americans were<br />
guided by <strong>the</strong> lead<strong>in</strong>g str<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mo<strong>the</strong>r country, <strong>the</strong>y had no scope nor encouragement for exertion. All <strong>the</strong> departments <strong>of</strong><br />
government were established <strong>and</strong> executed for <strong>the</strong>m, but not by <strong>the</strong>m. In <strong>the</strong> years 1775 <strong>and</strong> 1776 <strong>the</strong> country, be<strong>in</strong>g suddenly<br />
thrown <strong>in</strong>to a situation that needed <strong>the</strong> abilities <strong>of</strong> all its sons, <strong>the</strong>se generally took <strong>the</strong>ir places, each accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> bent <strong>of</strong><br />
his <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ation. As <strong>the</strong>y severally pursued <strong>the</strong>ir objects with ardour, a vast expansion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> human m<strong>in</strong>d speedily followed. This<br />
35
And even if <strong>the</strong> many <strong>in</strong>stances <strong>of</strong> dedication, faith, fortitude, long suffer<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> courage exhibited <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
struggle for freedom <strong>and</strong> equality were all <strong>the</strong> ac<strong>com</strong>plishment <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> atta<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>the</strong>se, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
last<strong>in</strong>g way, rema<strong>in</strong> encourag<strong>in</strong>g examples that deserve our cont<strong>in</strong>ued admiration, gratitude, <strong>and</strong> emulation.<br />
displayed itself <strong>in</strong> a variety <strong>of</strong> ways. It was found that <strong>the</strong>ir talents for great stations did not differ <strong>in</strong> k<strong>in</strong>d, but only <strong>in</strong> degree,<br />
from those which were necessary for <strong>the</strong> proper discharge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ord<strong>in</strong>ary bus<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>of</strong> civil society.” RHA2 (“Appendix No. IV”)<br />
pp. 629-630.<br />
36
LEADERS AND UNITS<br />
While an effort has been made to <strong>com</strong>pile a reasonably thorough roster, <strong>of</strong> both American <strong>and</strong> British leaders, <strong>of</strong><br />
high rank, or o<strong>the</strong>rwise special note, <strong>the</strong>se lists are not <strong>in</strong>tended as exhaustive, but merely provide a catalogue<br />
<strong>of</strong> a majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most significant <strong>and</strong> representative leaders. Almost always <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation given for a<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer perta<strong>in</strong>s exclusively to <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south 1780-1781, <strong>and</strong> is not <strong>in</strong>tended as a<br />
summary biography as such. The leaders given here were selected on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g a field <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er,<br />
unit <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, or else participant <strong>of</strong> special note. Very likely <strong>the</strong>re is bound to be miss<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong>ficer whom<br />
some might feel should have been <strong>in</strong>cluded, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers not named due simply to lack <strong>of</strong> adequate<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation readily available about <strong>the</strong>m. This problem, regrettably, could not be much helped given <strong>the</strong> large<br />
number <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> this wide-rang<strong>in</strong>g conflict. I have, for example <strong>in</strong>cluded Capt. Patrick Carnes <strong>of</strong><br />
Lee’s Legion, but not Capt. George Armstrong <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e who fell at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six because it is sometimes<br />
difficult to follow whe<strong>the</strong>r an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> Lee’s Legion is <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry or cavalry; while gallant <strong>of</strong>ficers like<br />
Armstrong, <strong>of</strong> both sides, are so relatively numerous (given <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> men <strong>in</strong>volved) that it would have<br />
enlarged my task too much to have attempted to <strong>in</strong>sert <strong>the</strong>m all here. Who knows or can say if an <strong>of</strong>ficer, killed<br />
at an early engagement, or sidel<strong>in</strong>ed before he had a chance to be <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> more battles, might have reached<br />
a prom<strong>in</strong>ence that his early forced absence <strong>com</strong>pletely denied him? Some <strong>of</strong> those taken at Charlestown <strong>in</strong> 1780<br />
<strong>com</strong>e to m<strong>in</strong>d as examples <strong>of</strong> this. As well, <strong>the</strong>re might be nom<strong>in</strong>ally known, yet unsung, soldiers, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
privates, sergeants <strong>and</strong> junior <strong>of</strong>ficers, whose impact was much greater than history is <strong>in</strong> a position to take<br />
notice <strong>of</strong>. Such cases, for underst<strong>and</strong>able reasons, we usually can only acknowledge <strong>the</strong> general possibility <strong>of</strong>.<br />
These <strong>com</strong>ments made, <strong>the</strong> roster is sufficiently <strong>com</strong>prehensive to account for at least most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> key or<br />
noteworthy leaders on both sides.<br />
Though many very important military leaders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> Yorktown campaigns, especially those on <strong>the</strong><br />
Franco-American, side are not <strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong>to this roster; <strong>the</strong>ir names, rank, <strong>and</strong> specific service dur<strong>in</strong>g this<br />
period can be found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> text.<br />
It be<strong>in</strong>g not always possible to track who was where <strong>and</strong> when, <strong>in</strong> mention<strong>in</strong>g engagements an <strong>of</strong>ficer fought at<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>se bio-entries, <strong>the</strong> given list<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> skirmishes <strong>and</strong> battles should not be assumed to be <strong>com</strong>plete, but, for<br />
practical purposes, a general summary. Additional details, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g such perta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to o<strong>the</strong>r leaders not named<br />
<strong>in</strong> this section, can be found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Calendar</strong> itself (<strong>of</strong>ten <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> footnotes.)<br />
I. AMERICAN LEADERS<br />
The Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army<br />
Maj. Gen. Benjam<strong>in</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln<br />
(Age <strong>in</strong> 1780: 47 years old) Most conspicuously, L<strong>in</strong>coln had been among <strong>the</strong> American generals, act<strong>in</strong>g under<br />
Gates, at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Saratoga. After be<strong>in</strong>g nom<strong>in</strong>ated to <strong>the</strong> position <strong>of</strong> Head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Department 131<br />
by Congressional delegates from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, he served <strong>in</strong> that role from 25 September 1778 to 13 June 1780;<br />
led at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Savannah <strong>in</strong> 1779, <strong>and</strong> oversaw <strong>the</strong> American defenses at Charleston from 1778 to <strong>the</strong> town’s<br />
capitulation <strong>in</strong> 1780. There he exhibited unfl<strong>in</strong>ch<strong>in</strong>g firmness <strong>and</strong> spirit, <strong>and</strong> could be seen toil<strong>in</strong>g among <strong>the</strong><br />
ord<strong>in</strong>ary soldiers <strong>and</strong> submitt<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>com</strong>mon duties. 132 Be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> city’s prisoners, he was paroled, yet was<br />
not able to return to Philadelphia until a year later, hav<strong>in</strong>g been exchanged <strong>in</strong> October 1780 for British generals<br />
Phillips <strong>and</strong> Riedesel (both <strong>of</strong> whom were taken at Saratoga.) 133 He <strong>the</strong>n went on to lead a division, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Yorktown Campaign, dur<strong>in</strong>g which he also acted as Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>; later receiv<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis’<br />
surrender sword from Brig. Gen. Charles O’Hara. Later, on Oct. 25, 1781, he was to preside over <strong>the</strong><br />
Congressional Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong> on October 25, 1781. Although not one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army’s more dash<strong>in</strong>g field<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers, <strong>the</strong> Massachusetts general was well liked <strong>and</strong> did not suffer anyth<strong>in</strong>g like <strong>the</strong> reproach for<br />
Charleston Gates did for Camden. David Ramsay, for one, speaks highly <strong>of</strong> <strong>and</strong> exonerates him <strong>of</strong> any serious<br />
blame <strong>in</strong> Charleston’s fall. See RSC2 pp. 59-60, LMS p. 122.<br />
Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates<br />
(53) Gates was appo<strong>in</strong>ted by Congress as L<strong>in</strong>coln’s replacement on 13 June 1780, tak<strong>in</strong>g actual <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
army on 25 July at Coxe’s Mill 134 on <strong>the</strong> Deep River. He subsequently led <strong>the</strong> American forces at <strong>the</strong> debacle at<br />
131 L<strong>in</strong>coln, Gates <strong>and</strong> Greene, as Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Department <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> chief, had charge over all American military leaders <strong>and</strong><br />
forces <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as <strong>and</strong> Georgia. This meant that Lafayette <strong>and</strong> Von Steuben, despite <strong>the</strong>ir seem<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dependent<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, were actually under Greene’s formal authority. So, for example, when Lafayette was f<strong>in</strong>ally given <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
over-all <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>the</strong> one who bestowed it on him was Greene -- though Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, naturally, as Comm<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong><br />
Chief had <strong>the</strong> f<strong>in</strong>al say over all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
132 BSC p. 88.<br />
133 RCO p. 164.<br />
134 More accurately known as Wilcox’s Iron Works. Yet <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> text a special exception is made to leav<strong>in</strong>g this particular site<br />
denoted as “Coxe’s” because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> more frequent contemporary use <strong>of</strong> that abbreviation; this, <strong>in</strong> contrast to most all o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
locations mentioned where we ord<strong>in</strong>arily <strong>and</strong> where possible have sought to use only <strong>the</strong> most formally correct names. O<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong><br />
similar exceptions found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> text are “Friday’s Ferry” -- more properly Fridig’s Ferry; “Colson’s Mill” for <strong>the</strong> more correct<br />
Colston’s Mill; <strong>and</strong> with some such as Shirar’s Ferry (aka Brierly’s Ferry) <strong>and</strong> Sherrald’s Ford <strong>the</strong>re are more than two spell<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
that not <strong>in</strong>frequently <strong>com</strong>e up.<br />
37
Camden <strong>in</strong> August 1780. A move was <strong>the</strong>n made <strong>in</strong> Congress by certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> factions to have him ousted.<br />
As a result, on 30 October 1780, he was himself replaced by Greene; but served out <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> his position<br />
till <strong>the</strong> latter arrived <strong>in</strong> early December. Although criticized by many, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>and</strong> s<strong>in</strong>ce, for his performance at<br />
Camden (<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> events lead<strong>in</strong>g up to) less known is <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>of</strong>ficers like Charles P<strong>in</strong>ckney, William<br />
Richardson Davie, <strong>and</strong> Greene saw him ra<strong>the</strong>r as a victim <strong>of</strong> bad luck <strong>and</strong> circumstance; preferr<strong>in</strong>g to blame <strong>the</strong><br />
defeat on <strong>the</strong> clumsy high-rank<strong>in</strong>g leadership <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia ( -- even though <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia, it<br />
could be shown, performed worse <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle.) Gates has also been depicted as va<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> self-seek<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> part<br />
because <strong>of</strong> his <strong>in</strong>cidental <strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> earlier cabals challeng<strong>in</strong>g Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s supreme leadership. Despite<br />
this, as sou<strong>the</strong>rn <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er Gates showed himself, if not always a fit <strong>and</strong> sensible leader, an o<strong>the</strong>rwise<br />
conscientious <strong>and</strong> car<strong>in</strong>g one. It was he, not Greene, who created <strong>the</strong> “fly<strong>in</strong>g camp” under Morgan -- thus<br />
divid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army <strong>in</strong>to two formal <strong>and</strong> separate w<strong>in</strong>gs. It was he, not Greene, who first<br />
dispatched lieut. Col. Edward Carr<strong>in</strong>gton to look <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>gs on <strong>the</strong> 135 Roanoke; a measure that made<br />
possible <strong>the</strong> rescue <strong>and</strong> preservation <strong>of</strong> Greene’s army that concluded <strong>the</strong> Race to <strong>the</strong> Dan. 136 He <strong>and</strong> Charles<br />
Lee were <strong>the</strong> possible alternative to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> both deserve respect when seen <strong>in</strong> this, after all,<br />
democratically <strong>com</strong>petitive light. See GAR1 pp. 345-350.<br />
Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene<br />
(38) After serv<strong>in</strong>g as <strong>the</strong> Quartermaster General for <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army (2 March 1778 to 5 August 1780),<br />
Greene (a Quaker from Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong>) was, upon Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s endorsement, chosen by Congress to replace Gates<br />
on 30 October 1780. He arrived <strong>in</strong> Charlotte, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> assumed <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first week <strong>of</strong><br />
December 1780; serv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn department till <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. Although technically defeated at<br />
Guilford Court House, Hobkirk’s Hill, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, <strong>and</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>in</strong> every one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se setbacks <strong>the</strong> losses to<br />
his regular troops never greatly exceeded that <strong>of</strong> his opponent, <strong>and</strong> each battle “lost” <strong>in</strong>variably resulted <strong>in</strong> his<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ally w<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> given campaign. Yet his most memorable generalship was seen <strong>the</strong> “Race to <strong>the</strong> Dan“ phase<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guilford Court House campaign; applauded by <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers on both sides. Nor was his hold<strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r a<br />
rag-tag army that had been neglected <strong>and</strong> ab<strong>and</strong>oned by just about everyone else, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> circumstances <strong>in</strong><br />
which <strong>the</strong> treasury was almost non-existent <strong>and</strong> public credit exhausted, no small achievement. 137 On occasion,<br />
however, his tactical judgment was highly questionable -- such as <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> wide separation <strong>of</strong> his l<strong>in</strong>es at<br />
Guilford, 138 his use <strong>of</strong> William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry at Hobkirk’s Hill, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> his too-forward <strong>in</strong>itial approaches to<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. As well, he manifested at times odd quirks <strong>of</strong> temperament; was subject to fits <strong>of</strong> extreme elation<br />
<strong>and</strong> dour dejection; sometimes rushed too hastily to blame or f<strong>in</strong>d fault -- particularly if he himself was or might<br />
be <strong>in</strong> part to blame; as for <strong>in</strong>stance <strong>in</strong> his perhaps harsh treatment <strong>of</strong> Gunby follow<strong>in</strong>g Hobkirk’s Hill. 139 Not<br />
<strong>in</strong>frequently he spoke ra<strong>the</strong>r brashly, <strong>in</strong>deed recklessly (as <strong>in</strong> his remarks concern<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia),<br />
<strong>and</strong> did so evidently with purposeful political motives <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d. Yet <strong>in</strong> all <strong>and</strong> despite <strong>the</strong>se real or imag<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
foibles, he possessed both a remarkable capacity for organization, <strong>and</strong> a penetrat<strong>in</strong>g grasp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> broad strategic<br />
picture; not least <strong>of</strong> which <strong>in</strong> his seek<strong>in</strong>g to secure <strong>the</strong> hearts <strong>and</strong> m<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> people; someth<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis<br />
tried but failed to ac<strong>com</strong>plish. 140 See GAR1 pp. 75-84, GAR2 p. 227.<br />
Maj. Gen. Johannes de Kalb 141<br />
(59) De Kalb (orig<strong>in</strong>ally Hans Kalb, from a peasant family) was a native <strong>of</strong> German Alsace who had once served <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> French army. He arrived <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> July 1780 with two brigades <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. Despite his high rank, he had a difficult time gett<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians, under Richard Caswell,<br />
to cooperate with him. In August he acted as second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> to Gates at Camden; a battle which he<br />
himself, beforeh<strong>and</strong>, thought Gates should have avoided. His performance <strong>the</strong>re where (accord<strong>in</strong>g to at least<br />
one version) helmet clad, sword <strong>in</strong> h<strong>and</strong>, he only submitted after suffer<strong>in</strong>g some eleven sword, bayonet <strong>and</strong><br />
bullet wounds, st<strong>and</strong>s as one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war’s most memorable moments. 142<br />
135 L<strong>in</strong>coln, Gates <strong>and</strong> Greene, as Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Department <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> chief, had authority over all American military leaders <strong>and</strong><br />
forces <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as <strong>and</strong> Georgia. This meant that Lafayette <strong>and</strong> Von Steuben, despite <strong>the</strong>ir seem<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dependent<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, were actually under Greene’s formal authority. So, for example, when Lafayette was f<strong>in</strong>ally given <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
over-all <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>the</strong> one who bestowed it on him was Greene -- though Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, naturally, as Comm<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong><br />
Chief had <strong>the</strong> f<strong>in</strong>al say over all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
136 LMS pp. 249-250.<br />
137 Milfrid F. Treacy: “...The members <strong>of</strong> Congress could only re<strong>com</strong>mend -- <strong>the</strong>y were powerless to order -- that <strong>the</strong> legislators<br />
<strong>and</strong> executives <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn department afford ‘every necesity Assistance <strong>and</strong> Support’ to General Greene. They specifically<br />
authorized Greene ‘to call for <strong>the</strong> same.’ The heads <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> staff departments <strong>of</strong> supply <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army were also requested to<br />
provide [by such patriotic appeals to local <strong>and</strong> state governments] what could not be obta<strong>in</strong>ed to <strong>the</strong> southward.” TPY p. 55.<br />
138 Henry Lee IV: “Greene’s army united [at Guilford], was ra<strong>the</strong>r more than two to one to that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy; <strong>and</strong> upon this<br />
numerical superiority he ventured to engage. By separat<strong>in</strong>g it <strong>in</strong>to three <strong>in</strong>sulated l<strong>in</strong>es, it was attacked, with a force <strong>of</strong> about<br />
twenty-two to fifteen aga<strong>in</strong>st each division, <strong>and</strong> Lord Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>g an army <strong>of</strong> forty-five hundred men,<br />
defeated successively, three detachments <strong>of</strong> fifteen hundred; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> each action had a superiority or, at least, an equality <strong>of</strong><br />
force.” LCC p. 217.<br />
139 After all, even if Gunby gave <strong>the</strong> wrong order to his regiment, this hardly accounts for <strong>the</strong> flight <strong>of</strong> half <strong>of</strong> an army.<br />
140 In his first letter (from Dec. 1780) to Francis Marion, Greene stated that until <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals had established a more<br />
permanent army “…we must endeavor to keep up a partisan war, <strong>and</strong> preserve <strong>the</strong> tide <strong>of</strong> sentiment among <strong>the</strong> people as much<br />
as possible <strong>in</strong> our favor.” GLG3 pp. 80-81. Greene’s disda<strong>in</strong> for <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia, <strong>in</strong>cidentally, was <strong>in</strong> some measure prompted by<br />
his desire for North Carol<strong>in</strong>a to raise Cont<strong>in</strong>ental regiments <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir stead.<br />
141 Johann-Henry-Jules-Alex<strong>and</strong>re von Robaii, Baron de Kalb.<br />
142 A quite different account <strong>of</strong> de Kalb’s end is given by North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militiaman Humphrey Hunter <strong>in</strong> Kirkl<strong>and</strong>’s Historic<br />
Camden, vol. I, pp. 186-187. There he is described as be<strong>in</strong>g on horseback <strong>and</strong> felled by a volley while try<strong>in</strong>g to attempt<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
evade capture. Even if correct, <strong>the</strong>re is no controversy about his hav<strong>in</strong>g fought bravely before h<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> which British, such as<br />
Tarleton’s, as well as American, reports attest to. See also RSC2 pp. 148 while for a testimony <strong>of</strong> de Kalb's last days by his aide<br />
38
Brig. Gen. Louis Le Begue de Presle Duportail, Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army eng<strong>in</strong>eers<br />
(37) By March 1780, Duportail, a volunteer <strong>of</strong>ficer from France, served as chief eng<strong>in</strong>eer <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter stage <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Charleston siege, was taken prisoner when <strong>the</strong> town surrendered. He was exchanged on October 25, 143 <strong>and</strong><br />
on his return northward briefly stopped at Greene’s camp on <strong>the</strong> Peedee River. He subsequently participated <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> plann<strong>in</strong>g for an attack on New York (which he advised aga<strong>in</strong>st), <strong>and</strong> afterward acted as Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s chief<br />
eng<strong>in</strong>eer at Yorktown. Today he is formally recognized as <strong>the</strong> fa<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S. Army Corps <strong>of</strong> Eng<strong>in</strong>eers.<br />
Brig. Gen Mordecai Gist, 3 rd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment<br />
(32) Gist <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigade at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden, for which efforts <strong>the</strong>re he received<br />
praise. He afterwards left <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army <strong>and</strong> went back to Maryl<strong>and</strong> where he helped <strong>in</strong> recruit<strong>in</strong>g. After<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g present at Yorktown where he assumed <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> some light <strong>in</strong>fantry. He returned to jo<strong>in</strong> Greene <strong>in</strong><br />
1782, <strong>and</strong> led <strong>the</strong> Americans to victory at Combahee Ferry on August 26 th <strong>of</strong> that year, <strong>and</strong> settled <strong>in</strong> S.C. after<br />
<strong>the</strong> war.<br />
Brig. Gen. James Hogun, 7 th North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment<br />
Hogun, who earlier had dist<strong>in</strong>guished himself for bravery at Germantown, brought re<strong>in</strong>forcements to Charleston<br />
<strong>in</strong> February 1780, <strong>and</strong> was among those captured when <strong>the</strong> town surrendered. He refused parole <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
at Haddrell’s Po<strong>in</strong>t, to care for <strong>the</strong> suffer<strong>in</strong>g prisoners <strong>the</strong>re while encourag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to resist British <strong>of</strong>fers <strong>of</strong><br />
enlistment. He served <strong>in</strong> this manner until he died <strong>of</strong> natural causes on January 4 th 1781.<br />
Brig. Gen. Isaac Huger, 5 th South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals (1 st South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rifles)<br />
(38) Huger (pronounced U-gee) participated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> Charleston; with forces under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
summarily routed by <strong>the</strong> British under Webster, Tarleton <strong>and</strong> Ferguson at Monck’s Corner, on April 1780. He was,<br />
none<strong>the</strong>less, able to avoid be<strong>in</strong>g taken when <strong>the</strong> city itself fell. At <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden, he was at<br />
Hillsborough with Gov. Rutledge, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rwise acted as emissary from Gates to Gov. Nash (<strong>of</strong> N.C.) to<br />
represent army’s supply needs up to that po<strong>in</strong>t. When Greene arrived <strong>in</strong> December 1780, he was appo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>the</strong><br />
latter’s second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>; a position he served <strong>in</strong> throughout 1781, with a period <strong>of</strong> absence (due to illness) <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> late spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> early summer. Although a South Carol<strong>in</strong>ian, he fielded <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia brigade at Guilford Court<br />
House (where he was shot <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>) <strong>and</strong> at Hobkirk’s Hill. Later <strong>in</strong> 1782, he was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> representatives<br />
attend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> reunited South Carol<strong>in</strong>a assembly. For more, see GAR1 pp. 55-57, GAR2 pp. 206-207.<br />
Brig. Gen. Lachlan McIntosh, 1 st Georgia Regiment<br />
(55) McIntosh led <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia at Charleston <strong>in</strong> 1780; where he was taken prisoner with <strong>the</strong><br />
garrison. When o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>in</strong>sisted that L<strong>in</strong>coln stay <strong>and</strong> defend <strong>the</strong> town, McIntosh was one <strong>of</strong> those who advocated<br />
ab<strong>and</strong>on<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> city, <strong>and</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g on a strategic defense from without. He rema<strong>in</strong>ed a captive till f<strong>in</strong>ally<br />
exchanged for Brig. Gen. Charles O’Hara (taken at Yorktown) <strong>in</strong> February 1782.<br />
Brig. Gen. Daniel Morgan, 11 th <strong>and</strong> later 7 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment<br />
(44) Morgan, veteran <strong>of</strong> Boston, Quebec, Saratoga, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Monmouth Campaign (though not at <strong>the</strong> latter battle<br />
itself) jo<strong>in</strong>ed Gates army (at Charlotte) <strong>in</strong> late September 1780, where he was appo<strong>in</strong>ted to head <strong>the</strong> army’s<br />
light troops. On Gates’ belated but timely petition, he was (<strong>and</strong> after a long period <strong>of</strong> canvass<strong>in</strong>g, argu<strong>in</strong>g, be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
refused, <strong>and</strong> wait<strong>in</strong>g) raised <strong>in</strong> rank from Colonel to Brigadier General by Congress, <strong>and</strong> at last received his<br />
<strong>com</strong>mission on October 25 th . One reason for this promotion was to prevent any temperamental militia<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er from disput<strong>in</strong>g his seniority. He led <strong>the</strong> American forces at Cowpens <strong>in</strong> January 1781, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> do<strong>in</strong>g so<br />
achieved one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most sweep<strong>in</strong>g tactical triumphs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> conflict. 144 On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, he could also have<br />
been said to have been only very lucky <strong>in</strong> evad<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis’ pursuit after that battle. On 10 February 1781,<br />
rheumatism <strong>and</strong> sciatica forced him to return to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> leave <strong>the</strong> service. Though he re-appeared briefly <strong>in</strong><br />
mid summer 1781 to lead a body <strong>of</strong> rifleman <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> pre-Yorktown campaign; illness aga<strong>in</strong> soon forced his early<br />
retirement. Morgan was unusual because <strong>in</strong> his background, personality <strong>and</strong> ability he managed to bridge <strong>the</strong> gap<br />
between <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon soldiers <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> higher-rank<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers; a quality that endeared him to many. 145<br />
Brig. Gen. William Moultrie, 2 nd South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment<br />
(50) Moultrie was one <strong>of</strong> those taken prisoner at Charleston <strong>in</strong> May 1780; where he was second <strong>in</strong> overall charge<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American forces. Though he was paroled, <strong>of</strong> his own choice he rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town <strong>and</strong>, without formal<br />
authorization, acted conscientiously <strong>and</strong> courageously as head <strong>and</strong> representative <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r American<br />
<strong>the</strong> Chevalier Du-Buysson, see <strong>the</strong> same volume at 451-452, GHA3 p. 443, SAW2 pp. 209-210, MLW4A pp. 184-185, LMS pp. 575-<br />
577, GAR1 pp. 212-215, WNC p. 154, SCAR vol. 2, no.8, pp. 3-4.<br />
143 Regard<strong>in</strong>g his return north upon his release from Charleston <strong>in</strong> Jan. 1781, see The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical<br />
Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII, Apr. 1917, pp. 65, 67-68.<br />
144 As one <strong>of</strong> his earliest biographer po<strong>in</strong>ts out, although much is made <strong>of</strong> Arnold’s contribution to Saratoga (<strong>the</strong> exact nature <strong>of</strong><br />
which, particularly with regard to <strong>the</strong> first battle Freeman’s farm, some historians have methodically <strong>and</strong> scrupulously<br />
challenged), it was Morgan who first checked Burgoyne, <strong>and</strong> it is almost impossible to see <strong>the</strong> battles <strong>the</strong>re go<strong>in</strong>g with relative<br />
smoothness for <strong>the</strong> Americans as <strong>the</strong>y did without his participation.<br />
145 The K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers, before decid<strong>in</strong>g upon Campbell, requested to have Morgan lead <strong>the</strong>m; as similarly did N.C.<br />
militia leaders after <strong>the</strong> death <strong>of</strong> William Lee Davidson at Cowan’s Ford. GDM p. 238, MSC2 p. 120. For some sketches <strong>of</strong> Morgan<br />
by his contemporaries see AR81 pp. 58, 66 <strong>and</strong> LMS pp. 579-584. Although Virg<strong>in</strong>ia was <strong>and</strong> had been <strong>the</strong> site <strong>of</strong> Morgan’s<br />
residence s<strong>in</strong>ce 1755, his place <strong>of</strong> birth was New Jersey; <strong>and</strong> despite some depictions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “old waggoner” as be<strong>in</strong>g ra<strong>the</strong>r an<br />
elderly man dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> war, observe that he was only 44 at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Cowpens.<br />
39
prisoners. The British attempted to bribe <strong>and</strong> get him to change sides while <strong>in</strong> captivity; an <strong>of</strong>fer he<br />
underst<strong>and</strong>ably scorned (see GDH3 pp. 143-144.) Loss<strong>in</strong>g states that he later went to Philadelphia (this would<br />
have been no earlier than late Spr<strong>in</strong>g 1781), <strong>and</strong> was ultimately exchanged <strong>in</strong> February 1782, at which time he<br />
returned to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Moultrie had a certa<strong>in</strong> dignity, steadfastness, <strong>and</strong> sense <strong>of</strong> public duty somewhat<br />
rem<strong>in</strong>iscent <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton; though he was more down to earth <strong>and</strong> less <strong>the</strong> genteel aristocrat by <strong>com</strong>parison.<br />
Had he, ra<strong>the</strong>r than L<strong>in</strong>coln, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston <strong>the</strong>re is perhaps some reason to th<strong>in</strong>k he<br />
might have done a better job; <strong>in</strong>asmuch as he was less likely to have been <strong>in</strong>timidated by <strong>the</strong> civil authorities<br />
present <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> city. In addition to his own Memoirs, see LMS p. 126, GAR1 pp. 7-16.<br />
Brig. Gen. Charles Scott, 2 nd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment<br />
(41) Scott, a veteran <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French <strong>and</strong> Indian <strong>War</strong> <strong>and</strong> who had served with Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>the</strong>re, was captured at<br />
Charleston <strong>and</strong> with<strong>in</strong> some months paroled to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; though he was not released from this status till war’s<br />
term<strong>in</strong>ation. In his Campaigns, Tarleton states that <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British raid on Charlottesville <strong>in</strong> June 1781, Brig. Gen.<br />
Scott was one among a group <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia assembly members <strong>and</strong> state <strong>of</strong>ficers who were “killed, wounded or<br />
taken [prisoner].” 146 Though he was def<strong>in</strong>itely not killed, it is not clear whe<strong>the</strong>r he was wounded, captured, or<br />
both. If captured it would be someth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> legal question what his status would have been see<strong>in</strong>g that, at <strong>the</strong><br />
time <strong>of</strong> his presumed capture, he was on parole. He later fought at Fallen Timbers, Aug. 20, 1794, <strong>and</strong> also<br />
became Governor <strong>of</strong> Kentucky (1808-1812). For more on Scott, see BEA pp. 993-994.<br />
Brig. Gen. William Smallwood, Maryl<strong>and</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals<br />
(48) Smallwood, a veteran <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French <strong>and</strong> Indian <strong>War</strong> <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> very earliest portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution<br />
(<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Long Isl<strong>and</strong>), <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigade at Camden. Though he is not said to<br />
have particularly signalized himself <strong>in</strong> that engagement, he did act a significant role <strong>in</strong> regroup<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
reorganiz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> army afterward. He became Gates’ second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> late September 1780 was<br />
appo<strong>in</strong>tment by <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong> to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia, replac<strong>in</strong>g Maj. Gen.<br />
Richard Caswell. He apparently had hoped to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn army himself, but was disappo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> this.<br />
On 19 December 1780, he left <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn army <strong>and</strong> returned to Maryl<strong>and</strong>. There he was assisted <strong>in</strong> recruit<strong>in</strong>g<br />
men for <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army while engaged <strong>in</strong> some political wrangl<strong>in</strong>g over lack <strong>of</strong> promotion.<br />
Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner, 3 rd North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment<br />
(47) Sumner, orig<strong>in</strong>ally a Virg<strong>in</strong>ia native, was generally recognized as North Carol<strong>in</strong>a’s pre-em<strong>in</strong>ent Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer, hav<strong>in</strong>g served with merit <strong>in</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s army years earlier <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. 147 In Sept. 1780, he (along with<br />
William Lee Davidson) assumed a high-rank<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia. After Greene’s arrival,<br />
however, he rel<strong>in</strong>quished this <strong>and</strong> was put <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> form<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> re-organiz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> state’s Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
Regiments: a task he performed with resolute dedication <strong>and</strong> admirable pr<strong>of</strong>essionalism. When enough men had<br />
been collected <strong>and</strong> armed to form <strong>the</strong> newly re-founded North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, he returned actively to <strong>the</strong><br />
field <strong>in</strong> August 1781; <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g those units (which he more than anyone had made possible) with conspicuous<br />
honor at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. See SNC pp. 468-471.<br />
Brig. Gen. William Woodford, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals<br />
(46) Woodford, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> state militia at Virg<strong>in</strong>ia’s equivalent to Bunker Hill, i.e., Great Bridge, Dec.<br />
9 1775, arrived <strong>in</strong> Charleston with re<strong>in</strong>forcements for <strong>the</strong> city on 7 April 1780, <strong>and</strong> was one <strong>of</strong> those captured<br />
with <strong>the</strong> garrison. Yet unlike most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r higher rank<strong>in</strong>g American <strong>of</strong>ficers taken, he was not paroled;<br />
though it is not clear if this was out <strong>of</strong> choice as it was with James Hogun. He was taken to New York City where<br />
he died (still a prisoner) on November 12 (or 13), 1780, <strong>and</strong> was buried by <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> Tr<strong>in</strong>ity Church Yard <strong>in</strong><br />
New York City. SCP1 p. 376n, SCP2 p. 93.<br />
Col. Charles Arm<strong>and</strong>, 1 st Partizan Corps, also known as Arm<strong>and</strong>’s Legion<br />
(30) A French volunteer, his actual name was Charles Arm<strong>and</strong> Tuff<strong>in</strong>, Marquis de la Rouerie, yet he shortened it<br />
to “Charles Arm<strong>and</strong>“ while <strong>in</strong> America. Sometime after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston, what rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> Pulaski’s Legion<br />
(which numerically speak<strong>in</strong>g wasn’t much) became part <strong>of</strong> Arm<strong>and</strong>’s corps. He was at Camden with Gates’ army;<br />
though his troops are thought by some (whe<strong>the</strong>r fairly or unfairly) to have behaved very badly <strong>in</strong> that<br />
engagement, <strong>and</strong> evidently despite his own s<strong>in</strong>cere efforts. Afterward, his Legion was sent to forage <strong>and</strong> make<br />
cantonments <strong>in</strong> <strong>War</strong>ren County, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, “from whence,” says Otho Williams, “Arm<strong>and</strong> went to<br />
Philadelphia <strong>and</strong> never returned [to <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army.]” In February 1781, he sailed to France to obta<strong>in</strong> support<br />
<strong>and</strong> supplies for his men; by May, he <strong>and</strong> his legion were with Lafayette <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia campaign; be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
present at Green Spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> later Yorktown where he participated with notable gallantry <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> assault on<br />
redoubt no. 10.<br />
Col. Abraham Buford (also Bufort, Beaufort), 15 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment<br />
(31) Buford <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> American forces at <strong>the</strong> disastrous defeat at Waxhaws <strong>in</strong> May 1780. To de Kalb’s<br />
dismay, he left with <strong>the</strong> men rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g with him to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; plead<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>y were without cloth<strong>in</strong>g or<br />
supplies. Though Gates called him back, he did not return <strong>in</strong> time for Camden. Not long after Greene’s arrival <strong>in</strong><br />
146 TCS p. 297.<br />
147 Avers North Carol<strong>in</strong>a historian Schenck without hesitation: “The greatest soldier <strong>of</strong> that day, from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, was<br />
Brigadier General Jethro Sumner, <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong>ren County.” And yet honorable mention should at least be made by us here <strong>of</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a generals Francis Nash (bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> N.C. Gov. Abner Nash), mortality wounded at Germantown <strong>and</strong> for whom Nashville,<br />
TN. is named), William Lee Davidson killed at Cowan’s Ford, <strong>and</strong> Griffith Ru<strong>the</strong>rford <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rowan County militia.<br />
40
Charlotte, Buford, became ill, <strong>and</strong>, as a result, was sent to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> post at Salisbury; where <strong>the</strong>re was a<br />
hospital <strong>and</strong> a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> N.C. militia under Capta<strong>in</strong> Edward Yarborough. On 5 March 1781 he received leave <strong>of</strong><br />
absence to go home to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to recuperate, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re stayed till <strong>the</strong> conflict’s culm<strong>in</strong>ation.<br />
Col. John Gunby 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment, <strong>and</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Battalion (<strong>of</strong> 1781)<br />
(35) Gunby was at Camden where he <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> 7 th Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment (not his own, <strong>the</strong> 2 nd .) When Greene<br />
took over <strong>in</strong> December 1780, Gunby was act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> post <strong>and</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>e at Hillsborough, <strong>and</strong><br />
subsequently <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> remov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> stores from <strong>the</strong>nce to Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward Court House, VA., when Cornwallis<br />
<strong>in</strong>vaded North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> February 1781. He <strong>the</strong>n left Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward to rejo<strong>in</strong> Greene on March 12 th . Although<br />
also present at Guilford Court House, Gunby received most fame at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Hobkirk’s Hill when he ordered<br />
<strong>the</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781) to fall back <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> Rawdon’s advanc<strong>in</strong>g force. This purportedly<br />
resulted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> scatter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> that unit <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> subsequent route <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire army. 148 Greene later angrily<br />
blamed <strong>the</strong> battle’s defeat on him, <strong>and</strong> arranged –- at Gunby’s own request 149 -- to have him court-martialed.<br />
The colonel was acquitted but not without hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>curred some dim<strong>in</strong>ution <strong>of</strong> his reputation <strong>in</strong> spite <strong>of</strong> this. Not<br />
long afterward, he fell ill from dysentery <strong>and</strong> was appo<strong>in</strong>ted to oversee <strong>the</strong> post <strong>and</strong> hospital at Charlotte. In<br />
August, still very sick, he requested leave to go home to Maryl<strong>and</strong>, which Greene reluctantly but with due<br />
k<strong>in</strong>dness <strong>and</strong> respect granted. He did not subsequently return. By war’s close, states his biographer, he was<br />
made Brigadier General.<br />
Col. Charles Harrison, 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Artillery (Virg<strong>in</strong>ia)<br />
Harrison came to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a with de Kalb, <strong>and</strong> assumed <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental artillery. Never<strong>the</strong>less, just<br />
prior to Camden he <strong>in</strong>jured his leg; as a result <strong>of</strong> a kick from a horse, 150 <strong>and</strong> so did not participate <strong>in</strong> that battle.<br />
Afterward he left <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army, <strong>and</strong> did not fall <strong>in</strong> with it till a few days before Guilford Court House. He<br />
subsequently headed Greene’s artillery at Hobkirk’s Hill 151 <strong>and</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, at least <strong>in</strong> name. In August <strong>of</strong> 1781,<br />
Greene sent him <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a to report back to him on <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> military stores at Oliphant’s Mill,<br />
Charlotte <strong>and</strong> Salisbury, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> possibility <strong>of</strong> creat<strong>in</strong>g a munitions laboratory at Salisbury. While dutifully<br />
apply<strong>in</strong>g himself to <strong>the</strong>se tasks, he became ill <strong>and</strong>, by <strong>the</strong> 28 th <strong>of</strong> August, went to Salem, N.C. to convalesce.<br />
After that he removed to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; where he rema<strong>in</strong>ed, work<strong>in</strong>g to obta<strong>in</strong> additional supplies <strong>and</strong> support for<br />
Greene; rejo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army <strong>in</strong> late spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1782.<br />
Col. Charles Cotesworth P<strong>in</strong>ckney, 1 st South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>of</strong> 1780<br />
(34) P<strong>in</strong>ckney was at Charleston where he served actively <strong>and</strong> was among <strong>the</strong> captured. He was <strong>the</strong>reafter<br />
paroled, <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ally exchanged <strong>in</strong> February 1782. To him has been attributed <strong>the</strong> famous oath <strong>of</strong> defiance,<br />
“Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!” Though, <strong>in</strong> his reply to <strong>the</strong> French diplomat at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> XYZ affair, what he actually is first reported to have said was “It is No, No! Not a sixpence!” (letter <strong>of</strong><br />
Pickney to Timothy Picker<strong>in</strong>g, October 27, 1797, State Papers <strong>and</strong> Publick Documents <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States, 3d<br />
ed., vol. 3, p. 492 [1819].) For more, see GAR1 pp. 104-110.<br />
Col. Thaddeus Kosciuszko, Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<br />
(35) Kosciuszko, <strong>of</strong> Lithuanian orig<strong>in</strong> (<strong>the</strong>n a part <strong>of</strong> Pol<strong>and</strong>), was perhaps most recognized <strong>in</strong> arrang<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
American field works at Saratoga <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> design<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> strategically important fortifications at West Po<strong>in</strong>t. By<br />
late November 1780, he’d jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army <strong>the</strong>n under Gates, <strong>and</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> Greene<br />
became <strong>the</strong> latter’s chief eng<strong>in</strong>eer. He was busily employed <strong>in</strong> various projects, <strong>and</strong> among his very first tasks<br />
was <strong>the</strong> selection <strong>of</strong> Hick’s Creek as <strong>the</strong> reviv<strong>in</strong>g camp ground for Greene’s sore <strong>and</strong> tattered <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. Shortly<br />
after he was <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g boats (for river cross<strong>in</strong>gs), <strong>and</strong> establish<strong>in</strong>g redoubts <strong>and</strong> small fortifications<br />
(such as those on <strong>the</strong> Dan River). His presence <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn campaigns was most prom<strong>in</strong>ent at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong><br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>in</strong> 1781. Lee somewhat unfairly blames him for <strong>the</strong> failure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege when, after all, as William<br />
Johnson (Greene’s biographer) rightly po<strong>in</strong>ts out, Greene was <strong>the</strong> one <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> operations <strong>the</strong>re. 152 At<br />
<strong>the</strong> same time, but for <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> perhaps a few days, <strong>the</strong> siege might well have succeeded. At Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, it<br />
is averred he acted <strong>the</strong>re as a mounted volunteer, but his biographer Miecislaus Haiman disputes this say<strong>in</strong>g he<br />
was <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a do<strong>in</strong>g bus<strong>in</strong>ess on behalf <strong>of</strong> Greene. He did however lead soldiers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field with<br />
dar<strong>in</strong>g boldness, <strong>in</strong>deed perhaps all too dar<strong>in</strong>g boldness, just prior to <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. If not perhaps <strong>the</strong><br />
consummate eng<strong>in</strong>eer he sometimes may be implied to have been, he was, none<strong>the</strong>less, certa<strong>in</strong>ly a <strong>com</strong>petent,<br />
dedicated <strong>and</strong> energetic, as well as likeable, <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong>dispensable to Greene’s efforts. After <strong>the</strong> war, he<br />
dist<strong>in</strong>guished himself as a reformer, philanthropist, <strong>and</strong> advance-guard abolitionist both <strong>in</strong> this <strong>and</strong> his home<br />
148 Greene’s sense <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> matter was that Gunby’s order robbed <strong>the</strong> advanc<strong>in</strong>g American l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> desire <strong>and</strong> momentum to<br />
attack, <strong>and</strong> which was clearly evident <strong>and</strong> manifest <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops until that order was given. NGP8 p. 187. “[I]t was only an error<br />
<strong>in</strong> judgment <strong>in</strong> him as his courage <strong>and</strong> activity are unquestionable. <strong>War</strong> is critical bus<strong>in</strong>esses <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> fate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day after every<br />
possible precaution depends upon <strong>the</strong> most trifl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>cident.” Greene to Nash, 2 May, 1781, NGP8 p. 190.<br />
149 GJG p. 109. Incidentally, a very warm <strong>and</strong> credible defense <strong>of</strong> Gunby can be found <strong>in</strong> this biography (i.e., GJG) <strong>and</strong> written by<br />
descendant, Andrew Augustus Gunby (1849-1917).<br />
150 See Gates to Jefferson, August 3 rd , 1780. GAH p. 297.<br />
151 See Greene to Pres. Samuel Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton, 25 April 1781.<br />
152 Says Lee, Kosciusko was “much esteemed for his mildness <strong>of</strong> disposition <strong>and</strong> urbanity <strong>of</strong> manners,” (LMS p. 359) <strong>and</strong> “was an<br />
extremely amiable, <strong>and</strong>, I believe, a truly good man, nor was he deficient <strong>in</strong> his pr<strong>of</strong>essional knowledge; but he was very<br />
moderate <strong>in</strong> talent, -- not a spark <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> e<strong>the</strong>real <strong>in</strong> his <strong>com</strong>position. His blunders lost us N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six...” (LMS p. 371.) And yet <strong>in</strong><br />
his post war activities, Kosciusko elevated himself to universal respect <strong>and</strong> admiration, <strong>and</strong> to a degree <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a manner Lee<br />
could hardly have dreamt <strong>of</strong> do<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g openly press<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> solicit<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> abolition <strong>of</strong> slavery.<br />
41
country (as well as be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g a celebrated <strong>and</strong> victorious general <strong>in</strong> Europe.) See LCC pp. 404-406, JTR pp. 414-<br />
418, <strong>and</strong> Miecislaus Haiman’s priceless <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>imitable Kosciuszko <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution (1943).<br />
Col. Otho Holl<strong>and</strong> Williams, 6 th Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment, <strong>and</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Battalion (<strong>of</strong> 1780)<br />
(31) Williams came south with de Kalb <strong>and</strong> as well as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 6 th Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt. acted as Gates’<br />
Assistant Adjutant General (later cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> that same latter capacity for Greene), <strong>and</strong> at Camden led a<br />
“b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> [light <strong>in</strong>fantry] volunteers” <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> van <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia. 153 He figured significantly <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
reorganization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiments after that action, <strong>and</strong> became <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment<br />
(<strong>of</strong> 1780-1781), <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigade itself. He <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed Greene’s light corps <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> maneuver<strong>in</strong>g prior<br />
to Guilford. Exactly where Williams’ strengths lay as a <strong>com</strong>bat leader are not so readily obvious. His<br />
performance as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light corps <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Race to <strong>the</strong> Dan is justifiably assumed by historians to be to<br />
his credit. Yet Davie, a shrewd assessor <strong>of</strong> his contemporaries, was <strong>in</strong> after years critical <strong>of</strong> Williams be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
caught napp<strong>in</strong>g, as “a corps <strong>of</strong> observation” at Weitzel’s Mill, 154 <strong>and</strong> for giv<strong>in</strong>g, at a crucial moment, an illadvised<br />
order to <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> at Guilford Court House (somewhat like Gunby at Hobkirk‘s Hill.) Because he<br />
had relatively little opportunity to exercise a truly <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, it is open to question how effective<br />
he was as a <strong>com</strong>bat field leader <strong>and</strong> tactician. Yet as staff <strong>of</strong>ficer, Williams brought solidity, <strong>in</strong>tegrity, <strong>and</strong><br />
(usually) reliable judgment to Greene’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>; which, given <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten ragged, not <strong>in</strong>frequently chaotic, <strong>and</strong><br />
fragmented condition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army, were no small bless<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> patriot cause. The quality <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
writ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> his Narrative (arguably among <strong>the</strong> foremost <strong>of</strong> literary works by an American observer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> south) reveals <strong>the</strong> young colonel to have been a highly cultivated <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligent <strong>in</strong>dividual; gifted with keen<br />
powers <strong>of</strong> observation <strong>and</strong> discernment, <strong>and</strong> it is much to be regretted that we do not have a lengthier memoir<br />
from him. 155 In addition, Williams’ order book “Brigade <strong>and</strong> Regimental Orders [by] O H Williams Comm,” MS<br />
768, found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Historical Society Manuscript Collections is a veritable gold m<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation<br />
perta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to camp life <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>cludes many entries on military justice, <strong>com</strong>pany<br />
organization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> regiments, discipl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> uniforms, arms <strong>and</strong> equipment<br />
(<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>struments for <strong>the</strong> musicians), ration<strong>in</strong>g supplies to <strong>the</strong> men, deal<strong>in</strong>gs with civilians, <strong>and</strong> more. For a<br />
sketch <strong>of</strong> Williams, see LMS pp. 592-594.<br />
Lieut. Col. Peter Adams, 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment<br />
Adams <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment at Camden, but left <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army afterward, <strong>and</strong> was<br />
replaced by Col. Otho Williams. He was later present at Yorktown.<br />
Lieut. Col. John Baptiste Ashe, 6 th North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment <strong>and</strong> 1 st North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781)<br />
(32) Ashe, from Halifax <strong>and</strong> a veteran <strong>of</strong> Moore’s Creek Bridge, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> 1 st North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment <strong>of</strong><br />
1781, lead<strong>in</strong>g his unit <strong>in</strong> battle at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. See CNS1 pp. 125-126, WNC p. 199, WRM p. 203, <strong>and</strong> SCAR vol.<br />
3, nos. 10-11 [jo<strong>in</strong>t issue], p. 29.<br />
Lieut. Col. Richard Campbell, 13 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment <strong>and</strong> 1 st Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781)<br />
(45) 156 Campbell came south with (what would be<strong>com</strong>e) Samuel Hawes’ Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> with whom he<br />
served at Guilford Court House. He assumed <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> John Green’s 1 st Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment after Green’s<br />
departure <strong>in</strong> early April 1781, <strong>and</strong> led one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two brave, but ill fated, American assaults aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> siege<br />
works at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. On July 19 th , he (replac<strong>in</strong>g Huger) was given <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia brigade (i.e., <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed 1 st <strong>and</strong> 2 nd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regiments); while Capt. Thomas Edmunds took his place as head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
Regiment. He was mortally wounded at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, surviv<strong>in</strong>g till some hours after <strong>the</strong> battle. 157 See MLW4A<br />
pp. 549-550, LMS pp. 472-473, JLG2 pp. 233-234, LCC pp. 482-485.<br />
Lieut. Col. Edward Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental artillery (Virg<strong>in</strong>ia), Quartermaster General for <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Army<br />
(32) Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, lead<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental artillery, met up with de Kalb <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia on <strong>the</strong> latter’s march <strong>in</strong>to<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Yet due to a dispute with his superior Col. Charles Harrison, he withdrew from his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>.<br />
153 LMS p. 183.<br />
154 In support <strong>of</strong> Davie’s <strong>in</strong>terpretation, it could be said that at Weitzel’s Williams had (accord<strong>in</strong>g to Joseph Graham) little over<br />
ten m<strong>in</strong>utes to form up while <strong>the</strong> militia posted to his front (as sent<strong>in</strong>els <strong>and</strong> a delay<strong>in</strong>g force) were most very fortunate (as well<br />
as remarkably swift, plucky, <strong>and</strong> agile) to have <strong>in</strong>curred so relatively few losses: caught up as <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> onslaught <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
British advance. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, Otho Williams biographer, John Beakes, contests Davie’s view <strong>of</strong> Williams at both Weitzel’s<br />
Mill <strong>and</strong> Guilford. Respect<strong>in</strong>g Weitzel’s, Beakes po<strong>in</strong>ts out that Williams, although his troops were separated <strong>in</strong> groups to<br />
facilitate forag<strong>in</strong>g, had secured <strong>the</strong>ir safety by deploy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m beh<strong>in</strong>d Alamance Creek (<strong>the</strong> creek thus act<strong>in</strong>g as barrier which<br />
slowed <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> as such prevented surprise <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans), <strong>and</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r that morn<strong>in</strong>g fog had aided <strong>the</strong> concealment <strong>of</strong><br />
Cornwallis’ approach; so that <strong>in</strong> sum, but for Williams’ caution th<strong>in</strong>gs might have turned out much worse; with Greene himself<br />
(<strong>in</strong> a letter to Joseph Reed <strong>of</strong> 18 March 1781) conclud<strong>in</strong>g that Williams had “very judiciously avoided <strong>the</strong> blow.”<br />
155 There actually was such (or <strong>the</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong>), but <strong>in</strong> 1786 many <strong>of</strong> Williams’ papers, after be<strong>in</strong>g loaned to British historian<br />
William Gordon, were lost at sea on <strong>the</strong> return voyage. See Otho H. Williams Papers, MD. Historical Society, Part 3/8, Item #353.<br />
Greene’s biographer, Judge William Johnson, however, speaks <strong>of</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g access to some <strong>of</strong> Williams correspondence <strong>and</strong> records,<br />
etc., <strong>and</strong> which evidently were not among those sent to Gordon. John Marshall also evidently had Williams writ<strong>in</strong>gs as a source<br />
for his own Life <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton. JLG2 p. viii.<br />
156 Different sources give Campbell’s birth date variously as 1730 <strong>and</strong> 1735.<br />
157 Alex<strong>and</strong>er Garden: “An <strong>in</strong>stance <strong>of</strong> his [Campbell’s] romantic gallantry occurred <strong>in</strong> service, which I will mention, although it<br />
may fix <strong>the</strong> imputation on me, however unjust, <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g a decided friend to duel<strong>in</strong>g. His son, who bore a Subaltern’s <strong>com</strong>mission<br />
<strong>in</strong> his Regiment, had quarreled with a bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> some harsh expressions were eventually exchanged, when <strong>the</strong> dispute<br />
appeared to term<strong>in</strong>ate. The <strong>in</strong>dignant parent, <strong>in</strong>sist<strong>in</strong>g that a war <strong>of</strong> words was ill-suited to military characters, <strong>com</strong>pelled him<br />
to call his adversary to <strong>the</strong> field, <strong>and</strong> ac<strong>com</strong>panied him to it as his second.” GAR2 p. 196.<br />
42
When Gates arrived to take charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, he sent Carr<strong>in</strong>gton to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to <strong>in</strong>quire <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> availability <strong>of</strong><br />
cross<strong>in</strong>gs on <strong>the</strong> Roanoke River; which Greene later extended to <strong>in</strong>clude <strong>the</strong> Dan River. Greene appo<strong>in</strong>ted him his<br />
Quartermaster General <strong>in</strong> which capacity he served <strong>com</strong>mendably. He did not actually jo<strong>in</strong> Greene’s army till 7<br />
February 1781; about which time he was soon after employed <strong>in</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> boats for Greene’s subsequent<br />
passage at Irw<strong>in</strong>’s <strong>and</strong> Boyd’s ferries on <strong>the</strong> Dan River. In March through May, he led <strong>the</strong> American negotiations<br />
with Cornwallis for <strong>the</strong> exchange <strong>of</strong> prisoners while cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g to carry out his functions as quartermaster. One<br />
<strong>of</strong> his last tasks while with <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army was to secure 200 horses from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a for Greene. In July<br />
he went to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia for <strong>the</strong> purposes <strong>of</strong> obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g more supplies, but ended up with Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s army at<br />
Yorktown. After that he returned south <strong>and</strong> resumed his duties as Greene’s quartermaster. 158<br />
Lieut. Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Ford (also Foard), 5 th Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment, <strong>and</strong> 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781)<br />
Ford <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> 5 th (or, says one good source, <strong>the</strong> 6 th ) Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment at Camden. Whe<strong>the</strong>r he was<br />
captured at that engagement is not clear. In any case, he was with Greene’s army at Guilford Court House <strong>and</strong><br />
Hobkirk’s Hill; where he <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment. It was at <strong>the</strong> latter battle that he received a<br />
wound requir<strong>in</strong>g his arm’s amputation, but which unfortunately did not heal. He survived long enough<br />
notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g to return to Maryl<strong>and</strong> where he arranged his estate previous to expir<strong>in</strong>g. See GDH3 pp. 278-279.<br />
Lieut. Col. John Green, 6 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment, <strong>and</strong> 1 st Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781)<br />
Green <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a regiment <strong>of</strong> newly formed Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals; which acted as Greene’s rear guard at<br />
Guilford Court House. He departed <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army to go back to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, on or before April 4 th , ow<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
rheumatism, <strong>and</strong> to recruit for <strong>the</strong> regiment. See BLO p. 73.<br />
Lieut. Col. John Faucheraud Grimké, 4 th South Carol<strong>in</strong>a (Artillery)<br />
Grimke served at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston where he was later taken with <strong>the</strong> garrison. 159<br />
Lieut. Col. Samuel Hawes, 6 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment, <strong>and</strong> 2 nd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781)<br />
(53) Hawes led <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment at Guilford Court House <strong>and</strong> Hobkirk’s Hill. He became ill <strong>in</strong> May 1781,<br />
<strong>and</strong>, about June 19 th , <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2 nd was given to Major Smith Snead.<br />
Lieut. Col. John Eager Howard, 5 th Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment, <strong>and</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781)<br />
(28) Howard <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment at Camden, <strong>and</strong> subsequently <strong>the</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment, <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong><br />
a detached capacity, <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>-Delaware light battalion at Cowpens where, at <strong>the</strong> just <strong>the</strong> right moment, he<br />
ordered his men to fix bayonets <strong>and</strong> charge Tarleton’s advanc<strong>in</strong>g regulars. He saw as much battle field service <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn campaigns as any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> higher rank<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers, be<strong>in</strong>g present at Camden, Cowpens, <strong>the</strong> Race to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Dan, Weitzel’s Mill, Guilford Court House, Hobkirk‘s Hill (after which action he replaced mortally wounded<br />
Benjam<strong>in</strong> Ford <strong>in</strong> as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt.), N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs (where he was<br />
wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> left shoulder.) The valor <strong>and</strong> gallantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
engagements (Hobkirk’s Hill perhaps excepted) speaks as highly <strong>of</strong> him as any en<strong>com</strong>ium possibly could. 160 See<br />
GAR2 pp. 87-91 <strong>and</strong> Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> American History, Oct. 1881, vol. VII, no. 4, pp. 276-281.<br />
Lieut. Col. John Laurens, 3 rd Light Infantry Battalion, Hazen’s Division<br />
(26) Laurens, son <strong>of</strong> Henry Laurens (<strong>the</strong> one time President <strong>of</strong> Congress <strong>and</strong> later U.S. ambassador) <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong><br />
Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s aide de camps, was a member <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a assembly at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s<br />
<strong>in</strong>vasion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> south <strong>in</strong> 1779. He was among those who defended Charleston, 161 <strong>and</strong> served under Moultrie as<br />
volunteer; his troops boldly skirmish<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir advance on <strong>the</strong> city. Captured at its fall, he was<br />
paroled <strong>the</strong>n exchanged. In <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781, he sailed to France to assist Frankl<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> procur<strong>in</strong>g funds <strong>and</strong><br />
supplies. In August, hav<strong>in</strong>g helped to rescue <strong>the</strong> army from <strong>in</strong>solvency by means <strong>of</strong> his successful mission, he<br />
returned <strong>and</strong> re-jo<strong>in</strong>ed Wash<strong>in</strong>gton; follow<strong>in</strong>g which he led a battalion <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry at Yorktown,<br />
participat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> assault on Redoubt number 10. He later resumed fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> was<br />
tragically killed just months before <strong>the</strong> war’s consummation at Combahee Ferry on 27 August 1782. The only<br />
known contemporary portrait done dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> life <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> young colonel is a m<strong>in</strong>iature pa<strong>in</strong>ted while he was at<br />
Valley Forge, <strong>and</strong> which bears <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>scription, from Horace, “Dulce et Decorum est pro Patria Mori” (Sweet <strong>and</strong><br />
Right it is to die for one’s Country.) See RSC2 pp. 374-375, GAR1 pp. 86-90, GAR2 pp. 12-19, LMS p. 565, JLG1<br />
pp. 322n-323n, BCA, <strong>and</strong> The Army Correspondence <strong>of</strong> Colonel John Laurens <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Years 1777-8, with a Memoir<br />
(1867) by William Gilmore Simms; while for an <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g obituary <strong>of</strong> Laurens written shortly after his death by<br />
158 LMS pp. 249, 562.<br />
159 Grimke’s “Order Book,” dat<strong>in</strong>g from Aug. 1778 to May 1780, can be found <strong>in</strong> The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical<br />
Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVII, Jan. 1916, pp. 26-33; vol. XVII, Apr. 1916, pp. 82-86 ; vol. XVII, July 1916, pp. 116-120; vol. XVII, Oct. 1916,<br />
pp. 167-174; vol. XVIII, Apr. 1917, pp. 59-69; vol. XVIII, July 1917, pp. 149-153; vol. XVIII, Oct. 1917, pp. 175-179.<br />
160 Howard for <strong>the</strong> first time was subject to book length biographical treatment <strong>in</strong> “Cool Deliberate Courage”: John Eager<br />
Howard <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution (2009) by Jim Piecuch <strong>and</strong> John Beakes. See <strong>in</strong> addition LMS pp. 591-592. Many <strong>of</strong> Howard’s<br />
own numerous personal recollections <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south, as related <strong>in</strong> letters to Henry Lee, are to be found <strong>in</strong> LMS <strong>and</strong> LCC.<br />
161 When Prevost threatened Charleston <strong>in</strong> May 1779 <strong>and</strong> Gov. John Rutledge declared that he would be will<strong>in</strong>g to surrender <strong>the</strong><br />
city if South Carol<strong>in</strong>a was granted a neutral status, Laurens (<strong>the</strong>n present also) was among those who, albeit respectfully to <strong>the</strong><br />
Governor, expressed strong disapproval <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> idea (<strong>and</strong> which proposal, <strong>of</strong> course <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> any event, was not realized because,<br />
ironically, <strong>the</strong> British refused it.) See MMS1 pp. 427-435, LMS pp. 127-128.<br />
43
a Charleston loyalist, <strong>and</strong> which though disapprov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> his hav<strong>in</strong>g been a rebel, pays respect to his virtues<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise, see The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVII, Oct. 1916, pp. 163-164. 162<br />
Lieut. Col. Henry Lee, 2 nd Partizan Corps, also known as Lee’s Legion<br />
(24) Lee jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene’s army <strong>in</strong> January 1781, <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed serv<strong>in</strong>g with Greene until after Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, at<br />
which time he was sent by Greene with a full <strong>and</strong> m<strong>in</strong>ute brief<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn affairs to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton so as to be<br />
present at <strong>the</strong> clos<strong>in</strong>g days <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Yorktown. By November, he returned to Greene’s army, but <strong>in</strong><br />
February 1782 left for Virg<strong>in</strong>ia where he rema<strong>in</strong>ed till war’s end. Though ambitious for glory, sometimes brash,<br />
<strong>and</strong> not always easy for some to get along with due to his somewhat dem<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, aristocratic outlook, Lee was<br />
<strong>the</strong> American response to Tarleton, ever active <strong>and</strong> aggressive. 163 Yet <strong>in</strong> fairness to him, his dar<strong>in</strong>g capture <strong>of</strong><br />
Paulus Hook, N.J. <strong>in</strong> August 1779 took place almost a year prior to Tarleton’s famous sou<strong>the</strong>rn exploits. His<br />
Legion <strong>in</strong>stilled a pride to American arms, which won <strong>the</strong> respect <strong>of</strong> friend <strong>and</strong> foe alike. 164 Though criticized,<br />
fairly or unfairly, for his performance at Guilford Court House <strong>and</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, as well as <strong>the</strong> fact that he was<br />
probably too cavalier <strong>in</strong> risk<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> lives <strong>of</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> order to protect his own men, his omnipresence <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Guilford Court House campaigns, <strong>and</strong> his runn<strong>in</strong>g successes while assist<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> reductions <strong>of</strong> Fort Watson, Fort<br />
Motte, Fort Granby, <strong>and</strong> Augusta (not to mention his exploits elsewhere) more than demonstrate both his fire<br />
<strong>and</strong> efficacy as a military <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er. His history <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south, though <strong>of</strong>ten unreliable <strong>in</strong> its details<br />
<strong>and</strong> perhaps too self-promot<strong>in</strong>g, is an o<strong>the</strong>rwise noble work, <strong>and</strong> among <strong>the</strong> very best <strong>of</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong><br />
memoirs. 165 See GAR1 pp. 62-68.<br />
Lieut. Col. Richard Parker, 1 st Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment<br />
Parker died <strong>in</strong> May, 1780, from wounds received at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston on April 24 th . Lee <strong>com</strong>ments: “He was<br />
one <strong>of</strong> that illustrious b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> youths who first flew to <strong>the</strong> country’s st<strong>and</strong>ard when she was driven to unshea<strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> sword. Stout <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligent, brave <strong>and</strong> enterpris<strong>in</strong>g, he had been advanced from <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> a <strong>com</strong>pany<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> a regiment. Always beloved <strong>and</strong> respected, late <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege he<br />
received a ball <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> forehead, <strong>and</strong> fell dead <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> trenches, embalmed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> tears <strong>of</strong> his faithful soldiers, <strong>and</strong><br />
honored by <strong>the</strong> regret <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole army.” 166<br />
Lieut. Col. David Vaughn, Delaware Regiment<br />
Vaughn <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Delaware Regiment at Camden where he was taken prisoner.<br />
Lieut. Col. William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, 3 rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons, <strong>and</strong> later <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed 1 st <strong>and</strong> 3 rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
Light Dragoons, also referred to as <strong>the</strong> “Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cavalry”<br />
(28) A second cous<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> General, <strong>and</strong> who had served as an <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong>ficer at Harlem Heights <strong>and</strong> Trenton,<br />
after Tarleton, no o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficer participated at more engagements <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south than Wash<strong>in</strong>gton; beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g with<br />
his lively presence at <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> outskirts <strong>of</strong> Charleston <strong>in</strong> 1780. Lead<strong>in</strong>g numerous raids just outside <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> besieged city, however, <strong>and</strong> despite devastat<strong>in</strong>g setbacks <strong>in</strong> some later skirmish<strong>in</strong>g, he was spared be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
made prisoner by <strong>the</strong> British. While absent at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden, he actively served with <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army<br />
up until <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs; where he was wounded <strong>and</strong> captured. His reckless h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> his unit <strong>the</strong>re;<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g assail<strong>in</strong>g Marjoribanks <strong>in</strong> a blackjack thicket (<strong>and</strong> without tak<strong>in</strong>g Kirkwood’s Delawares with him for<br />
this purpose) while, at <strong>the</strong> same time, expos<strong>in</strong>g his men to a deadly volley while pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
l<strong>in</strong>es 167 raise serious doubts respect<strong>in</strong>g his <strong>com</strong>petence <strong>in</strong> that action. Not released till <strong>the</strong> strife’s term<strong>in</strong>ation,<br />
he subsequently settled <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. As well as be<strong>in</strong>g a usually (though not always) victorious cavalry <strong>and</strong><br />
partisan <strong>of</strong>ficer, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton was evidently a both affable <strong>and</strong> straightforward <strong>in</strong>dividual as one never encounters<br />
a bad word spoken <strong>of</strong> him. 168 See GAR1 pp. 68-74.<br />
162 Not all sou<strong>the</strong>rners <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time were for or <strong>in</strong>different to slavery, <strong>and</strong> Laurens was one such who endeavored, aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> tide<br />
<strong>of</strong> local conventional wisdom <strong>and</strong> established op<strong>in</strong>ion, to <strong>com</strong>bat or urge aga<strong>in</strong>st it when possible. For more on him, see GAR1<br />
pp. 86-90. Henry Lee also, at least <strong>in</strong> his writ<strong>in</strong>g, was ano<strong>the</strong>r opposed to slavery for its plant<strong>in</strong>g “bloody <strong>in</strong>surrection” <strong>in</strong><br />
society’s midst; though like Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Jefferson, still felt it necessary, while matters stood as <strong>the</strong>y did, to keep <strong>the</strong>m for<br />
economic reasons, see LMS p. 215n.<br />
163 Lee was a l<strong>and</strong> own<strong>in</strong>g aristocrat by birth <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> longer established <strong>and</strong> respected l<strong>in</strong>eage; while Tarleton, from a wealthy<br />
Liverpool merchant family, formally speak<strong>in</strong>g, could be considered less his equal when it came to social st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time.<br />
164 Joseph Graham describes some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia meet<strong>in</strong>g Lee’s Legion for <strong>the</strong> first time on February 22nd, 1781,<br />
after Hart’s Mill: “These veteran troopers attracted much attention from <strong>the</strong> militia, who judg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m, though <strong>in</strong>ferior <strong>in</strong><br />
numbers, to be far superior <strong>in</strong> effectiveness to British cavalry (which some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m had seen <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g), were <strong>in</strong>spired with<br />
a confidence <strong>the</strong>y had hi<strong>the</strong>rto not possessed.” GNC p. 317. See as well LMS p. 260.<br />
165 The title page to <strong>the</strong> 1812 edition <strong>of</strong> Lee’s memoirs, somewhat curiously, has <strong>the</strong> a quote from Virgil’s Aeneid, Book 2, l<strong>in</strong>es<br />
5-6: “---Quaque ipse miserrima vidi, Et quorum pars fui.---,” i.e., “--- each one himself unhappy I saw, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se a part I was<br />
---.” The Campaign <strong>of</strong> 1781 <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as (1824), a reply to William Johnson’s Sketches <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Life <strong>and</strong> Correspondence <strong>of</strong><br />
Nathanael Greene (1822), was written by his son, Henry Lee IV. Johnson’s negativity toward Lee <strong>in</strong> his Life <strong>of</strong> Greene, <strong>and</strong> which<br />
<strong>in</strong>cited <strong>the</strong> literary wrath <strong>and</strong> counterattack by Lee’s son, would seem to have stemmed from Lee senior’s anti-Jeffersonian <strong>and</strong><br />
pro-Marshall stance <strong>in</strong> post-war Virg<strong>in</strong>ia politics <strong>in</strong> opposition to Judge Johnson’s advocacy, on <strong>the</strong> bench <strong>and</strong> elsewhere, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Democratic-Republican party, <strong>and</strong> moreover <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s lieutenants disgruntled by Lee (Johnson was<br />
himself, <strong>of</strong> course, from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a.)<br />
166 LMS p. 160.<br />
167 GDH3 pp. 147-157, CSS pp. 1190-1191.<br />
168 Alex<strong>and</strong>er Garden: “I heard, from an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> dist<strong>in</strong>ction <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, who was wounded <strong>in</strong> this action<br />
[Guilford Court House], <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g particulars: ‘I was near General Webster, when <strong>the</strong> charge was made by<br />
[William] Wash<strong>in</strong>gton. The desperate situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guards, had its effect on all around. An <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> rank <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American<br />
army, quickly perceiv<strong>in</strong>g it, rode up to <strong>the</strong> British l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> called aloud, ‘surrender, gentlemen, <strong>and</strong> be certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> good<br />
quarters.’ Terrified by appearances, <strong>and</strong> conclud<strong>in</strong>g that defeat was <strong>in</strong>evitable, <strong>the</strong> soldiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment De Bose, were<br />
44
Lieut. Col. Anthony Walton White, 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons<br />
White, from New Jersey, led cavalry at <strong>the</strong> m<strong>in</strong>or victories at Rantowle’s Bridge <strong>and</strong> Wambaw’s Plantation;<br />
while be<strong>in</strong>g also among <strong>the</strong> American leaders defeated at Monck’s Corner <strong>and</strong> Lenud’s Ferry 169 <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
1780 -- with his subord<strong>in</strong>ate William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton subsequently question<strong>in</strong>g his ability to lead <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed unit.<br />
His <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s units were not at Camden because <strong>the</strong>y were not properly outfitted <strong>and</strong> equipped at <strong>the</strong><br />
time. He was with Greene’s army for brief while, but because <strong>of</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> horsemen <strong>and</strong> proper cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
equipment, he returned to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, to recruit <strong>and</strong> obta<strong>in</strong> supplies. While <strong>the</strong>re <strong>in</strong> Oct. 1780, he suffered a<br />
medical ailment that, by his own account (see CNC14 pp. 703-703), almost caused his death. He was able, <strong>in</strong><br />
spite <strong>of</strong> this, to rejo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Greene’s army <strong>in</strong> December 1781 (LMS pp. 538-539.) 170 For a recent <strong>and</strong> illum<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g<br />
essay-biography <strong>of</strong> White by Scott A. Miskimon, see Cavalry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution (2012) edited by Jim<br />
Piecuch.<br />
Lieut. Col. Thomas Woolford, 4 th Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment<br />
In mid August 1780, Woolford was sent with a detachment <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals to assist Sumter <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
latter’s successful raid on <strong>the</strong> Wateree Ferry below Camden. He was later among those wounded <strong>and</strong> taken<br />
prisoner at Sumter’s defeat at Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek just a few days later, dy<strong>in</strong>g from those wounds on 12 November<br />
1780. 171<br />
Maj. Archibald Anderson, 3 rd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment, <strong>and</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781)<br />
Anderson fought at Camden, <strong>and</strong> particularly dist<strong>in</strong>guished himself by keep<strong>in</strong>g himself <strong>and</strong> his men collected <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> post battle withdrawal. Though not at Cowpens, he was at Guilford Court House; where he was sla<strong>in</strong>. GHA3<br />
pp. 444, 449-550, DRS p. 27.<br />
Maj. John Armstrong, 4 th North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment, <strong>and</strong> 1 st <strong>and</strong> soon after 2 nd North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781)<br />
Armstrong <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> N.C. light <strong>in</strong>fantry at Camden <strong>in</strong> August 1780. A reference to him is made to a<br />
“Colonel” Armstrong <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians as a colonel. If not a different Armstrong, this perhaps was<br />
his rank while <strong>in</strong>volved with <strong>the</strong> militia (as was <strong>the</strong> case, for <strong>in</strong>stance, with Henry Dixon.) 172 Later he was part <strong>of</strong><br />
Ashe’s newly formed 1 st North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781.) However, with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month prior to<br />
Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, he was put <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>and</strong> led <strong>the</strong> 2 nd North Carol<strong>in</strong>a at that battle.<br />
Maj. Read<strong>in</strong>g Blount, 5 th North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment, <strong>and</strong> 3 rd North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781)<br />
(23) Blount, from Edge<strong>com</strong>be County, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> 3 rd North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. See SCAR<br />
vol. 3, no. 9, p. 24.<br />
Maj. P<strong>in</strong>kertham Eaton, 5 th North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment, advance Light detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>entals (1781)<br />
Greene first appo<strong>in</strong>ted Eaton to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> depot at Hillsborough, N.C. on January 31, 1781, to replace Gunby<br />
who was needed <strong>in</strong> Greene’s camp, <strong>and</strong> who had been previously <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>the</strong>re. Gunby, however, ended up<br />
rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Hillsborough so that Eaton was, as it tuned out, not needed at that post. Eaton, says McCrady, had<br />
been Sumner’s “most active assistant <strong>in</strong> rais<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> new levies, <strong>and</strong> was <strong>the</strong> first <strong>of</strong>ficer assigned to active<br />
service <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> campaign <strong>of</strong> 1781.” 173 He subsequently led <strong>the</strong> very first detachment <strong>of</strong> Sumner’s newly formed<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals sent to Greene; with which he served at Fort Motte, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Augusta. He<br />
was killed on 21 May 1781 dur<strong>in</strong>g (or possibly immediately after) <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g at Fort Grierson, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two<br />
actually throw<strong>in</strong>g down <strong>the</strong>ir arms. Confusion was <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g. General Webster, whose presence <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d could not be disturbed,<br />
exclaimed -- ‘Unless that gallant fellow is taken <strong>of</strong>f, we are lost.’ A Lieutenant <strong>of</strong> artillery, br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g up a field-piece at <strong>the</strong><br />
moment, was directed to fire <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> throng, where <strong>the</strong> guards now appeared to be greatly out-numbered, <strong>and</strong> did so with <strong>the</strong><br />
happiest success -- <strong>the</strong> cavalry wheeled <strong>of</strong>f, <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battalion rallied, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> army was saved.’” GAR1 pp. 68-75. In<br />
pension statements, veterans sometimes make reference to him as “Billy Wash<strong>in</strong>gton.” For more, see LMS pp. 587-589, Stephen<br />
Haller’s biography (HWW) as well as SCAR vol. 3, no.4, pp. 21-31.<br />
169 William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, who was present, yet <strong>in</strong> a subord<strong>in</strong>ate role <strong>the</strong>re, attempted later to have White brought up on charges<br />
<strong>of</strong> negligence for <strong>the</strong> defeat.<br />
170 After <strong>the</strong> war, <strong>in</strong> 1798 dur<strong>in</strong>g John Adams’ adm<strong>in</strong>istration, when White’s name, along with that <strong>of</strong> John Sevier, came up <strong>in</strong><br />
nom<strong>in</strong>ation for Brigadier General <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States army, <strong>the</strong>n late president George Wash<strong>in</strong>gton responded caustically <strong>in</strong> a<br />
letter to Timothy Picker<strong>in</strong>g: “What, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> Military Prudence could have <strong>in</strong>duc’d <strong>the</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>tments <strong>of</strong> White & Severe<br />
[Sevier] as Brigadiers? The latter never was celebrated for any th<strong>in</strong>g (that ever came to my knowledge) except <strong>the</strong> murder <strong>of</strong><br />
Indians. <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> former, for noth<strong>in</strong>g but frivolity, empty shew, & someth<strong>in</strong>g worse. Hav<strong>in</strong>g no suspicion that it was <strong>in</strong>tended to<br />
nom<strong>in</strong>ate Officers for <strong>the</strong> Provisional Army at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong>se were, I conceived it was time enough to contemplate characters for<br />
that Corps: <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> go<strong>in</strong>g over <strong>the</strong> list <strong>of</strong> Field Officers put Mr White down among those <strong>of</strong> New Jersey, merely as one that might<br />
be considered for that grade. To give two Brigadiers to that State when more important ones furnished none, <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
too, not only without merit or pretensions, but despised by <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> Officers who had served with him, is to me<br />
<strong>in</strong>conceivable. The certa<strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> it will be, that many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most valuable <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m (to <strong>the</strong> Southward, where he was<br />
best known) will not be his Juniors. As to Severe, as he is little known, little is said ab[ou]t him yet.” Wash<strong>in</strong>gton to Picker<strong>in</strong>g, 9<br />
Sept. 1798; <strong>and</strong> see also Wash<strong>in</strong>gton to James McHenry, 22 July 1798, <strong>and</strong> 14 Sept. 1798. In fairness to White <strong>and</strong> Sevier,<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s <strong>in</strong>dignation was partially aroused by <strong>the</strong> slight be<strong>in</strong>g simultaneously displayed by <strong>the</strong> war department towards his<br />
old <strong>com</strong>rade Henry Knox.<br />
171 FWV p. 1261.<br />
172 FRM p. 1747. Letters <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> State <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> N.C. <strong>in</strong>dicate that <strong>the</strong>re was a Col. James Armstrong (CNC15 p. 467) as opposed<br />
to Maj. John Armstrong (with an example <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter at CNC15 pp. 467-468); so <strong>the</strong> colonel referred to by <strong>the</strong> Moravians may<br />
<strong>in</strong>deed actually be <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r (i.e., James) Armstrong. In any event, both <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se Armstrongs had <strong>com</strong>missions <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals (see, for <strong>in</strong>stance, CNC22 pp. 1049 where <strong>the</strong>y appear on <strong>the</strong> same roster as members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. l<strong>in</strong>e.)<br />
173 MSC pp. 268n-269n. See also SNC pp. 418-419.<br />
45
Augusta forts. From Halifax, N.C., <strong>in</strong> his correspondence he sometimes signed his first name as “P<strong>in</strong>kney” <strong>and</strong><br />
“P<strong>in</strong>key.”<br />
Major Henry Hardman, 3 rd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment, <strong>and</strong> 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781)<br />
Hardman saw action at Camden, Guilford Court House, Hobkirk’s Hill, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. He assumed<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment on <strong>the</strong> death <strong>of</strong> Col. Ford at Hobkirk’s Hill.<br />
Maj. John Jameson (also Jamieson), 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons<br />
Jameson 174 was at Rantowle’s Bridge, Monck’s Corner, <strong>and</strong> Lenud’s Ferry <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1780. After <strong>the</strong> disaster<br />
at Lenud’s, he left <strong>the</strong> south <strong>and</strong> subsequently jo<strong>in</strong>ed Sheldon’s 2 nd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Dragoons <strong>in</strong> Westchester, New<br />
York, later play<strong>in</strong>g a major role <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> events immediately preced<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> discovery <strong>of</strong> Arnold’s treason.<br />
Major John Rudulph (also Rudolph), Lee’s Legion Cavalry<br />
Rudulph, also known as “Fight<strong>in</strong>g Jack,” <strong>and</strong> cous<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> Michael (both from Cecil County, Maryl<strong>and</strong>), was one <strong>of</strong><br />
Lee’s regularly active cavalry <strong>of</strong>ficers. He was sent to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>in</strong> August 1781 to secure horses for <strong>the</strong> Legion,<br />
but was unsuccessful because <strong>the</strong> horses collected ended up be<strong>in</strong>g used at Yorktown. 175 By late September 1781,<br />
he was promoted to major.<br />
Maj. Smith Snead, 11 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> later 2nd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781)<br />
On 19 June 1781, Snead took <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment when Lieut. Col. Hawes was so ill as to be<br />
unable to cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>in</strong> that position. He has <strong>the</strong> regrettable (some might feel ignoble) dist<strong>in</strong>ction <strong>of</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g sla<strong>in</strong><br />
fellow <strong>of</strong>ficer Col. Marquis de Malmedy <strong>in</strong> a duel that took place near or outside Greene’s camp <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> High Hills<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee, sometime <strong>in</strong> November 1781.<br />
Maj. Chevalier Pierre-François Vernier, Pulaski’s Legion<br />
A French volunteer, Vernier was one <strong>of</strong> those badly cut up by <strong>the</strong> British Legion at Monck’s Corner on 14 May<br />
1780. The gratuitous brutality <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British cavalry on <strong>the</strong> occasion outraged even Ferguson who<br />
threatened to shoot <strong>the</strong>m on <strong>the</strong> spot if <strong>the</strong>y did not desist. 176<br />
Capt. James Armstrong, Lee’s Legion Cavalry<br />
The name <strong>of</strong> Capt. Armstrong, as a dutiful <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>trepid <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> Irish descent, <strong>com</strong>es up regularly <strong>in</strong> Lee’s<br />
Memoirs. Hav<strong>in</strong>g fought <strong>in</strong> many actions <strong>in</strong> 1781, Armstrong was ultimately captured at Dorchester on 13<br />
December <strong>of</strong> that year, <strong>and</strong> was held captive till <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. What McCrady denoted “Eggleston’s<br />
Capture“ (3 July 1781) was more a result <strong>of</strong> Armstrong’s efforts than to Eggleston’s -– as (accord<strong>in</strong>g to Alex<strong>and</strong>er<br />
Garden) Eggleston himself later <strong>in</strong>sisted. Perhaps his most famous moment was at Qu<strong>in</strong>by Bridge. There he sent<br />
a messenger back to Lee, a mile or two beh<strong>in</strong>d, to ask if he should cont<strong>in</strong>ue with <strong>the</strong> attack, without tell<strong>in</strong>g Lee,<br />
however, that most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> planks had been loosened on <strong>the</strong> bridge. Lee replied back, correspond<strong>in</strong>gly, with an<br />
emphatic yes. After receiv<strong>in</strong>g this order, Armstrong, with his small troop, charged over <strong>the</strong> precarious <strong>and</strong> flimsy<br />
span, <strong>and</strong> for a while, with additional help from Marion’s men, scattered most <strong>of</strong> a regiment. 177 He himself, even<br />
so, was f<strong>in</strong>ally taken <strong>in</strong> a skirmish near Dorchester <strong>in</strong> Dec. 1781; respect<strong>in</strong>g which see LMS p. 538, JJA.<br />
Capt. William Beatty , 7 th Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt. (1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt. <strong>of</strong> 1781)<br />
(22) Beatty, who got his start <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army as a ensign way back <strong>in</strong> 1776, jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene’s camp along with some<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong> recruits on 7 December 1780. An active <strong>and</strong> evidently very popular <strong>of</strong>ficer on <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> field, his<br />
climactic death on <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> Hobkirk’s Hill is sometimes cited as <strong>the</strong> real reason (<strong>and</strong> less so Gunby’s<br />
unpropitious order) for <strong>the</strong> confusion which ensued among <strong>the</strong> American ranks at that battle. See “Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
William Beatty’s Journal: From The Year <strong>of</strong> Our Lord 1776 to 1781,” (28 pages), Maryl<strong>and</strong> Historical Society, no.<br />
58436 (1853). Presented by Judge Beatty <strong>of</strong> Kentucky. 178<br />
Capt. Patrick Carnes (also Carns), Lee’s Legion Infantry<br />
Patrick Carnes had orig<strong>in</strong>ally been a lieutenant <strong>in</strong> Pulaski’s legion. See MSC2 p. 86, <strong>and</strong> Heitman p. 352.<br />
Capt. Joseph Eggleston, Lee’s Legion cavalry<br />
In Joseph Graham’s account <strong>of</strong> Pyle’s Defeat, it was Eggleston who set <strong>the</strong> slaughter go<strong>in</strong>g when he delivered<br />
<strong>the</strong> first blow aga<strong>in</strong>st an unsuspect<strong>in</strong>g loyalist. If Lee is to be believed (or at least understood correctly), his<br />
174 Incorrectly referred to by Tarleton <strong>in</strong> his Campaigns as a lieutenant colonel, though this was his later rank.<br />
175 The editor to <strong>the</strong> Greene papers say it was Michael Rudulph who was sent on <strong>the</strong> mission, but Michael, <strong>in</strong> addition to be<strong>in</strong>g an<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong>ficer, was at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs; while <strong>the</strong>re is no mention <strong>of</strong> John be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re.<br />
176 SAW2 p. 182n.<br />
177 This story, given <strong>in</strong> Moultrie’s Memoirs, Marshall’s Life <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, William Johnson’s Life <strong>and</strong> Correspondence <strong>of</strong> Greene,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Lee’s Memoirs, is openly challenged <strong>in</strong> Joseph Johnson’s Traditions <strong>and</strong> Rem<strong>in</strong>iscences, ostensibly by Col. Thomas Taylor,<br />
one <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers; who denies Lee’s troops ever even crossed <strong>the</strong> bridge, <strong>and</strong> that, <strong>in</strong>deed, <strong>the</strong>y disgracefully failed<br />
to support Marion’s <strong>and</strong> Sumter’s men when most needed. While not<strong>in</strong>g that Moultrie’s, Marshall’s, Johnson’s <strong>and</strong> Lee’s accounts<br />
are all based on hearsay, exactly what <strong>the</strong> true story here is hard to say; except that <strong>in</strong> support <strong>of</strong> “Taylor’s” story, o<strong>the</strong>r militia<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r engagements, such as Col. William Campbell at Guilford Courthouse, reportedly accused Lee also <strong>of</strong> not<br />
support<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g when most wanted, <strong>and</strong> recklessly risk<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir lives <strong>in</strong> order to safeguard those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
legion. JTR pp. 541-542. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong> respect<strong>in</strong>g Qu<strong>in</strong>by, it is hard to fathom why <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> veteran <strong>com</strong>rades<br />
Armstrong reportedly suffered <strong>in</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> bridge attack could or would have been both fabricated <strong>and</strong> dwelt on by Lee <strong>in</strong> his<br />
Memoirs, see LMS p.392 <strong>and</strong> for fur<strong>the</strong>r LCC pp. 427-432.<br />
178 My warm thanks to author John Beakes for k<strong>in</strong>dly provid<strong>in</strong>g me a copy <strong>of</strong> this.<br />
46
well-<strong>in</strong>tentioned but futile effort to aid William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs may have lost <strong>the</strong> Americans that<br />
battle; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Stewart’s rear column follow<strong>in</strong>g that action, Eggleston’s own detachment itself got<br />
tangled <strong>in</strong> some blackjack (not unlike Wash<strong>in</strong>gton dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> battle) <strong>and</strong> as a result was repulsed with loss.<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Garden states <strong>of</strong> him, he “was endowed with superior powers <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d, but decidedly better qualified<br />
to ga<strong>in</strong> celebrity <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> cab<strong>in</strong>et, than <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field.” 179<br />
Capt. Thomas Edmunds, 1 st Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781)<br />
Edmunds was given <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment on 19 July 1781; when Lieut. Col. Richard Campbell<br />
left that position to take lead <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia brigade. He was wounded at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
Capt. Griff<strong>in</strong> Faunt le Roy (also Fauntleroy), 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons<br />
(26) Faunt Le Roy <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons when Col. Anthony White was ill <strong>in</strong> late 1780,<br />
<strong>and</strong>, says Babits, served at Cowpens. He rema<strong>in</strong>ed with Greene when many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Dragoons returned to<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia with White at <strong>the</strong> close <strong>of</strong> January 1781, <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued to serve with Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry. At Guilford<br />
Courthouse he was mortally wounded; on which battlefield <strong>the</strong>re is today a small monument <strong>com</strong>memorat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
him.<br />
Capt. Ebenezer F<strong>in</strong>ley, 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Artillery<br />
(26) From Maryl<strong>and</strong>, F<strong>in</strong>ley first saw action at Guilford Court House <strong>and</strong> was later was present with Lee at most<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter’s sieges, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Augusta. However, <strong>the</strong>re is (at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> this writ<strong>in</strong>g) some dispute, as yet<br />
unresolved, <strong>and</strong> with good arguments for both sides whe<strong>the</strong>r this was “Samuel” (<strong>of</strong> VA.), ra<strong>the</strong>r than<br />
“Ebenezer,” F<strong>in</strong>ley -- both be<strong>in</strong>g Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers who served with <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army <strong>in</strong> 1781. Although<br />
several sources give <strong>the</strong> Guilford <strong>and</strong> Augusta <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> question to be Samuel, Ebenezer was an artilleryman<br />
while Samuel (accord<strong>in</strong>g to Heitman) was <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry. Our own text, for convenience <strong>and</strong> based on<br />
conjecture, assumes <strong>the</strong> artillery <strong>of</strong>ficer to be Ebenezer. See BLO p. 76.<br />
Capt. George H<strong>and</strong>y, Lee’s Legion Infantry<br />
In his Memoirs, Lee s<strong>in</strong>gles out Capt. H<strong>and</strong>y’s performance at Augusta for special praise. The passage seems to<br />
suggest that H<strong>and</strong>y was <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e when <strong>in</strong> fact he was with Lee’s Legion; though it is true, he also<br />
happened to be a citizen <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>. In early July 1781, he was captured by a British patrol who robbed him <strong>of</strong><br />
his watch <strong>and</strong> money but <strong>the</strong>n released him after do<strong>in</strong>g so (ra<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>n risk gett<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to trouble for <strong>the</strong> robbery.)<br />
See LMS p. 382.<br />
Capt. Robert Kirkwood, Delaware Regiment<br />
(24) Kirkwood was with <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army from Camden till 4 January 1782, when he was furloughed <strong>and</strong><br />
returned home to Delaware. Truly one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army’s very best <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers, he was a<br />
dutiful <strong>and</strong> unpretentious man with his Delaware <strong>com</strong>pany dist<strong>in</strong>guished as elite. 180<br />
Capt. Pierre Charles L’Enfant, eng<strong>in</strong>eer<br />
(26) L’Enfant, a French volunteer who would later play a lead<strong>in</strong>g role <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> topographical <strong>and</strong> architectural<br />
formation <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, D.C., served at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston; though at <strong>the</strong> time was suffer<strong>in</strong>g from poor<br />
health. He was taken prisoner, <strong>and</strong> was not set free until January 1782; when Rochambeau arranged for his<br />
exchange. In May <strong>of</strong> that year he was promoted to Brevet Major.<br />
Capt. Edward Oldham, 5 th Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment, <strong>and</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781)<br />
Oldham was at Camden, served at Guilford Court House, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a <strong>com</strong>pany detachment <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong><br />
light <strong>in</strong>fantry that assisted Lee at Pyle’s ambush, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> sieges <strong>of</strong> Ft. Watson, Ft. Motte <strong>and</strong> Ft. Granby. Lee<br />
writes: “To <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Oldham, too much praise cannot be given. He was engaged <strong>in</strong> almost every<br />
action <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South, <strong>and</strong> was uniformly dist<strong>in</strong>guished for gallantry <strong>and</strong> good conduct. With <strong>the</strong> exception <strong>of</strong><br />
Kirkwood <strong>of</strong> Delaware, <strong>and</strong> Rudolph [Michael Rudulph] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry, he was probably entitled to more<br />
credit than any <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> his rank <strong>in</strong> Greene’s army.” 181<br />
Capt. Michael Rudulph (also Rudolph), Lee’s Legion Infantry<br />
(22) See Lee’s quote conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> entry above for Capt. Edward Oldham. 182<br />
Capt. Anthony S<strong>in</strong>gleton, 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Artillery<br />
S<strong>in</strong>gleton <strong>of</strong>ficered <strong>the</strong> guns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army at Camden, Guilford, Hobkirk’s Hill, <strong>and</strong> took part <strong>in</strong> Sumter’s<br />
Dog Day’s Expedition.<br />
179 GAR1 p. 123.<br />
180 See also Lee’s tribute to Kirkwood, LMS p. 185n.<br />
181 LMS p. 362n.<br />
182 The <strong>in</strong>tersection <strong>of</strong> Water <strong>and</strong> Conestoga Streets <strong>in</strong> Charlestown, MD. conta<strong>in</strong>s a marker with this <strong>in</strong>scription (<strong>the</strong> evidence for<br />
<strong>the</strong> exploit it memorializes I myself have yet to ascerta<strong>in</strong>): “Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> this dar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed Cecil<br />
County troop <strong>of</strong> Lee’s Legion, <strong>the</strong> Calvary <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant Colonel Henry (Lighthorse Harry) Lee. Near here <strong>in</strong> 1778 Rudulph is said<br />
to have led squad disguised as poultry peddlers who boarded <strong>and</strong> captured British Man-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>War</strong> blockad<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Port <strong>of</strong><br />
Charlestown. His cous<strong>in</strong>, Major John (Fight<strong>in</strong>g Jack) Rudulph also served with dist<strong>in</strong>ction <strong>in</strong> Lee’s Legion.”<br />
47
Capt. John Smith, 3 rd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment, <strong>and</strong> 1st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781)<br />
Smith, referred to by Greene <strong>in</strong> one letter as “Jack,” served at Camden, Guilford Court House (where he was<br />
wounded), Hobkirk’s Hill, <strong>and</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. At Camden, he was wounded <strong>and</strong> taken prisoner, 183 but was back<br />
with <strong>the</strong> army soon after. Whe<strong>the</strong>r through escape or exchange is not clear: <strong>the</strong> idea that he might have been<br />
one <strong>of</strong> those Marion liberated at Great Savannah st<strong>and</strong>s as an <strong>in</strong>trigu<strong>in</strong>g possibility. Smith acquired some<br />
notoriety for slay<strong>in</strong>g Lieut. Col. James Stuart <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guards at Guilford <strong>in</strong> sword-to-sword <strong>com</strong>bat; though some<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British 184 accused him <strong>of</strong> murder<strong>in</strong>g Stuart after hav<strong>in</strong>g taken him prisoner. What apparently happened is<br />
he dealt <strong>the</strong> death-blow when Stuart had lost his foot<strong>in</strong>g, but clearly would have had no time to have taken him<br />
prisoner. 185 “Capt. Smith’s” survey <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dan River was crucial <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Greene’s army dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> that river <strong>in</strong> February 1781. Yet <strong>the</strong>re was evidently a second Capt. John Smith <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 6 th Maryl<strong>and</strong><br />
Regiment, <strong>and</strong> it may have been he, not “Jack,” who did <strong>the</strong> survey. 186 If so, <strong>and</strong> which seems likely, <strong>the</strong>n<br />
“Jack” Smith may have been at Cowpens. At Hobkirk’s Hill, as at Guilford Court House, he <strong>and</strong> his men fought<br />
like “bulldogs” (one eyewitness description.) In attempt<strong>in</strong>g to rescue <strong>the</strong> artillery, all <strong>of</strong> his men were killed;<br />
though <strong>the</strong> guns were f<strong>in</strong>ally saved. Suffer<strong>in</strong>g a contusion, he was taken prisoner, but was left <strong>in</strong> Camden on<br />
parole when Rawdon evacuated <strong>the</strong> town (May 10 th .) 187 He shortly afterward (on May 21 st ) went voluntarily to<br />
Charleston as a prisoner <strong>in</strong> order to be exchanged. Johnson relates how on his subsequent return from <strong>the</strong>re, he<br />
was waylaid by a b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> tories; masquerad<strong>in</strong>g as whigs, who gave him a good flogg<strong>in</strong>g. 188 He rema<strong>in</strong>ed a<br />
prisoner on parole till <strong>the</strong> close <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. Though not much formally educated, Smith appears to have been an<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligent, as well as an extremely brave <strong>and</strong> colorful <strong>in</strong>dividual. For a brief sketch <strong>and</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r details, see JTR<br />
pp. 364-365, NGP8 pp. 174, 180-181, 195-196, <strong>and</strong> BLO pp. 158-159, 182-183, 203.<br />
Capt. Robert Smith, 4 th North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment, <strong>and</strong> 1 st North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781)<br />
Smith, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Salisbury district, a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental lieutenant <strong>in</strong> 1775, <strong>and</strong> formerly <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 4 th North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Regiment <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Salisbury District, received <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a light <strong>in</strong>fantry detachment at<br />
Augusta on <strong>the</strong> death <strong>of</strong> Maj. P<strong>in</strong>kertham Eaton. By October <strong>of</strong> that same year, he <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a N.C. “Legionary<br />
Corps” (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some cavalry) that operated under Brig. Gen. Griffith Ru<strong>the</strong>rford outside <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. 189<br />
Cornet James Simmons (also Simons), 3 rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons<br />
Possibly <strong>the</strong> most immediately recognizable <strong>of</strong> William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s lieutenants, Simons, <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany with<br />
mounted S.C. militia, under Lieut. Col. Joseph Hayes defeated <strong>the</strong> loyalists at Williams’ Fort (follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Hammond’s Store) on 30 Dec. 1780. Hav<strong>in</strong>g served through most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> important fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> 1781, he f<strong>in</strong>ally fell<br />
alongside fellow Baylor <strong>of</strong>ficers Capt. John Watts <strong>and</strong> Lieutenant K<strong>in</strong>g at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. See LMS pp. 469-470,<br />
GAR1 pp. 441-442, <strong>and</strong> HWW p. 82.<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Militia 190 <strong>and</strong> State Troops<br />
Brig. Gen. Robert Lawson, from Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward County<br />
(42) Lawson, at one time colonel <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 4 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> who was present at Trenton, Pr<strong>in</strong>ceton,<br />
Br<strong>and</strong>yw<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> Germantown, led <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia at Guilford Court House, <strong>in</strong> Lafayette’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Campaign<br />
<strong>and</strong> at Yorktown. While not <strong>in</strong>stantly recognizable as one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> better militia leaders, his correspondence shows<br />
him to have been a dedicated <strong>and</strong> hard work<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer who was unusually effective <strong>in</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong><br />
br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g with him many militiamen from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to Greene’s army. See BLO pp. 65-66.<br />
183 GHA4 pp. 86-87.<br />
184 NGP8 p. 174.<br />
185 Historian, William Johnson: “Two <strong>com</strong>batants particularly attracted <strong>the</strong> attention <strong>of</strong> those around <strong>the</strong>m. These were [Lieut.]<br />
Colonel [James] Stuart <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards; <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> John Smith <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>ers -- both men conspicuous for nerve <strong>and</strong> s<strong>in</strong>ew.<br />
They had also met before on some occasion, <strong>and</strong> had vowed that <strong>the</strong>ir next meet<strong>in</strong>g should end <strong>in</strong> blood. Regardless <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
bayonets that were clash<strong>in</strong>g around <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong>y rushed at each o<strong>the</strong>r with a fury that admitted <strong>of</strong> one result. The quick pass <strong>of</strong><br />
Stuart’s small sword was skillfully put by with <strong>the</strong> left h<strong>and</strong>, whilst <strong>the</strong> heavy sabre <strong>of</strong> his antagonist cleft <strong>the</strong> Brita<strong>in</strong> to <strong>the</strong><br />
sp<strong>in</strong>e. In one moment, <strong>the</strong> American was prostrate on <strong>the</strong> lifeless body <strong>of</strong> his enemy; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> next, was pressed beneath <strong>the</strong><br />
weight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldier who had brought him to <strong>the</strong> ground. These are not imag<strong>in</strong>ary <strong>in</strong>cidents -- <strong>the</strong>y are related on <strong>the</strong> best<br />
authority. A ball, discharged at Smith’s head as his sword descended on that <strong>of</strong> Stuart, had grazed it <strong>and</strong> brought him to <strong>the</strong><br />
ground, at <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>stant that <strong>the</strong> bayonet <strong>of</strong> a favorite soldier, who had always sought <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> his capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> hour <strong>of</strong> danger,<br />
pierced <strong>the</strong> heart <strong>of</strong> one who appears to have been equally watchful over <strong>the</strong> safety <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British colonel.” JLG2 p. 12, MLW4A<br />
p. 373-375, BAV p. 68, BLO pp. 158-159.<br />
186 Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, as cited <strong>in</strong> Henry Lee IV’s Campaign <strong>of</strong> 1781 <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as, notes that <strong>the</strong>re were two Capt. Smiths <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e, see LCC pp. 116-117.<br />
187 William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “Capt. Smith, afterwards well known <strong>in</strong> this state as Col. John Smith, <strong>of</strong> Darl<strong>in</strong>gton, surrendered<br />
himself prisoner [at Hobkirk’s Hill] to a lieutenant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British; <strong>and</strong> after he had delivered his sword, was struck by <strong>the</strong><br />
lieutenant with <strong>the</strong> broad side <strong>of</strong> it. At <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Guilford, Smith had killed Col. Stewart [James Stuart], <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British guards,<br />
<strong>in</strong> a s<strong>in</strong>gle rencounter; <strong>and</strong> his bravery was o<strong>the</strong>rwise so well known that <strong>the</strong> British <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong>vited him to a d<strong>in</strong>ner <strong>in</strong> Camden.<br />
Before d<strong>in</strong>ner, he mentioned how he had been treated by <strong>the</strong> lieutenant, <strong>and</strong> it was agreed among <strong>the</strong>m, that, as that <strong>of</strong>ficer<br />
was to be present at <strong>the</strong> d<strong>in</strong>ner, Smith should be at liberty to treat him as he thought fit. Accord<strong>in</strong>gly Smith kicked him down<br />
stairs; <strong>and</strong> as he did not resent it, he [<strong>the</strong> lieutenant] was soon after cashiered.” JFM pp. 48n-49n. See also SNC pp. 408-412,<br />
WCO p. 207, <strong>and</strong> DRR p. 224.<br />
188 JLG2 pp. 96-97.<br />
189 See entry for Raft Swamp, 15 October 1781. GPS.<br />
190 For a valuable <strong>and</strong> useful s<strong>in</strong>gle volume archive on <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution, see Joseph T. McAllister’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
Militia In The <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> (1913).<br />
48
Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens, from Culpepper County<br />
(35) Formerly <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 10 th Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Regiment <strong>and</strong> veteran <strong>of</strong> Br<strong>and</strong>yw<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> Germantown, Stevens<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia at Camden <strong>and</strong> Guilford Court House. At <strong>the</strong> latter battle, he was wounded <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> thigh, <strong>and</strong> forced to return home, <strong>and</strong>, shortly afterward, was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia state <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers<br />
who averted capture by Tarleton at Charlottesville <strong>in</strong> June 1781. After that, he led a militia brigade <strong>in</strong><br />
Lafayette’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia campaign <strong>and</strong> Yorktown. Like Lawson, he was tireless <strong>in</strong> rais<strong>in</strong>g men <strong>and</strong> work<strong>in</strong>g to assist<br />
Greene‘s army, but <strong>in</strong> addition was a valuable field leader <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>spirer <strong>of</strong> men. Although at Camden success<br />
rudely eluded his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, at Guilford Court House, it was his troops, along with <strong>the</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry, who received more praise than any o<strong>the</strong>r American unit. When <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
militia at that battle came rout<strong>in</strong>g through his l<strong>in</strong>e, Stevens, <strong>in</strong> order to stave <strong>of</strong>f panic, told his men to make a<br />
path for <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians; s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>ir retreat had been arranged <strong>in</strong> advance. In fact, no such th<strong>in</strong>g had been<br />
planned (at least not to Stevens’ knowledge), <strong>and</strong> Stevens sternly ordered his men to hold <strong>the</strong>ir ground or else<br />
be shot for disobedience. Then <strong>in</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most memorable militia feats <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war his homespun rifle <strong>and</strong><br />
musket men (most without bayonets) for a crucial while manfully withstood <strong>the</strong> British Guards.<br />
Brig. Gen. William Campbell, from Wash<strong>in</strong>gton County, 191 also known as <strong>the</strong> North Holston settlement<br />
(35) Six <strong>and</strong> a half feet tall, Campbell received his <strong>com</strong>mission as Colonel <strong>in</strong> April 1780, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>of</strong><br />
that year was occupied with putt<strong>in</strong>g down <strong>the</strong> numerous loyalists <strong>in</strong> southwest Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. At least nom<strong>in</strong>ally, he<br />
went on to lead <strong>the</strong> army that defeated Ferguson at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>; <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> February 1781 jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene with<br />
a corps <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen. He succeeded Pickens as head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia force that assisted Williams <strong>and</strong> Lee’s<br />
light detachments, go<strong>in</strong>g on to fight at Weitzel’s Mill, New Garden Meet<strong>in</strong>g House, <strong>and</strong> Guilford Court House. A<br />
few days after Guilford, he resigned his <strong>com</strong>mission; reportedly (accord<strong>in</strong>g to one version) <strong>in</strong> disgust over what<br />
he vehemently averred was Lee’s carelessly expos<strong>in</strong>g his Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia to harm <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter phase <strong>of</strong> that<br />
battle. Return<strong>in</strong>g to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, it was not long before his services were soon much both wanted <strong>and</strong> needed. He<br />
was promoted to Brigadier, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> June led a corps <strong>of</strong> 600 south <strong>and</strong> southwest county riflemen to re<strong>in</strong>force<br />
Lafayette. This force later grew to 780 men. Tragically, however, he came down with a chest ailment from<br />
which he died, thirty-six years <strong>of</strong> age; while at Rocky Hills, <strong>in</strong> Hanover County, VA. <strong>in</strong> August 1781. See DKM pp.<br />
378-402.<br />
Col. Charles Lynch, from Bedford County<br />
(44) Along with William Campbell, Lynch spent much <strong>of</strong> his time <strong>in</strong> 1780 scrap<strong>in</strong>g with loyalists, tories, <strong>and</strong><br />
Indians <strong>of</strong> southwest Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. The alliterative term “Lynch Law” <strong>com</strong>es from his reputation for dispens<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
judicial niceties when deal<strong>in</strong>g with his foes. This said, <strong>in</strong> Lynch’s case, whatever <strong>the</strong> actual basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> charge<br />
or association, it must be borne <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d that his actions were not racially motivated, <strong>and</strong> that he was operat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong> a wartime circumstance. He <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a corps <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a riflemen at Guilford Court<br />
House. After that, he seems to have rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> his own area suppress<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> loyalist or assist<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong><br />
Cherokees.<br />
Col. William Preston, from Montgomery County<br />
(51) Orig<strong>in</strong>ally, Preston was William Campbell’s superior <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> late summer <strong>of</strong> 1780, sent orders to <strong>the</strong><br />
latter to attack <strong>the</strong> loyalists who were threaten<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Chiswell lead m<strong>in</strong>es. There were not a few loyalists <strong>in</strong><br />
Preston’s own Montgomery County; so that he sometimes had to go to go to neighbor<strong>in</strong>g counties to raise men or<br />
obta<strong>in</strong> military assistance. He played a substantial part <strong>in</strong> help<strong>in</strong>g to ga<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia men who went on to<br />
fight at K<strong>in</strong>g’s mounta<strong>in</strong> -- though he himself could not be present due to illness <strong>in</strong> his family at that time. In <strong>the</strong><br />
Guilford Court House campaign, he jo<strong>in</strong>ed Pickens’ <strong>and</strong> Lee’s cont<strong>in</strong>gents with a corps <strong>of</strong> riflemen just after<br />
Pyle’s defeat, <strong>and</strong> fought alongside those leaders at Weitzel’s Mill. Never<strong>the</strong>less <strong>and</strong> despite his earnest appeals<br />
that <strong>the</strong>y rema<strong>in</strong>, most <strong>of</strong> his men went home after that action. Possibly he <strong>and</strong> few <strong>of</strong> his men might have been<br />
at Guilford. If so, <strong>the</strong>y would have been only a h<strong>and</strong>ful <strong>of</strong> his orig<strong>in</strong>al corps. He subsequently served as one <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> negotiators with <strong>the</strong> Cherokees, <strong>and</strong> on July 20 th 1781 <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Council appo<strong>in</strong>ted him as one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>missioners <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> western counties assigned <strong>the</strong> task <strong>of</strong> settl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> disbursement <strong>of</strong> public monies <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
concerns relat<strong>in</strong>g to a peace treaty with <strong>the</strong> Indians. Even so, he fell ill <strong>and</strong> was forced to resign. His biographer,<br />
Patricia Givens Johnson, describes him as <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to corpulency, fair-haired, ruddy <strong>and</strong> with hazel eyes.<br />
Contrary perhaps to what one might have expected, Preston was, for his area at least, a ref<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> welleducated<br />
person with a taste for literature, <strong>and</strong>, among his o<strong>the</strong>r talents, wrote poetry. 192<br />
Lieut. Col. Charles Porterfield, Garrison Regiment (Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State L<strong>in</strong>e)<br />
(30) Porterfield, from Frederick County VA. <strong>and</strong> a participant (as sergeant) <strong>in</strong> Montgomery’s ill fated assault on<br />
Quebec <strong>and</strong> by at least 1778 was a member <strong>of</strong> Morgan’s 11 th VA. Reg., headed <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Troops which<br />
acted as light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden. His was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> few American units to have <strong>com</strong>e out <strong>of</strong> that<br />
action with any credit; even though he was mortally wounded (states Otho Williams <strong>in</strong> his “Narrative”) <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
skirmish <strong>the</strong> night before (i.e., Saunders Creek); with (accord<strong>in</strong>g to both David Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Dudley himself) Col.<br />
Guilford Dudley on <strong>the</strong> morrow carry<strong>in</strong>g him from <strong>the</strong> field dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> action <strong>of</strong> Camden. For ten days he went<br />
without medical attention when he was <strong>the</strong>n taken to Camden <strong>and</strong> his left leg amputated. While <strong>the</strong>re, he was<br />
191 In 1777, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton County, named after <strong>the</strong> General, was formed from F<strong>in</strong>castle County. Its county seat, Ab<strong>in</strong>gdon was<br />
established <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g year. The orig<strong>in</strong>al Wash<strong>in</strong>gton County, or North Holston settlement, conta<strong>in</strong>ed some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> counties<br />
now adjacent to it, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Sullivan County, TN.<br />
192 See William Preston & <strong>the</strong> Allegheny Patriot, by Patricia G. Johnson, Walpa Publish<strong>in</strong>g, 1976.<br />
49
treated k<strong>in</strong>dly <strong>and</strong> generously, as <strong>the</strong>ir own circumstances allowed, by Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> Rawdon. Follow<strong>in</strong>g this he<br />
was paroled, but on January 10, 1781 f<strong>in</strong>ally succumbed to <strong>the</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> his wound while still <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a.<br />
See GHA3 p. 437, LMS p. 581, DSK vol. 11, issue 3, pp. 146-148, issue 4, p. 235, SCP3 pp. 169, 175.<br />
Maj. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Rose, from Bedford County<br />
Though usually understood to be militia, Rose’s detachment <strong>of</strong> 100 “picked” riflemen that served with <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn army from October 1780 to July 1781, should probably be considered state troops. They seem to have<br />
typically acted as a skirmish<strong>in</strong>g or else guard detachment.<br />
Maj. Thomas Rowl<strong>and</strong>, from Botetourt County<br />
Comm<strong>and</strong>ed a group <strong>of</strong> Botetourt County riflemen that served under Preston <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guilford Court House<br />
campaign, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Clapp’s Mill <strong>and</strong> Weitzel’s Mill. Rockbridge County historian, Odell McGuire, believes<br />
Rowl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> his rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g men may have been with Lee at Guilford Court House, as well as <strong>the</strong> New<br />
Garden Meet<strong>in</strong>g House fight<strong>in</strong>g just prior to.<br />
Maj. Francis Triplett, from Fauquier County<br />
Triplett oversaw <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia at Cowpens. He <strong>and</strong> his men returned home not long after that action.<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> James Tate (also Taite), from Augusta County<br />
(38) Tate led a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia at Cowpens. Although like Triplett, he returned to his state follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
that battle, <strong>in</strong> his case he <strong>and</strong> his men were able to rejo<strong>in</strong> Greene’s army on March 7 th , <strong>the</strong> day after Weitzel’s<br />
Mill; when <strong>the</strong>y were attached to William Campbell’s militia corps. He had his thigh broken <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong><br />
New Garden Road skirmish preced<strong>in</strong>g Guilford; from which wound he died shortly afterward. See LCC p. 170n.<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia <strong>and</strong> State Troops 193<br />
Note. Next to <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> each N.C. militia leader a county is given. The county referred to, <strong>and</strong> when possible<br />
to identify, is usually what would now be <strong>the</strong> present day county <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual came from, <strong>and</strong> on which basis it<br />
is easier to determ<strong>in</strong>e what (if different from <strong>the</strong> modern county) <strong>the</strong> contemporary county or district was.<br />
Tryon County, named after North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royal Governor William Tryon, was abolished by <strong>the</strong> state <strong>in</strong> 1779,<br />
<strong>and</strong> out <strong>of</strong> it was formed two counties: Ru<strong>the</strong>rford (<strong>the</strong> western half) <strong>and</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln (<strong>the</strong> eastern.) Never<strong>the</strong>less,<br />
new, as well as old, histories will sometimes still refer to Tryon County with respect to events <strong>of</strong> this period.<br />
Maj. Gen. Richard Caswell, from Lenoir County<br />
(51) Caswell, orig<strong>in</strong>ally from Maryl<strong>and</strong>, had earlier been one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> foremost whig <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers at <strong>the</strong> sem<strong>in</strong>al<br />
victory at Moore’s Creek Bridge <strong>in</strong> 1775 <strong>and</strong>, as one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most powerful, popular <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fluential men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
state, <strong>and</strong> subsequently Governor. In violation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state constitution (as contended by his successor Gov.<br />
Abner Nash), he was <strong>in</strong> April 1780 made <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er-<strong>in</strong>-chief <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia, 194 occupy<strong>in</strong>g this position with<br />
some amount <strong>of</strong> overt <strong>in</strong><strong>com</strong>petence until <strong>the</strong> time just after Camden; when <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a legislature<br />
appo<strong>in</strong>ted Brig. Gen. William Smallwood <strong>in</strong> his place. Deprived <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, he resigned his <strong>com</strong>mission. But<br />
<strong>the</strong>n, when <strong>in</strong> retaliation he also quitted <strong>the</strong> Board <strong>of</strong> Trade <strong>in</strong> October, 195 he before long (January 1781) was<br />
placated <strong>and</strong> returned to take part <strong>in</strong> re-establish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> state’s militia forces; though occupy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> lesser post<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> eastern part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state. He was ill for a time, thus miss<strong>in</strong>g Guilford Court<br />
House, <strong>and</strong> subsequently acted more as a military adm<strong>in</strong>istrator work<strong>in</strong>g from an <strong>of</strong>fice; for which he was far<br />
better suited than a field <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er. It was he who prevented Sumner <strong>and</strong> or o<strong>the</strong>r former Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers<br />
from lead<strong>in</strong>g militia brigades at Guilford Court House based on his view that those <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s should go to<br />
available state militia <strong>of</strong>ficers first before permitt<strong>in</strong>g Cont<strong>in</strong>ental men to fill <strong>the</strong>m. 196 For more, see CNS1 pp.<br />
120-123, WRM pp. 104-106.<br />
193 Historian Charles LeCount, <strong>in</strong> an article titled “The Hillsborough District Militia, 1776-1783,” states: “At <strong>the</strong> outbreak <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Revolution, <strong>the</strong> newly formed North Carol<strong>in</strong>a government divided <strong>the</strong> state <strong>in</strong>to six military districts. These districts were each<br />
<strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> counties surround<strong>in</strong>g a significant town. The six districts, which corresponded with old judicial<br />
organizations, were: Edenton, New Bern, Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, Halifax, Salisbury, <strong>and</strong> Hillsborough. Later, two additional districts were<br />
added, fur<strong>the</strong>r divid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>ous western part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state. With<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hillsborough District were <strong>the</strong> counties <strong>of</strong> Caswell,<br />
Chatham, Granville, Orange, R<strong>and</strong>olph, <strong>and</strong> Wake.<br />
“Each district was to supply a brigade <strong>of</strong> militia regiments under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> a brigadier general. Thomas Person was<br />
appo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>the</strong> first <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hillsborough District Brigade <strong>in</strong> 1776. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 1781 Guilford Court House campaign, <strong>the</strong><br />
Hillsborough District was <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by John Butler.<br />
“Each county supplied a regiment (Orange County supplied two regiments), which <strong>in</strong> turn was <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> various <strong>com</strong>panies.<br />
Each <strong>com</strong>pany consisted <strong>of</strong> no less than 50 men <strong>and</strong> was fur<strong>the</strong>r divided <strong>in</strong>to five ‘divisions.’ One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> five divisions was<br />
reserved for ‘<strong>the</strong> more aged <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>firm men.’ The o<strong>the</strong>r four divisions, <strong>of</strong> each <strong>com</strong>pany, drew lots to determ<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong> rotation<br />
<strong>the</strong>y would follow for <strong>the</strong>ir tour <strong>of</strong> service, which usually lasted for three months. Eventually <strong>the</strong> ‘fifth division’ <strong>of</strong> ‘aged <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>firm men’ was dropped, as was <strong>the</strong> maximum age limit from 60 to 50. In order to provide a greater pool <strong>of</strong> available<br />
manpower, <strong>the</strong> old colonial militia exemption list was revised.<br />
“As <strong>the</strong> militia had a poor reputation for turn<strong>in</strong>g out, bounties to <strong>in</strong>duce volunteerism were <strong>com</strong>mon dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> war. For men<br />
who chose not to serve when drafted, <strong>the</strong>re were two options: pay a substitute or pay a f<strong>in</strong>e. These options, with some<br />
modifications, rema<strong>in</strong>ed throughout <strong>the</strong> war.” Repr<strong>in</strong>ted with permission <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> author.<br />
194 And also <strong>the</strong> only militia Major General <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire sou<strong>the</strong>rn conflict.<br />
195 CNC15 p. 131.<br />
196 SNC pp. 266-268.<br />
50
Brig. Gen. John Butler, from Orange County<br />
(52) Butler (who had been a loyalist <strong>and</strong> Orange County sheriff early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war) <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed brigades at Camden<br />
<strong>and</strong> Guilford Court House, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> both <strong>in</strong>stances, most <strong>of</strong> his men fled <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British. Like Robert<br />
Lawson <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, he was a <strong>com</strong>mitted <strong>and</strong> hardwork<strong>in</strong>g soldier, if not a shrewd <strong>and</strong> stirr<strong>in</strong>g leader. Indeed, but<br />
for Col. Robert Mebane, Butler’s defeats at L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mill <strong>and</strong> Liv<strong>in</strong>gstone’s Bridge <strong>in</strong> Sept. 1781 might have<br />
resulted <strong>in</strong> disaster. Even so, Bulter could, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, be credited with keep<strong>in</strong>g his men toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
afterward; <strong>and</strong> subsequently ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>fensive aga<strong>in</strong>st Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton till <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> more capable<br />
Ru<strong>the</strong>rford. For more on Butler, see SNC pp. 304-305, BDB pp. 135-138.<br />
Brig. Gen. William Caswell, from Lenoir County<br />
(26) Son <strong>of</strong> Richard Caswell, <strong>and</strong> a former Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army capta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong> late April 1780, William <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed 400<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia posted north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee at Lenud’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Santee. He later removed <strong>the</strong>m to<br />
Cross Creek when word came <strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> Charleston’s capitulation. His rank was evidently a result <strong>of</strong> his family ties; an<br />
<strong>in</strong>ference no doubt shared by many <strong>of</strong> his contemporaries. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, we should not necessarily assume<br />
from this that he was without ability. When Greene passed through North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> August 1783 on his way<br />
north to Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong>, Caswell was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a leaders he visited.<br />
Brig. Gen. William Lee Davidson, from Rowan County<br />
(34) Along with Griffith Ru<strong>the</strong>rford, Davidson, orig<strong>in</strong>ally from Pennsylvania, was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> best <strong>and</strong> most<br />
effective <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> higher-rank<strong>in</strong>g North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia leaders, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> months prior to his death <strong>in</strong> Feb. 1781<br />
acquitted himself as alert <strong>and</strong> aggressive <strong>in</strong> battl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> around Charlotte. Hav<strong>in</strong>g first served<br />
earlier as a N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer (be<strong>in</strong>g present at Br<strong>and</strong>yw<strong>in</strong>e, Germantown <strong>and</strong> possibly Monmouth), he<br />
later acquired notoriety as a militia colonel, defeat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> loyalists at Colson’s Mill <strong>in</strong> July 1780. Earlier, he had<br />
missed be<strong>in</strong>g taken at Charleston because he was on leave with his family at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> that city’s fall. The<br />
wound he received at Colson’s Mill lay<strong>in</strong>g him up for eight weeks, he was thus kept from be<strong>in</strong>g at Camden as<br />
well. After Griffith Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s capture at <strong>the</strong> latter engagement, he was appo<strong>in</strong>ted head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong><br />
western North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> later replaced Smallwood as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia when<br />
<strong>the</strong> latter went home to Maryl<strong>and</strong>. For a time he acted <strong>in</strong> cooperation with Morgan fac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British on <strong>the</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a-North Carol<strong>in</strong>a border, br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g Morgan crucial re<strong>in</strong>forcements prior to Cowpens. Fur<strong>the</strong>r, to him<br />
perhaps may be credited <strong>the</strong> idea <strong>of</strong> us<strong>in</strong>g Morgan to threaten N<strong>in</strong>ety Six -– a ploy that resulted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> victories<br />
at Hammond’s Store <strong>and</strong> Cowpens (see Davidson to Alex<strong>and</strong>er Mart<strong>in</strong>, 27 Nov. 1780, CNC14 pp. 759-760.) He<br />
later lost his life at Cowan’s Ford, <strong>in</strong> an effort to forestall Cornwallis’ cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba River. 197 Although<br />
his North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia were defeated, <strong>the</strong> British may have had as many as 100 casualties due to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
efforts, <strong>and</strong> achieved this without any assistance from <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. For more, see CNC22 pp. 115-120, LMS<br />
pp. 585-586, WNC pp. 263-265, WRM pp. 240-242.<br />
Brig. Gen. Thomas Eaton, from Bute County<br />
(40) Eaton <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two brigades <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia at Guilford Court House. He had<br />
succeeded Brig. Gen. Allen Jones when <strong>the</strong> latter became ill a week or so before that battle. SNC pp. 305-306.<br />
Brig. General Isaac Gregory, from Camden County<br />
(43) Gregory <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia brigades at Camden, where he himself was wounded<br />
<strong>and</strong> taken prisoner. Of <strong>the</strong> brigades present <strong>in</strong> that battle, <strong>the</strong> men <strong>in</strong> his, particularly Col Henry Dixon’s<br />
regiment, put up <strong>the</strong> best fight <strong>of</strong> any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia. By no later than June 1781, he was exchanged <strong>and</strong> oversaw<br />
a force <strong>of</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>astern portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state. In early July, he was surprised <strong>and</strong> routed near <strong>the</strong><br />
Great Dismal Swamp by a detachment from Cornwallis’ army. He, however, suffered few losses <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> attack,<br />
<strong>and</strong> was able to resume his position guard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> entry <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a immediately after <strong>the</strong> British left. 198<br />
Brig. Gen. Henry William Harr<strong>in</strong>gton, 199 from Cumberl<strong>and</strong> County<br />
(33) In early August 1780, Harr<strong>in</strong>gton (orig<strong>in</strong>ally from Engl<strong>and</strong>) led a <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> primarily <strong>in</strong> upper Peedee <strong>and</strong><br />
Cheraw areas <strong>com</strong>bat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> loyalists. His headquarters were chiefly at Cross Creek; though prior to that he was<br />
at Haley’s Ferry near Cheraw. Though Marion, who for a time acted as his subord<strong>in</strong>ate, charged him with not<br />
mak<strong>in</strong>g better use <strong>of</strong> his men, 200 it might be said he did contribute to <strong>the</strong> cause by provid<strong>in</strong>g stability <strong>in</strong> a time <strong>of</strong><br />
chaos. In November 1780, we learn from correspondence <strong>of</strong> his that he was desirous <strong>of</strong> resign<strong>in</strong>g his Brigadier<br />
Generals <strong>com</strong>mission for reasons <strong>of</strong> not be<strong>in</strong>g formally assigned a brigade or district to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. In about mid-<br />
December, he removed north to Grassy Creek on <strong>the</strong> Roanoke River; after which as an active participant his<br />
197 It is somewhat odd that Davidson himself should have been sla<strong>in</strong> when <strong>the</strong> American losses o<strong>the</strong>rwise were only two killed <strong>and</strong><br />
about twenty wounded. His be<strong>in</strong>g felled by a rifle ball was <strong>in</strong>terpreted as his be<strong>in</strong>g killed by a loyalist. WNC p. 264.<br />
198 “In volume 2 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Iredell letters this description <strong>of</strong> General Gregory’s personal appearance is given: ‘A lady, who remembers<br />
General Gregory well, says that he was a large, f<strong>in</strong>e look<strong>in</strong>g man. He was exceed<strong>in</strong>gly polite, had a very gr<strong>and</strong> air, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> dress<br />
was someth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a fop.’ In <strong>the</strong> same volume <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g account <strong>of</strong> an <strong>in</strong>cident <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> life <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> famous General is<br />
found: ‘General Gregory lived <strong>in</strong> his latter years so secluded a life <strong>and</strong> knew so little <strong>of</strong> events beyond his own family circle, that<br />
he addressed to a lady, <strong>the</strong> widow <strong>of</strong> Governor Stone, a letter mak<strong>in</strong>g a formal proposal <strong>of</strong> marriage, full six months after her<br />
death.’” From In Ancient Albemarle, by Ca<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>e Albertson, p. 112, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Society Daughters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution;<br />
Raleigh, Commercial Pr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g Company, 1914. For more on Gregory see chapter XII <strong>of</strong> Albertson’s book, <strong>and</strong> also WRM pp. 99.<br />
199 He is also sometimes referred to as simply “William Harr<strong>in</strong>gton,” <strong>and</strong> is also spoken <strong>of</strong> as be<strong>in</strong>g from Richmond County where<br />
he is buried.<br />
200 GHA3 p. 457.<br />
51
name does not appear to arise. For a sketch <strong>of</strong> Harr<strong>in</strong>gton, see CNC14 pp. 748-749, CNC15 pp. 139-141, CNS2 p.<br />
255 <strong>and</strong> GHC pp. 104-105.<br />
Brig. Gen. Allen Jones, from Halifax County<br />
(41) In early 1781, Jones was placed <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia brigades <strong>in</strong> preference to<br />
Sumner. 201 In February, he marched with Butler to re<strong>in</strong>force Greene prior to Guilford. Yet, soon fall<strong>in</strong>g ill, he<br />
was unable to cont<strong>in</strong>ue, <strong>and</strong> was replaced by Brig. Gen. Thomas Eaton. By May, he had returned to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>astern part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state; at which time he acted <strong>in</strong> cooperation with Sumner <strong>in</strong> h<strong>in</strong>der<strong>in</strong>g or o<strong>the</strong>rwise<br />
keep<strong>in</strong>g watch on Cornwallis’ movements <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. By early summer, he went to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to<br />
obta<strong>in</strong> arms for Sumner’s North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals only to f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>re were none to be had. In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> war, Jones (who, <strong>in</strong>cidentally, was Eton educated) was prom<strong>in</strong>ent <strong>in</strong> both civil <strong>and</strong> military matters. See<br />
WRM p. 197.<br />
Brig. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Lill<strong>in</strong>gton, from Brunswick County<br />
(55) Lill<strong>in</strong>gton along with Richard Caswell, was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two key whig leaders at Moore’s Creek Bridge <strong>in</strong> 1775.<br />
In January 1781, he was subsequently occupied with conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek area. Yet<br />
when <strong>the</strong> British occupied Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month, he took up a position to <strong>the</strong> northwest; act<strong>in</strong>g to keep<br />
Maj. Craig <strong>and</strong> his force conf<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>re. On March 9 th , his men fought Craig’s at Heron’s Bridge just a few miles<br />
north <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>of</strong> that city <strong>in</strong> what apparently amounted to a draw with <strong>the</strong> British. Thereafter he took<br />
post at Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s Mill (present day Burgaw) <strong>and</strong> for <strong>the</strong> most part managed to keep Craig <strong>in</strong> check till <strong>the</strong><br />
summer. When Cornwallis retreated to Cross Creek after Guilford Court House, Greene directed Lill<strong>in</strong>gton to<br />
keep his distance from <strong>the</strong> British, particularly Tarleton; which Lill<strong>in</strong>gton managed safely to do. After Cornwallis<br />
moved <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, he resumed his post above Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton; though was not himself apparently <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong><br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r fight<strong>in</strong>g. Loss<strong>in</strong>g speaks <strong>of</strong> him as be<strong>in</strong>g known for his “uniform k<strong>in</strong>dness to all,” <strong>and</strong> observes how<br />
especially loved he was by his black slaves, some <strong>of</strong> whom (who were children at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution) <strong>the</strong><br />
artist <strong>and</strong> it<strong>in</strong>erant historian himself met. See CNS1 p. 123, WRM p. 48, DRO pp. 154-158.<br />
Brig. Gen. Griffith Ru<strong>the</strong>rford, from Rowan County<br />
(59) Perhaps it could be said that Ru<strong>the</strong>rford might have garnered as much fame as Marion <strong>and</strong> Sumter but for<br />
his capture at Camden <strong>and</strong> that technically he was not a self-established partisan but ra<strong>the</strong>r a formal state<br />
militia <strong>of</strong>ficer. Born <strong>in</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> brought to this country at a very young age, he it was who called out <strong>and</strong><br />
collected <strong>the</strong> men <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers who won <strong>the</strong> victory at Ramseur’s Mill; <strong>and</strong> it was from his force that Davidson<br />
was sent forth to defeat <strong>the</strong> loyalists at Colson’s Mill -- two victories which, by help<strong>in</strong>g to w<strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, at<br />
least contributed significantly to w<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> war itself. Comm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> three North Carol<strong>in</strong>a brigades at<br />
Camden, he was badly wounded (shot through <strong>the</strong> leg <strong>and</strong> suffer<strong>in</strong>g a saber wound) <strong>and</strong> taken prisoner <strong>the</strong>re. He<br />
was <strong>the</strong>reafter sent to St. August<strong>in</strong>e to be conf<strong>in</strong>ed, but on 22 June 1781 was exchanged <strong>and</strong> released <strong>in</strong><br />
Philadelphia. When he returned to <strong>the</strong> field he took charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Salisbury militia, <strong>in</strong> place <strong>of</strong> Col. Lock, <strong>and</strong>,<br />
along with Butler, went on to carry out a successful <strong>of</strong>fensive aga<strong>in</strong>st Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists act<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong><br />
Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton (not least <strong>of</strong> which <strong>in</strong> defeat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m outright at Raft Swamp); plac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> Craig <strong>in</strong> check until<br />
<strong>the</strong> British f<strong>in</strong>ally evacuated <strong>the</strong> town on 18 November. In later life, Ru<strong>the</strong>rford moved to <strong>and</strong> settled <strong>in</strong><br />
Tennessee. See WNC pp. 383-384, <strong>and</strong> WRM p. 399.<br />
Col. Philip Alston, from Cumberl<strong>and</strong> County<br />
(39) Alston, who (at least as early as Sept. 1780 -– see CNC15 p. 79) led <strong>the</strong> Cumberl<strong>and</strong> County militia while also<br />
head<strong>in</strong>g a force called “Alston’s Independent Partisan Corps,” was captured <strong>and</strong> paroled by David Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> late<br />
Sept. 1781 <strong>in</strong> a skirmish that took place on Alston’s estate known as <strong>the</strong> “House <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Horseshoe.”<br />
Col. Thomas Brown, from Bladen County<br />
(36) Brown <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a force <strong>of</strong> local militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Little Peedee region <strong>in</strong> a series <strong>of</strong> skirmishes aga<strong>in</strong>st Capt.<br />
Jesse Barfield’s loyalists <strong>in</strong> October <strong>and</strong> November 1780. He was also lead<strong>in</strong>g at Heron’s Bridge on 9 March 1781;<br />
where he was wounded. See WNC p. 42.<br />
Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Cleavl<strong>and</strong> (also Clevel<strong>and</strong>) from Wilkes County<br />
(42) Despite a weight size <strong>of</strong> some 300 pounds, Cleavl<strong>and</strong> was a remarkably active man. When Campbell <strong>and</strong><br />
Preston <strong>in</strong> much <strong>of</strong> 1780 were busy regularly putt<strong>in</strong>g down <strong>the</strong> tories <strong>and</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> southwest Virg<strong>in</strong>ia,<br />
Cleavl<strong>and</strong> was do<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same <strong>in</strong> northwest North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. He played a major part <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> victory at K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> an even greater one <strong>in</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g about <strong>the</strong> hang<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalist leaders at Biggerstaff’s<br />
afterward. We see <strong>in</strong> him some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same tendency to use “Lynch Laws,” probably more than Charles Lynch<br />
did just to <strong>the</strong> north <strong>of</strong> him. With much horse steal<strong>in</strong>g, loot<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> kidnapp<strong>in</strong>g go<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir respective<br />
areas, <strong>the</strong> two men seem to have had <strong>the</strong>ir fair share <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> devil to contend with. In <strong>the</strong> early part <strong>of</strong> 1781, he<br />
raised a force <strong>of</strong> 100 militia, <strong>and</strong> served with Pickens’ light corps, return<strong>in</strong>g home prior to Guilford Court House.<br />
In April, he was kidnapped <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stranger m<strong>in</strong>or episodes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south: Wolf’s<br />
Den <strong>and</strong> Riddle’s Camp. Much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g summer, he <strong>and</strong> his men were occupied <strong>in</strong> polic<strong>in</strong>g or chas<strong>in</strong>g tories<br />
below <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s. By fall, <strong>the</strong>y served a three-month tour <strong>of</strong> duty under Brig. Gen. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford <strong>in</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>astern North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. See DKM pp. 425-454, WNC pp. 462-465, WRM pp. 416-417.<br />
201 See NGP7 p. 349n.<br />
52
Col. William Richardson Davie, from Mecklenburg County<br />
(24) Davie was raised 202 <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws settlement <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, but his militia ties were more with North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a people <strong>of</strong> Mecklenburg; s<strong>in</strong>ce it was from that district that he received most <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. In <strong>the</strong><br />
summer <strong>of</strong> 1780, he was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field with a partisan corps carry<strong>in</strong>g out raids weeks before Sumter’s entered <strong>the</strong><br />
fray, <strong>and</strong> months <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> Marion. He worked with Sumter at Rocky Mount <strong>and</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, <strong>and</strong> showed<br />
himself to be a very capable <strong>com</strong>bat leader. Although no member <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>and</strong>ed gentry or so ref<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> his<br />
upbr<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> his personality he resembled Lee, be<strong>in</strong>g someth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> an aristocrat (by temper), republican <strong>and</strong><br />
partisan -- all at <strong>the</strong> same time. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> retreat from Camden, his was about <strong>the</strong> only American unit still fully<br />
<strong>in</strong>tact. And by <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g Sumter <strong>of</strong> what had happened at Camden at least made it possible for <strong>the</strong> latter to<br />
escape (though Sumter, <strong>of</strong> course, subsequently stopped to rest <strong>and</strong> was caught up with by Tarleton at Fish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Creek.) The high po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>of</strong> Davie’s military career, when <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field, were at Wahab’s (or Wauchope’s)<br />
Plantation <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> Charlotte <strong>in</strong> which Cornwallis’ army was embarrassed by <strong>the</strong> audacity <strong>and</strong><br />
tactical <strong>in</strong>genuity <strong>of</strong> a small force <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia which thrice repulsed <strong>the</strong> British before withdraw<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves. At <strong>the</strong> time Morgan was operat<strong>in</strong>g with his detachment <strong>of</strong> light troops <strong>in</strong> late December 1780, Davie<br />
was mak<strong>in</strong>g plans to form a legion <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a men to jo<strong>in</strong> him with. Never<strong>the</strong>less, Greene asked him<br />
<strong>in</strong>stead to be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>missary general for North Carol<strong>in</strong>a; argu<strong>in</strong>g that he would be much more useful to <strong>the</strong><br />
army <strong>in</strong> that role. Davie reluctantly agreed, but only on <strong>the</strong> condition that he could leave that position as soon<br />
as his services were no longer required. Appo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>the</strong>n Commissary General on January 16 th 1781 by <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, he served <strong>in</strong> that capacity till at least November 1781, 203 act<strong>in</strong>g from Halifax <strong>and</strong> where he came<br />
to settle; while mak<strong>in</strong>g at Guilford at least one <strong>com</strong>bat appearance. 204 Afterward he became <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a politics; was N.C. delegate to <strong>the</strong> Federal Constitutional Convention (though he did rema<strong>in</strong> long enough<br />
<strong>the</strong>re to sign <strong>the</strong> national charter), <strong>and</strong> ultimately became one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state’s governors. Well educated <strong>and</strong><br />
licensed to practice law, he was also one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> founders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> University <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, Chapel Hill. See<br />
DRS, LMS pp. 577-578, GAR1 pp. 37-47, “General William Richardson Davie, 1756-1820,” by Walter Clark,<br />
Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> American History, vol. XXVIII, July to December 1892, p. 414.; <strong>and</strong> William Richardson Davie: A<br />
Memoir, annotated by J.G. de R. Hamilton, with letters annotated by K.P. Battle, University <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
Chapel Hill, 1907; also many <strong>of</strong> Davie’s own rem<strong>in</strong>iscences are <strong>in</strong>terspersed amid <strong>the</strong> texts <strong>of</strong> LMS, JLG2 <strong>and</strong><br />
LCC.<br />
Col. Henry Dixon, from Caswell County (also 2 nd N.C. Regt, 1782)<br />
(40) Dixon was a Major (later, at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> his death, Lieut. Col.) <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3 rd N.C. Regt. but at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong><br />
Camden (1780) headed a militia regiment as colonel. While all <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a fled,<br />
Dixon’s battalion, whom he had tra<strong>in</strong>ed closely. And when almost all <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia were on <strong>the</strong>ir way<br />
flee<strong>in</strong>g, Dixon’s stayed <strong>in</strong> place to fire, says Ramsay, two or three rounds. 205 Surviv<strong>in</strong>g capture at Camden, 206 he<br />
<strong>and</strong> his men later served for a period with Pickens light troops <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guilford Court House campaign, <strong>and</strong> after<br />
that at Weitzel’s Mill <strong>and</strong> Guilford Court House itself (where he was <strong>in</strong>spector <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia.) When Greene<br />
wanted Thomas Polk to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Salisbury militia, <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a (evidently under Maj. Gen.<br />
Richard Caswell’s <strong>in</strong>fluence, <strong>and</strong> to Greene’s chagr<strong>in</strong>) appo<strong>in</strong>ted Dixon <strong>in</strong>stead. Dixon, however, decl<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
post as be<strong>in</strong>g too far from his own residence. The position ultimately went to Col. Francis Lock. Assist<strong>in</strong>g Sumner<br />
<strong>in</strong> early 1781 <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> reformation pf <strong>the</strong> N.C. l<strong>in</strong>e while act<strong>in</strong>g as Inspector general <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia 207 , by 1782<br />
he was back serv<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> 2 nd N.C. Regt. <strong>and</strong> on 17 July <strong>of</strong> that year was mortally wounded <strong>in</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g near<br />
Round O <strong>in</strong> Colleton County, S.C. Said Col. Guilford Dudley: “Col. Henry Dixon <strong>of</strong> Caswell County, whom I well<br />
knew <strong>and</strong> who was…a regular <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a l<strong>in</strong>e, had <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> a regiment <strong>of</strong> Caswell’s<br />
militia <strong>and</strong> who by his skill <strong>in</strong> military discipl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> tactics had tra<strong>in</strong>ed his troops to st<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> do <strong>the</strong>ir duty <strong>in</strong><br />
battle with great firmness <strong>and</strong> order.” See as well TCS p. 149, LMS pp. 184, 186-187.<br />
Col. Thomas Farmer, from Orange County<br />
(50) Farmer served at Camden, <strong>and</strong> later led a force <strong>of</strong> 310 (mostly) Orange County militia that re<strong>in</strong>forced<br />
Davidson just before Cowan’s Ford. He ostensibly served <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guilford Court House campaign; <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
battle itself. As well, he <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a militia regiment at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs under Col. Francis Malmedy; though his<br />
men reportedly performed with less than valorous dist<strong>in</strong>ction.<br />
202 Though “born <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> village <strong>of</strong> Egermont, near White Haven, <strong>in</strong> Engl<strong>and</strong>,” on <strong>the</strong> 20 th <strong>of</strong> June, 1756, LMS p. 577.<br />
203 See, for <strong>in</strong>stance, CNC15 pp. 628-629, 659.<br />
204 LMS p. 278.<br />
205 RSC2 p. 148, GHA3 p. 440.<br />
206 See DSK (vol. 11, issue 5 pp. 286-287).<br />
207 Schenck: “February 24 th , 1781, General Sumner writes General Greene that he ‘had sent expresses to Colonel Ashe <strong>and</strong> Major<br />
[Hardy] Murfree, who were, by <strong>the</strong> temporary arrangement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a l<strong>in</strong>e, present <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> State, to<br />
take charge <strong>of</strong> two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiments, to acqua<strong>in</strong>t <strong>the</strong>m without delay that it was your wish that <strong>the</strong>y jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia camp to<br />
render such assistance as may be <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir power. Major Dixon <strong>and</strong> Major Armstrong are to take charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r two<br />
regiments. Major Dixon is <strong>in</strong> your camp, who is Inspector General <strong>of</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong> promised me to jo<strong>in</strong> that camp upon a general<br />
rendezvous. Major Armstrong is with <strong>the</strong> forces from <strong>the</strong> district <strong>of</strong> Salisbury. A large number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State are, to<br />
my knowledge, already <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia camp.’<br />
“I quote this letter entire, so far as it refers to <strong>the</strong> organization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regular troops, to show <strong>the</strong> changes that afterwards<br />
occurred; for when <strong>the</strong> three regiments moved, <strong>in</strong> July, <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed respectively by Colonel John B. Ashe <strong>and</strong> Majors<br />
John Armstrong <strong>and</strong> Read<strong>in</strong>g Blount, as General Sumner’s correspondence shows. How it was that Murfree did not reach <strong>the</strong><br />
rendezvous from Newbern, or did not take <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> assigned him, I am not able to solve.” SNC pp. 392-393. See also CNC15<br />
pp. 446, 506, CNC22 pp. 1008.<br />
53
Col. William Graham, from L<strong>in</strong>coln (now Clevel<strong>and</strong>) County<br />
(35) Graham served with Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s army on its way to Ramseur’s Mill, <strong>and</strong> was present at Thicketty Fort <strong>and</strong><br />
Second Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g. Then sometime <strong>in</strong> probably late September 1780, he, along with three o<strong>the</strong>rs, defeated a<br />
b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> 23 tories who were attack<strong>in</strong>g his home, which skirmish afterward became known as “Graham’s Fort.” He<br />
headed a detachment <strong>of</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln men on <strong>the</strong>ir way to K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. However, on <strong>the</strong> very morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
battle he received word his wife was very ill, <strong>and</strong> so was forced to return home. His <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n was<br />
bestowed on Lieut. Col. Frederick Hambright. He does not appear to have been directly related to Joseph<br />
Graham. See DKM p. 476.<br />
Col. Robert Irw<strong>in</strong> (also Irv<strong>in</strong>, Irv<strong>in</strong>e), from Mecklenburg County<br />
(42) Irw<strong>in</strong>, a justice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> peace <strong>and</strong> signatory to <strong>the</strong> much disputed Mecklenburg Declaration <strong>of</strong> 10 May 1775, 208<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a relatively large proportion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops at Sumter’s battles <strong>of</strong> Rocky Mount <strong>and</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock. At<br />
<strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>fensive aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> loyalists operat<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fall <strong>of</strong> 1781, he led a militia<br />
regiment under General Ru<strong>the</strong>rford. A veteran <strong>of</strong> Irw<strong>in</strong>’s corps referred to it as <strong>the</strong> “Riflemen Rangers.” 209 One<br />
source states that Irw<strong>in</strong> later was also <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Cherokees, <strong>and</strong> afterward served twelve<br />
years <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a assembly, <strong>and</strong> twenty years as an elder <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Steele Creek Presbyterian Church. See<br />
DRS p. 52n.<br />
Col. James Kenan, from Dupl<strong>in</strong> County<br />
(40) Present <strong>in</strong> various actions aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> eastern North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, Kenan’s name <strong>com</strong>es up fairly<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> record, with Brig. Gen Harr<strong>in</strong>gton describ<strong>in</strong>g this <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> “<strong>the</strong> [N.C.] first Regiment <strong>of</strong> Horse”<br />
<strong>in</strong> one letter as a “good & spirited <strong>of</strong>ficer.” Kenan <strong>and</strong> his militia (usually, if not always, mounted) were <strong>in</strong>volved<br />
<strong>in</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> successful skirmishes <strong>in</strong> 1781. Yet on August 2 <strong>of</strong> that year, <strong>the</strong>y met defeat at <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> an<br />
almost equal sized force <strong>of</strong> British regulars under Maj. Craig at Rockfish Creek. See DRO <strong>and</strong> which, along with<br />
accounts <strong>of</strong> most <strong>of</strong> his battles, <strong>in</strong>cludes a photograph <strong>of</strong> a sculpted pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> him.<br />
Col. Francis Lock (also <strong>and</strong> probably later changed to Locke), from Rowan County<br />
(58) Lock directed <strong>the</strong> whig forces at Ramseur’s Mill, <strong>and</strong> later served under Pickens <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guilford Court House<br />
campaign, temporarily hold<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> British at Grant’s Creek <strong>in</strong> February 1781. Later that Spr<strong>in</strong>g, he was made<br />
head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Salisbury militia despite Greene’s desire that <strong>the</strong> job go to Col. Thomas Polk. Greene’s<br />
disappo<strong>in</strong>tment was apparently well founded as he soon found Lock lackadaisical <strong>and</strong> difficult to work with. His<br />
less than energetic cooperation with Greene may have stemmed from Greene’s occasionally expressed contempt<br />
for <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, or at least such might expla<strong>in</strong> his apparent <strong>in</strong>difference to Greene’s concerns <strong>and</strong><br />
wishes. See WRM pp. 399-400.<br />
Col. François Lellorquis Marquis de Malmedy (also Malmèdy, Malmady)<br />
Malmedy, a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer, was at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> eyes <strong>of</strong> some, discredited himself<br />
<strong>the</strong>re by his withdraw<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> vitally important post <strong>of</strong> Lampriere’s Po<strong>in</strong>t, <strong>in</strong> haste, <strong>and</strong> without putt<strong>in</strong>g up a<br />
fight. But as Carl Borick, <strong>in</strong> effect, po<strong>in</strong>ts out <strong>in</strong> his A Gallant Defense, it is more <strong>of</strong> wonder why L<strong>in</strong>coln placed<br />
him <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re, given its pivotal significance. Remov<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> city before its fall at L<strong>in</strong>coln’s request,<br />
Malmedy <strong>the</strong>n became actively <strong>in</strong>volved with <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia. He was probably at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong><br />
Camden, for he went to Philadelphia afterward, <strong>and</strong> was one <strong>of</strong> those who asked for <strong>the</strong> recall <strong>of</strong> Gates.<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> pension statement <strong>of</strong> Edward Dorton (or Darten) <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton County, VA., he was also<br />
present at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. He was seen with a corps <strong>of</strong> light horse 210 <strong>and</strong> mounted militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guilford<br />
Courthouse campaign, <strong>and</strong> successfully ambushed <strong>and</strong> captured some <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ jägers dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> latter’s<br />
retreat to Ramsey’s Mill. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>of</strong> 1781, he spent much <strong>of</strong> his time try<strong>in</strong>g to raise <strong>and</strong> arm a new<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, after <strong>the</strong> term <strong>of</strong> enlistment for <strong>the</strong> previous one had expired. He subsequently led <strong>the</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs; <strong>in</strong> which role he received praise from Greene. 211 Sometime <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Autumn <strong>of</strong><br />
1781, he sought to raise a body <strong>of</strong> state horse only to have his <strong>in</strong>tended role <strong>in</strong> that corps superceded by a<br />
capta<strong>in</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>ted by <strong>the</strong> N.C. assembly; which prompted his resignation. 212 Tragically, <strong>in</strong> November he was<br />
felled <strong>in</strong> a duel with Maj. Smith Snead <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia L<strong>in</strong>e; which occurrence N.C. militia man Jonas Hill<br />
(orig<strong>in</strong>ally from Granville County, <strong>and</strong> who later settled <strong>in</strong> Tennessee) mentions <strong>in</strong> his pension statement: “They<br />
marched to Salisbury where Hickman became ill <strong>and</strong> was replaced by Capt. McDowell. They were under <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> a French <strong>of</strong>ficer. Col. Malbortie [Malmedy]. They participated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> were<br />
later ordered by Gen. Green [Greene] to guard <strong>the</strong> prisoners at Camden. At this place <strong>the</strong> French <strong>of</strong>ficer<br />
aforesaid was killed <strong>in</strong> a duel [which took place <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> proximity <strong>of</strong> Greene’s camp <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
208 William Graham <strong>and</strong> Thomas Polk were also, by <strong>the</strong> way, signatories. It has been heatedly questioned whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong><br />
“Mecklenburg Declaration” <strong>of</strong> 1775 as published <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early 19 th century was au<strong>the</strong>ntic or a well-mean<strong>in</strong>g reconstruction. Even<br />
if <strong>the</strong> latter (<strong>and</strong> which seems to be <strong>the</strong> case), it doesn’t necessarily follow that <strong>the</strong>re was no actual Declaration, <strong>and</strong> which<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise might conceivably have been misplaced or lost. Moreover, <strong>the</strong>re is some second-h<strong>and</strong> documentation support<strong>in</strong>g its<br />
existence. Certa<strong>in</strong>ly, <strong>the</strong> “Mecklenburg Resolves” <strong>of</strong> 1775, a document largely similar, were genu<strong>in</strong>e; <strong>and</strong> are identical <strong>in</strong> spirit.<br />
Arguments based on whe<strong>the</strong>r Jefferson knew or didn’t know about <strong>the</strong> alleged Declaration are fairly irrelevant to <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong><br />
question -- unless we assume he did know about <strong>the</strong>m before mid 1776; but <strong>the</strong>re is no known evidence that he did. For good<br />
discussions <strong>of</strong> both <strong>the</strong> Declaration <strong>and</strong> Resolves <strong>of</strong> 1775, see GAR2 pp. 7-11, MSC1 pp. 578n-579n <strong>and</strong> PLP pp. 54-62.<br />
209 Pension statement <strong>of</strong> Francis Miller <strong>of</strong> Mecklenburg County, N.C.<br />
210 Malmedy, as a result <strong>of</strong> his request <strong>of</strong> 28 Oct. 1780 (see CNC22 p. 528), was given this <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> by Gov. Nash.<br />
211 NGP9 pp. 307, 329.<br />
212 CNC15 pp. 229-233.<br />
54
Santee] by an American <strong>of</strong>ficer named Sneed [Maj. Smith Snead], <strong>and</strong> Col. Locke [Francis Lock] became<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, march<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> prisoners to Salisbury.” Greene shortly after ascribed <strong>the</strong> Marquis’ untimely <strong>and</strong> much<br />
regretted death to that “stupid custom which has <strong>in</strong> many <strong>in</strong>stances disgraced <strong>the</strong> history <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American war<br />
<strong>and</strong> deprived <strong>the</strong> public <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> services <strong>of</strong> several valuable men.” 213<br />
Col. Robert Mebane, from Orange County<br />
(35) Mebane was at Charlestown act<strong>in</strong>g as a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer when <strong>the</strong> city fell, <strong>and</strong> sometime by 1781 was<br />
exchanged. Where Gen. Butler faltered at L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mills, Liv<strong>in</strong>gstone’s Bridge, <strong>and</strong> Brown Marsh <strong>in</strong> mid Sept.<br />
1781, Mebane, an <strong>of</strong>ficer formerly with <strong>the</strong> 3 rd N.C. Regt., rose thrice to rally <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>and</strong> retrieve American<br />
honor <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> Fann<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> loyalist Highl<strong>and</strong>ers, <strong>and</strong> Craig’s British regulars’ victory; only to be tragically<br />
killed (as is reported) <strong>in</strong> a chance confrontation with a lone tory follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se heated battles. See DLB. 214<br />
Col. Joseph McDowell, Jr. (“Quaker Meadows Joe” 215 ), from Burke County<br />
(24) McDowell was present at Ramseur’s Mill, Second Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g, Musgrove’s Mill, K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong><br />
Cowpens; play<strong>in</strong>g important roles <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>se engagements <strong>and</strong> which garnered him much fame. Draper states that<br />
he served a tour <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781 (aga<strong>in</strong>st Cornwallis) <strong>and</strong> also <strong>in</strong> August <strong>of</strong> that year, but gives no details. It<br />
is <strong>the</strong>n somewhat a mystery (to this author at any rate) exactly what he was do<strong>in</strong>g dur<strong>in</strong>g this time. But it is a<br />
safe bet that he was serv<strong>in</strong>g alongside (or near) Cleavl<strong>and</strong> both <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guilford campaign (though not Guilford<br />
itself) <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g down <strong>the</strong> tories <strong>in</strong> northwest North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. See WNC pp. 57-61, WRM pp. 85-86, DKM pp.<br />
471-473, <strong>and</strong> SNC pp. 464-466.<br />
Col. Charles McDowell, from Burke County<br />
(37) The older bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> “Quaker Meadows Joe,” Charles acted a major part <strong>in</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rally<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>t for<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a men, <strong>and</strong> Georgia <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> earliest fight<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> British after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong><br />
Charleston. Although among <strong>the</strong> victors at Fort Anderson (aka Thicketty Fort), 30 July 1780, he was not<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise thought to be a very keen or strong military leader; yet which ironically may have worked to <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans advantage. His be<strong>in</strong>g repulsed at Cane Creek <strong>in</strong> September 1780 may have led Ferguson <strong>in</strong>to th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> whig militia had little fight<strong>in</strong>g left <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, thus encourag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> latter to take unnecessary risks. When <strong>the</strong><br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> leaders voted who would lead <strong>the</strong>m, William Campbell was chosen ra<strong>the</strong>r than Charles<br />
McDowell; who was seen as not be<strong>in</strong>g a sufficiently energetic <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er. He <strong>the</strong>n was allotted <strong>the</strong> task, which<br />
he cheerfully accepted, <strong>of</strong> go<strong>in</strong>g to Gates to secure a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army appo<strong>in</strong>tment for <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong> army as <strong>the</strong> leaders among <strong>the</strong>mselves had agreed. Consequently, McDowell was not at that decisive<br />
battle which he, as much as anyone else, helped to br<strong>in</strong>g about. See SNC pp. 464-465.<br />
Col. Thomas Polk, from Mecklenburg County<br />
(50) Polk was a self-made, wealthy <strong>and</strong> em<strong>in</strong>ent citizen <strong>of</strong> Rowan County, <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> early leaders <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
cause for Independence; serv<strong>in</strong>g as a Colonel <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 4 th N.C. Regiment at Br<strong>and</strong>yw<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> Valley Forge. Work<strong>in</strong>g<br />
out <strong>of</strong> Salisbury, he was chief <strong>com</strong>missary for Gates <strong>and</strong> for short time Greene, but resigned chiefly due to some<br />
political <strong>in</strong>-fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> what he felt were false accusations made aga<strong>in</strong>st him by some <strong>of</strong> Gates’ subord<strong>in</strong>ates;<br />
with <strong>the</strong> post <strong>the</strong>n assigned to Davie as his replacement (whom he himself proposed for <strong>the</strong> job.) In <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
1781, Greene worked to have him made head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Salisbury militia, but Col. Francis Lock was appo<strong>in</strong>ted<br />
<strong>in</strong>stead. 216 It is <strong>in</strong>ferred that given <strong>the</strong> various <strong>and</strong> unjust slights he was subject to by some North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
politicians that he was an object <strong>of</strong> some envy <strong>and</strong> or rivalry; but what is exactly <strong>the</strong> story beh<strong>in</strong>d it all rema<strong>in</strong>s<br />
to be more closely determ<strong>in</strong>ed. He was uncle to later U.S. President James Polk. 217 See WRM pp. 282-283, <strong>and</strong><br />
PLP pp. 4-37.<br />
Col. William Polk, from Mecklenburg County, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a State Troops<br />
(22) William Polk, son <strong>of</strong> Thomas, earlier <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war had earned honors for himself at Br<strong>and</strong>yw<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong><br />
Germantown (at which latter he was wounded) as a Major <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 9 th N.C. Regiment. Later, he was with Davie at<br />
Flat Rock <strong>and</strong> Beaver Creek <strong>in</strong> July 1780. He later <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed one <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s regiments <strong>of</strong> “10 months men,”<br />
serv<strong>in</strong>g at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs as an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a State Troops. See GAM2 pp. 400-410, WRM pp. 200-<br />
202 <strong>and</strong> PLP pp. 37-51.<br />
Col. James Read (also Reade), 2 nd North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment<br />
Read was a capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army; who, acted as Colonel <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia <strong>and</strong> participated as such <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston. He was present at Guilford Court House <strong>and</strong> Hobkirk’s Hill <strong>and</strong> later became chief<br />
military advisor to Governor Thomas Burke; with whom he was captured by David Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> September 1781.<br />
Fellow colonel Guilford Dudley speaks <strong>of</strong> him as a dutiful <strong>and</strong> dependable <strong>of</strong>ficer. After <strong>the</strong> war, Read, although<br />
213 NGP9 p. 625.<br />
214 See also <strong>the</strong> article, “Lieutenant Colonel Robert Mebane” by William Lee Anderson III found at:<br />
http://home.earthl<strong>in</strong>k.net/~historycarol<strong>in</strong>a/RobertMebane.pdf<br />
215 To be dist<strong>in</strong>guished from his cous<strong>in</strong> Capt. Joseph McDowell <strong>of</strong> Pleasant Garden, “Pleasant Garden Joe.”<br />
216 Schenck says that <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> 1780 <strong>and</strong> 1781, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Guilford Court House campaign, that both Polk <strong>and</strong> Sumner<br />
were deprived <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s due to Maj. Gen. Richard Caswell’s attitude <strong>and</strong> policy <strong>of</strong> not hav<strong>in</strong>g Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers put <strong>in</strong><br />
charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia unless as a last resort. SNC pp. 266-268.<br />
217 South Carol<strong>in</strong>a historian Joseph Johnson: “In <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> 1782, while a child, I rema<strong>in</strong>ed two or three months <strong>in</strong> Charlotte with<br />
my fa<strong>the</strong>r’s family. I remember to have seen <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>n General [Thomas] Polk <strong>and</strong> his sons repeatedly. The general was pla<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
unassum<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> his deportment, more like a farmer or a miller than a general; <strong>the</strong> sons were wild, frolicsome blades, four <strong>in</strong><br />
number, named Charles, William, James <strong>and</strong> Ezekiel.” JTR p. 84.<br />
55
a former Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer, later opposed <strong>the</strong> adoption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Federal Constitution. See SNC pp. 298-299,<br />
CNC15 pp. 558-559.<br />
Col. Thomas Robeson, from Bladen County<br />
(41) As well as a notable capture <strong>of</strong> some British <strong>and</strong> loyalists near Elizabethtown, N.C. <strong>in</strong> early to mid April 1781<br />
(see CNC15 p. 438), Robeson scored a second surpris<strong>in</strong>g victory, also at Elizabethtown, <strong>in</strong> August 1781. 218 He (or<br />
else his bro<strong>the</strong>r) was apparently present at L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mill, Liv<strong>in</strong>gstone’s Bridge, <strong>and</strong> Brown Marsh <strong>in</strong> Sept. 1781,<br />
subsequently serv<strong>in</strong>g as part <strong>of</strong> Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> campaign aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> loyalist <strong>of</strong> Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek,<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g among <strong>the</strong> victors at Raft Swamp <strong>in</strong> mid October.<br />
Col. Thomas Wade, from Anson County<br />
(60) In late December 1780, Wade became both contractor for South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Greene’s <strong>com</strong>missary <strong>of</strong>ficer<br />
for <strong>the</strong> area north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee near Cheraw. Read<strong>in</strong>g his correspondence with Greene, he <strong>com</strong>es across as<br />
someth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a character; who knew how to work well with people. Although a supply <strong>of</strong>ficer, Wade had his<br />
share <strong>of</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g with both <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cross Creek loyalists <strong>in</strong> his efforts to move provisions <strong>and</strong> protect<br />
his magaz<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
Col. Joseph Williams, from Surry County<br />
(32) Williams served at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> shared <strong>in</strong> defeat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> tory leaders Col. Gideon Wright <strong>and</strong> Col.<br />
Hezekiah Wright at Shallow Ford <strong>in</strong> October 1780. He was also with Davidson’s militia at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Cowan’s<br />
Ford <strong>in</strong> February 1781, though not actually present at that engagement. Later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same month, Greene<br />
appo<strong>in</strong>ted him as one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> negotiators with <strong>the</strong> Cherokees. See DKM p. 433n.<br />
Lieut. Col. Frederick Hambright, from L<strong>in</strong>coln County<br />
(53) Hambright, a native <strong>of</strong> Germany who had emigrated to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a from Pennsylvania, on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> assumed <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln county militia after Col. William Graham was forced to return<br />
home to attend to his wife who was very ill. See WRM p. 177 <strong>and</strong> DKM pp. 476-477.<br />
Lieut. Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Herndon, from Wilkes County<br />
(31) Herndon was one <strong>of</strong> Cleavl<strong>and</strong>’s <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> 60 men at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. He later<br />
led <strong>the</strong> attack aga<strong>in</strong>st Riddle’s Camp <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781. See 15 April 1781, Wolf’s Den.<br />
Maj. William Chronicle, L<strong>in</strong>coln County<br />
(25) When Col. William Graham had to leave <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> army to be with his wife who was sick, Draper,<br />
<strong>in</strong> his ma<strong>in</strong> narrative, says Chronicle was placed <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> Graham’s men. Despite this, later <strong>in</strong> his book he<br />
states it was Lieut. Col. Hambright who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m; which would seem to be more correct. In any case,<br />
at <strong>the</strong> battle itself, Chronicle was among those killed. See WRM p. 176.<br />
Maj. Joseph Dickson, from Rowan County<br />
(35) Dickson was a member <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a assembly at <strong>the</strong> start <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. By 1780 he fought under<br />
Colonel Joseph McDowell, Jr. at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>; carried out a bold raid aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> British camped about<br />
Charlotte <strong>in</strong> late Sept. 1780, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> 1781 served under Pickens <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guilford Court House campaign (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Clapp’s Mill), be<strong>in</strong>g later promoted to colonel that same year. Joseph Graham, who was with him under Pickens,<br />
makes mention <strong>of</strong> Dickson more than a few times <strong>in</strong> his rem<strong>in</strong>iscences.<br />
Maj. Joseph Graham, from Rowan County<br />
(21) Capt. Graham, who earlier had served up north as a quartermaster sergeant for <strong>the</strong> 4 th N.C. regiment,<br />
served as Davie’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reserve <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> Charlotte <strong>in</strong> late September 1780 <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficered a<br />
troop <strong>of</strong> mounted riflemen. He won honor for himself <strong>in</strong> that engagement, <strong>and</strong> received multiple wounds <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
fight<strong>in</strong>g, both from sabers <strong>and</strong> by bullets. This laid him up <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> hospital for two months. He later led a troop <strong>of</strong><br />
dragoons <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guilford Court House campaign, where he served under Pickens. He was present at Cowan’s Ford<br />
(where his <strong>com</strong>pany was, by his own account, <strong>the</strong> only one to retire <strong>in</strong> good order), Hart’s Mill, Pyle’s Defeat,<br />
Clapp’s Mill, <strong>and</strong> Weitzel’s Mill. The term <strong>of</strong> service for his men lapsed a few days before Weitzel’s Mill, such<br />
that he was not at Guilford Court House. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> summer he resumed his military activities, <strong>and</strong> by<br />
September was promoted to Major. Loss<strong>in</strong>g states that, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> autumn, <strong>in</strong> an effort to rescue Gov. Thomas Burke<br />
(who had been captured by David Fann<strong>in</strong>g), Graham led a force <strong>of</strong> 136 dragoons <strong>and</strong> mounted men aga<strong>in</strong>st 600<br />
tories <strong>and</strong> at a location south <strong>of</strong> Cross Creek, defeat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m. He fought <strong>in</strong> a few more actions, <strong>and</strong> retired from<br />
<strong>the</strong> service <strong>in</strong> November. Graham’s rem<strong>in</strong>iscences, as related to Archibald Murphey (who was prepar<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
history <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> war), are extremely <strong>in</strong>formative. Although not present <strong>in</strong> those battles<br />
himself, his accounts <strong>of</strong> Ramseur’s Mill <strong>and</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> are priceless, as are also his recount<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> events<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guilford Court House campaign at which he was present. But for <strong>the</strong>se writ<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>the</strong>re would be huge gaps<br />
<strong>in</strong> our knowledge <strong>and</strong> underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> military conflict <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south. See CNC22 pp. 121-126, GAM2 pp. 212-<br />
311, WNC pp. 233-237 <strong>and</strong> WRM pp. 227-230, as well as, <strong>of</strong> course, his own memoirs.<br />
218 Historian Robert M. Dunkelry, however, is <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to attribute leadership <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whigs <strong>in</strong> this action to Robeson’s bro<strong>the</strong>r<br />
Peter, DRO pp. 206-209, <strong>and</strong> regard<strong>in</strong>g whom see also GAR2 p. 217.<br />
56
Maj. Joseph Herndon, from Wilkes County<br />
(43) The bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> Benjam<strong>in</strong>, Joseph <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> reserve <strong>of</strong> Campbell’s army while <strong>the</strong> latter were fight<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> loyalist at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Major Joseph W<strong>in</strong>ston, from Surry County<br />
(34) W<strong>in</strong>ston fought at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> took part <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ongo<strong>in</strong>g battle with <strong>the</strong> western state loyalists <strong>in</strong><br />
February 1781. At Guilford Court House, he headed <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a riflemen who served under Col. Charles<br />
Lynch. See WRM pp. 168-170 <strong>and</strong> DKM pp. 454-456.<br />
Capt. Marquis de Bretigney (also Bretigny, Britigny)<br />
A French volunteer, Bretigney served at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston <strong>and</strong> later <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a troop <strong>of</strong> light horse <strong>and</strong><br />
mounted men before, at, <strong>and</strong> after Guilford Court House, participat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s famous charge<br />
<strong>the</strong>re. For a while he had served as a French purchas<strong>in</strong>g agent for South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> after Charleston’s fall <strong>in</strong><br />
1780 did <strong>the</strong> same for North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, procur<strong>in</strong>g quantities <strong>of</strong> arms <strong>and</strong> equipment for <strong>the</strong> state troops. See BLO<br />
p. 64.<br />
Capt. William Falls, from Rowan County<br />
(50) Although Falls passes through <strong>the</strong> record only briefly due to his death at Ramseur’s Mill, his contribution to<br />
that very important victory qualifies him, like Shadrack Inman at Musgrove’s Mill, for military honors <strong>of</strong> high<br />
dist<strong>in</strong>ction. Some accounts <strong>of</strong> Ramseur’s Mill, <strong>in</strong>cidentally, mention a “Capt. Gillefall,” a “Capt. Gilley Falls” <strong>and</strong><br />
a “Galbraith Falls” who may actually have been <strong>the</strong> sla<strong>in</strong> leader (i.e., <strong>the</strong> same person as “William” or “Willy”?),<br />
or else a different, <strong>and</strong> possibly related, person. See pensions statements <strong>of</strong> William Armstrong <strong>of</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln<br />
County, N.C. <strong>and</strong> John Ross <strong>of</strong> Mecklenburg County, N.C. See GAR1 p.378.<br />
Capt. Joseph McDowell (“Pleasant Garden Joe”), from Burke County<br />
(22) This Joseph McDowell served under his cous<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same name, “Quaker Meadows Joe” (McDowell), at<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Frontier Militia 219<br />
These <strong>of</strong>ficers lived <strong>in</strong> what is now Tennessee, but what was <strong>the</strong>n a part <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a.<br />
Col. Arthur Campbell, from Wash<strong>in</strong>gton County, TN.<br />
(37) Cous<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> bro<strong>the</strong>r-<strong>in</strong>-law <strong>of</strong> William Campbell, Arthur Campbell stayed to guard <strong>the</strong> frontier; while his<br />
county lieutenant, John Sevier, went with Shelby to fight at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. In late December 1780, he directed<br />
<strong>and</strong> oversaw an expedition aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Cherokees <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir allies; <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> 1781 was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> negotiators <strong>in</strong><br />
peace talks with <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
Col. John Sevier, from Wash<strong>in</strong>gton County, TN.<br />
(35) Sevier lived <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Watauga-Nolachucky (also Nolachuckie) settlement, south <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Holston River, <strong>and</strong><br />
acted as both a civil adm<strong>in</strong>istrator <strong>and</strong> military leader for that district. He was <strong>of</strong> French Hugenot descent <strong>and</strong><br />
his family’s name orig<strong>in</strong>ally “Xavier” (<strong>the</strong>y hav<strong>in</strong>g emigrated to America from Engl<strong>and</strong>.) His most famous<br />
contribution to <strong>the</strong> war was at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> (but not Musgrove’s Mill) where he led one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal forces<br />
<strong>of</strong> over-mounta<strong>in</strong> men. Both Sevier <strong>and</strong> Shelby tended to be on <strong>the</strong> attack <strong>and</strong> mobile when fight<strong>in</strong>g Indians; 220<br />
<strong>and</strong> this worked decisively to <strong>the</strong>ir advantage aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> Loyalists. Perhaps but for this seiz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
moment <strong>and</strong> pursu<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>itiative <strong>the</strong>re might have been no K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> victory; for it was <strong>the</strong> relentless<br />
pursuit <strong>of</strong> Ferguson that made <strong>the</strong> latter’s defeat possible. Sevier also was <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> several <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong><br />
battles but with <strong>the</strong> Indians; <strong>in</strong> which he displayed both shrewd tactical judgment <strong>and</strong> dar<strong>in</strong>g; “Boyd’s Creek,” <strong>in</strong><br />
December 1780, be<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> his most notable military achievements. In February 1781, Greene appo<strong>in</strong>ted him<br />
one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> representatives <strong>in</strong> peace talks with <strong>the</strong> Cherokees; while <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same month he was promoted to full<br />
colonel. Near <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> autumn, he arrived, along with Shelby, with re<strong>in</strong>forcements for Greene’s army; upon<br />
which he served for a period under Marion. Perhaps fitt<strong>in</strong>gly, after Shelby became <strong>the</strong> first Governor <strong>of</strong> Kentucky<br />
<strong>in</strong> 1792, Sevier, <strong>in</strong> 1796, became <strong>the</strong> same for Tennessee. 221 See (though use with caution) WRM pp. 461-463,<br />
<strong>and</strong> also WNC pp. 449-454, <strong>and</strong> DKM pp. 418-422.<br />
219 Also known as “Over Mounta<strong>in</strong>” men, “Back Water” men, <strong>and</strong> “Mounta<strong>in</strong>eers” -- with most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se settlers orig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g from<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. In a 30 Jan. 1781 letter to William Campbell, Greene refers to <strong>the</strong>m as “Mounta<strong>in</strong> Militia,” NGP7 pp.<br />
218-219; while Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> a dispatch <strong>of</strong> 6 Jan. 1781 to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton speaks <strong>of</strong> “Back-Mounta<strong>in</strong>-men,” see COC pp. 50-51. “They<br />
were <strong>the</strong> rear-guard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> revolution, as well as <strong>the</strong> advance-guard <strong>of</strong> Civilization; <strong>and</strong> yet <strong>the</strong>y re scarcely mentioned <strong>in</strong><br />
general history; for <strong>the</strong>ir work was done <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> silence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wilderness, <strong>and</strong> if for a moment <strong>the</strong>y emerged <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> view <strong>of</strong> men<br />
to strike a vital blow for <strong>the</strong>ir country, <strong>the</strong>y vanished aga<strong>in</strong>, as quickly as <strong>the</strong>y came, <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> solitude <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> far-<strong>of</strong>f forest,”<br />
James R. Gilmore, The Rear Guard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution, p. 11.<br />
220<br />
A given mounta<strong>in</strong> man, who was mounted, carried only a blanket <strong>and</strong> wallet <strong>of</strong> parched corn; with each typically supply<strong>in</strong>g<br />
himself personally or by way <strong>of</strong> his family. SAW2 pp. 221-222, RWW2 p. 302.<br />
221 In 1798, when Sevier’s name was submitted for <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>of</strong> Brigadier General <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States army, George Wash<strong>in</strong>gton,<br />
<strong>and</strong> partly <strong>in</strong> resentment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> poor treatment Henry Knox was receiv<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> John Adams’ war department,<br />
expressed pronounced distrust <strong>of</strong> Sevier’s qualifications for such a high rank<strong>in</strong>g military post; say<strong>in</strong>g (<strong>in</strong> a letter to Timothy<br />
Picker<strong>in</strong>g) Sevier “never was celebrated for any th<strong>in</strong>g (that ever came to my knowledge) except <strong>the</strong> murder <strong>of</strong> Indians.” See<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton to James McHenry, 22 July 1798, <strong>and</strong> 14 Sept. 1798; <strong>and</strong> to Timothy Picker<strong>in</strong>g, 9 Sept. 1798.<br />
57
Col. Isaac Shelby, from Sullivan County, TN.<br />
(30) Shelby, who was from <strong>the</strong> Holston settlement, played a key role not only at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, but <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
battles <strong>of</strong> Second Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Musgrove’s Mill lead<strong>in</strong>g up to it. One is struck how time <strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong> to he took<br />
his men to assist o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>in</strong> need <strong>of</strong> help elsewhere. This deep sense <strong>of</strong> responsibility was matched by a high sense<br />
<strong>of</strong> honor. When Ferguson, with his threats <strong>and</strong> ultimatum, challenged <strong>the</strong> self-respect <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegrity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> overmounta<strong>in</strong><br />
people, <strong>the</strong>re were some who thought it would be best to disperse <strong>and</strong> lie low. Yet it was Shelby that<br />
first <strong>and</strong> unhesitat<strong>in</strong>gly picked up <strong>the</strong> gauntlet <strong>and</strong> set <strong>in</strong> motion <strong>the</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> army<br />
<strong>of</strong>fensively aga<strong>in</strong>st him. 222 Shelby also led militia troops as a general <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>War</strong> <strong>of</strong> 1812 <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong>deed, earned a<br />
Congressional medal for his participation at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Thames aga<strong>in</strong>st Procter <strong>and</strong> Tecumseh. See HGS,<br />
SRW, WNC pp. 98-102, <strong>and</strong> DKM pp. 411-416.<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia <strong>and</strong> State Troops<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a at that time did not have counties, but ra<strong>the</strong>r districts (or prec<strong>in</strong>cts), some <strong>of</strong> which, like N<strong>in</strong>ety<br />
Six, covered fairly wide-rang<strong>in</strong>g areas. The orig<strong>in</strong>al South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Districts were: Camden, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six,<br />
Orangeburgh, Cheraws, Georgetown, Charleston, Beaufort, <strong>and</strong> Cherokee Indian l<strong>and</strong>s <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> far western corner<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state. Reference below, however, is made to modern County names <strong>in</strong> order to help better locate where<br />
an engagement took place, or where an <strong>in</strong>dividual had his residence on or about 1780.<br />
Brig. Gen. Francis Marion, from Berkeley County<br />
(48) Orig<strong>in</strong>ally a lieutenant colonel with <strong>the</strong> 2 nd South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment, briefly <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g L<strong>in</strong>coln’s light<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston, Marion was absent from <strong>the</strong> city at <strong>the</strong> time it fell; due, purportedly, to his<br />
ankle be<strong>in</strong>g broken. He next appeared when <strong>the</strong> American army entered South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> July; at which time he<br />
brought a small, rag-tag group <strong>of</strong> followers to General Gates <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>fered his services. Nei<strong>the</strong>r Gates nor Marion<br />
himself thought he <strong>and</strong> his men would be <strong>of</strong> much use with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y were directed to obstruct<br />
British <strong>com</strong>munications <strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> retreat along <strong>the</strong> Santee. Shortly after his return to <strong>the</strong> Williamsburg area<br />
(located roughly north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee <strong>and</strong> just east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee), he was chosen by <strong>the</strong> local <strong>of</strong>ficers to head <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> militia: this on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> his previous military experience. From <strong>the</strong>re he went on to be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> partisan<br />
extraord<strong>in</strong>aire <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution; who (as circumstances permitted) tra<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> expected obedience <strong>and</strong><br />
orderl<strong>in</strong>ess from his militia almost as if <strong>the</strong>y were regulars. He knew to not stay camped at <strong>the</strong> same place for<br />
too long, but, <strong>in</strong> contrast to Sumter, was very strict <strong>in</strong> regularly post<strong>in</strong>g sent<strong>in</strong>els even if <strong>the</strong> risk <strong>of</strong> danger or <strong>of</strong><br />
be<strong>in</strong>g surprised was very small. Marion was a unique figure among <strong>the</strong> higher-rank<strong>in</strong>g South Carol<strong>in</strong>a leaders. He<br />
does not appear to have been especially well educated, yet he was <strong>in</strong>telligent <strong>and</strong> sensitive to pr<strong>in</strong>ciple. He<br />
seems to have desired fame, yet he was also a person <strong>of</strong> high moral character <strong>and</strong> ideals –- while severe <strong>and</strong><br />
punctilious <strong>in</strong> his levy<strong>in</strong>g discipl<strong>in</strong>e. He had <strong>in</strong>subord<strong>in</strong>ation problems on more than one occasion. True, it was<br />
difficult for any partisan or militia leader to keep men toge<strong>the</strong>r for very long, but for him it at times seemed<br />
worse than for o<strong>the</strong>rs. 223 His refusal to go along with Sumter’s “Law” caused him to lose men, <strong>and</strong> it may have<br />
been <strong>the</strong> desire for higher st<strong>and</strong>ards <strong>of</strong> conduct from his men that <strong>in</strong>duced many to sometimes shirk <strong>the</strong>ir duty<br />
when most needed. In addition, he had <strong>the</strong> unfortunate habit <strong>of</strong> word<strong>in</strong>g his orders <strong>in</strong> an impersonal <strong>and</strong><br />
peremptory manner. In <strong>the</strong>se respects, he underst<strong>and</strong>ably irked some. Yet <strong>in</strong> his adher<strong>in</strong>g to do<strong>in</strong>g th<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> what<br />
he thought was <strong>the</strong> right way, he showed himself to have been a true son <strong>of</strong> Gideon: better to fight with a<br />
dedicated few than an undependable many. The result <strong>of</strong> this attitude was brought out well at Parker’s Ferry <strong>in</strong><br />
August 1781. Though let down by some <strong>of</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>the</strong>re, it never<strong>the</strong>less turned out to be what was perhaps<br />
his greatest victory. He faced many problems lead<strong>in</strong>g his men, deal<strong>in</strong>g with militia turncoats, <strong>and</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g on<br />
<strong>the</strong> fight, but <strong>in</strong> stay<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> course, by stick<strong>in</strong>g to what he thought was right <strong>and</strong> just, he was ultimately<br />
successful like few o<strong>the</strong>rs. Although Sumter technically outranked him, 224 Marion had <strong>the</strong> unique reputation <strong>of</strong><br />
giv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>spiration to <strong>the</strong> American cause at large <strong>and</strong> with which he readily identified himself; 225 <strong>and</strong> it is<br />
noteworthy how more frequently his name <strong>com</strong>es up <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> press <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> very earliest general histories,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g John Marshall’s, <strong>in</strong> this regard. See GHA3 pp. 354-358, LMS pp. 174-175, 584-585, JFM, GAR1 pp. 18-<br />
29. 226<br />
Brig. Gen. Andrew Pickens, from Edgefield County<br />
(41) Pickens had been active <strong>in</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> Georgia <strong>in</strong> 1779, but when Cl<strong>in</strong>ton conquered <strong>the</strong> state <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1780, submitted to Royal amnesty <strong>and</strong> protection. While this decision might be seen as reflect<strong>in</strong>g<br />
222 Even so, Theodore Roosevelt, <strong>in</strong> his W<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> West, manifests an unaccountable peevishness <strong>in</strong> his presentation <strong>of</strong><br />
Shelby. After po<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g out errors <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> numbers Shelby, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> later years <strong>of</strong> his life, gave <strong>in</strong> his account <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong><br />
though Roosevelt acknowledges that Shelby deserves credit for plann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> start<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> campaign aga<strong>in</strong>st Ferguson (RWW2 p.<br />
255), he states: “Late <strong>in</strong> life Shelby asserted that this stead<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>in</strong> push<strong>in</strong>g on [after Ferguson] was due to his own <strong>in</strong>fluence.<br />
The o<strong>the</strong>r accounts do not bear him out.” RWW2 p. 271 And yet why, when apparently no one else had done so, br<strong>in</strong>g up<br />
Shelby’s claim only to criticize it? Nor, <strong>in</strong> addition, is what Roosevelt asserts itself conclusive pro<strong>of</strong> that what Shelby averred<br />
wasn’t actually true.<br />
223 Bass: “Marion’s Brigade was an anomalous corps. Its <strong>com</strong>position changed frequently, as <strong>the</strong> different militia colonels brought<br />
<strong>in</strong> different regiments. Boddie, Williamsburg, says that at one time or ano<strong>the</strong>r twenty-five hundred men served under Marion.”<br />
BSF p. 257. In addition to William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James (JFM), for some rare <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g descriptions <strong>and</strong> accounts <strong>of</strong> Marion <strong>and</strong> his<br />
men by people who personally knew <strong>the</strong>m see BMS, JTR pp. 279-285.<br />
224 Even McCrady, Sumter’s avid advocate, observes that Marion’s letters show an impatience <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s control <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>re<br />
existed a jealousy between <strong>the</strong> two leaders’ respective followers. MSC2 pp. 324, 342.<br />
225 He preferred, for example, to speak <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>patriots as “Americans” ra<strong>the</strong>r than “whigs” or “Carol<strong>in</strong>ians, “etc.<br />
226 For a sketch <strong>of</strong> Marion by Henry Lee, see LMS pp. 174, 584-585.<br />
58
adly on him, <strong>in</strong> his defense it might be po<strong>in</strong>ted out that <strong>the</strong> area <strong>in</strong> which he lived was heavily loyalist, <strong>and</strong> he<br />
had a home <strong>and</strong> family to look out for. Indeed, it was ultimately because <strong>the</strong> British failed to protect his home<br />
from loot<strong>in</strong>g tories, that <strong>in</strong> December he concluded he was not bound by his pledge; nor did <strong>the</strong> British from <strong>the</strong><br />
start much trust him. Shortly <strong>the</strong>reafter, he jo<strong>in</strong>ed up with Clark’s, McCall’s <strong>and</strong> Hammond’s men <strong>and</strong> was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
field soon enough to take charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia at Cowpens. Yet probably his most important<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> was when he led <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guilford Court House campaign. It was <strong>the</strong>re he got<br />
to know Henry Lee, with whom he later besieged Augusta. That <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a men will<strong>in</strong>g accepted a South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>of</strong>ficer as <strong>the</strong>ir head, while <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir home state no less, speaks to both <strong>the</strong> credibility <strong>and</strong><br />
authoritativeness <strong>of</strong> his character. It is <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>in</strong> many accounts <strong>of</strong> Greene’s Race to <strong>the</strong> Dan it is<br />
mentioned how <strong>the</strong> militia had all but deserted Greene dur<strong>in</strong>g that time. Yet <strong>the</strong> simple fact is Pickens very<br />
admirably managed to somehow keep someth<strong>in</strong>g like a fight<strong>in</strong>g cont<strong>in</strong>gent toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a (even if<br />
only his own South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians) when <strong>and</strong> after Greene left <strong>the</strong> state <strong>in</strong> mid February 1781; thus presumably<br />
leav<strong>in</strong>g him for a time all alone <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a with Cornwallis; <strong>and</strong> later successfully attack<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
skirmish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British at Hart’s Mill. There was evidently some friction between Pickens <strong>and</strong> Otho Williams; this<br />
would seem to have been a result <strong>of</strong> a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental colonel perhaps look<strong>in</strong>g down on a militia Brigadier (<strong>and</strong><br />
presumably possible conflict <strong>of</strong> rank, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> addition to a meet<strong>in</strong>g with Gov. Rutledge, 227 kept Pickens from<br />
participat<strong>in</strong>g at Clapp’s Mill); moreover, we do not th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>of</strong> Pickens as one <strong>of</strong> Greene’s military family, <strong>and</strong> for<br />
this reason we tend to view him as somewhat distant <strong>in</strong> importance, <strong>com</strong>pared to his Cont<strong>in</strong>ental peers, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Guilford Court House campaign. The discrepancy may have caused him to be slighted, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a way that didn’t<br />
help his already stra<strong>in</strong>ed position; far away from his real <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> S.C. while lead<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia. Even so<br />
<strong>and</strong> despite <strong>the</strong>se pressures, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> literal <strong>and</strong> figurative tatters <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, Pickens <strong>in</strong> retrospect,<br />
<strong>and</strong> but for some occasional well-earned groan<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>com</strong>ported himself magnanimously <strong>and</strong> with iron solidity <strong>of</strong><br />
character. This said, his military ability as a strategist is o<strong>the</strong>rwise difficult to assess because he really did not<br />
achieve dramatic success as an <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>and</strong> was usually act<strong>in</strong>g as a subord<strong>in</strong>ate to Williams or<br />
Greene, or else as partner with Lee. Yet he was victorious at Augusta, shar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> honors with Lee, <strong>and</strong><br />
later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vacuum left by <strong>the</strong> expulsion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>of</strong> 1781, Pickens played a<br />
crucial role help<strong>in</strong>g to restore law <strong>and</strong> order to that troubled region. Later, at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, lead<strong>in</strong>g what were<br />
mostly Sumter’s men, he once more (as at Cowpens) showed himself a trustworthy <strong>of</strong>ficer on <strong>the</strong> battlefield. See<br />
GAR1 pp. 35-37, GAR2 pp. 83-87, LMS pp. 175, 594-596, SCAR vol. 4, no. 1, 2,3 [jo<strong>in</strong>t issues], p. 18, SCP2 pp.<br />
100, 118, 141.<br />
Brig. Gen. Thomas Sumter (also Sumpter 228 ), from Clarendon County<br />
(46) Although Sumter had been an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 6 th South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment (also denoted <strong>the</strong> 2 nd S.C. Rifle<br />
Regiment), he had resigned his colonel’s <strong>com</strong>mission <strong>in</strong> 1778, was for a time <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state legislature, <strong>and</strong> so was<br />
not serv<strong>in</strong>g militarily at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston. He only became active after <strong>the</strong> city’s fall <strong>and</strong> yet<br />
<strong>the</strong> British lost no time <strong>in</strong> try<strong>in</strong>g to round him up. It would have been well for <strong>the</strong>m if <strong>the</strong>y had succeeded<br />
because for a time Sumter was South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. 229 He was <strong>the</strong> one leader, work<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> cooperation with <strong>the</strong><br />
Georgians <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians, able to br<strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r fairly large bodies <strong>of</strong> militia <strong>and</strong> take on <strong>the</strong> regulars.<br />
While it is true that much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> credit goes to many <strong>of</strong> his subord<strong>in</strong>ates, it was Sumter who united <strong>the</strong>m. 230 As<br />
well as be<strong>in</strong>g a good politician, he had a sharp sense for overall strategy. 231 He knew <strong>the</strong> country <strong>and</strong> he knew<br />
<strong>the</strong> people. Like Morgan he was a high-rank<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer whom <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon soldier could relate to. Yet unlike<br />
Morgan, he had a hard time obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> respect <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r high-rank<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers. Nor, to say <strong>the</strong> least, did he<br />
always act wisely. His refusal to assist Morgan seems petty <strong>and</strong> ludicrous. His February 1781 “Rounds,” tak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
place as <strong>the</strong>y did amid <strong>the</strong> tense movements <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> Greene before Guilford, have an almost a <strong>com</strong>ical<br />
quality to <strong>the</strong>m. 232 Greene <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs blamed him for not be<strong>in</strong>g present at Hobkirk’s Hill. But <strong>the</strong> truth seems to<br />
be he was hav<strong>in</strong>g a hard time arm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at that time, or at least, he could have<br />
used this as a legitimate excuse. He <strong>in</strong>curred <strong>the</strong> scorn <strong>and</strong> ire <strong>of</strong> many <strong>of</strong> both <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>and</strong> militia<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers after Shubrick’s Plantation. Yet his Dog Day’s plan was not such a failure as it has been made out to be.<br />
While grant<strong>in</strong>g he was reckless <strong>in</strong> expos<strong>in</strong>g Taylor’s <strong>and</strong> Marion’s troops, it is hard to underst<strong>and</strong> why Marion<br />
could not have withdrawn his own men himself after Taylor retired. Probably <strong>the</strong> key to underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g Sumter<br />
lies <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fact that if or when he did act ill advisedly or showed poor judgment, 233 it was more out <strong>of</strong> well-<br />
227 BDB p. 70.<br />
228 In this work we adopt “Sumter” as <strong>the</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ard spell<strong>in</strong>g, yet his family name was orig<strong>in</strong>ally “Sumpter“ <strong>and</strong> this latter version<br />
is found about more frequently than <strong>the</strong> former <strong>in</strong> contemporary papers, correspondence, <strong>and</strong> histories; John Marshall, for<br />
<strong>in</strong>stance, uses “Sumpter” ra<strong>the</strong>r than “Sumter” <strong>in</strong> his Life <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton.<br />
229 “Sumter’s corps has been our greatest plague <strong>in</strong> this state,” Cornwallis to Tarleton, 23 Nov. 1781. TCS p. 203.<br />
230 Henry Lee shows a disda<strong>in</strong> for Sumter; <strong>in</strong> turn ostensibly derived from Greene <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> subsequent fall<strong>in</strong>g out with Sumter<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g Qu<strong>in</strong>by Bridge; see Lee’s letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> 30 April 1781, NGP8 pp. 178-179, JLG2 pp. 105-110, <strong>and</strong> related<br />
<strong>com</strong>mentary, at LCC pp. 290-297, 374-380, 388, 433-436. Such disparag<strong>in</strong>g attitudes as Lee’s (<strong>and</strong> also, oddly enough, <strong>of</strong> Lee<br />
critic <strong>and</strong> Greene proponent, William Johnson) toward Sumter no doubt are what precipitated Edward McCrady’s later spirited,<br />
<strong>and</strong> on several po<strong>in</strong>ts just, v<strong>in</strong>dication <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “Gamecock.”<br />
231 McCrady argues, ra<strong>the</strong>r conv<strong>in</strong>c<strong>in</strong>gly, for a revised view <strong>of</strong> Sumter; stat<strong>in</strong>g he “was never<strong>the</strong>less a man <strong>of</strong> larger <strong>and</strong> broader<br />
views, <strong>and</strong> with a much greater military <strong>in</strong>st<strong>in</strong>ct than has been represented.” MSC1 p. 568. In support <strong>of</strong> this, he, among o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
th<strong>in</strong>gs, makes reference to Sumter’s plan for crush<strong>in</strong>g Rawdon before <strong>the</strong> three regiments arrived from Irel<strong>and</strong> to re<strong>in</strong>force <strong>the</strong><br />
British army -- a proposal that (had it been adopted) might <strong>in</strong>deed have resulted <strong>in</strong> an earlier American conquest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> south.<br />
For Sumter’s own statement on <strong>the</strong> same, <strong>and</strong> Henry Lee IV counter argument to it, see LCC pp. 378-380.<br />
232 This is not, though, to make light <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fact that it was such threats <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>cursions by his <strong>and</strong> Marion’s South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
partisans that ultimately forced Rawdon from Camden.<br />
233 A receipt written by Sumter to a Colonel Goodwyn: “Received, 18 th December, 1780, <strong>of</strong> Col. Goodwyn, one negro man, named<br />
Doctor; one sorrel geld<strong>in</strong>g, one saddle <strong>and</strong> bridle, one cutlass, n<strong>in</strong>eteen silver dollars, for <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> public. Unless it should<br />
59
mean<strong>in</strong>g foolishness than selfishness <strong>and</strong> bad character. For all his faults <strong>and</strong> foibles he, more than anyone else,<br />
kept <strong>the</strong> resistance alive <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state’s darkest days. Said loyalist Robert Gray: “Sumpter was bold & rash, <strong>and</strong><br />
run many risks, from which his good fortune always extricated him. Marion was timid & cautious & would risk<br />
noth<strong>in</strong>g, yet both succeeded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir attempts.” 234 See LMS p. 174-175; while for an <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g item <strong>in</strong> which<br />
Sumter successfully negotiated a formal prisoner exchange with <strong>the</strong> British high <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> outside <strong>of</strong> any<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army <strong>in</strong>volvement or participation, see SCP4 pp. 53-54.<br />
Brig. Gen. James Williams, from Laurens County<br />
(40) Williams, formerly <strong>of</strong> Granville County, N.C. <strong>and</strong> who at one time headed <strong>the</strong> Little River 235 regiment, was<br />
one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> top <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers at Musgrove’s Mill, <strong>and</strong> was at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> where he was killed at 40 years <strong>of</strong><br />
age. He was a potential rival to Sumter <strong>and</strong> much <strong>of</strong> what we know about him <strong>com</strong>es from William Hill, one <strong>of</strong><br />
Sumter’s men. 236 In late September 1780, Hill refused to take orders from him after Williams had been<br />
<strong>com</strong>missioned a Brigadier General by Governor John Rutledge. 237 In fairness <strong>the</strong>n to Williams, <strong>the</strong> story <strong>of</strong> his<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g Sumter’s “<strong>com</strong>missary” at Rocky Mount <strong>and</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> his try<strong>in</strong>g to abscond with Sumter’s<br />
supplies should not be taken too seriously; despite Draper’s giv<strong>in</strong>g Hill’s account full credit. 238 From what we<br />
know elsewhere about him, he was a conscientious <strong>in</strong>dividual, admired by many; who prior to his death at K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong> had fought with <strong>in</strong>trepidity alongside Elijah Clark, Samuel Hammond <strong>and</strong> Isaac Shelby. Moultrie<br />
describes him, “Col. Williams <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-six district, a brave <strong>and</strong> active <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> warm <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American<br />
cause;” 239 while Thomas Young remembered, “On <strong>the</strong> top <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> thickest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight, I saw Col.<br />
Williams fall, <strong>and</strong> a braver or a better man never died upon <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> battle. I had seen him once before that<br />
day; it was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action, as he charged by me full speed around <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>; toward <strong>the</strong><br />
summit a ball struck his horse under <strong>the</strong> jaw when he <strong>com</strong>menced stamp<strong>in</strong>g as if he were <strong>in</strong> a nest <strong>of</strong> yellow<br />
jackets. Col. W. threw <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>s over <strong>the</strong> animal’s neck -- sprang to <strong>the</strong> ground, <strong>and</strong> dashed onward. The<br />
moment I heard <strong>the</strong> cry that Col. Williams was shot, I ran to his assistance, for I loved him as a fa<strong>the</strong>r, he had<br />
ever been so k<strong>in</strong>d to me, <strong>and</strong> almost always carried carry<strong>in</strong>g cake <strong>in</strong> his pocket for me <strong>and</strong> his little son Joseph.<br />
They carried him <strong>in</strong>to a tent, <strong>and</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>kled some water <strong>in</strong> his face. He revived, <strong>and</strong> his first words were, ‘For<br />
God’s sake boys, don’t give up <strong>the</strong> hill!’ I remember it as well as if it had occurred yesterday. I left him <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
arms <strong>of</strong> his son Daniel, <strong>and</strong> returned to <strong>the</strong> field to avenge his fall. Col. Williams died next day [thus liv<strong>in</strong>g long<br />
enough to know <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> victory], <strong>and</strong> was buried not far from <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> his glory.” 240 See CNC15 p. 391, JLG1 p..<br />
307, JTR pp. 482-494, DKM pp. 465-467, SNC p. 44, LCR p. 170, GJW (to which as <strong>of</strong> 2012 can be added <strong>the</strong><br />
updated version, also by William T. Graves, Backcountry <strong>Revolutionary</strong>: James Williams (1740-1780) with source<br />
documents.)<br />
Brig. Gen. Andrew Williamson, from Greenwood County<br />
(50) Williamson was head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six militia at <strong>the</strong> time Charleston surrendered, <strong>and</strong> at that time was<br />
probably <strong>the</strong> most em<strong>in</strong>ent militia <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state. Like many <strong>the</strong>n (<strong>and</strong> shortly after), he agreed to accept<br />
Royal protection, <strong>and</strong>, after tak<strong>in</strong>g a vote among his <strong>of</strong>ficers, had his men lay down <strong>the</strong>ir arms. While we might<br />
today look askance at such behavior, we must remember that Pickens <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r proven patriots <strong>of</strong> note at first<br />
accepted protection as well. What made Williamson unusual was that when both <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>and</strong> British<br />
appear when a full <strong>in</strong>vestigation can be made, that Col. Goodwyn’s conduct has been nowise <strong>in</strong>jurious to <strong>the</strong> liberties <strong>of</strong><br />
America, <strong>in</strong> which case I promise to have <strong>the</strong> above articles returned to said Col. Goodwyn; <strong>and</strong> I fur<strong>the</strong>r promise to give up to<br />
said Col. Goodwyn his negro man, named as above, upon his (<strong>the</strong> said Col. Goodwyn’s) deposit<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> my h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>the</strong> sum <strong>of</strong> two<br />
hundred gu<strong>in</strong>eas, or twenty thous<strong>and</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental dollars, or loan-<strong>of</strong>fice certificates to that amount which money shall also be<br />
returned as above.” GDH3 p. 138.<br />
234 GWC p. 144. For sketches <strong>of</strong> Sumter by contemporaries, see GAR1 pp. 32-34 <strong>and</strong> LMS pp. 174-175.<br />
235 Located <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> adjo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g areas <strong>of</strong> present day Newberry <strong>and</strong> Laurens counties.<br />
236 Cornwallis well knew <strong>and</strong> was well apprised <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sumter-Williams rivalry, SCP2 pp. 106-107.<br />
237 William T. Graves, Williams’ biographer, questions whe<strong>the</strong>r this was actually so. Yet <strong>in</strong> at least three contemporary sources,<br />
William Hill, Anthony Allaire, <strong>and</strong> Robert Gray (<strong>the</strong> latter two loyalists), he is spoken <strong>of</strong> as be<strong>in</strong>g a Brigadier or a General.<br />
Graves, <strong>in</strong>cidentally, also states that Williams was seen by Samuel Hammond as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> upper or western part <strong>of</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, Sumter <strong>the</strong> middle, Marion <strong>the</strong> lower. Pickens <strong>the</strong>n replaced Williams accord<strong>in</strong>g to this view or <strong>in</strong>terpretation. JTR p.<br />
522.<br />
238 Gov. John Rutledge on 20 Sept. 1780 to <strong>the</strong> S.C. Delegates: “I have seen Colo. Jas. Williams whose affair [Musgrove’s Mill]<br />
with Innis (not killed, as you have heard, but recover<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> his wound,) was truly brilliant -- He is gone on with a Determ<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
to dist<strong>in</strong>guish himself as a Partisan, & I believe he will -- I have put, both him & Sumpter, (each <strong>of</strong> whom may be <strong>of</strong> service but<br />
<strong>the</strong>y will never agree) under Genl. Smallwood’s Comm<strong>and</strong> -–” The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol.<br />
XVII, Oct. 1916, pp. 131-136.<br />
Historians who <strong>in</strong>sist that Williams should be remembered only as “Colonel” are <strong>in</strong> effect say<strong>in</strong>g Sumter’s men could just<br />
overrule <strong>the</strong> Governor’s directive <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>mission. While this argument may have some plausibility, it is far from be<strong>in</strong>g obviously<br />
justified, <strong>and</strong> to that extent it is certa<strong>in</strong>ly at least as fair to give Williams <strong>the</strong> benefit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> doubt. Roosevelt’s treatment <strong>of</strong><br />
Williams by <strong>the</strong> way, like his treatment <strong>of</strong> Shelby, is slight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> derogatory almost to <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g bizarre <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>explicable. For example, because Hayes, Br<strong>and</strong>on <strong>and</strong> Thomas, who were <strong>in</strong> Williams’ <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> (Samuel<br />
Hammond, by <strong>the</strong> bye, was also with Williams; though not as a field <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er) are listed <strong>in</strong> an after battle roster as hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
men under <strong>the</strong>m while few or effectively none are listed under Williams, Roosevelt arrives at <strong>the</strong> absurd conclusion that Williams<br />
<strong>and</strong> his men were probably not that much engaged <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle. RWW2 p. 285. In actual fact, <strong>in</strong> contemporary accounts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
battle, Williams is made more frequent mention <strong>of</strong> than any o<strong>the</strong>r South Carol<strong>in</strong>a leader who was present at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>;<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s post battle congratulations <strong>in</strong> which Williams is one <strong>of</strong> only three American <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers<br />
specifically referred to (<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r two be<strong>in</strong>g William Campbell <strong>and</strong> Shelby.) CNC15 pp. 131-132.<br />
239 MMS2 p. 220.<br />
240 Williams’ eighteen year old son, Capt. Daniel Williams (<strong>and</strong> Joseph also accord<strong>in</strong>g to Young’s account), was killed by William<br />
Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham’s men at Hayes’ Station <strong>in</strong> November 1781. For Thomas Young’s Narrative see SCAR vol. 1, no. 3.<br />
60
pressed <strong>the</strong> issue. At one po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong> late December 1780, he was made prisoner by <strong>the</strong> Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Few while at<br />
his Whitehall residence. 241 After Few <strong>and</strong> Clark were chased from <strong>the</strong> area as a result <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Long<br />
Canes, Williamson removed to Charleston <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re cont<strong>in</strong>ued to outwardly ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> his status as a loyal subject<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> crown. For this, he came to be seen by many as a traitor. When whig leader Col. Isaac Hayne temporarily<br />
captured Williamson near Charleston, <strong>in</strong> early July 1781, it was believed by some that Williamson would be<br />
hanged. As it turned out, <strong>in</strong> a turn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> tables, Maj. Thomas Fraser’s South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royal dragoons came to his<br />
rescue. They made Hayne prisoner, <strong>and</strong> it was Hayne who, afterward, was hanged. Later <strong>in</strong> 1782, however,<br />
Williamson is believed to have secretly supplied important <strong>in</strong>formation to Col. John Laurens; so that by <strong>the</strong> end<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war Greene acted to have his estate spared confiscation. As a result, he ended <strong>the</strong> last years <strong>of</strong> his life a<br />
wealthy <strong>and</strong> prosperous man. 242 Yet it is not hard to see that such would have been poor consolation for <strong>the</strong><br />
odium he <strong>in</strong>curred for hav<strong>in</strong>g behaved so timidly, or so foolishly, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> crisis. See SCP1 pp. 239-240,<br />
SCP2 pp. 175, 178, JTR pp. 144-149, SLA2 p. 437, <strong>and</strong> MSC1 pp. 527-529.<br />
Col. Robert Anderson, from Abbeville County, Pickens’ brigade<br />
(39) Anderson, who succeeded to James McCall’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> after <strong>the</strong> latter succumbed to small pox <strong>in</strong> April<br />
1781, was at Cowpens, <strong>the</strong> second siege <strong>of</strong> Augusta <strong>and</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong>, very likely, Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs as well.<br />
Col. Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on (also <strong>of</strong>ten seen written by contemporaries as “Brannon,” “Brannen”), from Union County<br />
(39) Br<strong>and</strong>on was among <strong>the</strong> first who immediately <strong>and</strong> actively took up arms aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> British after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong><br />
Charleston. He served under Brig. Gen. James Williams at Musgrove’s Mill <strong>and</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. He was also at<br />
Ramseur’s Mill, Blackstock’s, Cowpens, <strong>and</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. His name does not seem to <strong>com</strong>e up fur<strong>the</strong>r with respect<br />
to <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g; though this is probably due simply to lacunae <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> record. After <strong>the</strong> war, Br<strong>and</strong>on was made a<br />
Brigadier General <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia. “He was a good soldier,” says Draper, “but, like Clevel<strong>and</strong> [Benjam<strong>in</strong><br />
Cleavl<strong>and</strong>], a bitter enemy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories, who received little mercy at his h<strong>and</strong>s.” See DKM pp. 469-470.<br />
Col. William Br<strong>and</strong>on, from Union County, Sumter’s brigade<br />
William Br<strong>and</strong>on appeared as one <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s militia <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>in</strong> June <strong>of</strong> 1781. His name does not (to my<br />
knowledge) arise <strong>in</strong> any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> known descriptions <strong>of</strong> battles <strong>and</strong> skirmishes, <strong>and</strong> is listed here merely to<br />
dist<strong>in</strong>guish him from his more famous bro<strong>the</strong>r, Thomas.<br />
Col. William Bratton, from York County, Sumter’s brigade<br />
(38) Bratton was orig<strong>in</strong>ally from Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Irel<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> moved with his family first to Pennsylvania, <strong>the</strong>n Virg<strong>in</strong>ia,<br />
<strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ally, <strong>in</strong> 1774, to “New Acquisition” or what is now largely York County, S.C.; be<strong>in</strong>g a capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia<br />
<strong>the</strong>re as early as 1775. Along with Capt. Richard W<strong>in</strong>n <strong>and</strong> Capt. John McClure, he brought about one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> very<br />
first acts <strong>of</strong> rebel defiance follow<strong>in</strong>g Charleston’s surrender at Mobley’s Meet<strong>in</strong>g House <strong>in</strong> late May 1780.<br />
Although conspicuously absent at Musgrove’s Mill (Samuel Hammond faults him for almost ru<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> attack<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> loyalists at <strong>the</strong> Mill by tak<strong>in</strong>g time out to visit his home), he went on to be<strong>com</strong>e one <strong>of</strong> Sumter‘s<br />
regimental <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers, fight<strong>in</strong>g at Huck’s defeat (aka Williamson’s Plantation), Fish Dam Ford, Blackstock’s,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Sumter’s “Rounds” (February 1781). It is also likely he took part <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dog Days Expedition <strong>of</strong> July 1781. See<br />
SDR pp. 59-60.<br />
Col. Hugh Erv<strong>in</strong>, probably from Marion County, Marion’s brigade<br />
Erv<strong>in</strong> was made Marion’s second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> January 1781, <strong>and</strong> was <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Snow’s Isl<strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> time<br />
<strong>of</strong> Doyle’s raid <strong>in</strong> March.<br />
Col. John Erv<strong>in</strong>, from Marion County, Marion’s brigade<br />
(26) Erv<strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed Marion’s Britton Neck Regiment.<br />
Col. LeRoy Hammond, from Edgefield County, Pickens’ brigade<br />
(est. 40) Although Hammond, orig<strong>in</strong>ally one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state foremost regimental militia <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers prior to <strong>the</strong><br />
fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston, had orig<strong>in</strong>ally taken protection, <strong>in</strong> 1781, he later disavowed that oath, <strong>and</strong> subsequently<br />
participated at <strong>the</strong> second siege <strong>of</strong> Augusta, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, <strong>and</strong> just missed be<strong>in</strong>g with Pickens at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs due<br />
to his be<strong>in</strong>g summoned by Gov. Rutledge on some state bus<strong>in</strong>ess. Even so, his second time around he apparently<br />
at first took on a less noticeable role <strong>and</strong> perhaps did not wield quite <strong>the</strong> same status <strong>and</strong> prestige as he had<br />
earlier; with one source speak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> him as a capta<strong>in</strong> (though granted o<strong>the</strong>r records make reference to his still<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g a colonel.) None<strong>the</strong>less, on resum<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> he worked <strong>and</strong> fought with cont<strong>in</strong>ued vigor. He was <strong>the</strong><br />
uncle <strong>of</strong> Maj. Samuel Hammond. For a sketch <strong>of</strong> LeRoy, see JTR pp. 477-482.<br />
Col. Henry Hampton, from Richl<strong>and</strong> County, Sumter’s brigade<br />
(25) Along with Richard <strong>and</strong> Wade, Henry was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> three well-known Hampton bro<strong>the</strong>rs. Orig<strong>in</strong>ally a<br />
loyalist, he was actually among those taken prisoner at Mobley’s Meet<strong>in</strong>g House <strong>in</strong> early June 1780. As a whig<br />
leader, Henry was present at <strong>the</strong> attack on <strong>the</strong> Wateree Ferry <strong>in</strong> August 1780, Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek, Blackstock’s, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Dog Days Expedition <strong>of</strong> July 1781. By <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter, his regiment was fully mounted <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>cluded<br />
some cavalry (as opposed to mere mounted militia), as by that same time did <strong>the</strong> regiments <strong>of</strong> his bro<strong>the</strong>rs.<br />
Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Hamptons, see JTR pp. 442-444.<br />
241 The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. Apr. 1917, pp. 62-63.<br />
242 Joseph Johnson, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, speaks <strong>of</strong> him dy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> poverty. JTR. p. 152.<br />
61
Col. Richard Hampton, from Richl<strong>and</strong> County, Sumter’s brigade<br />
(22) When Sumter formed his regiments <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781, Richard Hampton, <strong>the</strong>n a major, acted as second<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> to Col. Charles Myddleton. In May <strong>and</strong> June 1781, he carried out a wide stretch<strong>in</strong>g series <strong>of</strong> raids,<br />
which took him to Dorchester, Monck’s Corner, <strong>the</strong> Ashley River, <strong>and</strong> Round O (<strong>in</strong> Colleton County.) Also <strong>in</strong> June,<br />
Hampton was with Myddleton at “Myddleton’s ambuscade.”<br />
Col. Wade Hampton, from Richl<strong>and</strong> County, Sumter’s brigade, <strong>and</strong> S.C. State Troops<br />
(26) Hampton submitted to Royal sovereignty <strong>in</strong> September 1780, <strong>and</strong> for a time sold supplies to <strong>the</strong> British from<br />
his store north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Congaree near Fridig’s (or much more <strong>com</strong>monly but <strong>in</strong>correctly “Friday’s”) Ferry. Yet<br />
<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to suspect his s<strong>in</strong>cerity, <strong>in</strong> November <strong>the</strong>y confiscated some goods from his stock. By at least February,<br />
he was <strong>in</strong> contact with Sumter <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g him <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> British forces <strong>in</strong> his area. When Sumter came<br />
that same month on his expedition to <strong>the</strong> posts along <strong>the</strong> Congaree <strong>and</strong> Santee, Hampton jo<strong>in</strong>ed him <strong>and</strong> went<br />
on to became one <strong>of</strong> his most prom<strong>in</strong>ent field <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> mounted militia troops. 243 He fought at Friday’s Ferry<br />
<strong>and</strong> Orangeburgh <strong>in</strong> May 1781; <strong>and</strong> participated with Lee’s Legion <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> scout<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Rawdon <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter’s<br />
detachments after N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. In <strong>the</strong> Dog Days Expedition <strong>of</strong> July, he led stunn<strong>in</strong>g raids on Goose Creek (albeit <strong>in</strong><br />
which he raided a church while it was <strong>in</strong> service!) <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Quarter House. At <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, he was<br />
part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State Troops under Henderson, <strong>and</strong> when Henderson was wounded <strong>the</strong>re assumed <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
cavalry. After <strong>the</strong> war, he became extremely rich through his plantation hold<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> produce, hav<strong>in</strong>g for a spell<br />
acted, ra<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>gloriously (ow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> large part to <strong>the</strong> dilatory movements <strong>of</strong> Maj. Gen. James Wilk<strong>in</strong>son) albeit<br />
respectably, as a general <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>of</strong> 1812. His gr<strong>and</strong>son, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same name, was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> more noted<br />
cavalry generals <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Civil <strong>War</strong>. See NGP7 p. 107n.<br />
Col. William Harden, from Barnwell County<br />
At one time a Capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Artillery, Harden jo<strong>in</strong>ed Marion’s b<strong>and</strong> after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston.<br />
In early April 1781, he received a <strong>com</strong>mission as colonel <strong>and</strong> authorization from Marion to operate with an<br />
<strong>in</strong>dependent partisan <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region between Charleston, Augusta, <strong>and</strong> Savannah. His force was made<br />
up largely <strong>of</strong> men from Barnwell County, <strong>and</strong> Georgia. Initially, his b<strong>and</strong> was ra<strong>the</strong>r small, but over time it grew<br />
at one po<strong>in</strong>t to 200 men; though typically it was difficult for him to keep his men toge<strong>the</strong>r on a regular basis.<br />
Never<strong>the</strong>less, he was else no little successful operat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> heart <strong>of</strong> what was <strong>the</strong>n enemy country. And<br />
though suffer<strong>in</strong>g an occasional setback, <strong>in</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> skirmishes <strong>and</strong> ambushes achieved praiseworthy success.<br />
So much so that by mid-spr<strong>in</strong>g, Balfour <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>ed that overl<strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>munications between Charleston to<br />
Savannah had be<strong>com</strong>e impossible. Unfortunately, Marion had cause to <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> Harden’s men disobey<strong>in</strong>g<br />
orders at Parker’s Ferry, <strong>and</strong> as result not participat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g. Yet exactly what caused this<br />
<strong>in</strong>subord<strong>in</strong>ation (Harden himself was away <strong>and</strong> his son was <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>) we can only speculate. It may have been<br />
someth<strong>in</strong>g beyond his son’s control; as <strong>the</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>e among his men was fairly loose. See JLG2 pp. 119-120, JTR<br />
pp. 350-354 <strong>and</strong> MSC2 pp. 129-130.<br />
Col. Isaac Hayne, from Colleton County<br />
(35) Hayne served at siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston, but was not present when <strong>the</strong> city capitulated. While his much written<br />
about execution <strong>in</strong> August 1781 (Lee, for <strong>in</strong>stance, devotes a considerable portion <strong>of</strong> his Memoirs to <strong>the</strong> subject)<br />
was unnecessary <strong>and</strong> tragic, it was also counter-productive to British <strong>in</strong>terests. The temporary <strong>in</strong>timidation <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>creased recruitment <strong>the</strong>y achieved hardly was worth <strong>the</strong> censure <strong>and</strong> criticism subsequently leveled at <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>r, Hayne, after all, made someth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a fool <strong>of</strong> himself, when after captur<strong>in</strong>g Williamson he was captured<br />
himself. Had Balfour <strong>and</strong> Rawdon used <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>cident as propag<strong>and</strong>a <strong>and</strong> mockery, <strong>the</strong>y would have done far<br />
better <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> long run than <strong>the</strong>y did <strong>in</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g him a martyr. Part <strong>of</strong> what makes Hayne’s story so tragic is that<br />
despite <strong>the</strong> real or seem<strong>in</strong>g violation <strong>of</strong> his protection, he, like Nathan Hale <strong>and</strong> (as some will feel) John André,<br />
was o<strong>the</strong>rwise a well liked, pr<strong>in</strong>cipled <strong>and</strong> high m<strong>in</strong>ded <strong>in</strong>dividual. In addition, as Lee argues, if he was a British<br />
subject when taken he ought to <strong>the</strong>n have been at least entitled to a more fair <strong>and</strong> conventional trial under<br />
British law. Balfour would, <strong>and</strong> Rawdon did later argue, that <strong>in</strong> view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heightened spirit <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>surrection <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> Charleston at <strong>the</strong> time, it was necessary to make an example <strong>of</strong> him; <strong>and</strong> as for a for a “fair” trial he<br />
received no worse than André. For more on Hayne, see RSC2 pp. 277-286, 508-526, GHA4 pp. 102-107, 164-167,<br />
LMS pp. 449-462, 614-620, JLG2 pp. 189-202, GAR1 pp. 250-255, 278-280, LSL1 pp. 204-205, MSC2 pp. 130-134,<br />
318-321, <strong>and</strong> James Thacher’s Military Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>.<br />
Col. William Hill, from York County, Sumter’s brigade<br />
(39) Hill, who also owned <strong>the</strong> oldest <strong>and</strong> most important iron works <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, was among<br />
<strong>the</strong> first who ga<strong>the</strong>red men to fight <strong>the</strong> British after <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston. He became one <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s<br />
stalwart regimental <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers, <strong>and</strong> appeared at numerous actions, such as Rocky Mount, Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock,<br />
Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek, K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, Fish Dam Ford, <strong>and</strong> Blackstock’s. Even so, he does not seem to have been an<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> special merit when it came actual fight<strong>in</strong>g. In his pension statement, Samuel Walker, from Chester<br />
County, S.C. stated: “We aga<strong>in</strong> took up <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> march -- determ<strong>in</strong>ed never to yield …[We <strong>the</strong>n] marched to<br />
Col. Bratton’s where <strong>in</strong> battle <strong>the</strong>y killed a celebrated British Gen. named Hooke [Capt. Christian Huik]; from<br />
<strong>the</strong>re to Blackstock[’s] where [we] had [a] fight with Col. Tarlatan [Tarleton] at which place Gen. Sumpter was<br />
wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> shoulder <strong>and</strong> had it not been for Col. Hill, we would have taken every person <strong>the</strong>re. He behaved<br />
243 McCrady, however, believes Hampton came around <strong>in</strong> March or early April; ra<strong>the</strong>r than February dur<strong>in</strong>g Sumter’s rounds. He<br />
had gotten <strong>in</strong> trouble with <strong>the</strong> British; was taken prisoner, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n effected his escape to Sumter. JLG2 p. 31, MSC p. 148-149.<br />
62
so cowardly that he had his side arms taken from him <strong>and</strong> a wooden stick placed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> scabbard.” 244 Hill, <strong>in</strong><br />
partnership with Col. Isaac Hayne, operated an Iron Works on Allison Creek <strong>in</strong> York County. After <strong>the</strong> war, Hill<br />
wrote rem<strong>in</strong>iscences <strong>of</strong> his experiences, which, if not always trustworthy, are still <strong>of</strong> value <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terest. He was<br />
<strong>the</strong> gr<strong>and</strong>fa<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> C.S.A. general, D.H. Hill. See SDR p. 59.<br />
Col. Daniel Horry, from Georgetown County, Daniel Horry’s Regiment <strong>of</strong> Light Dragoons<br />
(est. 50) Horry (pronounced Or-ee), who had been Pulaski’s second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at Savannah, led <strong>the</strong> state<br />
cavalry dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston; after which he took <strong>the</strong> British oath <strong>of</strong> allegiance <strong>and</strong> did not serve<br />
<strong>the</strong>reafter; presumably because he wanted to protect his Georgetown properties which were considerable. He<br />
was a cous<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> Hugh <strong>and</strong> Peter.<br />
Col. Hugh Horry, from Georgetown County, Marion’s brigade<br />
The bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> Peter, Hugh Horry was orig<strong>in</strong>ally a Major <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a l<strong>in</strong>e. He was perhaps Marion’s most<br />
beloved <strong>and</strong> trusted <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> was more frequently present with him <strong>the</strong>n Peter was. By January <strong>of</strong> 1781, he’d<br />
be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> Marion’s <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> early April scored a smash<strong>in</strong>g success catch<strong>in</strong>g Watson’s<br />
foragers <strong>of</strong>f-guard at Catfish Creek. Right after <strong>the</strong> battle at Parker’s Ferry, Marion jubilantly reported to<br />
Greene that Hugh, along with Col. John Erv<strong>in</strong>, “behaved Like <strong>the</strong> true Sons [<strong>of</strong>] Liberty.”<br />
Col. Peter Horry, from Georgetown County, Marion’s brigade, <strong>and</strong> S.C. State Troops<br />
(33) Horry, a lieutenant colonel <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a l<strong>in</strong>e, led a troop <strong>of</strong> light horse dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong><br />
Charleston <strong>and</strong> was present at Rantowle’s Bridge, Monck’s Corner, <strong>and</strong> Lenud’s Ferry. He later became head <strong>of</strong><br />
Marion’s cavalry <strong>and</strong> fought with <strong>the</strong> Swamp Fox <strong>in</strong> numerous engagements, be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> his most able <strong>and</strong><br />
trusted lieutenants. After Greene returned south <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781, he was appo<strong>in</strong>ted to organize a corps <strong>of</strong><br />
light dragoons for <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a State Troops. In 1782, <strong>the</strong>se were <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed with Maham’s <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> unit was<br />
put on <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental establishment. Outside <strong>of</strong> surviv<strong>in</strong>g correspondence, most <strong>of</strong> what we know about Marion<br />
<strong>and</strong> his operations <strong>com</strong>es from Horry: whe<strong>the</strong>r through <strong>the</strong> order book he kept, or as passed down to us through<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a historian William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James. Boatner mistakenly states that he was at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, when <strong>in</strong><br />
fact Marion wrote him after <strong>the</strong> battle report<strong>in</strong>g what had happened. Horry wrote a memoir <strong>of</strong> his <strong>Revolutionary</strong><br />
war activities used, by among o<strong>the</strong>r historians, Parson Weems; but which unfortunately, except <strong>in</strong> odd fragments<br />
(<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some quoted <strong>in</strong> William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James, Alex<strong>and</strong>er Garden, <strong>and</strong> William Gilmore Simms’ biography <strong>of</strong><br />
Marion), is not known to survive. See GAR1 pp. 29-31, LFB2 pp. 480n-481n, <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong><br />
Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, April, 1937.<br />
Col. Abel Kolb, from Marlboro County<br />
(est. 30) Kolb, who for a time served <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a militia regiment <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
upper region <strong>of</strong> Peedee, Long Bluff area <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, as early as August 1780. Known for his ruthlessness<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> tories, on April 28 th , 1781, he was captured at his home <strong>and</strong> murdered by 50 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m led by Joseph<br />
Jones. Afterward, his death appears to have <strong>in</strong>cited <strong>the</strong> loyalists to renewed activity (i.e., now that he was<br />
gone.) Though perhaps more well known for his unusual death, Kolb was a reliable <strong>of</strong>ficer who <strong>of</strong>ten assisted<br />
Marion, <strong>and</strong> was pr<strong>of</strong>icient at <strong>com</strong>bat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> what was typically an altoge<strong>the</strong>r volatile region. See<br />
GHC pp. 359-367, SCAR vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 27-29.<br />
Col. Edward Lacey, from Chester County, Sumter’s Brigade<br />
(38) The son <strong>of</strong> a staunch loyalist, Lacey rose from Capta<strong>in</strong> to Colonel <strong>in</strong> Sumter’s brigade, <strong>and</strong> became one <strong>of</strong><br />
his most well thought <strong>of</strong> <strong>and</strong> revered <strong>of</strong>ficers. Like Bratton <strong>and</strong> W<strong>in</strong>n, he served as a volunteer <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Charleston<br />
siege; <strong>and</strong> subsequently granted parole. 245 Later he <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> defeat <strong>of</strong> Huck, <strong>and</strong> headed<br />
detachments at Rocky Mount, Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, Cary’s Fort (Wateree Ferry), Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek, K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, Fish<br />
Dam Ford, Blackstock’s, Sumter’s “Rounds” (<strong>in</strong> February 1781), Orangeburgh, Qu<strong>in</strong>by Bridge, <strong>and</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
Says M.A. Moore who wrote a biographical sketch <strong>of</strong> him, he had “an un<strong>com</strong>monly h<strong>and</strong>some face, with f<strong>in</strong>e<br />
address; he was a man <strong>of</strong> strong native <strong>in</strong>tellect, fond <strong>of</strong> pleasure, entirely devoted to his friends; generous to a<br />
fault; ‘<strong>and</strong> every <strong>in</strong>ch a soldier’…It is well known that many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> Marion’s Brigade never presented<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir claims for military services aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> State <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a for <strong>the</strong>y all knew <strong>the</strong> State was greatly<br />
embarrassed at <strong>the</strong> heels <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution <strong>in</strong> pay<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> poor soldiers…The writer is <strong>in</strong>formed by Mr. J. Augustus<br />
Black (who is <strong>the</strong> greatest antiquarian <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> State), that Col. Edward Lacey has never presented an account <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> services aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> State, <strong>and</strong>, <strong>of</strong> course, has never received any remuneration.” 246 See also<br />
JTR pp. 578-579 <strong>and</strong> DKM pp. 463-464.<br />
Col. Charles Myddleton (also Mydleton), from Orangeburg County, Sumter’s brigade, <strong>and</strong> S.C. State Troops<br />
(30) Myddleton was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al leaders <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s brigade. He appears to have been a relatively more<br />
cultivated <strong>in</strong>dividual than his associates, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten acted as Sumter’s staff <strong>of</strong>ficer. In mid summer <strong>of</strong> 1781, he<br />
was ambushed <strong>and</strong> received a sore drubb<strong>in</strong>g by C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>’s cavalry <strong>in</strong> what McCrady has labeled “Myddleton’s<br />
Ambuscade.”<br />
244 In his account <strong>of</strong> Blackstock’s, Hill (somewhat absurdly) states that Sumter had no more than 600, while Tarleton had “1200<br />
horse <strong>and</strong> Infantry toge<strong>the</strong>r with a field piece.” HMS p. 14.<br />
245 MSC2 p. 149.<br />
246 MLL pp. 1, 20. See also SDR p. 29.<br />
63
Col. Andrew Neale (or Neal, <strong>and</strong> Neel), 247 Sumter’s brigade<br />
Neale, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> more experienced <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong>ficers who had very early taken arms aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> British<br />
after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston, was probably <strong>the</strong> ostensible leader <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whig expedition aga<strong>in</strong>st Capta<strong>in</strong> Huik -- at<br />
least based on pension statements accounts <strong>of</strong> that action. He was shortly after killed lead<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> assaults<br />
on Rocky Mount <strong>in</strong> late July 1780. He is spoken <strong>of</strong> by his contemporaries as hav<strong>in</strong>g been a leader <strong>of</strong> great<br />
promise. 248<br />
Col. Samuel Tate, from Orangeburg County, Sumter’s brigade<br />
Tate, was one <strong>of</strong> Lacey’s <strong>of</strong>ficers, fought at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> probably took part <strong>in</strong> most (if not all) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
same battles as Lacey. He became one <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s regimental <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781.<br />
Col. Thomas Taylor, from Richl<strong>and</strong> County, Sumter’s brigade<br />
(37) Ano<strong>the</strong>r one <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s more effective lieutenants, Taylor was with <strong>the</strong> brigade <strong>in</strong> August <strong>and</strong> was largely<br />
responsible for <strong>the</strong> successful attacks aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Wateree Ferry <strong>in</strong> that month. He subsequently served at<br />
Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek, Fish Dam Ford, Blackstock’s, Sumter’s “Rounds,” <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Fort Granby <strong>in</strong> May 1781, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Dog Days Expedition. When Sumter placed Taylor’s troops <strong>in</strong> an exposed position at Shubrick’s Plantation, Taylor<br />
suffered heavy losses. In disgust, he refused to fight <strong>the</strong> next day, lead<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> chorus <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>in</strong> angrily<br />
denounc<strong>in</strong>g Sumter’s needlessly endanger<strong>in</strong>g his men. See GAR1 p. 286n, JTR pp. 536-542.<br />
Col. Richard W<strong>in</strong>n, from Fairfield County, Sumter’s brigade<br />
(30) Previously a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer who had performed service with<strong>in</strong> his home state, W<strong>in</strong>n was with Sumter<br />
from <strong>the</strong> earliest days <strong>of</strong> 1780, <strong>and</strong> as well as be<strong>in</strong>g at Huck’s Defeat, he fought at Rocky Mount, Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock<br />
(where he was wounded), Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek, Fish Dam Ford, <strong>and</strong> Blackstock’s. After that, while cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g to serve,<br />
he does not seem to have been all that active as a <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field. The town <strong>of</strong> W<strong>in</strong>nsborough was<br />
named after a member <strong>of</strong> his family. His Notes, edited by Samuel C. Williams, are a valuable resource on many<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn war’s battles <strong>and</strong> military figures. W<strong>in</strong>n once defeated his old <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er for a term <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> US<br />
House <strong>of</strong> Representatives. See also SDR pp. 60-61.<br />
Lieut. Col. John Baxter, from Marion County, Marion’s brigade<br />
A Capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> January 1781, Baxter was one <strong>of</strong> Marion’s cavalry <strong>of</strong>ficers, fight<strong>in</strong>g under him <strong>in</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Swamp<br />
Fox’s 1781 engagements; up until <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g at Shubrick’s Plantation when he was so badly wounded he had to<br />
leave <strong>the</strong> service.<br />
Lieut. Col. James Hawthorn, from York County, Sumter’s brigade<br />
(est. 30) Hawthorn, one <strong>of</strong> Lacey’s <strong>of</strong>ficers, fought at Rocky Mount, Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, Cary’s Fort, Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek,<br />
K<strong>in</strong>gs Mounta<strong>in</strong>, Fish Dam Ford, Blackstock’s, <strong>and</strong> was wounded on Sumter’s “Rounds” <strong>in</strong> February 1781.<br />
Lieut. Col. William Henderson, from Spartanburg County, Sumter’s brigade, <strong>and</strong> S.C. State Troops<br />
(32) Henderson was orig<strong>in</strong>ally a native <strong>of</strong> N.C. but who had moved to <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six area <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early 1770’s. As<br />
an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 6 th South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment, he was present at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re led a gallant<br />
<strong>and</strong> tactically successful sortie. When <strong>the</strong> city fell, he was made prisoner but by early November he was<br />
exchanged. Soon follow<strong>in</strong>g this, he was at Blackstock’s, <strong>and</strong> took charge <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s brigade follow<strong>in</strong>g Sumter’s<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g wounded <strong>in</strong> that action. He appears <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> record aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> May 1781 at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six.<br />
When Sumter, under various pressures, resigned temporarily <strong>in</strong> August 1781, Henderson was put <strong>in</strong> his place <strong>and</strong><br />
became <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a State Troops (created largely from Sumter’s now much dim<strong>in</strong>ished<br />
brigade) <strong>and</strong> lead <strong>the</strong>m with notable <strong>com</strong>petence at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs (<strong>and</strong> where he was wounded.) Both his letters<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> trust Sumter <strong>and</strong> Greene bestowed on him show Henderson to have been a truly pr<strong>of</strong>essional soldier with<br />
good sense <strong>and</strong> sound judgment. In 1782 when Sumter had f<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>and</strong> formally resigned, he was promoted to<br />
Brigadier General <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state troops. 249<br />
Lieut. Col. Joseph Hayes, from Laurens County, Sumter’s brigade 250<br />
Hayes was Col. (later Brig. Gen.) James Williams’ chief lieutenant, serv<strong>in</strong>g under him at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock,<br />
Musgrove’s Mill, <strong>and</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> at which last he succeeded Williams. He also <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed at Blackstock’s,<br />
Hammond’s Store, Williams’ Fort, <strong>and</strong> Cowpens. On 19 November 1781, at his home, “Hayes’ Station,” he was<br />
taken prisoner by Lieut. Col. William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham; who had him killed on <strong>the</strong> spot for hav<strong>in</strong>g allegedly violated<br />
his parole. See RSC2 pp. 272-273, SCP3 p. 323, <strong>and</strong> MSC2 pp. 24n-25n.<br />
Lieut. Col. Hezekiah Maham, from Berkeley County, Marion’s brigade, <strong>and</strong> S.C. State Troops<br />
(41) Maham, an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 5 th S.C. Regiment, was to be seen as cavalry leader dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British approaches<br />
to <strong>the</strong> city that preceded <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston itself. Later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781, he acted with Marion.<br />
Boatner disputes that Maham was ever part <strong>of</strong> Marion’s brigade. Yet whatever <strong>the</strong> particulars, Maham served<br />
247 His men were described by Tarleton as <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> districts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enoree <strong>and</strong> Tyger, or else <strong>the</strong> upper Saluda district, so<br />
probably about <strong>the</strong> closest we can guess is that Neale possibly came from ei<strong>the</strong>r Union, Laurens, or else Spartanburg County.<br />
248 Historian Patrick O’Kelley, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, asserts that “Andrew Neel” died three days after Rocky Mount at Rocky Creek;<br />
while it was a Lt. Col. Thomas Neel <strong>in</strong>stead who was killed at Rocky Mount.<br />
249 Henderson was bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> Maj. Pleasant Henderson, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> was himself orig<strong>in</strong>ally from Granville<br />
County, N.C. SNC p. 40.<br />
250 Sumter <strong>in</strong> a letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> April 25 th , 1781, spoke <strong>of</strong> Hayes as be<strong>in</strong>g part <strong>of</strong> his brigade, but that is about as much<br />
reference as I have <strong>com</strong>e across on this score.<br />
64
with <strong>and</strong> alongside Marion’s troops enough times to warrant <strong>the</strong> association. He was an <strong>in</strong>telligent <strong>and</strong> much<br />
respected <strong>of</strong>ficer. The Maham Tower he produced at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Fort Watson <strong>in</strong> April 1781 became one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
st<strong>and</strong>ard methods used by <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir siege approaches -– though credit for its first use evidently<br />
goes to someone <strong>in</strong> Sumter’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> 19-21 February siege <strong>of</strong> Fort Granby. Later that year, Maham was<br />
authorized to raise a corps <strong>of</strong> State Troops cavalry; which was afterward <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed with Peter Horry’s unit to<br />
form a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental regiment. He participated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dog Days Expedition, Qu<strong>in</strong>by Bridge, <strong>and</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong><br />
its aftermath. Near <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> 1781, he was taken prisoner <strong>and</strong> paroled while at his home <strong>in</strong> St. Stephen’s<br />
parish, <strong>and</strong> was not released till <strong>the</strong> war’s culm<strong>in</strong>ation. See JTR pp. 286-293.<br />
Lieut. Col. James McCall, 251 Pickens’ brigade<br />
(39) McCall, as a result <strong>of</strong> previous ties he had with <strong>the</strong>m fight<strong>in</strong>g Indians <strong>and</strong> as a Capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> (Cont<strong>in</strong>ental)<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers, was closely connected with Clark <strong>and</strong> Pickens, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten served under or alongside<br />
<strong>the</strong>m. Like Clark, he was an extremely active <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> saw much action <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> 1780 <strong>and</strong> early 1781,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g be<strong>in</strong>g present at Musgrove’s Mill, <strong>the</strong> first siege <strong>of</strong> Augusta, Fish Dam Ford, Blackstock’s, Long Canes,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Cowpens -– at which latter, alongside <strong>and</strong> under William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, he <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed Morgan’s cavalry.<br />
Sadly, after hav<strong>in</strong>g survived so many <strong>com</strong>bats, <strong>in</strong> late April, or <strong>the</strong> first few days <strong>of</strong> May 1781, he died <strong>of</strong> small<br />
pox. For more, see JLG1 p. 375n, MSC2 p. 32, <strong>and</strong> SCAR vol. 3, no.1, pp. 11-13, <strong>and</strong> vol. 3 no. 12, p. 19.<br />
Lieut. Col. Maurice Murfee (also Murphy, Murphey), from Marion County<br />
Murfee operated <strong>in</strong> his own neighborhood near <strong>the</strong> Peedee Rivers, engag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> frequent small skirmishes with <strong>the</strong><br />
local loyalists. From 1780 to late 1781, he was keep<strong>in</strong>g tories like Ganey <strong>and</strong> Barfield busy; which consequently<br />
freed Marion to take care <strong>of</strong> more press<strong>in</strong>g matters elsewhere <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state. It was not till 28 April 1781,<br />
however, that Marion promoted him to Lieut. Col; see Unwaried Patience <strong>and</strong> Fortitude: Francis Marion’s<br />
Orderly Book (2006) by Patrick O’Kelley, p. 532. One biographer describes him as a man <strong>of</strong> dar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> reckless<br />
courage, but who was <strong>of</strong> “violent passion” <strong>and</strong> had a quick temper. See GHC pp. 354-355.<br />
Lieut. Col. James Postell, from Georgetown, Marion’s brigade<br />
(35) Like his bro<strong>the</strong>r, Postell was taken at <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong> Charleston <strong>and</strong> paroled. He carried out several raids<br />
for Marion <strong>and</strong> was one his regular subord<strong>in</strong>ates, serv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> that brigade’s cavalry.<br />
Lieut. Col. John Purves (also Purvis), probably from Edgefield County, Pickens’ brigade<br />
Lieut. Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Roebuck, from Spartanburg County<br />
(25) Roebuck, born <strong>in</strong> Orange County, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia about 1755, was at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, Musgrove’s Mill, K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong><br />
(where he <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed under James Williams, <strong>and</strong> after which engagement he was promoted to Lieut. Col.), <strong>and</strong><br />
Cowpens. He was part <strong>of</strong> John Thomas Jr.’s regiment which he later came to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. On March 2 nd , 1781, at<br />
Mud Lick, <strong>in</strong> Newberry (or else Laurens) County, he led a militia force <strong>of</strong> 150 militia aga<strong>in</strong>st some loyalists. There<br />
he was wounded, captured, <strong>and</strong> subsequently taken prisoner to N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, <strong>the</strong>n to Charleston; till f<strong>in</strong>ally he was<br />
exchanged <strong>in</strong> August. He, <strong>and</strong> his <strong>com</strong>panion <strong>of</strong>ficer Lieut. Col. Henry White, are spoken <strong>of</strong> at length <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a<br />
praiseworthy fashion <strong>in</strong> Rev. James Hodge Saye’s Memoirs <strong>of</strong> Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong>. See also MSC2 p. 114n.<br />
Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Sw<strong>in</strong>ton, from Georgetown County, Marion’s brigade<br />
With <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>itial rank <strong>of</strong> Major, Sw<strong>in</strong>ton appeared as one <strong>of</strong> Marion’s top <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781, <strong>and</strong> acted<br />
<strong>in</strong> that capacity till <strong>the</strong> Dog Days Expedition <strong>in</strong> July, when he was badly wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g at Shubrick’s<br />
Plantation.<br />
Lieut. Col. John Thomas, Jr., from Spartanburg, Sumter’s brigade<br />
One <strong>of</strong> earliest to take to <strong>the</strong> field after Charleston’s surrender, Thomas, from Fairforest Creek, 252 was <strong>the</strong> only<br />
one <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s leaders present at First <strong>and</strong> Second Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g, Musgrove’s Mill <strong>and</strong> Cowpens. He scored a<br />
m<strong>in</strong>or success at Bush River on May 1, 1781. It is not quite clear <strong>in</strong> what actions he served with Sumter; though it<br />
is likely that he was probably at most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> engagements <strong>in</strong> 1780. His be<strong>in</strong>g at Cowpens perhaps suggests<br />
that, as one <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s lieutenants, he was more <strong>in</strong>dependent m<strong>in</strong>ded than his fellow <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> that brigade.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, Cowpens be<strong>in</strong>g located <strong>in</strong> his own area could naturally be considered sufficient justification<br />
for his presence <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle. His mo<strong>the</strong>r, Jane Black Thomas, was a spirited woman, who <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>of</strong><br />
1780 armed with a saber <strong>and</strong> helped by her two daughters, her son, <strong>and</strong> a skillful rifleman drove <strong>of</strong>f large b<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> tories <strong>in</strong>tent on seiz<strong>in</strong>g an important cache <strong>of</strong> ammunition, which was be<strong>in</strong>g kept <strong>in</strong> her home. Also, it has<br />
been claimed it was she who gave <strong>the</strong> whigs warn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists prior to First Cedar<br />
Spr<strong>in</strong>g. 253 His fa<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same name, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Spartan “regiment until Charleston fell, soon after<br />
which he was taken prisoner by a tory Capta<strong>in</strong> by <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> Sam Brown <strong>and</strong> conf<strong>in</strong>ed at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
Charleston until near <strong>the</strong> close <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. The said Brown carried <strong>of</strong>f his Negroes <strong>and</strong> horses.” 254<br />
251 McCall was from <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six area; which is about as much as we specifically know. One source says he migrated from<br />
Georgia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early 70’s.<br />
252 A tributary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tyger River.<br />
253 However, states Joseph Johnson, a Mrs. Dillard, wife <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiers, <strong>and</strong> who lived <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity, with Clarke’s camp<br />
brought <strong>the</strong> advanced warn<strong>in</strong>g, though Mrs. Thomas’ was given credit. Johnson out <strong>of</strong> politeness says it was both. But, evidently,<br />
at least as far as First Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g is concerned, it was Mrs. Dillard. JTR p. 518.<br />
254 SJM. For more on Thomas <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Thomas family see SCAR vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 15-22.<br />
65
Maj. Samuel Hammond, from Edgefield County, Pickens brigade, <strong>and</strong> S.C. State Troops<br />
(23) Hammond, orig<strong>in</strong>ally from Richmond County, VA., 255 was ano<strong>the</strong>r one <strong>of</strong> those ubiquitous figures <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south. He served with Andrew Williamson’s Augusta based corps <strong>of</strong> militia <strong>and</strong> state troops dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston, <strong>and</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> that town was one <strong>of</strong> noble few <strong>in</strong> Williamson’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> who<br />
refused to submit to British protection. 256 He <strong>the</strong>n went on to lead men at Second Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g, Musgrove’s Mill<br />
(after which he was promoted to Major), K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> (serv<strong>in</strong>g under James Williams), Blackstock’s, Long<br />
Canes, Cowpens (follow<strong>in</strong>g which he was promoted to Major), Augusta 1781, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ally Eutaw<br />
Spr<strong>in</strong>gs; where (serv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Henderson <strong>and</strong> Wade Hampton’s cavalry) he was wounded. In Sept. 1781 he was<br />
<strong>com</strong>missioned by Gov. John Rutledge to raise a corps <strong>of</strong> state troops, <strong>and</strong> ended <strong>the</strong> war, says Draper, as a<br />
colonel <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry. See WHG pp. 624-628 (which, <strong>in</strong>cidentally, <strong>in</strong>cludes an <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g reproduction <strong>of</strong> a<br />
pa<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> him as a well-groomed Cont<strong>in</strong>ental or State Troop <strong>of</strong>ficer), JTR pp. 149-154, 507-536 <strong>and</strong> DKM p. 467.<br />
Major John James, from Williamsburg County, Marion’s brigade<br />
(48) James, who after consider<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> matter rejected <strong>the</strong> idea <strong>of</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g British protection, was one <strong>of</strong> Marion’s<br />
earliest subord<strong>in</strong>ates <strong>and</strong> participated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter’s campaigns <strong>and</strong> battles, up to <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. Says Ramsay, “In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> this cruel <strong>and</strong> desultory warfare, Major James was reduced from<br />
easy circumstances to poverty. All his movable property was carried <strong>of</strong>f, <strong>and</strong> every house on his plantation<br />
burnt; but he bore up under <strong>the</strong>se misfortunes, <strong>and</strong> devoted not only his possessions, but his life itself, for <strong>the</strong><br />
good <strong>of</strong> his country” -- <strong>in</strong> vivid contrast to someone like Daniel Horry. 257 James was <strong>the</strong> fa<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> historian <strong>and</strong><br />
Marion biographer William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James.<br />
Major Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong>, from Union County<br />
(25) McJunk<strong>in</strong>, who served under Col. Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on, participated <strong>in</strong> quite a number <strong>of</strong> engagements <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Huck’s Defeat, Musgrove’s Mill, Blackstock’s, Hammond’s Store, Cowpens, Mudlick Creek, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong><br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. On May 8, 1781, he was taken prisoner while at his fa<strong>the</strong>r’s house, <strong>and</strong> taken to N<strong>in</strong>ety Six where he<br />
was tried, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n paroled. On leav<strong>in</strong>g to go home with some o<strong>the</strong>rs on parole, he was taken to Greene, <strong>and</strong> at<br />
Col. Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on’s re<strong>com</strong>mendation jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. After <strong>the</strong> siege was lifted, however, <strong>and</strong><br />
still suffer<strong>in</strong>g from a wound he <strong>in</strong>curred at Mudlick, he was permitted to return home. Despite <strong>the</strong> title <strong>and</strong><br />
although conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g many valuable rem<strong>in</strong>iscences <strong>of</strong> his own, The Memoirs <strong>of</strong> Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong> were actually<br />
<strong>com</strong>piled by his gr<strong>and</strong>son-<strong>in</strong>-law Rev. James Hodge Saye; who <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>com</strong>mentary <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r history relat<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
<strong>the</strong> war, as well as anecdotes <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r participants.<br />
Capt. Shadrack Inman, from Newberry County<br />
(33) Inman was active aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> loyalist <strong>in</strong> Georgia dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> 1779. But he achieved most fame at<br />
Musgrove’s Mill, where he both devised <strong>and</strong> carried out <strong>the</strong> ruse that succeeded <strong>in</strong> lur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> regulars <strong>and</strong><br />
loyalist militia <strong>in</strong>to an ambush. It was <strong>in</strong> that battle also that he lost his life.<br />
Capt. John McClure, from Chester County<br />
McClure, along with Col. William Bratton, is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first names we <strong>com</strong>e across <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g after<br />
Charleston. He served <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3 rd SC Regt. from 1775 to 1778, <strong>and</strong> his militia rangers from New Acquisition were<br />
part <strong>of</strong> Huger’s detachment that was routed <strong>and</strong> scattered at Monck’s Corner. He later helped lead <strong>the</strong> raids at<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er’s (or Beckham’s) Old Field <strong>and</strong> Mobley’s Meet<strong>in</strong>g House, <strong>and</strong> fought at Huck’s Defeat <strong>and</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Rock. It was at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock that McClure was mortally wounded. He was taken from <strong>the</strong>re to Charlotte where<br />
he expired after l<strong>in</strong>ger<strong>in</strong>g for two weeks. See JTR pp. 339-346 <strong>and</strong> SDR pp.38-39.<br />
Capt. William McCottry, from Williamsburg County, Marion’s brigade<br />
McCottry <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> detachment <strong>of</strong> Marion’s riflemen. In <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> swamps he <strong>and</strong> his men<br />
did signal service. SCP2 p. 277n.<br />
Capt. Rannall McKay (also McCoy, McKoy 258 )<br />
(17) McKay (Georgia historian Hugh McCall’s spell<strong>in</strong>g but more frequently referred to as McCoy with McCrady<br />
<strong>in</strong>sist<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> “McKoy” spell<strong>in</strong>g) was an active partisan, to <strong>the</strong> British a plunderer, <strong>and</strong> associate <strong>of</strong> William<br />
Harden’s who haunted <strong>the</strong> Savannah River <strong>and</strong> its swamps <strong>in</strong>tercept<strong>in</strong>g supplies headed for Augusta. Mention is<br />
made <strong>of</strong> how his wife was tortured while <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> which presumably accounts for his more<br />
than usual hostility toward <strong>the</strong>m. 259 After successfully ambush<strong>in</strong>g a loyalist detachment at Ma<strong>the</strong>w’s Bluff <strong>in</strong><br />
early April 1781 (or else possibly to be dated <strong>in</strong>stead January 1781), he was himself afterward captured at<br />
Wigg<strong>in</strong>s’ Hill (early April 1781) <strong>and</strong> executed by Lieut. Col. Thomas Brown <strong>in</strong> retaliation for <strong>the</strong> alleged shoot<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong> captivity <strong>of</strong> “Lieut. Kemp“ <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers (it is speculated by Loyalist historian Todd Braisted that<br />
“Kemp” may actually have been a John Champ <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New Jersey Volunteers.)<br />
255 He only moved with his family to Edgefield county, S.C. <strong>in</strong> Jan. 1779, <strong>and</strong> was to have served with <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia troops <strong>in</strong><br />
Charleston, but ended up <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>in</strong> his uncle LeRoy Hammond’s militia regiment <strong>in</strong> Georgia. JTR p. 507.<br />
256 Hammond relates this event at some length <strong>in</strong> his pension statement, say<strong>in</strong>g “he was struck dumb, on f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g not more than<br />
one <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> staff, one field <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> about four or five capta<strong>in</strong>s, to oppose an immediate acceptance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> terms<br />
stipulated for <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State by <strong>the</strong> convention <strong>of</strong> Charlestown.” HMP.<br />
257 David Ramsay’s History <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, p. 259.<br />
258 In Scottish, McKay is simply an alternative spell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> McCoy, <strong>and</strong> are pronounced <strong>the</strong> same way; hence, “Rannall McCoy” is<br />
how his name would sound.<br />
259 See RSC2 pp. 236-241, MMS2 pp. 284-285, MHG pp. 307, 362, 366, MSC1 pp. 610-611, CKR pp. 125-127.<br />
66
Capt. John Postell, from Georgetown County, Marion’s brigade<br />
(33) Postell, an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> considerable experience who had served <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> French <strong>and</strong> Indian <strong>War</strong>, like his bro<strong>the</strong>r<br />
James carried out <strong>in</strong>dependent raids on behalf <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “swamp fox.” In February, with a force <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>parable<br />
size, he captured a group <strong>of</strong> 30 soldiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment who had fortified <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> his<br />
family’s home. Evidently <strong>in</strong> retaliation, Postell, <strong>in</strong> March, was taken prisoner while under a flag <strong>of</strong> truce on <strong>the</strong><br />
grounds that he had violated his parole. The excuse Postell himself gave was that <strong>the</strong> British had violated <strong>the</strong><br />
orig<strong>in</strong>al parole he had received as one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Charleston garrison, <strong>and</strong> as well had seized his property <strong>in</strong><br />
contravention <strong>of</strong> his protection. He <strong>the</strong>reafter rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> captivity for <strong>the</strong> duration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. See MSC2 p.<br />
83n.<br />
Capt. Jacob Rumph, from Orangeburg County<br />
Rumph led a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> militia cavalry, or else mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry from <strong>the</strong> Orangeburgh area. His <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> was<br />
assailed <strong>and</strong> scattered at Fork <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Edisto on August 1 st , 1781.<br />
Georgia Militia <strong>and</strong> State Troops<br />
Brig. Gen. John Twiggs, from Richmond County<br />
(30) As colonel, Twiggs headed <strong>the</strong> Georgians at Fish Dam Ford <strong>and</strong> Blackstock’s. When Sumter was wounded at<br />
Blackstock’s, he took <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army <strong>and</strong> showed himself a capable leader. Ra<strong>the</strong>r than be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rov<strong>in</strong>g<br />
field <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er like Clark was, he seems to have spent much <strong>of</strong> his time act<strong>in</strong>g as a headquarters adm<strong>in</strong>istrator<br />
<strong>in</strong> Georgia: as much, if not more, necessary <strong>and</strong> helpful as <strong>the</strong> state was <strong>the</strong>n without a civil government. In<br />
August 1781, he was promoted to Brigadier General by <strong>the</strong> state’s re-united legislators. See SCAR vol. 3, no. 12,<br />
p. 16.<br />
Col. Elijah Clark (also Clarke), from Wilkes County 260<br />
(47) Though not so well known as Marion, Pickens, or Sumter, Clark deserves accolades as great. It has never<br />
ceased to impress this writer how <strong>of</strong>ten his name, or those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> have <strong>com</strong>e up <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
course <strong>of</strong> putt<strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r this work. The best <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Georgia military leaders, his list <strong>of</strong> battles <strong>in</strong>clude Second<br />
Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g (wounded), Musgrove’s Mill, <strong>the</strong> first siege <strong>of</strong> Augusta, Fish Dam Ford, Blackstock’s (wounded),<br />
Long Canes (wounded), Beattie’s Mill, <strong>the</strong> second siege <strong>of</strong> Augusta, not to mention a number <strong>of</strong> encounters with<br />
<strong>the</strong> Indians. He only missed K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> because he was see<strong>in</strong>g whig families from Georgia safely over <strong>the</strong><br />
mounta<strong>in</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> Cowpens only because he was severely wounded at Long Canes <strong>in</strong> December. By November 1781,<br />
he was carry<strong>in</strong>g out a war <strong>of</strong> devastation aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Cherokees <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> western part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state burn<strong>in</strong>g at least<br />
seven towns <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> process. This said, it should be borne <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d that follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong><br />
Georgia was usually more savage than elsewhere. Although most histories only seem to mention him<br />
<strong>in</strong>cidentally, <strong>the</strong> people knew Clark, <strong>and</strong> after <strong>the</strong> war treated him like a hero. 261 Like Marion, he knew <strong>the</strong><br />
tactical value <strong>of</strong> frequently chang<strong>in</strong>g his encampment. His wife, Hannah Harr<strong>in</strong>gton Clark, <strong>in</strong> her own way, was<br />
as brave <strong>and</strong> tough as her husb<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> has been written about as one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hero<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution. For<br />
more on Clark, see DKM generally (where <strong>the</strong>re is much material on him), WHG pp. 685-687 <strong>and</strong> SCAR vol. 4, no.<br />
1, 2,3, p. 38, SCP3 p. 400.<br />
Col. John Dooly (also Dooley), from Wilkes County (or L<strong>in</strong>coln County; later formed out <strong>of</strong> Wilkes County)<br />
(40) Dooly was Colonel <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army, <strong>and</strong> was one <strong>of</strong> Georgia most prom<strong>in</strong>ent <strong>of</strong>ficers. But <strong>in</strong> August<br />
1780, he was, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> his family, murdered by some tories who burst <strong>in</strong>to his home <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> dead <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
night. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> co<strong>in</strong>, loyalist Col. Thomas Brown, <strong>in</strong> a footnote <strong>of</strong> his “Reply to Ramsay,” says<br />
“that he was one <strong>of</strong> three execrable ruffians who murdered sixty loyalists on ceded l<strong>and</strong>s <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own homes <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> a week.” 262 Much earlier, he <strong>and</strong> his men had fought alongside Pickens <strong>and</strong> Clark <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> important<br />
260 Wilkes County, formerly denoted <strong>the</strong> “Ceded L<strong>and</strong>s,” (<strong>and</strong> which name was also used afterward) was named for John Wilkes,<br />
a vociferous spokesman <strong>in</strong> Parliament for American rights, <strong>and</strong> Free Speech. It occupied a fairly large area, <strong>and</strong> out <strong>of</strong> it were<br />
subsequently created Elbert, L<strong>in</strong>coln, <strong>and</strong> Oglethorpe counties, with parts also go<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to Greene, Hart, Madison, McDuffie,<br />
Taliaferro <strong>and</strong> <strong>War</strong>ren counties. Its central town Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, named after <strong>the</strong> General, was established on January 23 rd , 1780.<br />
261 Clark’s biographer, Louise Frederick Hays, perhaps deserves <strong>the</strong> palm for one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most w<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g, if embellished, passages <strong>in</strong><br />
all <strong>of</strong> American biography: “With his greatest ambition realized <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> capture <strong>of</strong> Augusta <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> dethronement <strong>of</strong> Thomas<br />
Brown, Colonel Elijah Clark was <strong>in</strong> high spirits. Safe <strong>and</strong> sound, he <strong>and</strong> John went to <strong>the</strong> home <strong>of</strong> friends on <strong>the</strong> far side <strong>of</strong><br />
Augusta to f<strong>in</strong>d Hannah. With her heart <strong>in</strong> her throat, she had watched <strong>the</strong> battle from a distance <strong>and</strong> recognized Elijah’s fivepounder<br />
each time it thundered forth. Her joy knew no bounds when she saw her battle toughened husb<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> son <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g. She<br />
ran to meet <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> as she embraced <strong>the</strong>m she exclaimed: ‘Now, Elijah, it’s all over. We can go home <strong>and</strong> live like real<br />
people.’ The gleam <strong>in</strong> Elijah’s flam<strong>in</strong>g eyes faded as he replied: ‘Not yet, Hannah. We cannot be safe as long as <strong>the</strong>se barbarous<br />
Indians murder our people.’ He expla<strong>in</strong>ed to her that he had just received a messenger tell<strong>in</strong>g him that Colonel Thomas Waters<br />
<strong>and</strong> James Tillet, had collected a b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Tories <strong>and</strong> Indians <strong>and</strong> were attack<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> forts on <strong>the</strong> border. He sent Capta<strong>in</strong> George<br />
Barber to cover <strong>the</strong> Forts <strong>and</strong> dispatch any parties he might meet. Barber carried out his orders well, but now James Tillet with<br />
a body <strong>of</strong> Indians had attacked two small Forts on Broad River near <strong>the</strong>ir home. They had murdered eighteen women <strong>and</strong><br />
children <strong>and</strong> had taken such women as were able to bear a rapid march <strong>in</strong>to captivity, where <strong>the</strong>y would be <strong>com</strong>pelled to endure<br />
<strong>the</strong> difficulties <strong>of</strong> a savage life. Elijah dismissed his men for a rest with orders to hold <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess for a rendezvous<br />
at Waters’ Fort to make ready for ano<strong>the</strong>r campaign. As much as Colonel Clark wished to go with General Pickens aga<strong>in</strong>st N<strong>in</strong>ety-<br />
Six, he could not conscientiously leave s<strong>in</strong>ce his first concern was for <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ceded L<strong>and</strong>s. The Indians must be<br />
kept <strong>in</strong> bounds on <strong>the</strong> border, <strong>and</strong> besides he must hang around home as Hannah was fix<strong>in</strong>g to have ano<strong>the</strong>r baby.<br />
“The House <strong>of</strong> Commons <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> recognition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> valiant services <strong>of</strong> Elijah Clark <strong>of</strong> Wilkes County, Georgia, voted<br />
him a gratuity <strong>of</strong> thirty thous<strong>and</strong> dollars. This was concurred <strong>in</strong> a Resolution by <strong>the</strong> House.” Hero <strong>of</strong> Hornet’s Nest, pp. 138-139.<br />
262 WHG p. 617n.<br />
67
victory over <strong>the</strong> loyalists at Kettle Creek, Georgia <strong>in</strong> February 1779. For more, see MHG pp. 471-472 <strong>and</strong> SCAR<br />
vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 30-32, SCP1 p. 270n.<br />
Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Few, from Richmond County<br />
(36) Few was at Fishdam Ford <strong>and</strong> Blackstock’s. He had seniority over Clark, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Georgians at<br />
Long Canes <strong>in</strong> December 1780, but exhibited poor leadership at that engagement. For most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> early part <strong>of</strong><br />
1781, Few served as a representative for Georgia <strong>in</strong> Congress. Return<strong>in</strong>g home <strong>in</strong> late July <strong>in</strong> 1781, he<br />
participated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> re-establishment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state government.<br />
Lieut. Col. James Jackson, from Chatham County, State Troops<br />
(23) Jackson, born <strong>in</strong> Devonshire, Engl<strong>and</strong>, served as a lieutenant at Fish Dam Ford, Blackstock’s, Long Canes <strong>and</strong><br />
Cowpens. In February he was made Pickens brigade Major when <strong>the</strong> latter took charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> western North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> campaign lead<strong>in</strong>g up to Guilford Court House. Later he was at <strong>the</strong> second siege <strong>of</strong><br />
Augusta. In May 1781, he was made lieutenant colonel while be<strong>in</strong>g appo<strong>in</strong>ted to raise a regiment <strong>of</strong> Georgia<br />
State Troops. It is unclear, however, what, if any, action this unit saw as recruit<strong>in</strong>g men was difficult due to<br />
small pox <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> state government’s lack <strong>of</strong> money. In after years, Jackson became both U.S. Senator from <strong>and</strong><br />
Governor <strong>of</strong> Georgia. See WHG pp. 219-221.<br />
Maj. William C<strong>and</strong>ler, from Columbia County<br />
(42) C<strong>and</strong>ler was at Clark’s attack on Augusta <strong>in</strong> 1780, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed Clark’s men at K<strong>in</strong>gs Mounta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> also took<br />
part <strong>in</strong> Fish Dam Ford <strong>and</strong> Blackstock’s. Draper says he rose to <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>of</strong> colonel, but doesn’t give a date.<br />
Maj. John Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, possibly from Wilkes County<br />
Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham became <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> Clark’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> after Clark was seriously wounded at Long Canes. Follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
this, he led <strong>the</strong> Georgians at Cowpens.<br />
Capt. Charles Od<strong>in</strong>gsell, from Chatham County, Marion’s brigade<br />
Od<strong>in</strong>gsell served with Marion’s brigade <strong>in</strong> late 1780 <strong>and</strong> early 1781.<br />
II. AMERICAN UNITS<br />
This roster <strong>and</strong> brief survey does not <strong>in</strong>clude <strong>the</strong> American regiments <strong>and</strong> detachments that served at <strong>the</strong><br />
Charleston siege, <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia campaign <strong>of</strong> 1781, <strong>and</strong> Yorktown. Also, as with <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers, fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>formation<br />
about <strong>the</strong>se units <strong>and</strong> formations can be found with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Calendar</strong> itself.<br />
The Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army<br />
* Delaware Regiment<br />
In April 1780, <strong>the</strong> Delaware Regiment numbered 250 rank <strong>and</strong> file, or 320 <strong>of</strong> all ranks, <strong>the</strong>n at Camden (16<br />
August 1780) most were killed or taken, among <strong>the</strong> latter <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> regiment’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer Lieut.<br />
Col. David Vaughn. This was followed by Great Savannah (21 August); where a number <strong>of</strong> those captured were<br />
liberated <strong>and</strong> escaped; so that <strong>the</strong> net loss ended up be<strong>in</strong>g only 70 rank <strong>and</strong> file. Whereas before Camden <strong>the</strong><br />
unit had eight <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> 38 men, afterward <strong>the</strong>y had two <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> 96 total, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers, one<br />
under Capt. Robert Kirkwood, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> second under Capt. Peter Jacquett. By <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> October 1780, <strong>the</strong>se<br />
were <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed with some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> regiment to form <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Light Infantry Battalion. When this<br />
unit was broken up <strong>in</strong> early February 1781, Kirkwood’s <strong>com</strong>pany acted as an <strong>in</strong>dependent light <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>; sometimes be<strong>in</strong>g coupled with Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry to form a legion. Jacquett’s <strong>com</strong>pany, on <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, was <strong>in</strong>formally organized <strong>in</strong>to one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two Maryl<strong>and</strong> Battalions. While it occasionally received a<br />
few replacements, <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>panies did not normally exceed 80 men. By June 1781, however, <strong>the</strong> Delaware<br />
regiment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army totaled 121 rank <strong>and</strong> file. Although 85 recruits were sent from <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong><br />
Delaware to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s army at Yorktown, Greene received no significant number <strong>of</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements or<br />
replacements for <strong>the</strong> unit until 1782 when it <strong>the</strong>n numbered four <strong>com</strong>panies. These were subsequently<br />
<strong>in</strong>tegrated <strong>in</strong>to Col. Laurens’ Light Infantry Corps on June 13, 1782. 263<br />
* Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigade<br />
At Camden were present <strong>the</strong> 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th , 5 th , 6 th , <strong>and</strong> 7 th Maryl<strong>and</strong> regiments. Follow<strong>in</strong>g that action, <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
strength was so reduced that <strong>in</strong> October 1780 what rema<strong>in</strong>ed follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> battle was consolidated (as per<br />
orders from Wash<strong>in</strong>gton) 264 <strong>in</strong>to two battalions or “regiments” -- <strong>the</strong>se were grouped as follows:<br />
~ 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Battalion, under Maj. Archibald Anderson:<br />
Made up <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> remnants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st , 3 rd , 5 th , 7 th regiments.<br />
~ 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Battalion, under Maj. Henry Hardman:<br />
Made up <strong>of</strong> remnants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2 nd , 4 th , 6 th , regiments, plus Jacquett’s Delaware <strong>com</strong>pany.<br />
263 WDC pp. 351-354, 363, NGP9 p. 224n, JLG1 p. 443.<br />
264 MLW4A pp. 333-334.<br />
68
Informally, <strong>the</strong>se battalions were <strong>the</strong>reafter known at <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>and</strong> 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiments (<strong>of</strong> 1781); though <strong>the</strong>se<br />
were designations <strong>of</strong> convenience <strong>and</strong> not, on paper at least, formal regiments as such. The <strong>of</strong>ficers, for<br />
example, would cont<strong>in</strong>ue to be listed <strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficial state records accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> regiments <strong>the</strong>y orig<strong>in</strong>ally<br />
belonged to. These two battalions <strong>the</strong>n made up <strong>the</strong> (new) Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigade, which was <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed briefly by<br />
Brig. Gen. William Smallwood, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n by Col. Otho Williams. Out <strong>of</strong> a portion <strong>of</strong> this brigade, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same<br />
month, was formed <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Light Infantry Battalion. 265 This light corps fought at Cowpens; while <strong>the</strong><br />
rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brigade stayed with Greene <strong>and</strong> Otho Williams at Hick’s Creek on <strong>the</strong> Peedee. In <strong>the</strong> early part<br />
<strong>of</strong> 1781 (Jan.-Feb.), as replacements came <strong>in</strong> to <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army, <strong>the</strong> Light Battalion was disb<strong>and</strong>ed. Some<br />
sources say it was at this time that <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> brigade organized <strong>in</strong>to two regiments. But what seems to have<br />
happened was that <strong>the</strong>re may have been a second m<strong>in</strong>or reorganization, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> new recruits were concentrated<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2 nd (defacto) regiment. Follow<strong>in</strong>g that, despite Greene’s pleas, no significant number <strong>of</strong> troops were sent<br />
as re<strong>in</strong>forcements from Maryl<strong>and</strong> until after Yorktown. In a letter <strong>of</strong> May 4 th , 1781, he wrote President (i.e.,<br />
Gov.) Joseph Reed <strong>of</strong> Pennsylvania: “Maryl<strong>and</strong> has given no assistance to this army. Not a recruit jo<strong>in</strong>ed us from<br />
that state, <strong>and</strong> we are discharg<strong>in</strong>g her men daily, <strong>the</strong>ir time <strong>of</strong> service be<strong>in</strong>g expired.” 266 Accord<strong>in</strong>g to William<br />
Johnson, a few recruits from both Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware were occasionally sent on, but <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> rank <strong>and</strong><br />
file <strong>in</strong> service at no time exceed about 1312 for <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>ers (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Jacquett’s Delaware <strong>com</strong>pany) <strong>and</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ians, <strong>and</strong> 80 for Kirkwood’s Delaware <strong>com</strong>pany. 267 States historian David Schenck: “Maryl<strong>and</strong> [<strong>and</strong><br />
Delaware] had early adopted <strong>the</strong> policy <strong>of</strong> enlist<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> war, <strong>and</strong> to that fact may be assigned <strong>the</strong> splendid<br />
heroism <strong>of</strong> her troops <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South. Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a only partially adopted this policy, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter was now <strong>in</strong> prison, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> both States be<strong>in</strong>g generally called out for six<br />
weeks, spent one third <strong>of</strong> this time <strong>in</strong> gett<strong>in</strong>g to camp <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r two-thirds <strong>in</strong> calculat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> day <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
return.” 268<br />
* North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Brigade<br />
In January 1781, steps were taken for <strong>the</strong> formation <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental regiments to replace those<br />
lost at Charleston. At <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong>re were already a small number <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals present with<br />
Greene’s army, but <strong>the</strong>se numbered no more than 30. 269 Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner was appo<strong>in</strong>ted by Greene <strong>the</strong><br />
task <strong>of</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g, tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> arm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> units. However, with Cornwallis’ <strong>in</strong>vasion <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong><br />
February <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> recruits <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> were very few. It was not till after Guilford Court House, when <strong>the</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a assembly passed a law mak<strong>in</strong>g deserters from <strong>the</strong> militia at that battle liable to military service,<br />
that Sumner was able to obta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> men he needed. Moreover, by general exchange <strong>of</strong> April 1781 between<br />
Greene <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis, many veterans who had been prisoner s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston were released. 270 As<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were collected <strong>and</strong> came <strong>in</strong>, Sumner formed one detachment at a time; which he <strong>the</strong>n sent on to Greene.<br />
The first under Maj. P<strong>in</strong>kertham Eaton arrived at Greene’s army around <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Hobkirk’s Hill <strong>in</strong> April 1781.<br />
They <strong>in</strong>itially numbered around 200, but due to desertions decreased to about 140, many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> draftees<br />
underst<strong>and</strong>ably protest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> forced service without be<strong>in</strong>g allowed what <strong>the</strong>y felt was a fair hear<strong>in</strong>g. By July,<br />
additional detachments had been formed such that <strong>in</strong> August Sumner was with Greene with a total <strong>of</strong> 350 men.<br />
These were formed <strong>in</strong>to three regiments or battalions: <strong>the</strong> 1 st North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781), <strong>the</strong> 2 nd North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781), <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3 rd North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781.) Not a few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. leaders<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> 1780 <strong>and</strong> 1781 were former Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers who had seen service <strong>in</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s army –- <strong>and</strong> it<br />
is perhaps <strong>the</strong> disparity between <strong>the</strong> quality <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Cont<strong>in</strong>ental brethren that highlighted<br />
<strong>in</strong> Greene’s m<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> deficiency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> former. Although largely drafted troops, <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals<br />
<strong>of</strong> 1781 became a very respectable <strong>com</strong>bat formation, fight<strong>in</strong>g bravely <strong>and</strong> absorb<strong>in</strong>g more losses than any o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
American unit at <strong>the</strong> bloodier-than-usual battle <strong>of</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. 271<br />
* Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Brigade 272<br />
Aside from those taken at Charleston <strong>in</strong> 1780, <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals presence <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> deep south came with<br />
Buford’s re<strong>in</strong>forcement which suffered heavy casualties at Waxhaws. What were left were with de Kalb for a<br />
brief time, returned to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>in</strong> July, <strong>and</strong> came back aga<strong>in</strong> to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army after Camden. This group<br />
suffered much attrition from desertion, illness, <strong>and</strong> expired terms <strong>of</strong> service. Yet by <strong>the</strong> time Greene came to<br />
265 A significant re<strong>in</strong>forcement from Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals under Capt William Beatty <strong>and</strong> a Maryl<strong>and</strong><br />
State Regt. under Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er L. Smith arrived sometime <strong>in</strong> November 1780 -- <strong>the</strong> latter unit returned home <strong>in</strong> January 1781,<br />
however, due to a dispute between Greene <strong>and</strong> Smith concern<strong>in</strong>g rank. See entry for 26 October 1780, Brig. Gen. Mordecai Gist<br />
to Gates, CNC14 pp. 710-711.<br />
266 JLG2 p. 88. Gordon: “Greene <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> this letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>ers -- but <strong>the</strong>y had raised 500 regulars, who might have<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed him <strong>in</strong> April, if proper pa<strong>in</strong>s had been taken by <strong>the</strong> executive power.” GHA4 pp. 87-88.<br />
267 JLG1 p. 443.<br />
268 SNC p. 272.<br />
269 In Fortitude & Forbearance: The North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental L<strong>in</strong>e at Guilford Courthouse, (Office <strong>of</strong> Archives <strong>and</strong> History <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> N.C. Department <strong>of</strong> Cultural Resources, 2004) authors Lawrence E, Babits <strong>and</strong> Joshua B. Howard make <strong>the</strong> case that by<br />
Guilford Courthouse <strong>the</strong>re were as many as 100, <strong>and</strong> which were present at that engagement.<br />
270 See DNC pp. 28-30.<br />
271 For some close documentation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a L<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> 1781, see CNC15 pp. 98, 426-430, 432-435, 438-505, 528-533,<br />
538-542, 590, 597, 599-600, SCAR vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 22-24, <strong>and</strong> for fur<strong>the</strong>r SNC <strong>and</strong> RNC.<br />
272 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regiments generally were at various times reduced <strong>in</strong> overall number, re<strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed, some disb<strong>and</strong>ed; so that <strong>the</strong><br />
organization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia l<strong>in</strong>e went through considerable fluctuation dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. And while a given regiment<br />
might not be active <strong>in</strong> reality, it was still <strong>in</strong> existence on paper; with its orig<strong>in</strong>ally assigned men sent to serve <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r units<br />
where <strong>the</strong>y were more needed. Later however, <strong>the</strong> regiment might be disb<strong>and</strong>ed (for example <strong>in</strong> Sept. 1778, <strong>the</strong> overall number<br />
<strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regiments were reduced <strong>in</strong> number), <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g men (if any) transferred to a new unit (if not<br />
discharged.)<br />
69
take charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army, <strong>the</strong>re were still about 300 left, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g remnants <strong>of</strong> Porterfield’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
State Troops. Of this 300 some ended up go<strong>in</strong>g home as well, but those that stayed were <strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong><br />
two newly created Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regiments which re<strong>in</strong>forced <strong>the</strong> army prior to Guilford Court House. These were John<br />
Green’s <strong>and</strong> Samuel Hawes’ Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regiments (<strong>of</strong> 1781.) Green’s arrived <strong>in</strong> early January; Hawes’ <strong>in</strong> early<br />
March. Initially <strong>the</strong>re was some confusion as to how all <strong>the</strong> different Virg<strong>in</strong>ians were to be organized; which<br />
might help account for <strong>the</strong>ir lack <strong>of</strong> cohesion at Guilford Court House. In a letter <strong>of</strong> April 3 rd , to William Davies<br />
(also Davis), head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong>, Greene wrote: “The disagreeable situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachments<br />
serv<strong>in</strong>g with this army from <strong>the</strong> State <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>of</strong> all ranks <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers from <strong>the</strong>ir not be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Regimented <strong>in</strong>duces me to wish that <strong>the</strong> first <strong>and</strong> second Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regiments should be immediately formed, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Officers sent forward without loss <strong>of</strong> time. While <strong>the</strong> troops act by detachment <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers uncerta<strong>in</strong><br />
whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y will <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> same men, <strong>the</strong>y will not pay attention to <strong>the</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops which <strong>the</strong><br />
service requires.” It appears to be <strong>the</strong> case that many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, <strong>the</strong>ir tours expired, went<br />
home after Guilford. In any case, on April 4 th , <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ians were divided <strong>in</strong>to two equal corps, Green’s became<br />
<strong>the</strong> 1 st Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781) <strong>and</strong> Hawes‘ <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781.) Shortly after, Lieut. Col. John<br />
Green was forced to leave <strong>the</strong> army for health reasons, <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. Richard Campbell was put <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 1 st . Hawes as well later became ill sometime before <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> May, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2 nd was given to<br />
Major Smith Snead. On July 19 th , Campbell was appo<strong>in</strong>ted head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia brigade, <strong>and</strong> Capt. Thomas<br />
Edmunds took his place <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 1 st Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment. 273<br />
* 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons, also 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Regiment <strong>of</strong> Cavalry, “Bl<strong>and</strong>’s” 274<br />
* 3 rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons, also 3 rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Regiment <strong>of</strong> Cavalry, “Baylor’s”<br />
* <strong>the</strong> Comb<strong>in</strong>ed 1 st <strong>and</strong> 3 rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Cavalry, also Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry, <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cavalry<br />
Comm<strong>and</strong>ed by Lieut. Col. Anthony White, <strong>the</strong> 1 st Dragoons fought alongside <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Dragoons, under Lieut. Col.<br />
William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston. 275 Both managed ultimately to escape <strong>the</strong> British, but not<br />
without hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>curred excessive losses beforeh<strong>and</strong>. Gates subsequently had White’s regiment remove to<br />
Salem, N.C.; while Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s went to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to recruit <strong>and</strong> refit; so that nei<strong>the</strong>r was at Camden.<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, however, rejo<strong>in</strong>ed Gates at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army <strong>in</strong> September. By December,<br />
some <strong>of</strong> White’s men had been added to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s corps; which <strong>the</strong>n became <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed 1 st <strong>and</strong> 3 rd<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental cavalry. White’s dragoons were at Salem as late as January 30; at which time, Greene ordered him<br />
to send all who are fit for duty to jo<strong>in</strong> him, <strong>the</strong>n collect<strong>in</strong>g around Sherrald’s Ford. Greene partially<br />
counterm<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> order, <strong>and</strong> directed that those <strong>of</strong> White’s dragoons “who are fit for duty” to be <strong>in</strong>tegrated<br />
<strong>in</strong>to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s unit. So about 10 to 15 <strong>of</strong> White’s dragoons (that is those “fit for duty”) subsequently left<br />
Salem on February 4 th to jo<strong>in</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton. What was left <strong>of</strong> White’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> returned to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
White himself.) What became known as Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s (“Virg<strong>in</strong>ia”) cavalry were <strong>the</strong>n with Greene up till Eutaw<br />
Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> 1781, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton occasionally picked up recruits from both North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong>, as<br />
well, some from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. At Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>in</strong> an attack on <strong>the</strong> British flank <strong>com</strong>panies under<br />
Marjoribanks, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton was taken prisoner, <strong>and</strong> many <strong>of</strong> his men scattered. This resulted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> corps’<br />
temporary disb<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g; however, some remnants rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> ostensibly o<strong>the</strong>rs were recruited as well, for we<br />
read (at LMS p. 552) <strong>of</strong> Col. Baylor himself <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a to take <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> 1781. For <strong>the</strong><br />
def<strong>in</strong>itive account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment, see C.F. William Maurer's Dragoon Diary: The History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Third<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons (2005). 276<br />
Artillery<br />
* 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Artillery Regiment detachment (Virg<strong>in</strong>ia)<br />
This unit was with Gates at Camden, <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed with <strong>the</strong> army throughout <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south. They were<br />
formally <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Col. Charles Harrison; though <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field itself it was Capt. Anthony S<strong>in</strong>gleton who<br />
usually led <strong>and</strong> directed <strong>the</strong>m. Of <strong>in</strong>terest concern<strong>in</strong>g this unit, see Francis J. Brooke’s “A Family Narrative,<br />
Be<strong>in</strong>g Rem<strong>in</strong>iscences <strong>of</strong> a <strong>Revolutionary</strong> Officer.” The Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> History (1921), vol. 19, no. 2, Extra Number<br />
No. 74, Tarrytown, N.Y. (First publsihed by MacFarlane & Ferguson, Richmond, VA., 1849.)<br />
Partizan Corps 277<br />
* 1 st Partizan Corps, Arm<strong>and</strong>’s Legion<br />
Arm<strong>and</strong>’s was at Camden, <strong>and</strong> although typically derided as hav<strong>in</strong>g fled <strong>the</strong> field without fight<strong>in</strong>g Tarleton<br />
reports that <strong>the</strong>y “displayed a good countenance” <strong>and</strong> tried to rally <strong>the</strong> torrent <strong>of</strong> rout<strong>in</strong>g militia “but were soon<br />
borne down by <strong>the</strong> rapid charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> [British] legion” (TCS p.108.) In early September, Arm<strong>and</strong>’s men were<br />
273 NGP8 pp. 44, 55, 330, 410n, NGP9 p. 43.<br />
274 Dragoons were orig<strong>in</strong>ally mounted <strong>in</strong>fantrymen. Yet by <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18 th century <strong>the</strong>y could be characterized as regular<br />
cavalry, yet cavalry armed with typically a carb<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> pistol as well as sabre.<br />
275 The 1 st was made up preponderantly <strong>of</strong> men from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; while <strong>the</strong> 3 rd conta<strong>in</strong>ed a number from Maryl<strong>and</strong>, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
<strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a.<br />
276 NGP7 pp. 70n, 119n, 205n, 221, SCAR vol. 3, no.3, pp. 15-33. Included with Lee’s account <strong>of</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs is a matter <strong>of</strong> fact<br />
<strong>and</strong> useful roster <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s <strong>of</strong>ficers at LMS pp. 469-470.<br />
277 These partizan or partisan units conta<strong>in</strong>ed one cont<strong>in</strong>gent each <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> cavalry. Although typically referred to as<br />
“Legions,” <strong>the</strong> Partisan corps technically differed from a Legion proper (<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army) <strong>in</strong> that <strong>the</strong> cavalry or <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
troop <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> former numbered 50 privates each; whereas <strong>in</strong> a Legion <strong>the</strong> number per troop was 60. Consequently to refer to<br />
Lee’s <strong>of</strong> Pulaski’s units as “Legions” is formally <strong>in</strong>correct. See Wright, The Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army, pp. 161-162.<br />
70
sent to seek provisions <strong>and</strong> make cantonments <strong>in</strong> <strong>War</strong>ren County, N.C. In November 1780, it was reorganized;<br />
<strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> December sent by Greene to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia as unfit for duty. 278 Although it wasn’t actually disb<strong>and</strong>ed, <strong>the</strong><br />
legion rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong>active while Arm<strong>and</strong> went to France to seek funds, supplies <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r aid. Upon his return <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781, he brought his men back <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> field; where <strong>the</strong>y served <strong>in</strong> Lafayette’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia campaign<br />
<strong>and</strong> Yorktown. The unit has been described as be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>prised primarily <strong>of</strong> foreigners, but this is an<br />
exaggeration, <strong>and</strong> while a significant number <strong>of</strong> European born men did fill <strong>the</strong> ranks <strong>the</strong>se were ra<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong><br />
exception than <strong>the</strong> rule.<br />
* 2 nd Partizan Corps, Lee’s Legion<br />
At least on paper, <strong>the</strong> legion consisted <strong>of</strong> three troops <strong>of</strong> cavalry <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Joseph Eggleston, Ferd<strong>in</strong><strong>and</strong><br />
O’Neal, <strong>and</strong> James Armstrong, <strong>and</strong> 3 <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry under Patrick Carnes, Michael Rudulph <strong>and</strong> George<br />
H<strong>and</strong>y. They jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene’s army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first week <strong>of</strong> January 1781, <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>re <strong>in</strong>to 1782. On May 3,<br />
25 men from <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals under Maj. P<strong>in</strong>kertham Eaton were attached to <strong>the</strong> Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry,<br />
thus rais<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir strength to 110. On July 28 th , 25 from <strong>the</strong> 1 st North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt. (<strong>of</strong> 1781) were also<br />
attached. It is not clear if this second group <strong>of</strong> 25 were <strong>the</strong> same that had been assigned earlier, or different. As<br />
well as re<strong>in</strong>forc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Infantry, this jo<strong>in</strong>t venture was a good means <strong>of</strong> tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians<br />
who at that time were draftees from <strong>the</strong> militia. By Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>the</strong> Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry, with <strong>the</strong> 25 added, were<br />
100 <strong>in</strong> number. The cavalry averaged a strength <strong>of</strong> from 60 to 90 rank <strong>and</strong> file. 279<br />
* Pulaski’s Legion<br />
Comm<strong>and</strong>ed by Maj. Chevalier Pierre-François Vernier, some remnants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion were with <strong>the</strong> American<br />
army at <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> Charleston, <strong>and</strong> attached to White’s <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry. However, Vernier was<br />
killed <strong>and</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> unit was decimated or dispersed at Monck’s Corner on 13 April 1780. O<strong>the</strong>rs were taken at<br />
<strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston. Months earlier, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> charge on <strong>the</strong> Spr<strong>in</strong>g Hill Redoubt (<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> September 1779 attack on<br />
Savannah) Brig. Gen. Casimir Pulaski himself <strong>and</strong> many <strong>of</strong> his cavalry had been killed. Pulaski’s was <strong>the</strong>n<br />
<strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong>to Arm<strong>and</strong>’s legion <strong>in</strong> 1780; though some <strong>in</strong>dividual troopers (I have as yet to confirm this myself)<br />
may have ended up with William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s corps. 280<br />
State Troops<br />
State troops are to be dist<strong>in</strong>guished from Cont<strong>in</strong>ental regiments; which latter were specifically formed to meet a<br />
quota decreed by Congress. The former, by contrast, were formally <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>of</strong> Congress <strong>and</strong> answerable<br />
only to <strong>the</strong>ir state. This difference sometimes was a source <strong>of</strong> conflict; as when, for example, <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong><br />
State Regt. left Greene’s army <strong>in</strong> early January 1781 because <strong>of</strong> a disagreement between Greene <strong>and</strong> its<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er over questions perta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to military rank. In spite <strong>of</strong> this, <strong>the</strong> cooperation between state <strong>and</strong><br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental units was mostly harmonious <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y customarily acted toge<strong>the</strong>r like friendly allies. Yet <strong>the</strong> reformation<br />
<strong>of</strong> state troops <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> late 1781 marks a significant development; s<strong>in</strong>ce Cont<strong>in</strong>ental units<br />
could conceivably have been created <strong>in</strong>stead under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Hammond, Horry, <strong>and</strong> Maham, but were<br />
not. Why this wasn’t done was no doubt related to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a’s press<strong>in</strong>g need at <strong>the</strong> time to re-establish her<br />
own civil authority. By <strong>com</strong>parison <strong>in</strong> unoccupied North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>the</strong> lead<strong>in</strong>g local military man (i.e., real --- as<br />
opposed to Richard Caswell), Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner, was a loyal Cont<strong>in</strong>ental, <strong>and</strong> who worked with patient<br />
<strong>and</strong> sedulous zeal to re-form that state’s Cont<strong>in</strong>ental battalions, <strong>and</strong> without him (or William Lee Davidson had<br />
he survived) North Carol<strong>in</strong>a might have ended up hav<strong>in</strong>g more state <strong>and</strong> militia units (<strong>the</strong> possible consequences<br />
<strong>of</strong> which, <strong>in</strong> retrospect, raises a <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g what-if question.)<br />
* Georgia State Troops<br />
Although an effort was made to form a <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> light horse under Lieut. Col. James Jackson at Augusta, <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> summer <strong>of</strong> 1781, this unit, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 3 <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> 2 <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, only became operational<br />
by October, <strong>and</strong> was largely made up <strong>of</strong> former loyalists <strong>and</strong> British deserters. A plot among some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se men<br />
to assass<strong>in</strong>ate Jackson, as <strong>the</strong> unit lay outside Savannah, was foiled <strong>in</strong> November. 281<br />
* North Carol<strong>in</strong>a State Troops<br />
There were North Carol<strong>in</strong>a state troops, but <strong>the</strong>se are not always easy to dist<strong>in</strong>guish from militia; <strong>the</strong> two acted<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r so regularly: with Davie’s mounted troops (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>and</strong> autumn <strong>of</strong> 1780), <strong>and</strong> Malmedy’s corps,<br />
which operated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781, be<strong>in</strong>g perhaps somewhat exceptions. Babits mentions ano<strong>the</strong>r state unit<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g at Cowpens. While <strong>the</strong>re is presumably more to be found out <strong>and</strong> expla<strong>in</strong>ed about <strong>the</strong> state troops <strong>of</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, unfortunately <strong>the</strong>se too brief marks here will have to suffice. For more see SCAR vol. 3, no. 9,<br />
pp. 22.<br />
278 Greene to General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, from Head-Quarters, High Rock Ford, on Haw River, 28 February, 1781: “I am conv<strong>in</strong>ced that<br />
Colonel Arm<strong>and</strong>’s legion can render no service on its present foot<strong>in</strong>g. The <strong>of</strong>ficers refuse to go on duty with <strong>the</strong> men; thirtyeight,<br />
out <strong>of</strong> a detachment <strong>of</strong> forty men, deserted to <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Baron Steuben was obliged to order a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m<br />
to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir regiments, who are prisoners at Charlottesville.” See also CNC15 pp. 184-186.<br />
279 For some un<strong>com</strong>mon <strong>and</strong> unusual anecdotal <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>formation on Lee’s Legion, see GAR1, GAR2, SCAR vol. 5 no.1, p. 32,<br />
<strong>and</strong> MSC2 pp. 79-82.<br />
280 The legion cavalry when under Pulaski were spoken <strong>of</strong> by one observer as “lancers,” see CSS p. 1096.<br />
281 Jackson depended on <strong>the</strong> skill <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry <strong>of</strong> his men <strong>in</strong> equipp<strong>in</strong>g his legion, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y made even <strong>the</strong>ir own swords, as well<br />
as o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir cavalry accoutrements <strong>and</strong> uniforms (which were jackets.) JHG pp. 496-498.<br />
71
* South Carol<strong>in</strong>a State Troops<br />
Daniel Horry’s Regiment <strong>of</strong> Light Dragoons, formed <strong>in</strong> 1779 (see RSC2 p.19), were active <strong>in</strong> help<strong>in</strong>g to check <strong>the</strong><br />
British approaches on Charleston <strong>in</strong> early 1780. However, with <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> that city, <strong>the</strong>y were captured <strong>and</strong><br />
disb<strong>and</strong>ed. The regiments Sumter formed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781, <strong>in</strong> a way, were state troops. But <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
established under Sumter’s Law. This meant that when Rutledge ended up, <strong>in</strong> effect, annull<strong>in</strong>g “<strong>the</strong> Law” <strong>in</strong> July<br />
1781, <strong>the</strong> regiments’ status as state troops was de facto taken away from <strong>the</strong>m. Those <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s men who<br />
served under Pickens at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>the</strong>n were actually back to be<strong>in</strong>g militia. Even so, <strong>in</strong> August, immediately<br />
after Rutledge’s proclamation, State Troops proper were formed under Lieut. Col. William Henderson, <strong>and</strong><br />
consisted <strong>of</strong> an <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> a cavalry element number<strong>in</strong>g about 75 rank <strong>and</strong> file each. Not a few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiers<br />
<strong>in</strong> this unit came from Mecklenburg <strong>and</strong> Rowan counties <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>of</strong> 1781, two troops <strong>of</strong> cavalry were raised under Lieut. Col. Hezekiah Maham <strong>and</strong> Colonel Peter<br />
Horry. Maham’s corps was present at Qu<strong>in</strong>by Bridge <strong>and</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. Horry’s troop, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, was<br />
still not quite ready by <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> those engagements. 282 In September, a third was created <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by<br />
<strong>the</strong>n Lieut. Col. Samuel Hammond, who earlier <strong>the</strong> same month had been a Major at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs serv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
Henderson’s S.C. state troops <strong>in</strong>fantry.<br />
* Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Troops<br />
The Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Troops under Porterfield, <strong>in</strong> this case <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Garrison Regiment, came south to assist <strong>the</strong><br />
besieged Charleston garrison. In spite <strong>of</strong> this, <strong>the</strong>y arrived too late (probably June) to be <strong>of</strong> assistance. By early<br />
July <strong>the</strong>y had jo<strong>in</strong>ed De Kalb’s army, <strong>and</strong> later fought <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden. A small number survived <strong>and</strong><br />
some 50 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were <strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong> to <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia l<strong>in</strong>e; 283 while <strong>the</strong> remnant returned to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia where <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were discharged. By January, 1781, under Col. George Muter, <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> organization, which had<br />
returned to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, was 174. Dur<strong>in</strong>g 1781 it was united to <strong>the</strong> remnants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> First <strong>and</strong> Second state regiments<br />
by order <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Governor <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Council. Under an act <strong>of</strong> Assembly <strong>of</strong> Jan. 1782, a second consolidation was<br />
effected <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> remnants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> various state organizations <strong>in</strong>to a legion under Col. Charles Dabney.<br />
The Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Cavalry regiment, under Major John Nelson, was ordered south <strong>in</strong> 1780 to jo<strong>in</strong> Gates’ army.<br />
One source reports it to have been at Camden (16 August 1780); yet more likely it was absent as was <strong>the</strong> case<br />
with White’s <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s 1 st <strong>and</strong> 3 rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental dragoons, <strong>and</strong> probably for similar reasons, i.e., lack <strong>of</strong><br />
supplies <strong>and</strong> equipment. When Greene came to take <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> December, he sent <strong>the</strong>m back to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia as<br />
not fit for duty. 284 They appeared, however, <strong>in</strong> Lafayette’s 1781 campaign <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> were present at<br />
Yorktown. After that engagement <strong>the</strong> remnants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> corps appear to have been consolidated with o<strong>the</strong>r state<br />
troops; which were <strong>the</strong>n toge<strong>the</strong>r denoted Dabney’s legion.<br />
The Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State artillery regiment, <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col. Elias Edmonds, was raised for <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>in</strong> 1780.<br />
Under <strong>the</strong> at least <strong>the</strong> formal <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. Thomas Marshall (till possibly Feb. 1781), it participated <strong>in</strong> a<br />
Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Expedition <strong>in</strong> April <strong>and</strong> May 1780. Though apparently not at Camden, it was still present <strong>in</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a when Greene arrived <strong>in</strong> Dec. 1780, <strong>and</strong> while <strong>the</strong>re under <strong>the</strong> supervision <strong>of</strong> Maj. John Mazaret. After<br />
that it appears to have been withdrawn to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia presumably due to dearth <strong>of</strong> supplies <strong>and</strong> or expiration <strong>of</strong><br />
enlistments. 285<br />
282 In a letter to Col. Peter Horry <strong>of</strong> 17 Sept. 1781, Marion writes: “It is true Col. Mayham had sixty Dragoons out, elegantly<br />
mounted <strong>and</strong> well clo<strong>the</strong>d <strong>and</strong> armed; <strong>in</strong> ten days hence he will have twenty more fit for <strong>the</strong> field.” GDH2 p. 168. When <strong>the</strong>y<br />
had <strong>the</strong>m, S.C. State troops usually wore blue coats or jackets with red trim or fac<strong>in</strong>g; see for example GDH3 pp. 147-148, 196.<br />
283 SNC p. 184.<br />
284 CNC15 pp. 184-186.<br />
285 FWV pp. 853-854.<br />
72
III. BRITISH LEADERS 286<br />
The British Army, Prov<strong>in</strong>cials, <strong>and</strong> Royal Militia<br />
Maj. Gen. Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er-<strong>in</strong>-chief, 12 th Regiment<br />
(Age <strong>in</strong> 1780: 50 years old) Among <strong>the</strong> 19 th century historians, <strong>the</strong>re was an <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ation to blame Cl<strong>in</strong>ton (whom,<br />
<strong>in</strong>cidentally, was American born) for <strong>the</strong> failure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British effort <strong>in</strong> 1780-1781; while excus<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis. In<br />
later years, <strong>in</strong>to <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 20 th century, <strong>the</strong> trend tended to be more impartial –- both men, as well as o<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
(such as those <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> government or <strong>the</strong> navy), were to be faulted. In <strong>in</strong>sist<strong>in</strong>g on a naval station <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Chesapeake at Old Po<strong>in</strong>t Comfort <strong>in</strong> Hampton Roads, 287 Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>in</strong> a way, forced <strong>the</strong> Yorktown debacle. Because<br />
as soon as Cornwallis found Hampton was unsuitable, his lordship made arrangements to place <strong>the</strong> station <strong>in</strong><br />
Yorktown. Yet why was Hampton, or later Yorktown, chosen over Portsmouth? Because, irony <strong>of</strong> ironies,<br />
Portsmouth made for a poor defensive position! Had Cornwallis rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Portsmouth, he could have had<br />
sooner warn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> allies’ approach (i.e., it would have taken <strong>the</strong> allies longer to reach him), <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>refore<br />
more time to receive re<strong>in</strong>forcements via <strong>the</strong> sea, or more time to make his escape. 288 Moreover, <strong>the</strong> primary<br />
reason for a Virg<strong>in</strong>ia port was to furnish a berth for <strong>the</strong> Royal Navy. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton himself said that 600 to 800 <strong>in</strong><br />
Portsmouth would have been sufficient for defend<strong>in</strong>g that post as naval station. 289 In o<strong>the</strong>r words, if <strong>the</strong> British<br />
were not go<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>fensive <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>the</strong>y ought forthwith to have pulled out entirely, leav<strong>in</strong>g a small<br />
garrison <strong>in</strong> Portsmouth for purposes <strong>of</strong> serv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> navy -- assum<strong>in</strong>g that (or any) station could (given <strong>the</strong> French<br />
presence) be justified to beg<strong>in</strong> with. 290 In his sometimes vacillat<strong>in</strong>g between choices, or <strong>in</strong> his <strong>com</strong>municat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
a confus<strong>in</strong>g manner, one almost senses that Cl<strong>in</strong>ton expected <strong>the</strong> war to take care <strong>of</strong> itself. Yet with political<br />
favoritism from home distract<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> affect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> a united <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, it was difficult for him, or for<br />
almost anyone <strong>in</strong> his position, to have done much o<strong>the</strong>rwise. 291 Germa<strong>in</strong> favored Cornwallis, 292 <strong>and</strong> had<br />
Cornwallis been <strong>the</strong> man <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hour, th<strong>in</strong>gs would have gone more smoothly for <strong>the</strong> British. As it was Cornwallis<br />
on more than one occasion showed bad judgment at <strong>the</strong> decisive moment, <strong>and</strong> it was this that ended up putt<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> lurch. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton had far fewer troops than Howe had to do his job, <strong>and</strong> under <strong>the</strong> circumstances, he<br />
seems, at <strong>the</strong> very least, to have been adequate to <strong>the</strong> task. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, his second proclamation <strong>of</strong> June<br />
3, 1780, which, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> worst <strong>of</strong> its effects, denied Carol<strong>in</strong>ians neutrality, did as much damage to <strong>the</strong> British<br />
cause as any American victory could do by arous<strong>in</strong>g much antagonism <strong>and</strong> resentment. As well, it made it that<br />
much more difficult to ga<strong>in</strong> loyalist support among <strong>the</strong> lukewarm <strong>and</strong> un<strong>com</strong>mitted who were simply told <strong>the</strong>y<br />
had to support <strong>the</strong> British. For this lapse <strong>of</strong> policy judgment (a lapse certa<strong>in</strong>ly not unique or unprecedented<br />
among <strong>the</strong> British leadership generally, before <strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> war), if not a failure as a military strategist, he<br />
might well be faulted (as much as anyone) for f<strong>in</strong>al defeat.<br />
What presumably prompted <strong>the</strong> volum<strong>in</strong>ous post war controversy between <strong>the</strong> two generals was a wish to<br />
persuade public op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>and</strong> history to adopt <strong>the</strong>ir own respective <strong>in</strong>terpretations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>n recent military history.<br />
In this, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton seems <strong>the</strong> more belligerent -- both due to that he was mostly right, but also because people <strong>in</strong><br />
Brita<strong>in</strong> generally sympathized more with Cornwallis than himself. Yet if Cl<strong>in</strong>ton was mostly right, why was he so<br />
contentious? There is a peculiar mania to his criticism; such that he so pursues small arguments while mak<strong>in</strong>g it<br />
less possible to separate <strong>the</strong>m from what are <strong>the</strong> larger <strong>and</strong> more decisive ones.<br />
In sum, Cornwallis, along with <strong>the</strong> Admiralty <strong>and</strong> Germa<strong>in</strong>’s M<strong>in</strong>istry, did, accord<strong>in</strong>g to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, make most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
pivotal mistakes. But his belabored criticism <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g makes Cl<strong>in</strong>ton himself look <strong>the</strong> worse<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> disputation; aga<strong>in</strong>, only to fur<strong>the</strong>r render more cloudy <strong>and</strong> make more <strong>in</strong>dist<strong>in</strong>guishable his many good<br />
arguments from his more m<strong>in</strong>or <strong>and</strong> trivial ones. Leav<strong>in</strong>g aside whe<strong>the</strong>r he should have even <strong>in</strong>vaded North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> February 1781, <strong>the</strong> most questionable <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ judgments was his mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia without<br />
properly secur<strong>in</strong>g that state’s sou<strong>the</strong>rn neighbors. His own idea was that by cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f Virg<strong>in</strong>ia from <strong>the</strong><br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>as <strong>the</strong> latter would more easily fall; <strong>in</strong>deed, he <strong>in</strong>itially felt that <strong>the</strong> subjugation <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia was<br />
286 A rank <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Prov<strong>in</strong>cials was technically one grade lower than that <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> regular British army. So when Rawdon is<br />
called a Colonel, <strong>in</strong> truth he was a Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Colonel (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>); though a Lieutenant Colonel <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> regular<br />
army. Similarly, Tarleton was a Major <strong>in</strong> regular army, <strong>and</strong> a Lieut. Col. <strong>of</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cials, as similarly was Patrick Ferguson; though<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter’s case, he is almost always referred to <strong>in</strong> histories by his British army title (hence his be<strong>in</strong>g designated by that rank<br />
<strong>in</strong> his biographical-entry here <strong>in</strong> our book.)<br />
287 The contemporary spell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Hampton Roads is more frequently given as “Hampton road.”<br />
288 Wertenbaker: “The broad Elizabeth River gave <strong>the</strong> place [Portsmouth] access to <strong>the</strong> sea, while <strong>the</strong> Dismal Swamp <strong>and</strong><br />
Western Branch made it almost impregnable by l<strong>and</strong>.” WFK p. 234. For a detailed description <strong>of</strong> Portsmouth at it appeared at<br />
<strong>the</strong> time to Johann Ewald, see EHJ pp. 274-275, <strong>and</strong> to Simcoe, SQR pp. 178-181. Nearby Norfolk, as Ewald mentions, had been<br />
burnt to ashes <strong>and</strong> left without a house st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g earlier <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war.<br />
289 Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Maj. Gen. William Phillips, dated New York, April 13, 1781. COC p. 80.<br />
290 Yet <strong>the</strong> greatest threat oppos<strong>in</strong>g a British naval station <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake was <strong>the</strong> French; <strong>and</strong> it was understood by a number<br />
<strong>of</strong> higher rank<strong>in</strong>g army <strong>and</strong> navy <strong>of</strong>ficers that unless <strong>the</strong> British had naval superiority any such post potentially stood <strong>in</strong> danger <strong>of</strong><br />
a sea borne attack. Though <strong>the</strong> British at least already had Charleston <strong>and</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton at <strong>the</strong>ir disposal as sou<strong>the</strong>rn ports <strong>and</strong><br />
though presumably aware <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> serious risk posed by <strong>the</strong> French, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, after all, gambled on <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake station<br />
notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton asserts <strong>in</strong> his defense on this po<strong>in</strong>t that he did not have reason to believe <strong>the</strong> French would have naval<br />
superiority based on assurances he had from German. SCV1 p. 23. Critics <strong>of</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton were rarely satisfied by such arguments; with<br />
Royal Governor <strong>of</strong> New Jersey William Frankl<strong>in</strong>, for <strong>in</strong>stance, characteriz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British Comm<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> Chief <strong>in</strong> North America as<br />
“...weak, irresolute, unsteady, va<strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong>capable <strong>of</strong> form<strong>in</strong>g any plan himself, <strong>and</strong> too weak or ra<strong>the</strong>r too proud <strong>and</strong> conceited to<br />
follow that <strong>of</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r...” WFK p. 247. Henry Lee, as well, viewed Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s generalship as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> chief with skepticism<br />
<strong>and</strong> was <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to fault him for Cornwallis’ debacle <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, see, for example, LMS p. 516.<br />
291 At one po<strong>in</strong>t Cl<strong>in</strong>ton reversed his own orders <strong>and</strong> told Cornwallis to keep troops <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia -- but only because <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>structions<br />
from Germa<strong>in</strong>; <strong>the</strong>refore while Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis were prepared to decrease British forces <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, Germa<strong>in</strong> was not.<br />
292 SCV1 p. 43n.<br />
73
necessary towards this end. While subsequent raids <strong>and</strong> movements by <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia did draw away<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcements <strong>and</strong> seriously end up weaken<strong>in</strong>g Greene’s army after Guilford Court House, Greene’s dilemma, as<br />
it turned out, was largely alleviated by <strong>the</strong> south’s robust partisans <strong>and</strong> militias, <strong>and</strong> also such who subsequently<br />
volunteered or were drafted as Cont<strong>in</strong>entals (or as state troops.) Not so much <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a manner Greene felt was<br />
desirable, but enough to <strong>of</strong>fset <strong>and</strong> mitigate <strong>the</strong> disadvantage brought about by Virg<strong>in</strong>ia’s own crisis <strong>and</strong><br />
preoccupation. The advantage <strong>the</strong>n <strong>of</strong> cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f Virg<strong>in</strong>ia from <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as was <strong>in</strong> a sense realized <strong>and</strong><br />
ac<strong>com</strong>plished, yet <strong>the</strong> overall benefit was relatively small <strong>and</strong> or far too costly.<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton himself did not want to conquer Virg<strong>in</strong>ia (at least not until <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as were solidly secure), <strong>and</strong><br />
thought it too ambitious an undertak<strong>in</strong>g. 293 All he sought, as far as that state went, was a naval station <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Chesapeake, with perhaps some m<strong>in</strong>or <strong>in</strong>terdiction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> supplies go<strong>in</strong>g south to Greene’s army. Cornwallis was<br />
not needed <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to establish <strong>the</strong> naval station (i.e., not, at any rate, until Lafayette had assembled a<br />
major army <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia); nor did <strong>the</strong> Earl settle clearly with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton whe<strong>the</strong>r or not Virg<strong>in</strong>ia should be <strong>the</strong> primary<br />
target for an <strong>of</strong>fensive. In o<strong>the</strong>r words, Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> enter<strong>in</strong>g Virg<strong>in</strong>ia embarked upon its conquest -- even<br />
though if pronounced that way openly to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>the</strong> latter would (probably) have said it was too risky <strong>and</strong><br />
problematical a venture. 294<br />
In <strong>the</strong> midst <strong>of</strong> all this <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a seems hardly worth a mention <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> generals’ controversy. And<br />
yet <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to assume as Cornwallis did that that state was too excessively hostile <strong>and</strong> irredeemable could be<br />
said to have been <strong>the</strong> def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g moment <strong>of</strong> defeat <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> actual beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> subsequent<br />
misapprehensions <strong>and</strong> muddl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> purposes; because it was from <strong>the</strong>re he made <strong>the</strong> decision to march to <strong>and</strong><br />
wage war <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia.<br />
Cornwallis (with Germa<strong>in</strong>’s approval) was do<strong>in</strong>g what he wanted, <strong>and</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton let him do it though without be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>formed that <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>plete conquest <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia was his <strong>in</strong>tent. For were that not his <strong>in</strong>tent, he had no need<br />
really to be <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. And even if Cl<strong>in</strong>ton was confused, Cornwallis ought to have made pla<strong>in</strong> with him what<br />
<strong>the</strong> primary aim was supposed to be if he was go<strong>in</strong>g to keep so many men with him <strong>the</strong>re.<br />
At last, however, it must be stated <strong>in</strong> Cornwallis’ behalf that by June he’d requested leav<strong>in</strong>g Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong><br />
return<strong>in</strong>g to Charlestown, but Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>in</strong> his letter <strong>of</strong> 15 July refused him. Thus it might well be concluded that it<br />
was Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s fault that Cornwallis rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia -- <strong>the</strong> reason for this <strong>in</strong> turn be<strong>in</strong>g that Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, on<br />
behalf <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Navy, <strong>in</strong>sisted on a naval station <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake. None<strong>the</strong>less, could not this naval objective<br />
been ac<strong>com</strong>plished without Cornwallis himself <strong>and</strong> his ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> troops? Evidently, not with Lafayette <strong>in</strong><br />
force <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region, <strong>and</strong> it is probably this last <strong>the</strong>n which ultimately <strong>com</strong>pelled Cornwallis’ stay<strong>in</strong>g put. 295<br />
Lieut. Gen. Charles Lord Cornwallis, 33 d Regiment<br />
(42) While an outst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er on <strong>the</strong> battlefield, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> many ways likable <strong>in</strong> his person, Cornwallis’<br />
blunders <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> 1780 <strong>and</strong> 1781 were far too many <strong>and</strong> obvious. Here is a list <strong>of</strong> some (<strong>and</strong> only some)<br />
that might be mentioned:<br />
He did not better support his detachments, namely Ferguson’s 296 <strong>and</strong> Tarleton’s.<br />
He made Charlotte, a veritable hot bed <strong>of</strong> rebel activity, his (first) base <strong>of</strong> operations <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
He let Leslie sit <strong>in</strong> Camden a full week before <strong>the</strong> latter moved to br<strong>in</strong>g his re<strong>in</strong>forcement to <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army.<br />
He arguably missed <strong>the</strong> opportunity <strong>of</strong> destroy<strong>in</strong>g Morgan after Cowpens.<br />
He waited too late to <strong>in</strong>form Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>of</strong> his second <strong>in</strong>vasion <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a; undertak<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>in</strong>vasion despite<br />
<strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> his light troops at Cowpens (much aga<strong>in</strong>st Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s wishes.) 297<br />
He allowed Greene time to re<strong>in</strong>force his army, ra<strong>the</strong>r than cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> attack after Weitzel’s Mill.<br />
293 CAR p. 186, SCV1 pp. 111, 115, TPY p. 19.<br />
294 AR81 pp. 120-121.<br />
295 Also, had not Lafayette been <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, what, one conjectures, might have transpired if Phillips (<strong>and</strong> or Arnold) had united<br />
with Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> an attempt to chase aga<strong>in</strong> after Greene follow<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis’ recuperative stay <strong>in</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>in</strong> April 1781?<br />
Henry Lee IV similarly observes that had Cornwallis returned to <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as after <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia this would have <strong>the</strong>n pitted<br />
him with 6,000 aga<strong>in</strong>st Greene with some 2,000, LCC p. 459.<br />
296 Cornwallis’ excuse was that he ordered Tarleton to support Ferguson, but that <strong>the</strong> latter did not act as promptly as ordered.<br />
This seems a somewhat feeble defense s<strong>in</strong>ce it ei<strong>the</strong>r shows how little control he was able to exercise over Tarleton, or else fails<br />
to expla<strong>in</strong> why he did not have not have some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion (or alternatively some o<strong>the</strong>r unit) sent out under someone else. After<br />
all, he knew Ferguson’s force to consist primarily <strong>of</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong> given Ramseur’s Mill, Huck’s Defeat, Rocky Mount, Hang<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Rock, <strong>and</strong> Musgrove’s Mill, he ought to have known by that time (see for <strong>in</strong>stance Cornwallis to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, 29 Aug. 1780) to have<br />
been more sensitive to <strong>the</strong>ir safety. His delayed support <strong>of</strong> Tarleton while perhaps less culpable, none<strong>the</strong>less, seems<br />
unnecessarily lethargic given that here was half <strong>the</strong> American sou<strong>the</strong>rn army right <strong>in</strong> his own back yard.<br />
297 Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “No person can be more ready than I am to admit <strong>the</strong> difficulties Lord Cornwallis had to struggle with; <strong>and</strong> I shall<br />
always acknowledge that I expected success (notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g) from his Lordship’s abilities. I left his Lordship <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as,<br />
with every power, civil <strong>and</strong> military, which I could give him, to carry on such operations as he should judge most likely to<br />
<strong>com</strong>plete <strong>the</strong>ir reduction. Where I had hopes <strong>of</strong> success, I studiously sought to approve without reserve. And, as long as I<br />
imag<strong>in</strong>ed his Lordship to be <strong>in</strong> sufficient force, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r respects prepared <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>petent to give <strong>the</strong> experiment <strong>of</strong><br />
support<strong>in</strong>g our friends <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, a fair <strong>and</strong> solid trial, I certa<strong>in</strong>ly approved. But after <strong>the</strong> unfortunate day <strong>of</strong> Cowpens,<br />
which dim<strong>in</strong>ished his Lordship’s act<strong>in</strong>g army nearly one fourth; <strong>and</strong> after he thought proper to destroy great part <strong>of</strong> his waggons,<br />
proviant tra<strong>in</strong>, &c. (whereby he was reduced, I fear, to someth<strong>in</strong>g too like a Tartar move); had it <strong>the</strong>n been possible for him to<br />
have consulted me, he would have found that, could I have even consented to his persist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> his march <strong>in</strong>to that prov<strong>in</strong>ce, that<br />
consent must have totally rested upon <strong>the</strong> high op<strong>in</strong>ion I enterta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> his Lordship’s exertions, <strong>and</strong> not on any o<strong>the</strong>r flatter<strong>in</strong>g<br />
prospect I had <strong>of</strong> success.” COC pp.5-7 <strong>and</strong> also CNC15 pp. 239-241. Cornwallis orig<strong>in</strong>al directives were to pacify South <strong>and</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> order <strong>in</strong> Georgia <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Floridas <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n move north <strong>and</strong> take Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. It should be understood <strong>the</strong>n that<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton orig<strong>in</strong>ally was not averse to Cornwallis’ <strong>in</strong>vad<strong>in</strong>g North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. It was only after Cowpens, when Cornwallis had lost his<br />
ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> light troops, that he rejected <strong>the</strong> idea. See also RCO p. 169 <strong>and</strong> McCrady’s <strong>com</strong>ments at MSC2 pp. 92n-93n.<br />
74
He only learned <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>adequacy <strong>of</strong> attempt<strong>in</strong>g to supply his army <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a by way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cape Fear River<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g Guilford Court House <strong>and</strong> after he reach<strong>in</strong>g Cross Creek. (Should he not ra<strong>the</strong>r have known this before<br />
even enter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> state?)<br />
He failed, when he had a number <strong>of</strong> opportunities, to destroy Lafayette <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia before <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong><br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Rochambeau. 298<br />
He ab<strong>and</strong>oned his outer defenses at Yorktown; thus depriv<strong>in</strong>g himself <strong>of</strong> extra time which might have saved his<br />
army.<br />
The behavior <strong>the</strong>n <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis is simply puzzl<strong>in</strong>g. Was he <strong>in</strong> some measure uncerta<strong>in</strong> or doubt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> aims<br />
<strong>and</strong> policy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British war effort? Did he not really care about w<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g; while tend<strong>in</strong>g to believe <strong>the</strong> cause,<br />
militarily speak<strong>in</strong>g, essentially hopeless? Alternatively, was he over-confident? In fairness, his was far from an<br />
easy task. All <strong>in</strong> all, his men were less idealistic about what <strong>the</strong>y were fight<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>com</strong>pared to <strong>the</strong> Americans;<br />
which may have caused him to question his own purpose be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re. We see this <strong>in</strong> his admonitions (almost<br />
laments) aga<strong>in</strong>st plunder<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> loot<strong>in</strong>g prior to Guilford Court House. In battle, <strong>the</strong> British soldier was most <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> time unbeatable, but without <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>centive <strong>of</strong> a cause, <strong>and</strong> when <strong>the</strong> battle was drawn out <strong>in</strong>to a campaign,<br />
th<strong>in</strong>gs became much more difficult for him, his <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> army he marched with. With relatively few or<br />
no local loyalists to give results to his efforts, what was he risk<strong>in</strong>g his life for? Cornwallis knew <strong>the</strong> importance <strong>of</strong><br />
aid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> gett<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists. 299 Yet his <strong>in</strong>ability to ac<strong>com</strong>plish <strong>the</strong>se th<strong>in</strong>gs adequately was<br />
perhaps his most signal failure. Was <strong>the</strong>re, however, really more he could have done than he did? Such a what-if<br />
one is hard put to answer; yet with <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers under him like Leslie <strong>and</strong> O’Hara, as early as late 1780, likely to<br />
have demurred <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> negative. This much, however, can be said. For most <strong>of</strong> 1780, <strong>the</strong>re would seem to have<br />
been at least as many loyalists, or potential loyalists, as whigs <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn colonies. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, had events<br />
proved more propitious for Cornwallis than <strong>the</strong>y did, he might conceivably have had at his disposal a militia <strong>and</strong><br />
or Prov<strong>in</strong>cial army larger than Greene’s force <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals to add to his British regulars: Moore at Ramseur’s:<br />
1,200; loyalists with Samuel Bryan: 700; with <strong>the</strong> Wrights at Shallow Ford: 500; Pyle <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Haw River region:<br />
300; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>ast N.C. such as were with Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Highl<strong>and</strong>ers: say, 500 -- for a total <strong>of</strong> 3,200 (<strong>and</strong><br />
without tak<strong>in</strong>g fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>to account a correspond<strong>in</strong>g dim<strong>in</strong>ution <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> N.C. whigs had <strong>the</strong> British been<br />
more successful.) 300<br />
Maj. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Leslie, 64 th Regiment<br />
(49) Leslie left <strong>the</strong> army due to illness when it was <strong>in</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>in</strong> May 1781; <strong>the</strong>n returned to Cornwallis <strong>in</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia (along with some re<strong>in</strong>forcements sent by Cl<strong>in</strong>ton) by 29 May; only to <strong>the</strong>n on 25 July once more sail<br />
back to New York -– presumably, aga<strong>in</strong>, for health reasons. 301 By December, he was <strong>in</strong> Charleston where he <strong>the</strong>n<br />
took charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British forces rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south. He had little opportunity to exercise an <strong>in</strong>dependent<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> 1780-1781; so it is not easy to assess his abilities as a field <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er. One wonders how th<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
would have turned out if he had orig<strong>in</strong>ally been left <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as, ra<strong>the</strong>r than Cornwallis. Perhaps<br />
298 See <strong>in</strong> support <strong>of</strong> this, Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer Col. John Francis Mercer‘s remarks at HFR pp. 34-39.<br />
299 Stedman: “The loyalists <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a were orig<strong>in</strong>ally more numerous than <strong>in</strong> any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r colonies: But <strong>the</strong><br />
misfortunes consequent on premature ris<strong>in</strong>gs had considerably th<strong>in</strong>ned <strong>the</strong>m [e.g. such as led to <strong>the</strong> actions at Ramseur’s Mill 20<br />
June 1780, Shallow Ford 14 Oct. 1780, Pyle’s Defeat 24 Feb. 1781, <strong>and</strong> Williams, Lee, Pickens <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia suppress<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>m generally <strong>in</strong> Spr<strong>in</strong>g 1781] Some had suffered, o<strong>the</strong>rs had left <strong>the</strong> country <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>g’s troops to <strong>the</strong> southward,<br />
<strong>and</strong> those who rema<strong>in</strong>ed were be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g cautious from <strong>the</strong> recollection <strong>of</strong> past miscarriages. Their spirits may be said to have<br />
been broken by repeated persecutions.” SAW2 pp. 332-333. For Tarleton’s <strong>com</strong>ments respect<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis’ failed, but well<br />
mean<strong>in</strong>g, h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists, see TCS pp. 89-91, 98.<br />
300 Cornwallis: “The disaster <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th <strong>of</strong> January [Cowpens] cannot be imputed to any defect <strong>in</strong> my conduct, as <strong>the</strong><br />
detachment was certa<strong>in</strong>ly superior to <strong>the</strong> force aga<strong>in</strong>st which it was sent, <strong>and</strong> put under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong><br />
experience <strong>and</strong> tried abilities. This misfortune, however, did not appear irretrievable; <strong>and</strong> to have ab<strong>and</strong>oned, without absolute<br />
necessity, <strong>the</strong> plan <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> campaign, would have been ru<strong>in</strong>ous <strong>and</strong> disgraceful: ru<strong>in</strong>ous, by engag<strong>in</strong>g us <strong>in</strong> a defensive system, <strong>the</strong><br />
impracticability <strong>of</strong> which I have already stated; <strong>and</strong> disgraceful, because <strong>the</strong> reasons for <strong>the</strong> undertak<strong>in</strong>g still existed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir full<br />
strength, <strong>the</strong> public faith was pledged to our friends <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> I believed my rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g force to be superior to that<br />
under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> General Greene. That this op<strong>in</strong>ion was well founded, <strong>the</strong> precipitate retreat <strong>of</strong> that General from North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> our victory at Guildford, after his return with Virg<strong>in</strong>ia re<strong>in</strong>forcements, are sufficient pro<strong>of</strong>s.<br />
“The unexpected failure <strong>of</strong> our friends rendered <strong>the</strong> victory <strong>of</strong> Guildford <strong>of</strong> little value. I know that it has been asserted or<br />
<strong>in</strong>s<strong>in</strong>uated that <strong>the</strong>y were not sufficiently tried upon this occasion: But can any dispassionate person believe, that I did not give<br />
every encouragement to people <strong>of</strong> all descriptions to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> assist us, when my own reputation, <strong>the</strong> safety <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terests <strong>of</strong> my country, were so deeply concerned <strong>in</strong> that junction <strong>and</strong> assistance? All <strong>in</strong>ducements <strong>in</strong> my power were made<br />
use <strong>of</strong> without material effect; <strong>and</strong> every man <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army must have been conv<strong>in</strong>ced, that <strong>the</strong> accounts <strong>of</strong> our emissaries had<br />
greatly exaggerated <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> those who pr<strong>of</strong>essed friendship for us, as <strong>the</strong>y must have observed, that a very <strong>in</strong>considerable<br />
part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m could be prevailed upon to rema<strong>in</strong> with us, or to exert <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> any form whatever.” CAC pp. IV-V.<br />
In fur<strong>the</strong>r defense <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis, his biographers, <strong>the</strong> Wickwires’ make <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>ts:<br />
* Cl<strong>in</strong>ton took all <strong>the</strong> wagons back with him to New York, left Cornwallis with very little cash, thus severely hamper<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
latter’s supply capability <strong>and</strong> effectiveness <strong>in</strong> ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g support.<br />
* Cl<strong>in</strong>ton did not leave Cornwallis enough men to do his task, <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> addition, poisoned <strong>the</strong> waters <strong>of</strong> loyalist sympathy by <strong>the</strong><br />
harsh terms <strong>of</strong> his second proclamation.<br />
Wickwire: “In his letter [to his bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> Bishop <strong>of</strong> Lichfield <strong>and</strong> Coventry] Cornwallis emphasized that he had ordered<br />
Ferguson not to engage (which contemporary evidence overwhelm<strong>in</strong>gly supports) <strong>and</strong> that he had ordered, <strong>in</strong>deed entreated<br />
Tarleton to march to Ferguson’s relief.” But it was Tarleton’s plea for rest which delayed him. WCO p. 229.<br />
Last, it might be contended that <strong>the</strong> British perhaps ought to have more actively armed <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>cited <strong>the</strong> loyalists. However, when<br />
early on a few militia regiments turned coat on <strong>the</strong>m, carry<strong>in</strong>g away issued arms <strong>and</strong> supplies to <strong>the</strong>n be used aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> British<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves, Cornwallis underst<strong>and</strong>ably was obliged to be more cautious <strong>and</strong> hesitant when it came to empower<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m<br />
militarily; <strong>and</strong> it is this distrust, justified or not on ei<strong>the</strong>r side, which may perhaps have proved fatal to an <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalists participation <strong>and</strong> support.<br />
301 TCS pp. 284, 360, EHJ p. 302, Cornwallis to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, 27 July 1781 at RCC p.109.<br />
75
he would have rema<strong>in</strong>ed immobile <strong>and</strong> avoided North Carol<strong>in</strong>a -- someth<strong>in</strong>g Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, no doubt, would have<br />
preferred to Cornwallis’ -- post Cowpens -- <strong>of</strong>fensive. See BLO pp. 196-197.<br />
Maj. Gen. August<strong>in</strong>e Prevost, 60 th Regiment<br />
(57) Prevost dist<strong>in</strong>guished himself <strong>in</strong> defeat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed American <strong>and</strong> French forces <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>and</strong> assault<br />
on Savannah <strong>in</strong> September <strong>and</strong> October 1779. While <strong>in</strong> Georgia, he was able to work well with his subord<strong>in</strong>ates<br />
<strong>and</strong> local loyalists; such that when he left <strong>in</strong> May 1780, his absence was sorely felt.<br />
Brig. Gen. Paston Gould, 30 th Regiment<br />
Gould, while still a Colonel, arrived <strong>in</strong> Charleston <strong>in</strong> early June 1781 with 3 regiments, <strong>and</strong> some additional<br />
troops, from Irel<strong>and</strong>. In do<strong>in</strong>g so, he superseded Balfour as overall <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as <strong>and</strong> Georgia. He<br />
himself rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong>side Charleston, however, until after Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs; when he <strong>the</strong>n took <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field from Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Stewart. In December, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton promoted him to Brigadier General.<br />
Brig. Gen. Charles O’Hara, Coldstream Guards (2 d Regiment <strong>of</strong> Guards)<br />
(40) O’Hara was at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston, Cowan’s Ford, Guilford Court House, <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis’ Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
campaign <strong>and</strong> Yorktown. At <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Camden, he was reportedly <strong>in</strong> Charleston. At Guilford, he was so<br />
severely wounded (twice, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> chest <strong>and</strong> thigh), that “his recovery was long <strong>in</strong> doubt.” He never<strong>the</strong>less did<br />
recover, <strong>and</strong> re-jo<strong>in</strong>ed Cornwallis’ army by summer. After be<strong>in</strong>g taken at Yorktown, where he acted on<br />
Cornwallis’ behalf <strong>in</strong> h<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g over <strong>the</strong> sword <strong>of</strong> surrender, he was paroled, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n exchanged <strong>in</strong> February<br />
1782. A man <strong>of</strong> good sense who understood well <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> what was go<strong>in</strong>g on, he viewed actual chances <strong>of</strong><br />
British success with some pessimism; ow<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> part, to disagreement with <strong>and</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> confidence <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
M<strong>in</strong>istry’s assumptions <strong>and</strong> expectations. Yet like many o<strong>the</strong>rs with whom he served, he steadfastly cont<strong>in</strong>ued to<br />
do his duty, <strong>and</strong> with dist<strong>in</strong>ction, even when th<strong>in</strong>gs became most difficult.<br />
In letter dated Nov. 11, 1780 to <strong>the</strong> Duke <strong>of</strong> Grafton (a fellow whig who like O’Hara had sided with <strong>the</strong> colonists<br />
before <strong>the</strong> war), he, <strong>in</strong> no small way shrewdly, observed: “If I am not much mistaken, every day confirms me <strong>the</strong><br />
more, <strong>in</strong> my old Op<strong>in</strong>ions, that Engl<strong>and</strong> has not only lost this Country for ever, but must for ever consider <strong>the</strong><br />
People <strong>of</strong> this Cont<strong>in</strong>ent, as <strong>the</strong> most <strong>in</strong>veterate <strong>of</strong> her Enemies. I am sensible that this Doctr<strong>in</strong>e will appear very<br />
extraord<strong>in</strong>ary, at a time, when Engl<strong>and</strong> is exult<strong>in</strong>g over Her Triumphs, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Defeat <strong>of</strong> general Gates’s Army on <strong>the</strong> 17 th . [16 th ] <strong>of</strong> August by Lord Cornwallis; <strong>the</strong> old <strong>and</strong> fatal delusion must<br />
now act with redoubled force, that our success will enable numerous Friends to exert <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> cause <strong>of</strong><br />
Great Brita<strong>in</strong> -- that <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as are permanently ours, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebellion receiv’d such severe, decisive<br />
checks, that this Cont<strong>in</strong>ent will very shortly be ours aga<strong>in</strong> -- <strong>in</strong> this Country we do not see <strong>the</strong>se events through<br />
such flatter<strong>in</strong>g Mediums, on <strong>the</strong> contrary, we hold our situation are precarious, <strong>and</strong> much more critical, as we<br />
are more materially vulnerable at this moment, than we have been at any Period dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>War</strong>.” He goes on at<br />
some length as to why specifically this is so -- French <strong>in</strong>tervention, American armies flee at <strong>the</strong>ir defeats (i.e.,<br />
so that <strong>the</strong>ir last<strong>in</strong>g losses, as result, are not so great); true loyalist support was not show<strong>in</strong>g as hoped <strong>and</strong><br />
counted on. 302 See BLO pp. 91-92, 159-160, 195-196.<br />
Brig. Gen. James Paterson, 63 d Regiment<br />
Paterson came south with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s expedition <strong>and</strong> served at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Savannah. For a period he acted as<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong> Charleston <strong>and</strong> its garrison, but by early September had fallen ill. Follow<strong>in</strong>g this he returned<br />
home to Engl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Balfour took his place. SCP1 p. 49.<br />
Col. Nisbet Balfour (also Nisbit), 23 d Regiment<br />
(36) Initially Balfour was <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six before Cruger came from Augusta to take his place. Thereafter<br />
he was <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong> Charleston, <strong>and</strong> nom<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> British forces <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia<br />
after Cornwallis’ departure (<strong>in</strong> early Jan. 1781.) When Gould arrived <strong>in</strong> June to oversee British forces <strong>in</strong><br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>as <strong>and</strong> Georgia, Balfour cont<strong>in</strong>ued as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong> Charleston till <strong>the</strong> city’s evacuation on 14 December<br />
1782. A man who had risen from <strong>the</strong> ranks to high <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> busy Balfour, though admittedly <strong>in</strong>defatigable,<br />
appears to have taken his task <strong>in</strong> a matter <strong>of</strong> fact, rout<strong>in</strong>e way. In his correspondence, he sometimes <strong>com</strong>es<br />
across as a detached, albeit astute, observer; sometimes amused, gratified, or annoyed by this or that go<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
but rarely seem<strong>in</strong>g to be actually part <strong>of</strong> it. In addition, he ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> reputation, deserved or not, among <strong>the</strong><br />
Charleston prisoners for be<strong>in</strong>g a cruel <strong>and</strong> capricious tyrant. 303<br />
Col. Alured Clarke, 7 th Regiment<br />
(35) Clarke, was part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Charleston expedition, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>the</strong>re led a brigade<br />
consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th <strong>and</strong> 23 rd regiments. He later <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>in</strong> Savannah after Prevost left <strong>in</strong> May<br />
1780. In April 1781, he went briefly to re<strong>in</strong>force <strong>the</strong> garrison at St. August<strong>in</strong>e, return<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>and</strong> resum<strong>in</strong>g his<br />
place <strong>in</strong> Savannah by early June; with Savannah itself be<strong>in</strong>g evacuated on July 11 th , 1782. SCP1 p. 330n.<br />
Col. Edmund Fann<strong>in</strong>g, K<strong>in</strong>gs American Regiment<br />
(43) Fann<strong>in</strong>g, from Surveyor General <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong>s <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> found<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American<br />
Regiment, ac<strong>com</strong>panied Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s Charleston expedition. After <strong>the</strong> city was taken, he went to New York with<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, though some <strong>of</strong> his regiment was left with Cornwallis. He later returned south with Leslie <strong>in</strong> October<br />
1780, arriv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Charleston <strong>in</strong> December. Though his regiment went on to serve <strong>in</strong> parts <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong><br />
302 RCO p. 159.<br />
303 RSC2 pp. 263-265, MMS2 p. 252. For some <strong>of</strong> Balfour’s correspondence while <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>in</strong> Charlestown, see BLB.<br />
76
Georgia, he himself rema<strong>in</strong>ed with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> city’s walls till sometime <strong>in</strong> late 1781; after which he returned to<br />
Engl<strong>and</strong> due to illness. Orig<strong>in</strong>ally a Yale graduate from Long Isl<strong>and</strong> who later moved to Orange County, North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, Fann<strong>in</strong>g was a wealthy man who earlier on had played a prom<strong>in</strong>ent part <strong>in</strong> that state’s politics. Yet he<br />
was viewed with pronounced detestation by some whigs <strong>and</strong> a sketch critical <strong>of</strong> him can be found <strong>in</strong> CLC pp.114-<br />
117, SCP3 p. 113n.<br />
Col. Francis Lord Rawdon, Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong><br />
(26) Rawdon was only a Lieut. Col. <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British at this time, <strong>and</strong> was not made a full Colonel until after <strong>the</strong><br />
war. He was, none<strong>the</strong>less, as regimental <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong> a full Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Colonel. 304<br />
Despite historical appearances, at no time was he head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> after<br />
Cornwallis left that Prov<strong>in</strong>ce technically served under Balfour 305 <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n later Paston Gould. He <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
British left w<strong>in</strong>g at Camden, <strong>and</strong> later when Cornwallis moved <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> Jan. 1781, was entrusted<br />
with <strong>the</strong> troops on <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a frontier. This <strong>the</strong>n was how Greene found him <strong>in</strong> April 1781. Hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
suffered from bouts <strong>of</strong> malaria, on Aug. 21 st , he left Charleston for Engl<strong>and</strong> only to have his ship captured by <strong>the</strong><br />
French. He himself was not exchanged till 1782. Only 26 years <strong>of</strong> age <strong>in</strong> 1780, Rawdon h<strong>and</strong>led his small army <strong>in</strong><br />
a masterly way <strong>in</strong> deal<strong>in</strong>g with Greene. His surprise attack at Hobkirk’s Hill, while somewhat reckless <strong>and</strong>,<br />
perhaps not worth <strong>the</strong> losses he suffered, was even so an astound<strong>in</strong>g victory. When <strong>the</strong> countryside subsequently<br />
flamed about him <strong>in</strong> rebellion, he kept a cool head, <strong>and</strong> (“Armstrong’s Capture” excepted) was able to protect<br />
his forces, despite be<strong>in</strong>g probed <strong>and</strong> assaulted from all sides by Greene’s light detachments <strong>and</strong> militia. A less<br />
sharp <strong>and</strong> vigilant <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er might more easily have been found out <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>curred disaster. Rawdon,<br />
none<strong>the</strong>less, ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed his guard while manag<strong>in</strong>g to reta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> firm confidence <strong>of</strong> his men. He may not have<br />
been such as to <strong>in</strong>spire love (he could be po<strong>in</strong>tedly harsh <strong>and</strong> driv<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re were desertions), but as a<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er he was bold <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>timidat<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> his troops respected him for this. See GAR1 pp. 278-280, GAR2<br />
pp. 114-116 (though Garden, be it understood, is decidedly negative toward him), ACG, LMS pp. 613-620.<br />
Lieut. Col. Isaac Allen, 3 d Battalion, New Jersey Volunteers<br />
(39) Allen led his men at <strong>the</strong> first siege <strong>of</strong> Augusta, Long Canes, <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, <strong>and</strong> at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs,<br />
on all <strong>of</strong> which occasions he <strong>and</strong> his unit acquired honor for <strong>the</strong>mselves. See SCAR vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 27-28.<br />
Lieut. Col. Thomas Brown (also Browne), K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers<br />
(30) Early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war Brown, who had a talent <strong>of</strong> for sarcasm, had been tarred <strong>and</strong> fea<strong>the</strong>red by some whig<br />
extremists for not support<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> cause <strong>of</strong> American liberty. 306 He was forced to ab<strong>and</strong>on his estate <strong>in</strong> Georgia,<br />
<strong>and</strong> fled to East Florida, where he raised a unit called <strong>the</strong> East Florida Rangers, later known also as <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
Rangers. 307 He <strong>and</strong> his unit participated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Savannah <strong>in</strong> 1779, <strong>and</strong> were <strong>in</strong> that city when Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s<br />
<strong>in</strong>vasion force came south. He subsequently occupied Augusta where he became super<strong>in</strong>tendent <strong>of</strong> Indian affairs;<br />
a strategically important position, act<strong>in</strong>g as a go-between with <strong>the</strong> Creeks, Cherokees on behalf <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British.<br />
Both Balfour <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis feared that both his reputation for violence <strong>and</strong> his close ties with <strong>the</strong> Indians,<br />
would only <strong>in</strong>flame rebel sentiment, <strong>and</strong> for a time considered hav<strong>in</strong>g him removed from Augusta <strong>and</strong> replaced<br />
with Lieut. Col. Isaac Allen. 308 Yet <strong>in</strong> this <strong>the</strong>y were dissuaded by Cruger. As <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er at Augusta, he lost no<br />
time <strong>in</strong> seek<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g revenge aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> whigs for <strong>the</strong> outrages he suffered, <strong>and</strong> war up along <strong>the</strong><br />
Savannah <strong>the</strong>reafter became quite brutal <strong>and</strong> bitter. Speak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> his defense, biographer Edward Cash<strong>in</strong> argues<br />
that <strong>the</strong> wrongs Brown was blamed for were simply <strong>the</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> orders he received from Cornwallis <strong>and</strong><br />
Cruger. Brown successfully defended Augusta <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first siege <strong>of</strong> September 1780. But when, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
1781, Lee <strong>and</strong> Pickens came south to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Georgians, he was forced to surrender. He put up a quite<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>and</strong>, while it lasted, cunn<strong>in</strong>g defense, but was f<strong>in</strong>ally undone by Lee’s cannon posted <strong>in</strong> a Maham<br />
tower. He was, even so, shortly after exchanged <strong>and</strong> served <strong>in</strong>to 1782. After <strong>the</strong> war, he settled <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bahamas<br />
<strong>and</strong> wrote an <strong>in</strong>dignant reply to David Ramsay’s History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution <strong>of</strong> S.C. (1785), which can be found <strong>in</strong><br />
White’s Historical Collections <strong>of</strong> Georgia, Volume 2, page 617, (<strong>and</strong> dated 25 December 1786.) See JLG1 pp.<br />
289-291, LMS pp. 198, 554-555, SLA1 pp. 260-265.<br />
Lieut. Col. George Campbell, K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment<br />
While Edmund Fann<strong>in</strong>g was <strong>the</strong> regimental head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment, Campbell actually led <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> field while <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south. He fought some <strong>of</strong> Marion’s men <strong>in</strong> some skirmishes outside <strong>of</strong> Georgetown <strong>in</strong> late<br />
1780 <strong>and</strong> January 1781. In Lee’s <strong>and</strong> Marion’s night raid on Georgetown <strong>in</strong> late January, he was taken prisoner<br />
<strong>and</strong> paroled. He was exchanged by <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Hobkirk’s Hill, <strong>and</strong> led his regiment successfully at that victory.<br />
SCP3 p. 97n.<br />
Lieut. Col. James Coates, 19 th Regiment<br />
Coates’ 19 th Regiment was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> three that arrived <strong>in</strong> Charleston <strong>in</strong> June 1781, <strong>and</strong> was made up largely <strong>of</strong><br />
new recruits. In July, despite be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> object <strong>of</strong> an attack by Sumter’s, Marion’s, <strong>and</strong> Lee’s <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed forces,<br />
he managed to extricate himself from a ticklish situation at Bigg<strong>in</strong> Church <strong>and</strong> Qu<strong>in</strong>by Bridge, <strong>and</strong> fought <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong><br />
partisans at Shubrick’s Plantation; <strong>the</strong>reby <strong>com</strong>pell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to withdraw <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g day.<br />
304 He had formed this unit himself out <strong>of</strong> loyalist volunteers when <strong>the</strong> British occupied Philadelphia.<br />
305 Lieut. Col. Nisbit Balfour, <strong>in</strong> Charlestown, preceded him on <strong>the</strong> Army Lists <strong>and</strong> thus had seniority over Rawdon; who was only<br />
a Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Colonel.<br />
306 FNA p. 2.<br />
307 Brown’s K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers <strong>com</strong>pany had a chapla<strong>in</strong>.<br />
308 LSL p. 135.<br />
77
Lieut. Col. John Harris Cruger, 1 st Battalion, DeLancey’s Brigade<br />
(42) As with <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New Jersey Volunteers, Cruger’s 1 st Battalion, Delancey’s Brigade fought at<br />
<strong>the</strong> first siege <strong>of</strong> Augusta, Long Canes (though Cruger himself wasn’t present), <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong> Eutaw<br />
Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. Cruger, a New York loyalist, had his most famous moment at <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>in</strong> May <strong>and</strong> June<br />
<strong>of</strong> 1781. Outnumbered <strong>and</strong> cut <strong>of</strong>f from contact with British forces elsewhere, he put up a stout <strong>and</strong> heroic st<strong>and</strong><br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st Greene’s army. It is very clear, based on some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> smaller sieges that took place <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
that had a different <strong>of</strong>ficer been <strong>in</strong> charge, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six might well have fallen. But Cruger was implacable <strong>and</strong><br />
resolute. Short on supplies, <strong>the</strong>n water, he took every possible measure to keep <strong>the</strong> garrison go<strong>in</strong>g until Rawdon<br />
arrived with relief. On <strong>the</strong> regrettable side, it seems ra<strong>the</strong>r arrogant <strong>of</strong> him to have disallowed Greene from<br />
bury<strong>in</strong>g his dead after <strong>the</strong> assault on <strong>the</strong> 18 th , <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> his Memorial he had <strong>the</strong> temerity to claim that <strong>the</strong><br />
American army numbered 4,000 309 at <strong>the</strong> siege when Greene probably didn’t even have half that amount. After<br />
lead<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>the</strong> refugees from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, he acted as Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Stewart’s second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at<br />
Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. See SLA1 pp. 343-346.<br />
Lieut. Col. Welbore Ellis Doyle, Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong><br />
(28) Though his unit was <strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, about mid November 1780, Doyle replaced Turnbull as head<br />
<strong>of</strong> New York Volunteers. While I have encountered no confirmation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fact, it seems likely he would have<br />
been at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden. In February 1781, he led <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> effort to chase<br />
down Sumter dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> latter’s “Rounds.” In March, he <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a triumphant raid <strong>of</strong> Marion’s long<br />
<strong>in</strong>violable Snow’s Isl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> August was sent on an armed expedition to collect rice along <strong>the</strong> Edisto. At<br />
Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs it was Maj. Henry Sheridan, not Doyle, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers. Doyle departed<br />
Charleston with Rawdon on 21 August (with whom at sea he was captured by <strong>the</strong> French); while Maj. Henry<br />
Sheridan was left <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>. SCP2 p. 119.<br />
Lieut. Col. James Grierson, K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers<br />
Grierson was Thomas Brown’s stalwart subord<strong>in</strong>ate, <strong>and</strong> was with him at <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> Savannah <strong>and</strong> both<br />
sieges <strong>of</strong> Augusta. He was murdered by an unknown whig assass<strong>in</strong> shortly after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Fort Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> June<br />
1781. Lorenzo Sab<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>the</strong> Loyalist historian, states: “One account is, that, conf<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> a house with his three<br />
children, ‘an unknown marksman.’ disguised <strong>and</strong> on horseback, rode rapidly up to <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g, dashed <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong><br />
room <strong>in</strong> which Grierson was kept, <strong>and</strong>, without dismount<strong>in</strong>g, shot him dead, <strong>the</strong>n wheeled about, <strong>and</strong> escaped.<br />
Ano<strong>the</strong>r version is, that he was killed by a well-known Whig, who said that <strong>in</strong> 1780 Grierson cha<strong>in</strong>ed his fa<strong>the</strong>r<br />
seventy-eight years <strong>of</strong> age to a cart, <strong>and</strong> dragged him forty miles <strong>in</strong> two days; <strong>and</strong> that he ordered <strong>the</strong> driver to<br />
apply <strong>the</strong> whip whenever <strong>the</strong> old man attempted to rest himself by lean<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> cart.” 310<br />
Lieut. Col. John Hamilton, Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment<br />
(33) Hav<strong>in</strong>g raised <strong>the</strong> unit himself about <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong> war began, Hamilton led <strong>the</strong> Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Regiment at <strong>the</strong> sieges <strong>of</strong> Savannah <strong>and</strong> Charleston (where he was briefly captured); <strong>the</strong> battles <strong>of</strong> Camden, <strong>the</strong><br />
Guilford Court House campaign (though <strong>the</strong> unit was not present <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> actual battle.) He was a native <strong>of</strong><br />
Norfolk, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia (though one source says Halifax, VA.) 311 Lee, who apparently was <strong>in</strong> some way acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with<br />
him before <strong>the</strong> war, remarks that his “goodness, hospitality, <strong>and</strong> urbanity had attracted universal esteem.” 312<br />
Wheeler records this description: “Dr. G. C. Moore states that he knew Colonel Hamilton, who was for a long<br />
time after <strong>the</strong> war <strong>the</strong> British consul at Norfolk, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; that he was a short, red faced man, full <strong>of</strong> gaiety, <strong>and</strong><br />
fond <strong>of</strong> high liv<strong>in</strong>g. He enjoyed <strong>the</strong> respect <strong>of</strong> all parties, <strong>and</strong> was <strong>of</strong> a generous, k<strong>in</strong>d disposition.” And speaks<br />
Stedman <strong>of</strong>: “that valuable partisan, colonel Hamilton, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a regiment to whom, perhaps, <strong>the</strong><br />
British nation owed more than to any o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>dividual loyalist <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British service.” 313 Schenck meanwhile<br />
makes mention <strong>of</strong> his honorable character <strong>and</strong> carefulness <strong>in</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g his soldiers from loot<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> plunder<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Yet Cornwallis, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, apparently did not hold so favorable or warm an op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> him, at least<br />
militarily, <strong>and</strong> at one po<strong>in</strong>t referred to him as an “obst<strong>in</strong>ate blockhead” -- this evidently due to <strong>the</strong> role he<br />
played <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> premature loyalist upris<strong>in</strong>g that resulted <strong>in</strong> Ramseur’s Mill. For more, see LSL p. 127, WRM pp. 213-<br />
214, SLA1 p. 511, SNC pp. 273-274, <strong>and</strong> SCAR vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 32-34.<br />
Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Innes, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists<br />
(37) Innes was at both Savannah 1779 <strong>and</strong> Charleston 1780. In July, he jo<strong>in</strong>ed Ferguson’s efforts to help enlist<br />
<strong>and</strong> secure <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists nor<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. It was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> this task that he found<br />
himself engaged <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Musgrove’s Mill <strong>in</strong> August, <strong>and</strong> was <strong>the</strong>re defeated. He himself was badly<br />
wounded while lead<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> attack, <strong>and</strong> afterward, apparently due to <strong>the</strong>se same <strong>in</strong>juries, does not seem to have<br />
been <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r fight<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Lieut. Col. Daniel McGIrtt (also McGirth), K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers<br />
McGirtt, from <strong>the</strong> Camden area <strong>and</strong> evidently a ra<strong>the</strong>r self-willed <strong>and</strong> temperamental young man, at one time<br />
served with <strong>the</strong> whigs. Yet when <strong>in</strong> Satilla, Georgia, sometime before 1779, a whig <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> that prov<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
sought to confiscate a horse he was especially fond <strong>of</strong>, McGirtt knocked him flat <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> attempt. This caused him<br />
309 Roderick MacKenzie, yet who was not present, gives this same 4,000 figure <strong>in</strong> his Strictures. MST p. 144.<br />
310 SLA1 p. 500.<br />
311 Ano<strong>the</strong>r source says Halifax, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia.<br />
312 LMS p. 412.<br />
313 SAW2 p. 385.<br />
78
to brought up on charges, <strong>and</strong> he was flogged <strong>and</strong> imprisoned. Angered at <strong>the</strong> disgrace <strong>and</strong> humiliation, he made<br />
his escape <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> loyalists; who gave him a <strong>com</strong>mission. Although we seldom if ever hear <strong>of</strong> him be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> more well known engagements (he did <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Kettle Creek campaign <strong>in</strong> 1779 as a<br />
loyalist), he rode, along with some o<strong>the</strong>r mounted loyalists, as a k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> partisan ranger, <strong>and</strong> ga<strong>in</strong>ed a notorious<br />
reputation (justified or no) among <strong>the</strong> whigs for murder<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> steal<strong>in</strong>g. After <strong>the</strong> war, he settled with <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalists <strong>in</strong> St. August<strong>in</strong>e, FL. He <strong>and</strong> a gang he led reportedly cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong>ir depredations <strong>and</strong> plunder<strong>in</strong>g on<br />
some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>the</strong>re; with a militia force subsequently raised to capture or else chase him from <strong>the</strong><br />
area. Not long after this, he gave up liv<strong>in</strong>g as an outlaw <strong>and</strong> returned to Sumter County, S.C. to live with his<br />
bro<strong>the</strong>r-<strong>in</strong>-law. 314 See RSC2 pp. 276-277, CNS1 pp. 146-149, WHG pp. 289 <strong>and</strong> SLA2 pp. 64-65.<br />
Lieut. Col. Chapel Norton, Coldstream Guards (2 d Regiment <strong>of</strong> Guards)<br />
Norton <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> 1 st Guards battalion at Guilford Court House; lead<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m as well <strong>in</strong> Cornwallis’ Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
campaign <strong>and</strong> Yorktown.<br />
Lieut. Col. Thomas Patt<strong>in</strong>son, Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales American Volunteers<br />
Patt<strong>in</strong>son (Allaire refers to him as Patterson) served at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston. However, about August 1780 he<br />
was placed under arrest for be<strong>in</strong>g found (by Rawdon) drunk on duty. He rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Charleston till June 1781<br />
when he returned to New York, <strong>and</strong> was subsequently retired on half pay <strong>in</strong> August. Correctly or <strong>in</strong>correctly,<br />
Sab<strong>in</strong>e, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, speaks <strong>of</strong> him dy<strong>in</strong>g at Charleston <strong>in</strong> December 1782. 315<br />
Lieut. Col. John Graves Simcoe, Queen’s Rangers<br />
(28) Simcoe was present at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston. Yet (<strong>and</strong> aside from his part act<strong>in</strong>g under Arnold, Phillips,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia) he deserves <strong>in</strong>clusion as a biographical entry here for o<strong>the</strong>r reasons; <strong>in</strong>asmuch as his<br />
h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers acted as an <strong>in</strong>spiration <strong>and</strong> model to both Tarleton <strong>and</strong> Lee <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> form<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own respective corps -– even to <strong>the</strong> extent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir all hav<strong>in</strong>g similar green jacketed<br />
uniforms. Moreover, Simcoe’s Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers was among <strong>the</strong> very first military memoirs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>, 316 <strong>and</strong> seems to have, directly or <strong>in</strong>directly, <strong>in</strong> some measure prompted several which came<br />
after him, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Tarleton’s <strong>and</strong> Lee’s, <strong>and</strong> yet which for c<strong>and</strong>or, clarity <strong>of</strong> expression, <strong>and</strong> detail <strong>of</strong><br />
observation is, except for Otho Williams, without peer among such authors. 317 Had <strong>the</strong> United States lost <strong>the</strong> war<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>e to formally <strong>and</strong> politically reconcile <strong>the</strong>mselves with Brita<strong>in</strong>, it is not improbable that Simcoe would<br />
today (<strong>and</strong> outside <strong>of</strong> Canada) be lauded as one <strong>of</strong> America’s great national heroes <strong>of</strong> that period. See LMS pp.<br />
301n-302n.<br />
Lieut. Col. John Small, 84 th Regiment<br />
(54) Small led <strong>the</strong> 84 th Regiment, <strong>the</strong> “Highl<strong>and</strong> Emigrants,” which came south with Leslie <strong>in</strong> December 1780.<br />
Though <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>cident is itself apocryphal, it is Small <strong>in</strong>cidentally who is depicted as attempt<strong>in</strong>g to turn aside <strong>the</strong><br />
bayonet from Joseph <strong>War</strong>ren’s breast <strong>in</strong> John Trumbull’s pa<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Bunker Hill, GAR1 pp. 282-284, SCP3 p. 97n.<br />
Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Stewart, 3 d Regiment<br />
(est. 41) Stewart, who arrived <strong>in</strong> Charleston with his own 3 rd Regiment <strong>in</strong> June 1781, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> British at<br />
Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. He seems to have been <strong>in</strong>excusably careless <strong>in</strong> permitt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> root<strong>in</strong>g party sent out before<br />
Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs to be so easily surprised <strong>and</strong> taken by Greene’s advance guard. Despite this, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle itself,<br />
he seems to have exhibited reasonable <strong>com</strong>petence, but not much beyond that. He was wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> elbow<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g; with his be<strong>in</strong>g promoted to full Colonel on May 16 th , 1782.<br />
Lieut. Col. James Stuart, 1 st Regiment <strong>of</strong> Guards<br />
Stuart immediately succeeded O’Hara when <strong>the</strong> latter was severely <strong>in</strong>jured <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g at Guilford Court<br />
House, but was himself soon after killed <strong>in</strong> a melee with <strong>the</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment.<br />
Lieut. Col. Banastre Tarleton, British Legion<br />
(26) It is perhaps odd to th<strong>in</strong>k, but Tarleton was possibly <strong>in</strong> more battles <strong>and</strong> skirmishes <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south<br />
than any o<strong>the</strong>r s<strong>in</strong>gle <strong>in</strong>dividual on ei<strong>the</strong>r side. Like him or not, for his time, Tarleton really was an <strong>in</strong>novator.<br />
He understood that by tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> attack where <strong>the</strong> enemy seemed too far away to reach he could br<strong>in</strong>g about a<br />
surprise which o<strong>the</strong>rwise appeared impossible. This method was very dem<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g on both his men <strong>and</strong> horses, but<br />
time <strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong> it worked, that is, until <strong>the</strong> Americans adjusted <strong>the</strong>ir movements accord<strong>in</strong>gly. Henry Lee, a<br />
resourceful <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligent <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> his own right, could not help but imitate <strong>the</strong> successful approach when he<br />
saw it. As well, his deception <strong>of</strong> Pyle was actually a tactic Tarleton had used a few months early, though without<br />
<strong>the</strong> to be regretted bloody results. 318 While it would to be extravagant to label himself a butcher for what<br />
happened at Monck’s Corner, Waxhaws, <strong>and</strong> Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek (cavalry <strong>of</strong> that day <strong>in</strong> general tended to be exuberant<br />
with <strong>the</strong> sabre when <strong>and</strong> where <strong>the</strong>y could), it would be equally wrong to th<strong>in</strong>k that <strong>the</strong> brutality his men<br />
314 JTR pp. 172-174.<br />
315 SLA2 p. 153.<br />
316 Ethan Allen’s Narrative (1779) be<strong>in</strong>g ostensibly <strong>and</strong> to my knowledge <strong>the</strong> actual first.<br />
317 Simcoe’s dedicat<strong>in</strong>g himself to record<strong>in</strong>g his wartime experiences so closely <strong>and</strong> carefully as he did may have orig<strong>in</strong>ated with<br />
<strong>in</strong>structions given by Maj. Gen. William Phillips; who while <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia directed his <strong>of</strong>ficers to keep journals, see SQR pp. 192-193.<br />
Simcoe also, <strong>in</strong>cidentally is a superlative source for <strong>in</strong>formation on <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> uniforms.<br />
318 Though it must be noted, <strong>and</strong> as Lee himself was already well aware, even prior to Tarleton’s feat Lieut. Col. John Graves<br />
Simcoe had successfully impersonated Lee’s own Legion dur<strong>in</strong>g a dar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> remarkable raid by Simcoe <strong>in</strong>to New Jersey <strong>in</strong> late<br />
Oct. 1779, see LMS pp. 301n-302n.<br />
79
frequently displayed was entirely unrelated to his own character as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer. Yet this said, he would<br />
seem afterward to have largely corrected <strong>the</strong> problem; <strong>in</strong>s<strong>of</strong>ar as no horror stories are recorded after <strong>the</strong> time<br />
<strong>of</strong> Guilford Court House: <strong>the</strong> British Legion <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia show<strong>in</strong>g far greater moderation than <strong>the</strong>y had when <strong>in</strong><br />
South <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. 319 Although vanquished at Cowpens, Tarleton cannot be blamed too much for not<br />
anticipat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> extraord<strong>in</strong>ary ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> men he ended up fac<strong>in</strong>g. With David Ramsay’s History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Revolution <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a runn<strong>in</strong>g a very close second, his Campaigns, for all <strong>the</strong> criticisms it has received,<br />
much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m justified, is o<strong>the</strong>rwise <strong>and</strong>, given both its scope <strong>and</strong> immediacy, <strong>the</strong> s<strong>in</strong>gle most valuable book on<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>War</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South 1780-1781 by a contemporary. 320 See GAR1 pp. 284-288 (as to be expected, Garden <strong>in</strong> his<br />
sketch <strong>of</strong> Tarleton manifests a decidedly frown<strong>in</strong>g view <strong>of</strong> him.)<br />
Lieut. Col. George Turnbull, New York Volunteers<br />
(46) Turnbull was present at both <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> Savannah <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston. In a letter <strong>of</strong> June 30 th ,<br />
1780, Cornwallis credited him <strong>and</strong> his troops with putt<strong>in</strong>g down what Cornwallis thought was <strong>the</strong> last resistance<br />
<strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. He later defeated Sumter at Rocky Mount <strong>in</strong> late July 1780. By November, he had <strong>com</strong>e down<br />
with malaria <strong>and</strong> requested leave to go home; which was granted though by at least April 1782 he had rejo<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
<strong>the</strong>m.<br />
Lieut. Col. John Watson (formally John Watson Tadwell Watson), 3 d Regiment <strong>of</strong> Guards (Scots Guards), <strong>and</strong><br />
Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Light Infantry Battalion<br />
(32) Watson <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Light Infantry Battalion, which came south with Leslie. When Leslie<br />
marched on to jo<strong>in</strong> Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> Dec. 1780, Watson rema<strong>in</strong>ed to construct <strong>the</strong> fort named <strong>in</strong> his honor. He<br />
subsequently engaged <strong>in</strong> a series <strong>of</strong> runn<strong>in</strong>g engagements with Marion; <strong>in</strong> which, for <strong>the</strong> most part, he was<br />
bested. Watson was a good <strong>of</strong>ficer, but attempt<strong>in</strong>g to fight Marion <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> swamps turned out to be as futile for<br />
him as for all <strong>the</strong> rest who had tried. He became <strong>the</strong> center <strong>of</strong> attention <strong>in</strong> April 1781 when <strong>the</strong> question be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
asked was whe<strong>the</strong>r his corps would be able to evade Lee, Marion <strong>and</strong> Greene <strong>and</strong> make it <strong>in</strong>to Camden. As it<br />
turned out, <strong>the</strong> swamp fox, on that occasion, was outfoxed <strong>and</strong> Watson succeeded <strong>in</strong> reach<strong>in</strong>g Rawdon. He left<br />
Charleston for New York by July, <strong>and</strong> was later was part <strong>of</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s abortive flotilla sent to rescue Cornwallis at<br />
Yorktown. 321 William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James, Marion’s biographer, speaks respectfully <strong>of</strong> him both as a adroit partisan <strong>and</strong><br />
humane <strong>of</strong>ficer, JFM pp. 46-47. See also SCP2 p. 199n. 322<br />
Lieut. Col. James Webster, 33 d Regiment<br />
(40) Webster, a Scotsman by birth, led detachments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army at Charleston, Monck’s Corner, Lenud’s Ferry,<br />
Camden, Weitzel’s Mill, <strong>and</strong> Guilford Court House, <strong>and</strong> each time victoriously. With a reputation for dem<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
strictest discipl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> his men, he was both liked <strong>and</strong> revered by his soldiers <strong>and</strong> fellow <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> respected<br />
by his foes. Mortally wounded at Guilford Court House, he died a few days later on <strong>the</strong> road to Cross Creek.<br />
Stedman writes <strong>of</strong> him: “Cool, determ<strong>in</strong>ed, vigilant, <strong>and</strong> active <strong>in</strong> action, an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> great experience <strong>and</strong><br />
observation as well as bravery <strong>and</strong> rigid discipl<strong>in</strong>e.” 323 See LMS pp. 292-293 <strong>and</strong> GAR1 pp. 280-282.<br />
319 Lee expla<strong>in</strong>s this as be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> death <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bugler Gillies <strong>and</strong> circumstances follow<strong>in</strong>g it. LMS p. 242-243.<br />
320 Physician Ramsay’s book <strong>in</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> respects is superior to Tarleton’s, <strong>in</strong> that (<strong>and</strong> this is also true <strong>of</strong> Stedman’s History)<br />
he analyzes political, moral, <strong>and</strong> psychological aspects <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war, <strong>and</strong> does so with a perspicacity that is actually somewhat<br />
surpris<strong>in</strong>g to a modern reader; who o<strong>the</strong>rwise perhaps expects only a reproduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Annual Register <strong>in</strong>terspersed with<br />
eulogiums <strong>in</strong> tribute to how well <strong>the</strong> American soldiers fought. Yet for purposes <strong>of</strong> provid<strong>in</strong>g military <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>and</strong> references,<br />
<strong>and</strong> it is <strong>the</strong>se which we are here, after all, most concerned with, Tarleton’s work is generally more useful -- though,<br />
admittedly, far from be<strong>in</strong>g always reliable <strong>in</strong> its factual particulars. Rawdon, <strong>in</strong> a letter to Colonel McMahon, Don<strong>in</strong>gton, 19 Jan.<br />
1801, writes: “Tarleton’s narrative is here. He has so strangely disjo<strong>in</strong>ted facts which bore important relation to each o<strong>the</strong>r, &<br />
has so s<strong>in</strong>gularly mis<strong>com</strong>prehended po<strong>in</strong>ts with which he ought naturally to have been acqua<strong>in</strong>ted, that his exposition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
cha<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> events is as <strong>in</strong>correct as his specific accounts <strong>of</strong> many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> actions. I could, <strong>the</strong>refore, little aid my memory by<br />
recurrence to that book.” ACG p. 193. One also needs to be careful us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> letters <strong>and</strong> documents Tarleton <strong>in</strong>cludes as <strong>the</strong>y<br />
are sometimes paraphrases or else heavily edited extracts, though this is less a fault peculiar to Tarleton, <strong>and</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r someth<strong>in</strong>g<br />
typical <strong>of</strong> contemporary histories <strong>of</strong> that day.<br />
For two contemporary <strong>and</strong> at length reviews <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s Campaigns; <strong>and</strong> which with m<strong>in</strong>or qualification, tend to be ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
negative; with one characteriz<strong>in</strong>g him as a mere adventurer (ra<strong>the</strong>r than a serious soldier), <strong>and</strong> both accus<strong>in</strong>g him <strong>of</strong> too much<br />
self-promotion <strong>in</strong> his book, see The Critical Review, or <strong>the</strong> Annals <strong>of</strong> Literature, Vol. 63, for Jan. 1787, pp. 346-352, <strong>and</strong> The<br />
English Review, vol. X, Dec. 1787, pp. 403-410; bear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d that much <strong>of</strong> this resentment probably stems <strong>in</strong> no small part<br />
from his bold <strong>and</strong> blunt criticisms <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis. For MacKenzie’s Strictures on Tarleton’s Campaigns reviewed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same<br />
volume <strong>of</strong> The English Review, see pp. 410-418.<br />
321 See SCAR vol. 4, no 4,5,6, pp. 47, 55 (at which page starts <strong>the</strong> full text <strong>of</strong> his “Narrative” transcribed <strong>and</strong> edited by Don<br />
Gara), 61. At one time Watson acted as an aide to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>and</strong> possibly for this reason he was disliked by Cornwallis who called<br />
him “that plague.” Tarleton similarly did not get along well with him; yet <strong>in</strong> addition, it might be said (based on his “Narrative”<br />
<strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r circumstantial evidence) that he perhaps was at times, if not an un-forthright equivocator, an at least an affected <strong>and</strong><br />
too careful an apologist <strong>of</strong> himself when seek<strong>in</strong>g o<strong>the</strong>rs’ favor or good op<strong>in</strong>ion. Ra<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>n c<strong>and</strong>idly speak what would seem to<br />
be his m<strong>in</strong>d, he seems more <strong>of</strong>ten <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to adopt artificial expressions <strong>and</strong>, to some extent, obsequious politeness evidently<br />
calculated to impress or make himself pleas<strong>in</strong>g to his listener or reader. Such at least is my own impression read<strong>in</strong>g his<br />
“Narrative.” As a leader <strong>of</strong> a detachment do<strong>in</strong>g his duty, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, I have as yet to learn anyth<strong>in</strong>g notably bad or<br />
deficient <strong>in</strong> him, <strong>and</strong> his Feb. <strong>and</strong> March 1781 parlays (found <strong>in</strong> GDH2) with Marion are <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g for his <strong>in</strong>sistence on fair<br />
deal<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> reasonableness on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> both sides.<br />
322 Cornwallis tried to avoid team<strong>in</strong>g Watson with Tarleton; evidently because <strong>the</strong> latter, as light <strong>in</strong>fantry or light troop<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers, did not get along, SCP3 p. 209.<br />
323 SAW2 p. 234.<br />
80
Maj. Thomas Barclay, Loyal American Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Light Infantry Battalion<br />
(27) After Watson left to go home <strong>in</strong> July 1781, Barclay was left <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Light Infantry<br />
Battalion. He himself departed Charleston, probably <strong>in</strong> August, <strong>and</strong> like Rawdon was captured at sea by <strong>the</strong><br />
French <strong>and</strong> was be<strong>in</strong>g held prisoner by <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> September 1781. He may actually have been taken with Rawdon,<br />
but this is not clear. As captive, Barclay happened to be present on board one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French ships engaged <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Second Battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Capes, <strong>and</strong> was witness to that action.<br />
Maj. John Carden, Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales American Volunteers<br />
After Patt<strong>in</strong>son was removed from <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Regiment for be<strong>in</strong>g drunk on duty at Hang<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Rock (29 July 1781), Carden was appo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> his place. The latter led <strong>the</strong> British forces at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock <strong>in</strong><br />
August 1780, <strong>and</strong> he was badly wounded <strong>the</strong>re. Carden does not subsequently appear to have participated <strong>in</strong><br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south. His son <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same name <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> frigate Macedonian versus <strong>the</strong> United<br />
States <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>War</strong> <strong>of</strong> 1812. SCP1 p. 183n.<br />
Maj. Charles Cochrane, British Legion Infantry<br />
(31) Cochrane <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> British Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry while <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g at Monck’s Corner <strong>and</strong><br />
Waxhaws. On June 1 st , 1780, he obta<strong>in</strong>ed permission to return to Engl<strong>and</strong> on personal bus<strong>in</strong>ess. He later returned<br />
to New York. While act<strong>in</strong>g as an emissary from Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, on 17 October 1781, he was killed by a cannon ball at<br />
Yorktown.<br />
Maj. John C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>, New York Volunteers<br />
(29) C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>, orig<strong>in</strong>ally from Boston, had been present at both Briar Creek <strong>in</strong> 1779 <strong>and</strong> Camden <strong>in</strong> 1780. Then <strong>in</strong><br />
November <strong>and</strong> December. 1780, he was seen operat<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> Camden <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Santee area with a mounted unit,<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>itially about 30, <strong>the</strong>n later 140 men, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers. Then, no later than early April 1781, he<br />
fielded a unit <strong>of</strong> dragoons created out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers <strong>and</strong> S.C. Royalists Regiment; which he led at<br />
Hobkirk’s Hill. It was <strong>in</strong> Rawdon’s report <strong>of</strong> Hobkirk’s Hill that we f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> latter referr<strong>in</strong>g to him as Major, but<br />
at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs he was only Brevet Major <strong>and</strong> not full Major till December 25 th , 1782. Though himself thwarted<br />
a few times, C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> was a very capable cavalry leader, his most notable victory <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south be<strong>in</strong>g “Myddleton’s<br />
Ambuscade,“ as well as his forestall<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>of</strong> Lee’s Legion at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. 324 See SLA1 pp. 324-326 <strong>and</strong><br />
Memoir <strong>of</strong> General John C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> by Henry Edward C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>. 325<br />
Maj. James Henry Craig, 82 d Regiment<br />
(32) Craig came south with Leslie, <strong>and</strong> led <strong>the</strong> British expedition aga<strong>in</strong>st Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. While relatively little<br />
attention has been paid to his efforts <strong>the</strong>re, Craig, <strong>and</strong> later David Fann<strong>in</strong>g with him, carried out an enterpris<strong>in</strong>g<br />
little war <strong>of</strong> his own from out <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a seaport. For a time, he kept much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> eastern part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state busy try<strong>in</strong>g to keep him conta<strong>in</strong>ed. At one po<strong>in</strong>t, he marched seventy-five miles<br />
up <strong>the</strong> coastal <strong>in</strong>terior to New Bern, <strong>and</strong> carried out a successful raid on that town. A member <strong>of</strong> Craig’s staff<br />
penned this description: “Sir James Craig was a man who had made his way by varied <strong>and</strong> meritorious services to<br />
a high position <strong>in</strong> our army. He had improved a naturally quick <strong>and</strong> clear underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g by study, <strong>and</strong> he had a<br />
practical <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>timate acqua<strong>in</strong>tance with every branch <strong>of</strong> his pr<strong>of</strong>ession. In person he was very short, broad, <strong>and</strong><br />
muscular, a pocket Hercules, but with sharp, neat features, as if chiselled <strong>in</strong> ivory. Not popular, he was hot,<br />
peremptory, <strong>and</strong> pompous, yet extremely beloved by those whom he allowed to live <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>timacy with him;<br />
clever, generous to a fault, <strong>and</strong> a warm <strong>and</strong> unfl<strong>in</strong>ch<strong>in</strong>g friend to those whom he liked.” 326 SCP3 p. 33n.<br />
Maj. Thomas Dawson, 3 d Regiment<br />
Dawson led <strong>the</strong> 3 d Regiment, “<strong>the</strong> Buffs,” at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
Maj. John Doyle, Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong><br />
(30) Bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> Welbore Doyle, John had earlier been a lieutenant <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 49 th Regiment. He was Brigade Major <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong> at Hobkirk’s Hill, <strong>and</strong> later acted as Adjutant-General to Rawdon, Stewart <strong>and</strong> Gould.<br />
324 With respect to C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> versus <strong>the</strong> Legion at Eutaw, see GDH3 p. 151 (<strong>and</strong> CSS p. 1190), LMS pp. 463-475, JLG2 pp. 231-235,<br />
LCC pp. 469-482, <strong>and</strong> NGP9 pp. 335n-336n. What apparently transpired, or at least one version, was that Greene ordered Lee’s<br />
cavalry to support Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton aga<strong>in</strong>st Marjoribanks. Lee himself be<strong>in</strong>g absent with his <strong>in</strong>fantry, Greene’s aide, Cap.<br />
Nathaniel Pendleton, gave <strong>the</strong> order to Eggleston (who was with <strong>the</strong> legion cavalry) <strong>in</strong>stead. Eggleston’s assistance proved <strong>of</strong><br />
little help to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s mismanaged <strong>and</strong> abortive attack, while at <strong>the</strong> same it placed <strong>the</strong> legion cavalry on Greene’s left.<br />
When <strong>the</strong>n, with Stewart’s center reel<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> moment <strong>of</strong> truth arrived to charge C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> on <strong>the</strong> right -- <strong>and</strong> which many strongly<br />
believed might have won for Greene <strong>the</strong> day -- Eggleston arrived too late <strong>and</strong> C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> withdrew <strong>in</strong> safety, or else Eggleston was<br />
repulsed by C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>, thus sav<strong>in</strong>g Stewart <strong>the</strong> battle. The blame <strong>in</strong> retrospect <strong>the</strong>refore seems to have been Greene’s for send<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> legion cavalry to aid Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>in</strong> attempt<strong>in</strong>g to dislodge Marjoribanks <strong>and</strong> or <strong>the</strong>n to have ordered <strong>the</strong> Legion to charge<br />
C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> when it was unprepared to do so. Henry Lee IV is <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to blame Pendleton, not Greene, for <strong>the</strong> ill advised order to<br />
charge; with Pendleton ostensibly fault<strong>in</strong>g Col. Lee for gallivant<strong>in</strong>g about <strong>the</strong> field direct<strong>in</strong>g o<strong>the</strong>r units <strong>and</strong> not be<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong><br />
Legion cavalry when <strong>the</strong> order was given. If Eggleston was <strong>in</strong>deed repulsed, as Pendleton claimed, it is a wonder <strong>the</strong>re is no<br />
report from anyone else, not least <strong>of</strong> which from <strong>the</strong> British <strong>the</strong>mselves, <strong>of</strong> such a dramatic encounter <strong>and</strong> upset tak<strong>in</strong>g place.<br />
325 Sab<strong>in</strong>e: “He [C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>] was fond <strong>of</strong> talk<strong>in</strong>g with citizens <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prom<strong>in</strong>ent Whigs <strong>of</strong><br />
his native State. ‘Samuel Adams used to tell me,’ said he, ‘C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>, you must not leave us; we shall have warm work, <strong>and</strong> want<br />
you. The battle <strong>of</strong> Breed’s Hill was regarded by General C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> as <strong>the</strong> event which controlled everyth<strong>in</strong>g that followed. “ You<br />
could not have succeeded without it,’ he frequently said to his American friends, ‘for someth<strong>in</strong>g was <strong>in</strong>dispensable <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>n<br />
state <strong>of</strong> parties, to fix men somewhere, <strong>and</strong> to show <strong>the</strong> planters at <strong>the</strong> South, that Nor<strong>the</strong>rn people were really <strong>in</strong> earnest, <strong>and</strong><br />
could <strong>and</strong> would fight. That, that did <strong>the</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess for you.’” SLA1 p. 325.<br />
326 GCS p. 44.<br />
81
Maj. James Dunlop (also Dunlap), Queen’s Rangers, <strong>and</strong> Ferguson’s Corps<br />
Dunlop was one <strong>of</strong> Ferguson’s <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> assisted Ferguson <strong>in</strong> tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> lead<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> loyalist militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong> surround<strong>in</strong>g areas. He fought at McDowell’s Camp (or Earle’s Ford) <strong>and</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce’s Fort <strong>in</strong> July 1780,<br />
<strong>and</strong> later also at Second Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. On September 12 th , he was wounded at Cane Creek. By December, hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
sufficiently recovered, he was given temporary <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> a militia corps <strong>of</strong> mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> cavalry<br />
based at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Then on 23 March, he was defeated <strong>and</strong> himself captured by Elijah Clark at Beattie’s Mill. A<br />
few days later, while prisoner <strong>in</strong> Gilbertown, he, like Grierson, was murdered by a guard, or someone connected<br />
with those guard<strong>in</strong>g him, with <strong>the</strong> motive ostensibly be<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> revenge. His mounted militia corps was<br />
formally disb<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> July 1781; with some <strong>of</strong> its members go<strong>in</strong>g on to serve under William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham. See<br />
DKM pp. 156-164, SCP2 p. 82, SCP3 pp. 67, 74, 76.<br />
Maj. Patrick Ferguson, 327 71 st Regiment, <strong>and</strong> Loyal American Volunteers<br />
(36) Much has been written about Ferguson, yet <strong>in</strong> many ways he rema<strong>in</strong>s an odd <strong>and</strong> elusive character. He had<br />
his own <strong>in</strong>dependent way <strong>of</strong> see<strong>in</strong>g th<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>and</strong> took <strong>the</strong> British cause (aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> rebels) more to heart than<br />
most o<strong>the</strong>rs who were simply do<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir duty. While this <strong>in</strong> its way made him admirable, it also seems to have<br />
isolated him from some <strong>of</strong> his fellow <strong>of</strong>ficers. That he was most <strong>of</strong>ten spoken <strong>of</strong> as Major is perhaps significant<br />
because as a <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>cials he was also a Lieutenant Colonel; so that by preferr<strong>in</strong>g his lower British<br />
Army rank 328 he arguably <strong>and</strong> to his credit was try<strong>in</strong>g to get <strong>the</strong> loyalists under him to see <strong>the</strong>mselves as British<br />
army (<strong>and</strong> not mere prov<strong>in</strong>cials.) In a poetical sense <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> retrospect, his death at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> symbolized<br />
<strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalist military effort <strong>in</strong> America: a courageous <strong>and</strong> personable, yet ra<strong>the</strong>r proud <strong>and</strong> impetuous,<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er lead<strong>in</strong>g his men headlong to <strong>the</strong>ir doom. Ironically, <strong>the</strong> reason for his defeat was that his men relied<br />
on bayonets aga<strong>in</strong>st rifles. On normal more flat terra<strong>in</strong> this exchange could well have proven efficacious for <strong>the</strong><br />
British. But on rugged K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> reverse proved true. The Scottish major was underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalists; a quality that both astonished <strong>and</strong> endeared him to <strong>the</strong>m; though <strong>the</strong> whigs he is said to have pillaged<br />
<strong>and</strong> plundered savagely. 329 Robert Gray: “Had Major Ferguson lived, <strong>the</strong> Militia would have been <strong>com</strong>pletely<br />
formed. He possessed all <strong>the</strong> talents & ambition necessary to ac<strong>com</strong>plish that purpose & set out exactly <strong>in</strong> that<br />
l<strong>in</strong>e, he <strong>the</strong>refore would have achieved with <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country what <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r British <strong>of</strong>ficers can<br />
only effect with important [regular] soldiers. The want <strong>of</strong> a man <strong>of</strong> his genius was soon severely felt & if ever<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r is found to supply his place he will go great lengths towards turn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> scale <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> our favor.” 330<br />
See AR81 pp. 51-53 <strong>and</strong> DKM pp. 48-67, <strong>and</strong> for his views on organiz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Royal militia, see SCP1 pp. 142-144,<br />
146-147, 150-152, 288.<br />
Maj. Thomas Fraser, New York Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists<br />
(25) Born <strong>in</strong> Scotl<strong>and</strong>, Fraser had been a Virg<strong>in</strong>ia merchant before <strong>the</strong> war. 331 Just before Camden, he was made<br />
a Capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers, but almost immediately became a Major <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists.<br />
He was present at both Musgrove’s Mill <strong>and</strong> at Hobkirk’s Hill. Later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>of</strong> 1781, Fraser led a corps <strong>of</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists mounted as cavalry, with which he both rescued Andrew Williamson <strong>and</strong> captured Isaac<br />
Hayne. He was defeated by Marion at Parker’s Ferry <strong>in</strong> August 1781, <strong>and</strong> afterward served with Coates at <strong>the</strong><br />
time <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s Dog Days Expedition. SCP1 p. 243n.<br />
Maj. George Hanger, British Legion<br />
(29) Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston, Hanger <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> German chasseurs (or light <strong>in</strong>fantry)<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g been appo<strong>in</strong>ted a capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hessian jager corps by <strong>the</strong> L<strong>and</strong>grave <strong>of</strong> Hesse-Cassel <strong>in</strong> February 1776.<br />
His unit was <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> scout<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rebel defenses, <strong>and</strong> he was permitted to personally suggest to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>the</strong><br />
best means <strong>of</strong> approach. After <strong>the</strong> siege ended, his chasseurs (without him) returned to New York with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton,<br />
<strong>and</strong>, at his request, he was transferred to <strong>the</strong> British Legion. By early August 1780 was made a Major <strong>in</strong> that<br />
corps’ cavalry. He ably led a detachment <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s horsemen at Camden, but <strong>the</strong> Legion under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
received a rude check at Charlotte on 26 September. Boatner says he was also at Davie’s raid on Wahab’s<br />
Plantation at few days before <strong>the</strong> action at Charlotte, but I have not seen this corroborated elsewhere. He<br />
subsequently became very ill with malaria <strong>and</strong> returned as an <strong>in</strong>valid to Charleston; only rejo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g his unit<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g Yorktown.<br />
Maj. John Marjoribanks, 332 19 th Regiment<br />
(23) Marjoribanks with <strong>the</strong> flank <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3 d , 19 th , <strong>and</strong> 30 th , jo<strong>in</strong>ed Rawdon’s march to relieve N<strong>in</strong>ety<br />
Six; <strong>and</strong> possibly was present at Qu<strong>in</strong>by Bridge <strong>and</strong> Shubrick’s. He led <strong>the</strong> flank <strong>com</strong>panies with surpass<strong>in</strong>g valor<br />
<strong>and</strong> dist<strong>in</strong>ction at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs; where he was mortally wounded. After <strong>the</strong> battle, Marjoribanks was removed<br />
to a not too distant home where he died on 27 October 1781. 333 In addition to mention<strong>in</strong>g how his timely<br />
<strong>in</strong>tervention saved William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s life at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, Garden states: “This dist<strong>in</strong>guished <strong>of</strong>ficer is still<br />
spoken <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong> St. John’s with great respect. He was <strong>the</strong> foe to oppression, <strong>and</strong> guard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> unfortunate. He<br />
327 Ferguson was also a Lieutenant Colonel <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Loyal American Volunteers.<br />
328 In contrast to most British-Prov<strong>in</strong>cial <strong>of</strong>ficers; who tended to adopt <strong>the</strong> higher sound<strong>in</strong>g Prov<strong>in</strong>cial rank.<br />
329 DKM pp. 72-73.<br />
330 GWC p. 144.<br />
331 Lambert speaks <strong>of</strong> him as be<strong>in</strong>g from New Jersey. LSL p. 151.<br />
332 McCrady states that <strong>the</strong> name is pronounced “Marshbanks.”<br />
333 The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVII, Oct. 1916, p. 161.<br />
82
suffered no severities with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> reach <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>; nor withheld his beneficence where <strong>the</strong> power appeared<br />
<strong>of</strong> do<strong>in</strong>g good, even from <strong>the</strong> families <strong>of</strong> his most decided opponents.” 334<br />
Maj. Andrew Maxwell, Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales American Volunteers<br />
(30) In January 1781, Maxwell, a native <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>, was sent to establish <strong>the</strong> post <strong>of</strong> Fort Granby. For a time,<br />
his garrison was supplied by Wade Hampton who owned a nearby store. Hampton, aware <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dim<strong>in</strong>ish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> fort’s supply, <strong>in</strong>formed Sumter <strong>of</strong> Maxwell’s vulnerability. Sumter <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> February, briefly laid siege to <strong>the</strong><br />
post, but was driven <strong>of</strong>f by a relief column sent from Camden before he had a chance to take it. In early May,<br />
Sumter returned aga<strong>in</strong> to attack Granby, <strong>and</strong> when he decided to move on fur<strong>the</strong>r (<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> addition) to<br />
Orangeburgh, he left a detachment under Col. Thomas Taylor to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege at Granby. On May 15 th , Lee<br />
<strong>and</strong> Marion came on <strong>the</strong> scene with cannon <strong>and</strong> persuaded Maxwell’s surrender. It was said he could have held<br />
out much longer, but was more concerned with sav<strong>in</strong>g his personal property. It was this selfish agenda (it was<br />
believed) that brought about <strong>the</strong> swift capitulation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> post. Maxwell <strong>and</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers, be<strong>in</strong>g able to reta<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir private belong<strong>in</strong>gs (which reportedly <strong>in</strong>cluded some plunder), were <strong>the</strong>n paroled along with <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Granby garrison to Charleston. See LMS p. 350 <strong>and</strong> SLA2 pp. 52-53.<br />
Maj. Archibald McArthur (sometimes given as MacArthur) 71 st Regiment<br />
In June 1780, McArthur was assigned with <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regiment to Cheraws; which became one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
forward outposts <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. When Gates’ army advanced <strong>in</strong> July, McArthur fell back to Lynches River,<br />
<strong>and</strong> after that to Little Lynches River. Later at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ move north to attack Gates (<strong>in</strong> early<br />
August), he was put <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison at Camden. At Cowpens, he led <strong>the</strong> 1 st Battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st , <strong>and</strong><br />
was among those captured. He was exchanged by May 1781, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>reafter (ra<strong>the</strong>r than rejo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong><br />
his regiment <strong>and</strong> which was <strong>the</strong>n with Cornwallis) <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a mixed corps <strong>com</strong>prised up small detachments<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>valids; which assisted Watson <strong>in</strong> his drive to get to Camden to re<strong>in</strong>force Rawdon. Both fellow <strong>and</strong> enemy<br />
leaders viewed him as a sound <strong>and</strong> worthy <strong>of</strong>ficer who had a good sense <strong>of</strong> what needed to be done; <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
some who criticized Tarleton for not hav<strong>in</strong>g sought his advice just prior to Cowpens.<br />
Maj. Robert McLeroth (also M’Ilraith or McIlraith), 64 th Regiment<br />
McLeroth led <strong>the</strong> 64 th <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee Camden area <strong>in</strong> November <strong>and</strong> December 1780. It was he who used <strong>the</strong> ruse<br />
<strong>of</strong> a duel to evade Marion at Halfway Swamp. Despite his cleverness <strong>in</strong> that encounter, McLeroth was thought to<br />
have been too timid <strong>in</strong> deal<strong>in</strong>g with Marion. After receiv<strong>in</strong>g permission to return to Charleston from Rawdon, he,<br />
reportedly, was later cashiered. William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James describes him as among <strong>the</strong> most restra<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> k<strong>in</strong>dly <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> British <strong>of</strong>ficers towards civilians <strong>and</strong> cites this as <strong>the</strong> reason for his dismissal (apparently by Balfour <strong>and</strong> or<br />
Rawdon.) 335 SCP3 p. 77n.<br />
Maj. Thomas Mecan, 23 rd Regiment<br />
Mecan headed <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt. at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charlestown <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> earlier phases <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn campaign, <strong>and</strong><br />
briefly <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock <strong>in</strong> late July 1780. He died, <strong>of</strong> natural causes, just a few days before <strong>the</strong> battle<br />
<strong>of</strong> Camden <strong>in</strong> Aug., <strong>and</strong> was succeeded by Frederick MacKenzie. SCP1 p. 190n, SCP2 p. 16.<br />
Maj. James Moncrief (also Montcrief, <strong>and</strong> Moncrieffe), Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<br />
(36) Moncrief, orig<strong>in</strong>ally a New York state resident, was <strong>the</strong> chief eng<strong>in</strong>eer <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> both <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong><br />
Savannah, <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston, <strong>the</strong> fortify<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Georgetown, <strong>and</strong> later <strong>the</strong> reconstruction <strong>of</strong> Charleston’s<br />
defenses. He also acted as one <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ <strong>com</strong>missioners <strong>of</strong> captures. Although praised by Stedman for his<br />
abilities, Ewald speaks disparag<strong>in</strong>gly, albeit amus<strong>in</strong>gly, <strong>of</strong> his skill <strong>and</strong> manner <strong>of</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g on a siege. For more,<br />
see SAW2 pp. 187-188, GAR1 pp. 268-269, <strong>and</strong> SLA2 pp. 86-87.<br />
Maj. Timothy Newmarsh, 7 th Regiment<br />
Newmarsh led <strong>the</strong> 7 th at Cowpens, was wounded <strong>the</strong>re <strong>and</strong> taken prisoner.<br />
Maj. Henry Sheridan, New York Volunteers<br />
(29) Sheridan <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers battalion at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. SCP1 p. 364n.<br />
Major Charles Stewart, 63 d Regiment<br />
Charles Stewart is apparently <strong>the</strong> “Major Stewart” mentioned <strong>in</strong> (Alex<strong>and</strong>er) Stewart’s after-action report <strong>of</strong><br />
Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>and</strong> ostensibly <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> 63 d Regiment at that engagement.<br />
Maj. James Wemyss, 63 d Regiment<br />
(32) Although only a major, Wemyss (pronounced “Weems”) was <strong>the</strong> act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 d Regiment<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ce it’s Lieut. Col., Patterson, was serv<strong>in</strong>g as a General <strong>in</strong> America. Wemyss led <strong>the</strong> mounted 63 d on raids<br />
burn<strong>in</strong>g homes <strong>and</strong> confiscat<strong>in</strong>g munitions <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r property from suspected rebels <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Williamsburg area <strong>of</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a (i.e., north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee) <strong>in</strong> late August <strong>and</strong> early September 1780. In November, he mounted an<br />
abortive attack on Sumter at Fish Dam Ford <strong>in</strong> November 1780. Badly wounded <strong>in</strong> his arm <strong>and</strong> knee <strong>in</strong> that<br />
encounter, he was taken prisoner, but immediately paroled; Sumter apparently th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g it more practical <strong>and</strong><br />
more politic to let him go <strong>the</strong>n risk<strong>in</strong>g him to whig retribution for his house burn<strong>in</strong>g. Wemyss <strong>the</strong>n retired to<br />
Charleston <strong>and</strong> subsequently New York <strong>in</strong> early January; his <strong>in</strong>juries prevent<strong>in</strong>g him from serv<strong>in</strong>g fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
334 GAR1 p. 71n.<br />
335 JFM p. 40, MSC1 p. 102n.<br />
83
sou<strong>the</strong>rn campaign, see SCP3 p. 465. In <strong>the</strong> 1790’s, he <strong>and</strong> his wife emigrated to New York state; where he lived<br />
until about 1833 when he died at <strong>the</strong> age <strong>of</strong> 85, <strong>and</strong> was buried <strong>in</strong> Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton, Long isl<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Maj. James Wright, Jr. Georgia Loyalists<br />
Wright held a <strong>com</strong>mission <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers <strong>and</strong> served at <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> Savannah <strong>in</strong> 1779. After <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong><br />
Charleston he endeavored to recruit men from among <strong>the</strong> rebel prisoners, along with Brown <strong>and</strong> some o<strong>the</strong>rs,<br />
<strong>and</strong> for this he was censured. His fa<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same name was Royal Governor <strong>of</strong> Georgia. Wright senior<br />
attempted to restore civil control <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> government <strong>in</strong> Georgia, but was refused this by <strong>the</strong> British. Moreover, it<br />
was Col. Alured Clarke, ra<strong>the</strong>r than himself, who controlled matters <strong>in</strong> that region. None<strong>the</strong>less, Wright Sr.<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed active attempt<strong>in</strong>g to raise troops <strong>and</strong> adm<strong>in</strong>ister affairs where he could. Regard<strong>in</strong>g both himself <strong>and</strong> or<br />
his fa<strong>the</strong>r, see WHG pp. 186-196, SLA2 pp. 457-459, SCP1 p. 345n.<br />
Capt. Archibald Campbell, Georgia Light Dragoons, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Light Dragoons (as <strong>of</strong> Spr<strong>in</strong>g 1781)<br />
Although he participated <strong>in</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> small actions <strong>and</strong> skirmishes (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> capture <strong>of</strong> Isaac Hayne <strong>in</strong><br />
which he <strong>and</strong> his men figured decisively), Campbell is more a well-known figure <strong>of</strong> anecdotal history than <strong>of</strong><br />
military prom<strong>in</strong>ence, <strong>and</strong> which mostly centered around his antics as a Charleston social figure. One story<br />
relates how he forced a clergyman at gunpo<strong>in</strong>t to marry him to a woman he was court<strong>in</strong>g. After be<strong>in</strong>g unhorsed<br />
<strong>and</strong> taken <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Videau’s Bridge, 2 January 1782, outside Charleston, he attempted to escape, but was<br />
shot <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> process <strong>and</strong> killed. 336<br />
Capt. David Campbell, 64 th Regiment<br />
It is somewhat ironic that although David Campbell’s name does not <strong>com</strong>e up <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> usual histories, Alex<strong>and</strong>er<br />
Garden took <strong>the</strong> trouble to write a warm <strong>and</strong> effusive sketch <strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>ficer, dist<strong>in</strong>guished for his gallantry <strong>and</strong><br />
generosity, <strong>and</strong> who settled <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a after <strong>the</strong> war, see GAR2 pp. 109-111.<br />
Capt. Robert Campbell, 84 th Regiment<br />
Campbell <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 84 th Regiment at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, 337 <strong>and</strong> was wounded <strong>the</strong>re.<br />
Capt. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Chesney, Loyal American Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> Ferguson’s Corps<br />
(25) Chesney was present at a number <strong>of</strong> engagements, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> Cowpens, as well as quite<br />
a number <strong>of</strong> skirmishes. With a small mounted detachment <strong>of</strong> loyalists, he defeated <strong>and</strong> captured Capt. William<br />
Clay Snipes’ men at Snipes’ Plantation <strong>in</strong> June 1781. Yet like Allaire, Chesney is best known for his own Journal,<br />
which <strong>in</strong> Chesney’s case, gives a rare view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war from <strong>the</strong> perspective <strong>of</strong> a sou<strong>the</strong>rn loyalist. See SLA1 p.<br />
310 <strong>and</strong> GCS pp. 43, 81-82.<br />
Capt. Edward Lord Fitzgerald, 19 th Regiment<br />
(17) Lord Fitzgerald fought at Qu<strong>in</strong>by Bridge <strong>and</strong> was very likely among those <strong>the</strong>re who, sword <strong>in</strong> h<strong>and</strong>, parried<br />
with <strong>and</strong> fended <strong>of</strong>f Lee’s Dragoons, <strong>and</strong> later was present at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs where he was severely <strong>in</strong>jured. Yet<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> war <strong>and</strong> about <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French Revolution (which he sympathized with), he became opposed<br />
to British authority <strong>in</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> planned an dar<strong>in</strong>g but reckless upris<strong>in</strong>g that subsequently proved a failure. He<br />
died <strong>of</strong> wounds stemm<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> ill fated attempt while <strong>in</strong> prison; <strong>and</strong> s<strong>in</strong>ce has been fondly memorialized by<br />
his countrymen <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs as one <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>’s most noble <strong>and</strong> illustrious patriots. 338<br />
Capt. Christian Huik (also Huck, Houk, <strong>and</strong> Hook), British Legion Cavalry<br />
(32) At one time a Philadelphia attorney who had emigrated from Germany, Huik (usually referred to by<br />
historians as Huck) was active <strong>in</strong> cow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rebels north <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston as well as<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g present at Waxhaws. His detachment, however, was surrounded at Williamson’s Plantation on July 12 th ,<br />
1780, himself killed <strong>and</strong> his force roundly defeated <strong>and</strong> scattered (which action later also became known as<br />
“Huck’s Defeat.”) Follow<strong>in</strong>g his death, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Legion cavalry went to Capt. David Ogelvey.<br />
Here<strong>in</strong> I use <strong>the</strong> “Huik” spell<strong>in</strong>g based on Turnbull’s letter to Cornwallis <strong>of</strong> July 12 th 1780; a signature <strong>of</strong> his; <strong>and</strong><br />
contemporaries <strong>in</strong>variably pronounc<strong>in</strong>g his name as “Hook.” For an at length biography, see SDR pp. 215-228.<br />
Capt. Dennis Kelly, 64 th Regiment<br />
Kelly led <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regiment at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
Capt. David Ogelvey (also Ogilvie), British Legion Cavalry<br />
Formerly a Cornet <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th Light Dragoons, Ogelvey replaced Huik after <strong>the</strong> latter’s death, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
<strong>the</strong> British Legion cavalry at Cowpens. He was with Tarleton up to <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Yorktown; while play<strong>in</strong>g a key<br />
role <strong>in</strong> repuls<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Americans at Spencer’s Ord<strong>in</strong>ary, 26 June 1781.<br />
336 For more, see William Gilmore Simms’ Ka<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>e Walton, ch. XXXV, <strong>and</strong> JTR p. 68.<br />
337 There was also a Capt. Daniel Campbell <strong>and</strong> a Capt. Neil Campbell <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 84 th , but upon look<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> matter <strong>the</strong> consensus<br />
seems to be that <strong>the</strong> one <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> detachment at Eutaw was Robert.<br />
338 For more on Fitzgerald’s service <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American <strong>Revolutionary</strong> war, see Thomas Moore’s The Life <strong>and</strong> Death <strong>of</strong> Lord Edward<br />
Fitzgerald (1831), vol. I, pp. 17-28.<br />
84
Capt. Abraham De Peyster, K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment, 339 <strong>and</strong> Ferguson’s Corps<br />
(27) De Peyster, a New York native, was present at Musgrove’s Mill, <strong>and</strong> was Ferguson’s second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, where he was captured. In February 1781, he was paroled to Charleston <strong>and</strong> exchanged. See<br />
DKM p. 479, SLA1 pp. 372-374 <strong>and</strong> GCS pp. 45-46.<br />
Capt.-Lieut. James De Peyster, K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment<br />
In February 1781, De Peyster <strong>and</strong> 28 o<strong>the</strong>rs surrendered <strong>and</strong> were taken prisoner by Capt. John Postell <strong>and</strong> a<br />
numerically <strong>com</strong>parable force <strong>of</strong> Marion’s militia. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g this ignom<strong>in</strong>ious defeat, we read <strong>in</strong> Sab<strong>in</strong>e:<br />
“His superior <strong>of</strong>ficers gave him high ‘testimonials <strong>of</strong> courage, ability, <strong>and</strong> conduct,’ after he closed his military<br />
life as a Loyalist. In 1786, he was <strong>com</strong>missioned as first lieutenant <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal Artillery, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by his<br />
bro<strong>the</strong>r-<strong>in</strong>-law, Colonel James. De Peyster is said to have been one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>somest men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
Army.” 340<br />
Capt. John Rousselet, British Legion Infantry<br />
Rousselet succeeded Maj. John Carden <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British forces at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock when Carden was<br />
wounded. He dist<strong>in</strong>guished himself, <strong>and</strong> retrieved <strong>the</strong> day, when he checked two <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s attacks. Rousselet<br />
also probably fought at Cowpens, but if so it is not clear whe<strong>the</strong>r he was taken prisoner. In any case, <strong>in</strong> July <strong>of</strong><br />
1781, he accepted a lieutenant’s <strong>com</strong>mission <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th Regiment.<br />
Capt. Samuel Rowarth (also Roworth), K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers<br />
Rowarth served at <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> Savannah 1779, <strong>the</strong> first siege <strong>of</strong> Augusta, <strong>and</strong> also Fort Galph<strong>in</strong>, where he led<br />
<strong>the</strong> garrison.<br />
Capt. Samuel Ryerson (also Ryerse), New Jersey Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> Ferguson’s Corps<br />
(28) Ryerson was one <strong>of</strong> Ferguson’s capta<strong>in</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> though wounded, survived K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. Although<br />
contemporary records speak <strong>of</strong> him as “Ryerson,” “Ryerse” was apparently <strong>the</strong> version <strong>of</strong> his name he settled on<br />
later <strong>in</strong> life. See SLA2 pp. 250-251, DKM pp. 479-480, GCS pp. 49-50, SCP1 p. 226n.<br />
Capt. John Saunders, Queen’s Rangers<br />
(26) Saunders, orig<strong>in</strong>ally from Pr<strong>in</strong>cess Anne County, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>of</strong>ficered <strong>the</strong> detachment <strong>of</strong> Queen’s Rangers<br />
cavalry that came south with Leslie. When Lieut. Col. George Campbell was taken prisoner at Georgetown <strong>in</strong><br />
January 1781, he was succeeded by Saunders as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong> that post. Saunders <strong>and</strong> his men were <strong>in</strong>volved<br />
<strong>in</strong> various skirmishes <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> around Georgetown that same year. Simcoe, wrote <strong>of</strong> him: “It is to be lamented that<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> Saunders did not keep a regular journal, as it would have related a series <strong>of</strong> gallant <strong>and</strong> active services,<br />
which he performed when <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at Georgetown, <strong>and</strong> afterwards at Dorchester, <strong>and</strong> which strongly<br />
characterize <strong>in</strong> that <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>the</strong> same boldness <strong>and</strong> prudence with which he ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed himself with his small<br />
party <strong>in</strong> his native country, where his decisive character had its due weight <strong>and</strong> superiority.” By contrast, one<br />
Queen’s Ranger, Stephen Jarvis, showed him <strong>in</strong> a darker light <strong>and</strong> claimed that at Snipes’ Plantation <strong>in</strong> June<br />
1781, he gratuitously hacked <strong>and</strong> wounded a prisoner with his saber. 341 SLA2 pp. 256-257, SCP3 p. 57.<br />
Lieut. Anthony Allaire, Loyal American Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> Ferguson’s Corps<br />
(25) Allaire marched under Ferguson before <strong>and</strong> to K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, was taken prisoner <strong>the</strong>re, but not long<br />
afterward was able to make his escape back to Charleston. Ye he is most well known for <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>valuable diary<br />
that he kept; which records events rang<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> approaches on Charleston <strong>in</strong> 1780, up to <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, with many important occurrences referred to or described <strong>in</strong> between. His, like Henry Nase‘s<br />
Diary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt., is also a very personal <strong>and</strong> contemporaneous portrait <strong>of</strong> a loyalist soldier <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> conflict, <strong>and</strong> at times enlivened by odd <strong>and</strong> amus<strong>in</strong>g observations <strong>and</strong> expressions <strong>of</strong> his op<strong>in</strong>ions.<br />
Lieut. Stephen Guyon, 23 d Regiment<br />
Guyon, with a small detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 d , repulsed a much larger rebel force at Polk’s mill near Charlotte <strong>in</strong><br />
early October 1780. He survived <strong>the</strong> Guilford Court House campaign only to be sla<strong>in</strong> at Yorktown.<br />
Lieut. Henry Haldane, Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<br />
(30) As well as be<strong>in</strong>g an aide to Cornwallis, Haldane acted as eng<strong>in</strong>eer for <strong>the</strong> fortifications at both Camden <strong>and</strong><br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. SCP2 p. 14n.<br />
Lieut. James McKay, K<strong>in</strong>gs American Regiment, Prov<strong>in</strong>cial light <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
McKay, described as a brave <strong>and</strong> able <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed Ft. Watson at its siege <strong>in</strong> April 1781.<br />
Lieut. John McLeod, also MacLeod (pronounced “McCloud”), Royal Artillery<br />
(est. 28) McLeod directed Cornwallis’ artillery at Camden <strong>and</strong> Guilford Court House.<br />
339 Draper says De Peyster was orig<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers, but it was his bro<strong>the</strong>r Frederick who actually served <strong>in</strong> that<br />
unit.<br />
340 SLA1 pp. 374-376.<br />
341 SQR p. 248, JKH p. 66.<br />
85
Lieut. Donald McPherson, 71 st Regiment<br />
McPherson <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed Fort Motte when that post was besieged by Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee <strong>in</strong> May 1781. He was able to<br />
hold out aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>m until <strong>the</strong> ro<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> house with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort was set ablaze by launched <strong>and</strong> hurled<br />
<strong>in</strong>cendiaries.<br />
Lieut. John Money, 63 d Regiment<br />
An aide de camp <strong>and</strong> favorite <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis, Money led <strong>the</strong> outnumbered 63 d Regiment at Blackstock’s <strong>in</strong> a<br />
gallant <strong>and</strong> auspicious counterattack on Sumter’s troops, but was fatally wounded <strong>in</strong> its execution, dy<strong>in</strong>g a few<br />
days later. For more on this <strong>of</strong>ficer, see SCAR vol. 3, no.1, p. 9; for his “Journal” see, SCP2 pp. 356-366.<br />
German<br />
Col. J. C. Koehler, Regiment von d’Angelleli<br />
Koehler served as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Savannah garrison, <strong>and</strong> had participated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> that city <strong>in</strong> October<br />
1779.<br />
Col. Maxwell von Westerhagen, Regiment von Dittfurth<br />
Westerhagen <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> April 17 th , 1780 re<strong>in</strong>forcement to Charleston, which <strong>in</strong>cluded Lord Rawdon.<br />
Lieut. Col. Friederich von Benn<strong>in</strong>g, Regiment von Huyn<br />
Benn<strong>in</strong>g was with his regiment when it ac<strong>com</strong>panied Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s 1779 expedition. He subsequently stayed <strong>in</strong><br />
Charleston as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison, <strong>and</strong> later took part <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action at nearby Parker’s Ferry <strong>in</strong> August 1780.<br />
Lieut. Col. Johann Christian de Puis, also given as de Buy, de Puy <strong>and</strong> De Buiy, Regiment von Bose<br />
De Puis led <strong>the</strong> von Bose regiment at Guilford Court House, where, fight<strong>in</strong>g alongside <strong>the</strong> 1 st Guards battalion, it<br />
performed as well as its dauntless British counterparts. In his after battle dispatch to Germa<strong>in</strong>, Cornwallis<br />
wrote: “The Hessian regiment <strong>of</strong> Bose deserves my warmest praises for its discipl<strong>in</strong>e, alacrity, <strong>and</strong> courage, <strong>and</strong><br />
does honour to Major Du Buy, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s it, <strong>and</strong> who is an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> superior merit.” 342 De Puis himself left<br />
Cornwallis’ army <strong>and</strong> returned to New York sometime <strong>in</strong> August 1781.<br />
Lieut. Col. Friedrich von Porbeck (also Borbeck), Regiment von Knoblauch<br />
Porbeck was at <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> Savannah <strong>in</strong> October 1779, where he acted at Prevost’s second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>.<br />
When Col. Alured Clarke became <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong> that post, Porbeck cont<strong>in</strong>ued as second, <strong>and</strong> was actually <strong>in</strong><br />
charge when Clarke temporarily left <strong>the</strong> city <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781.<br />
Capt. Johannes Ewald, Hesse-Cassel Jägers<br />
(36) Ewald saw action at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston, <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia campaign <strong>of</strong> 1781, <strong>and</strong> Yorktown, <strong>in</strong> all <strong>of</strong> which,<br />
he <strong>and</strong> his unit dist<strong>in</strong>guished <strong>the</strong>mselves. Simcoe said <strong>of</strong> him: “I will take care <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> left; while Ewald lives <strong>the</strong><br />
right flank will never be turned.” 343 His Journal, re<strong>com</strong>mended <strong>and</strong> lauded by scholars, is a st<strong>and</strong>ard source book<br />
on <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south, both with respect to <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston, British operations <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong><br />
Yorktown, as well as be<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most animated <strong>and</strong> detailed eyewitness accounts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>the</strong>re is.<br />
Lieut. Friedrich Starckl<strong>of</strong>f<br />
In April 1781, Starckl<strong>of</strong>f was appo<strong>in</strong>ted to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> a cavalry troop <strong>of</strong> 60 men <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> soldiers from <strong>the</strong><br />
three Hessian regiments <strong>in</strong> Charleston, <strong>in</strong> which capacity he served till at least late December.<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Loyalists<br />
Col. Samuel Bryan, from Rowan County, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers<br />
(59) Like John Moore <strong>of</strong> Ramseur’s Mill, Bryan had received a lieutenant colonelcy <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Regiment. When <strong>in</strong> June 1780, word became known <strong>of</strong> Moore’s ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g at Ramseur’s, pressure came down on<br />
<strong>the</strong> loyalists elsewhere <strong>in</strong> western North Carol<strong>in</strong>a to act also. It was this that prompted Bryan to call out his own<br />
men from <strong>the</strong> north end <strong>of</strong> Rowan County. He was able to collect some 800, <strong>and</strong> fear<strong>in</strong>g he might share <strong>the</strong> same<br />
fate as Moore, made a speedy withdrawal to unite with Cornwallis’ army -- to Cornwallis’ regret for reasons <strong>of</strong><br />
it’s be<strong>in</strong>g premature with respect to his lordship’s own plans. Out <strong>of</strong> Bryan’s force was subsequently formed <strong>the</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers. Although formally a Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Regiment, <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
little better -- if at all better -- than militia; though Bryan himself was only nom<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er. They<br />
were present at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, Camden, Wahab’s Plantation, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guilford Court House campaign, <strong>and</strong><br />
eventually ended up <strong>in</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton when Cornwallis came <strong>the</strong>re <strong>in</strong> April 1781. Of <strong>the</strong> two actions <strong>the</strong>y are known<br />
to have actually “fought” at (Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock <strong>and</strong> Wahab’s) <strong>the</strong>ir performance was very poor; be<strong>in</strong>g scattered or<br />
sla<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> both <strong>in</strong>stances. In 1782, he was taken prisoner, <strong>and</strong> sentenced to death, but which sentence was<br />
underst<strong>and</strong>ably deemed impolitic <strong>and</strong> not carried out. Although still viewed with resentment by some<br />
Americans, he returned with his family to <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> Valley after <strong>the</strong> war <strong>and</strong> was able to settle <strong>the</strong>re<br />
peaceably. See SLA1 pp. 272-273, SCP2 p. 208.<br />
342 TCS p. 330.<br />
343 SQR p. 232, EHJ p. 428n (62).<br />
86
Col. Faithful Graham<br />
Graham <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a N.C. militia regiment <strong>and</strong> which came to Charleston with Major Craig, on his return, <strong>in</strong><br />
Dec. 1781. What specific locale Graham came from is not clear, but almost certa<strong>in</strong>ly it was somewhere <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>astern portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce.<br />
Col. Vezey Husb<strong>and</strong> (also Vesey, <strong>and</strong> Husb<strong>and</strong>s), Burke County<br />
Draper <strong>in</strong>cludes Husb<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> his description <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. It would seem he both <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>and</strong> was killed.<br />
Col. Hector MacNeil, Bladen County<br />
MacNeil, whom Caru<strong>the</strong>rs refers to as “one-eyed Hector,” was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most well-known <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fluential <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>astern North Carol<strong>in</strong>a loyalists, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g those <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek area. In 1775, he actually held a<br />
<strong>com</strong>mission as Cont<strong>in</strong>ental lieutenant, apparently resign<strong>in</strong>g, like Barfield, due to lack <strong>of</strong> promotion. We know <strong>of</strong><br />
him tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> field as a loyalist as early as September. 1780, <strong>and</strong> from that po<strong>in</strong>t on he was regularly active <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>bat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> nearby whigs. Although his name doesn’t actually <strong>com</strong>e up that frequently, references to <strong>the</strong><br />
Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek loyalists do, <strong>and</strong> it is reasonably to be <strong>in</strong>ferred that he was <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir activities most, if<br />
not all, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time. At some po<strong>in</strong>t by at least <strong>the</strong> late summer <strong>of</strong> 1781, MacNeil had jo<strong>in</strong>ed forces with David<br />
Fann<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> took part <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> capture <strong>of</strong> Governor Thomas Burke at Hillsborough on September 12 th , 1781. He<br />
lost his life, however, <strong>the</strong> next day <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle at L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mill. See CNS1 pp. 227-228, JTR p. 571n, MSC2 p. 85<br />
<strong>and</strong> SNC p. 21.<br />
Col. Archibald McDougald<br />
McDougald, from Cumberl<strong>and</strong> County (<strong>the</strong> royal militia <strong>of</strong> which he <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>), was one <strong>of</strong> loyalist <strong>of</strong>ficers who<br />
ac<strong>com</strong>panied Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s victorious capture <strong>of</strong> rebel Gov. Burke, <strong>and</strong> says Caru<strong>the</strong>rs, succeeded Hector Mc Neil<br />
after <strong>the</strong> latter fell at L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mill. He was later among <strong>the</strong> loyalists dispersed at Raft Swamp. Like Faithful<br />
Graham, although we can’t (at present) specify which county, it is safe to conclude he lived somewhere <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>ast portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state. After <strong>the</strong> war, he settled <strong>in</strong> Country Harbour, Nova Scotia.<br />
Col. Ambrose Mills, from Ru<strong>the</strong>rford County 344<br />
(est. 58) Mills led men at Earle’s Ford <strong>and</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gs Mounta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> was among those condemned <strong>and</strong> executed at<br />
Biggerstaff’s. His was considered among <strong>the</strong> most lamentable deaths <strong>the</strong>re; <strong>and</strong> by most whig <strong>and</strong> tory accounts<br />
he was an honorable <strong>and</strong> decent man. Though Mills himself was not responsible for it, historians William Gordon<br />
<strong>and</strong> McCrady make note <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fact that his own death was prompted <strong>in</strong> retaliation for <strong>the</strong> hang<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> whig Adam<br />
Cusack by Maj. James Wemyss. See GHA4 p. 29, DKM pp. 481-482, SNC1 pp. 116n, MSC1 p. 748, LCR pp. 235-236.<br />
Col. John Pyle (also Pile, Piles), from Chatham County<br />
(57) <strong>and</strong> (34) Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Jeffrey G. Bright <strong>and</strong> Stewart E. Dunaway’s fasc<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g account <strong>of</strong> “Pyle’s Defeat,”<br />
<strong>the</strong>re were two John Pyles at that event: John, Jr. <strong>and</strong> John, Sr.; <strong>the</strong> first had been a Regulator, <strong>and</strong> both<br />
formally held rank as colonel <strong>and</strong> both were veterans <strong>of</strong> Moore’s Creek Bridge, 2 Mar. 1776. John Jr., at first<br />
taken for dead at “Pyle’s Defeat” by some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans, was maimed <strong>the</strong>re (he lost an eye <strong>and</strong> two f<strong>in</strong>gers)<br />
while act<strong>in</strong>g as immediate <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> confounded loyalists. Even so, John, Sr., who happened to be a<br />
physician by trade, though apparently present <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity was not <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> what took place <strong>and</strong> escaped<br />
<strong>in</strong>jury by hid<strong>in</strong>g. Both survived capture only to be taken aga<strong>in</strong> serv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British cause at L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mill. In light<br />
<strong>of</strong> John Sr.’s tend<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> wounded <strong>of</strong> both sides after that battle (<strong>and</strong> which action occurred not far from<br />
where <strong>the</strong>y lived), both fa<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> son were paroled three days later by N.C. militia <strong>of</strong>ficer Col. William O’Neal.<br />
Follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> war, <strong>the</strong>y rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> became United States citizens. For more see BDB.<br />
Lieut. Col. David Fann<strong>in</strong>g, from R<strong>and</strong>olph County 345<br />
(25) Not to be confused with Edmund Fann<strong>in</strong>g. The two were radically different, both <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir persons <strong>and</strong><br />
backgrounds, <strong>and</strong> probably not relatives (at least not directly.) Fann<strong>in</strong>g was a ra<strong>the</strong>r extraord<strong>in</strong>ary <strong>in</strong>dividual, <strong>in</strong><br />
both good <strong>and</strong> bad ways, <strong>and</strong> any brief sketch <strong>of</strong> him is bound to fall very short <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> full man. But we will try<br />
our best. From <strong>the</strong> very early part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war he acted as a loyalist, <strong>and</strong> was <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> scrapes,<br />
<strong>and</strong> skirmishes. At one po<strong>in</strong>t, he was taken prisoner <strong>and</strong> made to suffer terribly <strong>in</strong> captivity (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
shackled naked <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> jail at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six.) Eventually, however, he was pardoned by Gov. John Rutledge <strong>in</strong> 1779,<br />
as part <strong>of</strong> which, apparently he did a st<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> whig militia. When, however, <strong>the</strong> British returned to <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety<br />
Six area <strong>in</strong> July 1780, he served for a while under loyalist William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham. Follow<strong>in</strong>g this, with his own<br />
<strong>in</strong>dependent b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> followers, he <strong>the</strong>n acted as a tory partisan <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. After K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> he<br />
removed to R<strong>and</strong>olph County <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a; where for a few months he was <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>or raids or<br />
skirmishes, <strong>of</strong>ten <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> abduction <strong>of</strong> horses. After <strong>the</strong> British occupied Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>in</strong> February 1781, he<br />
was elected head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyal militia <strong>in</strong> R<strong>and</strong>olph <strong>and</strong> Chatham counties; which election Maj. James Craig<br />
validated, <strong>com</strong>mission<strong>in</strong>g him lieutenant colonel. From that po<strong>in</strong>t on <strong>in</strong>to 1782, Fann<strong>in</strong>g was <strong>the</strong> terror <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
rebels <strong>in</strong> eastern North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, carry<strong>in</strong>g out some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most <strong>in</strong>credible raids by a militia leader <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire<br />
war; <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Governor Thomas Burke. Despite his success, Caru<strong>the</strong>rs (<strong>in</strong> his account <strong>of</strong> Raft<br />
Swamp <strong>in</strong> October 1781) states that <strong>the</strong> Scotch loyalists <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>ast N.C. would not serve under him -- evidently<br />
<strong>in</strong>sist<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>y would act only under <strong>the</strong>ir own Scotch <strong>of</strong>ficers. There is no small irony that Cornwallis<br />
344 Mills is said to have lived near <strong>the</strong> Green River, which runs through both Ru<strong>the</strong>rford <strong>and</strong> Polk counties.<br />
345 Fann<strong>in</strong>g was born <strong>in</strong> Johnston County, <strong>and</strong> had lived <strong>in</strong> Orange <strong>and</strong> Chatham Counties. He is given here as be<strong>in</strong>g from<br />
R<strong>and</strong>olph because this was where, <strong>in</strong> February 1781, his more significant military activity began.<br />
87
eceived a discourag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> tepid reception when he came to Cross Creek <strong>and</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> yet only three<br />
months later Fann<strong>in</strong>g, along with Maj. Craig, transformed <strong>the</strong> region <strong>in</strong>to a seeth<strong>in</strong>g cauldron <strong>of</strong> tory aggression;<br />
<strong>the</strong> like <strong>of</strong> which was rarely seen <strong>in</strong> all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>. Fann<strong>in</strong>g himself has been portrayed as<br />
unpr<strong>in</strong>cipled, <strong>and</strong> a malignant freebooter. Even <strong>the</strong> British, some years after <strong>the</strong> war almost ended up hang<strong>in</strong>g<br />
him. Yet if only a scoundrel <strong>and</strong> a savage murderer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> helpless, 346 we are hard pressed to underst<strong>and</strong> how he<br />
could have been at <strong>the</strong> same time such a genu<strong>in</strong>ely valiant <strong>and</strong> resourceful military leader. But <strong>the</strong>n this is part<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> puzzle <strong>of</strong> David Fann<strong>in</strong>g. His Narrative (FNA) exhibits wit <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence, <strong>and</strong>, allow<strong>in</strong>g for his primitive<br />
literary skills, is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prime examples <strong>of</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> autobiographies. Although colored by partisan<br />
bias, a useful survey <strong>of</strong> his life <strong>and</strong> career also is conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Caru<strong>the</strong>rs’ <strong>Revolutionary</strong> Incidents <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Old<br />
North State, see CNS1 pp. 138-244; also GAR1 p. 27, GAM2 pp. 389-400, JTR pp. 569-573, WNC pp. 84-85, WRM<br />
p.112, SLA1 pp. 417-418.<br />
Lieut. Col. John Moore, 347 from L<strong>in</strong>coln County, Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment<br />
(27) Moore was a lieutenant colonel <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment, <strong>and</strong> was second <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalists at Kettle Creek <strong>in</strong> February 1779. Not long after he took <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south, Cornwallis ordered<br />
Moore from Charleston to help organize <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> his home area <strong>of</strong> Tryon (also L<strong>in</strong>coln) County <strong>in</strong><br />
southwestern North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Unfortunately, he ei<strong>the</strong>r misunderstood or disobeyed his orders <strong>and</strong> called out his<br />
men prematurely. As a result, he was <strong>com</strong>pletely defeated at Ramseur’s Mill <strong>in</strong> June 1780, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalist cause<br />
<strong>in</strong> that region, as a result, utterly vanquished <strong>and</strong> annihilated. He managed to escape to Camden with about 30<br />
men. Although court-martialed, he was acquitted, probably so as not to <strong>of</strong>fend or frighten o<strong>the</strong>r potential<br />
loyalist leaders <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Afterward he is said to have been with Thomas Waters’ Tories at Hammond’s<br />
Store <strong>in</strong> Dec. 1780. In an article for <strong>the</strong> Political Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, (<strong>of</strong> London, April 1783), a N.C. Loyalist reported that<br />
Wade Hampton made him prisoner near <strong>the</strong> Wateree, <strong>and</strong> had him hanged. 348 See also SLA2 pp. 100-101.<br />
Col. Duncan Ray, from Anson County<br />
Ray led a regiment <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia from Anson county that served at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton throughout most <strong>of</strong><br />
1781. He led <strong>the</strong> defeated loyalist’s at Beattie’s Bridge <strong>in</strong> early August 1781, <strong>and</strong> was one <strong>of</strong> those routed at Raft<br />
Swamp <strong>in</strong> mid October.<br />
Maj. Nicholas Welch, from L<strong>in</strong>coln County<br />
An <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment also, Welch was second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> to Col. John Moore at<br />
Ramseur’s Mill. After that action he cont<strong>in</strong>ued act<strong>in</strong>g as a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> his regiment at least <strong>in</strong>to April<br />
1781, <strong>and</strong> probably later as well.<br />
Col. Gideon Wright, from Forsyth County<br />
Along with his bro<strong>the</strong>r Hezekiah, Wright headed <strong>the</strong> loyalists at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Shallow Ford <strong>in</strong> mid October 1780,<br />
where <strong>the</strong>y were trounced <strong>and</strong> scattered. Though we don’t hear <strong>of</strong> him be<strong>in</strong>g fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>volved militarily, he is<br />
listed on <strong>the</strong> loyalist payrolls for 1782. 349<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Loyalists<br />
Brig. Gen. Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, from Newberry County, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade<br />
(39) Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, <strong>of</strong> Irish heritage, was head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> clan prom<strong>in</strong>ent <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> prosperous “Dutch” Fork settlement<br />
ly<strong>in</strong>g between <strong>the</strong> Broad <strong>and</strong> Saluda Rivers. He became a lieutenant colonel <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> local loyalists <strong>in</strong> May <strong>of</strong> 1780<br />
when Ferguson, empowered with bestow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>com</strong>missions to <strong>the</strong> Loyal Militia, came to N<strong>in</strong>ety Six; when<br />
by mid September, Cornwallis had <strong>com</strong>missioned him a Brigadier General <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> lieu <strong>of</strong> form<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
new Prov<strong>in</strong>cial corps under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> (as was at first hoped for <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tended.) 350 Despite his rank,<br />
Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham does not seem to have had large bodies <strong>of</strong> troops under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at any one time, unless<br />
nom<strong>in</strong>ally. At Long Canes <strong>in</strong> December 1780, he needed to appeal to Cruger to obta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiers necessary to<br />
face Few <strong>and</strong> Clark; seem<strong>in</strong>g to imply he could not call out very many men <strong>of</strong> his own. After that we don’t really<br />
hear <strong>of</strong> him <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> any military efforts <strong>of</strong> consequence. Although <strong>the</strong>re is evidence he was at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong><br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, we know this only from a pass<strong>in</strong>g remark <strong>in</strong> a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army reconnaissance report. The same<br />
report said he left <strong>the</strong> fort when Rawdon did. For <strong>the</strong>se cumulative reasons, <strong>and</strong> despite his high rank, he does<br />
not appear to have turned out to be a very effective or <strong>in</strong>fluential <strong>of</strong>ficer; though it must be understood <strong>the</strong><br />
British formally <strong>in</strong>tended such as Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham to be more “conservators <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> peace” than military guerillas.<br />
Lieut. Col. William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, who it is said was a allegedly cous<strong>in</strong> or relation <strong>of</strong> some sort, was, by contrast,<br />
a model <strong>of</strong> youthful vigor <strong>and</strong> activity. See SLA1 pp. 346-347, SCP3 pp. 391-393, SCP5 p. 362, <strong>and</strong> GCS p. 45.<br />
346 There are not a few pension statements <strong>and</strong> rem<strong>in</strong>iscences (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>of</strong> James Coll<strong>in</strong>s) <strong>in</strong> which he is emphatically<br />
denounced or cursed, ac<strong>com</strong>panied by stories <strong>of</strong> his cruelty.<br />
347 (Later “Sir”) John Moore (<strong>of</strong> Corunna), at <strong>the</strong> time a lieutenant with <strong>the</strong> 82 nd Regt., was serv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> America with one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
light <strong>com</strong>panies that (out <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton) ac<strong>com</strong>panied Cornwallis <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>in</strong> May 1781, but which was removed from <strong>the</strong><br />
Chesapeake to New York just prior to Yorktown.<br />
348 Moore is listed on loyalist payrolls as late as June 1781. CLS p. 410.<br />
349 CLS p. 421.<br />
350 His start<strong>in</strong>g pay date at that rank is 1 October 1780. See CLS p. 221.<br />
88
Col. Elias Ball, from Charleston County<br />
Ball was <strong>the</strong> nom<strong>in</strong>al <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Craven <strong>and</strong> Berkley County Regiment <strong>of</strong> Militia, <strong>and</strong> was yet ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong><br />
one <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> Royal militia militia leaders whom <strong>the</strong> British found much want<strong>in</strong>g. Wemyss, for one,<br />
lamented Ball as be<strong>in</strong>g nei<strong>the</strong>r very well known nor respected. SCP1 p. 306.<br />
Col. Robert Ball<strong>in</strong>gall, from Berkeley County<br />
Ball<strong>in</strong>gall was directed by Balfour, <strong>in</strong> September 1780, to organize <strong>and</strong> recruit men for <strong>the</strong> militia from St.<br />
George’s, St. James’, St. Andrews’ parishes just north <strong>and</strong> northwest <strong>of</strong> Charleston. He was evidently successful<br />
<strong>in</strong> this because by January, Balfour <strong>com</strong>mended him for dispers<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rebels <strong>in</strong> his area. It was Ball<strong>in</strong>gall who<br />
orig<strong>in</strong>ally persuaded Isaac Hayne to take protection. See SLA1 p. 205, SCP2 p. 92.<br />
Col. William Bannat<strong>in</strong>e (also Bannatyne), from Kershaw County<br />
Bannat<strong>in</strong>e <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Second Regiment <strong>of</strong> Camden militia.<br />
Col. James Cary, also Carey, from Kershaw County<br />
Cary, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Camden District loyal Militia, owned some property on <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree River, with<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> present day Lug<strong>of</strong>f <strong>com</strong>munity; where he established a redoubt to protect <strong>the</strong> ferry to Camden. In August<br />
1780, he was attacked <strong>the</strong>re by Sumter’s force <strong>and</strong> taken prisoner. However, at Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek a few days later,<br />
Tarleton came to he <strong>and</strong> his men’s rescue <strong>and</strong> liberated <strong>the</strong>m. He survived <strong>the</strong> war <strong>and</strong> left Charleston with <strong>the</strong><br />
British. When Balfour early on critized him for lack <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>itiative <strong>and</strong> ability, Cornwallis spoke <strong>in</strong> his defense<br />
say<strong>in</strong>g “I will answer with my life for Carey [sic], but he has <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ite difficulties to struggle with <strong>and</strong> is a modest,<br />
diffident man. Five out <strong>of</strong> six <strong>of</strong> his whole district are rebels <strong>and</strong> he has been constantly called out with part <strong>of</strong><br />
his regiment on actual service dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> whole summer. He opposed Sumpter <strong>in</strong> arms until he was deserted by<br />
his people, <strong>and</strong> afterward contrived to make his escape before Tarleton’s action [Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek]. So far from<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g desirous <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, it was with utmost difficulty I could prevail upon him to take it…” (To Balfour, 3<br />
Sept. 1780) See GCS p. 61 <strong>and</strong> The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. Apr. 1917, p.<br />
60n, SCP2 pp. 70, 72.<br />
Col. Daniel Clary, from Newberry County, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade<br />
Before <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston, Clary <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed some whig militia from Georgia <strong>and</strong> served under Andrew<br />
Williamson. 351 Thereafter he was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heads <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalist militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six region, <strong>and</strong> took part <strong>in</strong><br />
Musgrove’s Mill. At that battle <strong>the</strong> rebels seized his horse’s bridle to take him prisoner, upon which he<br />
exclaimed, “D—n you, don’t you know your own <strong>of</strong>ficers!” They let him go, <strong>and</strong> thus managed to get free. He<br />
also fought at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> survived <strong>the</strong> battle. After <strong>the</strong> war, says Draper, he rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state <strong>and</strong><br />
actually became a beloved <strong>and</strong> respected citizen.<br />
Col. Robert English, from Kershaw County<br />
English led one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Camden militia regiments.<br />
Col. Joseph Cotton, from Edgefield County, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade<br />
Cotton <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia regiments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade.<br />
Col. Edward Fenwick, from Charleston County<br />
Initially a capta<strong>in</strong>, Fenwick as lieutenant colonel <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a unit <strong>of</strong> loyalist dragoons from out Charleston <strong>in</strong><br />
early 1781. In April, he managed to route Harden’s men at Pocotaligo Road <strong>in</strong> modern Colleton County, but a<br />
few days later was captured <strong>and</strong> paroled by Harden at nearby Fort Balfour. He <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> his men were<br />
exchanged, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter part <strong>of</strong> July reappeared <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field. Thereafter Fenwick <strong>and</strong> his troops cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />
to act as a patrol outside Charleston. Joseph Johnson says he was twice traitor, first to Americans, later to<br />
British, <strong>and</strong> supplied Greene with <strong>in</strong>formation, <strong>and</strong> for which, like Andrew Williamson, his property was later<br />
spared confiscation by <strong>the</strong> rebels. 352<br />
Col. John Fisher, from Orangeburg County<br />
Fisher had served at <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> Savannah <strong>in</strong> 1779, <strong>and</strong> after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston was sent ahead by Balfour<br />
to organize <strong>the</strong> Orangeburgh militia; <strong>of</strong> which he was made <strong>the</strong> head. He established a fort <strong>the</strong>re follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
battle <strong>of</strong> Camden. Both he <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort were taken by Sumter on 11 May 1781. See SLA2 p. 515.<br />
Col. Ma<strong>the</strong>w Floyd, from Chester County<br />
An Irishman from Pennsylvania, headed <strong>of</strong> thirty volunteers at Rocky Mount from whom a loyalist militia<br />
regiment was formed. See SDR p. 76.<br />
Col. Richard K<strong>in</strong>g, (possibly from Greenwood or McCormick County), N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g led <strong>the</strong> Long Cane militia regiment that had formerly been under Pickens’ <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. He later oversaw <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalist militia under Cruger at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. He apparently departed N<strong>in</strong>ety Six with Cruger or<br />
Rawdon, but did not live to see <strong>the</strong> war’s end (due to causes unknown.) See SLA1 p. 603.<br />
351 See HMP.<br />
352 JTR p. 183.<br />
89
Col. Moses Kirkl<strong>and</strong>, from Kershaw County, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade<br />
(50) Kirkl<strong>and</strong> led a ra<strong>the</strong>r colorful <strong>and</strong> unusual life <strong>of</strong> which here we can only briefly mention a few particulars.<br />
Very early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war, he had been an <strong>of</strong>ficer who served with <strong>the</strong> rebels <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six area (<strong>in</strong>deed had been<br />
elected to <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Congress <strong>of</strong> 1775 -- though he did not attend), but disgruntled because <strong>of</strong> a dispute<br />
over rank <strong>and</strong> or dissatisfied with whig extremism, threw <strong>in</strong> his lot <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong> British. Evidently <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from<br />
Savannah or else East Florida, he jo<strong>in</strong>ed Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s forces before Charleston <strong>in</strong> 1780. They reportedly valued his<br />
advice on <strong>the</strong> local situation, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> this way he aided <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege. Afterward, he was made part <strong>of</strong> Robert<br />
Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. He was left <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six with 100 militia when Cruger went<br />
to <strong>the</strong> relief <strong>of</strong> Augusta <strong>in</strong> September. With Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham he defended aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Americans at Williams’ Fort <strong>in</strong><br />
late Dec. 1780. After this, he reportedly removed to Savannah; though <strong>in</strong> what role or capacity is not clear. One<br />
writer says Kirkl<strong>and</strong> “was not <strong>in</strong> favor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> conflict, but likely believed that <strong>the</strong> British would ultimately<br />
prevail.” Upon <strong>the</strong> war’s term<strong>in</strong>ation, he moved to Jamaica, but was lost at sea while en route to Engl<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
1787. SLA1 p. 604, SCP3 pp. 377-391, <strong>and</strong> GCS p. 47.<br />
Col. Nicholas Lechmere, from Beaufort County<br />
Lechmere led <strong>the</strong> Granville County Militia, <strong>and</strong> was taken captive <strong>and</strong> paroled along with Col. Edward Fenwick at<br />
<strong>the</strong> surprise <strong>of</strong> Fort Balfour <strong>in</strong> mid April 1781. He died <strong>in</strong> Charleston <strong>in</strong> Mar. 1782 (regard<strong>in</strong>g which, see The<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVII, Oct. 1916, no. 4, p. 163.) SCP2 p. 92n.<br />
Col. William Henry Mills, (probably) from Marlboro County<br />
Mills <strong>in</strong>itially <strong>and</strong> nom<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed Cheraws Loyalist regiment, narrowly escap<strong>in</strong>g capture at Hunt’s Bluff on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Peedee River. He ultimately came to resign his <strong>com</strong>mssion <strong>in</strong> early Oct. 1781. SCP1 pp. 134-136.<br />
Col. Thomas Pearson, from Laurens County, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade<br />
Headed a second Little River (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Saluda) regiment.<br />
Col. John Phillips, from Fairfield County<br />
Orig<strong>in</strong>ally from Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Irel<strong>and</strong>, Phillips led <strong>the</strong> Jackson’s Creek (located near W<strong>in</strong>nsborough) Regiment, <strong>and</strong><br />
which was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Camden area militia units. Lambert characterizes him as one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> more dutiful <strong>and</strong><br />
effective <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalist militia <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> who was very helpful <strong>in</strong> provid<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis with much needed<br />
wagons when <strong>the</strong> latter sojourned <strong>in</strong> W<strong>in</strong>nsborough <strong>in</strong> late 1780. 353<br />
Col. Henry Richbourg, from Clarendon County<br />
Richbourg was <strong>of</strong> a respected <strong>and</strong> prosperous family that owned a Mill <strong>in</strong> modern Clarendon County. He<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a troop <strong>of</strong> his own loyalist dragoons, <strong>and</strong> briefly, as part <strong>of</strong> Watson’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, fought Marion <strong>in</strong><br />
March 1781. O<strong>the</strong>rwise, it would seem he only operated <strong>in</strong> his own local area. SCP3 pp. 216-217.<br />
Col. Henry Rugeley, from Kershaw County<br />
Despite be<strong>in</strong>g a <strong>com</strong>missioned loyalist <strong>of</strong>ficer, Rugeley, a very wealthy planter <strong>and</strong> merchant had enough sense<br />
<strong>of</strong> his obligations as a host to enterta<strong>in</strong> rebel Governor John Rutledge <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> his council <strong>in</strong> late May 1780,<br />
(at a time when Rutledge was just leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> state <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> rapid British consolidation <strong>of</strong> territory.) Later,<br />
<strong>in</strong> early December, he succumbed to William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s dummy cannon trick at Fort Rugeley, a relatively<br />
small stockade located at Rugeley’s plantation, Clermont. He was paroled as a result <strong>of</strong> this surrender, <strong>and</strong> did<br />
not subsequently serve. One can’t help but wonder however (as did Tarleton <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis), if this acquired<br />
neutrality might not have arose as a result <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>tended design. SLA2 p. 242.<br />
Col. W.T. Turner, from Chester County<br />
Turner apparently at some po<strong>in</strong>t led Ma<strong>the</strong>w Floyd’s Rocky Mount Militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Camden District.<br />
Lieut. Col. James Cassells, from Georgetown County<br />
Cassells, selected by Major James Wemyss when <strong>the</strong> latter came to Georgetown <strong>in</strong> July 1780, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
Georgetown militia <strong>in</strong> early September 1780. Regard<strong>in</strong>g his be<strong>in</strong>g made captive at Hunt’s Bluff, 26 July 1780; see<br />
entry for Robert Gray just below. While well thought <strong>of</strong> by Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> Balfour <strong>and</strong> himself a s<strong>in</strong>cere loyalist,<br />
he evidently <strong>and</strong> like such as Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, William Henry Mills, <strong>and</strong> James Cary was not much <strong>of</strong> a<br />
military man. Consequently, he was later replaced as head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal Militia at Georgetown with Robert<br />
Gray. 354 He o<strong>the</strong>rwise rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> service with <strong>the</strong> British while <strong>the</strong>y cont<strong>in</strong>ued to occupy Charleston, <strong>and</strong> left<br />
with <strong>the</strong>m at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city’s evacuation; by Dec. 1782. SCP1 p. 307n, SCP3 p. 92.<br />
Lieut. Col. Robert Gray, K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment, Georgetown Regiment <strong>of</strong> Militia<br />
(33) Early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war Gray resided <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cheraw district <strong>and</strong> was a Justice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peace. Orig<strong>in</strong>ally he was a<br />
whig, but <strong>in</strong> 1776 became a loyalist. He was chosen by Maj. Archibald McArthur; when <strong>the</strong> latter was <strong>in</strong> that<br />
region <strong>in</strong> late 1780, to help lead <strong>the</strong> loyal militia from Cheraws under Col. William Henry Mills, but was taken<br />
prisoner along with o<strong>the</strong>r loyalists, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g James Cassells, at Hunt’s Bluff, 26 July 1780. In early Sept.,<br />
however, he along with Cassells, escaped from <strong>the</strong>ir captors <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Although subsequently made<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cheraw Royal Militia <strong>in</strong> place <strong>of</strong> Mills (who’d resigned), that unit ultimately disb<strong>and</strong>ed; so<br />
that he later <strong>in</strong>stead was put <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Georgetown Regiment. Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> Rawdon regarded him highly<br />
353 LSL p. 119.<br />
354 LSL p. 120.<br />
90
as a military <strong>of</strong>ficer. At some po<strong>in</strong>t later, he held a <strong>com</strong>mission <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt. His “Observations”<br />
355 are less a memoir than what would appear to be a formal report written <strong>in</strong> late 1781 advis<strong>in</strong>g how <strong>the</strong> British<br />
could still w<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as. It reveals both considerable military <strong>and</strong> political acumen on his part, as<br />
well as a bitter resentment toward <strong>the</strong> rebel army <strong>and</strong> government. SCP2 pp. 217-219, 223, SCP3 p. 66.<br />
Lieut. Col. Samuel Tynes, from Sumter County<br />
A well mean<strong>in</strong>g, but not terribly <strong>in</strong>spir<strong>in</strong>g leader, Tynes, his men carous<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> no one on guard, was undone by<br />
Marion at Tearcoat Swamp <strong>in</strong> October 1780. He was shortly after taken prisoner, along with some o<strong>the</strong>rs, by Maj.<br />
William Clay Snipes, but was able to effect his escape days later. He sought to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a new force <strong>of</strong> loyalists<br />
for <strong>the</strong> purposes <strong>of</strong> defend<strong>in</strong>g a small redoubt south <strong>of</strong> Camden. But due to fear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> more numerous whig<br />
militia, few were will<strong>in</strong>g to rema<strong>in</strong> with him. Tynes <strong>the</strong>n, after a brief effort to pull back th<strong>in</strong>gs toge<strong>the</strong>r, let<br />
those still with him go home <strong>and</strong> himself resigned by <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> November. SCP2 pp. 92n, 211.<br />
Maj. Patrick Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, from Laurens County, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade<br />
(37) Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia regiments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six Brigade, after his bro<strong>the</strong>r Robert,<br />
<strong>the</strong> unit’s previous leader, was given a <strong>com</strong>mission as Brigadier General <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six militia. Follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
war, he <strong>and</strong> is bro<strong>the</strong>r made an application to rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state, but were refused. See SLA1 pp. 347-348, SCP2<br />
p. 176, SCP3 pp. 272, 275, 314, 385-386.<br />
Maj. William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, from Laurens County, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade<br />
(24) Early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war Capt. Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham had served with <strong>the</strong> whigs, but hav<strong>in</strong>g a fall<strong>in</strong>g out with <strong>the</strong>m<br />
afterwards, he ended up enlist<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> British at least as early as (just before) Kettle Creek <strong>in</strong> 1779; where<br />
he acted as lieutenant. He <strong>the</strong>n participated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> restoration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> royalists rule at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, <strong>and</strong> was<br />
probably out recruit<strong>in</strong>g with Zacharias Gibbs, <strong>in</strong> whose regiment he was <strong>the</strong>n serv<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong>. 356 In May <strong>of</strong> 1781, he was placed <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> what rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> Dunlop’s corps <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six loyalists,<br />
<strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong>m carried out partisan operations aga<strong>in</strong>st Greene’s forces besieg<strong>in</strong>g N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. When Cruger <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
majority <strong>of</strong> loyalists left <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six district <strong>in</strong> July, Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham removed to a location below <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s<br />
with a mounted b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> followers. About <strong>the</strong> same time, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
sometime just before been made a major. He was personally <strong>in</strong>censed by <strong>the</strong> loyalists be<strong>in</strong>g forced from <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
homes <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g forbidden from rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g unless <strong>the</strong>y submitted to United States authority. With <strong>the</strong> occasional<br />
aid <strong>of</strong> some Cherokees, he consequently went on to carry out a series <strong>of</strong> vengeful <strong>and</strong> brutal hit-<strong>and</strong>-run raids<br />
<strong>and</strong> attacks, which soon earned him <strong>the</strong> soubriquet “Bloody Bill.” Some <strong>of</strong> his most sangu<strong>in</strong>ary deeds took place<br />
<strong>in</strong> November <strong>of</strong> 1781, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Hayes Station. At <strong>the</strong> notorious “Bloody Scout,” Dec 2. 1781, he reportedly<br />
“cruelly murdered <strong>and</strong> mangled” 20 men, behead<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>and</strong> cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f ano<strong>the</strong>r’s h<strong>and</strong>s while <strong>the</strong> victim was<br />
still alive. 357 He himself survived capture <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> war, <strong>and</strong> died <strong>in</strong> 1787 while liv<strong>in</strong>g on Nassau <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bahamas.<br />
Perhaps not so strangely, Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham has been viewed both by some British historians as a k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> hearty hero,<br />
<strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> Americans as a veritable monster. Like Fann<strong>in</strong>g, he was a somewhat <strong>com</strong>plex personality, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re<br />
is evidently some amount <strong>of</strong> truth to both po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>of</strong> view. 358 SLA pp. 348-349, GCS p. 45, <strong>and</strong> LCR pp. 341-365.<br />
Maj. Micajah Ganey (also Ga<strong>in</strong>ey), from Marion County, Lieut. Col. Robert Gray’s Regiment<br />
While not so much <strong>the</strong> military man as his whig counterpart Francis Marion, Ganey (who had himself been a whig<br />
early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war) was a solid leader for <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> what are now Marion <strong>and</strong> Dillon counties, 359 <strong>and</strong><br />
sometimes could br<strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r a fairly large follow<strong>in</strong>g. Though he never defeated Marion, he regularly kept him<br />
<strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r whig leaders <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region fairly busy, <strong>and</strong> was able to reunite his own men after be<strong>in</strong>g scattered. In<br />
December 1780, Balfour thought it prudent to have him move his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> to Georgetown. At <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> that<br />
month, Ganey was <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> a skirmish just outside <strong>the</strong> town <strong>in</strong> which he was badly wounded. He recovered by<br />
April when he aga<strong>in</strong> raised men from his home district to temporarily assist Lieut. Col. John Watson. Feel<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
pressure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American <strong>of</strong>fensive later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g, he negotiated <strong>and</strong> signed a truce with Marion <strong>in</strong> which he<br />
<strong>and</strong> his men agreed to stay out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g -- if not molested. Despite this, <strong>the</strong> peace did not last long. He<br />
accused <strong>the</strong> whigs <strong>of</strong> violat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> agreement, <strong>and</strong> for a while fight<strong>in</strong>g resumed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee area. On 21 June<br />
1782, he signed a second truce with Marion at Burches Mill, located, as Peedee genealogist <strong>and</strong> historian Jo<br />
Church Dickerson (<strong>in</strong> her “Harrelson family <strong>of</strong> Pee Dee” study) describes it “just across Great Pee Dee River from<br />
<strong>the</strong> old Ga<strong>in</strong>ey [sic] family l<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> William Harralson l<strong>and</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Wahee.” In July he <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> his men <strong>the</strong>n<br />
went to Charlestown to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British garrison <strong>the</strong>re. After <strong>the</strong> war, Ganey removed from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a to<br />
Richmond County, N.C. where he settled. See GAR2 pp. 26-27, SLA1 p. 458 <strong>and</strong> MSC2 p. 119n.<br />
Maj. Zacharias Gibbs (also Gibbes, <strong>and</strong> Zechariah), from Spartanburg County, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade<br />
(39) Gibbs fought at Kettle Creek <strong>in</strong> 1779 where he was captured. He was released from <strong>the</strong> jail at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six on<br />
April 3 rd , 1780, <strong>and</strong> removed to Camden, where he rema<strong>in</strong>ed till Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s subjugation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce. From<br />
<strong>the</strong>re he went to N<strong>in</strong>ety Six where he became one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> key loyalist militia leaders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> frontier region, <strong>and</strong><br />
sett<strong>in</strong>g up camp at a home <strong>of</strong> his on <strong>the</strong> Pacelot River, at a location about four miles west <strong>of</strong> Cowpens. At <strong>the</strong><br />
time <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, he was ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g a force <strong>of</strong> some 400 to possibly 600 men. What exactly happen to this<br />
group is not known. But it may be that if <strong>the</strong>y didn’t disperse after <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, some may<br />
355 See SCAR vol. 3 no. 2, p. 47.<br />
356 LSL p. 207.<br />
357 NGP9 pp. 651-652, The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVII, Oct. 1916, pp. 161-162.<br />
358 Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Bobby Gilmer Moss, William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham had earlier served as a capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> Brown’s K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers. See Roster <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gs Mounta<strong>in</strong> (Blacksburg, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, Scotia Hibernia Press, 1998), xii.<br />
359 Ganey’s residence was located six miles south <strong>of</strong> present day Marion, S.C.<br />
91
have jo<strong>in</strong>ed Gideon <strong>and</strong> Hezekiah Wright <strong>and</strong> fought at Shallow Ford a week or so later; though Gibbs himself<br />
would not have been present at that action. In a biographical sketch <strong>of</strong> Gibbs, British historian E. Alfred Jones<br />
remarks: “Colonel Nisbet Balfour, sometime <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant at Charleston, testified <strong>in</strong> evidence <strong>in</strong> London [after<br />
<strong>the</strong> war ended] to his [Gibbs’] excellent qualities as a man <strong>and</strong> as one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> truest <strong>of</strong> loyalists, though, with <strong>the</strong><br />
traditional prejudice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British regular <strong>of</strong>ficer aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial or militia forces, qualified his praise by<br />
add<strong>in</strong>g that Colonel Gibbs was not a very good soldier.” Gibbs led a fairly <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g life <strong>and</strong> we can only touch<br />
on a few po<strong>in</strong>ts here. But one additional fact we might mention is that he <strong>in</strong>vested <strong>in</strong> large tracts <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Dutch Fork <strong>and</strong> near Camden, which has been <strong>in</strong>terpreted as reflect<strong>in</strong>g his conv<strong>in</strong>ced faith <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British cause.<br />
Maj. John Harrison, from Charleston County, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers, also Harrison’s Corps<br />
(29) Harrison was <strong>com</strong>missioned major <strong>and</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>ted to raise <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers. When not out as part<br />
<strong>of</strong> a detachment, his unit was sometimes mounted as cavalry, <strong>and</strong> usually based <strong>in</strong> Camden. On a few occasions<br />
<strong>the</strong>y saw action aga<strong>in</strong>st Marion’s brigade. At <strong>the</strong> Revolution’s conclusion, Harrison made his home <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Bahamas. States Alex<strong>and</strong>er Gregg, <strong>the</strong> Cheraws chronicler: “The Tories on Lynche’s Creek, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood<br />
<strong>of</strong> M’Callum’s Ferry, <strong>com</strong>mitted many murders <strong>and</strong> depredations. They were headed by <strong>the</strong> two Harrisons, to<br />
one <strong>of</strong> whom Cornwallis refers. It was he, doubtless, who was afterwards a colonel, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g a major,<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British service, <strong>and</strong> both called by Tarleton, men <strong>of</strong> fortune. They were, <strong>in</strong> fact, two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> greatest<br />
b<strong>and</strong>itti that ever <strong>in</strong>fested <strong>the</strong> country. 360 The proposed plan <strong>of</strong> a prov<strong>in</strong>cial corps was never carried out. Before<br />
<strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charlestown <strong>the</strong>se bro<strong>the</strong>rs lived <strong>in</strong> a wretched log hut, by <strong>the</strong> road near M’Callum’s, <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong>re<br />
was no bed cover<strong>in</strong>g but <strong>the</strong> sk<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> wild beasts. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> contest <strong>the</strong> major was killed; after it was over, <strong>the</strong><br />
colonel retired to Jamaica, with much wealth, acquired by depredation.” 361 See SLA2 p. 526-527.<br />
Maj. Samuel Harrison, from Charleston County, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers<br />
Bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> John, Samuel was killed at Widoo Swamp on March 6 th , 1780.<br />
Maj. Daniel Plummer, from Spartanburg County, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade<br />
As best we know, Plummer <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a loyalists at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. Chesney fur<strong>the</strong>r states<br />
that he was wounded at that engagement. Although he survived <strong>the</strong> war, it is not known what o<strong>the</strong>r role, if any,<br />
he played <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> conflict.<br />
Capt. John Com<strong>in</strong>g Ball, from Charleston County<br />
John Com<strong>in</strong>g Ball was part <strong>of</strong> Col. Elias Ball’s regiment <strong>of</strong> militia. After be<strong>in</strong>g defeated by Marion at Black M<strong>in</strong>go<br />
<strong>in</strong> late September 1780, he ostensibly withdrew from active service, <strong>and</strong> yet is listed on <strong>the</strong> payrolls as serv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
at least as late as March 1781. 362<br />
Capt. Jesse Barfield (also Barefield), from Dillon County<br />
(51) Barfield at one time had been a capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a l<strong>in</strong>e. But like Moses Kirkl<strong>and</strong>, dissatisfied with<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g denied promotion, he switched sides. Though formally from Tynes’ Regiment, as a leader <strong>of</strong> a small b<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> loyalists, from what is now Dillon County, he <strong>and</strong> his bro<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> autumn <strong>of</strong> 1780 contested stubbornly, <strong>in</strong><br />
a number <strong>of</strong> small raids <strong>and</strong> skirmishes, aga<strong>in</strong>st Marion, <strong>the</strong> Murfees <strong>and</strong> Col. Thomas Brown <strong>of</strong> Bladen County,<br />
N.C. On a few <strong>of</strong> occasions he jo<strong>in</strong>ed forces with Ganey. Barfield rema<strong>in</strong>ed fairly active up until <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> his<br />
last engagement, which was aga<strong>in</strong>st Capt. Malachi Murfee, one <strong>of</strong> Marion’s brigade, at Bass’ Mill <strong>in</strong> August 1781.<br />
He died, evidently <strong>of</strong> small pox, later that same year. The numerous skirmishes he is known to have led or<br />
participated <strong>in</strong> show him to have been a challeng<strong>in</strong>g opponent who knew his bus<strong>in</strong>ess. Author William Gilmore<br />
Simms used him as <strong>the</strong> basis for a central protagonist <strong>in</strong> his <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> novel Mellichampe: A Legend <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Santee (1836). See GHC p. 338, SCP3 p. 92.<br />
Georgia Loyalists<br />
Col. Thomas Waters<br />
Waters led <strong>the</strong> loyalists at Hammond’s Store <strong>in</strong> December 1780. Afterward he <strong>and</strong> a h<strong>and</strong>ful <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r loyalists,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g James Tillet, jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Creeks <strong>and</strong> Cherokees <strong>in</strong> raids upon <strong>the</strong> Georgia border settlements. See SCAR<br />
vol. 3, No. 5, p. 20, SCP2 p. 97n.<br />
360 In his description <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Harrison, Gregg here echoes James verbatim, JFM p. 18.<br />
361 GHC p. 308, <strong>and</strong> see MSC1 p. 642 <strong>and</strong> .<br />
362 CLS p. 183.<br />
92
BRITISH UNITS 363<br />
The British Army<br />
* Brigade <strong>of</strong> Guards<br />
Two Guards battalions came south with Maj. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Leslie <strong>in</strong> December <strong>of</strong> 1780, <strong>and</strong> which <strong>in</strong>cluded at<br />
least one light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> one grenadier <strong>com</strong>pany. This brigade conta<strong>in</strong>ed soldiers from <strong>the</strong> 1 st Guards<br />
Regiment, <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Guards Regiment (<strong>the</strong> Coldstream Guards, “Second to None”), <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Guards Regiment<br />
(“Scots Guards,” though <strong>the</strong>y did not go by this title at that time.) However, <strong>the</strong> regiments were <strong>in</strong>term<strong>in</strong>gled to<br />
form an amalgam <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> three; although <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>ponent <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se Guards battalions, <strong>in</strong>dividually,<br />
reta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>ir regimental dist<strong>in</strong>ctness <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegrity. Thus, for example, a given battalion might be made up <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Guards Regiment, <strong>and</strong> end up be<strong>in</strong>g called <strong>the</strong> 1 st Guards Battalion. While a second<br />
battalion made up <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>panies from all three Guards regiments might be called <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Guards Battalion. In <strong>the</strong><br />
course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war, <strong>com</strong>position <strong>the</strong>n <strong>of</strong> what were called <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>and</strong> 2 nd Guards Battalion might differ accord<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to how many <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> three regiments might be present <strong>in</strong> a given battalion: <strong>the</strong> two battalions<br />
form<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> brigade. 364 While this might make th<strong>in</strong>gs confus<strong>in</strong>g to scholars, <strong>the</strong> system had <strong>the</strong> advantage <strong>of</strong><br />
allow<strong>in</strong>g army organizers to form a Guards brigade from what effective <strong>com</strong>panies were available from <strong>the</strong> three<br />
regiments; without <strong>in</strong>sist<strong>in</strong>g on regimental <strong>in</strong>tegrity beyond <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany level. The Brigade served with<br />
Cornwallis up unto <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Yorktown, <strong>and</strong> was <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Brig. Gen. Charles O’Hara.<br />
* 3 rd Regiment <strong>of</strong> Foot, also “The Buffs”<br />
The 3 rd arrived at Charleston, along with <strong>the</strong> 19 th <strong>and</strong> 30 th <strong>in</strong> June 1781; depart<strong>in</strong>g when <strong>the</strong> British evacuated<br />
Charleston on 14 December 1782.<br />
* 7 th Regiment <strong>of</strong> Foot, also Royal Fusiliers<br />
The 7 th sailed south with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>in</strong> January 1780, although it was not at full strength, <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed with<br />
Cornwallis. A battalion <strong>of</strong> 200 recruits arrived <strong>in</strong> Charleston <strong>in</strong> December (separately from Leslie’s re<strong>in</strong>forcement<br />
disembark<strong>in</strong>g about <strong>the</strong> same time.) These became part <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> were effectively destroyed<br />
at Cowpens. What rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment, at one po<strong>in</strong>t number<strong>in</strong>g some 182 rank <strong>and</strong> file, afterward served<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Charleston garrison. They ended up leav<strong>in</strong>g Charleston <strong>in</strong> August 1782.<br />
* 16 th Regiment <strong>of</strong> Foot<br />
The 16 th was <strong>in</strong> Savannah at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s arrival south. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> 1780 three <strong>com</strong>panies were<br />
sent to assist <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> subjugation <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> backcountry. These later were with Tarleton at Cowpens.<br />
In early 1781 a second detachment was sent from Savannah to bolster <strong>the</strong> garrison at Pensacola. These had no<br />
better luck than <strong>the</strong> first, be<strong>in</strong>g taken by <strong>the</strong> Spaniards <strong>in</strong> March. What was left <strong>the</strong>n <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 16 th departed<br />
Charleston <strong>in</strong> March 1782.<br />
* 19 th Regiment <strong>of</strong> Foot<br />
The 19 th arrived as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> June 1781 re<strong>in</strong>forcement to Charleston. They left <strong>in</strong> December 1782.<br />
* 23 d Regiment <strong>of</strong> Foot, also Royal Welch Fusiliers<br />
The 23 d were with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton when he came south <strong>in</strong> January 1780. They subsequently became a st<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
<strong>com</strong>ponent <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ field army, end<strong>in</strong>g up with him at Yorktown. One authority, however, says a<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 d rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Charleston, as did one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 33 d . These reportedly stayed <strong>in</strong> Charleston up<br />
<strong>and</strong> till November 1782.<br />
* 30 th Regiment <strong>of</strong> Foot<br />
The 30 th arrived <strong>in</strong> Charleston <strong>in</strong> June 1781. It left <strong>the</strong>re <strong>in</strong> December 1782.<br />
* 33 d Regiment <strong>of</strong> Foot<br />
The 33 d Regiment’s deployment history is identical to <strong>the</strong> 23 d ’s.<br />
* 63 d Regiment <strong>of</strong> Foot<br />
Hav<strong>in</strong>g arrived with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>the</strong> 63 d rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a as part <strong>of</strong> that prov<strong>in</strong>ce’s defenses <strong>and</strong> never<br />
left it. Along with <strong>the</strong> 71 st , <strong>the</strong>y as much or more than any unit <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> deep south suffered severe losses due to<br />
sickness. 365 They embarked from Charleston by October-December 1782.<br />
363 For more <strong>in</strong>formation on British, Loyalist <strong>and</strong> Hessian units which served <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South beyond what is conta<strong>in</strong>ed here, see GCS<br />
pp. 109-134.<br />
364 A similar approached was used <strong>in</strong> creat<strong>in</strong>g grenadier <strong>and</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry battalions (i.e., battalions made up exclusively <strong>of</strong><br />
grenadiers, on <strong>the</strong> one h<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r.) These battalions were formed, respectively, from<br />
<strong>in</strong>dividual <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> grenadiers <strong>and</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry taken from regular regiments; with each regular British army foot regiment<br />
<strong>com</strong>monly hav<strong>in</strong>g one grenadier <strong>and</strong> one light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>in</strong>tegral to its orig<strong>in</strong>al organization to potentially contribute to<br />
such. Similarly <strong>and</strong> for example, <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Light Infantry battalion was created out <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>com</strong>panies taken from<br />
loyalist Prov<strong>in</strong>cial regiments.<br />
365 TCS p. 191.<br />
93
* 64 th Regiment <strong>of</strong> Foot<br />
Hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>e south with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>in</strong> early 1780, <strong>the</strong> 64 th rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a as part <strong>of</strong> that prov<strong>in</strong>ce’s<br />
defenses. Up until about November 1780, <strong>the</strong>y were assigned to guard <strong>the</strong> prisoners <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town. And when <strong>the</strong><br />
latter were placed on board prison ships, <strong>the</strong> regiment was <strong>the</strong>n no longer required to guard <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> was freed<br />
up for o<strong>the</strong>r duties. 366 They left Charleston by October 1782.<br />
* 71 st Regiment <strong>of</strong> Foot, also 71 st Highl<strong>and</strong> Regiment 367<br />
The 71 st was present <strong>in</strong> Savannah when Cl<strong>in</strong>ton came south <strong>in</strong> January 1780. Be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> largest regiment present<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south, <strong>the</strong>y possessed two battalions (as opposed to <strong>the</strong> more <strong>com</strong>mon s<strong>in</strong>gle battalion.) One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se was<br />
effectively destroyed at Cowpens; <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r stayed with Cornwallis up to <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Yorktown. A remnant <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 1 st Battalion departed from Charleston <strong>in</strong> November 1782. Orig<strong>in</strong>ally formed <strong>in</strong> Glasgow, Scotl<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> 1775 at<br />
<strong>the</strong> war’s onset, it was f<strong>in</strong>ally disb<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> 1783. 368<br />
* 82 d Regiment <strong>of</strong> Foot<br />
A detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 82 d ac<strong>com</strong>panied Leslie to Charleston <strong>in</strong> December 1780. They were subsequently posted<br />
to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, N.C. After Guilford Court House, its light <strong>com</strong>panies marched with Cornwallis <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong><br />
were with him at Yorktown. From Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>gent was evacuated to Charleston on 18<br />
November 1781; ultimately leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re <strong>in</strong> April 1782.<br />
*2 d Battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 84 th Regiment <strong>of</strong> Foot, also Royal Highl<strong>and</strong> Emigrants<br />
The 2 d Battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 84 th came to Charleston with Leslie <strong>and</strong> became part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town’s garrison. Sometime <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781, its <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er Lieut. Col. John Small was posted at Monck’s Corner. Later about two<br />
<strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 84 th fought at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. At some po<strong>in</strong>t no later than August 1781, <strong>the</strong>y had a detachment<br />
<strong>in</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton with Craig. When <strong>the</strong>y actually went <strong>the</strong>re <strong>and</strong> how long <strong>the</strong>y stayed is not clear, though <strong>the</strong>y may<br />
have ac<strong>com</strong>panied <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>itial <strong>in</strong>vasion force to that town <strong>in</strong> late January 1781. The 84 th had <strong>the</strong> honorable<br />
dist<strong>in</strong>ction <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g a Prov<strong>in</strong>cial regiment promoted to <strong>the</strong> regular army establishment.<br />
* 17 th Regiment, <strong>and</strong> 17 th Light Dragoons<br />
One troop <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th arrived with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n left with him <strong>in</strong> June to New York. Never<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong><br />
detachment returned to Charleston <strong>in</strong> early December (separate from Leslie’s re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> that same<br />
month) <strong>and</strong> were with Tarleton at Cowpens. A few survived that battle to be <strong>in</strong>formally <strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong><br />
British Legion cavalry or else were used for polic<strong>in</strong>g, as messengers, <strong>and</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>com</strong>munications between<br />
posts <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. In a dispatch <strong>of</strong> 11 June 1781, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton requested Cornwallis to return some troops to<br />
New York <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g, among o<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th . The motto worn on <strong>the</strong>ir crests<br />
read “Death [us<strong>in</strong>g a death’s head image] or Glory.” 369<br />
* Royal Artillery<br />
A number <strong>of</strong> detachments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal artillery came south with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton; while ano<strong>the</strong>r was already present <strong>in</strong><br />
Savannah. Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se returned with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to New York <strong>in</strong> June 1780, with o<strong>the</strong>rs left <strong>in</strong> Charleston to<br />
service <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis’ army. Gunners <strong>and</strong> matrosses (or artillery laborers who helped move,<br />
sponge, <strong>and</strong> load <strong>the</strong> cannon) would be made available as circumstances required <strong>and</strong> allowed. After Tarleton<br />
captured two brass cannon 370 from Sumter at Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek <strong>in</strong> August 1780, a <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> was formed us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
In this case, <strong>the</strong> particular detachment (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g its 2 brass guns) was lost at Cowpens; so by <strong>the</strong> time just<br />
before Guilford Court House, Cornwallis’ artillery detachment was under-strength. As a result, he ended up<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g 1 or 2 more guns with him on his march than he had men to man <strong>the</strong>m with, not count<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> additional 2<br />
cannon he subsequently captured at Guilford Court House itself.<br />
* Guides <strong>and</strong> Pioneers<br />
About a <strong>com</strong>pany or more <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were regularly with Cornwallis’ army; while <strong>in</strong>dividual eng<strong>in</strong>eers might be<br />
available to lend <strong>the</strong>ir services to assist <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> construction or enhanc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> fortifications; or else <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>and</strong> repair<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> bridges <strong>and</strong> boats. A number <strong>of</strong> Blacks, <strong>in</strong>cidentally, served <strong>in</strong> this capacity <strong>and</strong> made up a<br />
formal part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> corps.<br />
Prov<strong>in</strong>cials<br />
In my organiz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> units <strong>in</strong> this <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g sections <strong>in</strong>to Prov<strong>in</strong>cial units versus Royal militia, it may be<br />
open to question whe<strong>the</strong>r a given regiment or troop shouldn’t more properly be placed <strong>in</strong> its <strong>com</strong>panion<br />
category. No doubt some militia units would have liked to aspire to Prov<strong>in</strong>cial status, <strong>and</strong> perhaps, at least <strong>in</strong><br />
certa<strong>in</strong> respects, such as military effectiveness, were worthy <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g classed as such. Conversely, we have<br />
366 See Cornwallis to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, Dec. 3 rd , 1780.<br />
367 Also “Fraser’s Highl<strong>and</strong>ers,” though I have never seen <strong>the</strong>m referred to by this while <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south.<br />
368 It was reported some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regiment’s soldiers came from prisoners <strong>in</strong> Savannah, after that city was taken <strong>and</strong> who were<br />
<strong>of</strong>fered freedom upon enlistment. For this reason, one whig leader, a Major Butler, <strong>in</strong> speak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m to some towns people,<br />
called <strong>the</strong> soldiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st “jail-birds.” “This speech was reported to that regiment, <strong>and</strong> both men <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers vowed<br />
vengeance aga<strong>in</strong>st him, but were never able to effect <strong>the</strong>ir purpose.” JTR p. 470.<br />
369 See Cannon, Richard. Historical <strong>Record</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Seventeenth Regiment <strong>of</strong> Light Dragoons, Lancers, 1759-1841. John W. Parker,<br />
London, West Str<strong>and</strong>, 1841.<br />
370 These 2 three pounders were orig<strong>in</strong>ally captured by <strong>the</strong> Americans at Saratoga <strong>in</strong> 1777.<br />
94
“prov<strong>in</strong>cial” regiments like <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a (or Harrison’s) Rangers which were<br />
not much better <strong>in</strong> quality than ord<strong>in</strong>ary militia. Yet a call had to be made that <strong>the</strong>y be grouped <strong>in</strong> one category<br />
or <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a given <strong>in</strong>stance that call on my part may, upon closer <strong>in</strong>spection <strong>and</strong> new <strong>in</strong>formation, be<br />
somewhat mistaken. Yet even if this is <strong>the</strong> case, it will only be so with a very small h<strong>and</strong>ful <strong>of</strong> units (if any), <strong>and</strong><br />
could not be entirely avoided as <strong>in</strong>formation on some lesser known units is relatively scarce.<br />
* British Legion, also 5 th American Regiment, (at one time) Cathcart’s Legion, <strong>and</strong> Tarleton’s Legion<br />
The British Legion was made up one element <strong>of</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry. They came south with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>and</strong><br />
subsequently were a regular part <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis army, be<strong>in</strong>g with him at Yorktown. At Cowpens, however, <strong>the</strong><br />
Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry was so decimated that it was <strong>in</strong>formally disb<strong>and</strong>ed; though later it was reformed <strong>in</strong> New York. It<br />
is possible a remnant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m may have rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Charleston till late <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war, but this is not clearly<br />
established. Simcoe mentions that while <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south <strong>the</strong> Tarleton’s legion were mostly clo<strong>the</strong>d <strong>in</strong> white, SQR p.<br />
210.<br />
* Delancey’s Brigade, also Delancey’s New York Brigade<br />
The 1 st <strong>and</strong> 2 d DeLancey’s battalions were already stationed <strong>in</strong> Savannah at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g south <strong>in</strong><br />
January 1780. Be<strong>in</strong>g both under-strength, <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>and</strong> 2 nd were consolidated to form <strong>the</strong> s<strong>in</strong>gle 1 st DeLancey’s<br />
Battalion. This unit was present for most <strong>of</strong> 1780 <strong>and</strong> 1781 at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, f<strong>in</strong>ally depart<strong>in</strong>g from Charleston <strong>in</strong><br />
February 1782.<br />
* Ferguson’s Corps, also Ferguson’s Rangers<br />
Ferguson’s Corps was made up <strong>of</strong> 100-150 volunteers selected from <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Rangers, <strong>the</strong> New Jersey<br />
Volunteers, <strong>the</strong> Loyal American Regiment, <strong>and</strong> at least one Queen’s Ranger (Maj. James Dunlop.) It was not<br />
<strong>in</strong>tended as a permanent unit, but ra<strong>the</strong>r one formed for special services <strong>and</strong> missions <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American war. It<br />
came south with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>and</strong> was destroyed <strong>and</strong> effectively disb<strong>and</strong>ed at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>.<br />
* Georgia Loyalists<br />
This unit, under Maj. James Wright Jr. <strong>and</strong> based <strong>in</strong> Abercorn, GA., acted as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Savannah garrison, <strong>and</strong><br />
served <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>the</strong>re. In June 1782 it was disb<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> merged with <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers. Its maximum<br />
strength did not exceed 200, <strong>and</strong> its normal effective strength closer to 100. 371<br />
* K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment, also 4 th American Regiment <strong>and</strong> [Edmund] Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s Corps<br />
A detachment <strong>of</strong> 100 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment is said to have <strong>com</strong>e south with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>in</strong> January 1780,<br />
<strong>and</strong> presumably returned with him to New York <strong>in</strong> June. The ma<strong>in</strong> regiment itself came back to Charleston with<br />
Leslie <strong>in</strong> December 1780. Thereafter <strong>the</strong>y rema<strong>in</strong>ed a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> defenses <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> that<br />
capacity till June <strong>of</strong> 1781 when <strong>the</strong>y were sent to Savannah. By Sept. 1 st 1781 its strength had been reduced to<br />
271. It was removed with <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison to Charleston after <strong>the</strong> British left Savannah on 11 July 1782.<br />
Like <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists <strong>and</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers, <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment at one po<strong>in</strong>t had a cavalry<br />
troop formed from its ranks. It ultimately embarked from Charleston 27 Nov. 1782. 372<br />
* K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers, also K<strong>in</strong>g’s Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers, East Florida Rangers<br />
The East Florida Rangers were first raised by Lieut. Col. Thomas Brown <strong>in</strong> St. August<strong>in</strong>e Florida <strong>in</strong> 1776. From<br />
this The K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers was created <strong>in</strong> June 1779 while <strong>the</strong>y were still <strong>in</strong> Florida, or, accord<strong>in</strong>g to ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
source, after <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Savannah <strong>in</strong> October 1779; at which <strong>the</strong>y were present. They subsequently<br />
participated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> Savannah <strong>in</strong> October. After Cl<strong>in</strong>ton captured Charleston <strong>in</strong> May 1780, <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
sent to occupy Augusta. Although <strong>in</strong> July or August 1780 a detachment was sent north <strong>in</strong>to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a (<strong>and</strong><br />
which took heavy losses at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock), <strong>the</strong> unit o<strong>the</strong>rwise rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Augusta, until June 1781 when <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were taken prisoner <strong>the</strong>re along with <strong>the</strong> town itself. In June 1782, <strong>the</strong> Georgia Loyalists were <strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir ranks. None<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong> regiment was reformed later <strong>in</strong> Savannah, <strong>and</strong> was one <strong>of</strong> those which went to New<br />
York from Charleston <strong>in</strong> late 1782. The K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers, as with <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment, at some po<strong>in</strong>t had<br />
a troop <strong>of</strong> cavalry, which were <strong>of</strong>ten sent out on patrols <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Savannah environs <strong>and</strong> countryside. Follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Augusta <strong>in</strong> June 1781, its total effective strength <strong>the</strong>reafter did not exceed 160. See SCP1 p. 278.<br />
* K<strong>in</strong>g’s Orange Rangers<br />
A number <strong>of</strong> buttons from <strong>the</strong> uniforms <strong>of</strong> this regiment were brought to light <strong>in</strong> recent archeological<br />
excavations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Camden battlefield, <strong>and</strong> it is surmised that a small cont<strong>in</strong>gent was present at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>the</strong>re<br />
(16 Aug. 1780) which served under Capt. John C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> -- possibly as Cornwallis’ body guard or else attached to <strong>the</strong><br />
British Legion Cavalry.<br />
* Loyal American Volunteers<br />
This Prov<strong>in</strong>cial unit served at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston <strong>in</strong> 1780 leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re at siege’s end; while a detachment <strong>of</strong><br />
21 men, under Lieut. Anthony Allaire, rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> became part <strong>of</strong> Ferguson’s Corps.<br />
* New Jersey Volunteers (brigade <strong>of</strong> three battalions)<br />
The 3 d Battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New Jersey Volunteers was present at Savannah <strong>in</strong> 1779, <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> July 1780, were at<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six with Cruger. Due to cumulative reductions <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ranks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> different New Jersey Volunteer<br />
371 See CLS pp. 434-435, 440, 444-445, 451.<br />
372 NDI.<br />
95
attalions, by <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six siege, <strong>the</strong> 3 d ended up be<strong>in</strong>g re-designated <strong>the</strong> 2 d New Jersey Battalion.<br />
Though it may have been earlier, <strong>the</strong>y left Charleston no later than December 1782.<br />
* New York Volunteers, also 3 d American Regiment<br />
The New York Volunteers were at both <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Savannah (1779) <strong>and</strong> Charleston (1780.) In Nov. <strong>and</strong> Dec.<br />
1780, Capt. John C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> was operat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Santee area with a mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry unit <strong>of</strong> about 30 <strong>and</strong> later 140<br />
men <strong>of</strong> New York Volunteers. At some po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong> or before April 1781 this mounted detachment <strong>of</strong> C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>’s actually<br />
became cavalry <strong>and</strong> fought at Hobkirk’s Hill. The New York Volunteers <strong>the</strong>mselves o<strong>the</strong>rwise served as part <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a defenses, at last return<strong>in</strong>g to New York from Charleston <strong>in</strong> August 1782. Unlike <strong>the</strong> New<br />
Jersey Volunteers, <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers, be<strong>in</strong>g fewer, did not have numbered battalions. 373<br />
* North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Dragoons<br />
A small prov<strong>in</strong>cial corps <strong>of</strong> dragoons was raised <strong>in</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>of</strong> 1781, <strong>and</strong> is reputed to have<br />
been a discipl<strong>in</strong>ed unit, <strong>and</strong> not a mere militia troop. At <strong>the</strong> evacuation <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton (18 Nov. 1781), <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
removed to Charleston where <strong>the</strong>y became part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison, be<strong>in</strong>g engaged <strong>in</strong> at least one late war skirmish.<br />
After <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>of</strong> 1782, <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists.<br />
* North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers, also Bryan’s Refugees<br />
Although <strong>the</strong>y marched with Cornwallis, <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers should really be classed as militia ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
than a regular Prov<strong>in</strong>cial regiment, with Bryan’s Refugees be<strong>in</strong>g perhaps <strong>the</strong>ir more suitable title; with Samuel<br />
Bryan be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> name only. They were formally formed on 24 June 1780, 374 <strong>and</strong> were present at<br />
Camden. They ac<strong>com</strong>panied Cornwallis on both his first <strong>and</strong> second <strong>in</strong>vasions <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> stayed <strong>in</strong><br />
Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton when he moved <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>in</strong> late April 1781. The Volunteers returned to Charleston<br />
on Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton’s evacuation <strong>in</strong> December <strong>the</strong> same year. Then <strong>the</strong>ir numbers were far fewer than <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al<br />
800 <strong>of</strong> July 1780, hav<strong>in</strong>g suffered severe losses at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock <strong>and</strong> Wahab’s Plantation. In October 1782, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
ac<strong>com</strong>panied <strong>the</strong> Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment to St. August<strong>in</strong>e. SCP2 p. 208.<br />
* Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales American Volunteers, also Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Regiment, Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Volunteers<br />
The Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Regiment came to Charleston <strong>in</strong> April 1780. At Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock <strong>in</strong> August <strong>the</strong> unit suffered<br />
devastat<strong>in</strong>g casualties; with a light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>com</strong>pany be<strong>in</strong>g lost at Cowpens. What were left were <strong>the</strong>n used <strong>in</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a as various detachments, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g one which was part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fort Granby garrison <strong>in</strong> early 1781.<br />
The remnants left Charleston for New York <strong>in</strong> December 1781.<br />
* Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Light Infantry Battalion<br />
A battalion <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> light <strong>com</strong>panies from <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r nor<strong>the</strong>rn Prov<strong>in</strong>cial battalions, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Lieut.<br />
Col. John Watson, sailed south with Leslie to Charleston <strong>in</strong> December 1780. It rema<strong>in</strong>ed part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a defenses, ultimately leav<strong>in</strong>g Charleston no later than <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> 1782.<br />
* Queen’s Rangers, also 1 st American Regiment<br />
Some 200 Queens Rangers were at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston <strong>in</strong> 1780, leav<strong>in</strong>g when it was over. A detachment <strong>of</strong> 15<br />
dragoons however returned to Charleston with Leslie <strong>in</strong> December 1780, with <strong>in</strong>structions to recruit more, which<br />
<strong>the</strong>y did reach<strong>in</strong>g up to possibly 65 to 80 total for <strong>the</strong> detachment at one po<strong>in</strong>t. 375 A number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
subsequently served most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir time as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Georgetown garrison, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g carry<strong>in</strong>g out raids from<br />
<strong>the</strong>re as well. At one po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer, Capt. Saunders, was almost successful <strong>in</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> whole<br />
detachment removed from <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn department (ostensibly to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir ma<strong>in</strong> unit.) However, <strong>the</strong> losses<br />
caused by Cowpens forbade it. They cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>in</strong> Georgetown till about May 1781, <strong>and</strong> at that time were<br />
removed to Charleston. About July, <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers detachment was attached on different occasions to <strong>the</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists under Maj. Thomas Fraser. Presumably <strong>the</strong>y left Charleston some time <strong>in</strong> 1782.<br />
* Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment, also Hamilton’s Corps<br />
Orig<strong>in</strong>ally formed at St. August<strong>in</strong>e, FLA., <strong>the</strong> Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment was at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Savannah <strong>in</strong><br />
1779. After <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston, at which <strong>the</strong>y were present, <strong>the</strong>y were made part <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ army.<br />
However, <strong>the</strong>y were still at Camden when Leslie marched with <strong>the</strong>m to jo<strong>in</strong> Cornwallis at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Cowpens <strong>in</strong><br />
January 1781. Thereafter <strong>the</strong>y were with him up to <strong>the</strong> time he was <strong>in</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. In late April, Cornwallis took<br />
with him a light <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia while leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> unit itself <strong>in</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. A second<br />
light <strong>com</strong>pany was reportedly raised along <strong>the</strong> way, <strong>and</strong> was <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Capt. William Ch<strong>and</strong>ler. Both were<br />
at Yorktown. The ma<strong>in</strong> regiment rema<strong>in</strong>ed part <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton’s defenses till December when it retired with <strong>the</strong><br />
rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison to Charleston. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to one source, <strong>the</strong> regiment was removed from Charleston to St.<br />
August<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> October 1782.<br />
373 In an <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g letter <strong>of</strong> 14 June 1780, Turnbull <strong>in</strong> a letter to Cornwallis speaks <strong>of</strong> jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g three <strong>in</strong>dependent South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
<strong>com</strong>panies to <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers, SCP1 p. 138. For fur<strong>the</strong>r regard<strong>in</strong>g enlist<strong>in</strong>g sou<strong>the</strong>rners for nor<strong>the</strong>rn Prov<strong>in</strong>cial<br />
regiments, see SCP1 p. 256.<br />
374 Bryan’s <strong>in</strong>itial pay date <strong>and</strong> that <strong>of</strong> his chief <strong>of</strong>ficers is given <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> records as 24 June 1780. CLS p. 361.<br />
375 Queen’s Rangers historian, Donald J. Gara, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, is <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to th<strong>in</strong>k this is too high an estimate. See Marion’s<br />
letter to Greene, 3 Sept. 1781, NGP9 pp. 289, 291. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, an <strong>in</strong>telligence report <strong>of</strong> Leslie’s detachment at<br />
Portsmouth, VA. made <strong>in</strong> late Nov. 1780 lists <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> Queen’s Rangers with him at that time as 100. See Brig. Gen. Isaac<br />
Gregory to Gov. Abner Nash, 24 Nov. 1780, CNC15 pp. 157-158.<br />
96
* South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers, also Harrison’s Corps, K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers<br />
The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers were formed <strong>and</strong> raised <strong>in</strong> June 1780 follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston. Thereafter<br />
<strong>the</strong>y served mostly as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Camden garrison, <strong>and</strong> are said to have numbered not more than 100 at a time.<br />
In early October 1780, <strong>the</strong>y were reduced to 50, <strong>and</strong> at which time Turnbull spoke <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m as as “irregular [sic]<br />
<strong>and</strong> plunderers.” Sometime, evidently just before Hobkirk’s Hill, <strong>the</strong>y were merged with <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>n newly formed<br />
mounted South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists unit under Maj. Thomas Fraser. Although Prov<strong>in</strong>cial <strong>in</strong> name, orig<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were not all much better than militia rabble, but presumably were <strong>in</strong> some wise improved after be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>cluded<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royalists. See TCS pp. 91, 117, SCP2 pp. 17, 249, 271, SCP3 pp. 145-146, 183-184.<br />
* South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists, also South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Loyalists <strong>and</strong> later when some were mounted <strong>the</strong> S.C. Rangers<br />
The Royalists, orig<strong>in</strong>ally formed <strong>in</strong> East Florida, were at <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> Savannah, <strong>and</strong> later participated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston. At least <strong>in</strong>itially, <strong>the</strong>y were reported to Cornwallis as be<strong>in</strong>g little better than militia <strong>in</strong><br />
terms <strong>of</strong> both tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> equipment. 376 Not surpris<strong>in</strong>gly <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong>y were defeated <strong>and</strong> took significant losses at<br />
Musgrove’s Mill <strong>in</strong> August 1780; hav<strong>in</strong>g been sent west to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> frontier defenses north <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. By April<br />
<strong>of</strong> 1781, some <strong>of</strong> what rema<strong>in</strong>ed served alongside C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>’s mounted detachment <strong>of</strong> New York Volunteers at<br />
Hobkirk’s Hill; with Maj. Thomas Fraser hav<strong>in</strong>g just before h<strong>and</strong> formed a revived battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royalists;<br />
which <strong>in</strong>cluded some <strong>of</strong> Ferguson’s former corps <strong>and</strong> new recruits. With<strong>in</strong> a month afterward <strong>the</strong>y were mounted<br />
as cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegrated <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers (<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> process effectively re-creat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Rangers <strong>and</strong><br />
that had been significantly depleted before h<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> scrapes with Marion <strong>and</strong> William Richardson Davie [with<br />
respect to <strong>the</strong> latter, at “Wahab’s” Plantation]), 377 <strong>and</strong> acted <strong>in</strong> this capacity through as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Charleston defenses; with about 250 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m still operational. The Royalists left Charleston <strong>in</strong><br />
November 1782. SCP1 pp. 260, 268, SCP3 p. 180.<br />
* Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, also 2 d American Regiment<br />
The Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong> arrived <strong>in</strong> Charleston <strong>in</strong> April 1780, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>reafter served <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a. They rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south till at least <strong>the</strong> latter part <strong>of</strong> 1781 (be<strong>in</strong>g noticeably absent at Eutaw<br />
Spr<strong>in</strong>gs); at which time <strong>the</strong>y may have left for New York (if not later.)<br />
Royal Militia<br />
“In <strong>the</strong> district <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, by far <strong>the</strong> most populous <strong>and</strong> powerful <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce, Lieutenant-colonel Balfour<br />
by his great attention <strong>and</strong> diligence, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> active assistance <strong>of</strong> Major Ferguson, who was appo<strong>in</strong>ted<br />
Inspector-general <strong>of</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> this prov<strong>in</strong>ce by Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, had formed seven battalions <strong>of</strong> militia,<br />
consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> above four thous<strong>and</strong> men, <strong>and</strong> entirely <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> persons well-affected to <strong>the</strong> British<br />
government; which were so regulated that <strong>the</strong>y could with ease furnish fifteen hundred men at a short notice,<br />
for <strong>the</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> frontier, or any o<strong>the</strong>r home service. But I must take this opportunity <strong>of</strong> observ<strong>in</strong>g, that<br />
this militia can be <strong>of</strong> little use for distant operations, as <strong>the</strong>y will not stir without a horse, <strong>and</strong> on that account<br />
your Lordship will easily conceive <strong>the</strong> impossibility <strong>of</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m toge<strong>the</strong>r without destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
country.” ~~ Cornwallis to Lord George Germa<strong>in</strong>, dated Camden, August 20, 1780. 378<br />
In <strong>the</strong> two months succeed<strong>in</strong>g Charleston’s fall to <strong>in</strong> May 1780, <strong>the</strong> British <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> had succeeded <strong>in</strong><br />
authoriz<strong>in</strong>g 2,500 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men as militia <strong>in</strong> South <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. However, after K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
October (<strong>in</strong> addition to o<strong>the</strong>r early notable whig militia victories), <strong>the</strong> numbers decreased drastically. By <strong>the</strong> end<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> year, some previously formed Royal militia units ceased to function entirely. As per Cornwallis’ <strong>com</strong>ments<br />
quoted above, <strong>the</strong>y were seen more as conservators <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> peace, or police forces, than active military or<br />
guerilla units; unlike <strong>the</strong>ir rebel counterparts. Tarleton, for one, lamented <strong>the</strong>re that a greater effort had not<br />
been made <strong>in</strong>stead to organize <strong>and</strong> tra<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong>to Prov<strong>in</strong>cial units as a way <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g both <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
reliability <strong>and</strong> effectiveness; while Turnbull asserted that <strong>the</strong>y “will never do any good without regular<br />
troops.” 379<br />
Despite <strong>the</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong> Murtie June Clark’s <strong>and</strong> Lambert’s well done books, militia records are far from<br />
<strong>com</strong>plete. The list <strong>of</strong> militia regiments below <strong>the</strong>n should not necessarily be considered exhaustive, as <strong>the</strong>re<br />
may well have been o<strong>the</strong>r units but for which we simply have no formal record. Dates given are earliest known<br />
effective date, <strong>and</strong> last known pay date; aga<strong>in</strong> based on <strong>the</strong> records still surviv<strong>in</strong>g. For some <strong>in</strong>dividual<br />
<strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> a given regiment both <strong>the</strong> first <strong>and</strong> last dates may be different. Here, even so, we are giv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
earliest effective <strong>and</strong> latest pay dates regardless. The number follow<strong>in</strong>g each entry is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> effective<br />
men that were paid (i.e., rank <strong>and</strong> file/full total effectives), based on rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g pay records (which are<br />
sometimes far from <strong>com</strong>plete.) Now this figure can be very mislead<strong>in</strong>g with respect to how many men <strong>the</strong> unit<br />
actually consisted <strong>of</strong> at its greatest strength, <strong>and</strong> should not be taken too formally. Despite this, it is be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded here to provide some rough sense <strong>of</strong> how that unit stood <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> strength <strong>and</strong> cohesiveness with<br />
respect to o<strong>the</strong>r militia units; while bear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>sufficiency <strong>of</strong> present available records <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
effect <strong>of</strong> historical events. With regard to <strong>the</strong> latter, for example, though it may be a surprise that Robert<br />
Gray’s Georgetown Regiment shows up with so few numbers when <strong>the</strong> British evacuated that town <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Spr<strong>in</strong>g<br />
376 SCP1 p. 169.<br />
377 Stephen Jarvis: “At this time we were re-<strong>in</strong>forced [at Charlestown] with <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment, who for <strong>the</strong>ir gallant<br />
conduct at Camden [Hobkirk’s Hill], were made Cavalry. This re-<strong>in</strong>forcement made <strong>the</strong> Cavalry <strong>of</strong> great consequence at this<br />
post, <strong>and</strong> we had soon an opportunity to try our mettle.” JJA.<br />
378 CNC vol. XV, pp. 263-268.<br />
379 TCS p. 98, SCP2 p. 250.<br />
97
<strong>of</strong> 1781, it may simply have been <strong>the</strong> case that <strong>the</strong> men who made up <strong>the</strong> unit simply did not want to leave <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
homes. Those <strong>the</strong>n that removed to Charleston were far fewer perhaps than <strong>the</strong> unit’s strength <strong>in</strong> its heyday.<br />
Most dates <strong>and</strong> numbers are taken from Murtie June Clark’s Loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Campaign <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>, vol. I: Official Rolls <strong>of</strong> Loyalists Recruited from North <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, Georgia, Florida,<br />
Mississippi, <strong>and</strong> Louisiana, Genealogical Publish<strong>in</strong>g Company, Baltimore, 1981.<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
* Camden “Brigade” 380<br />
These were mostly <strong>in</strong>different troops, with, says Lambert, “only Phillip’s [Jackson’s Creek] men demonstrat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
consistent zeal for <strong>the</strong> cause.” 381 Each numbered less than 100 men a “regiment,” <strong>and</strong> on average <strong>the</strong>y were less<br />
than 50 normally. Very few were still actually active by <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> 1780, with men hav<strong>in</strong>g deserted.<br />
Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, some still were with <strong>the</strong> British army <strong>in</strong> Charleston by or near <strong>the</strong> conflict’s close.<br />
~ Col. Henry Rugeley’s Regiment, Camden Regiment <strong>of</strong> Militia<br />
Effective date 13 June 1780<br />
Last known pay date: 13 December 1780.<br />
27 rank <strong>and</strong> file/36 total effectives (i.e., <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>cludes rank <strong>and</strong> file)<br />
~ Col. William Bannat<strong>in</strong>e’s Regiment, Second Regiment <strong>of</strong> Camden Militia<br />
effective date: 13 June 1780<br />
Last known pay date: 19 November 1781<br />
94/117<br />
~ Col. Robert English’s Regiment, Camden Regiment <strong>of</strong> Militia<br />
Effective date: 12 September 1780<br />
Served <strong>in</strong> Charleston at least as late as March 1782.<br />
9 <strong>com</strong>panies: 91/132<br />
~ Col. James Cary’s Regiment, 382 Camden Militia<br />
Effective date: 14 July 1780<br />
Last known pay date: 13 January 1781<br />
18/28<br />
~ Col. Ma<strong>the</strong>w Floyd’s Rocky Mount Regiment, later Col. W.T. Turner, Camden District<br />
With 30 men orig<strong>in</strong>ally, a large portion <strong>of</strong> Ma<strong>the</strong>w Floyd’s Regt. under John Lisle defected. Lisle took not only<br />
<strong>the</strong> core <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment with him, but also new arms <strong>and</strong> supplies. A number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se men <strong>the</strong>n ended up<br />
serv<strong>in</strong>g with Sumter at Rocky Mount <strong>and</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock.<br />
Effective date: 13 June 1780<br />
Last known pay date: 14 December 1782<br />
17/23<br />
~ Col. John Phillips’ Regiment, Jackson’s Creek 383 Militia, Camden District<br />
This unit was <strong>com</strong>mended by Cornwallis for help<strong>in</strong>g to keep his army supplied while camp at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough <strong>in</strong><br />
late 1780, <strong>and</strong> Lambert speaks <strong>of</strong> it as one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> best <strong>and</strong> most dependable <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> royal militia units.<br />
Effective date: 13 June 1780<br />
Last known pay date: 7 February 1782<br />
4 <strong>com</strong>panies: 81/95<br />
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br />
* Non-Brigade Units <strong>and</strong> Corps<br />
* Col. Elias Ball’s Regiment, Craven <strong>and</strong> Berkley County Regiment <strong>of</strong> Militia<br />
Effective date: 3 July 1780<br />
Last known pay date: 19 March 1781.<br />
26/38<br />
* Colonel Robert Ball<strong>in</strong>gall’s Regiment, Colleton County Militia<br />
At greatest strength this regiment had 10 <strong>com</strong>panies, <strong>and</strong> perhaps at one po<strong>in</strong>t numbered as many as 200. 384<br />
Effective date: 1 August 1780<br />
Last known pay date: July 1782<br />
165/204<br />
380 Although records do not denote a Camden Brigade, I use this title to organize <strong>the</strong>se regiments.<br />
381 LSL p. 119.<br />
382 Situated near <strong>the</strong> present day <strong>com</strong>munity <strong>of</strong> Lug<strong>of</strong>f, S.C.<br />
383 Near W<strong>in</strong>nsborough.<br />
384 CLS p. 169. In a letter <strong>of</strong> 15 Nov. 1780 to Cornwallis, Balfour <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> both Ball<strong>in</strong>gall <strong>and</strong> Lechmere’s regiments as be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
“totally disaffected,” SCP3 p. 77.<br />
98
* Col. William Henry Mills’s Regiment, Cheraws Regiment <strong>of</strong> Militia, later briefly led by Lieut. Col. Robert Gray.<br />
As th<strong>in</strong>gs became too hot for <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cheraws area this unit eventually disb<strong>and</strong>ed or removed to<br />
Georgetown <strong>and</strong> became part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Georgetown Regiment. 385<br />
Effective date: 1 September 1780<br />
Last known pay date: --<br />
* Col. James Cassells Regiment/Col. Robert Gray’s, Georgetown Regiment <strong>of</strong> Militia<br />
Orig<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Cassells, at some po<strong>in</strong>t not clear <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> became Robert Gray’s, who had<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Cheraw regiment (see above.) The Georgetown regiment was also <strong>the</strong> same which Maj. Micajah<br />
Ganey held a <strong>com</strong>mission <strong>in</strong>.<br />
Effective date: 1 September 1780<br />
Last known pay date: 17 August 1781<br />
15/15<br />
* Col. John Fisher’s Regiment, Orangeburgh Regiment <strong>of</strong> Militia (Fork <strong>of</strong> Edisto <strong>and</strong> Orangeburgh)<br />
Effective date: 14 June 1780<br />
Last known pay date: 14 December 1780, though we know <strong>in</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong> unit was active at least as<br />
late as May 1781. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore <strong>in</strong> September 1782, Fisher’s Regiment, while <strong>in</strong> Charleston, was able to muster 91<br />
effective privates.<br />
10 <strong>com</strong>panies: 456/507<br />
* Col. Nicholas Lechmere’s Regiment, Granville County Regiment <strong>of</strong> Militia, Beaufort District 386<br />
Effective date: 20 October 1780<br />
Last known pay date: 12 November 1781<br />
165/173<br />
* Lieut. Col. Samuel Tynes’ Regiment, Santee Militia District<br />
Tynes men were badly scattered by Marion <strong>in</strong> November 1780, <strong>and</strong> only 30 ended up be<strong>in</strong>g paid. 387<br />
Effective date: 16 June 1780<br />
Last known pay date: 13 December 1780<br />
17/25<br />
* Col. Hezekiah Williams’ Regiment 388<br />
This unit was organized as a regiment at least as early as 12 Oct 1781. 389<br />
* Capt. Peter Tyler’s Company, S.C. Loyal Militia,<br />
Effective date: 1 Sept. 1780<br />
Last known pay date: 1 Sept 1782.<br />
25/27<br />
* N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade<br />
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br />
This Brigade was <strong>in</strong>itially formed on 14 June 1780, <strong>and</strong> by about mid September Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham was<br />
<strong>com</strong>missioned its Brigadier General. Lambert notes that Tory sentiment was much stronger north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Saluda<br />
than south <strong>of</strong> it. Perhaps 1,500 men enlisted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> seven militia regiments <strong>in</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six district <strong>and</strong> saw service<br />
with <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> period till December 1780, a greater number than any o<strong>the</strong>r part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce. 390 Perhaps<br />
1,500 enlisted <strong>in</strong> 7 N<strong>in</strong>ety Six regiments <strong>and</strong> saw service with <strong>the</strong>m until Dec. 1780. In <strong>com</strong>ment<strong>in</strong>g on K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong>, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton states that all militia <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, amount<strong>in</strong>g to 4,000 men, were lost at or else due to that<br />
battle -– though <strong>the</strong>se remarks <strong>of</strong> his should be treated as hyperbole ra<strong>the</strong>r than literally, as <strong>the</strong>re were still a<br />
few, approximately some 400 or perhaps slightly more, serv<strong>in</strong>g afterward. 391<br />
For <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>itial strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade <strong>in</strong> Mid June 1780 see <strong>the</strong> <strong>Calendar</strong> entry for that date. The<br />
effective start date for <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g grouped regiments was 14 June 1780. Although <strong>the</strong> British evacuated<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>in</strong> July 1781, some remnants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brigade returned with <strong>the</strong>m to Charleston <strong>and</strong> served to or about<br />
<strong>the</strong> war’s end.<br />
~ Col. Daniel Clary’s Regt., north <strong>of</strong> Saluda Regiment (modern Newberry County)<br />
385 CLS p. 187-190.<br />
386 CLS p. 120, see also SCP2 p. 92n.<br />
387 LSL p. 117.<br />
388 CLS pp. 224-225.<br />
389 CLS pp. 224-225.<br />
390 LSL p. 112.<br />
391 SCV1 p. 103-104, For an <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g document, <strong>of</strong> 6 Nov. 1780, addressed to Cornwallis by <strong>the</strong> Royal militia leaders <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety<br />
Six, see SCP3 pp. 395-396.<br />
99
~ Maj. Daniel Plummer’s Regt., Fair Forest Regiment (modern Spartanburg County)<br />
~ Maj. Patrick Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham’s Regt., Little River (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Saluda) Regiment (modern Laurens County)<br />
This unit was orig<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Col. Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham before he was promoted to Brigadier General.<br />
Although high hopes were held for it by Cornwallis it does not seemed to have played any specially significant<br />
role <strong>in</strong> battles or skirmishes.<br />
~ Col. Joseph Cotton’s Regt., Stevens Creek regiment (modern Edgefield County)<br />
~ Col. Richard K<strong>in</strong>g’s Regt., Long Cane Creek Regiment, (modern Greenwood <strong>and</strong> or McCormick Counties) 392<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s regiment was formerly that <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Andrew Pickens before <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston <strong>in</strong> 1780.<br />
~ Maj. Zachariah Gibbs’ Regt., (modern Chester also York County)<br />
~ Lieut. Col. Moses Kirkl<strong>and</strong>’s Regiment (or Fifth regiment <strong>of</strong> Militia), Lower N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade 393<br />
~ Col. Thomas Pearson’s Regt., (2 nd ) Little River (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Saluda) Regiment (modern Laurens County)<br />
~ Major George Neal’s Regt., N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Militia<br />
This regiment was only operat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> late 1781, <strong>and</strong> was not part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade. 394<br />
~ Major William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham’s Corps, Little River (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Saluda) Regt., 395 N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade<br />
This mounted regiment only formally came <strong>in</strong>to be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> late 1781, <strong>and</strong> was not part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al N<strong>in</strong>ety Six<br />
Brigade. Pay records only <strong>in</strong>clude December 1781, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>to 1782.Prior to that, Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham had operated with<br />
remnants <strong>of</strong> Capt. James Dunlop’s mounted <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. 396<br />
68/85<br />
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br />
* Charleston Volunteer Battalion<br />
After <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston, a battalion formed <strong>of</strong> volunteers from Charleston was created to assist <strong>the</strong> city’s<br />
garrison. They disb<strong>and</strong>ed, if not sooner, by <strong>the</strong> evacuation <strong>of</strong> Charleston <strong>in</strong> December 1782.<br />
CAVALRY<br />
* Capt. John Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s Independent Troop, S.C. Volunteer Horse<br />
This troop numbered at most some 25 to 50. 397<br />
Effective date: 21 August 1781<br />
Last known pay date: 20 October 1781<br />
19/24<br />
* South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Light Dragoons, John’s <strong>and</strong> later James Isl<strong>and</strong>, Col. Edward Fenwick<br />
Effective date: 22 January 1781<br />
Last known pay date: 24 December 1781<br />
22/30<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
* Col. David Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s Regiment<br />
The effective date <strong>of</strong> this unit was 15 Feb. 1781. After that Fann<strong>in</strong>g recruited <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> his <strong>in</strong>cursions out<br />
<strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton (as he relates <strong>in</strong> his “Narrative”); so that <strong>in</strong> a way it was a regiment formed “on <strong>the</strong> go.” Only a<br />
t<strong>in</strong>y h<strong>and</strong>ful rema<strong>in</strong>ed by Aug. 1782 to receive any pay, though one <strong>of</strong> Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, Capt.<br />
Meridith Edwards had by that date had been with him as long as 360 days. 398<br />
Effective date: 1 March 1781<br />
Last known pay date: 24 August 1782<br />
7/17<br />
* Col. Faithful Graham’s Regiment<br />
With 5 <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> 10 to 20 men, <strong>the</strong>y came to Charleston from Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton with Major Craig <strong>in</strong> November<br />
1781. 399<br />
Effective date: 27 April 1781<br />
Last known pay date: 1 December 1781<br />
49/80<br />
392 This was formerly Andrew Pickens’ regiment.<br />
393 Cruger, <strong>in</strong> a letter <strong>of</strong> 27 Aug. 1780, stated that he believed Kirkl<strong>and</strong>’s men “still rebels <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir hearts.” SCP2 p. 173.<br />
394 CLS p. 223.<br />
395 CLS pp. 269, 271.<br />
396 CLS p. 269.<br />
397 CLS p. 343.<br />
398 CLS p. 361.<br />
399 CLS p. 348.<br />
100
* Lieut Col Hector MacNeil’s Regiment, Bladen County<br />
From Bladen County, <strong>the</strong>ir leader Hector MacNeill was killed at L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mill <strong>in</strong> October 1781, <strong>and</strong> by January<br />
1782 most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> unit lost or disb<strong>and</strong>ed, though, by that date when it had removed to Charleston, it was still<br />
fielded by a Lieut. Col. Hector MacNeil, a relative <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> same name. 400<br />
Effective date: ?<br />
Last known pay date: 17 Jan. 1782<br />
6/14<br />
* Col. Samuel Campbell’s Regiment<br />
Effective date: 24 November 1781<br />
Last known pay date: 1 April 1782<br />
* Lieut Col John Moore’s Regiment<br />
22 privates <strong>and</strong> 8 <strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficers were all that rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> this regiment after Ramseur’s Mill. 401<br />
Effective date: 14 June 1780<br />
Last known pay date: 13 June 1781<br />
22/30<br />
* Col. Duncan Ray’s Regiment, Anson County<br />
From Anson County, <strong>and</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton garrison which returned to Charleston. This was Col. Archibald<br />
McDougald’s regiment.<br />
Effective date: 21 February 1781<br />
Last known pay date: 27 January 1782<br />
4/10<br />
* North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>com</strong>panies<br />
Aside from N. N. Hunter’s light <strong>com</strong>pany from <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers, <strong>the</strong>se were <strong>the</strong> sole units <strong>of</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia loyalists that Cornwallis was able to take with him <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781. They were<br />
taken at Yorktown, <strong>and</strong> ended up at Lancaster, PA. as prisoners.<br />
~ Capt. N. N. Hunter’s Co. <strong>of</strong> N.C. Volunteers<br />
40/44<br />
~ Capt. Eli Branson’s Co. <strong>of</strong> N.C. Independents, captured at Yorktown<br />
11/14<br />
~ Capt. Thornton’s Co. <strong>of</strong> N.C. Independents, Detached corps under <strong>the</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> Lieut. John de Beck, N.Y.<br />
Volunteers 402<br />
19/22<br />
~ Capt. __ Hamilton’s Co. <strong>of</strong> NC Independents, Detached corps under <strong>the</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> Lieut. John de Beck, NY<br />
Volunteers<br />
28/32<br />
Georgia<br />
* Capt. Archibald Campbell’s Troop, Second Troop <strong>of</strong> Georgia Light Dragoons<br />
These served at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Savannah <strong>in</strong> 1779. Campbell <strong>in</strong> 1781 was transferred to <strong>the</strong> S.C. Light Dragoons<br />
sometime <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781.<br />
Effective date: 1779<br />
Last known pay date: June 1781<br />
24/31<br />
* Georgia Dragoons<br />
In early 1781, Royal Governor James Wright received permission from Cornwallis to form additional small troops<br />
<strong>of</strong> Georgia Dragoons. When formed <strong>the</strong>se were 20 to 30 man patrol units that operated out <strong>of</strong> Savannah <strong>and</strong><br />
Augusta. They apparently were used more as a police force <strong>the</strong>n as a regular military unit, as we don’t hear <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g up <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
* Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Augusta<br />
These were raised sometime <strong>in</strong> late 1781 to assist <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> Savannah. Their numbers were probably not<br />
very great, probably less than 100.<br />
400 CLS pp. 353, 411.<br />
401 CLS p. 410.<br />
402 CLS pp. 414-416<br />
101
Miscellaneous<br />
* West Florida Royal Foresters<br />
There were loyalists <strong>in</strong> Pensacola, FL from which a unit was formed called <strong>the</strong> West Florida Royal Foresters.<br />
Small loyalist military groups were also to be found <strong>in</strong> present day Mississippi <strong>and</strong> Louisiana.<br />
German 403<br />
This list does not <strong>in</strong>clude all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> German regiments which served at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston <strong>in</strong> May 1780.<br />
Those not listed here left Charleston for New York <strong>in</strong> early June 1780. With <strong>the</strong> two very important exceptions <strong>of</strong><br />
von Bose <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Feld Jägers Korps, <strong>the</strong> Germans were normally kept as garrison troops while <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south due to<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir tendency to desert. Indeed, even <strong>the</strong> von Bose regiment was not immune to <strong>the</strong> problem, <strong>and</strong> many slipped<br />
away from its ranks when Cornwallis was at Ramseur’s Mill <strong>in</strong> late Jan. 1781. 404<br />
* d’Angelleli, also Regiment von d’Angelleli, (formerly Regt. von Rall) -- Hesse-Cassel<br />
Von d’Angelleli was <strong>in</strong> Savannah at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> its defense <strong>in</strong> October 1780. They were moved to Charleston <strong>in</strong><br />
July 1780, <strong>and</strong> stayed <strong>the</strong>re till November 1782.<br />
* von Bose, also Regiment von Bose, (prior to 1778 denoted von Trümbach) -- Hesse-Cassel<br />
Von Bose came south to Charleston with Leslie <strong>in</strong> December 1780, <strong>and</strong> soon follow<strong>in</strong>g this became a permanent<br />
part <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ army.<br />
* von Dittfurth, also Regiment von Ditfurth -- Hesse-Cassel<br />
Von Dittfurth arrived <strong>in</strong> Charleston <strong>in</strong> April 1780. Thereafter <strong>the</strong>y served as a garrison regiment until November<br />
1782 when <strong>the</strong>y departed for New York.<br />
* von Huyn, also Regiment von Huyn, <strong>and</strong> von Huyne, <strong>and</strong> later retitled von Benn<strong>in</strong>g -- Hesse-Cassel<br />
Von Huyn came south with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>in</strong> January 1780 where it stayed as garrison regiment (be<strong>in</strong>g renamed <strong>in</strong> that<br />
year “von Benn<strong>in</strong>g”) until leav<strong>in</strong>g Charleston <strong>in</strong> November 1782. The units previous <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, Maj. Gen.<br />
Johann Christoph von Huyn, ac<strong>com</strong>panied Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s expedition to Charleston, <strong>and</strong> also left with <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er<br />
<strong>in</strong> chief when <strong>the</strong> latter returned to New York; only to succumb to consumption on 25 July 1780. 405<br />
* von Knoblauch, also Regiment von Knoblauch, (formerly von Wissenbach) -- Hesse-Cassel<br />
Von Knoblauch served at <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> Savannah <strong>in</strong> 1779, <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ally left <strong>the</strong>re <strong>in</strong> August 1782.<br />
German Detachments<br />
* Hesse Cassel artillery <strong>com</strong>pany -- Hesse-Cassel<br />
There were up to three <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> Hessian artillerymen that arrived at Charleston with Leslie <strong>in</strong> December.<br />
1780.<br />
* Jäger Corps, also Jaeger Corps -- Anspach-Bayreuth 406 with some likely <strong>in</strong>cluded from Hesse-Cassel<br />
This unit was at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charleston, <strong>and</strong> was one <strong>of</strong> those which went back to New York with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton. Later<br />
about a 100 men arrived at Charleston <strong>in</strong> December 1780 with Leslie’s re<strong>in</strong>forcement. Follow<strong>in</strong>g this <strong>the</strong>y served<br />
with Cornwallis until Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton where <strong>the</strong>y were left to be later on November 18, 1781 removed to Charleston<br />
when <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a seaport town was evacuated.<br />
* Starckl<strong>of</strong>f’s Troop <strong>of</strong> Light Dragoons, Hesse-Cassel<br />
In April 1781, Capt. Friedrich Starckl<strong>of</strong>f’s troop <strong>of</strong> light dragoons was formed from 60 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
three Hessian regiments <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. It was active until at least <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> 1781. Pay records for <strong>the</strong> unit<br />
give a 1 April 1781 start<strong>in</strong>g date, <strong>and</strong> count 53 rank <strong>and</strong> file, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se 32 fit for duty, <strong>and</strong> with 8 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong><br />
supernumeraries. 407<br />
403 Although <strong>the</strong> vast majority <strong>of</strong> such units which served <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south were from Hesse-Cassel (or <strong>in</strong> more proper German,<br />
“Hessen-Kassel”), <strong>the</strong> German states that contributed mercenaries to Brita<strong>in</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> American war <strong>in</strong> all <strong>in</strong>cluded: Anhalt-<br />
Zerbst, Anspach-Bayreuth, Braunschweig (Brunswick), Hanover, Hessen-Hanau, Hessen-Kassel, Waldeck.<br />
404 Garden: “Had but <strong>the</strong> opportunity been afforded to <strong>the</strong> battalions <strong>of</strong> Hesse, few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir number would ever have returned to<br />
Germany. Fourteen <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se unfortunates, detected on one occasion <strong>in</strong> an attempt to escape, were found by our patrol, near<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir outposts, cut up to atoms. And <strong>the</strong>re need no stronger pro<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir anxiety to rema<strong>in</strong>, than to mention, that on <strong>the</strong> night<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> evacuation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city [Charleston], considerably upwards <strong>of</strong> one hundred Germans were brought to <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> Guard, who<br />
had concealed <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> chim<strong>in</strong>ies [chimneys] <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon sewers, risk<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir lives, <strong>and</strong> support<strong>in</strong>g for many days all <strong>the</strong><br />
miseries <strong>of</strong> hunger <strong>and</strong> thirst, ra<strong>the</strong>r than return to <strong>the</strong>ir Pr<strong>in</strong>ce, <strong>and</strong> soil <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir nativity.” GAR1 p. 307.<br />
405 See USC pp. 365-397 for <strong>the</strong> diary <strong>of</strong> Maj. Gen. von Huyn.<br />
406 As per Babits, BLO pp.80-82; though typically reference is made elsewhere to <strong>the</strong>se jaegers as be<strong>in</strong>g from Hesse Cassel.<br />
407 See CLS pp. 463-464.<br />
102
103
104
“The Rebellion <strong>in</strong> America was at its last gasp;<br />
<strong>and</strong> a very few more month’s escape from disaster<br />
on our side promised us every good effect <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
most decisive victory, by <strong>in</strong>sur<strong>in</strong>g to Great Brita<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> future dependence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> revolted colonies on a<br />
firm <strong>and</strong> permanent basis. For it was well known<br />
at <strong>the</strong> time that <strong>the</strong> French would not (we now say<br />
could not) assist <strong>the</strong> Americans beyond <strong>the</strong><br />
campaign <strong>of</strong> ‘81, <strong>and</strong> that America without such<br />
assistance could not resist.”<br />
~~ Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton 408<br />
408 CAR p. 293.<br />
105
106
DECEMBER 1779<br />
1 December. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Maj. Gen. Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s estimation, <strong>the</strong> total effective strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> district <strong>of</strong> New York on 1 December 1779 was not more than 18,538; plus an additional 6,000 sick<br />
<strong>and</strong> unfit for duty most <strong>of</strong> whom, it was anticipated, would not be well <strong>and</strong> ready till at least Spr<strong>in</strong>g -– with a<br />
gr<strong>and</strong> total <strong>the</strong>n <strong>of</strong> 24,538. 409<br />
Stationed at Savannah, Georgia at this same time were <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
* Key (i.e., #/#): Rank <strong>and</strong> file/Full total<br />
“Rank <strong>and</strong> File” refers to corporals <strong>and</strong> privates only.<br />
“Full total,” <strong>in</strong> addition to corporals <strong>and</strong> privates, <strong>in</strong>cludes regular <strong>of</strong>ficers, NCOs, supernumeraries, musicians or full total<br />
effectives. Both “Rank <strong>and</strong> File” <strong>and</strong> “Full Total,” unless noted o<strong>the</strong>rwise, represent fit for duty, <strong>and</strong> do not <strong>in</strong>clude sick,<br />
miss<strong>in</strong>g, those <strong>in</strong> captivity, etc.<br />
Maj. Gen. August<strong>in</strong>e Prevost, first <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Savannah<br />
Lieut. Col. Friedrich von Porbeck, second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
BRITISH<br />
16 th Regiment <strong>of</strong> Foot<br />
71 st Regt. <strong>of</strong> Foot (2 battalions)<br />
GERMAN<br />
Hessians<br />
Regt. von d’Angelleli, Col. J. C. von Köehler<br />
Regt. von Knoblauch, (von Porbeck)<br />
PROVINCIALS AND LOYALIST MILITIA<br />
1 st Bttn. Delancey’s Brigade, Lieut. Col. John Harris Cruger<br />
3 rd Bttn. New Jersey Volunteers, Lieut. Col. Isaac Allen<br />
New York Volunteers, Lieut. Col. George Turnbull<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists, Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Innes, 205/259 410<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers, Lieut. Col. Thomas Brown, 99/125 411<br />
Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt., Lieut. Col. John Hamilton<br />
Georgia Loyalists, Maj. James Wright, Jr., 98/138 412<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Loyalist Militia, Capt. Samuel Rowarth, Capt. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Wylly 413<br />
Second Troop <strong>of</strong> Georgia Light Dragoons, Capt. Archibald Campbell, 24/31 414<br />
At <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Savannah <strong>in</strong> October 1779, <strong>the</strong>re were 2,350 British, German <strong>and</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial troops <strong>in</strong> Georgia, all<br />
situated with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce’s capital. British casualties at <strong>the</strong> siege were so relatively light that <strong>the</strong> garrison by<br />
December would not have been less than 2,250-2,300 men -- if that low. 415<br />
With respect to American forces at or around this time, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton had about 18,000 total Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
around north New Jersey (Morristown, <strong>the</strong> army’s ma<strong>in</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter cantonment, <strong>and</strong> also Monmouth), east <strong>and</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>ast New York (West Po<strong>in</strong>t, Suffern, New W<strong>in</strong>dsor) <strong>and</strong> Connecticut (Danbury.) This number was exclusive<br />
<strong>of</strong> temporary militia that could be called up nearby, <strong>and</strong> does not count Maj. Gen. Benjam<strong>in</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln’s force <strong>in</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a; nor <strong>the</strong> 828 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals (both <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men) <strong>and</strong> 2,500 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals<br />
which were en route to Charlestown at this time. 416 The North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians marched from New W<strong>in</strong>dsor, New York<br />
409 CAR p. 152n. Alternatively, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a historian Edward McCrady gives us <strong>the</strong>se figures: “The number <strong>of</strong> British troops <strong>in</strong><br />
America on <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>of</strong> December, 1779, amounted to 38,569, which were distributed as follows: New York <strong>and</strong> its dependencies,<br />
28,756 [<strong>in</strong> contrast to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s 24,538]; Halifax <strong>and</strong> Penobscot, 3460; Georgia, 3930; West Florida, 1787; Bermuda <strong>and</strong><br />
Providence Isl<strong>and</strong>, 636. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s army, as we have seen, was nom<strong>in</strong>ally 27,000 strong. It was apparently practicable,<br />
<strong>the</strong>refore, now that D’Esta<strong>in</strong>g had gone to <strong>the</strong> West Indies <strong>and</strong> left <strong>the</strong> coast clear, <strong>and</strong> now that he had <strong>the</strong> fleet under<br />
Arbuthnot to convoy his army, for Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to transport a sufficient force to strike a successful blow <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> months <strong>in</strong> which operations were suspended at <strong>the</strong> North.” McCrady <strong>in</strong> turn cites “British Forces <strong>in</strong> America,”<br />
summaries from State Papers Office, London; Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Writ<strong>in</strong>gs, vol. V, [p.] 542. Annual Register (1780), vol. XXIII, [p.]<br />
217.” MSC1 p. 426. In all, McCrady sums would seem to be excessive <strong>and</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s totals more correct, but are <strong>in</strong>cluded here for<br />
greater thoroughness.<br />
410 1 Dec. 1779.<br />
411 For 29 Nov. 1779, CLS p. 51.<br />
412 Abercorn, Georgia, 6 Dec. 1779, CLS pp. 435-436. In Feb. 1780 <strong>the</strong> Wright’s Georgia loyalists numbers were 73/99.<br />
413 Both Rowarth <strong>and</strong> Wylley (pronounced “Willie”) were <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers -- at least Rowarth can be <strong>in</strong>dubitably<br />
confirmed as such. In contrast, McCrady states: “McCall, <strong>the</strong> historian <strong>of</strong> Georgia, represents Wylley as a capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
service, but Browne states that he was one <strong>of</strong> those who had taken <strong>the</strong> oaths <strong>and</strong> obta<strong>in</strong>ed protection, <strong>and</strong> on this occasion [i.e.,<br />
Ma<strong>the</strong>w’s Bluff, see April 1781] acted as guide <strong>and</strong> betrayed <strong>the</strong>m.” MSC2 259n. One possible explanation <strong>the</strong>n is that Wylley<br />
took protection but <strong>the</strong>n (somehow) obta<strong>in</strong>ed a <strong>com</strong>mission; or else <strong>the</strong>re were two “Wylleys.” McCrady notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g,<br />
Brown’s biographer Edward Cash<strong>in</strong> concurs with McCall <strong>and</strong> assumes Wylley to have been a Capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers.<br />
414 30 Nov 1779, CLS p. 453.<br />
415 CGA p. 137, LSY p. 286.<br />
416 MSC1 p. 426, On average it took three months for a unit <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s march<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> Hudson to reach Charlestown. By<br />
contrast, a British unit carried by ship from New York, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> good wea<strong>the</strong>r, could arrive at <strong>the</strong> same <strong>in</strong> ten days. MSC1 p. 426.<br />
For fur<strong>the</strong>r regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s army <strong>in</strong> late 1779 <strong>and</strong> early 1780, see also MSC1 p. 837 (<strong>and</strong> which <strong>in</strong>cludes<br />
107
on 23 November 1779, <strong>and</strong> reached L<strong>in</strong>coln by 3 March 1780; while <strong>the</strong> last <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals<br />
dispatched southward left Morristown, N.J. on 12 December <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>mselves did not reach Charlestown till 7<br />
April. As well that same November, Baylor’s dragoons, viz. <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light dragoons under Lieut. Col.<br />
William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, number<strong>in</strong>g some 125 men, had been ordered south also. And though, as we shall see, Sir<br />
Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s army <strong>and</strong> ships suffered terribly <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir subsequent sea voyage south, at Morrristown <strong>in</strong> flimsy<br />
huts, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s men were go<strong>in</strong>g through what would end up be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> worst <strong>and</strong> most severe w<strong>in</strong>ter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
conflict (even <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 1777-1778, <strong>the</strong> period <strong>of</strong> Valley Forge.) 417<br />
In <strong>the</strong> deep south, most American forces were situated <strong>in</strong> Charlestown, under <strong>the</strong> leadership <strong>of</strong> Maj. Benjam<strong>in</strong><br />
L<strong>in</strong>coln <strong>of</strong> Massachusetts. The American cont<strong>in</strong>gent <strong>the</strong>re that, by April 1780, would ultimately face Cl<strong>in</strong>ton<br />
would be <strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> ten “weak” Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>and</strong> State regiments from Georgia, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia –- for a total effective force <strong>of</strong> roughly about 4,000 (or 3,600 rank <strong>and</strong> file), which<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded 1,000 South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> 1,000 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia. 418<br />
However, prior to April L<strong>in</strong>coln, i.e., at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> January 1780, had reported to Congress he <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed only<br />
1,400 Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> cavalry fit for duty along with 1,000 N.C. militia. The Cont<strong>in</strong>entals at that time<br />
were primarily from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, with also two Virg<strong>in</strong>ia battalion detachments <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r from North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a. By February 1,248 N.C. militia had reached city. The rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln’s aforesaid 4,000<br />
subsequently came <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals arriv<strong>in</strong>g as re<strong>in</strong>forcements (see 7<br />
April.) 419<br />
L<strong>in</strong>coln’s navy, ber<strong>the</strong>d at Charlestown, consisted <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>and</strong> S.C. Navy ships under Commodore Abraham<br />
Whipple, with Capt. Hoysted Hacker, second <strong>in</strong> charge, <strong>and</strong> stood thus:<br />
Frigates: Bricole 44 guns; Providence 32 guns; Boston 32 guns; Queen <strong>of</strong> France 28 guns; L’Adventure 26 guns;<br />
Truite 26 guns, also Ranger 20 guns.<br />
Brigs: General L<strong>in</strong>coln (later renamed General Moultrie) 20 guns; Notre Dame 16 guns<br />
All seamen present <strong>in</strong> port or <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town were impressed to serve ei<strong>the</strong>r on <strong>the</strong> ships or on l<strong>and</strong>. 420<br />
McCrady: “L<strong>in</strong>coln’s force at this time consisted <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, which were now so reduced<br />
by death, desertion, battles, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> expiration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir terms <strong>of</strong> service, that <strong>the</strong>y did not exceed 800; a<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, under Lieutenant Colonel William Heth, number<strong>in</strong>g about 400, which had<br />
arrived <strong>the</strong> December before; <strong>and</strong> a body <strong>of</strong> cavalry, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Colonel [Daniel] Horry’s dragoons; <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>s<br />
<strong>of</strong> Pulaski’s legion [that had undergone severe losses at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Savannah <strong>in</strong> 1779], under, Major [Pierre-<br />
François] Vernier, which, however, all toge<strong>the</strong>r did not muster but 379 men. Except<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> militia, L<strong>in</strong>coln’s<br />
whole force, <strong>the</strong>refore, at this time [Dec.-Jan.], did not muster 1600 men. Of <strong>the</strong> militia he had about 2000,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Charlestown battalion <strong>of</strong> artillery, Colonel [Maurice] Simons’s Charlestown Regiment, <strong>and</strong> [Brig.]<br />
General [Alex<strong>and</strong>er] Lill<strong>in</strong>gton’s North Carol<strong>in</strong>a [militia] Brigade.” 421<br />
4 December. British <strong>and</strong> Hessian units <strong>in</strong> New York scheduled to leave with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton for <strong>the</strong> conquest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>as received <strong>the</strong>ir orders to pack <strong>the</strong>ir baggage <strong>and</strong> equipment <strong>and</strong> prepare for embarkation. 422<br />
16 December. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s forces began board<strong>in</strong>g ships <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> East River for <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tended capture <strong>of</strong> Charlestown<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> subjugation <strong>of</strong> rebel controlled South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. They were supposed to have departed on <strong>the</strong> 19 th , but<br />
extreme cold postponed load<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> not all vessels could reach <strong>the</strong> embarkation po<strong>in</strong>t until 21 December. When<br />
<strong>the</strong>y did start sail<strong>in</strong>g, one ship, Pan, was destroyed due to ice floes forc<strong>in</strong>g it aground on Long Isl<strong>and</strong> shore. Six<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r transports were disabled by ice, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>capacitated entirely. Transfer <strong>of</strong> men <strong>and</strong> materials from those<br />
ships <strong>the</strong>n fur<strong>the</strong>r delayed <strong>the</strong> expedition ano<strong>the</strong>r ten days. 423<br />
Sir Henry’s force, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g convoy, consisted as follows:<br />
BRITISH<br />
1 st <strong>and</strong> 2 nd Light Infantry Battalions: 800<br />
1 st <strong>and</strong> 2 nd Grenadier Bttns.: 900<br />
7 th Regt.: 400<br />
data from <strong>of</strong>ficial estimates by Maj. Gen. Henry Knox), WAR p. 611, BEA p. 747. Fred Anderson Berg’s Encyclopedia <strong>of</strong><br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army Units, p. 143, Robert K. Wright, The Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army, pp. 153-154.<br />
417 Although <strong>the</strong> 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons had been <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south s<strong>in</strong>ce 1779, <strong>the</strong>ir new colonel, Anthony Walton White, did<br />
not arrive to take <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> until April 1780, i.e., after Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton transferred him from <strong>the</strong> 4 th Light Dragoons. Under<br />
Lieut. Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Temple, <strong>the</strong> 1 st Dragoons eighty or so troopers had participated <strong>in</strong> Pulaski’s ill-fated cavalry assault on<br />
Savannah. Thereafter, <strong>the</strong>y were stationed near Augusta, until, upon <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong>vasion, <strong>the</strong>y moved to a post 20 miles north <strong>of</strong><br />
Charlestown at Bacon’s Bridge under Maj. John Jameson, whom White later superceded. HWW pp. 51-52. BSC pp. 36-37.<br />
418 TCS p. 13, RSC2 p. 46, MLW4A pp. 133-135, MSC1 pp. 427-428, BEA p. 208.<br />
419 BSC p. 38. See 17 April 1780 for more details on specific units, artillery, <strong>and</strong> American <strong>and</strong> French naval forces present.<br />
420 The S.C. Navy had obta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Bricole <strong>and</strong> Truite (both former transports), <strong>and</strong> L’Aventure from <strong>the</strong> French. The Queen <strong>of</strong><br />
France may have orig<strong>in</strong>ated with <strong>the</strong> French similarly, but this (per this writer at any rate) is as yet unclear. MLW4A p. 138, BSC<br />
pp. 39, 45, 47, 73. The Providence, Boston, Ranger, <strong>and</strong> General L<strong>in</strong>coln (aka General Moultrie) had been sent to Charlestown<br />
by order <strong>of</strong> Congress on 10 November 1779. MSC1 pp. 429, 442.<br />
421 MSC1 pp. 427-28.<br />
422 USC pp. 367-368.<br />
423 USC pp. 104-111, 368, AR80 pp. 217-218, BSC p. 24.<br />
108
23 rd Regt.: 400<br />
33 rd Regt.: 450,<br />
63 rd Regt.: 400<br />
64 th Regt.: 350<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> 17 th Light Dragoons<br />
Guides <strong>and</strong> Pioneers: 150<br />
Royal Artillery: 200<br />
GERMAN<br />
Hessian Grenadiers: 1,000, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
1 st Bttn. Grenadiere von L<strong>in</strong>s<strong>in</strong>gen, Lieut. Col. Otto Christian W. von L<strong>in</strong>s<strong>in</strong>gen<br />
2 nd Bttn. Grenadiere von Lengerke, Lieut. Col. George Emmanuel von Lengerke<br />
3 rd Bttn. Grenadiere von M<strong>in</strong>nigerode, Col. Friedrich Henry von Schuler<br />
4 th Bttn. Grenadiere von Graff, Lieut. Col. von Graff<br />
Regt. von Huyne: 800, Col. Friedrich von Benn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Jägers: 200, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
2 nd Company, Anspach-Bayreuth Jäegers<br />
Hesse Cassel Jägers (1 <strong>com</strong>pany)<br />
Hesse-Cassel chasseur <strong>com</strong>pany, Capt. George Hanger<br />
Hessian artillery detachment<br />
PROVINCIALS<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt.: 100, Col. Edmund Fann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Loyal American Volunteers: 300, Maj. Patrick Ferguson<br />
British Legion, cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry: 200, Lieut. Col. Banastre Tarleton<br />
Also ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g Cl<strong>in</strong>ton were 250 Hessian <strong>and</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial recruits for <strong>the</strong> regiments garrison<strong>in</strong>g Savannah.<br />
Among <strong>the</strong> higher rank<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers with him were Lieut. Gen. Charles Lord Cornwallis, Maj. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er<br />
Leslie, Maj. Gen. Henry Julian Kospoth, Maj. Gen. J. C. von Huyne, <strong>and</strong> Brig. Gen. James Paterson. Col. Francis<br />
Lord Rawdon, who would subsequently play a major role <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn campaigns, was not with <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>itial<br />
<strong>in</strong>vasion force, but arrived later, on 17 April, with a follow-up convoy <strong>of</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements. General Lieut. Gen.<br />
Wilhem Von Knyphausen meanwhile was left <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> British forces <strong>in</strong> New York. 424<br />
TOTAL LAND FORCES UNDER CLINTON: 6,650-7,000 rank <strong>and</strong> file<br />
Historian Henry Carr<strong>in</strong>gton gives a total <strong>of</strong> 7,550, not <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Hessian recruits. Subtract<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 42 nd<br />
Regiment (700) <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers (200) which Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>in</strong>correctly <strong>in</strong>cludes <strong>in</strong> his list (<strong>the</strong>se units came<br />
on 17 April), makes for 6,650. Add<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> 2,566 rank <strong>and</strong> file effectives <strong>of</strong> 18 April, m<strong>in</strong>us those<br />
not fit for duty -- thus gett<strong>in</strong>g a 1,863 rank <strong>and</strong> file fit for duty total for <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements -- would br<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s total rank <strong>and</strong> file force by late April to 8,513. Add<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>plete 2,566 re<strong>in</strong>forcement gives (as an<br />
approximation) 9,216 total at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege proper, not <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g sailors or mar<strong>in</strong>es. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>in</strong> his<br />
memoirs states that his <strong>in</strong>itial expeditionary total did not exceed 7,000; which roughly corresponds with<br />
Carr<strong>in</strong>gton’s figure as adjusted. Both Boatner <strong>and</strong> Borick, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, give <strong>the</strong> total <strong>of</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s<br />
expedition (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> April 18 re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>and</strong> not count<strong>in</strong>g sailors <strong>and</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>es) as 8,700 effectives. 425<br />
Capt. Johannes Ewald <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hesse-Cassel Jägers: “On 16 th , 17 th , 18 th <strong>and</strong> 19 th <strong>of</strong> December <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
embarked <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> East River at New York. Under Generals Cornwallis, Huyn[e], Kospoth <strong>and</strong> Paterson<br />
1. 280 Hessian <strong>and</strong> Anspach Jagers<br />
2. Two battalions <strong>of</strong> English light <strong>in</strong>fantry, reckoned at 1,000 men, under Colonel [Robert] Abercromby<br />
<strong>and</strong> Major [Thomas] Dundas.<br />
3. Two battalions <strong>of</strong> English grenadiers <strong>of</strong> 1,000 men under <strong>the</strong> two colonels [John] Yorke <strong>and</strong> [Henry]<br />
Hope.<br />
4. Four battalions <strong>of</strong> Hessian grenadiers under lieutenant colonels L<strong>in</strong>s<strong>in</strong>g, [Lt. Col. Georg Emanuel von]<br />
Lengerke, [Lt. Col. Ferd<strong>in</strong><strong>and</strong> Henrich von] Schuler, <strong>and</strong> Graff.<br />
5. The 7 th , 23 d , 33 d , 63 d , <strong>and</strong> 64 th English regiments.<br />
6. The Hessian Regiment Huyn.<br />
7. The British Legion under Colonel Tarleton.<br />
8. A <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th Regiment <strong>of</strong> Light Dragoons.<br />
9. A <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> Bucks County, Pennsylvania refugees. [under Capt. Evan Thomas <strong>of</strong> Pennsylvania.]<br />
10. The [Capt. John] Althouse sharpshooter <strong>com</strong>pany. 426<br />
424 SAW2 p. 176, WAR2 pp. 695-696.<br />
425 CAR pp. 152n, 167n, CBA pp. 493-494, BEA p. 206, LSY pp. 288-289.<br />
426 This unit along with 250 Hessian replacement recruits for Savannah, plus 150 Hesse <strong>and</strong> Anspach chasseurs, ended up l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong> Cornwall, Engl<strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> Anna. USC pp. 106n-107n.<br />
109
11. The Scottish corps [Loyal American Volunteers] under Major [Patrick] Ferguson.<br />
12. One hundred Hessian volunteers drawn from all <strong>the</strong> regiments under Sir George Hanger, who served as<br />
a volunteer with <strong>the</strong> Jager Corps.<br />
13. 250 English <strong>and</strong> Hessian bombardiers <strong>and</strong> gunners under Majors [Peter] Traille <strong>and</strong> [Capt. Robert]<br />
Coll<strong>in</strong>s, which were equipped with all <strong>the</strong> necessities for a siege.<br />
14. 200 pontoniers <strong>and</strong> pioneers.<br />
“The entire corps numbered between 7,000 <strong>and</strong> 8,000.” 427<br />
Historian Carl P. Borick states that for <strong>the</strong> campaign Cl<strong>in</strong>ton amassed a force <strong>of</strong> 8,708 men; as much as Burgoyne<br />
but (cit<strong>in</strong>g Cl<strong>in</strong>ton) 16,000 less than Howe had available to him. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s <strong>in</strong>itial fleet consisted <strong>of</strong> 100 ships <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se 88 transports, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>cluded tents, bedd<strong>in</strong>g, cloth<strong>in</strong>g, entrench<strong>in</strong>g tools, artillery, gunpowder, food<br />
stores, <strong>and</strong> horses. As protection were five ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e; that is, one fifty gun ship, 2 forty-four gun ships,<br />
four frigates, <strong>and</strong> two sloops. 428<br />
CLINTON’S NAVAL STRENGTH:<br />
Vice Admiral Marriot Arbuthnot, naval <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> chief<br />
Royal Navy personnel: 4,000 to 5,000 sailors <strong>and</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>es.<br />
There were 90 transports <strong>in</strong> all, with enough to carry 8,500 troops, plus <strong>the</strong> 396 horses brought along. 18 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
transports carried necessary supplies <strong>and</strong> ordnance.<br />
The above were escorted by a convoy <strong>of</strong> warships <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
Europe, 64 guns; Russell, 74 guns; Robuste, 74 guns; Defiance, 64 guns; Raisonable, 64 guns; Renown, 50 guns;<br />
Romulus, 44 guns; Roebuck, 44 guns; Blonde, 32 guns; Perseus, 32 guns; Camilla, 20 guns; Raleigh, 28 guns;<br />
Richmond, 32 guns; Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, 28 guns 429<br />
Ewald: “The entire fleet consisted <strong>of</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> thirty-three sail, among which were a number <strong>of</strong> onemasters<br />
which had on board <strong>the</strong> horses for <strong>the</strong> dragoons, <strong>the</strong> mounted <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery.” 430<br />
19 December. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s expedition left New York harbor for Charlestown. 431<br />
Ewald: “The jägers, who were embarked last, left <strong>the</strong>ir miserable w<strong>in</strong>ter quarters early on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
December 19 full <strong>of</strong> joy. These quarters consisted only <strong>of</strong> half-f<strong>in</strong>ished huts <strong>and</strong> destroyed houses. Moreover, a<br />
very severe w<strong>in</strong>ter threatened us, with little wood available. Our <strong>com</strong>rades who had to rema<strong>in</strong> beh<strong>in</strong>d wished us<br />
all bless<strong>in</strong>gs on our journey <strong>and</strong> would have gladly exchanged <strong>the</strong>ir lot for ours…” 432<br />
26 December. With Vice Admiral (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Blue) Marriot Arbuthnot giv<strong>in</strong>g signal to weigh anchor, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s<br />
expedition left S<strong>and</strong>y Hook, New Jersey 433 on a voyage that would end up last<strong>in</strong>g (for most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ships) around<br />
thirty-eight days -– for a trip that ord<strong>in</strong>arily would have required only about ten.<br />
However, on <strong>the</strong> 27 th <strong>the</strong>y were struck by a sharp squall that cont<strong>in</strong>ued unabated till <strong>the</strong> 29 th . 434<br />
Ewald: “On <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 27 th we lost sight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> coast <strong>and</strong> sailed SSE. Toward noon <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d turned NE<br />
<strong>and</strong> became stronger hour by hour, so that a very severe storm arose which cont<strong>in</strong>ued until <strong>the</strong> 30 th . The w<strong>in</strong>d<br />
turned SE <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> fleet had to tack about.” 435<br />
427 EHJ p. 190. There is reason to believe that Ewald’s Diary describes events <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day prior to <strong>the</strong> given entry date, ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
than events <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> date given <strong>in</strong> his entry, though this isn’t always clear. None<strong>the</strong>less, we here will usually (unless <strong>in</strong>formed<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise) place a passage <strong>of</strong> Ewald’s accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> date he gives. See for example EHJ p. 335.<br />
428 USC pp. 104-111, BSC p. 23<br />
429 EHJ p. 192, CBA p. 494.<br />
430 EHJ p. 192.<br />
431 EHJ pp. 190, 193, USC pp. 104-111, 369.<br />
432 EHJ pp. 190, 193.<br />
433 For a large fleet, S<strong>and</strong>y Hook was usually two days out <strong>of</strong> New York City, with possibly a stop at Staten Isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> between.<br />
434 USC pp. 104-115, AR80 pp. 217-218, RSC2 pp. 47, TCS p. 4, GHA3 p. 346, CAR p. 159-160, MSC1 pp. 430-431, WAR2 pp. 695-<br />
696, LSY p. 42.<br />
435 EHJ pp. 190, 193.<br />
110
JANUARY 1780<br />
1-6 January. A second storm, this time <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g ra<strong>in</strong>, hail <strong>and</strong> snow took place. On <strong>the</strong> 9 th , yet a third tempest<br />
blew, <strong>and</strong> a week later even more turbulent wea<strong>the</strong>r wracked <strong>the</strong> fleet. Gale w<strong>in</strong>ds dismasted many ships, some<br />
develop<strong>in</strong>g serious leaks; while o<strong>the</strong>rs were <strong>com</strong>pletely lost. Both convoy <strong>and</strong> transport vessels, <strong>in</strong> general, were<br />
separated far <strong>and</strong> wide from each o<strong>the</strong>r. One transport, <strong>the</strong> Anna with 200 Hessians on board, was caught <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Gulf Stream <strong>and</strong> was blown so far across <strong>the</strong> Atlantic it l<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Cornwall. As well, a few disabled ships were<br />
seized by American privateers. One ship sunk, <strong>the</strong> Russia Merchant, was an ordnance ship carry<strong>in</strong>g most <strong>of</strong><br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s artillery. Many supply stores, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery, <strong>and</strong> all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry horses were also lost <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
voyage. The horses were ei<strong>the</strong>r thrown overboard, had had <strong>the</strong>ir legs broken by <strong>the</strong> violent rock<strong>in</strong>g motion <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> ships (<strong>and</strong> consequently had to be destroyed), or else (though less likely) were lost with <strong>the</strong> captured ships.<br />
At least two ships lost <strong>the</strong>ir supply <strong>of</strong> rum, which only made <strong>the</strong> sea journey more difficult for <strong>the</strong>ir passengers.<br />
Much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fleet was pushed <strong>in</strong>to Gulf Stream; thus leng<strong>the</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> duration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir voyage to <strong>the</strong> rendezvous<br />
po<strong>in</strong>t at Tybee, Georgia. 436<br />
Diary <strong>of</strong> Hessian jaeger, Capt. Johann H<strong>in</strong>richs:<br />
“[Jan. 5.] This morn<strong>in</strong>g we sailed for a few hours, but <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> storm began to rage aga<strong>in</strong> so violently that<br />
toward noon it was necessary to lash <strong>the</strong> helm aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> furl all, sails except one. The entire day <strong>and</strong> night one<br />
could see <strong>and</strong> hear noth<strong>in</strong>g but <strong>the</strong> flags <strong>and</strong> shots <strong>of</strong> ships <strong>in</strong> distress. However, no one could go to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
assistance. At noon our ship, too, sprung a leak below <strong>the</strong> cab<strong>in</strong>, near <strong>the</strong> helm. But it was easily stopped s<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
one could get to it without trouble. The w<strong>in</strong>d was NW. <strong>and</strong> we stood SW…<br />
“[Jan. 8.] The w<strong>in</strong>d was as violent as before, <strong>and</strong> from yesterday noon until noon today it was SW. The ship<br />
drifted WSW. In <strong>the</strong> afternoon we caught a shark. It weighed about two hundred pounds <strong>and</strong> measured n<strong>in</strong>e feet<br />
<strong>and</strong> two <strong>and</strong> one-half <strong>in</strong>ches from head to tail. I kept a piece <strong>of</strong> its sk<strong>in</strong>, which is so sharp that it can be used as<br />
a f<strong>in</strong>e saw <strong>in</strong> a mechanic’s shop…<br />
“[Jan 9.] Up to midnight last night we had a SW. storm; about twelve o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d was WSW.,<br />
<strong>and</strong> around ten o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g it was N. by W. The helm was unlashed, <strong>and</strong> we made n<strong>in</strong>e miles W. by N.<br />
before two <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>: afternoon. At two o’clock <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d veered to <strong>the</strong> north <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> storm abated. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
night <strong>the</strong>re was a calm.<br />
“[Jan. 10.] At seven o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g we aga<strong>in</strong> raised <strong>the</strong> top-yard <strong>and</strong> set all ma<strong>in</strong>sails. We were fifty-five<br />
ships. Around ten o’clock <strong>the</strong>re came a gentle breeze from S. by W., before which we stood W. by N. In a short<br />
time <strong>the</strong> sea had be<strong>com</strong>e so calm <strong>and</strong> looked so <strong>in</strong>nocent that one could almost <strong>com</strong>e to love this treacherous<br />
element. We were especially happy because not a s<strong>in</strong>gle jager had be<strong>com</strong>e ill, <strong>and</strong> flattered ourselves that we<br />
would be able to l<strong>and</strong> with<strong>in</strong> a few days; however, at two o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d veered to W.<br />
“[Jan. 11.] This morn<strong>in</strong>g we had a head w<strong>in</strong>d (SW.), <strong>and</strong> every <strong>in</strong>ch we moved we went far<strong>the</strong>r from our<br />
dest<strong>in</strong>ation. We plied from S. to N. <strong>and</strong> from N. to S. In <strong>the</strong> afternoon <strong>the</strong>re was a little mut<strong>in</strong>y among <strong>the</strong> crew,<br />
who <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>ed to <strong>the</strong> ship’s master about <strong>the</strong>ir rations. But everyth<strong>in</strong>g was adjusted…<br />
“[Jan. 13.] Everyth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same! Still a westerly w<strong>in</strong>d! We cruised up <strong>and</strong> down. Terrible wea<strong>the</strong>r! Snow, ra<strong>in</strong>,<br />
hail, storm, foam<strong>in</strong>g waves <strong>and</strong> bitter cold! Toward noon <strong>the</strong> Judith transport, carry<strong>in</strong>g fasc<strong>in</strong>es <strong>and</strong> eng<strong>in</strong>eers,<br />
hoisted a flag <strong>of</strong> distress. She had sprung a leak <strong>and</strong>, fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, had lost all her yards. She approached <strong>the</strong><br />
flagship <strong>and</strong> obta<strong>in</strong>ed assistance. Toward even<strong>in</strong>g it cleared up, but <strong>the</strong> blue horizon was a forebod<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> severe<br />
cold. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d veered somewhat to N., so that it was about NW. We stood WSW. <strong>and</strong> were<br />
hop<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d to shift still more to <strong>the</strong> north. With such hopes we slept fairly well, especially s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong><br />
ship did not roll as much as usual, for snow <strong>and</strong> ra<strong>in</strong> had beaten down <strong>the</strong> waves somewhat.<br />
“[Jan 14.] However, we had hoped <strong>in</strong> va<strong>in</strong>; <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> same, back<strong>in</strong>g even more to <strong>the</strong> westward <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g. We cruised up <strong>and</strong> down. The wea<strong>the</strong>r was ra<strong>the</strong>r good, but <strong>the</strong>re was no <strong>in</strong>dication <strong>of</strong> any change<br />
<strong>of</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d <strong>in</strong> spite <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong> moon entered <strong>the</strong> first quarter <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon...” 437<br />
24 January. On this date from Charlestown, Maj. Gen. Benjam<strong>in</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln wrote Brig. Gen. James Hogun <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a L<strong>in</strong>e (on his way south with his unit as a re<strong>in</strong>forcement from Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton.): “By what we<br />
learn from a vessel brought <strong>in</strong> here yesterday, it no longer rema<strong>in</strong>s a doubt but that <strong>the</strong> Enemy mean soon to<br />
<strong>in</strong>vade this State. The latter end <strong>of</strong> Decem. [sic] a large fleet, wt. [with] a number <strong>of</strong> Troops on board, (some<br />
say 10,000,) left <strong>the</strong> Hook [S<strong>and</strong>y Hook], conveyed by n<strong>in</strong>e ships <strong>of</strong> war, six <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, dest<strong>in</strong>ed for<br />
Savannah, from which place we may expect <strong>the</strong>m here. Your early arrival would add much to our safety, <strong>and</strong> is<br />
an event most ardently wished for. I, <strong>the</strong>refore, must entreat you to march <strong>the</strong> Troops under your <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
with all possible dispatch to this place.” 438<br />
31 January. L<strong>in</strong>coln to Lieut. Col. Francis Marion, at Sheldon: “The state <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers is such as to make it<br />
necessary that we draw our force to a po<strong>in</strong>t as much <strong>and</strong> as soon as possible. No troops will be kept <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field,<br />
except two hundred Light Infantry <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Horse. You will, <strong>the</strong>refore, please to select from <strong>the</strong> three regiments<br />
with you, two hundred <strong>of</strong> your best men <strong>and</strong> those who are best clo<strong>the</strong>d, <strong>and</strong> organize <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to a corps with<br />
proper <strong>of</strong>ficers. All <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der, with <strong>the</strong> baggage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole, (sav<strong>in</strong>g such as is absolutely necessary for<br />
Light Troops,) will march immediately to this town. You will please take <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Lt. Infantry untill<br />
[sic] Lt. Col. [William] Henderson arrive, which I expect will be <strong>in</strong> a few days; after that I wish to see you as<br />
soon as may be <strong>in</strong> Charles Town Cross will deliver you this, a letter to Col. [Richard] Parker <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r to Major<br />
436 USC pp. 115-141, 369-371, AR80 pp. 217-218, BSC p. 25.<br />
437 USC pp. 117-141.<br />
438 CNC14 p. 796.<br />
111
[John] Jamieson You will send <strong>the</strong>m on towards Augusta <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon route by four horsemen. Two will guide<br />
Col. Parker to this town by <strong>the</strong> shortest way, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r two will guide Major Jamieson to your camp.” 439<br />
Late January. Due to <strong>the</strong> heavy damage <strong>the</strong> ships underwent from <strong>the</strong> various storms, it was decided by Cl<strong>in</strong>ton<br />
<strong>and</strong> Arbuthnot to l<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Georgia first, ra<strong>the</strong>r than make a direct l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g outside Charlestown as was orig<strong>in</strong>ally<br />
planned. “By <strong>the</strong> last <strong>of</strong> January” <strong>the</strong> first ships had rendezvoused <strong>and</strong> put <strong>in</strong> at Tybee Isl<strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> tip <strong>of</strong><br />
Georgia coast; each ship capta<strong>in</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g prior written <strong>in</strong>struction to do so <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> eventuality <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fleet’s be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
divided. The rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> scattered convoy <strong>and</strong> transport ships arrived at Tybee <strong>in</strong> different groups a number <strong>of</strong><br />
days later (<strong>in</strong>to February.) 440<br />
439 GDH2 pp. 9-10.<br />
440 USC pp. 135-141, 369-371, AR80 pp. 217-218, TCS p. 4, SAW2 p. 176, CAR p. 159, MLW4A pp. 134-135, MSC1 p. 431, FWI p.<br />
164, BEA p. 207.<br />
112
FEBRUARY 1780<br />
Early February. L<strong>in</strong>coln <strong>in</strong>structed his two Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>ental detachments at Augusta, GA., led by Lieut.<br />
Colonels William Heth <strong>and</strong> Richard Parker, to return to Charlestown; meanwhile direct<strong>in</strong>g that battalions <strong>of</strong><br />
Georgia <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia take <strong>the</strong>ir place at Augusta. The Virg<strong>in</strong>ians augmented L<strong>in</strong>coln’s garrison<br />
strength a fur<strong>the</strong>r 350 men.<br />
1 February. By this time, all but 12 vessels <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British expedition had atta<strong>in</strong>ed Tybee. Along <strong>the</strong> way, <strong>the</strong><br />
ordnance ship, <strong>the</strong> Russia Merchant, foundered <strong>and</strong> sank, tak<strong>in</strong>g with her most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery <strong>and</strong> shot; while<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r ship, <strong>the</strong> 64 gun Defiance, lost critical entrench<strong>in</strong>g tools when she went down <strong>of</strong>f Tybee Isl<strong>and</strong>. Not long<br />
afterward, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton sent dispatches to British <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>in</strong> St. August<strong>in</strong>e, Florida <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bahamas ask<strong>in</strong>g that<br />
all <strong>the</strong> artillery <strong>and</strong> supplies that could be spared be sent to Savannah to make up for those lost at sea; which<br />
request was <strong>com</strong>plied with. For a thorough account <strong>of</strong> both <strong>the</strong> voyage itself <strong>and</strong> a list <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ships <strong>and</strong> units that<br />
arrived <strong>in</strong> Georgia at or about this time, see H<strong>in</strong>richs’ diary (USC). 441<br />
Ewald: “Toward morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> air was fair <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> course set W by N. As soon as <strong>the</strong> air cleared up, <strong>the</strong> tongues <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> men loosened aga<strong>in</strong>. About half past three we passed <strong>the</strong> men-<strong>of</strong>-war, which had anchored before <strong>the</strong> bar<br />
because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> depth. At last, about four o’clock, we caught sight with true joy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lighthouse <strong>of</strong><br />
Tybee on <strong>the</strong> coast <strong>of</strong> Georgia. Toward six o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g a large part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fleet anchored safely <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
mouth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Savannah River, where to our joy we found over eighteen sail <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fleet which we had given up<br />
for lost. On <strong>the</strong> 3d I visited several <strong>of</strong> my good friends on board <strong>the</strong>ir ships to hear some news.” 442<br />
2 February. From Tybee, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton ordered Brig. Gen. James Paterson ashore with a detachment <strong>of</strong> about 1200 to<br />
head via Savannah towards Augusta. As part <strong>of</strong> this cont<strong>in</strong>gent, Paterson took with him replacements for <strong>the</strong> 1 st<br />
Battalion <strong>of</strong> Delancey’s Brigade <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> German regiments; both <strong>of</strong> whom were already part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Savannah<br />
garrison. Included with Paterson also were <strong>the</strong> Loyal American Volunteers, Ferguson’s Corps, a detachment <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> dismounted British Legion, 17 th Light Dragoons <strong>and</strong> Cathcart’s Legion [i.e., <strong>the</strong> British Legion]. These latter<br />
cavalry units were directed to collect horses where <strong>the</strong>y could f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m. 443<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “[It was decided] to detach all <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> about 1400 <strong>in</strong>fantry under Brigadier General Paterson [<strong>in</strong><br />
Savannah] to Augusta on <strong>the</strong> upper Savannah by way <strong>of</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g a diversion, while <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> our act<strong>in</strong>g<br />
force, which did not exceed 5000 men, 444 proceeded by sea to lay siege to Charlestown.” 445<br />
3 February. The British <strong>in</strong>vasion hav<strong>in</strong>g forced <strong>the</strong> suspension <strong>of</strong> legislative sessions, <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a assembly<br />
conferred on Gov. John Rutledge wartime dictatorial powers; pend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong>y could once more re-convene<br />
<strong>in</strong> safety. When <strong>the</strong>y did f<strong>in</strong>ally meet aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> January 1782, Rutledge, after almost two years <strong>of</strong> dedicated <strong>and</strong><br />
dist<strong>in</strong>guished service <strong>in</strong> this capacity, f<strong>in</strong>ally stepped down. His contribution has been overshadowed by <strong>the</strong><br />
more romantic exploits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> likes <strong>of</strong> Marion <strong>and</strong> Sumter. Yet dur<strong>in</strong>g this time <strong>of</strong> crisis <strong>and</strong> civil disorder he<br />
played a vital role <strong>in</strong> both ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> state’s war effort <strong>and</strong> prevent<strong>in</strong>g it from s<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to chaos. 446 Among<br />
his first acts <strong>in</strong> his new appo<strong>in</strong>tment was to call out <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia. He also ordered out Black<br />
Volunteers, that is from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a slaveholders, to aid <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> defense. The response was relatively nil due<br />
to concern about loyalists, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> some cases Indians, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own neighborhoods, plus (unfounded) fear <strong>of</strong><br />
smallpox <strong>in</strong> Charlestown; yet o<strong>the</strong>rs rema<strong>in</strong>ed on plantations for fear <strong>of</strong> slave <strong>in</strong>surrections. 447 Among <strong>the</strong><br />
exceptions who did make it to Charlestown were militia from <strong>the</strong> Peedee area under Col. George Hicks, Lieut.<br />
Col. Abel Kolb, Majors Tristram Thomas <strong>and</strong> Maurice Murfee who came to Charlestown <strong>in</strong> two detachments (one<br />
<strong>in</strong> January <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> second <strong>in</strong> February) which were posted at Ten Mile House. These Peedee militia left,<br />
however, when <strong>the</strong>ir term <strong>of</strong> service expired sometime <strong>in</strong> April. 448<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “The first order issued by Governor Rutledge, was, to call out <strong>the</strong> drafted militia, for <strong>the</strong><br />
defence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, under pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> confiscation <strong>of</strong> property. This order was but partially obeyed; -- <strong>the</strong> militia,<br />
who were friendly to <strong>the</strong> cause, had been much harassed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> last campaign, <strong>and</strong> it was generally known that<br />
<strong>the</strong> small-pox was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town. At <strong>the</strong> same time, <strong>the</strong> governor sent out many <strong>in</strong>fluential <strong>of</strong>ficers, to secure <strong>the</strong><br />
execution <strong>of</strong> his first order; <strong>and</strong> though <strong>in</strong>tended only to operate for <strong>the</strong> present, this last order was <strong>in</strong> time<br />
productive <strong>of</strong> a fortunate result; as <strong>the</strong>se <strong>of</strong>ficers afterwards headed <strong>the</strong> people.” 449<br />
John Marshall: “The legislature on its meet<strong>in</strong>g had enabled <strong>the</strong> executive to employ slaves to work on <strong>the</strong><br />
fortifications; <strong>and</strong>, alarmed at <strong>the</strong> formidable army with which <strong>the</strong>ir country was <strong>in</strong>vaded, had passed an act<br />
441 USC pp. 141-145, 173-177, 221, AR80 pp. 217-218, CAR pp. 160, 172, LSL p. 121, BSC p. 69.<br />
442 EHJ pp. 194-195.<br />
443 USC p. 371, MLW4A p. 137, BSC pp. 26-28.<br />
444 McCrady puts this number at 6,000. MSC1 p. 435.<br />
445 Cl<strong>in</strong>ton misspeaks slightly because Paterson’s force did not reach a strength <strong>of</strong> 1,400-1,500 until it was re<strong>in</strong>forced at<br />
Savannah. See 5 March. CAR p. 160. McCrady speaks <strong>of</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s <strong>in</strong>itial Charleston force as 6,000 ra<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>the</strong> 5,000 given<br />
here. MSC1 p. 435.<br />
* 446 MSC1 p. 432. For more on Rutledge, see LMS p. 125, GAR1 pp. 11-12, 173-176; while for his wartime letters to <strong>the</strong> delegates<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> S.C. Assembly, annotated by Joseph W. Barnwell <strong>and</strong> which are not <strong>in</strong>frequently a rich m<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> historical <strong>in</strong>formation, see<br />
The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVII, Oct., 1916, pp. 131-146; vol. XVIII, Jan. 1917, pp. 42-49;<br />
vol. XVIII, Apr. 1917, pp. 78-84; vol. XVIII, July 1917, pp. 131-142.<br />
447 RSC2 pp. 47-48, JFM p. 12, MSC1 pp. 425, 430, WAR2 p. 698, BEA p. 955, SFR p. 591n, BSC pp. 42-53, 58.<br />
448 GHC p. 301, MLW4A pp. 136, 143-144, MSC1 p. 425.<br />
449 JFM p. 12.<br />
113
‘delegat<strong>in</strong>g to governor Rutledge <strong>and</strong> such <strong>of</strong> his council as he could conveniently consult, a power to do every<br />
th<strong>in</strong>g necessary for <strong>the</strong> public good, except tak<strong>in</strong>g away <strong>the</strong> life <strong>of</strong> a citizen without a legal trial.’<br />
“Under <strong>the</strong>se acts, about six hundred slaves were immediately employed on <strong>the</strong> works, <strong>and</strong> vigorous, though not<br />
very successful measures were taken by <strong>the</strong> executive to assemble <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country.”<br />
“The fallacious hope was enterta<strong>in</strong>ed, that if <strong>the</strong> fortifications could be so improved as to render <strong>the</strong> town<br />
defensible before <strong>the</strong> siege should <strong>com</strong>mence, <strong>the</strong> garrison would be made sufficiently strong by <strong>the</strong> reenforcements<br />
expected from <strong>the</strong> north, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state, to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> place, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pel sir<br />
Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to raise <strong>the</strong> siege.” 450<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “[Gov. John] Rutledge ordered three hundred negroes to be brought from <strong>the</strong> neighbor<strong>in</strong>g plantations to<br />
work upon <strong>the</strong> [Charlestown] fortifications, <strong>and</strong> with<strong>in</strong> a few days cannons <strong>and</strong> mortars were mounted; a trench,<br />
filled with water, stretched across <strong>the</strong> Neck from <strong>the</strong> Ashley to <strong>the</strong> Cooper, <strong>and</strong> two rows <strong>of</strong> abatis 451 protected<br />
<strong>the</strong> whole. Fort Moultrie, <strong>the</strong> redoubts at Haddrell’s Po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>and</strong> Hobcaw (Lampriere’s), <strong>the</strong> works at South Bay,<br />
Hospital Po<strong>in</strong>t, <strong>and</strong> all along <strong>the</strong> city front, were streng<strong>the</strong>ned <strong>and</strong> manned. Charles Cotesworth P<strong>in</strong>ckney was<br />
placed <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison at Fort Moultrie. Capta<strong>in</strong> Daniel Horry was sent to Ashley Ferry to watch <strong>the</strong><br />
approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> General Moultrie went southward to ga<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> militia, direct <strong>the</strong> movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
cavalry, <strong>and</strong> annoy <strong>the</strong> enemy on his approach.” 452<br />
4 February. Ewald: “Today <strong>the</strong> admiral put out to sea with <strong>the</strong> fleet to blockade <strong>the</strong> harbor <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. I<br />
heard today that Fort Mobile [Fort Charlotte at Mobile] on <strong>the</strong> Mississippi <strong>in</strong> Florida had been taken by <strong>the</strong><br />
Spanish…[this was garrisoned by <strong>the</strong> Waldeck regiment.]” This earlier report <strong>of</strong> Mobile hav<strong>in</strong>g been taken was<br />
mistaken. Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> actual Spanish attack <strong>the</strong>re, see 14 March.<br />
Although Spa<strong>in</strong> was allied with <strong>the</strong> French aga<strong>in</strong>st Brita<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> this <strong>in</strong> large measure prompted by a desire to<br />
seize Gibraltar, it was not, like France, formally or by treaty allied with <strong>the</strong> United States as such.<br />
10 February. A Return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Brigade <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, <strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> 6 <strong>in</strong>fantry plus 2 small cavalry<br />
regiments, under Brig. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Lill<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> stationed at Charlestown gives <strong>the</strong>ir total numbers as<br />
1,248. The <strong>in</strong>fantry regiments were denom<strong>in</strong>ated accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>ir districts, i.e., Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, Edenton, New<br />
Bern, Halifax, Salisbury, Hillsborough. 453<br />
10-11 February. Stormy wea<strong>the</strong>r hav<strong>in</strong>g subsided, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>and</strong> Arbuthnot, with most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Charlestown<br />
expedition, set sail from Tybee Isl<strong>and</strong> to l<strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> North Edisto River (between Simmons [now Seabrook] Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> Tucker’s Isl<strong>and</strong>) whose mouth lies twenty five miles south <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. Cont<strong>in</strong>ued ra<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ds,<br />
however, slowed <strong>the</strong>ir progress. By <strong>the</strong> 11 th , <strong>the</strong> British had seized John’s Isl<strong>and</strong>, Stono ferry, James’ Isl<strong>and</strong>,<br />
Perreneau’s l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, Wappo cut -- all locations just to <strong>the</strong> south or southwest <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. In addition, <strong>the</strong><br />
advanced portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> expeditionary force occupied <strong>the</strong> bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ashley River opposite Charlestown. The<br />
passage to <strong>the</strong> isl<strong>and</strong>s, that <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> navigation was exceed<strong>in</strong>gly treacherous, was achieved with some<br />
difficulty. Yet, very fortunately for Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, this problem was largely over<strong>com</strong>e by <strong>the</strong> expertise <strong>and</strong> assistance<br />
<strong>of</strong> Capt. Keith Elph<strong>in</strong>stone <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal Navy who had a prior familiarity with <strong>the</strong> routes <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>lets <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area. 454<br />
De Brahm, 455 entry for 9 February: “The English fleet arrived <strong>in</strong> Stono Inlet; <strong>the</strong> alarm was fired <strong>in</strong> Charlestown.”<br />
Entry for 10 February: “The [British] troops l<strong>and</strong>ed.” 456<br />
DeSaussure: “On <strong>the</strong> retreat <strong>of</strong> Gen. [August<strong>in</strong>e] Prevost <strong>in</strong> May 1779, he [Prevost] had taken <strong>the</strong> route by <strong>the</strong>se<br />
Sea Isl<strong>and</strong>s. In June 1779, a stubborn battle 457 had taken place near Stono Ferry, <strong>the</strong> American army endeavor<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to cross at that place so as to attack <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British <strong>the</strong>n on John’s Isl<strong>and</strong>. Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton was,<br />
<strong>the</strong>refore, acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong>se water-ways, <strong>and</strong> knew that if he was to be molested on John’s Isl<strong>and</strong>, it was<br />
almost necessarily by <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> Stono Ferry. The promptness with which he possessed himself <strong>of</strong> Stono Ferry<br />
showed his appreciation <strong>of</strong> its value to him. In all probability <strong>the</strong> flat bottomed <strong>and</strong> light draught vessels<br />
required to pass over <strong>the</strong> Church Flat Shoals, where <strong>the</strong> Wadmalaw <strong>and</strong> Stono Rivers connect <strong>the</strong>ir waters, had<br />
been all prepared prior to his sail<strong>in</strong>g from Savannah, so as to allow him to act with dispatch. Stedman says: ‘The<br />
flat bottomed boats had been brought from North Edisto Sound, through <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>lets by which <strong>the</strong> coast is<br />
<strong>in</strong>tersected, until <strong>the</strong>y entered Ashley River by Wappoo Cut.’ The possession <strong>of</strong> this ferry enabled him to prepare<br />
more leisurely <strong>and</strong> effectively for his future operations aga<strong>in</strong>st Charles Town. It was scarcely possible for <strong>the</strong><br />
American army to attack him on John’s Isl<strong>and</strong> by way <strong>of</strong> James Isl<strong>and</strong>, for <strong>the</strong> Stono River, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong><br />
450 MLW4A pp. 136-137.<br />
451 An abatis is a defensive obstacle made by lay<strong>in</strong>g felled trees on top <strong>of</strong> each o<strong>the</strong>r with branches, sometimes sharpened,<br />
fac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy.<br />
452 LFB2 p. 558.<br />
453 CNC22 p. 1022.<br />
454 USC pp. 179-181, 371-373, AR80 p. 218, BSC pp. 28-29.<br />
455 Ferd<strong>in</strong><strong>and</strong> de Brahm was a French eng<strong>in</strong>eer serv<strong>in</strong>g under L<strong>in</strong>coln <strong>and</strong> DuPortail <strong>in</strong> Charlestown who kept a journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
siege. His entries given here <strong>and</strong> subsequently would seem to usually record events <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day prior to <strong>the</strong> entry date give. For<br />
purposes <strong>of</strong> this work, <strong>and</strong> unless noted o<strong>the</strong>rwise, <strong>the</strong>y are placed chronologically accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> date he gives; that is usually<br />
<strong>and</strong> presumably a day later than <strong>the</strong> event or events be<strong>in</strong>g recorded (<strong>and</strong> as <strong>in</strong>dicated by context.) GDH3 pp. 124-128.<br />
456 GDH3 pp. 124-128.<br />
457 Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> Stono, 20 June 1779, <strong>and</strong> at which L<strong>in</strong>coln, Moultrie, Jethro Sumner, Isaac Huger, John Butler, <strong>the</strong><br />
Marquis de Malmedy, William Henderson, Joseph Graham, <strong>and</strong> William Richardson Davie were present (Pulaski was absent), as<br />
well as John Maitl<strong>and</strong>, James Moncrieff, John Hamilton, <strong>and</strong> Archibald McArthur on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British -– all <strong>of</strong> whom, except<br />
Maitl<strong>and</strong>, would subsequently play important parts <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> events <strong>of</strong> 1780 <strong>and</strong> 1781. See LMS pp. 130-132.<br />
114
its course separat<strong>in</strong>g it from John’s Isl<strong>and</strong>, is a bold, navigable stream, <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> British fleet could send light<br />
vessels, <strong>and</strong> so render any attack very hazardous to <strong>the</strong> American army.’”<br />
Tarleton: “On 10 th February <strong>the</strong> transports, with great part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army on board, convoyed by a proper force,<br />
sailed from Savannah to North Edisto, <strong>the</strong> place <strong>of</strong> debarkation which had been previously appo<strong>in</strong>ted. They had a<br />
favorable <strong>and</strong> speedy passage, <strong>and</strong> through it required time to have <strong>the</strong> bar explored <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> channel marked,<br />
by <strong>the</strong> activity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> navy <strong>the</strong>se difficulties were surmounted, <strong>the</strong> transports all entered <strong>the</strong> harbor <strong>the</strong> next<br />
day, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> army immediately took possession <strong>of</strong> John’s Isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Stono Ferry; James Isl<strong>and</strong>, Peronneau’s<br />
L<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, Wappoo Cut <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r adjacent places were soon afterwards obta<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>and</strong> by a bridge thrown over <strong>the</strong><br />
canal <strong>the</strong> necessary <strong>com</strong>munications were secured <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> advanced part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s army occupied <strong>the</strong> bank<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ashley River, opposite to Charles Town.” 458<br />
Ewald: “Early on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 11 th <strong>the</strong> fleet set sail. The w<strong>in</strong>d was so favorable that about noon we<br />
reached <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Edisto, <strong>and</strong> toward even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> harbor, which forms a circular bas<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> which<br />
one hundred ships can ride at anchor. Although <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> this harbor is so narrow that only two ships at a<br />
time can w<strong>in</strong>d through <strong>the</strong> s<strong>and</strong>bars, Capta<strong>in</strong> [Keith] Elph<strong>in</strong>stone guided <strong>the</strong> entire fleet through safely. We<br />
dropped anchor near Simmons Isl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> coastl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> which surrounds a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bas<strong>in</strong>. [Here <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g<br />
at Simmons Isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y disembarked, Ewald gives list <strong>of</strong> order <strong>of</strong> disembarkation.]…”<br />
“First Disembarkation<br />
“English grenadiers <strong>and</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry under General Leslie, with whom were <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g General <strong>and</strong> Lord<br />
Cornwallis.<br />
“Second Disembarkation<br />
“Hessian grenadiers, <strong>the</strong> jager detachment, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 33d Regiment which were to perform <strong>the</strong> service <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
light <strong>in</strong>fantry. The first was placed under General Kospoth <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> last two under Brigadier Webster, a very<br />
meritorious man.<br />
“Third Disembarkation<br />
“The 7 th <strong>and</strong> 23 d regiments under Brigadier [Lieut. Col. Alured] Clarke. The 63 d , 64 th , <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hessian Garrison<br />
Regiment Huyn[e] under General Huyn.” 459<br />
H<strong>in</strong>richs: “[The 11 th ] This afternoon <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>the</strong> British grenadiers <strong>and</strong> two <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> Hessian<br />
grenadiers began <strong>the</strong> disembarkation. Ra<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> darkness prevented us from follow<strong>in</strong>g. The army was divided <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g brigades:<br />
“Lord Cornwallis:<br />
Light <strong>in</strong>fantry, British grenadiers} Major General Leslie<br />
Hessian grenadiers} Major General von Kospoth<br />
“Lieutenant Colonel Clarke:<br />
7 th [Regt.], 23 rd<br />
“Lieutenant Colonel Webster:<br />
Jägers, 33 rd , 71 st<br />
Note. The 1 st Battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st was with General Paterson, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2 nd with General Leslie, who had not yet<br />
<strong>com</strong>e down <strong>the</strong> Savannah River when we departed from Tybee.<br />
“Major General Huyn:<br />
63 rd , 64 th , Huyn’s” 460<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “Violent gales <strong>of</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d had driven out to sea some transports that were br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g to us a battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Seventy-first Regiment from Savannah. The Defiance, <strong>of</strong> sixty-four guns, belong<strong>in</strong>g to Mr. Arbuthnot’s squadron,<br />
was likewise lost at <strong>the</strong> entrance <strong>of</strong> Tybee harbor. And many o<strong>the</strong>r untoward circumstances, <strong>the</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
present tempestuous season, considerably retarded <strong>the</strong> movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fleet <strong>and</strong> kept back <strong>the</strong> cooperation<br />
<strong>and</strong> assistance we anxiously expected from <strong>the</strong>m. However, as soon as <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g l<strong>in</strong>e-<strong>of</strong>-battle ships could<br />
be secured <strong>in</strong> Beaufort harbor, some heavy guns, ammunition, <strong>and</strong> seamen were forwarded from <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ships assembled <strong>of</strong>f Stono. A battalion was immediately upon this sent to <strong>the</strong> Lighthouse Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
[Morris Isl<strong>and</strong>] <strong>and</strong> two twenty-four-pounders mounted <strong>in</strong> a battery to cover <strong>the</strong> boats <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fleet while lay<strong>in</strong>g<br />
buoys on <strong>the</strong> passage over <strong>the</strong> bar. It was, however, <strong>the</strong> 20 th <strong>of</strong> March before we had <strong>the</strong> satisfaction to see <strong>the</strong><br />
Admiral’s flag fly<strong>in</strong>g on board <strong>the</strong> Roebuck <strong>in</strong> Five Fathom Hole.” 461<br />
458 TCS p. 5.<br />
459 DSC, TCS pp. 5-6, CAR pp. 160-162. EHJ pp. 195-196.<br />
460 USC pp. 179-181.<br />
461 Five Fathom Hole was where <strong>the</strong> British ships anchored just outside Charlestown harbor. CAR p. 162.<br />
115
Early to Mid February. Lieut. Col. William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, arriv<strong>in</strong>g with his regiment from <strong>the</strong> north, sent Maj.<br />
Richard Call ahead with an advance detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons to l<strong>in</strong>k up with Maj.<br />
Jameson’s 1 st Light Dragoons at a location just above <strong>and</strong> outside Charlestown. See early March 1780. 462<br />
12 February. L<strong>in</strong>coln wrote to General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “I have received <strong>in</strong>formation that on 3d <strong>in</strong>st. The enemy<br />
l<strong>and</strong>ed about eight thous<strong>and</strong> troops, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton. I am told that fifty sail <strong>of</strong> vessels got <strong>in</strong>to<br />
North Edisto this day[;] by a person just from Edisto I learn that <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> vessels <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> harbor <strong>the</strong>re is<br />
little [over?] fifty. 463<br />
Marshall: “General L<strong>in</strong>coln received a re-enforcement <strong>of</strong> between three <strong>and</strong> four hundred Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regulars, who<br />
had marched from Petersburg under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> colonel Heth, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> some new levies <strong>and</strong> militia from<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. His force, however, was still so <strong>in</strong><strong>com</strong>petent to <strong>the</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> place, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> works around<br />
it were so <strong>in</strong><strong>com</strong>plete, that had Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton been <strong>in</strong> a condition to march aga<strong>in</strong>st it immediately after<br />
effect<strong>in</strong>g his l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> town must necessarily have fallen <strong>in</strong>to his h<strong>and</strong>s. But <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>juries <strong>and</strong> losses susta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> voyage from New York to Savannah, had unfitted him for immediate operations, <strong>and</strong> he seems to have<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>ed 1780. to <strong>com</strong>mit noth<strong>in</strong>g to hazard.” 464<br />
Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “[On] Page 180, vol. ii. Mr. Stedman says, ‘that General L<strong>in</strong>coln had reflected on <strong>the</strong> British<br />
Comm<strong>and</strong>ers for <strong>the</strong>ir tard<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>in</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir approaches to <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charles Town.’ Surely, it might<br />
naturally occur to Mr. Stedman (as it has done to o<strong>the</strong>rs) that every delay (mortify<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> unavoidable as <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were) tempted General L<strong>in</strong>coln to fortify Charles Town Pen<strong>in</strong>sula, <strong>and</strong> put <strong>the</strong> fate <strong>of</strong> both Carol<strong>in</strong>as on that <strong>of</strong><br />
Charles Town.” 465<br />
12-14 February. Hav<strong>in</strong>g l<strong>and</strong>ed his whole force at <strong>the</strong> southwest end <strong>of</strong> at Simmons Po<strong>in</strong>t on Simmons (now<br />
Seabrook) Isl<strong>and</strong>, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, to better secure lower approaches to <strong>the</strong> city as a precaution, established<br />
headquarters at Stono Ferry, on <strong>the</strong> Ashley River; that acted as <strong>the</strong> natural sou<strong>the</strong>rn boundary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city <strong>of</strong><br />
Charlestown. From John’s Isl<strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 14 th , he ordered <strong>the</strong> 33 rd Regt <strong>and</strong> Hessian jägers to occupy Stono ferry.<br />
Some Americans were posted at north bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Stono, probably Daniel Horry’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> which L<strong>in</strong>coln had<br />
recalled from Sheldon on <strong>the</strong> Saltketcher River about this same time. 466 But <strong>the</strong>se <strong>of</strong>fered no resistance <strong>and</strong><br />
withdrew. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton himself reconnoitered <strong>the</strong> ferry <strong>the</strong> next day.<br />
Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, he ultimately had decided to moved his army via James Isl<strong>and</strong>, ra<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>in</strong>l<strong>and</strong> from Stono;<br />
<strong>in</strong> order that he could be more easily supplied by water. After <strong>the</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Stono Ferry, Capt. Elph<strong>in</strong>stone<br />
provisioned <strong>the</strong> British troops on John’s Isl<strong>and</strong> by dispatch<strong>in</strong>g boats <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fleet from <strong>the</strong> North Edisto up through<br />
Wadmalaw Creek; <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong>nce to Stono River. 467<br />
Among <strong>the</strong> Americans meanwhile, Horry withdrew to jo<strong>in</strong> Gen. William Moultrie at Bigg<strong>in</strong>’s Bridge aka Bacon’s<br />
Bridge (close to present day Summerville); which spanned <strong>the</strong> Ashley River. 468<br />
13-14 February. Leslie’s brigade, with whom H<strong>in</strong>richs was present, on <strong>the</strong> 13 th advanced from Simmons Isl<strong>and</strong> to<br />
a location just fac<strong>in</strong>g Stono Ferry. For fur<strong>the</strong>r details <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir movements <strong>and</strong> activities up to <strong>the</strong> 17 th , see USC<br />
pp. 185-189, 373.<br />
14 February. A letter from by Colonel John Laurens, at Charlestown, to General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “The British army,<br />
said to be under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, are distributed on Port Royal Isl<strong>and</strong>, John’s Isl<strong>and</strong>, Stono<br />
Ferry, <strong>and</strong> a detachment last night l<strong>and</strong>ed upon James’ Isl<strong>and</strong>. The headquarters are at Fenwick’s house, on<br />
John’s Isl<strong>and</strong>. Four <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir galleys have been seen between John <strong>and</strong> James’ Isl<strong>and</strong>. The number <strong>of</strong> troops, not<br />
known, supposed to be much dim<strong>in</strong>ished s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> embarkation at New York. About twelve deserters from <strong>the</strong><br />
fleet <strong>and</strong> army have <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong>to Charlestown, <strong>and</strong> as many prisoners are taken by our light horse. Different<br />
deserters from <strong>the</strong> fleet <strong>and</strong> army agree <strong>in</strong> report<strong>in</strong>g heavy losses at sea. Three ships foundered, many<br />
dismasted, one brig, two ships are taken, <strong>and</strong> brought <strong>in</strong>to Charlestown; a brig is carried <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> deserters <strong>in</strong>forms, that thirteen sail were left on <strong>the</strong> rocks <strong>of</strong> Bermuda. There is undoubtedly some<br />
gr<strong>and</strong> impediment to <strong>the</strong> enemy’s progress. All <strong>the</strong>ir horses perished at sea, <strong>and</strong> much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir furniture was<br />
captured. Three days ago passed by Charlestown bar, <strong>in</strong> a hard gale w<strong>in</strong>d, a sixty-four gun ship, a frigate, <strong>and</strong><br />
some transports. These may be gone to New York for fur<strong>the</strong>r supplies; but all is conjecture. Near <strong>the</strong> bar <strong>of</strong><br />
Charlestown daily appears a frigate <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs ship <strong>of</strong> war, reconnoiter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> block<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> harbor. We have<br />
four Cont<strong>in</strong>ental frigates, two French armed ships, two State armed ships, six o<strong>the</strong>r armed vessels, some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m<br />
carry<strong>in</strong>g very heavy cannon. The enemy’s delay has afforded an opportunity for streng<strong>the</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong><br />
Charlestown, which will be <strong>in</strong> pretty good order tomorrow. The number <strong>of</strong> men with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es is uncerta<strong>in</strong>; but<br />
by far too few for defend<strong>in</strong>g works <strong>of</strong> near three miles <strong>in</strong> circumference; especially consider<strong>in</strong>g many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m to<br />
be citizens, <strong>and</strong> unaccustomed to <strong>the</strong> fatigues <strong>of</strong> a besieged garrison, <strong>and</strong> many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental troops half<br />
naked.<br />
462 HWW p. 52.<br />
463 DSC.<br />
464 MLW4A pp. 135-136, <strong>and</strong> similarly LMS p. 145.<br />
465 Observations on Mr. Stedman’s History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American <strong>War</strong> by Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, J. Debrett, London, 1794, p. 7.<br />
466 L<strong>in</strong>coln’s cavalry consisted <strong>of</strong> 379, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>and</strong> 3 rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental light dragoons, rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g cavalry <strong>of</strong> Pulaski’s legion,<br />
under Vernier, <strong>and</strong> two troops <strong>of</strong> S.C. light horse under Col. Peter Horry <strong>and</strong> Maj. Hezekiah Maham. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s force had no<br />
cavalry at this po<strong>in</strong>t, except that which was with Paterson, who was collect<strong>in</strong>g mounts <strong>in</strong> Beaufort area, BSC pp. 4-55.<br />
467 USC pp. 179-184, BEA p. 206, BSC pp. 52-53.<br />
468 AR80 p. 218, BSC p. 50. For more on Bacon’s Bridge, see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/baconsbridge.htm<br />
116
“Re<strong>in</strong>forcements are expected -- General Hogan [James Hogun] is with<strong>in</strong> a few miles. The Virg<strong>in</strong>ia troops are<br />
somewhere! -- assistance from that state has been expected <strong>the</strong>se eighteen months. General Moultrie is form<strong>in</strong>g<br />
a camp at Bacon’s Bridge, where he has five hundred horse belong<strong>in</strong>g to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a -– Baylor’s [William<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s] <strong>and</strong> Bl<strong>and</strong>’s [Anthony White’s] 469 regiments <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. General [Andrew] Williamson is encamped<br />
at Augusta -- a thous<strong>and</strong> men are expected from his brigade. General Richardson <strong>and</strong> Colonel Carlen are rais<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> militia at <strong>and</strong> about Camden. At this moment <strong>the</strong> escape <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans depends on fur<strong>the</strong>r delay on <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy’s part: two or three weeks more will make this garrison strong…” 470<br />
14-16 February. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton sent Hessian Grenadiers to occupy Fort Johnson on James Isl<strong>and</strong>; a fort which had been<br />
blown up <strong>and</strong> ab<strong>and</strong>oned on <strong>the</strong> 14 th by Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Mar<strong>in</strong>es dispatched for that purpose by Commodore Whipple,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> orders received from Governor John Rutledge. 471<br />
15 February. The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Assembly decreed that all boats <strong>and</strong> watercraft be removed with<strong>in</strong> two miles <strong>of</strong><br />
seacoast <strong>and</strong> brought <strong>in</strong>to Charlestown; <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>and</strong> unavailability <strong>of</strong> which subsequently helped to slow <strong>the</strong><br />
British advance on <strong>the</strong> city. 472<br />
18 February. [capture] Charleston Ambush (Charleston County, S.C.) Cavalry under Maj. John Jameson took 3<br />
British soldiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt. prisoner. 473<br />
19 February. Royal Navy Capta<strong>in</strong> Keith Elph<strong>in</strong>stone sailed 2 schooners, <strong>and</strong> a flat boat <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Stono River <strong>in</strong><br />
advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> transports. 474<br />
19 February. Orig<strong>in</strong>ally march<strong>in</strong>g from Philadelphia, Brig Gen. James Hogun with 700 N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>entals reached<br />
Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton on <strong>the</strong>ir way to re<strong>in</strong>force Charlestown. 475<br />
19 February. Earlier <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month, L<strong>in</strong>coln had dispatched Maj. Gen. Moultrie to Bacon’s Bridge to form a camp<br />
for <strong>the</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia outside <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. Moultrie, whose <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> totaled 606, had with him 379<br />
cavalry under Maj. Jameson (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> state cavalry under Horry), <strong>and</strong> 227 Cont<strong>in</strong>ental light <strong>in</strong>fantry 227<br />
(drawn from <strong>the</strong> three Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Regiments); with militia as yet with him. His Cont<strong>in</strong>entals were first under<br />
<strong>the</strong> leadership <strong>of</strong> Col. Francis Marion. Marion, however, by mid March was subsequently recalled to town so that<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry went to Lieut. Col. William Henderson. 476<br />
20 February. Capt. Elph<strong>in</strong>stone, hav<strong>in</strong>g successfully brought Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s transports <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Stono river, sailed <strong>the</strong>n<br />
to Ma<strong>the</strong>w’s Ferry where <strong>the</strong> crews could now debark supplies directly to <strong>the</strong> army. With <strong>the</strong> navy present to<br />
furnish, provide <strong>and</strong> assist <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong> British now had John’s Isl<strong>and</strong> securely controlled <strong>and</strong> established as an<br />
expeditionary base. 477<br />
21 February. Hurricane like wea<strong>the</strong>r delayed Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s cross<strong>in</strong>g over to James Isl<strong>and</strong>; readied <strong>and</strong> supplied as he<br />
now was by water. The tempest drove out to sea 20 British transports arriv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a convoy <strong>and</strong> blew ashore two<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs posted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Edisto. To <strong>com</strong>pound matters, <strong>the</strong> next day, one <strong>of</strong> three British galleys blew up as a<br />
result <strong>of</strong> an accident. Moultrie reported to L<strong>in</strong>coln that ra<strong>in</strong> made it difficult if not impossible for <strong>the</strong> British<br />
army to move <strong>the</strong>ir supplies <strong>and</strong> equipment. 478<br />
22 February. Moultrie, at Bacon’s Bridge with 379 cavalry, to General L<strong>in</strong>coln: “I did not write you sooner, as I<br />
waited for <strong>the</strong> return <strong>of</strong> a party <strong>of</strong> horse that had gone out towards <strong>the</strong> enemy’s l<strong>in</strong>es at Stono, which might<br />
returned last night. Major Jemeson [John Jamison] <strong>in</strong>forms me he has with<strong>in</strong> view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> centries [sentries] <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir picquets [sic], posted at <strong>the</strong> cross-roads; that he had not heard <strong>of</strong> any number <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g out, except <strong>the</strong> first<br />
day or two, to drive <strong>in</strong> some stock. By <strong>the</strong> accounts he got, he believes <strong>the</strong>re are not so many at Stono as when<br />
<strong>the</strong>y first took post <strong>the</strong>re; that some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m are returned to John’s Isl<strong>and</strong>.” 479<br />
22 February. [capture] Stono Ferry (Charleston, S.C.) Major Hezekiah Maham’s cavalry on patrol captured a<br />
British <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong> eight privates prisoner who were attempt<strong>in</strong>g to retrieve a gr<strong>in</strong>dstone from a farm just north<br />
<strong>of</strong> Stono Ferry. 480<br />
On Feb. 23, Moultrie wrote L<strong>in</strong>coln: “Major [Hezekiah] Maham <strong>and</strong> Capt. S<strong>and</strong>ers with a party <strong>of</strong>’ horse, took<br />
Capt. McDonald <strong>and</strong> eight privates yesterday [22 February] near <strong>the</strong>ir picquet...We are much <strong>in</strong> want <strong>of</strong><br />
ammunition -- <strong>the</strong> people about <strong>the</strong> country have none.” 481<br />
469 At this time <strong>the</strong> 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light dragoons were under Maj. John Jameson’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. White did not arrive <strong>in</strong> S.C. till<br />
April 23 rd .<br />
470 MDR pp. 410-411 as well see Laurens’ letter <strong>of</strong> 25 Feb. at ATR80b pp. 52-53. The extract <strong>of</strong> this letter pr<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> Tarleton<br />
gives <strong>the</strong> date at February 25 th .<br />
471 USC pp. 199-200, 373, EHJ pp. 198-202, BSC pp. 44, 63-64.<br />
472 BSC p. 52.<br />
473 BSC p. 56.<br />
474 USC pp. 189-191.<br />
475 CNC14 p. 798, MSC1 pp. 427-428.<br />
476 MSC1 pp. 435-436.<br />
477 USC pp. 189-191, EHJ p. 202, BSC p. 53.<br />
478 EHJ p. 202.<br />
479 DSC.<br />
480 USC pp. 191-193, BSC p. 56.<br />
117
24 February. Wea<strong>the</strong>r cleared so as to allow <strong>the</strong> British to cross over to James Isl<strong>and</strong>. The two light <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
battalions embarked <strong>in</strong> boats at Fenwick’s plantation (on John’s Isl<strong>and</strong> just below Wappoo Cut.) The Grenadiers<br />
disembarked at Hamilton’s plantation. Elph<strong>in</strong>stone’s gunboats covered <strong>the</strong>ir flatboats. 482<br />
25 February. Ewald: “…<strong>the</strong> [lead] corps under Lord Cornwallis crossed <strong>the</strong> Stono River at Ma<strong>the</strong>w’s Ferry <strong>and</strong><br />
l<strong>and</strong>ed at Hamilton’s Ferry on James Isl<strong>and</strong>.” 483<br />
25 February. Moultrie, at Bacon’s Bridge to L<strong>in</strong>coln: “[Yesterday] I took <strong>the</strong> two Majors <strong>and</strong> a party with me to<br />
reconnoitre <strong>the</strong> enemy on James <strong>and</strong> John’s Isl<strong>and</strong>. We proceeded to Wappoo Cut, from whence we had a very<br />
good view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir whole encampment: <strong>the</strong>ir left on Stono River, extend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir right along <strong>the</strong> ditch <strong>in</strong> Mr.<br />
Hudson’s pasture, to <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ditch, near Wappoo Creek, which I take to be a quarter <strong>of</strong> a mile; by <strong>the</strong><br />
stacks <strong>of</strong> arms, <strong>and</strong> number <strong>of</strong> men mov<strong>in</strong>g about, I judge <strong>the</strong>m to be about one thous<strong>and</strong> or twelve hundred,<br />
British <strong>and</strong> Hessians: <strong>in</strong> Stono River I saw gallies <strong>and</strong> two schooners, <strong>and</strong> some small boats sail<strong>in</strong>g down <strong>the</strong> river:<br />
one galley lay at <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> Wappoo Cut; ano<strong>the</strong>r lay at Hudson’s l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> one at Fenwick’s lower<br />
l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g: <strong>the</strong>y have thrown up a work near <strong>the</strong> cut.” 484<br />
26 February. [skirmish] Pon Pon Road (Colleton County, S.C.) Ewald: “S<strong>in</strong>ce several <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
23d regiments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> [Alured] Clarke Brigade begged General Leslie to allow <strong>the</strong>m to go out on patrol to share<br />
<strong>the</strong> glory <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> service with <strong>the</strong> light troops, <strong>the</strong>ir request was approved <strong>and</strong> one capta<strong>in</strong>, two <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> fifty<br />
men were sent out early today. They took <strong>the</strong> route toward Ponpon to collect Negroes <strong>and</strong> livestock, if any were<br />
still left.<br />
“The Chevalier [Pierre-François] Vernier was <strong>in</strong>formed at once by <strong>the</strong> country people, who were devoted to him,<br />
while <strong>the</strong>y hated us from <strong>the</strong> bottom <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir hearts because we carried <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong>ir Negroes <strong>and</strong> livestock. After he<br />
had observed <strong>the</strong>se people for a long time, march<strong>in</strong>g like a chang<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guard, Vernier followed alongside<br />
<strong>the</strong>m on <strong>the</strong>ir return march until <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>in</strong>side <strong>the</strong> narrow approaches between <strong>the</strong> ponds. S<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>y had not<br />
seen or heard anyth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy on <strong>the</strong>ir way out, <strong>the</strong>y marched back <strong>in</strong> tranquility <strong>and</strong> without formation.<br />
Suddenly Vernier attacked <strong>the</strong>m on all sides <strong>and</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> wounded nearly half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se people, who had <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
impert<strong>in</strong>ent <strong>and</strong> unskilled <strong>of</strong>ficers to thank for <strong>the</strong>ir misfortune.<br />
“As soon as we heard <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g every jager grabbed his rifle <strong>and</strong> hurried to <strong>the</strong>ir assistance with all speed. By<br />
luck we arrived just <strong>in</strong> time, when <strong>the</strong> enemy had cut <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> whole detachment <strong>and</strong> was about to f<strong>in</strong>ish <strong>the</strong>m<br />
<strong>of</strong>f. The chevalier, who seemed to be certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> his prey, now <strong>in</strong> turn received rifle fire from all directions <strong>and</strong><br />
withdrew. The English detachment was rescued, but <strong>the</strong>y had ten killed <strong>and</strong> n<strong>in</strong>e wounded. Afterward, we surely<br />
killed <strong>and</strong> wounded just as many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. In addition, we captured one non<strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficer, four<br />
soldiers, <strong>and</strong> two lancers, <strong>and</strong> took three horses. 485<br />
27 February. Ewald: “At none o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> corps under Colonel Webster recrossed <strong>the</strong> Stono River<br />
<strong>and</strong> took position at William Ashley’s plantation on John’s Isl<strong>and</strong>. The rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st Scottish Regiment,<br />
which had arrived from Savannah, jo<strong>in</strong>ed us here. The regiment had melted away dur<strong>in</strong>g this war from three<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> to four thous<strong>and</strong> men, due partly to <strong>the</strong> sword <strong>and</strong> partly to <strong>the</strong> climate. A capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> one hundred<br />
men rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> redoubts at Stono River.” 486<br />
28 February. Commodore Whipple requested capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> L’Aventure to fall down near Fort Johnson <strong>and</strong> fire upon<br />
enemy encampment <strong>the</strong>re. Ensu<strong>in</strong>g broadsides from <strong>the</strong> ship killed two Hessian grenadiers <strong>and</strong> one British<br />
Soldier. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>in</strong> reaction, personally rode up <strong>and</strong> ordered Kospoth to a safer location.<br />
DeSaussure: “On 28 th February, Col. Daniel Horry wrote: ‘I am just returned from Lucas’ old field <strong>and</strong> Wappoo<br />
Cut: <strong>and</strong> with a small party I went over to a po<strong>in</strong>t called Long Isl<strong>and</strong>: <strong>the</strong> galley is at her old station, <strong>and</strong> about<br />
twenty-four or twenty-five at Mr. Hudson’s l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, with four armed schooners, <strong>and</strong> two o<strong>the</strong>r schooners, with a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> armed boats are now go<strong>in</strong>g up Stono; probably with a view to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> baggage from that post;<br />
which we are told now consists <strong>of</strong> a <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, with six hundred men to guard <strong>the</strong>ir provisions <strong>and</strong> boats.’ The<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcements under General Patterson [Paterson] were now advanc<strong>in</strong>g along <strong>the</strong> road by Stono Ferry, for on<br />
29 th February , Major Richard Call says ‘<strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer who went down <strong>the</strong> Pon Pon Road reports that <strong>the</strong>ir drums<br />
beat <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir horns sounded about eight o’clock.’ This approach enabled a concentration on James Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
preparatory to an advance.” 487<br />
29 February. Ewald: “On <strong>the</strong> 29 th , while work was be<strong>in</strong>g done on a redoubt at <strong>the</strong> demolished Fort Johnson on<br />
James Isl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> workmen were disturbed by <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> two enemy frigates. A Hessian grenadier capta<strong>in</strong> had<br />
<strong>the</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ard guard <strong>and</strong> two field pieces <strong>of</strong> a Hessian grenadier battalion brought up aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> frigates. They<br />
481 BCA.<br />
482 USC pp. 193-195, 373, BSC pp. 62-63.<br />
483 EHJ p. 202-203, , USC pp. 193-197, DSC.<br />
484 DeSaussure: “Richard Hutson at that time owned <strong>the</strong> plantation on James Isl<strong>and</strong>, immediately at <strong>the</strong> junction <strong>of</strong> Wappoo Cut<br />
<strong>and</strong> Stono River, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ditch above alluded to is probably what is now known as Elliott’s Cut. William Elliott had opened this<br />
Elliott’s Cut prior to 1777, through ‘high <strong>and</strong> loose l<strong>and</strong>,’ <strong>and</strong> almost certa<strong>in</strong>ly is <strong>the</strong> ditch alluded to. In <strong>the</strong> map ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Stedman’s History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American <strong>War</strong>, a fleche or redoubt is shown directly at <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tersection <strong>of</strong> Wappoo Cut <strong>and</strong> Stono River,<br />
<strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r, apparently a square redoubt, is shown on Wappoo Creek, about a half mile near Charleston.” DSC.<br />
485 EHJ pp. 202-203.<br />
486 DSC.<br />
487 DSC.<br />
118
were so well received by <strong>the</strong> enemy that two grenadiers <strong>and</strong> one gunner were killed by <strong>the</strong> first shot. General<br />
Kospoth recalled <strong>the</strong> guard <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> pieces, relieved <strong>the</strong> capta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> frigates rema<strong>in</strong>ed quiet.” 488<br />
Late February. When L<strong>in</strong>coln earlier <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month had removed Cont<strong>in</strong>ental troops from Georgia, Georgia asked<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a to send troops to help defend its western borders. The latter <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> late February dispatched<br />
Brig. Gen. Andrew Williamson from <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six district with about 300 militia to Augusta (some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves from Georgia <strong>and</strong> presumably already present <strong>the</strong>re); <strong>and</strong> where Williamson rema<strong>in</strong>ed till May 29<br />
(after <strong>the</strong> siege was already concluded.) 489<br />
Late February to March. For <strong>the</strong> next few weeks, <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> British army was engaged <strong>in</strong> “establish<strong>in</strong>g magaz<strong>in</strong>es<br />
<strong>and</strong> erect<strong>in</strong>g works to defend <strong>com</strong>munications, near <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong> Ashley river.” To replace horses lost at sea en<br />
route to Charlestown was a top priority for <strong>the</strong> dismounted British Legion <strong>and</strong> 17 th Lt. Dragoons. “To procure<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs,” writes Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, “was one <strong>of</strong> our first cares after we arrived <strong>in</strong> Tybee; <strong>and</strong> Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton,<br />
who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Legion, had removed at his own request with <strong>the</strong> dismounted troopers <strong>of</strong> both [i.e., <strong>the</strong><br />
Legion <strong>and</strong> 17 th Dragoons] to Port Royal Isl<strong>and</strong> for that purpose. Here by great exertion <strong>and</strong> good luck he<br />
collected a number <strong>of</strong> horses (some marsh tackies which made poor cavalry horses), <strong>in</strong> time to jo<strong>in</strong> Brigadier<br />
General Paterson as he passed by that route <strong>in</strong> his march to <strong>the</strong> army before Charlestown.” Tarleton himself<br />
with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> his legion was at Beaufort, where he had managed to collect enough horses to mount his<br />
cavalry. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>se marsh tackies were largely unsuited for military service. The juncture with<br />
Paterson referred to by Cl<strong>in</strong>ton took place <strong>in</strong> March. 490<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “(T)he enemy proceeded cautiously <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. They formed a depot on<br />
James Isl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> erected a fortification on it, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> [depot], near Wappoo cut.” 491<br />
488 EHJ p. 203, USC pp. 374-375.<br />
489 CGA p. 131.<br />
490 USC pp. 193-197, 374-375, TCS pp. 9, 6-7, CAR p. 165, WAR2 p. 701.<br />
491 JFM p. 12.<br />
119
MARCH 1780<br />
Early March. Hav<strong>in</strong>g taken James <strong>and</strong> John Isl<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>the</strong> British now controlled both banks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lower Stono<br />
River. The upper reaches <strong>of</strong> that river be<strong>in</strong>g no fur<strong>the</strong>r use to him, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton directed that <strong>the</strong> works <strong>the</strong>re be<br />
dismantled <strong>and</strong> ab<strong>and</strong>oned. Rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g British transports were sailed from <strong>the</strong> North Edisto <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Stono.<br />
Except for a detachment left beh<strong>in</strong>d to protect <strong>the</strong> John’s Isl<strong>and</strong> bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Stono, <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army<br />
was moved to James Isl<strong>and</strong>. From James Isl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> jägers, resumed <strong>the</strong>ir advance<br />
on Wappoo Bridge (on Wappoo Creek.) 492<br />
Early March. From Feb. 29 thru March 7, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, Jameson, <strong>and</strong> Horry’s cavalry were stationed at or near<br />
Charles Elliott’s plantation, <strong>the</strong>n known as “S<strong>and</strong>y Hill.” Maj. Richard Call <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s regiment scouted<br />
British Movements near Stono Ferry; as <strong>the</strong>ir army advanced on Charlestown. 493<br />
3 March. After a long <strong>and</strong> difficult march from Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s army <strong>in</strong> New York, Brig. Gen. James Hogun arrived<br />
<strong>in</strong> Charlestown with 700 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. 494<br />
L<strong>in</strong>coln, on this date, wrote to Brig. Gen. William Caswell <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia: “near <strong>the</strong> center <strong>of</strong> ye. State<br />
[South Carol<strong>in</strong>a] <strong>the</strong> people <strong>in</strong> general are disaffected, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> friendly are <strong>in</strong>sufficient to restra<strong>in</strong> ye.<br />
Friendly.” 495<br />
3 March. To remedy his shortage <strong>of</strong> cannon <strong>and</strong> ammunition, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r equipment lost <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> voyage, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton<br />
had earlier wrote <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers at St. August<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>the</strong> Bahamas, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> West Indies entreat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to send what<br />
artillery <strong>and</strong> stores <strong>the</strong>y could. Some entrench<strong>in</strong>g tools from <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong>n arrived on this date. 496<br />
4 March. L<strong>in</strong>coln reported to General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “Sir Harry [Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton] seems to be collect<strong>in</strong>g his force on<br />
James Isl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> is <strong>the</strong>re throw<strong>in</strong>g up some works; one among <strong>the</strong> ru<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Fort Johnson, ano<strong>the</strong>r a little to <strong>the</strong><br />
Westward <strong>of</strong> it. It is said that he is also throw<strong>in</strong>g up a bomb battery opposite <strong>the</strong> town. Draw<strong>in</strong>g his pr<strong>in</strong>ciple<br />
force to this isl<strong>and</strong>, haul<strong>in</strong>g his galleys <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r armed vessels <strong>of</strong> small draught <strong>of</strong> water near <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Wappoo, collect<strong>in</strong>g a number <strong>of</strong> boats <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>in</strong>dicate that an attempt on <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rly part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town by<br />
boats will be made.” 497<br />
5 March. Col. Francis Marion, posted with 200 light <strong>in</strong>fantrymen posted at Bacon’s Bridge on <strong>the</strong> Ashley River,<br />
wrote L<strong>in</strong>coln on this date that he <strong>and</strong> Maj. Pierre-François Vernier were short <strong>of</strong> ammunition <strong>and</strong> that only 22<br />
militia (from neighbor<strong>in</strong>g Berkeley County) had jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m. Meanwhile, an additional <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> 175 to 190<br />
men were sent out from o<strong>the</strong>r Cont<strong>in</strong>ental regiments to cover <strong>the</strong> l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> ferry lower down <strong>the</strong> Ashley.<br />
Also about this same time, <strong>the</strong> 1 st S.C. Regt. under Col. Charles Cotesworth P<strong>in</strong>ckney, <strong>and</strong> which occupied Fort<br />
Moultrie, had a number <strong>of</strong> blacks dispatched to <strong>the</strong>m from <strong>the</strong> city to assist <strong>in</strong> bolster<strong>in</strong>g that post’s defenses. 498<br />
5 March. To help replace cannon lost at sea, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton had previously asked to borrow artillery from <strong>the</strong> Royal<br />
Navy. After first obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 8 thirty-two pounders with ammunition, on March 5 th , he received from Vice Admiral<br />
Arbuthnot’s squadron 4 additional thirty-two pounders, with one hundred rounds <strong>of</strong> shot, <strong>and</strong> 6 twenty-four<br />
pounders with like quantity <strong>of</strong> ammunition. Despite <strong>the</strong> admiral’s <strong>com</strong>pliance, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton believed him ungenerous;<br />
furnish<strong>in</strong>g only 100 rounds per gun, when 200 had been requested. 499<br />
5 March. Brig. Gen. James Paterson’s detachment at Savannah, hav<strong>in</strong>g had much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Savannah garrison added<br />
to its ranks, cont<strong>in</strong>ued its march up along <strong>the</strong> Savannah River towards Augusta. By end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day his force <strong>of</strong><br />
1,500 had made some 17 miles progress.<br />
Allaire 500 : “Sunday, March 5 th . The follow<strong>in</strong>g corps marched from Savannah, viz.: Light Infantry, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by<br />
Maj. [James] Graham; [Loyal] American Volunteers, Lieut. Col. Ferguson; New York Volunteers, Lieut. Col.<br />
Turnbull, North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians, Lieut. Col. Hamilton; South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians, Col. [Alex<strong>and</strong>er] Innes; Dismounted Legion,<br />
Maj. [Charles] Cochrane; one <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> Georgia Dragoons, Capt. [Archibald] Campbell, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> First Battalion<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Seventy-first regiment, Maj. [Archibald] McArthur -- <strong>in</strong> number about fifteen hundred. We marched from<br />
Savannah at six o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g; arrived at Cherokee Hill, n<strong>in</strong>e miles from Savannah, at twelve o’clock,<br />
<strong>and</strong> encamped to refresh ourselves. At three o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon got <strong>in</strong> motion, <strong>and</strong> marched to Abercorn,<br />
eight miles from Cherokee Hill; here we encamped <strong>and</strong> lay all night. Disagreeable, ra<strong>in</strong>y wea<strong>the</strong>r.”<br />
5-6 March. [skirmishes] Stono River (Charleston County, S.C.) Ewald: “On <strong>the</strong> 4 th [March] my turn came to occupy<br />
<strong>the</strong> redoubts across <strong>the</strong> Stono River with <strong>the</strong> usual detachment. S<strong>in</strong>ce I had made a very thorough <strong>in</strong>spection <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se miserable works, which resembled heaps <strong>of</strong> s<strong>and</strong>, I requested thirty Negroes provided with axes <strong>and</strong><br />
492 USC pp. 195-199, 375-376, BSC p. 64.<br />
493 HWW p. 52.<br />
494 BEA p. 209.<br />
495 BSC p. 57.<br />
496 AR80 p. 218.<br />
497 DSC.<br />
498 BSC p. 67.<br />
499 AR80 p. 218, CAR p. 439.<br />
500 Lieut. Anthony Allaire, who kept a diary from which this <strong>and</strong> subsequently quoted extracts are taken, was an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong><br />
Ferguson’s Corps.<br />
120
shovels to repair <strong>the</strong> works <strong>and</strong> streng<strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> abatis surround<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m. Toward even<strong>in</strong>g Monsieur [Pierre-<br />
François] Vernier appeared with foot <strong>and</strong> horse, <strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 5 th , about eleven o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
However, he withdrew after several <strong>of</strong> his men <strong>and</strong> horses were shot dead <strong>and</strong> a few wounded.<br />
“But s<strong>in</strong>ce I thought he would return toward even<strong>in</strong>g, I placed a corporal with six Scots <strong>and</strong> six jagers <strong>in</strong> two<br />
ambuscades <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> outly<strong>in</strong>g p<strong>in</strong>e woods along <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> road. My plan was correct. Toward seven o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
even<strong>in</strong>g a small party <strong>of</strong> about fifteen to twenty men appeared. The signal for <strong>the</strong> ambuscade was <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a<br />
double post which I had placed right <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> open <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> works. The sight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se two men was so<br />
pleas<strong>in</strong>g to Vernier’s gentlemen that <strong>the</strong>y surrounded <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> such a way that <strong>the</strong>y thought <strong>the</strong>y had cut <strong>the</strong>m<br />
<strong>of</strong>f. These well-chosen jagers allowed <strong>the</strong> enemy to play with <strong>the</strong>m until it became serious. They fired <strong>the</strong><br />
signal, <strong>the</strong> ambuscades attacked <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy was nearly all shot or stabbed to death. S<strong>in</strong>ce night fell, some<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m escaped.” 501<br />
6 March. Paterson advanced to Ebenezer, GA. located on <strong>the</strong> south bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Savannah River.<br />
7 March. Ewald: “On <strong>the</strong> 7 th at three o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g Colonel Webster marched with <strong>the</strong> jager<br />
detachment, <strong>the</strong> 33d Regiment, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st Scottish Regiment to Ma<strong>the</strong>w’s Ferry, where <strong>the</strong>y would be ready to<br />
cross over to James Isl<strong>and</strong> at a moment’s notice.” 502<br />
8 March. A mixed force <strong>of</strong> British light <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> possibly some cavalry, under Capt. Nash attempted to<br />
surprise attack <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental light dragoons <strong>and</strong> S.C. state cavalry at Wambaw (Bull’s plantation.) On alert,<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton extricated himself, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> 10 th had withdrawn his horsemen north to Bacon’s Bridge. 503<br />
9 March. Ewald: “Toward morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Webster Corps marched <strong>of</strong>f, crossed <strong>the</strong> Stono River at Ma<strong>the</strong>w’s Ferry ( a<br />
good half hour wide here because <strong>of</strong> its marshy banks), <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>ed at Hamilton’s l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g place on James Isl<strong>and</strong>.<br />
We found <strong>the</strong> entire army assembled here, except for <strong>the</strong> 63d Regiment, which had rema<strong>in</strong>ed beh<strong>in</strong>d on Stono<br />
Isl<strong>and</strong>…” 504<br />
9-10 March. De Brahm: “Seven vessels were sunk [by <strong>the</strong> Americans] near <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> Cooper River, <strong>and</strong> cables<br />
fixed from one to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r, to prevent <strong>the</strong> entrance <strong>of</strong> this [<strong>the</strong> Cooper] river.” In addition, <strong>the</strong> sunken ships<br />
had fitted to <strong>the</strong>ir decks chevaux de frise, or what might be characterized as naval m<strong>in</strong>es; with sharpened metal<br />
po<strong>in</strong>ts stick<strong>in</strong>g out (<strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> explosives) <strong>in</strong>tended to damage <strong>the</strong> hulls <strong>of</strong> enemy vessels. 3 “stout” American<br />
<strong>and</strong> 1 French frigate, plus 1 French 16 gun polacre, were, however, kept afloat, but were subsequently captured<br />
by <strong>the</strong> British when <strong>the</strong> town was taken. 505<br />
10 March. Allaire (with Paterson’s detachment): “Friday, 10 th . The American Volunteers <strong>and</strong> British Legion<br />
marched three miles up <strong>the</strong> Augusta road to Tuckasse-K<strong>in</strong>g. Here we encamped, <strong>and</strong> took breakfast <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g. A Rebel Lieut. Johnson with twenty men surrounded a poor man’s house here this morn<strong>in</strong>g. They heard<br />
we were <strong>in</strong> motion, but not be<strong>in</strong>g certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> it, <strong>the</strong>y came to f<strong>in</strong>d out <strong>the</strong> truth. They did no damage to <strong>the</strong><br />
family; nei<strong>the</strong>r did <strong>the</strong>y tarry long, be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed that we were <strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Two Sisters, <strong>the</strong>y thought it<br />
proper for <strong>the</strong> bro<strong>the</strong>rs to take <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong>f. This is <strong>the</strong> first Rebel party we have heard <strong>of</strong>. At three o’clock <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> afternoon received orders to take <strong>the</strong> ground we left <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, where I <strong>and</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment lay<br />
all night. One division crossed <strong>the</strong> river -- <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs to follow as expeditiously as possible.”<br />
10 March. Cornwallis with a force consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, 2 Hessian grenadier battalions, <strong>the</strong> jägers, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 7 th , 23 rd , <strong>and</strong> 33 rd regiments crossed <strong>the</strong> Wappoo Cut as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British advance on <strong>the</strong> city. 506<br />
Ewald: “On <strong>the</strong> 10 th , at four o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, Lord Cornwallis set out on James Isl<strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
troops: (1) <strong>the</strong> jägers; (2) <strong>the</strong> 33d Regiment; (3) <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry; (4) <strong>the</strong> English grenadiers; (5) <strong>the</strong> two<br />
Hessian grenadier battalions <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> [Alured] Clarke Brigade. At daybreak this corps crossed <strong>the</strong> Wappoo Cut (or<br />
Canal) <strong>and</strong> took <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g positions on <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>l<strong>and</strong>, on <strong>the</strong> right bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ashley River.<br />
“The jagers <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 33d Regiment, under Colonel Webster, set up <strong>the</strong>ir post at Rose’s plantation on <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong><br />
road to Ashley Ferry. The light <strong>in</strong>fantry under General Leslie was stationed at L<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g’s Po<strong>in</strong>t, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> English<br />
grenadiers with <strong>the</strong> [Alured] Clarke Brigade [i.e., 7 th <strong>and</strong> 23 rd regiments] were posted at Fenwick’s Po<strong>in</strong>t [at <strong>the</strong><br />
mouth <strong>of</strong> Wappoo cut]. The two Hessian grenadier battalions L<strong>in</strong>s<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Lengerke occupied <strong>the</strong> bridge over <strong>the</strong><br />
Wappoo.” 507<br />
H<strong>in</strong>richs: “[The 10 th ] Fort Moultrie is situated on <strong>the</strong> eastern po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> is constructed like <strong>the</strong> usual<br />
fortifications <strong>of</strong> a harbor en amphi<strong>the</strong>atre. The material is brick <strong>and</strong> palmetto, a pliable, very strong, <strong>and</strong> tough<br />
wood, which yields to an impact without break<strong>in</strong>g. The fort has a garrison <strong>of</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty men<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Colonel Scott, <strong>and</strong> twenty to thirty guns, 24-pounders be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> heaviest. A bridge with a tête de<br />
pont, called ‘bridge battery,’ leads to Mount Pleasant, thus connect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> isl<strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>l<strong>and</strong>. Four<br />
enemy frigates <strong>and</strong> four row-galleys, <strong>and</strong> two schooners are stationed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ashley River <strong>in</strong> a l<strong>in</strong>e<br />
with <strong>the</strong> outflow <strong>of</strong> Wappoo Creek. The works on <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> fortifications along <strong>the</strong> town side<br />
501 EHJ pp. 204-205.<br />
502 EHJ p. 204, SAW2 p. 183.<br />
503 HWW p. 52.<br />
504 EHJ p. 204, USC pp. 199-200, 377.<br />
505 GDH3 pp. 124-128, USC pp. 213-215, AR80 p. 219, 222, SAW p. 180, MLW4A pp. 139-140.<br />
506 USC pp. 203-205, 377, BSC p. 93.<br />
507 EHJ p. 205.<br />
121
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ashley River are almost f<strong>in</strong>ished. On <strong>the</strong> l<strong>and</strong> side, l<strong>in</strong>es have been jo<strong>in</strong>ed to both ends <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> unf<strong>in</strong>ished<br />
royal fortifications, extend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m toward <strong>the</strong> rivers. The entire l<strong>in</strong>e, it seems to me, is a series <strong>of</strong> works<br />
resembl<strong>in</strong>g redans <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terspersed with demi-bastions. The artillery <strong>in</strong> Charleston consists <strong>of</strong> more than two<br />
hundred pieces, rang<strong>in</strong>g from French 2-pounders to 32-pounders. The city is garrisoned with six thous<strong>and</strong> men,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g militia, <strong>in</strong>habitants, seamen, <strong>and</strong> artillery. Our position is as follows: Headquarters <strong>and</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
at Wappoo bridge, British grenadiers <strong>and</strong> fusiliers at Mr. Scott’s house, jägers <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 33 rd at Newtown New Cut,<br />
Hessian grenadiers one <strong>and</strong> one-half miles this side <strong>of</strong> Fort Johnson, Huyn’s, <strong>the</strong> 63 rd , <strong>the</strong> 64 th , <strong>and</strong> two<br />
<strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st at Hamilton’s house, three <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st on Lighthouse Isl<strong>and</strong>, while <strong>the</strong> baggage<br />
ships, a row-galley, <strong>and</strong> two armed vessels are stationed at Headquarters.” 508<br />
11 March. McIntosh: “Heard cannon all this day as we rid [sic] along <strong>the</strong> road, which makes us impatient. [Heard]<br />
that Gen. Moultrie who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> horse at Bacon’s bridge [Bigg<strong>in</strong>’s Bridge], was taken sick [with gout; this<br />
was <strong>in</strong> late February], <strong>and</strong> Gen. [Isaac] Huger sent to take <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> his room [i.e., <strong>in</strong> his place]. It consisted<br />
<strong>of</strong> Bl<strong>and</strong>’s, Baylie’s [Baylor’s], Pulaski’s <strong>and</strong> Horry’s corps, with some volunteers-altoge<strong>the</strong>r about 250. Came to<br />
Charleston <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> put up at Mrs. M<strong>in</strong>is’s; though disagreeable on account <strong>of</strong> some British persons<br />
quartered at her house. Hogan’s brigade arrived <strong>in</strong> town 3d <strong>in</strong>st.” 509<br />
11 March. Paterson crossed north over <strong>the</strong> Savannah River at a spot near Two Sisters. 510<br />
11 March. Ewald: “On <strong>the</strong> 11 th a number <strong>of</strong> ordnance, supply, <strong>and</strong> transport ships entered <strong>the</strong> Stono River,<br />
whereupon it was made known to <strong>the</strong> army that it was to fill all its needs from <strong>the</strong>re. It was high time, too, for<br />
we jagers had almost noth<strong>in</strong>g left on our bodies <strong>and</strong> on our feet.” 511<br />
12 March. [skirmish] Hammond’s Plantation, also Savage’s Plantation (Charleston County, S.C.)<br />
By <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> this date, Cornwallis’ forces had erected a battery at Fenwick’s Po<strong>in</strong>t (modern day Albemarle<br />
Po<strong>in</strong>t) on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> Wappoo cut, which effectively blocked American movement from <strong>the</strong> Ashley River<br />
<strong>in</strong>to <strong>and</strong> out <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. The American’s, even so, still had <strong>the</strong> Cooper River <strong>and</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn approaches to<br />
Charlestown open <strong>and</strong> available to <strong>the</strong>m. Col. James Webster’s detachment encountered a rebel scout<strong>in</strong>g party<br />
at Hammond’s plantation; which <strong>the</strong>y skirmished for four hours, but without serious loss to ei<strong>the</strong>r side. 512<br />
Ewald: “At daybreak on <strong>the</strong> 12 th [March], Colonel [Robert] Abercromby, with <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> two<br />
amusettes [heavy duty muskets], marched to Hammond’s plantation, which was situated about one German mile<br />
from <strong>the</strong> jager post, <strong>in</strong> order to undertake a forag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re for <strong>the</strong> few artillery <strong>and</strong> generals’ horses which we<br />
had collected <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> countryside. At <strong>the</strong> same time Colonel Webster marched up <strong>the</strong> road along <strong>the</strong> left bank <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Stono River with <strong>the</strong> jager detachment <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 33d Regiment to cover <strong>the</strong> left flank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry.<br />
“Colonel Webster took his position at Savage’s [Hammond’s] plantation, where we ran <strong>in</strong>to an enemy party <strong>of</strong><br />
fifty horse <strong>and</strong> about one hundred <strong>in</strong>fantry, whom we attacked <strong>and</strong> skirmished with for over two hours, dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
which two jagers were wounded. Afterward, <strong>the</strong>y left us <strong>and</strong> moved aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> cha<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> Colonel Abercromby,<br />
whereupon <strong>the</strong> jagers rushed to <strong>the</strong> aid <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry as soon as <strong>the</strong>y heard several amusette shots.<br />
Abercromby <strong>the</strong>n ordered me to march on ahead with forty jagers <strong>and</strong> lie <strong>in</strong> ambuscade along <strong>the</strong> road. But <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy did not follow fur<strong>the</strong>r than rifle-shot range <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ambuscade. I waited all night without hav<strong>in</strong>g had a<br />
dr<strong>in</strong>k <strong>of</strong> water <strong>the</strong> whole day <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> oppressive heat, <strong>and</strong> withdrew to <strong>the</strong> camp <strong>in</strong> silence.” 513<br />
McIntosh: “12 th March. Found <strong>the</strong> enemy had possession <strong>of</strong> James Isl<strong>and</strong>, s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> latter end <strong>of</strong> February, <strong>and</strong><br />
were now erect<strong>in</strong>g a work upon Bunker’s Hill, beh<strong>in</strong>d Fort Johnson. We saw <strong>the</strong>ir fleet, transports, store-ships,<br />
merchantmen, &c., <strong>in</strong> Stono river, Wappoo Cut, from Ferguson’s house, <strong>in</strong> Tradd street; <strong>and</strong> some men <strong>of</strong> war<br />
over <strong>the</strong> bar. Our horse skirmished near Ashley Ferry.” 514<br />
12 March. In a move south from Bigg<strong>in</strong>’s Bridge, Lieut. Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, Jameson, <strong>and</strong> Horry led a scout<strong>in</strong>g party<br />
to a location near Drayton Hall. 515<br />
12 March. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Carl Borick, L<strong>in</strong>coln by this day had approximately 4,300 men under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, with<br />
perhaps one quarter unfit for duty, ei<strong>the</strong>r due to illness or lack <strong>of</strong> cloth<strong>in</strong>g or arms. With respect to Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
troops, <strong>the</strong>re were 2 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>ental l<strong>in</strong>e battalions number<strong>in</strong>g 362 men; 3 S.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
regiments with 660, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. brigade <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals total<strong>in</strong>g 760. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, <strong>the</strong>re were 200 artillery<br />
pieces defend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> city. Over 700 more Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals under Brig. Gen. William Woodford were soon<br />
expected daily to help re<strong>in</strong>force <strong>the</strong> garrison. See 17 April for full totals <strong>of</strong> both American <strong>and</strong> British forces by<br />
that date. 516<br />
12 March. The British erected a battery put on Fenwick’s Po<strong>in</strong>t at <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> Wappoo Cut. 517<br />
508 USC pp. 201-203.<br />
509 MNS.<br />
510 ADI, 11 March, MSC1 p. 446.<br />
511 EHJ p. 205, USC p. 205.<br />
512 USC p. 205.<br />
513 EHJ p. 208.<br />
514 MNS.<br />
515 HWW p. 52.<br />
516 BSC pp. 66, 118-119.<br />
517 MSC1 p. 446, USC p. 377.<br />
122
13 March. De Brahm: “The enemy [<strong>the</strong> British] took possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>and</strong> on Ashley River opposite <strong>the</strong> town,<br />
constructed a battery near <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> Wappoo, on <strong>the</strong> prolongation <strong>of</strong> Tradd street.” 518<br />
13 March. Maj. Patrick Ferguson <strong>and</strong> Maj. Charles Cochrane <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Legion Infantry were sent <strong>in</strong> separate<br />
detachments by Paterson to seize cross<strong>in</strong>gs at <strong>the</strong> Combahee (aka Salkehatchie) River. However, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
accidentally ran <strong>in</strong>to each o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> mistook <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>rades for Americans. A few were killed <strong>and</strong> wounded<br />
before <strong>the</strong> error was discovered. About this same time, Tarleton, with <strong>the</strong> Legion cavalry, headed towards Port<br />
Royal to collect what horses he could for his largely dismounted unit. 519<br />
14 March. [surrender] Fort Charlotte, Mobile (Mobile County, AL.) Fort Charlotte (located <strong>in</strong> modern day Mobile,<br />
Alabama), <strong>and</strong> which controlled British possessions <strong>in</strong> western Florida, with its 300 man British garrison were<br />
captured by Spanish forces under General, also Governor <strong>of</strong> Louisiana, Bernardo de Gálvez. The news <strong>of</strong> this<br />
Spanish victory heartened <strong>the</strong> Americans who much wel<strong>com</strong>ed it as an encouragement to <strong>the</strong>ir own efforts at<br />
Charlestown. 520<br />
14 March. Lieut. Col. John Laurens wrote to General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “His [<strong>the</strong> enemy’s] transports <strong>and</strong> store ships<br />
have removed from Edisto up Stono River, where <strong>the</strong>y lie contiguous to Wappoo Cut, which is <strong>the</strong> water<br />
<strong>com</strong>munication from <strong>the</strong>nce to Ashley River. At a po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> l<strong>and</strong>, formed by <strong>the</strong> issu<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> former<br />
<strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> latter, he raised <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> a night, <strong>the</strong> 11 th <strong>in</strong>st., <strong>and</strong> a battery <strong>of</strong> six embrasures [apertures or<br />
ports, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g loopholes, through which to fire.] This situation, naturally advantageous, he will probably<br />
render very strong, <strong>and</strong> establish <strong>in</strong> it his deposit <strong>of</strong> military stores <strong>and</strong> provisions. He may <strong>the</strong>n ei<strong>the</strong>r force a<br />
passage over Ashley River or turn it by a circuitous march, fortify a camp on <strong>the</strong> neck <strong>and</strong> open his trenches. The<br />
best <strong>com</strong>munication between his magaz<strong>in</strong>es <strong>and</strong> camp will be across Ashley River, from a bluff, marked Bull <strong>in</strong><br />
your large map.” 521<br />
15 March. [skirmish] St. Andrew’s Church (Charleston County, S.C.)<br />
Ewald: “At daybreak Major Dundas <strong>and</strong> five hundred men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry were sent forward <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity<br />
<strong>of</strong> St. Andrew’s Church to forage <strong>the</strong> plantations which are situated on <strong>the</strong> right bank <strong>of</strong> St. Andrew’s Creek. At<br />
<strong>the</strong> same time, Colonel Webster advanced with <strong>the</strong> jagers <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 33d Regiment <strong>of</strong> Lowndes plantation to cover<br />
Major Dundas’s left, <strong>and</strong> to forage <strong>the</strong>re <strong>and</strong> divide <strong>the</strong> enemy forces. The Americans had demolished <strong>the</strong> bridge<br />
near <strong>the</strong> church <strong>and</strong> posted a number <strong>of</strong> riflemen along <strong>the</strong> creek, with whom <strong>the</strong> jagers skirmished from our<br />
side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bank up to <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> forag<strong>in</strong>g.” 522<br />
16 March. Allaire (with Paterson’s detachment): “Thursday, 16 th . Rema<strong>in</strong>ed at [Isaac] McPherson’s plantation,<br />
liv<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> fat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> soldiers every side <strong>of</strong> us roast<strong>in</strong>g turkeys, fowls, pigs, etc., every night <strong>in</strong> great<br />
plenty; this Mr. McPherson be<strong>in</strong>g a great Rebel, <strong>and</strong> a man <strong>of</strong> vast property, at present <strong>in</strong> Charleston. About<br />
thirty Rebels showed <strong>the</strong>mselves this morn<strong>in</strong>g, a mile <strong>and</strong> a half <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> us. A party went out <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m; but returned without effect<strong>in</strong>g anyth<strong>in</strong>g-<strong>the</strong> jockeys be<strong>in</strong>g on horseback easily made <strong>of</strong>f.”<br />
18 March. [skirmish] Salkehatchie, also Combahee, Saltketcher (Colleton County, S.C.)<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “I called immediately to me <strong>the</strong> corps which had been left <strong>in</strong> Georgia under Brigadier General Paterson<br />
(as before mentioned, for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> try<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> temper <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> back settlements <strong>and</strong> endeavor<strong>in</strong>g to create a<br />
diversion <strong>in</strong> favor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> besieg<strong>in</strong>g army), as this small addition was now be<strong>com</strong>e absolutely requisite to enable<br />
me to occupy <strong>the</strong> numerous posts that were necessary for preserv<strong>in</strong>g our <strong>com</strong>munications.” As well, when<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton realized he need more men than he had with him to properly carry out a siege, he sent orders for more<br />
to be sent from New York, <strong>and</strong> which arrived April 17 th . 523<br />
Paterson accord<strong>in</strong>gly began mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. In advance <strong>of</strong> him, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, Jameson <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>and</strong> S.C. state cavalry felled trees <strong>in</strong> his path; while Col. Ames Ladson’s 80 Colleton county<br />
militia destroyed <strong>the</strong> ferries boats. Later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day, <strong>in</strong> a sweep <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> area around Beaufort, Tarleton with <strong>the</strong><br />
British Legion, after tak<strong>in</strong>g a cross<strong>in</strong>g far<strong>the</strong>r down river, ambushed Ladson at Salkehatchie Bridge 524 (posted at<br />
<strong>the</strong> north side), kill<strong>in</strong>g 16 <strong>and</strong> wound<strong>in</strong>g several. The British suffered 4 wounded.<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to McCrady, <strong>the</strong> defeated American force numbered 50 <strong>and</strong> lost 17 killed <strong>and</strong> 4 wounded. Paterson<br />
lost 2 wounded. 525<br />
Allaire: “Saturday, 18 th . Marched from McPherson’s plantation to Saltketcher, a Rebel party consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> eighty<br />
militia, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by a Maj. [Ames] Ladson, placed <strong>the</strong>mselves on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river to oppose our<br />
cross<strong>in</strong>g. They were amused by a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion return<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir fire across <strong>the</strong> river at <strong>the</strong> place where<br />
<strong>the</strong> bridge formerly was, whilst <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion crossed <strong>the</strong> river below, <strong>and</strong><br />
came <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m before <strong>the</strong>y were aware <strong>of</strong> it. Here <strong>the</strong> bayonet was <strong>in</strong>troduced so effectually that a<br />
Capt. Mills, <strong>and</strong> sixteen privates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebels, could not exist any longer, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> course gave up <strong>the</strong> cause. Four<br />
were badly wounded, <strong>and</strong> one taken prisoner that luckily escaped <strong>the</strong> bayonet. Maj. [James] Graham, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
518 GDH3 pp. 124-128, USC pp. 205-207, 377.<br />
519 MSC1 p. 447.<br />
520 SAW2 pp. 188-189, LMS pp. 161-162, FWI p. 198, BEA p. 710.<br />
521 DSC, USC pp. 207, 377.<br />
522 EHJ p. 209, USC p. 207.<br />
523 RSC2 p. 63, CAR p. 162, CBA p. 495, BAR p. 208.<br />
524 The Salkehatchie <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Combahee are <strong>the</strong> same river; though “Combahee” is preferred. MSC p. 135.<br />
525 MSC2 p. 744. BGD p. 73, BSC pp. 97-98.<br />
123
Light Infantry, <strong>and</strong> Maj. [James] Wright, [Jr.] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Georgia Loyalists, slightly wounded. The former cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />
to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> his battalion, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter cont<strong>in</strong>ued his march. Two privates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry were also<br />
slightly wounded. We rema<strong>in</strong>ed all night at Ogelveys’ [sic] plantation, on <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river called Indian l<strong>and</strong>.<br />
This day’s march was very tedious -- a disagreeable, ra<strong>in</strong>y, cold day, <strong>and</strong> through a swamp where <strong>the</strong> water was<br />
from two to three feet deep.”<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “There be<strong>in</strong>g now no force <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field, but <strong>the</strong> two hundred light <strong>in</strong>fantry, under Gen.<br />
[Isaac] Huger, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> horse under Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton; which were those mentioned <strong>in</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln’s order to Gen.<br />
Marion; <strong>the</strong> British were suffered to detach small parties through <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> to take all <strong>the</strong> horses which<br />
were fit, ei<strong>the</strong>r to transport <strong>the</strong>ir cannon <strong>and</strong> baggage, or to mount <strong>the</strong>ir cavalry. In one month after <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, Col. Tarleton had his legion mounted, <strong>and</strong> began his career <strong>of</strong> slaughter. On <strong>the</strong> 18 th March, he surprised<br />
a party <strong>of</strong> 80 militia, at Saltketcher bridge, killed <strong>and</strong> wounded several, <strong>and</strong> dispersed <strong>the</strong> rest.” 526<br />
18 March. J. Lewis Gervais, at Charlestown, to Henry Laurens: “I am happy to say that to this day we may still<br />
convey letters to you. The enemy have made but little progress s<strong>in</strong>ce you left us. They are still fortify<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves at James Isl<strong>and</strong>. They have withdrawn <strong>the</strong>ir post at Stono <strong>and</strong> levelled <strong>the</strong>ir works at that place. Our<br />
horse keeps still at or near Bacon’s Bridge. Their fleet is still <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> bar, wait<strong>in</strong>g I suppose, for <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g tide<br />
to-morrow or next day. This day has been ra<strong>in</strong>y, <strong>and</strong> this even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d is <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to northwest: but should<br />
<strong>the</strong>y <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong>, I still th<strong>in</strong>k chances are <strong>in</strong> our favor. Their fleet consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Raisonable, <strong>of</strong> 64 guns, (which <strong>the</strong>y<br />
don’t mean to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>) <strong>the</strong> Renown <strong>of</strong> 50; <strong>the</strong> Roebuck <strong>of</strong> 44, Capt. Hammond, <strong>and</strong> Admiral Arbuthnot on board<br />
<strong>the</strong> Blonde <strong>of</strong> 32; <strong>the</strong> Perseus <strong>of</strong> 28 <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> 20. It is said <strong>the</strong> Raleigh jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m yesterday. Now I th<strong>in</strong>k<br />
our vessels, supported by Fort Moultrie are more than equal. We have <strong>the</strong> two cont<strong>in</strong>ental vessels, <strong>the</strong> Truite,<br />
<strong>the</strong> Bricole <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Adventure, besides four gallies; for <strong>the</strong>y have all left Ashley river which is defended by two<br />
batteries at Com<strong>in</strong>g’s Po<strong>in</strong>t, one <strong>of</strong> which mounts three 26 pounders <strong>and</strong> 4 eighteens. Yesterday, <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
were at work near Old Town, <strong>and</strong> we at Corn<strong>in</strong>g’s Po<strong>in</strong>t. The forts upon <strong>the</strong> bay are nearly f<strong>in</strong>ished. Col.<br />
Cambray goes on briskly at Fort Moultrie mak<strong>in</strong>g a glacis. A few militia are <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>. Col. Garden brought <strong>in</strong> 100<br />
two days ago. But <strong>the</strong> enemy have crossed a body <strong>of</strong> three or four hundred men from Georgia, at <strong>the</strong> Two<br />
Sisters, <strong>and</strong> some horse from Port Royal, which, it is said, are at Sheldon. I suppose <strong>the</strong>y are three regiments <strong>of</strong><br />
new levies which were left at Ebenezer. The 7 th <strong>in</strong>st., Gen. Williamson was encamped near Augusta with <strong>the</strong><br />
Georgia militia, he may have some 7 or 800 men. After he hears <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s movement from Ebenezer, I<br />
make no doubt he will move after <strong>the</strong>m. The tories are partly routed. Several have been brought to gaol [jail].<br />
Yesterday, <strong>the</strong>ir Col. Anderson was brought <strong>in</strong> by one Capta<strong>in</strong> Richards, who took him near <strong>the</strong> Salkehatchie with<br />
four <strong>of</strong> my negroes. They are all six now <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> our friends. Col. [Andrew] Pickens [sent by Andrew<br />
Williamson to assist Col. John Twiggs, <strong>the</strong> latter already deployed just outside Savannah 527 ] has been down with<br />
a party <strong>of</strong> horse scour<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> country. Balent<strong>in</strong>e, who at tempted to go over to <strong>the</strong> enemy, was hanged last<br />
Thursday. Anderson, I expect, will follow. A special court is appo<strong>in</strong>ted for his trial. We are still hop<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia l<strong>in</strong>e. Sometimes <strong>the</strong>y are near, sometimes at a distance. As for General [Charles] Scott, I believe he<br />
never will <strong>com</strong>e.” 528<br />
19 March. William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “Gen. L<strong>in</strong>coln had ordered Lieut. Col. [Francis] Marion to select two hundred<br />
men, out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> three regiments with him, at Sheldon, <strong>and</strong> to march immediately to town. (31 st Jan.) No troops<br />
were to be left <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field but two hundred light <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> horse under Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton. Marion repaired<br />
to town, accord<strong>in</strong>g to orders, but before <strong>the</strong> garrison was f<strong>in</strong>ally hemmed <strong>in</strong> by <strong>the</strong> enemy, he, by accident, <strong>in</strong><br />
attempt<strong>in</strong>g to escape from a dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g party, dislocated his ankle. Gen. L<strong>in</strong>coln had issued an order, ‘that all<br />
supernumerary <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> all <strong>of</strong>ficers who were unfit for duty, must quit <strong>the</strong> garrison, <strong>and</strong> retire <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong><br />
country.’ In consequence <strong>of</strong> this order, Marion retired to St. John’s.” It was <strong>the</strong>n, ostensibly because <strong>of</strong> this<br />
accident dislocat<strong>in</strong>g his ankle, that Marion was not <strong>in</strong> Charlestown at <strong>the</strong> time it was placed under siege. Both<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Bass accords <strong>the</strong> date for this accident as 19 March; whereas James gives 31 January. That a<br />
spra<strong>in</strong>ed ankle should have kept Marion from <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g his men seems ra<strong>the</strong>r strange; not to mentioned <strong>the</strong><br />
circumstances <strong>in</strong> which he suffered <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>jury. Yet even if (at least for <strong>the</strong> sake <strong>of</strong> argument) <strong>the</strong>re were<br />
unstated factors <strong>and</strong> motives <strong>in</strong> his be<strong>in</strong>g absent dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege, it is fair to Marion to say that cowardice would<br />
not have been one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. 529<br />
19 March. H<strong>in</strong>richs: “The enemy worked with untir<strong>in</strong>g effort on <strong>the</strong> fortifications <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city. One trench, one<br />
battery after ano<strong>the</strong>r, was thrown up; like mushrooms <strong>the</strong>y sprang from <strong>the</strong> soil. From <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city<br />
along <strong>the</strong> Ashley alone I counted twenty-two embrasures. The <strong>in</strong>habitants were mov<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong>ir houses on this<br />
side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city to <strong>the</strong> eastern side, because several days ago when our 6-gun battery on Fenwick’s Po<strong>in</strong>t opened<br />
fire on <strong>the</strong> enemy’s ships <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ashley, <strong>the</strong>y learned that it would be easy for us to throw hot shot<br />
<strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> city. S<strong>in</strong>ce our l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>ir garrison has been re<strong>in</strong>forced by six hundred men from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a.<br />
Their regular regiments amounted to three thous<strong>and</strong> me. The rest are militia, Negroes, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
city, as well as some hundred French.” 530<br />
20 March. As well as encircl<strong>in</strong>g Charlestown by l<strong>and</strong>, it was <strong>in</strong>tended by <strong>the</strong> British to cut it <strong>of</strong>f by water. In<br />
order to beg<strong>in</strong> to do this it was necessary for Vice Admiral Arbuthnot to br<strong>in</strong>g his ships across <strong>the</strong> Charleston bar.<br />
526 JFM p. 14.<br />
527 MSC1 p. 528.<br />
528 LOC.<br />
529 MMS2 pp. 222-223, JFM p. 12, GAR1 p. 18n, LFB2 p. 769n, BSF p. 29.<br />
530 USC pp. 211-212.<br />
124
The bar is a relatively narrow causeway <strong>of</strong> limited depth which would have given defend<strong>in</strong>g ships <strong>the</strong> opportunity<br />
to contest <strong>the</strong> British cross<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> with significant advantage to <strong>the</strong>mselves, by br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir full broadsides to<br />
bear on <strong>the</strong> approach<strong>in</strong>g enemy. Persistent bad wea<strong>the</strong>r had hi<strong>the</strong>rto prevented Arbuthnot from attempt<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
make <strong>the</strong> attempt, but by 20 March it had cleared. Despite this, Commodore Whipple, whose Cont<strong>in</strong>ental flotilla<br />
had been anchored under <strong>the</strong> guns <strong>of</strong> Fort Moultrie s<strong>in</strong>ce early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month <strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong>st L<strong>in</strong>coln’s wishes, did not<br />
contest <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g. This because (ra<strong>the</strong>r absurdly, <strong>in</strong> retrospect <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir later capture) he did not want to<br />
endanger his own ships; <strong>the</strong> waters near <strong>the</strong> bar, it was argued, were too shallow for <strong>the</strong> frigates to form a l<strong>in</strong>e<br />
<strong>of</strong> battle; <strong>and</strong> he preferred a defense <strong>of</strong> Fort Moultrie, 531 with Moultrie <strong>and</strong> some o<strong>the</strong>rs supported him <strong>in</strong> this<br />
decision (though not Whipple’s later refusal to take a st<strong>and</strong> beside Fort Moultrie.) Arbuthnot, who transferred<br />
his flag from <strong>the</strong> ship-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e Europe to <strong>the</strong> Roebuck (44 guns) for this event, <strong>the</strong>n moved with that ship,<br />
along with Renown (50), Romulus (44) <strong>and</strong> four frigates, Richmond, Raleigh, Blonde, <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> passed<br />
<strong>the</strong> bar without h<strong>in</strong>drance. So absent was <strong>the</strong> American defense, that it was easy to lighten <strong>the</strong> ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
guns <strong>and</strong> stores <strong>in</strong> order to effect <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g. The guns <strong>and</strong> stores were <strong>the</strong>n brought <strong>in</strong> by transports <strong>and</strong><br />
placed back on <strong>the</strong> ships afterward; which time consum<strong>in</strong>g unload<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> load<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> guns on <strong>the</strong> ships on order<br />
to get <strong>the</strong>m through perhaps argues for how much easier defense <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bar might o<strong>the</strong>rwise have proved. 532<br />
This potentially major challenge hav<strong>in</strong>g been over<strong>com</strong>e, it now rema<strong>in</strong>ed for Arbuthnot’s ships to get past<br />
Whipple’s flotilla <strong>and</strong> Fort Moultrie’s guns which covered <strong>the</strong> city harbor. With <strong>the</strong> bar’s cross<strong>in</strong>g, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>the</strong>n<br />
made arrangements to move <strong>the</strong> army over <strong>the</strong> Ashley River to Charlestown neck. This same day, he ordered a<br />
body <strong>of</strong> light troops to re<strong>in</strong>force Paterson at St. Andrew’s parish west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ashley. 533<br />
De Brahm [entry for 21 March]: “The English fleet passed <strong>the</strong> bar, <strong>and</strong> anchored <strong>in</strong> Five Fathom Hole.” 534<br />
20 March. [skirmish] McGirth’s Repulse (Chatham County, Georgia) In response to forays by loyalist Lieut. Col.<br />
Daniel McGirth (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers) out <strong>of</strong> Savannah <strong>and</strong> which were <strong>in</strong>tended to seize or destroy rebel<br />
property <strong>in</strong> Georgia, Col. Andrew Pickens on this date united with a body under Col. John Twiggs (<strong>the</strong> latter<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g a detachment <strong>of</strong> horse under Capt. Shadrack Inman.) Toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> two cont<strong>in</strong>gents numbered 300 S.C.<br />
state troops <strong>and</strong> S.C. <strong>and</strong> GA. Militia. Shortly after, <strong>the</strong> two planned to ambush McGirth; but <strong>the</strong> latter, upon<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir approach, beat a quick retreat back to Savannah; yet not without los<strong>in</strong>g a few men killed<br />
or taken prisoner before do<strong>in</strong>g so. Pickens <strong>and</strong> Twiggs <strong>the</strong>n formed a defensive position on <strong>the</strong> Ogeechee River,<br />
where <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>the</strong>mselves attacked <strong>and</strong> routed attacked on 14 April by a detachment <strong>of</strong> DeLancey’s corps (out<br />
<strong>of</strong> Savannah) <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Capt. Conkl<strong>in</strong>. 535<br />
20 March. [skirmish] Salkehatchie River (Colleton County, S.C.) Allaire: “Monday, 20 th . The army got <strong>in</strong> motion,<br />
march<strong>in</strong>g about two miles. Received orders to halt, <strong>the</strong> rear guard be<strong>in</strong>g fired on; it proved to be <strong>the</strong> [New] York<br />
Volunteers, gett<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> boats on <strong>the</strong> carriages at <strong>the</strong> river, were fired on by a skulk<strong>in</strong>g party <strong>of</strong> rascals on <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stream. Three poor lads <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> York Volunteers were killed. What damage was done to <strong>the</strong><br />
Rebels we are not certa<strong>in</strong>. Deta<strong>in</strong>ed by this <strong>and</strong> repair<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> bridges on <strong>the</strong> road, we only marched seven miles<br />
this day. Took up our ground at a place called Godfrey’s savannah.”<br />
21 March. Tarleton’s dragoons <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th Light Dragoons, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> Beaufort area,<br />
united with Paterson’s force at Horse Shoe <strong>and</strong> or “Fish Pond.” Toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y moved on to Jacksonboro. 536<br />
Allaire: “Tuesday, 21 st . The army got <strong>in</strong> motion. Marched to Fish Pond river. Here we were deta<strong>in</strong>ed to repair <strong>the</strong><br />
bridge till even<strong>in</strong>g. Before we crossed we moved on about three miles, through a swamp, over an exceed<strong>in</strong>g bad<br />
causeway. This day Col. Tarleton, with his dragoons, jo<strong>in</strong>ed us from Beaufort, where he had been to get horses -<br />
- his be<strong>in</strong>g all lost on <strong>the</strong> passage from New York. We took up our ground about ten o’clock at night, <strong>and</strong><br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed till ten o’clock next morn<strong>in</strong>g.”<br />
22 March. Allaire: “Wednesday, 22d. The army [Paterson’s detachment] got <strong>in</strong> motion at ten <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong><br />
marched as far as Horse Shoe, where we aga<strong>in</strong> were deta<strong>in</strong>ed to repair <strong>the</strong> bridge. After cross<strong>in</strong>g, cont<strong>in</strong>ued our<br />
march to Jacksonsburgh, a village conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g about sixty houses, situated on Pon Pon, or Edisto river.”<br />
22 March. Anonymous Charlestown correspondent to Henry Laurens: “On 22d March, Monday, <strong>the</strong> enemy got all<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir shipp<strong>in</strong>g over <strong>the</strong> bar, <strong>and</strong> this even<strong>in</strong>g we expect <strong>the</strong>y will pass Fort Moultrie, <strong>and</strong> make a very heavy<br />
attack upon <strong>the</strong> town <strong>in</strong> conjunction with <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>and</strong> forces from James Isl<strong>and</strong>. Yesterday, our four cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
frigates with some armed vessels belong<strong>in</strong>g to this State (hav<strong>in</strong>g had previously <strong>the</strong>ir station under <strong>the</strong> guns <strong>of</strong><br />
Fort Moultrie) came up to town, <strong>in</strong> order, as is said, to place <strong>the</strong>ir guns <strong>and</strong> men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> batteries on <strong>the</strong> bay;<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g discovered that <strong>the</strong>y could not possibly withst<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s naval force. This acquisition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir guns<br />
<strong>and</strong> seamen will be very great. I apprehend our ships will retreat up Cooper river. Our troops are <strong>in</strong> high spirits,<br />
but <strong>the</strong> great misfortune is that we have too few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. The Virg<strong>in</strong>ia L<strong>in</strong>e, which we have so long expected,<br />
have not yet made <strong>the</strong>ir appearance, <strong>and</strong> I am much afraid <strong>the</strong>y will <strong>com</strong>e too late. Col. John Laurens, who,<br />
while our ships lay at Sullivan’s Isl<strong>and</strong>, had <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>es, is now stationed with his men <strong>in</strong> a<br />
battery near Fort Moultrie, where he is determ<strong>in</strong>ed to give <strong>the</strong> British troops <strong>the</strong> first salute, <strong>and</strong> where I expect<br />
531 Pages 397-398 <strong>of</strong> RSC2 conta<strong>in</strong>s Whipple’s formal report <strong>and</strong> explanation for ab<strong>and</strong>on<strong>in</strong>g a defense <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bar.<br />
532 General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton himself had argued that if <strong>the</strong> bar could not be defended than nei<strong>the</strong>r could <strong>the</strong> town; which, <strong>of</strong> course,<br />
as it turned out proved to be <strong>the</strong> case. MSC1 pp. 440-441.<br />
533 USC p. 213, 377-378, AR80 pp. 218-219, RSC2 pp. 49-50, 52, 397-398, MLW4A pp. 138-140, LMS pp. 148-149, DSC, BSC pp. 78-<br />
79, 81-82, 96.<br />
534 GDH3 pp. 124-128.<br />
535 MHG pp. 465-466, Rev. William Bacon Stevens, A History <strong>of</strong> Georgia, pp. 242-243.<br />
536 MSC1 p. 448, BGD p. 73.<br />
125
to jo<strong>in</strong> him to-morrow as a volunteer. As soon as <strong>the</strong> enemy passes <strong>the</strong> fort, we shall proceed up to town, as <strong>the</strong><br />
pr<strong>in</strong>cipal <strong>and</strong> only opposition will be made here, <strong>the</strong>re be<strong>in</strong>g no retreat for us if <strong>the</strong> enemy should succeed.” 537<br />
Moultrie: (22 March) “All our ships <strong>and</strong> gallies are ordered up to town, <strong>the</strong>ir guns taken out, placed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
batteries, <strong>and</strong> manned by <strong>the</strong> sailors; by which means we have a re<strong>in</strong>forcement on shore <strong>of</strong> 1,200 men, which<br />
adds greatly to our strength. We are to s<strong>in</strong>k some ships, to stop <strong>the</strong> channel from <strong>the</strong> Exchange over to <strong>the</strong><br />
marsh. Commodore Whipple did not choose to risk an engagement with <strong>the</strong> British fleet. I th<strong>in</strong>k he was right <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> first <strong>in</strong>stance, when stationed just with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> bar to prevent <strong>the</strong> British fleet from <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g over, as that was<br />
a dangerous place; but his second position, when he was to lay a little above Fort Moultrie, with<strong>in</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t blank<br />
shot <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort, with his ships across to rake <strong>the</strong> channel-<strong>in</strong> that situation it would have been impossible for<br />
<strong>the</strong>m to pass without los<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir ships. I scarcely th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong>y would have attempted it.” 538<br />
John Lewis Gervais to Henry Laurens, 22 March: “You guessed right. The shipp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy got over <strong>the</strong> bar<br />
on Monday morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> part, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der; one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m a 64 gun ship. This was not<br />
expected. It is a little surpris<strong>in</strong>g that we should have been <strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> this country a century, <strong>and</strong> at this<br />
day, only know that a vessel <strong>of</strong> such a draft <strong>of</strong> water could <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong>; after destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> beacons <strong>and</strong> blacken<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> church [steeple]. This success o’ <strong>the</strong> enemy made it necessary to adopt different plans. The shipp<strong>in</strong>g have<br />
left <strong>the</strong>ir station near Fort Moultrie, <strong>and</strong> is <strong>com</strong>e to town yesterday even<strong>in</strong>g. The guns are tak<strong>in</strong>g out to be<br />
placed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> batteries, to be worked by <strong>the</strong> seamen. This gives us an addition <strong>of</strong> eleven or twelve hundred men.<br />
Several hundreds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North-Carol<strong>in</strong>ians’ time is out <strong>in</strong> three or four days. Propositions have been made to<br />
<strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong> a large bounty, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> greater part have agreed to stay for three months longer. A battery is erect<strong>in</strong>g<br />
near Liberty Tree at <strong>the</strong> old Indian Fort, which will <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> Town Creek, <strong>and</strong> it is said, <strong>the</strong> Bricole is to be<br />
sunk <strong>in</strong> it-if <strong>the</strong> enemy leaves us time to do it. Traverses are mak<strong>in</strong>g to cover our l<strong>in</strong>es from <strong>the</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
shipp<strong>in</strong>g In a few days, perhaps to-morrow morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> matter will be very serious. Fort Moultrie, if <strong>the</strong>y stop<br />
<strong>the</strong>re, I make no doubt will make a valiant defence. Col. [John] Laurens, I am told, came up last night, <strong>and</strong> is<br />
gone to Fort Moultrie this morn<strong>in</strong>g.” 539<br />
22 March. [skirmish] St. Andrew’s Church (Charleston County, S.C.) 540<br />
23 March. [skirmish] Bee’s Plantation, also Pon Pon (Colleton County, S.C.)<br />
Mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> Paterson’s column, Tarleton came upon a party <strong>of</strong> militia <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> dragoons at Bee’s<br />
Plantation, home <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Gov. Thomas Bee; kill<strong>in</strong>g 10 <strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g 4 prisoners (as states Allaire.) 541<br />
Tarleton: “The <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a hav<strong>in</strong>g heard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry horses at sea, had flattered<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves that <strong>the</strong>y could not be speedily recruited. In order to conf<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong> British troops as much as possible<br />
to <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> march, <strong>and</strong> to prevent <strong>the</strong>ir collect<strong>in</strong>g horses <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m accoutred [sic]<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves as cavaliers, <strong>and</strong> a few days after <strong>the</strong> junction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dragoons from Beaufort, ventured to <strong>in</strong>sult <strong>the</strong><br />
front <strong>of</strong> General Patterson’s [Paterson’s] corps, which was <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> his cavalry, who made a charge,<br />
unexpected by <strong>the</strong> Americans, <strong>and</strong> without any loss took some prisoners, <strong>and</strong> obta<strong>in</strong>ed a number <strong>of</strong> horses.” 542<br />
Peter Timothy (diary): “[24 March] Advice was received that 50 <strong>of</strong> our militia were surprized [sic] <strong>in</strong> a tavern<br />
near Salkehatchie Bridge; some were shot, some bayonetted, some are miss<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy got 15 horses.<br />
Report was also received that Cornet Hart <strong>and</strong> his bro<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>of</strong> Horry’s light horse, be<strong>in</strong>g out with a party, <strong>and</strong><br />
meet<strong>in</strong>g with some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, rode <strong>of</strong>f to <strong>the</strong>m.” 543<br />
Allaire: “Thursday, 23d. All <strong>the</strong> army, except <strong>the</strong> Seventy-first regiment, <strong>and</strong> greatest part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> baggage,<br />
crossed <strong>the</strong> river <strong>in</strong> boats <strong>and</strong> flats, <strong>the</strong> bridge be<strong>in</strong>g destroyed. Col. Tarleton came up with a party <strong>of</strong> Rebel<br />
militia dragoons, soon after cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> river at Gov. Bee’s plantation. He killed ten, <strong>and</strong> took four prisoners.<br />
Gov. [Thomas] Bee was formerly Lieut. Gov. under His Majesty, is now one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> members <strong>of</strong> Congress, <strong>and</strong><br />
Lieut. Gov. <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a.”<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “On <strong>the</strong> 23d, he [Tarleton] put to flight ano<strong>the</strong>r party at Ponpon, killed three, wounded<br />
one, <strong>and</strong> took four prisoners.” 544<br />
23 March. McIntosh: “23d March. The same as yesterday, at work; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy busy at <strong>the</strong>ir works, south side<br />
Ashley river. Very cold, w<strong>in</strong>dy, ra<strong>in</strong>y <strong>and</strong> stormy. Gallies came through Wappoo Cut. 1 sub. [subaltern], I<br />
sergeant, 1 corporal <strong>and</strong> 25 privates, ordered to relieve Ashley Ferry, last time.” 545<br />
24 March. [skirmish] Dam near St. Andrew’s Church (Charleston County, S.C.) 546<br />
537 BCA, USC p. 379.<br />
538 MMS2 pp. 60-61.<br />
539 LOC.<br />
540 EHJ p. 211.<br />
541 RSC2 p. 63, MSC1 p. 450, BGD p. 73.<br />
542 TCS p. 8. Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> site <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action, see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/beesplantation.htm<br />
543 What is described here by Timothy would seem to be <strong>the</strong> Bee’s Plantation action but this is not <strong>com</strong>pletely clear. BCA.<br />
544 JFM p. 14.<br />
545 MNS.<br />
546 USC pp. 219-221.<br />
126
24 March. Be<strong>in</strong>g transported by boat from Savannah, <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt. was brought <strong>in</strong> to re<strong>in</strong>force Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s army,<br />
<strong>and</strong> by this date was with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army. 547<br />
24 March. Enlistments <strong>of</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia expired on this day, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y were released to go home. Only a<br />
very few, under Col. Archibald Lytle (from Rowan County, N.C.), could be persuaded to rema<strong>in</strong>. The enlistments<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se last, some 170 or less, were set to expire 6 April. Some 100 S.C. “country” militia under Col. Garden, <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> meantime, agreed to <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong>to town a day or two before Lytle’s men became <strong>the</strong> only N.C. men left under<br />
McIntosh’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. 548<br />
Ramsay: “Out <strong>of</strong> a thous<strong>and</strong> North-Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by general Lill<strong>in</strong>gton, whose term <strong>of</strong> service<br />
expired while <strong>the</strong> siege was pend<strong>in</strong>g, no more than three hundred could be persuaded to rema<strong>in</strong> with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
l<strong>in</strong>es, though <strong>the</strong> government <strong>of</strong> South-Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>of</strong>fered to those who would cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison very<br />
generous encouragement.” 549<br />
McIntosh: “General Lill<strong>in</strong>gton, with his North-Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, all went home, except about 170 volunteers <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m, who agreed to stay under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. Lytle. Major Habersham appo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>the</strong>ir Major. Cold, clear<br />
wea<strong>the</strong>r.” 550<br />
25 March. Arriv<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> Stono River just a few miles outside <strong>and</strong> southwest <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, Paterson united his<br />
force with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s. The editor to H<strong>in</strong>richs’ diary notes respect<strong>in</strong>g Paterson’s cont<strong>in</strong>gent, <strong>and</strong> after referr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
reader to McCrady, that <strong>the</strong> latter “is mistaken when he says that <strong>the</strong> entire 71 st Regiment was with general<br />
Paterson. The 2 nd battalion <strong>of</strong> this famous regiment had jo<strong>in</strong>ed Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s army on March 3.” 551<br />
25 March. De Brahm: “Our [<strong>the</strong> American <strong>and</strong> French] armed vessels before Fort Moultrie returned to town; <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
cannon were transported <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> l<strong>and</strong> batteries.” 552<br />
25 March (H<strong>in</strong>richs enters this event on 26 March.) [skirmish] Dorchester Road (Charleston County, S.C.)<br />
Ewald: “At daybreak <strong>the</strong> outpost under Capta<strong>in</strong> H<strong>in</strong>richs on <strong>the</strong> highway to Dorchester was alarmed by an enemy<br />
party. He sent several men through <strong>the</strong> wood ly<strong>in</strong>g before him on <strong>the</strong> right to fire a few shots <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> flank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy. A non<strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy [American] party, who ventured ahead beyond all dar<strong>in</strong>g, was<br />
shot <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> belly <strong>and</strong> captured. I asked him why he behaved so rashly. -– ‘Sir, Colonel [William] Wash<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
promised me that I would be<strong>com</strong>e an <strong>of</strong>ficer right away, if I could discover whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> jagers were supported<br />
by <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> had cannon with <strong>the</strong>m, because if not, he would try to harass <strong>the</strong> jagers.’<br />
“He begged me to ask <strong>the</strong> surgeon whe<strong>the</strong>r his wound was mortal, <strong>and</strong> when he heard that it was he lay quietly<br />
down like a brave man, clasp<strong>in</strong>g his h<strong>and</strong>s, say<strong>in</strong>g: ‘Well, <strong>the</strong>n I die for my country <strong>and</strong> its just cause.’<br />
“Capta<strong>in</strong> H<strong>in</strong>richs h<strong>and</strong>ed him a glass <strong>of</strong> w<strong>in</strong>e. He drank it down with relish, <strong>and</strong> died like a man.” 553<br />
25 March. [skirmish] Stono Ferry (Charleston County, S.C.) A detachment <strong>of</strong> horse under Maj. Vernier ambushed<br />
a forag<strong>in</strong>g party that was return<strong>in</strong>g to Stono Ferry with some wrested livestock. Some British were wounded <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment might have been cut to pieces but for o<strong>the</strong>r foragers <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>ir rescue. 554<br />
26 March. Brig. Gen. William Woodford’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, had reached <strong>the</strong> Peedee River; proceed<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>nce by way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper River <strong>the</strong>n to Charlestown. 555<br />
26 March. [skirmish] Rutledge’s Plantation (Charleston County, S.C.) Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, Vernier, <strong>and</strong> Jameson’s<br />
dragoons managed ambushed a party <strong>of</strong> British, captur<strong>in</strong>g 2 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> 7 cavalrymen. The Americans were,<br />
never<strong>the</strong>less, pursued afterward, by additional British horsemen arriv<strong>in</strong>g, to Gov. John Rutledge’s plantation.<br />
Here <strong>the</strong>y clashed <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>bat, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> his men just barely fought <strong>the</strong>ir way out <strong>and</strong><br />
made <strong>the</strong>ir escape. 556<br />
Baylor Hill, an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry: “Colo. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton with his Regimt. & Vanears [Vernier’s] faced<br />
about & charg’d <strong>the</strong> Enemy, & after a few m<strong>in</strong>utes <strong>the</strong> Enemy retreated, with <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> twenty kil’d [sic]<br />
wounded & taken, we had three men wounded, one very bad, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs slightly, <strong>the</strong> Enemy had a very bad<br />
Cossway [causeway] to Cross where only one at a time could <strong>com</strong>e over, we took advantage <strong>of</strong> this place <strong>and</strong><br />
charg’d <strong>the</strong>m before <strong>the</strong>y had more than sixty or seventy over.” 557<br />
26 March. Follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fray at Rutledge’s Plantation on this same day, Paterson crossed Rantowle’s Creek, <strong>and</strong><br />
was now with<strong>in</strong> fifteen miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> forward elements <strong>of</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s army. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton himself, hav<strong>in</strong>g exam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
547 BSC p. 98, USC p. 379.<br />
548 MNS, MSC1 p. 448, BSC p. 119.<br />
549 RSC2 p. 52.<br />
550 MNS.<br />
551 USC p. 221, MSC1 pp. 446-448.<br />
552 GDH3 pp. 124-128.<br />
553 EHJ p. 214, USC pp. 221-223.<br />
554 BSC p. 56.<br />
555 BSC p. 107. Brig. Gen. Scott was with <strong>the</strong>m but had no troops under his own <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> with him.<br />
556 HWW p. 57, BSC p. 102.<br />
557 Taken from Diary <strong>of</strong> Baylor Hill, vol. 3, Hayes, (editor), 48-56; Eben, Dragoon Sketchbook, 9. p. 71, <strong>and</strong> quoted <strong>in</strong> HWW p.<br />
57.<br />
127
Ashley, chose to cross his army at Drayton Hall, thirteen miles from Charlestown. Capt. Evans <strong>of</strong> Royal Navy<br />
arrived <strong>the</strong> same day with 75 flatboats ready to assist him. 558<br />
26 March. With <strong>the</strong> imm<strong>in</strong>ent advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British toward <strong>the</strong> city, L<strong>in</strong>coln proceeded to deploy his army <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>and</strong> towards <strong>the</strong> front siege l<strong>in</strong>es; while cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g to form earthworks <strong>and</strong> mount cannon <strong>the</strong>re. 559<br />
27 March. [skirmish] Rantowle’s Bridge, also Rantol’s Bridge (Charleston County, S.C.) 300 American cavalry,<br />
consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col. William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s 3 rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons, <strong>the</strong> 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons<br />
under Lieut. Col. Anthony White, Pulaski’s Legion cavalry under Major Pierre-François Vernier, <strong>and</strong> presumably<br />
as well Col. Peter Horry’s South Carol<strong>in</strong>a light horse, defeated <strong>the</strong> British Legion <strong>and</strong> 17 th Light Dragoons, with<br />
200 to 300, <strong>in</strong> a skirmish <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> Americans captured Lieut. Col. John Hamilton <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Regiment along with six o<strong>the</strong>r prisoners. The affair ended with <strong>the</strong> Americans retir<strong>in</strong>g to Bacon’s Bridge, <strong>and</strong><br />
with o<strong>the</strong>rwise equally small loss to both sides. 560<br />
Tarleton: “This affair [at Bee’s Plantation] was nearly counterbalanced <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood <strong>of</strong> Rantol’s [sic]<br />
bridge, where a body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ental cavalry, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s <strong>and</strong> Bl<strong>and</strong>’s light horse, <strong>and</strong> Pulaski’s<br />
hussars, carried <strong>of</strong>f Lieutenant-colonel Hamilton, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North-Carol<strong>in</strong>a prov<strong>in</strong>cial regiment, with some o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
prisoners; <strong>and</strong> ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> imprudence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> advance guard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
dragoons, sent <strong>in</strong> pursuit, was on <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g advantage over that corps.” 561<br />
Allaire: “Monday, 27 th . Two <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> Light Infantry, American Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> one <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> Dragoons,<br />
crossed at Rantowle’s <strong>in</strong> scows; <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army crossed yesterday. Col. Hamilton, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Dr. Smith, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hospital, proceed<strong>in</strong>g about a mile <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, to Gov. Rutledge’s house, were<br />
immediately surrounded by three hundred Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Horse, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y consequently made prisoners. The<br />
British Dragoons fell <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong>m soon after, <strong>and</strong> had a skirmish; <strong>the</strong> Rebels soon gave way, <strong>and</strong> showed <strong>the</strong>m<br />
<strong>the</strong> road, as is customary for <strong>the</strong>m to do. Qr. Master Sergeant Mc<strong>in</strong>tosh, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Georgia Dragoons, badly wounded<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face by a broadsword. Several Dragoons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion were wounded. How many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebels got hurt we<br />
can’t learn; but <strong>the</strong>y did not keep up <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>bat long enough for many to receive damage. This morn<strong>in</strong>g, Capt.<br />
Saunders, that came <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong> flag on <strong>the</strong> 24 th , was sent out; his attendant, Capt. Wilk<strong>in</strong>son, not be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
mentioned <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flag, is deta<strong>in</strong>ed as a prisoner <strong>of</strong> war. We took up our ground on Gov. Rutledge’s<br />
plantation, about one mile from his house, where we rema<strong>in</strong>ed all night.”<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “On <strong>the</strong> 27 th , near Rantowle’s bridge, he [Tarleton] had a recounter with Col.<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> his legion <strong>of</strong> 300 men; Tarleton was worsted <strong>in</strong> this affair, <strong>and</strong> lost seven men,<br />
prisoners.” 562<br />
28 March. Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “On <strong>the</strong> twenty-eighth <strong>of</strong> March <strong>the</strong> royal army crossed <strong>the</strong> Stono, marched to <strong>the</strong> Ashley, at<br />
Old Town (<strong>the</strong> site <strong>of</strong> ancient Charlestown), <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re crossed that stream toward even<strong>in</strong>g. They had<br />
streng<strong>the</strong>ned Fort Johnson, cast up <strong>in</strong>trenchments [sic] along <strong>the</strong> Ashley to confront those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans upon<br />
<strong>the</strong> opposite shore, <strong>and</strong> galleys were <strong>in</strong> motion to enter <strong>the</strong> harbor <strong>and</strong> anchor <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ashley.” 563<br />
28 March. The 7 th , 23 rd , 71 st , regiments, <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> Hessian grenadier battalions moved to Drayton Hall<br />
where <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, jägers <strong>and</strong> 33 rd had already been encamped a few days. The 63 rd <strong>and</strong> 64 th regiments,<br />
with <strong>the</strong> bulk <strong>of</strong> Paterson’s forces, rema<strong>in</strong>ed west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ashley to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>munications between army on<br />
Charlestown Neck <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Navy. 564<br />
Allaire. “Tuesday, 28 th . The army got <strong>in</strong> motion about n<strong>in</strong>e o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> marched to Ashley Ferry,<br />
where we met <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> Hessians, Grenadiers, Light Infantry <strong>and</strong> Yagers, under <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Sir. H. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton.<br />
We cont<strong>in</strong>ued our march down <strong>the</strong> river about six miles to L<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g’s plantation; it is situated on Ashley river,<br />
nearly opposite Charlestown, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s an extensive view towards <strong>the</strong> sea.”<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “On <strong>the</strong> 28 th <strong>of</strong> March <strong>the</strong>y [<strong>the</strong> British] crossed Ashley river, near <strong>the</strong> ferry, <strong>and</strong> made a<br />
lodgement <strong>in</strong> Charlestown neck.” 565<br />
29 March. With <strong>the</strong>ir flatboats protected by galleys under Capt. Elph<strong>in</strong>stone, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton sent out <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry,<br />
jägers, <strong>and</strong> grenadiers from <strong>the</strong> Drayton Hall encampment <strong>and</strong> had <strong>the</strong>m ferried across <strong>the</strong> Ashley. By 3 p.m.,<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g encountered no opposition, most <strong>of</strong> his army was across. Once sufficiently collected, <strong>the</strong>y proceeded<br />
down Dorchester road towards Charlestown, <strong>and</strong> by 9 p.m. <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> jägers had reached <strong>the</strong><br />
Quarter House six miles outside city. The rest <strong>of</strong> army bivouacked to <strong>the</strong>ir rear some six miles distance. Dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> same day, L<strong>in</strong>coln dispatched <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Infantry battalion under Lieut. Col. John Laurens,<br />
558 USC pp. 221-223, 379, BSC p. 102.<br />
559 MSC1 p. 451. For <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> defense works <strong>and</strong> deployment <strong>of</strong> both <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>and</strong> militia troops, see MSC1 pp.<br />
452-453.<br />
560 CNC15 p. 386, USC p. 223, RSC2 pp. 63-64, TCS p. 8, MLW4A p. 137, JFM p. 14, MDR p. 413-414, CBA p. 496, MSC1 p. 451,<br />
MSC2 p. 744, HWW p. 54.<br />
561 TCS p. 8.<br />
562 JFM p. 14.<br />
563 LSF2 p. 558.<br />
564 USC pp. 223-225, BSC pp. 102-103.<br />
565 JFM pp. 12-13.<br />
128
<strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2 nd <strong>and</strong> 3 rd S.C. regiments, <strong>and</strong> which numbered 200. These stationed<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British, <strong>and</strong> kept watch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir movements. 566<br />
Ewald: “About five o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>and</strong> field pieces had crossed <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> army set<br />
out at once toward Charlestown. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> march <strong>the</strong> jagers skirmished constantly with a party which observed<br />
us <strong>and</strong> withdrew toward Charlestown as we advanced. The queue <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army was also ac<strong>com</strong>panied by an<br />
enemy detachment, so that we now marched between two fires. About n<strong>in</strong>e o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> army<br />
moved <strong>in</strong>to camp near <strong>the</strong> Quarter House, six English miles 567 from Charlestown. S<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> right flank was<br />
protected by <strong>the</strong> Ashley River, <strong>the</strong> army formed a front fac<strong>in</strong>g three sides. The entire army, with <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>of</strong><br />
General Paterson had assembled at Savannah, may well now consist <strong>of</strong> ten thous<strong>and</strong> men. The piece <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong><br />
which we now occupy lies between <strong>the</strong> Cooper <strong>and</strong> Ashley rivers is called <strong>the</strong> Charlestown Neck. At <strong>the</strong> Quarter<br />
House it is well a good hour wide, but <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city, <strong>the</strong> width is scarcely a half an hour. Hence this terra<strong>in</strong><br />
was easy to occupy, s<strong>in</strong>ce we were protected on both sides by navigable rivers. But on <strong>the</strong> left side, that is <strong>the</strong><br />
front fac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> city on <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper River, we were not secure aga<strong>in</strong>st a l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> enemy was<br />
still master <strong>of</strong> this side through his fleet.” 568<br />
Allaire: “Wednesday, 29 th . Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, with <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> Hessian Grenadiers, Light Infantry <strong>and</strong> Yagers,<br />
passed over Ashley river to Charlestown Neck, early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g. Spend <strong>the</strong> day <strong>in</strong> view<strong>in</strong>g Charlestown <strong>and</strong><br />
found it not a little like New York; for Ashley <strong>and</strong> Cooper 569 rivers form a bay exactly like East <strong>and</strong> North river at<br />
New York.”<br />
McCrady: “General Patterson [Paterson] had been left at Wappoo Cut, immediately west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city, with <strong>the</strong><br />
greater part <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, to guard <strong>the</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>es <strong>and</strong> stores while <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Neck. As soon<br />
as this was ac<strong>com</strong>plished, his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> was crossed over at Gibbes’s L<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>munication was opened at<br />
this po<strong>in</strong>t, <strong>and</strong> all trouble <strong>and</strong> delay upon <strong>the</strong> l<strong>and</strong> carriage by <strong>the</strong> upper cross<strong>in</strong>g by way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ashley ferry was<br />
avoided.” 570<br />
John Laurens: “On <strong>the</strong> 29 th ulto. They crossed Ashley River <strong>in</strong> force, one mile above <strong>the</strong> ferry. The next day <strong>the</strong>y<br />
advanced to Gibbes’ [Plantation], a convenient l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, about two miles from town, hav<strong>in</strong>g previously collected<br />
a number <strong>of</strong> boats at <strong>the</strong> opposite shore, for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir heavy artillery <strong>and</strong> stores. My<br />
battalion <strong>of</strong> Light Infantry, posted <strong>the</strong>re to prevent a surprise, or to sudden approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, was ordered<br />
not to engage <strong>in</strong> earnest, but ra<strong>the</strong>r skirmish with advanced parties, retir<strong>in</strong>g slowly <strong>and</strong> orderly towards town, as<br />
<strong>the</strong>re was no object <strong>in</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g an advanced post, And <strong>the</strong> advantages <strong>of</strong> a serious affair were all on <strong>the</strong> side<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy.” 571<br />
30 March. [skirmishes] Gibbes’ Plantation, Fuller’s Plantation (opposite from Drayton’s house), <strong>and</strong> Road to<br />
Charlestown. (Charleston County, S.C.) With <strong>the</strong> light troops lead<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> way, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton cont<strong>in</strong>ued down<br />
Dorchester road towards Charlestown. As his forward units approached <strong>the</strong> city, Laurens’ Cont<strong>in</strong>ental light<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry kept up a steady skirmish<strong>in</strong>g fire from beh<strong>in</strong>d trees <strong>and</strong> at a distance. This lasted for about half an hour,<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g which time Lord Caithness, an aide to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> jägers were wounded. Laurens retired <strong>the</strong>n<br />
beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> fleches, from where he requested additional re<strong>in</strong>forcements. Some few artillery arrived to his<br />
support; however, L<strong>in</strong>coln had sent counterm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g orders for <strong>the</strong>se to withdraw, yet which orders had not yet<br />
arrived. Laurens, by this time had left <strong>the</strong> fleches, which were subsequently occupied by some jägers. He <strong>the</strong>n<br />
ordered a swift bayonet counterattack. With three bayoneted, <strong>the</strong> outnumbered Hessians were driven from <strong>the</strong><br />
redoubt. Despite this, <strong>the</strong> British light <strong>in</strong>fantry were brought forward, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong> turn forced Laurens back.<br />
Artillery <strong>of</strong> both sides <strong>the</strong>n exchanged fire for a while, with relatively little effect by ei<strong>the</strong>r side. As assessed by<br />
Borick, <strong>the</strong> Americans suffered Maj. Edmund Hyrne wounded, along with 7 privates, <strong>and</strong> a Capta<strong>in</strong> Bowman <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> N.C. l<strong>in</strong>e sla<strong>in</strong>. The British lost <strong>the</strong> 3 Hessians <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> counterattack, one <strong>of</strong> whom was killed, <strong>the</strong>se <strong>in</strong><br />
addition to Lord Caithness (<strong>in</strong>jured <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> abdomen) <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> jäger wounded earlier on. With <strong>the</strong> onset <strong>of</strong><br />
nightfall, Laurens retired <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> city; while most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army camped at Gibbes’ Plantation, two miles<br />
from Charleston; at which location <strong>the</strong> British subsequently had <strong>the</strong>ir supplies l<strong>and</strong>ed. 572<br />
Allaire: “Thursday, 30 th . Incessant fir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> small arms on <strong>the</strong> neck; cannon at short <strong>in</strong>tervals. This fir<strong>in</strong>g was at<br />
<strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>er-<strong>in</strong>-chief <strong>and</strong> his family reconnoiter<strong>in</strong>g. He forbid <strong>the</strong> British return<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fire. Lord Cathness<br />
[Caithness], st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g by <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> Gen. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, was shot through <strong>the</strong> body by a musket ball; one Yager killed.”<br />
De Brahm: [Entry for <strong>the</strong> 30 th ] “The advanced guard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy came with<strong>in</strong> two miles <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, when a<br />
party <strong>of</strong> two hundred men, under Colonel John Laurens <strong>and</strong> a little while after two field-pieces), went out<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>m, who, after a skirmish <strong>of</strong> some hours, returned towards sun-set. The fortifications <strong>of</strong> Charlestown<br />
were, even at this time, very <strong>in</strong><strong>com</strong>plete. All <strong>the</strong> negroes <strong>in</strong> town were impressed, who, toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong><br />
parties detailed from <strong>the</strong> garrison, were henceforth employed upon <strong>the</strong> works.” 573<br />
566 EHJ pp. 216-218, USC pp. 223-225, 381, DSC, AR80 p. 218, BGD p. 73, BSC pp. 103-104.<br />
567 There are seven English miles to one German mile. EHJ p. 204.<br />
568 EHJ p. 218.<br />
569 A boom or barrier had been constructed <strong>and</strong> placed across <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper River which prevented <strong>the</strong> Royal Navy<br />
from enter<strong>in</strong>g it. BSC p. 80.<br />
570 MSC1 p. 455.<br />
571 Quoted <strong>in</strong> DSC.<br />
572 USC pp. 225-229, 381, DSC, MMS2 p. 65, MSC1 pp. 454-455, BGD p. 73, BSC pp. 104-106.<br />
573 GDH3 pp. 124-128.<br />
129
Letter from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a pr<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pennsylvania Packet, April 25: “March 30. -- Yesterday, a large body <strong>of</strong><br />
British grenadiers <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry crossed <strong>the</strong> Ashley River, <strong>and</strong> to-day <strong>the</strong>y appeared before <strong>the</strong> American l<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
where <strong>the</strong>y are now camped. As <strong>the</strong> enemy approached, Colonel John Laurens, with a small party, had a brush<br />
with <strong>the</strong> advance body, <strong>in</strong> which Capta<strong>in</strong> Bowman <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a forces, fell, much lamented; Major<br />
Herne [Edmund Hyrne] <strong>and</strong> two privates were wounded. The enemies loss is reported to be from twelve to<br />
sixteen killed. A French gentlemen, who was a volunteer <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action, says he counted eight <strong>and</strong> a Highl<strong>and</strong><br />
deserter says Col. St. Clair was mortally wounded.” 574<br />
Ewald: [entry for <strong>the</strong> 29 th ] Toward noon <strong>the</strong> vanguard encountered an enemy party <strong>of</strong> about one thous<strong>and</strong> men<br />
at <strong>the</strong> Governor’s House, a good German mile from Charlestown. 575<br />
McIntosh: “The enemy came down as far as Gibbs’, from whence <strong>the</strong>y skirmished with, <strong>and</strong> drove our light<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry, who cont<strong>in</strong>ued skirmish<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong>m all <strong>the</strong> day <strong>in</strong> view <strong>of</strong> our l<strong>in</strong>es, each retreat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> advanc<strong>in</strong>g<br />
alternately <strong>in</strong> excellent order. Lieut. Col. Laurens, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed, was re<strong>in</strong>forced <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g by Major Low<br />
[Philip Lowe 576 ] <strong>and</strong> n<strong>in</strong>ety men, with two field pieces. Our <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men, stimulated <strong>in</strong> view <strong>of</strong> both armies<br />
<strong>and</strong> many ladies, vied with each o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> acts <strong>of</strong> firmness <strong>and</strong> gallantry; particularly rega<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g an old breast<br />
work, <strong>the</strong> enemy took possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, after our people were retreat<strong>in</strong>g regularly to <strong>the</strong> garrison. A<br />
mere po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> honor, without advantage! <strong>and</strong> afterwards left it about dark, re treat<strong>in</strong>g very orderly <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong><br />
garrison. Our loss -- Capt. [Joshua] Bowman killed, Major [Edmund] Hyrne <strong>and</strong> seven privates wounded. The<br />
enemy must have lost many. Their view seem<strong>in</strong>gly was to draw our men over <strong>the</strong> river <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> woods. They<br />
were all this day ferry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir troops over from Wappoo Neck to Gibbs’.” 577<br />
Moultrie, on April 3rd, wrote to a “friend <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> country”: “We had a skirmish with <strong>the</strong> enemy on <strong>the</strong>ir approach<br />
Col. Laurens <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a corps <strong>of</strong> light troops <strong>and</strong> fought <strong>the</strong>m two or three hours. Several were killed <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded on both sides, <strong>and</strong> was obliged to retire with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es. Major Hyrne was wounded <strong>in</strong> this skirmish.” 578<br />
McCrady: “The skirmish took place <strong>in</strong> view <strong>of</strong> both armies <strong>and</strong> many ladies <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, who came out to <strong>the</strong><br />
works, <strong>and</strong> who cont<strong>in</strong>ued to do so even after <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> town had begun, <strong>and</strong> would, with all <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>posure imag<strong>in</strong>able, watch <strong>the</strong> cannonad<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy.” 579<br />
31 March, also given as 29 March. The bulk <strong>of</strong> his army now situated about two miles up from city on<br />
Charlestown neck, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton formally <strong>in</strong>augurated <strong>the</strong> siege. Some cannon were mounted <strong>and</strong> materials were<br />
brought up; as digg<strong>in</strong>g began on <strong>the</strong> first parallel at a distance from <strong>the</strong> city <strong>of</strong> 800 yards, accord<strong>in</strong>g to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton,<br />
or 1,100 accord<strong>in</strong>g to James. 580<br />
De Brahm: “At day-break we observed that <strong>the</strong> enemy had opened his trenches <strong>in</strong> three places.”<br />
Marshall: “The defences <strong>of</strong> Charleston had been constructed under <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Mr. Laumoy, a French<br />
gentleman <strong>of</strong> reputation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American service; <strong>and</strong>, although not calculated to resist a regular siege, were by<br />
no means contemptible.<br />
“They consisted <strong>of</strong> a cha<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> redoubts, l<strong>in</strong>es, <strong>and</strong> batteries, extend<strong>in</strong>g from one river to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r. In <strong>the</strong> front<br />
<strong>of</strong> each flank, <strong>the</strong> works were covered by swamps, orig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> opposite rivers, <strong>and</strong> tend<strong>in</strong>g towards <strong>the</strong><br />
centre, through which <strong>the</strong>y were connected by a canal pass<strong>in</strong>g from one to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r. Between <strong>the</strong>se outward<br />
impediments <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> works, were two strong rows <strong>of</strong> abattis, <strong>the</strong> trees be<strong>in</strong>g buried slant<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> earth, so<br />
that <strong>the</strong>ir heads fac<strong>in</strong>g outwards, formed a k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> fraized work aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> assailants; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
secured by a ditch double picketed; between which <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es, deep holes were dug at short <strong>in</strong>tervals to<br />
break <strong>the</strong> columns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> assailants, should a storm be attempted. In <strong>the</strong> centre, where <strong>the</strong> natural defences<br />
were unequal to those on <strong>the</strong> flanks, a horn work <strong>of</strong> masonry had been constructed, as well to remedy that<br />
defect, as to cover <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal gate; <strong>and</strong> this, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege, had been closed <strong>in</strong> such a manner, as to render<br />
it a k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> citadel, or <strong>in</strong>dependent fort. a These were <strong>the</strong> fortifications across <strong>the</strong> neck. Towards <strong>the</strong> water,<br />
equal attention <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry had been used, <strong>and</strong> works were thrown up at every practicable l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g place.” 581<br />
574 MDR p. 414.<br />
575 EHJ p. 218.<br />
576 Major Philip Lowe, orig<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2 nd N.C. Regt. <strong>and</strong> later <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Georgia. MSC1 p. 454n.<br />
577 MNS.<br />
578 MMS2 pp. 63-64.<br />
579 MSC1 p. 455.<br />
580 McIntosh reports 1,000 to 1,200 yards while Borick speaks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British be<strong>in</strong>g 800 to 1,000 yards from <strong>the</strong> Charleston front<br />
l<strong>in</strong>es. MNS, USC pp. 229-231, AR80 p. 218, RSC2 pp. 49-50, 52, CAR p. 163, MLW4A p. 142, WAR2 p. 700, BSC p. 121.<br />
581 MLW4A pp. 142-143.<br />
130
APRIL 1780<br />
1-2 April. 1,500 negro laborers, both volunteers <strong>and</strong> conscripted, escorted by an equivalent amount <strong>of</strong> British<br />
soldiers, marched toward Charlestown from <strong>the</strong> Gibbes’ Plantation encampment to dig <strong>and</strong> construct redoubts,<br />
batteries that would form <strong>the</strong> first siege parallel; which latter was <strong>com</strong>pleted by April 8 th . Artillery lost <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
voyage had to a large degree been made up for by guns loaned from Admiral Arbuthnot’s ships, or obta<strong>in</strong>ed from<br />
posts elsewhere, such as Savannah; while detachments <strong>of</strong> seaman were sent on shore to assist <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
operation. 582<br />
De Brahm: “[1 <strong>and</strong> 2 April] The enemy’s [British] works were a little extended, <strong>and</strong> ours augmented.” 583<br />
William Moultrie’s diary [entry for 2 April]: “This morn<strong>in</strong>g appeared two redoubts, one nearly opposite <strong>the</strong> n<strong>in</strong>e<br />
gun battery, on <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> horn work, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r a little to <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same.” 584<br />
3 April. L<strong>in</strong>coln brought most <strong>of</strong> his artillery up to his forward emplacements. Although cont<strong>in</strong>uous fir<strong>in</strong>g was<br />
<strong>the</strong>n kept up on <strong>the</strong> British l<strong>in</strong>es, it had relatively little effect due to <strong>in</strong>experienced h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guns. 585<br />
De Brahm: “This morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> battery was discovered upon a height, at Hampstead. At battery <strong>of</strong> four pieces was<br />
constructed on our right to oppose that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, from which, as well as from all <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs, a cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />
fir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> shot <strong>and</strong> bombs was kept up <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g night along <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es.”<br />
Moultrie <strong>in</strong> a letter to a “friend <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> country” on this date wrote: “The enemy are now before our l<strong>in</strong>es, <strong>and</strong><br />
throw<strong>in</strong>g up works very fast. They have four redoubts abreast f<strong>in</strong>ished; one at <strong>the</strong> broad road at Watson’s; one<br />
at Hampstead, where St. Edmond Head’s house stood; <strong>and</strong> one between <strong>the</strong>se two; ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y have on our<br />
left, near Cum<strong>in</strong>g’s po<strong>in</strong>t. I suppose, to-night, <strong>the</strong>y will have one where Taggart’s house stood. We began to<br />
cannonade <strong>the</strong>m yesterday <strong>and</strong> shall cont<strong>in</strong>ue every day. Their batteries are not yet opened; but I suppose tomorrow<br />
or next day, <strong>the</strong>y will beg<strong>in</strong>. Then you will hear a great deal <strong>of</strong> noise, but <strong>the</strong>re is very little danger<br />
from this sort <strong>of</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g. I hope <strong>the</strong> obstructions laid across our river, before <strong>the</strong> Exchange, will deter <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
shipp<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g up. We have established a hospital at Ca<strong>in</strong>hoy Meet<strong>in</strong>g House, for all those who are not<br />
able to do duty to repair to. I forgot to mention to you that <strong>the</strong> women walk out from town to <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es, with all<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>posure imag<strong>in</strong>able, to see us cannonade <strong>the</strong> enemy; but I fancy when <strong>the</strong> enemy beg<strong>in</strong>, <strong>the</strong>y will make<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves pretty scarce.” 586<br />
4 April. The British battery on Hampstead Hill was <strong>com</strong>pleted by <strong>the</strong> early morn<strong>in</strong>g hours; while fire from what<br />
was left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American ships <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper River were used to contribute to <strong>the</strong> city’s forward defense. 587<br />
De Brahm: “This morn<strong>in</strong>g, daylight discovered to us <strong>the</strong> enemy’s [<strong>the</strong> British] battery very much <strong>in</strong>jured.”<br />
McIntosh: “Several deserters came <strong>in</strong> to us with<strong>in</strong> this three or four days past, who say that on Thursday last <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy had upwards <strong>of</strong> twenty men killed <strong>and</strong> wounded,-among <strong>the</strong> last was Lord St. Clair <strong>and</strong> a Lt. Col.; <strong>and</strong><br />
that <strong>the</strong>y were br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir heavy cannon on <strong>the</strong> Neck. The cannonad<strong>in</strong>g from our batteries cont<strong>in</strong>ues day <strong>and</strong><br />
night. Two ten-<strong>in</strong>ch <strong>and</strong> one seven-<strong>in</strong>ch mortar, are removed from <strong>the</strong> Bay to play upon <strong>the</strong>m. They are all this<br />
day hard at work, f<strong>in</strong>ish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir batteries, redoubts, <strong>and</strong> throw<strong>in</strong>g up l<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>munication. A sortie, to be<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Gen. [Charles] Scott, Col. Clark, Lt. Col. [John] Laurens, &c., was <strong>in</strong>tended, but was not put <strong>in</strong><br />
execution. F<strong>in</strong>e wea<strong>the</strong>r. The cont<strong>in</strong>ental ship Ranger <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> French ship [L’Aventure?], cannonaded <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy’s works on our right, from Town Creek, which was returned by two 24 pounders from <strong>the</strong>ir field pieces.<br />
Wolf-pits begun, <strong>and</strong> additional works <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> gorge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> horn-work.” 588<br />
5 April. Early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton had his galleys (moored <strong>in</strong> Wappoo cut) <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> battery on Fenwick’s Po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
direct <strong>the</strong>ir aim at with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> city itself, ra<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>the</strong> American front l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>in</strong> order to distract <strong>the</strong> besieged. 589<br />
De Brahm: “Last night’s fire <strong>of</strong> our batteries was kept up as heret<strong>of</strong>ore. The enemy’s galley approached <strong>the</strong><br />
town, <strong>and</strong> fired upon it all night. We began to dig wells <strong>in</strong> our front, <strong>and</strong> to close up <strong>the</strong> gorge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> horn<br />
work.”<br />
Ewald: “Toward n<strong>in</strong>e o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> Chief ordered <strong>the</strong> batteries on Fenwick’s <strong>and</strong><br />
L<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g’s po<strong>in</strong>ts to play upon <strong>the</strong> city which quieted <strong>the</strong> enemy fire somewhat. A terrible clamor arose among<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city, s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g came entirely unexpectedly. Dur<strong>in</strong>g this time I had approached quite<br />
close to <strong>the</strong> city to discover <strong>the</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se batteries, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> short <strong>in</strong>tervals between <strong>the</strong> shoot<strong>in</strong>g I could<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten hear <strong>the</strong> loud wail<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> female voices, which took all <strong>the</strong> pleasure out <strong>of</strong> my curiosity <strong>and</strong> moved me to<br />
tears.” 590<br />
5-6 April. [skirmish] Retreat from Middleton’s (Colleton County, S.C.) Tarleton with 500 cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
attempted to surprise Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, Vernier, Jameson, et al. at Middleton’s Plantation, but <strong>the</strong> Americans, on<br />
582 USC pp. 233-235, 381-383, AR80 p. 218, JLG1 p. 285, DSC, BSC pp. 121-122.<br />
583 GDH3 pp. 124-128.<br />
584 DSC.<br />
585 USC p. 235, RSC2 pp. 49-50, 52 (which <strong>in</strong>cludes a description <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American defense l<strong>in</strong>es), BSC p. 123.<br />
586 MMS2 pp. 63-64.<br />
587 USC p. 237, 383, MNS.<br />
588 MNS.<br />
589 USC p. 239, 383, BSC p. 125.<br />
590 EHJ p. 224, USC p. 383.<br />
131
alert, foiled <strong>the</strong> attempt, with Wash<strong>in</strong>gton withdraw<strong>in</strong>g to 23 Mile House. When <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
British retired, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s men returned. Catch<strong>in</strong>g up with Tarleton’s rear detachment, <strong>the</strong>y took several<br />
prisoners. 591<br />
Moses Young: “Last Wednesday night, 5 th April, <strong>the</strong> enemy detached 50 horse <strong>and</strong> 500 foot, to surprise our<br />
cavalry at Middleton’s place; <strong>the</strong>y went by way <strong>of</strong> Dr. [Alex<strong>and</strong>er] Garden’s <strong>and</strong> came out at Tom Smith’s;<br />
entered Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s encampment with fixed bayonets, found <strong>the</strong> fires burn<strong>in</strong>g, but no troops. The Colonel<br />
had taken <strong>the</strong> precaution to remove to <strong>the</strong> 23 Mile House, be<strong>in</strong>g apprehensive <strong>the</strong> enemy had received<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> his situation from two deserters who left him <strong>the</strong> night before. The British, be<strong>in</strong>g disappo<strong>in</strong>ted,<br />
<strong>com</strong>menced <strong>the</strong>ir retreat, <strong>and</strong> Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton sent a party <strong>of</strong> his horse after <strong>the</strong>m, who picked up three <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy’s rear guard.” 592<br />
7 April (also 1 April.) 593 A British re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> some 2,700 men <strong>in</strong>tended for Charlestown, under Col. Maxwell<br />
von Westerhagen <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Lord Rawdon, debarked from New York. See 17 April. 594<br />
7 April. Hav<strong>in</strong>g embarked at Addison’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> W<strong>and</strong>o River, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n go<strong>in</strong>g by way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper River <strong>in</strong><br />
pla<strong>in</strong> view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British, Brig. Gen. William Woodford entered Charlestown with 700-750 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals,<br />
or 737 fit for duty (accord<strong>in</strong>g to Borick); <strong>and</strong> who had made a march <strong>of</strong> approximately 500 miles <strong>in</strong> 28 days. By 2<br />
p.m., with a crowd cheer<strong>in</strong>g, bells r<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> cannons fired <strong>in</strong> salute, <strong>the</strong>y l<strong>and</strong>ed at Gadsden’s Wharf. Brig.<br />
Gen. Charles Scott was also with Woodford, but without any <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> his own. 595 Then Col. Henry William<br />
Harr<strong>in</strong>gton with some 120 N.C. militia arrived to <strong>the</strong> town at or shortly before <strong>the</strong> same time. 596<br />
Ramsay: “Seven hundred cont<strong>in</strong>entals, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by general [William] Woodford, who had marched five<br />
hundred miles <strong>in</strong> twenty-eight days, arrived <strong>in</strong> Charleston on <strong>the</strong> tenth [sic] <strong>of</strong> April. This was <strong>the</strong> only<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcement he garrison received dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege, though <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>munication between town <strong>and</strong> country was<br />
open until <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> April.” 597<br />
De Brahm: “The fire <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> batteries <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> works cont<strong>in</strong>ued as before. To-day <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcement under<br />
General Woodford arrived.”<br />
[Entry for <strong>the</strong> 7 th ]: “Very little fire from our batteries last night, <strong>and</strong> more on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. The enemy<br />
has prolonged <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> his first parallel. All our workmen employed digg<strong>in</strong>g wells.” 598<br />
Moses Young: “6 th April. Friday, at 10 o’clock, General Woodford’s brigade arrived <strong>in</strong> Charleston, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
about a thous<strong>and</strong> men, very f<strong>in</strong>e look<strong>in</strong>g troops, <strong>the</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> whom made an amaz<strong>in</strong>g alteration <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
countenances <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> citizens who had almost despaired <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir arrival. In <strong>the</strong> afternoon, <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es were manned,<br />
<strong>and</strong> a feu de joie was fired from 13 pieces <strong>of</strong> cannon, followed by three huzzas from <strong>the</strong> troops. The Charleston<br />
militia were ordered from <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> our l<strong>in</strong>es to take post on South Bay; <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia troops supplied <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
place. The enemy have not yet been able to mount a s<strong>in</strong>gle gun on <strong>the</strong> Neck. The <strong>in</strong>habitants very busy <strong>in</strong><br />
throw<strong>in</strong>g up banks <strong>of</strong> earth aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>ir dwell<strong>in</strong>g houses to secure <strong>the</strong>m from <strong>the</strong> British shot. The w<strong>in</strong>d fair for<br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy’s shipp<strong>in</strong>g. Col. Laurens surprised that <strong>the</strong> British Admiral does not make use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present<br />
opportunity...Two horses belong<strong>in</strong>g to Gen. McIntosh’s aids, killed last Thursday night. Capt. <strong>War</strong>ley tells me<br />
that a few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3d regiment <strong>of</strong> South-Carol<strong>in</strong>a, are <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> small-pox on board <strong>the</strong> Hospital Ship; only five or six<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> that Regiment have had <strong>the</strong> disorder. The enemy strong <strong>in</strong> works at Wappoo, which, Col.<br />
Laurens says, is naturally very defensible, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y have been at great labor to preserve <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>munication<br />
between, About 700 says Moultrie, <strong>the</strong> army on <strong>the</strong> Neck, <strong>and</strong> stores on James Isl<strong>and</strong>. The late re<strong>in</strong>forcement<br />
from <strong>the</strong> Northward [Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, be it remembered] have had <strong>the</strong> small-pox. Mr. Owen’s wound healed up, but very<br />
pa<strong>in</strong>ful His late fatigue on <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es has hurt him much.” 599<br />
7-8 April. [coastal battle] Fort Moultrie, also Sullivan’s Isl<strong>and</strong>, Haddrell’s Po<strong>in</strong>t (Charleston County, S.C.) At<br />
around sunset <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th , a British squadron <strong>of</strong> 11 ships <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Roebuck, Richmond, Romulus, Blonde,<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, Raleigh, S<strong>and</strong>wich (armed ship) <strong>and</strong> Renown, passed <strong>the</strong> heavy guns <strong>of</strong> Fort Moultrie. The post was<br />
occupied by Lieut. Col. Charles Cotesworth P<strong>in</strong>ckney <strong>and</strong> 200 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st S.C. Regt, with barely enough to man <strong>the</strong><br />
fort’s guns. The British lost only 27 men killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, as well as <strong>the</strong> Arteus, an ordnance ship, 600 which<br />
went aground <strong>and</strong> was burned later that night by a Royal Navy l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g party. A few craft suffered some<br />
significant but reparable amount <strong>of</strong> damage, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Richmond whose foretop mast was shot away. The<br />
flotilla <strong>the</strong>n anchored <strong>of</strong>f Fort Johnson, <strong>the</strong> move hav<strong>in</strong>g marked a major breach <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American defenses.<br />
Whipple, whose flotilla had stood <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> while, withdrew to <strong>the</strong> Cooper River. American ships Bricole, Truite,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Queen <strong>of</strong> France were subsequently scuttled <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, 601 <strong>and</strong> this added 1,100 seaman <strong>and</strong> 150 pieces <strong>of</strong><br />
artillery to <strong>the</strong> city’s strength. The loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> harbor was seen by some <strong>the</strong>n <strong>and</strong> subsequently as <strong>the</strong> moment<br />
591 MSC1 pp. 457-458, BGD p. 74, HWW p. 57.<br />
592 BCA.<br />
593 “also,” i.e., ano<strong>the</strong>r source gives <strong>the</strong> date as April 1 st .<br />
594 SQR pp. 136-137.<br />
595 MLW4A pp. 143-144, BEA p. 209, BSC pp. 119, 129.<br />
596 Harr<strong>in</strong>gton, by consent <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Governor Gadsden <strong>and</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln, left <strong>the</strong> city prior to its fall to help raise <strong>and</strong> organize <strong>the</strong><br />
militia <strong>in</strong> Peedee region. CNC14 pp. 800-801, USC pp. 239-241, SAW2 p. 181, GHC p. 301, SNC p. 35, MSC1 p. 459.<br />
597 RSC2 p. 52, CBA p. 495.<br />
598 GDH3 pp. 124-128, USC p. 383.<br />
599 BCA.<br />
600 Some account speak ra<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ship be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> transport, Aelous, ra<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>the</strong> Arteus.<br />
601 BSC p. 132.<br />
132
L<strong>in</strong>coln should <strong>the</strong>n have withdrawn from <strong>the</strong> town, yet L<strong>in</strong>coln rema<strong>in</strong>ed hop<strong>in</strong>g that succor from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a would be sufficient to stave <strong>of</strong>f defeat. 602<br />
Allaire: “Sunday, 9 th . Admiral Arbuthnot came on shore, <strong>and</strong> went over to Headquarters on <strong>the</strong> Neck. By him we<br />
were <strong>in</strong>formed that <strong>the</strong>re were only seven men killed, <strong>and</strong> fifteen wounded, <strong>in</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g Sullivan’s Isl<strong>and</strong>. The<br />
shipp<strong>in</strong>g damage was so trifl<strong>in</strong>g that ‘twas not worth mention<strong>in</strong>g.”<br />
De Brahm: “Last night <strong>the</strong> [British] enemy <strong>com</strong>menced a battery <strong>of</strong> six pieces. All our workmen employed mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
traverses. A quarter <strong>of</strong> an hour before sun-set, <strong>the</strong> English fleet passed Fort Moultrie, under a heavy fire on both<br />
sides, <strong>and</strong> anchored <strong>in</strong> a l<strong>in</strong>e near Fort Johnson. Nobody wounded or killed <strong>in</strong> Fort Moultrie. The fleet consisted<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g vessels: -- One <strong>of</strong> 50 guns [Reknown], two <strong>of</strong> 40, four frigates, two vessels armed en flute, <strong>and</strong><br />
two o<strong>the</strong>r smaller ones; one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se armed en flute grounded on a b<strong>and</strong> called ‘The Green.’” 603<br />
8 April. DeSaussure: “Col. Charles C. P<strong>in</strong>ckney was <strong>the</strong>reupon ordered up from Fort Moultrie, <strong>and</strong> Lieut.-Col.<br />
[William] Scott left <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re. General Moultrie, who had been <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> militia,<br />
at Bacon’s Bridge [near Monck’s Corner], was relieved <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> illness, <strong>and</strong> on 9 th March he returned to<br />
Charlestown, <strong>and</strong> Gen. Isaac Huger took his place [i.e., at Bacon’s Bridge].” 604<br />
Allaire: “Saturday, 8 th . But little fir<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> Rebels. Ra<strong>in</strong>y, disagreeable morn<strong>in</strong>g. The rebels were re<strong>in</strong>forced<br />
with thirteen hundred men last night, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by a Gen. [Charles] Scott. They fired a feu de joie, <strong>and</strong> rang<br />
all <strong>the</strong> bells <strong>in</strong> town on <strong>the</strong> occasion. About four o’clock this afternoon <strong>the</strong> fleet hove <strong>in</strong> sight, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g up under<br />
full sail with a fresh breeze at south west, <strong>and</strong> passed Fort Moultrie -- <strong>the</strong> Rebel fort that <strong>the</strong>y boasted <strong>of</strong> on<br />
Sullivan’s Isl<strong>and</strong>, which no fleet could ever pass. They were but a few m<strong>in</strong>utes pass<strong>in</strong>g. What damage is<br />
susta<strong>in</strong>ed we have not yet learned. The Richmond lost her fore top-mast; a cutter lay opposite <strong>the</strong> fort all <strong>the</strong><br />
time <strong>the</strong> fleet was pass<strong>in</strong>g, with a flag hoisted to po<strong>in</strong>t out <strong>the</strong> channel. A heavy cannonade from <strong>the</strong> Rebels’<br />
batteries, which <strong>the</strong> shipp<strong>in</strong>g returned as <strong>the</strong>y passed with a spirit be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g Britons.”<br />
8 April. DeSaussure: “Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 8 th <strong>the</strong>y [<strong>the</strong> British] had ‘cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong>ir approaches from <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
redoubt on <strong>the</strong> left, <strong>and</strong> threw up a battery for ten cannon, aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> angle <strong>of</strong> our advanced redoubt <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
redan [a V shaped projection] No. 7.’ This battery, it appears by <strong>the</strong> maps, was somewhere <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present Hampstead Mall, a little West <strong>of</strong> it; <strong>and</strong> a mortar battery seems to have been erected a little East<br />
<strong>of</strong> it.” 605<br />
9 April. De Brahm: “The vessel [<strong>the</strong> Arteus] which grounded was ab<strong>and</strong>oned, <strong>and</strong> burnt by <strong>the</strong> crew last night.<br />
This morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mencement <strong>of</strong> a battery appeared <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> our left. Our workmen employed as<br />
heret<strong>of</strong>ore.” 606<br />
9 April. L<strong>in</strong>coln, <strong>in</strong> Charlestown, to N.C. Governor Richard Caswell: “On <strong>the</strong> 29 th ulto. <strong>the</strong> enemy crossed <strong>the</strong><br />
Ashley, near <strong>the</strong> ferry, <strong>in</strong> force, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> next day took post <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> our l<strong>in</strong>e, about three thous<strong>and</strong> yards<br />
<strong>the</strong>refrom. S<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>y have thrown up several works, none nearer than six hundred yards, from that to eleven<br />
hundred.<br />
“Seven Ships <strong>of</strong> war passed Fort Moultrie yesterday afternoon, <strong>and</strong> anchored near where Fort Johnson stood,<br />
with no apparent damage, save that one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ships lost her fore topmast; one o<strong>the</strong>r ship, said to be a<br />
Transport, fell to leaward <strong>and</strong> catched <strong>the</strong> ground with<strong>in</strong> reach <strong>of</strong> some guns on Sullivan’s Isl<strong>and</strong>, which obliged<br />
<strong>the</strong> Crew to ab<strong>and</strong>on <strong>and</strong> burn <strong>the</strong> ship.<br />
“I am <strong>in</strong>formed that <strong>the</strong>re is a quantity <strong>of</strong> Salted pork <strong>in</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, which is wanted <strong>in</strong> this Garrison, but that<br />
<strong>the</strong>re is an Embargo on provisions, <strong>and</strong> without your Excellency’s permission it cannot be shipped. I have<br />
<strong>the</strong>refore to request your <strong>in</strong>terposition <strong>in</strong> this matter.<br />
“Colo. [Henry William] Harr<strong>in</strong>gton is arrived with about 120 men. I expect at Cornhoy [Ca<strong>in</strong>hoy] to-night about<br />
200 more, where at present <strong>the</strong>y will be left. I anxiously wish <strong>the</strong> speedy arrival <strong>of</strong> your son with <strong>the</strong> Troops<br />
under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>.” 607<br />
10 April. The British <strong>com</strong>pleted <strong>the</strong>ir first parallel, April 9-10, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> afternoon <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 10 th Cl<strong>in</strong>ton<br />
summoned <strong>the</strong> town to surrender. L<strong>in</strong>coln asked for a temporary truce, which was granted. By <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
day he thus replied to <strong>the</strong> latter’s ultimatum:<br />
[To Major General Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>and</strong> Vice Admiral Arbuthnot: ]<br />
“Charles town, April 10, 1780<br />
“Gentlemen,<br />
“I have received your summons <strong>of</strong> this date. Sixty days have passed s<strong>in</strong>ce it has been known that your <strong>in</strong>tentions<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st this town were hostile, <strong>in</strong> which time has been afforded to ab<strong>and</strong>on it; but duty <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ation po<strong>in</strong>t to<br />
<strong>the</strong> propriety <strong>of</strong> support<strong>in</strong>g it to <strong>the</strong> last extremity.<br />
“I have <strong>the</strong> honour to be, &c.<br />
[Signed] B. L<strong>in</strong>coln, Comm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south department.”<br />
602 In 1776, Sir. Peter Parker had tried to pound <strong>the</strong> fort on Sullivan’s Isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>to submission. Arbuthnot, this time, sought merely<br />
to sail past it. USC pp. 241-243, 383-385, AR80 p. 219, RSC2 pp. 50-51, SAW2 p. 180, CBA p. 495, MLW4A pp. 138-142, 144-145,<br />
MSC1 p. 459-460, FWI p. 166, WAR2 pp. 702-703, BSC pp. 132, 134-135.<br />
603 GDH3 pp. 124-128.<br />
604 MLW4A p. 146, DSC.<br />
605 GDH3 pp. 124-128.<br />
606 GDH3 pp. 124-128.<br />
607 CNC14 pp. 800-801.<br />
133
There were those like Brig. Gen. Lachlan McIntosh who advised march<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> army out <strong>of</strong> Charlestown <strong>and</strong><br />
cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fight from out <strong>the</strong> countryside. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, Lieut. Gov. Christopher Gadsden <strong>and</strong> many city<br />
leaders <strong>in</strong>sisted that it rema<strong>in</strong> to fight. L<strong>in</strong>coln, for his part, felt he had no choice but to acquiesce to <strong>the</strong> state<br />
<strong>and</strong> city <strong>of</strong>ficials wishes. While some might <strong>in</strong> retrospect th<strong>in</strong>k Gadsden <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> city council acted selfishly <strong>and</strong><br />
thought only <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city’s <strong>in</strong>terest, it would be more accurate to see <strong>the</strong>ir stance as one based <strong>in</strong> defiance <strong>and</strong> a<br />
proud refusal <strong>of</strong> defeat; Gadsden himself, who at one time <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> 1 st S.C. Regt., be<strong>in</strong>g a most resolute<br />
firebr<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> earliest <strong>and</strong> most vociferous radicals aga<strong>in</strong>st British rule. 608<br />
De Brahm: “The works <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy [<strong>the</strong> British] were advanced. Our negroes employed <strong>in</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g a battery <strong>of</strong><br />
five pieces <strong>of</strong> redoubt, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiers on fatigue <strong>in</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g traverses. This even<strong>in</strong>g [<strong>the</strong> 10 th ] a parley was<br />
received from <strong>the</strong> enemy, dem<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town; it was refused.” 609<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “All attempts at remov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> force besieged, out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, had, while it was<br />
practicable, been opposed by <strong>the</strong> governor <strong>and</strong> council, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a troops; <strong>and</strong> Gen.<br />
L<strong>in</strong>coln, had not <strong>the</strong> resolution to counteract <strong>the</strong>m. At length it was thought advisable, that <strong>the</strong> governor <strong>and</strong><br />
three <strong>of</strong> his council should leave <strong>the</strong> town; <strong>and</strong> that Lieut. Gov. Gadsden <strong>and</strong> five o<strong>the</strong>rs should rema<strong>in</strong>. The<br />
ships <strong>of</strong> war, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> harbour <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, be<strong>in</strong>g quite <strong>in</strong>adequate to oppose <strong>the</strong> force which had passed Fort<br />
Moultrie, were divested <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir guns, to re<strong>in</strong>force <strong>the</strong> batteries, <strong>and</strong> were sunk nearly opposite <strong>the</strong> exchange,<br />
to impede <strong>the</strong> passage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy up Cooper river.” 610<br />
11 April. As digg<strong>in</strong>g cont<strong>in</strong>ued, <strong>the</strong> British passed by <strong>the</strong> wet ditch by means <strong>of</strong> a sap (or perpendicular or<br />
advanc<strong>in</strong>g trench), <strong>and</strong> moved with<strong>in</strong> twenty-five yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> forward American positions. 611<br />
De Brahm: “Our batteries kept up a great deal <strong>of</strong> fire last night. The enemy had repaired his batteries, <strong>and</strong><br />
mounted some cannon. F<strong>in</strong>ished <strong>the</strong> battery <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> redoubt. Our workmen employed <strong>in</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g traverses, <strong>and</strong><br />
streng<strong>the</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong> some works. This even<strong>in</strong>g Major [John] Gil[l]bank 612 was accidentally killed, mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
some experiments with shells.”<br />
11 April. Allaire: “Tuesday, 11 th . Col. [Patrick] Ferguson came from Headquarters. Informs us that <strong>the</strong> town was<br />
summoned to surrender to his Britannic Majesty. Answer was returned, that <strong>the</strong>y thought it necessary as well as<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir duty to defend it to <strong>the</strong> last extremity, which <strong>the</strong>y meant to do. Wednesday, 12 th . Received orders to<br />
march. The North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians [Royal N.C. Regt.] were ordered to jo<strong>in</strong> Col. Ferguson. We left L<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g’s plantation<br />
about seven o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> marched to Bacon’s Bridge, twenty-two miles, where we arrived at five<br />
o’clock on Thursday morn<strong>in</strong>g; very much fatigued. We halted to refresh till seven. Cool wea<strong>the</strong>r.”<br />
12 April. De Brahm: “Very little fir<strong>in</strong>g last night. The enemy [<strong>the</strong> British] had more cannon mounted. The<br />
workmen employed as before. Our sailors employed <strong>in</strong> elevat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> parapet near Exchange Battery, <strong>and</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
embrasures to it. At 12 o’clock, meridian, three chalops [shallops or sloops] passed Fort Moultrie, <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
fleet, although fired upon all <strong>the</strong> time by <strong>the</strong> Fort.” 613<br />
12-13 April. By <strong>the</strong> 13 th , <strong>the</strong> British had been able to mount 17 twenty-four pounders, 2 twelve pounders, 3<br />
eight-<strong>in</strong>ch howitzers, 9 mortars <strong>of</strong> various sizes <strong>in</strong> three 7 seven gun batteries. 614<br />
L<strong>in</strong>coln, also on <strong>the</strong> 13 th , called a council <strong>of</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> city council to address important question<br />
questions fac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> besieged, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g whe<strong>the</strong>r Charlestown should be evacuated. Except for Brig. Gen.<br />
McIntosh <strong>and</strong> a few o<strong>the</strong>rs, most aga<strong>in</strong> rejected <strong>the</strong> idea on <strong>the</strong> ground that it would leave <strong>the</strong> city <strong>and</strong> its<br />
<strong>in</strong>habitants helpless. L<strong>in</strong>coln, however, did persuade Gov. John Rutledge <strong>and</strong> several members <strong>of</strong> Privy Council<br />
to leave for purposes <strong>of</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g Civil authority alive. Among those who departed with <strong>the</strong> Governor on this same<br />
date was Col. Marion; ostensibly still smart<strong>in</strong>g from an ankle <strong>in</strong>jury he suffered on 19 March; while Lieut. Gov.<br />
Gadsden, <strong>and</strong> five members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> council rema<strong>in</strong>ed beh<strong>in</strong>d. L<strong>in</strong>coln <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> meantime still had free access out <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>to Charlestown by way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> W<strong>and</strong>o <strong>and</strong> Cooper Rivers. In an effort to keep <strong>the</strong>m secure, he ordered Col.<br />
François Malmedy with 200 men to Ca<strong>in</strong>hoy on north side <strong>of</strong> W<strong>and</strong>o River, n<strong>in</strong>e miles from Charlestown, to fortify<br />
that post which also served as a depot. He fur<strong>the</strong>r directed Malmady to fortify Lampriere’s Po<strong>in</strong>t (also called<br />
Hobcaw); a small redoubt that overlooked <strong>the</strong> Cooper, just below its confluence with <strong>the</strong> W<strong>and</strong>o. In <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terim,<br />
Brig. Gen. Isaac Huger, who had replaced Moultrie <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> American forces (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s,<br />
Jameson’s, Vernier’s, <strong>and</strong> Daniel Horry’s cavalry), cont<strong>in</strong>ued at Bigg<strong>in</strong>’s Bridge keep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>munications with <strong>the</strong><br />
city open while protect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> more distant nor<strong>the</strong>rn approaches to <strong>the</strong> town. 615<br />
De Brahm: “Very little fir<strong>in</strong>g last night. This morn<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> batteries <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy [<strong>the</strong> British] was<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ished, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs not quite; <strong>the</strong> trenches extended. This morn<strong>in</strong>g, at 9 o’clock, <strong>the</strong> enemy opened his<br />
batteries, fir<strong>in</strong>g bombs, carcasses [<strong>com</strong>bustibles conf<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> iron hoops] <strong>and</strong> hot balls, which were returned with<br />
608 USC pp. 243-245, 385, AR80 pp. 219-220 (<strong>and</strong> which gives a fairly detailed description <strong>of</strong> Charlestown’s defense works), TCS<br />
pp. 56-67, MLW4A pp. 144-145, LFB2 p. 560, MDR p. 415, MSC1 pp. 460-463, WAR2 p. 700, BSC pp. 136-137. For a sketch <strong>of</strong><br />
Gadsden, see GAR1 pp. 169-172. Of note, after <strong>the</strong> war ended he argued aga<strong>in</strong>st confiscation <strong>of</strong> formerly Loyalist property.<br />
609 GDH3 pp. 124-128.<br />
610 JFM p. 13.<br />
611 USC pp. 245-247, RSC2 p. 58.<br />
612 Gillbank was L<strong>in</strong>coln’s key artillery munitions expert <strong>and</strong> was skilled at mak<strong>in</strong>g fuses for shells. MSC1 p. 463, BSC p. 175.<br />
613 GDH3 pp. 124-128.<br />
614 USC pp. 247-249, 385-387.<br />
615 RSC2 pp. 125-126, MLW4A p. 146, BSC pp. 138, 140-141, 146.<br />
134
all our force from <strong>the</strong> batteries. This lasted about two hours, when <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g subsided on both sides, till about 5<br />
o’clock, when all <strong>the</strong> fire was on <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. We had one 18 pounder dismounted, <strong>and</strong> two houses<br />
burnt <strong>in</strong> town. Our workmen employed as before.” 616<br />
13 April. [raid-skirmish] Monck’s Corner, also Bigg<strong>in</strong> Bridge, Bigg<strong>in</strong>’s Bridge, Bacon’s Bridge, Bigg<strong>in</strong> Church 617<br />
(Berkeley County, S.C.) Mov<strong>in</strong>g out from Middleton’s Plantation, Tarleton (with <strong>the</strong> British Legion <strong>and</strong> a<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th Light Dragoons) <strong>and</strong> Ferguson (with his corps <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Volunteers), supported by<br />
Webster with <strong>the</strong> 33 rd , 64 th , <strong>and</strong> Royal N.C. Regiments -- toge<strong>the</strong>r total<strong>in</strong>g some 1,400-1,500 men 618 --<br />
maneuvered to seize <strong>the</strong> American positions north <strong>of</strong> Charleston, <strong>and</strong> which served as a ma<strong>in</strong> conduit <strong>and</strong><br />
ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>t for receiv<strong>in</strong>g supplies <strong>and</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements headed toward <strong>the</strong> city. The attack was two pronged<br />
with Webster’s detachment be<strong>in</strong>g sent by Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Strawberry Ferry on <strong>the</strong> west branch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper; while<br />
Tarleton <strong>and</strong> Ferguson launched a night assault on Brig. Gen. Isaac Huger’s force at Bigg<strong>in</strong>’s Bridge. The bridge<br />
lay across Bigg<strong>in</strong> Creek, about a mile nor<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> Monck’s Corner. Huger’s detachment consisted <strong>of</strong> about 200 to<br />
300 cavalry under Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, White <strong>and</strong> John Jameson, Vernier, <strong>and</strong> Daniel Horry, plus 100 to 200 South (<strong>and</strong><br />
or North Carol<strong>in</strong>a) militia. The Americans were caught <strong>of</strong>f guard <strong>and</strong> routed; though not without some fight;<br />
followed by most <strong>of</strong> Huger’s cavalry mak<strong>in</strong>g good <strong>the</strong>ir escape. The success <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British was later attributed <strong>in</strong><br />
part to failure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans to post a proper picket above <strong>the</strong> bridge which guarded <strong>the</strong> approach to <strong>the</strong><br />
American camp. As well, <strong>the</strong> militia were wretchedly armed <strong>and</strong> many poorly tra<strong>in</strong>ed. 60 to 100 Americans were<br />
taken prisoner; while 30 (Allaire) to 50 (Tarleton) wagons loaded with arms, ammunition <strong>and</strong> cloth<strong>in</strong>g, as well as<br />
180 to 400 much needed horses, fell <strong>in</strong>to British h<strong>and</strong>s; who <strong>in</strong>curred only 3 men wounded, <strong>and</strong> 5 horses killed<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>jured. Specifically, Allaire speaks <strong>of</strong> 60 Americans be<strong>in</strong>g captured <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se 15 to 20 were wounded.<br />
James says <strong>the</strong>re were 100 captured <strong>and</strong> 25 killed. McCrady states Huger lost 100 men (wounded <strong>and</strong> not<br />
wounded prisoners), <strong>and</strong> 15 killed. <strong>War</strong>d says American losses were 20 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded <strong>and</strong> 67 captured, 42<br />
wagons all loaded, 102 wagon horses, 83 dragoon horses. Haller cites 30 American dragoons killed <strong>and</strong> wounded,<br />
70 made prisoner, <strong>and</strong> 50 supply wagons <strong>and</strong> 200 fully equipped cavalry horses taken, with Tarleton los<strong>in</strong>g 2<br />
wounded. Borick lists <strong>the</strong> Americans with 15 men killed <strong>and</strong> 18 wounded, 63 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> enlisted captured, 40<br />
supply wagons <strong>and</strong> 98 dragoons horses captured. 619 Maj. Pierre-François Vernier <strong>of</strong> Pulaski’s Legion was among<br />
those taken, but so badly wounded was he at <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s dragoons that he expired shortly<br />
afterward; with his loss result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> de facto disb<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Pulaski’s Legion cavalry. Follow<strong>in</strong>g this event,<br />
says Ramsay, “<strong>the</strong> British. immediately extended <strong>the</strong>mselves to eastward <strong>of</strong> Cooper River, <strong>and</strong> took post with<br />
250 cavalry <strong>and</strong> 500 <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Wappetaw.” Tarleton <strong>and</strong> Webster united <strong>the</strong>ir forces <strong>and</strong><br />
proceeded to move on Ca<strong>in</strong>hoy. Not long <strong>the</strong>reafter, Cornwallis was sent to succeed Webster <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se detachments. 620<br />
Stedman: “The loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans, <strong>in</strong> men, was major Birnie [Vernier] <strong>of</strong> Pulaski’s legion <strong>of</strong> dragoons, three<br />
capta<strong>in</strong>s, one lieutenant, <strong>and</strong> ten privates, killed j fifteen privates, one capta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> two lieutenants, wounded;<br />
fifty-eight privates, two capta<strong>in</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> three lieutenants, taken prisoners, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> wounded. Major Birnie<br />
was mangled <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most shock<strong>in</strong>g manner; he had several wounds, a severe one beh<strong>in</strong>d his ear. This unfortunate<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer lived several hours, reprobat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Americans for <strong>the</strong>ir conduct on this occasion, <strong>and</strong> even <strong>in</strong> his last<br />
moments curs<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British for <strong>the</strong>ir barbarity, <strong>in</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g refused quarter after he had surrendered. The writer<br />
<strong>of</strong> this, who was ordered on this expedition, afforded every assistance <strong>in</strong> his power; <strong>and</strong> had <strong>the</strong> major put upon<br />
a table, <strong>in</strong> a public-house <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> village <strong>and</strong> a blanket thrown over him. The major, <strong>in</strong> his last moments, was<br />
frequently, <strong>in</strong>sulted by; <strong>the</strong> privates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion: Some dragoons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British legion attempted to ravish<br />
several ladies, at, <strong>the</strong> house <strong>of</strong> fir John Coll<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood <strong>of</strong> Monk’s [Monck’s] Corner. Mrs. --- <strong>the</strong><br />
wife <strong>of</strong> Doctor -- <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, was most barbarously treated ; she was a most delicate <strong>and</strong> beautiful woman.<br />
Lady -- received one or two wounds with a sword; Miss -– sister to major -- , was also ill treated. The ladies<br />
made <strong>the</strong>ir escape, <strong>and</strong> came to Monk’s [Monck’s] Corner, where <strong>the</strong>y were protected; a carriage be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
provided, <strong>the</strong>y were escorted to <strong>the</strong> house <strong>of</strong> Mr. -- . The dragoons were apprehended <strong>and</strong> brought to Monk’s<br />
Corner,, where, by this time, colonel Webster had arrived <strong>and</strong> taken <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. The colonel Patrick Ferguson<br />
(<strong>of</strong> whom we shall have occasion to speak hereafter) was for putt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> dragoons to <strong>in</strong>stant death. But colonel<br />
Webster did not conceive that his powers extended to that <strong>of</strong> hold<strong>in</strong>g a general court-martial. The prisoners<br />
were however sent to head-quarters, <strong>and</strong>, I believe, were afterwards tried <strong>and</strong> whipped.” 621<br />
Tarleton: “On <strong>the</strong> 12 th <strong>of</strong> April, Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton, be<strong>in</strong>g re<strong>in</strong>forced at <strong>the</strong> quarter house by Major<br />
Ferguson’s corps <strong>of</strong> marksmen, advanced to Goose creek: Colonel Webster arrived on <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g day at <strong>the</strong><br />
same place, with <strong>the</strong> 33d <strong>and</strong> 64 th regiments <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry; Tarleton aga<strong>in</strong> moved on <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, with his own<br />
<strong>and</strong> Ferguson’s corps, towards Monk’s Corner, as had been previously concerted with <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> chief, <strong>in</strong><br />
order, if possible, to surprise <strong>the</strong> Americans encamped at that place.<br />
“An attack <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night was judged most advisable, as it would render <strong>the</strong> superiority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s cavalry<br />
useless, <strong>and</strong> would, perhaps, present a favourable [sic] opportunity <strong>of</strong> gett<strong>in</strong>g possession <strong>of</strong> Bigg<strong>in</strong> bridge, on<br />
Cooper river, without much loss to <strong>the</strong> assailants. Pr<strong>of</strong>ound silence was observed on <strong>the</strong> march. At some distance<br />
616 GDH3 pp. 124-128.<br />
617 St. Johns Berkeley Church, see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/bigg<strong>in</strong>sch.htm<br />
618 Webster formally <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> whole.<br />
619 Loss<strong>in</strong>g gives 300 horses as captured, Tarleton 400.<br />
620 USC pp. 385-387, AR80 pp. 220-221, RSC2 pp. 64-65, TCS pp. 15-17, GHA3 p. 352, SAW2 pp. 182-184, MLW4A pp. 145-148, LMS<br />
pp. 153-155, JLG1 p. 285, JFM p. 14, LFB2 p. 559, MSC1 pp. 467-469, MSC2 p. 744, FWI p. 166, WAR2 pp. 701-702, BEA pp. 710-<br />
711, HWW pp. 58-59, BSC pp. 147-150, SCAR vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 3-5.<br />
621 SAW2 p. 184n<br />
135
from Goose creek, a negro was secured by <strong>the</strong> advanced guard, who discovered him attempt<strong>in</strong>g to leave <strong>the</strong><br />
road. A letter was taken from his pocket, written by an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> General Huger’s camp <strong>the</strong> afternoon <strong>of</strong> that<br />
day, <strong>and</strong> which he was charged to convey to <strong>the</strong> neighborhood <strong>of</strong> Charles town: The contents <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> letter,<br />
which was opened at a house not far distant, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> negro’s <strong>in</strong>telligence, purchased for a few dollars, proved<br />
lucky <strong>in</strong>cidents at this period: Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton’s <strong>in</strong>formation relative to <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
was now <strong>com</strong>plete. It was evident, that <strong>the</strong> American cavalry had posted <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> Cooper river,<br />
<strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> militia were placed <strong>in</strong> a meet<strong>in</strong>g house, which <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> bridge, <strong>and</strong> were distributed on <strong>the</strong><br />
opposite bank. At three o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> advanced guard <strong>of</strong> dragoons <strong>and</strong> mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry,<br />
supported by <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion <strong>and</strong> Ferguson’s corps, approached <strong>the</strong> American post: A watch word<br />
was immediately <strong>com</strong>municated to <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> soldiers, which was closely followed by an order to charge<br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy’s gr<strong>and</strong> guard on <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> road, <strong>the</strong>re be<strong>in</strong>g no o<strong>the</strong>r avenue open, ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> swamps on <strong>the</strong><br />
flanks, <strong>and</strong> to pursue <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong>ir camp.<br />
“The order was executed with <strong>the</strong> greatest promptitude <strong>and</strong> success. The Americans were <strong>com</strong>pletely surprised:<br />
Major Vernier, <strong>of</strong> Pulaski’s legion, <strong>and</strong> some o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men who attempted to defend <strong>the</strong>mselves, were<br />
killed or wounded; General [Isaac] Huger, Colonels Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Jamieson [Maj. John Jameson], with many<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men, fled on foot to <strong>the</strong> swamps, close to <strong>the</strong>ir encampment, where, be<strong>in</strong>g concealed by <strong>the</strong><br />
darkness, <strong>the</strong>y effected <strong>the</strong>ir escape: Four hundred horses belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> dragoons, with <strong>the</strong>ir arms<br />
<strong>and</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>tments, (a valuable acquisition for <strong>the</strong> British cavalry <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir present state) fell <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
victors; about one hundred <strong>of</strong>ficers, dragoons, <strong>and</strong> hussars, toge<strong>the</strong>r with fifty waggons, loaded with arms,<br />
cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> ammunition, shared <strong>the</strong> same fate.<br />
“Without loss <strong>of</strong> time, Major [Charles] Cochrane was ordered to force <strong>the</strong> bridge <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>g house with <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British legion: He charged <strong>the</strong> militia with fixed bayonets, got possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pass, <strong>and</strong><br />
dispersed every th<strong>in</strong>g that opposed him. In <strong>the</strong> attack on Monk’s corner, <strong>and</strong> at Bigg<strong>in</strong> bridge, <strong>the</strong> British had one<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong> two men wounded, with five horses killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. This signal <strong>in</strong>stance <strong>of</strong> military advantage,<br />
may be partly attributed to <strong>the</strong> judgment <strong>and</strong> address with which this expedition was planned <strong>and</strong> executed,<br />
<strong>and</strong> partly to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>judicious conduct <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er; who, besides mak<strong>in</strong>g a false disposition <strong>of</strong> his<br />
corps, by plac<strong>in</strong>g his cavalry <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bridge dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night, <strong>and</strong> his <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear, neglected<br />
send<strong>in</strong>g patroles <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> his videttes; which omission, equally enabled <strong>the</strong> British to make a surprise, <strong>and</strong><br />
prevented <strong>the</strong> Americans recover<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> confusion attend<strong>in</strong>g an unexpected attack.” 622<br />
Allaire: “Thursday, 13 th . Got <strong>in</strong> motion at seven o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g. Marched through a small village called<br />
Dorchester. It conta<strong>in</strong>s about forty houses <strong>and</strong> a church. Cont<strong>in</strong>ued our march to Middleton’s plantation at Goose<br />
creek, about fifteen miles from Bacon’s Bridge, <strong>and</strong> ten from Dorchester. Here we met <strong>the</strong> Legion about one<br />
o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon, <strong>and</strong> halted till ten at night. Then, <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany with <strong>the</strong>m, got <strong>in</strong> motion <strong>and</strong> marched<br />
eighteen miles to Monk’s [Monck’s] Corner, be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed that Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s, Pulaski’s, Bl<strong>and</strong>’s, <strong>and</strong><br />
Horry’s Light Horse lay here. We arrived just as day began [<strong>the</strong> 14 th ] to appear on Friday morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> found <strong>the</strong><br />
above enemy here, <strong>in</strong> number about four hundred, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some militia that arrived <strong>the</strong> day before,<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Gen. Huger. Luckily for <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong>y were under march<strong>in</strong>g orders, which made <strong>the</strong>m more alert,<br />
when <strong>the</strong> alarm was given, than usual, which alone prevented <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g all taken <strong>com</strong>pletely by surprise. They<br />
made <strong>of</strong>f with great expedition. We pursued, overtook <strong>and</strong> killed Pulaski’s Major Vernier, wounded a French<br />
Lieut. Beaulait, <strong>and</strong> one o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficer; about sixty privates were taken, fifteen or twenty <strong>of</strong> whom were<br />
wounded. We had but one man wounded, <strong>and</strong> he very slightly. We took thirty wagons, with four horses <strong>in</strong> each.<br />
A number <strong>of</strong> very f<strong>in</strong>e horses that belonged to <strong>the</strong>ir troops were likewise taken, <strong>and</strong> converted to British Light<br />
horses. Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> all <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers made but a narrow escape; <strong>the</strong>ir baggage, letters, <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>missions were taken.”<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> George Hight, a soldier <strong>in</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry: “... <strong>in</strong> March, 1780. Shortly after, learn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
that Tarleton was on his way from Savannah to Charleston, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton whipped him, tak<strong>in</strong>g sixteen prisoners,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g a colonel <strong>and</strong> a doctor. But later, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton was surprised <strong>and</strong> defeated at Mon[c]k’s Corner. The<br />
attack was so sudden that although <strong>the</strong> horses were saddled <strong>and</strong> bridled, <strong>the</strong>re was not time to mount. Affiant<br />
was captured <strong>and</strong> after be<strong>in</strong>g dragged about with <strong>the</strong> army <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis some ten days, was put <strong>in</strong>to a prison<br />
ship till after <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong> Charleston. He was <strong>the</strong>n placed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> barracks, <strong>the</strong>re, but this be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>convenient to <strong>the</strong> British, he was aga<strong>in</strong> put on board a prison ship <strong>and</strong> conf<strong>in</strong>ed till about August, when he was<br />
exchanged at Jamestown, Va.” 623<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “On <strong>the</strong> 13 th April, <strong>the</strong> American <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> cavalry under Gen. [Isaac] Huger, lay, <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry at Biggen church, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry under Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, at Monk’s [Monck’s] corner. Col. Tarleton with<br />
Ferguson’s corps <strong>of</strong> marksmen, advanced on from <strong>the</strong> quarter-house to Goose Creek, where he was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by<br />
Col. [James] Webster, with <strong>the</strong> 33d <strong>and</strong> 64 th regiments <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry. There an attack upon <strong>the</strong> American post was<br />
concerted, <strong>and</strong> it was judged advisable to make it <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night, as that would render <strong>the</strong> superiority <strong>of</strong><br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry useless. A servant <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> Huger’s <strong>of</strong>ficers was taken on <strong>the</strong> road, <strong>and</strong> he agreed for a<br />
few dollars, to conduct <strong>the</strong> enemy through a by-road, to Monk’s corner. At three o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
charged Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s guard on <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> road, <strong>and</strong> pursued <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> camp. The Americans were <strong>com</strong>pletely<br />
surprised. Major Vernier, <strong>of</strong> Pulaski’s legion, <strong>and</strong> twenty-five men, were killed. One hundred <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong><br />
dragoons, fifty waggons [sic] loaded with ammunition, cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> arms, <strong>and</strong> four hundred horses, with <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
accoutrements, were taken. A most valuable acquisition to <strong>the</strong> British. Major [Charles] Cochrane with <strong>the</strong> British<br />
622 TCS pp. 15-17.<br />
623 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Militia In The <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> (1913) by Joseph T. McAllister, p. 113.<br />
136
legion <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, forced <strong>the</strong> passage at Biggen [Bigg<strong>in</strong>] bridge, <strong>and</strong> drove Gen. Huger <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry before<br />
him. -- In this affair, Major James Conyers, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans, dist<strong>in</strong>guished himself by a skillful retreat, <strong>and</strong> by<br />
call<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> attention <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy from his sleep<strong>in</strong>g friends, to himself. The British had only one <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong><br />
two men wounded. The account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>in</strong> this affair, is taken from Tarleton…In this<br />
surprise, <strong>the</strong> British made free use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bayonet, <strong>the</strong> houses <strong>in</strong> Monk’s [Monck’s] corner, <strong>the</strong>n a village, were<br />
afterwards deserted, <strong>and</strong> long bore <strong>the</strong> marks <strong>of</strong> deadly thrust, <strong>and</strong> much bloodshed.” 624<br />
13 April. McIntosh: “13 th April. All <strong>the</strong> general <strong>of</strong>ficers were called by Gen. L<strong>in</strong>coln to his quarters this morn<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
where he gave us <strong>the</strong> first idea <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison, <strong>the</strong> men, provisions, stores, artillery, &c., <strong>in</strong> it; <strong>the</strong><br />
little hopes he had <strong>of</strong> any succour <strong>of</strong> consequence, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eng<strong>in</strong>eers respect<strong>in</strong>g our<br />
fortifications,-that <strong>the</strong>y were only field works, or l<strong>in</strong>es, <strong>and</strong> could hold out but few days more. With every<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation he could obta<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> numbers, strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, &c., he was <strong>com</strong>pelled to take up <strong>the</strong> idea<br />
<strong>of</strong> evacuat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> garrison:-when, without hesitation, I gave it as my own op<strong>in</strong>ion, that as we were so<br />
unfortunate as to suffer ourselves to be penned up <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, <strong>and</strong> cut <strong>of</strong>f from all resources, -- <strong>in</strong> such<br />
circumstances, we should not lose an hour longer, <strong>in</strong> attempt<strong>in</strong>g to get <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ental troops, at least, outwhile<br />
we had one side open yet over Cooper river -- upon whose safety, <strong>the</strong> salvation, not only <strong>of</strong> this State, but<br />
some o<strong>the</strong>rs will (may probably) depend. The General said he only desired (<strong>and</strong> which, I th<strong>in</strong>k, all <strong>the</strong> gentlemen<br />
seemed to acquiesce <strong>in</strong> now) that we should consider maturely <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> expediency <strong>and</strong> practicability <strong>of</strong> such a<br />
measure, by <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong>y would send for us aga<strong>in</strong>; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> cannonade, mentioned this morn<strong>in</strong>g, from <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy, beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g, broke up <strong>the</strong> council abruptly. Gov. Rutledge <strong>and</strong> part <strong>of</strong> his council, went over Cooper river<br />
about 12 o’clock this day. Between 9 <strong>and</strong> 10 this morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> enemy opened all <strong>the</strong>ir guns <strong>and</strong> mortar batteries<br />
at once, (be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> first time <strong>the</strong>y fired upon <strong>the</strong> town, or our l<strong>in</strong>es, upon <strong>the</strong> front) <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued a furious<br />
cannonade <strong>and</strong> bombard<strong>in</strong>g, with little <strong>in</strong>termission, till midnight; <strong>the</strong>ir batteries from Wappoo play<strong>in</strong>g upon <strong>the</strong><br />
left flank <strong>of</strong> our l<strong>in</strong>es <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, at <strong>the</strong> same time, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir gallies from Wappoo Creek, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night, as<br />
usual; which we returned smartly from our l<strong>in</strong>es, <strong>and</strong> we presume with good effect. A sergeant <strong>and</strong> private from<br />
North-Carol<strong>in</strong>a killed, <strong>and</strong> some women <strong>and</strong> children <strong>in</strong> town; <strong>the</strong> houses were much damaged <strong>and</strong> two were<br />
burned down near Gen. Moultrie’s, Ansonboro, by carcasses [<strong>com</strong>bustibles bound with iron hoops], <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y<br />
threw several from ten <strong>in</strong>ch mortars. Their cannon are chiefly 24 pounders, opposite our l<strong>in</strong>es, <strong>and</strong> 36 pounders<br />
upon Wappoo; <strong>the</strong>ir mortars from 5~ to (ten) thirteen <strong>in</strong>ches. One embrazure [embrasure] at redan [a V shaped<br />
projection] No. 7, destroyed; <strong>and</strong> also a 26 pounder <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter dismounted, with some o<strong>the</strong>r smaller<br />
damages.” 625<br />
14 April. De Brahm: “A slow fire was kept up on both sides last night. The approaches <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy a little<br />
advanced. The enemy’s galley fired all night. He <strong>com</strong>menced ano<strong>the</strong>r battery opposite <strong>the</strong> town, on <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong><br />
Ashley River.” 626<br />
14 April. In <strong>the</strong> wake <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> defeat at Bigg<strong>in</strong>’s bridge, L<strong>in</strong>coln ordered all rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>fantry east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper<br />
to retreat to Lampriere’s Po<strong>in</strong>t. Some 60 mounted survivors <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American cavalry, who’d been dispersed at<br />
Bigg<strong>in</strong>’s Bridge, ga<strong>the</strong>red toge<strong>the</strong>r about fifteen miles north <strong>of</strong> Monck’s Corner. These were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by 100<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals under Col. Abraham Buford. These toge<strong>the</strong>r lay hidden <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods <strong>in</strong> that area for several<br />
days. On April 17, a detachment <strong>of</strong> horse returned briefly to Monck’s Corner <strong>in</strong> a futile search for more<br />
survivors. 627<br />
14 April, also given as 27 or else 25 March [skirmish] Ogeechee River (Chatham County, Georgia) At 10 o’clock, a<br />
Capt. Conkl<strong>in</strong> with a detachment <strong>of</strong> DeLancey’s brigade <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Savannah routed a force <strong>of</strong> some 300 S.C.<br />
state troops <strong>and</strong> S.C. <strong>and</strong> Georgia militia under colonels Andrew Pickens <strong>and</strong> John Twiggs posted on <strong>the</strong><br />
Ogeechee River. The attackers lost 3 killed <strong>and</strong> 5 wounded; while American losses are not known. The British<br />
<strong>the</strong>n returned to Savannah; Conkl<strong>in</strong>, however, had been mortally wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> engagement <strong>and</strong> died <strong>the</strong><br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g day (see 20 March.) There were a number <strong>of</strong> similar small skirmishes just outside Savannah at this time<br />
(<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>in</strong> which a whig Capt. John Bilbo was mortally wounded as related by McCall, MHG p. 467), <strong>and</strong><br />
that <strong>in</strong> large measure were a result <strong>of</strong> small parties <strong>of</strong> Americans attempt<strong>in</strong>g to keep <strong>the</strong> British with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> city<br />
while <strong>the</strong>y <strong>and</strong> or <strong>the</strong>ir friends removed private property from <strong>the</strong> local area. It was partly to assist <strong>in</strong> this that<br />
Pickens <strong>and</strong> Twiggs had been ordered to st<strong>and</strong> nearby. 628<br />
14 April. The British advanced a sap <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> a battery <strong>the</strong>y had recently constructed (connected to <strong>the</strong> first<br />
parallel) to with<strong>in</strong> 750 feet <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> canal. From <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> this sap <strong>the</strong>y began work on <strong>the</strong> second parallel<br />
(f<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>com</strong>pleted on 20 April.) Cannonade <strong>and</strong> bombardments cont<strong>in</strong>ued day <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> night from both sides,<br />
with fir<strong>in</strong>g be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g more <strong>in</strong>tense <strong>the</strong> closer <strong>the</strong> besiegers got to <strong>the</strong> city. 629<br />
624 JFM p. 14.<br />
625 MNS, MSC1 pp. 464-465.<br />
626 GDH3 pp. 124-128.<br />
627 HWW p. 59.<br />
628 MHG pp. 465-467, Rev. William Bacon Stevens, A History <strong>of</strong> Georgia, pp. 242-243, A History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1st Battalion, DeLancey’s<br />
Brigade, see:<br />
Onl<strong>in</strong>e Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies at http://www.royalprov<strong>in</strong>cial.<strong>com</strong>/military/rhist/delancey/1delhist.htm<br />
629 USC pp. 249-251, 387, SAW2 p. 184, MLW4A pp. 148-149, DSC, BSC pp. 161-162.<br />
137
15 April. De Brahm: “Fire from <strong>the</strong> batteries <strong>and</strong> works as before. The enemy had a bomb battery. His second<br />
parallel <strong>com</strong>menced, <strong>and</strong> manned by <strong>the</strong> Chasseurs, who kept up a cont<strong>in</strong>ued fire upon our l<strong>in</strong>es.” 630<br />
Mid April. Despite pleas for additional militia, only 300 from N.C. were at this time en route to jo<strong>in</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln. 631<br />
16 April. Maj. Gen. Johannes Baron de Kalb with near 1,400 Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, <strong>and</strong> by<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, left Morristown, New Jersey on <strong>the</strong>ir way south with <strong>the</strong> hope <strong>of</strong> assist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Charlestown. They would have departed sooner than this date but for a severe shortage <strong>of</strong> funds <strong>and</strong> supplies<br />
which Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s army lacked generally. 632<br />
De Kalb was issued some funds by Congress that later were found unaccounted for. After <strong>the</strong> war <strong>and</strong> regard<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
<strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong>quiry by <strong>the</strong> Army pay <strong>of</strong>fice, Otho Williams wrote: “Baltimore, Sept. 20, 1786. Sir: -- I was from home<br />
when your letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 14 th July was left at my <strong>of</strong>fice. It is not <strong>in</strong> my power to give you any satisfactory account<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> money received by <strong>the</strong> Baron De Kalb <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> year 1780. Capta<strong>in</strong> Marbury <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e acted at that<br />
time as Quartermaster to <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> division <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, <strong>and</strong> probably received some part <strong>of</strong> it; but I th<strong>in</strong>k it<br />
improbable that <strong>the</strong> regimental clothiers, forage-masters, or <strong>com</strong>missaries had much <strong>of</strong> it <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir h<strong>and</strong>s; <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were constantly with <strong>the</strong> troops, <strong>and</strong> we seldom encamped where <strong>the</strong>re was any th<strong>in</strong>g to purchase. In my<br />
op<strong>in</strong>ion, <strong>the</strong> Baron expended <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> money, or left it <strong>in</strong> Philadelphia, for clo<strong>the</strong>s <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
articles to be forwarded.” 633<br />
16 April. L<strong>in</strong>coln summoned a council <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> it was decided not to attack <strong>the</strong> British detachment, under<br />
Webster (<strong>and</strong> shortly after, Cornwallis), at Wappetaw. 634<br />
16 April. De Brahm: “In addition to his usual fire, <strong>the</strong> enemy opened his new battery. Last night we extended<br />
from our redoubt a counter-m<strong>in</strong>e with a small parallel whence we could return <strong>the</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s musketry.<br />
This even<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> our Gallies ascended Cooper river to a place whence she enfiladed <strong>the</strong> English camp for<br />
several hours, which was briskly answered by field pieces from <strong>the</strong> camp.” 635<br />
17 April. De Brahm: “The enemy [<strong>the</strong> British] enfiladed <strong>the</strong> town on all sides last night <strong>and</strong> threw a great<br />
quantity <strong>of</strong> bombs-sometimes from fifteen to twenty at once. We worked upon our counter m<strong>in</strong>e. We received<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence from our detachment at Lampriere[’]s, that one thous<strong>and</strong> or fifteen hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy under<br />
General Lord Cornwallis had passed Monk’s [Monck’s] Corner, Strawberry, Bonneau’s Ferry, <strong>and</strong> Wappetaw, <strong>and</strong><br />
actually arrived with<strong>in</strong> six miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> said post. This morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy’s second parallel was prolonged<br />
towards our left, supplied with bags <strong>of</strong> earth <strong>and</strong> full <strong>of</strong> Chasseurs.” 636<br />
17 April. St. Thomas Parish, north <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, was occupied by <strong>the</strong> British thus all but <strong>com</strong>plet<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
encirclement <strong>of</strong> Charlestown by l<strong>and</strong>. 637<br />
Allaire. “Monday, 17 th . Crossed Bono Ferry <strong>and</strong> passed on to Miller’s Bridge, over a branch <strong>of</strong> W<strong>and</strong>o river, where<br />
we took up our ground about n<strong>in</strong>e o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g. This day passed St. Thomas’ church, where we met <strong>the</strong><br />
Thirty-third regiment.”<br />
17 April (sometimes mistakenly given as 18 April.) Troops under Col. Maxwell von Westerhagen (von Dittfurth<br />
Regt.), <strong>and</strong> which had sailed from New York City on 4 April, sailed up <strong>the</strong> Stono Inlet, pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Ashley River,<br />
<strong>and</strong> were l<strong>and</strong>ed outside Charlestown to streng<strong>the</strong>n Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s army. The re<strong>in</strong>forcement numbered 2,566 rank <strong>and</strong><br />
file effectives, <strong>of</strong> which 1,863 were fit for duty. It <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>the</strong> 42 nd Regiment, Regt. von Dittfurth, <strong>the</strong> Queen’s<br />
Rangers, <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales American Volunteers, <strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> some replacements. Col.<br />
Francis Lord Rawdon, along with his regiment <strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, was also present. 638<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “Soon after this, Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, be<strong>in</strong>g re<strong>in</strong>forced by two thous<strong>and</strong> five hundred men,<br />
under Lord Cornwallis, pushed <strong>the</strong>m over Cooper river, <strong>and</strong> enclosed <strong>the</strong> besieged on <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> St. Thomas’<br />
parish <strong>and</strong> Christ church; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> town was now <strong>com</strong>pletely <strong>in</strong>vested by l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> water.” 639<br />
BRITISH<br />
Maj. Gen, Sir. Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, Comm<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> Chief<br />
Lieut. Gen. Charles Lord Cornwallis<br />
Maj. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Leslie<br />
Maj. Gen. Henry Julian Kospoth<br />
Maj. Gen. J. C. von Huyne,<br />
Brig. Gen James Paterson<br />
630 GDH3 pp. 124-128, USC p. 251, 387.<br />
631 BSC pp. 166-167.<br />
632 WNA, CBA p. 509, MLW4A pp. 166-168, MSC1 p. 655-656.<br />
633 <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>, by W.T. L. Saffell, p. 412, Charles C. Saffell, Baltimore: 1894, pp. 104-105.<br />
634 SAW2 p. 184, RSC2 p. 53.<br />
635 GDH3 pp. 124-128, USC pp. 253, 387.<br />
636 GDH3 pp. 124-128, USC pp. 387-389.<br />
637 USC p. 253.<br />
638 USC p. 389, SQR pp. 136-138, TCS p. 18, CAR p. 167n, MLW4A p. 149, MDR p. 415, BRG p. 63, BSC p. 159.<br />
639 JFM p. 13.<br />
138
1 st Grenadier Battalion: 611, Lieut. Col. Henry Hope<br />
2 nd Grenadier Battalion: 526, Lieut. Col. John Yorke<br />
1 st Light Infantry Battalion: 640, Lieut. Col. Robert Abercromby<br />
2 nd Light Infantry Battalion: 637, Lieut. Col. Thomas Dundas<br />
7 th Regt.: 463, Lieut. Col. Alured Clarke<br />
23 rd Regt.: 400, Lieut. Col. Nisbet Balfour<br />
33 rd Regt.: 450, Lieut. Col. James Webster<br />
42 nd Regt.: 700, Lieut. Col. Duncan McPherson<br />
63 rd Regt.: 400, Maj. James Wemyss<br />
64 th Regt.: 350, Maj. Robert McLeroth<br />
Royal Artillery: 200, Maj. Peter Traille<br />
Guides <strong>and</strong> Pioneers: 150<br />
GERMAN<br />
Hessian Grenadiers: 1000, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
1 st Bttn. Grenadiere von L<strong>in</strong>s<strong>in</strong>gen, Lieut. Col. Otto Christian W. von L<strong>in</strong>s<strong>in</strong>gen<br />
2 nd Bttn. Grenadiere von Lengerke, Lieut. Col. George Emmanuel von Lengerke<br />
3 rd Bttn. Grenadiere von M<strong>in</strong>nigerode, Col. Frederich Henry von Schuler 640<br />
4 th Bttn. Grenadiere von Graff, Lieut. Col. von Graff<br />
Regt. von Huyne: 800, Col. Friedrich von Benn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Regt. von Dittfurth, Col. Maxwell von Westerhagen<br />
Jägers: 224, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
2 nd Company, Anspach-Bayreuth Jägers<br />
Hesse Cassel Jagers (1 <strong>com</strong>pany)<br />
Hesse-Cassel chasseur <strong>com</strong>pany, 641 Capt. George Hanger<br />
Hessian artillery detachment<br />
TOTAL Germans (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Hessian Grenadiers): 2,264 rank <strong>and</strong> file. 642<br />
PROVINCIALS<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment: 100, Col. Edmund Fann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Queen’s Rangers: 200, Lieut. Col. John Graves Simcoe<br />
Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, Col. Francis Lord Rawdon<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Volunteers, Lieut. Col. Thomas Patt<strong>in</strong>son<br />
Brig. Gen. James Paterson‘s detachment from Savannah:<br />
71 st Regt. , Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er McDonald<br />
1 st Battalion: 378, Maj. Archibald McArthur<br />
2 nd Battalion: 491<br />
Light Infantry<br />
A detachment <strong>of</strong> 17 th Light Dragoons<br />
British Legion: cavalry: 250, <strong>in</strong>fantry: 300, Lieut. Col. Banastre Tarleton<br />
Loyal American Volunteers, Maj. Patrick Ferguson<br />
New York Volunteers, Lieut. Col. George Turnbull<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists, Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Innes<br />
Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt. 643<br />
TOTAL Strength <strong>of</strong> Paterson’s detachment: 1,400 to 1,500 644<br />
TOTAL LAND FORCES UNDER CLINTON: (approx.) 12,000-13,500<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton says about 7,000 (presumably rank <strong>and</strong> file) first came with him; which add<strong>in</strong>g Westerhagen’s 2,500<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcement br<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>the</strong> number to roughly 9,500. Count<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt. <strong>and</strong> Loyalist regiments orig<strong>in</strong>ally from<br />
640 Schuler was from <strong>the</strong> von Dittfurth regiment, but while <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south was temporarily <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> M<strong>in</strong>nigerode battalion.<br />
641 Hesse Cassel Chasseurs: Capt. George Hanger formed a chasseur (or light <strong>in</strong>fantry) <strong>com</strong>pany from among Hesse Cassel<br />
regiments, <strong>in</strong> December 10, 1779, which was sent to Charlestown. They returned to New York <strong>in</strong> June (without Hanger), but<br />
were disb<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> December 1780.<br />
642 A “State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Troops under <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> his Excellency General Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, 1st. May 1780” <strong>in</strong> Colonial Office,<br />
class 5, v. 99, pp. 514-515, shows <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g Hessians <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a: 81 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> 41 staff present, 268 serjeants, 105<br />
drums & fifes <strong>and</strong> 2264 rank & file present fit for duty.<br />
643 Lieut. Col. John Hamilton was captured at Rantowle’s Bridge on March 27 th , but was liberated after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city.<br />
644 Patrick O’Kelley’s order <strong>of</strong> battle for Charleston is quite thorough <strong>and</strong> exhaustive <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pared to this, <strong>and</strong> I would refer you<br />
to that as well. ONB2 p. 49<br />
139
Savannah, which were with Paterson, would make <strong>the</strong> number at least 10,000. Add<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong><br />
supernumeraries <strong>the</strong>n gives us <strong>the</strong> 12,000 total muster typically reported by historians; though with McCrady<br />
list<strong>in</strong>g a 13,572 figure (provid<strong>in</strong>g a detailed order <strong>of</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British forces at MSC1 pp. 507-510.) 645 This<br />
12,000, however, does not <strong>in</strong>clude Arbuthnot’s 4,000 to 5,000 sailors <strong>and</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>es; some number <strong>of</strong> whom served<br />
with <strong>the</strong> l<strong>and</strong> forces. Boatner, for example, states that Cl<strong>in</strong>ton had at his disposal about 12,700 troops <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
450 seaman <strong>and</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>es; while Arbuthnot had 4,500 seamen <strong>and</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>es additional. 646 Borick, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
h<strong>and</strong>, avers that by 18 April Cl<strong>in</strong>ton could count approximately, 8,300 rank <strong>and</strong> file under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>,<br />
obviously not account<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> seamen <strong>and</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>es. 647<br />
Coleman, <strong>in</strong> his The American Revolution <strong>in</strong> Georgia, states that British troops taken out <strong>of</strong> Georgia before <strong>the</strong><br />
fall <strong>of</strong> Charlestown were never returned, <strong>and</strong> British hold<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> that prov<strong>in</strong>ce became even more vulnerable<br />
after Cornwallis entered N.C. <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> 1780. Artillery would also have been removed from Savannah to assist<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege at Charlestown. 648<br />
DeSaussure: “Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s map, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> French map, both give <strong>the</strong> positions <strong>and</strong> numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
redoubts upon <strong>the</strong>ir first parallel. Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s gives also <strong>the</strong> head quarters <strong>of</strong> himself <strong>and</strong> his general<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>the</strong> positions <strong>of</strong> his troops, his artillery park, <strong>and</strong> his store <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>missary tools. In giv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> positions <strong>of</strong><br />
his troops, it states that he had two battalions <strong>of</strong> British Grenadiers; four battalions <strong>of</strong> Hessian Grenadiers; two<br />
battalions <strong>of</strong> Light Infantry; two battalions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 41 st Regiment; Hessian Yagers (or Jagers), <strong>and</strong> Artillerists:<br />
aggregat<strong>in</strong>g twelve battalions, two full regiments, <strong>the</strong> Yagers <strong>and</strong> Artillerists. This would probably make a force<br />
<strong>of</strong> about ten to twelve thous<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> agrees with what Stedman had said, viz: he brought 8,000 men from New<br />
York, was re<strong>in</strong>forced by 2,500 men under Cornwallis from New York, <strong>and</strong> by 1,200 under Prevost from Savannah.<br />
The Americans, who surrendered, aggregated <strong>of</strong>ficers, men, musicians <strong>and</strong> all, 5,570, <strong>of</strong> whom 2,152 were<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers without <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s, militia, citizens, <strong>and</strong> a French local <strong>com</strong>pany.” 649<br />
ROYAL NAVY<br />
Vice Admiral Marriot Arbuthnot<br />
For ships <strong>and</strong> men under Arbuthnot’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> see 26 December. It is not clear what warships ac<strong>com</strong>panied<br />
Westerhagen’s convoy.<br />
AMERICAN FORCES DEFENDING CHARLESTOWN<br />
Maj. Gen. Benjam<strong>in</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln<br />
Brig. Gen. William Moultrie, Second <strong>in</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong><br />
Brig. Gen. Louis DuPortail, Chief Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<br />
Lieut. Col. Louis Anto<strong>in</strong>e Jean Baptiste, <strong>the</strong> Chevalier de Cambray-Digny 650<br />
CONTINENTALS<br />
* South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Brigade, Col. Charles Cotesworth P<strong>in</strong>ckney<br />
1 st South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt.: 231, Lieut. Col. William Scott<br />
2 nd South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt.: 246, Lieut. Col. Francis Marion (absent)<br />
3 rd South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt.: 259, Lieut. Col. William Henderson<br />
* North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Brigade, Brig. Gen. James Hogun<br />
1 st North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt.: 287, Col. Thomas Clark<br />
2 nd North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt.: 301, Col. John Patten<br />
3 rd North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt.: 162, Lieut. Col. Robert Mebane<br />
* 1 st Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Brigade, Brig. Gen. William Woodford<br />
1 st Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regt.: 336, Col. William Russell<br />
2 nd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regt.: 306, Col. John Neville<br />
3 rd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regt.: 252, Col. Nathaniel Gist<br />
* 2 nd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Brigade, Col. Richard Parker<br />
1 st Detachment <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ians: 258, Lieut. Col. Samuel Hopk<strong>in</strong>s<br />
2 nd Detachment <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ians: 232, Lieut. Col. Gustavus Wallace<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Infantry: Lieut. Col. John Laurens<br />
Attached Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>of</strong>ficers: 46, Brig. Gen. Charles Scott, act<strong>in</strong>g without a <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Light Dragoons: 41<br />
Georgia Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers: 5<br />
645 MSC1 p. 435.<br />
646 CAR p. 152n, 167n, CBA pp. 493-494, LSY pp. 288-290, BEA p. 213.<br />
647 BSC p. 167.<br />
648 CGA p. 131.<br />
649 DSC.<br />
650 DuPortail did not arrive till April 25 th ; while Laumoy <strong>and</strong> Cambray-Digny were L<strong>in</strong>coln’s chief eng<strong>in</strong>eers before that date.<br />
140
Georgia regiment <strong>of</strong> Horse Rangers<br />
Brigade <strong>of</strong> Artillery, Lieut. Col. John Faucheraud Grimké<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a artillery: 93<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a artillery: 64<br />
Charles town Battalion <strong>of</strong> Artillery: 168<br />
Cannoniers, mann<strong>in</strong>g town batteries (probably militia): 167<br />
200-250 guns <strong>in</strong> battery. For a detailed list <strong>of</strong> number <strong>and</strong> types <strong>of</strong> American guns, specific batteries, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
deployment with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town see MMS2 pp. 106-108<br />
MILITIA<br />
* Brigade <strong>of</strong> Militia, Brig. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Lill<strong>in</strong>gton, Brig. Gen. Lachlan McIntosh<br />
Davie states that <strong>the</strong>re were 300-400 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia <strong>in</strong> Charlestown. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Borick, L<strong>in</strong>coln<br />
speculated that only 300 backcountry S.C. militia participated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city. 651<br />
* Brigade <strong>of</strong> Charlestown Militia, Col. Maurice Simons<br />
1 st Battalion <strong>of</strong> Charles town militia: 352,<br />
2 nd Battalion <strong>of</strong> Charles town militia: 485<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia: 1,231 [total]<br />
French <strong>com</strong>pany: 43, Marquis de Bretigney.<br />
American <strong>and</strong> French sailors serv<strong>in</strong>g with city: 1,000<br />
TOTAL OF AMERICAN LAND AND NAVAL FORCES: 6,662-6,684 652<br />
The above list <strong>of</strong> units <strong>and</strong> total taken from Lumpk<strong>in</strong>, McCrady, <strong>and</strong> O’Kelley does not <strong>in</strong>clude Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s <strong>and</strong><br />
White’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia cavalry, Horry’s South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Light Horse posted outside <strong>the</strong> city, all under Huger. 653 Borick,<br />
by contrast, states that by mid April L<strong>in</strong>coln had only 4,200 present <strong>and</strong> fit for duty <strong>in</strong> Charlestown, Fort<br />
Moultrie, <strong>and</strong> Lampriere’s Po<strong>in</strong>t. 654<br />
AMERICAN NAVAL FORCES<br />
Commodore Abraham Whipple<br />
American Ships<br />
Bricole, 655 pierced for 60, mount<strong>in</strong>g 44 guns, twenty-four <strong>and</strong> eighteen pounders (scuttled)<br />
Truite, 26 guns, twelve-pounders (scuttled)<br />
Queen <strong>of</strong> France, 28 guns, n<strong>in</strong>e-pounders (scuttled)<br />
General Moultrie [aka General L<strong>in</strong>coln], 20 guns, six-pounders<br />
Notre Dame, brig, 16 guns<br />
Providence, 32 guns, eighteen <strong>and</strong> twelve pounders<br />
Boston, 32 guns, eighteen <strong>and</strong> twelve pounders<br />
Ranger, 20 guns, six-pounders<br />
French Ships<br />
L’Aventure, 26 guns, n<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> six pounders<br />
Polacre, 16 guns, six-pounders<br />
Also were some “empty brigs ly<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> wharfs, with o<strong>the</strong>r small vessels…[<strong>and</strong>] four armed galleys.” 656 The<br />
Bricole, Truite, <strong>and</strong> Queen <strong>of</strong> France had been scuttled earlier. See 7 April. 657<br />
18 April. Webster‘s detachment, situated to <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper River at Ca<strong>in</strong>hoy (which L<strong>in</strong>coln had<br />
ab<strong>and</strong>oned 658 ) was dispatched additional re<strong>in</strong>forcements consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt. (under Balfour), Volunteers<br />
<strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, N.Y. Volunteers, S.C. Royalists; that is, as soon as some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> replacements from Westerhagen‘s<br />
newly arrived cont<strong>in</strong>gent from New York made it feasible. Cornwallis <strong>the</strong>n assumed Webster’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>; which<br />
by <strong>the</strong>n, with <strong>the</strong> aforementioned re<strong>in</strong>forcement, numbered 2,300 men.<br />
18 April. With cannon brought over from Fort Moultrie, Malmedy occupied Lampriere’s Po<strong>in</strong>t with 100<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> 200 N.C. militia. Also on this date, L<strong>in</strong>coln re<strong>in</strong>forced him with 300 troops <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Laurens’<br />
light <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> slaves sent from Fort Moultrie, <strong>and</strong> a strong redoubt was constructed at Lampriere’s. Even so,<br />
651 BSC p. 119.<br />
652 This number <strong>in</strong>cludes sailors present. Boatner gives 3,600 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> 2,000 South <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia. For an<br />
additional <strong>and</strong> more <strong>com</strong>plete American order <strong>of</strong> battle; see also ONB2 p. 35<br />
653 MSC2 p. 746, LSY pp. 287-288, BEA p. 208.<br />
654 BSC pp. 119, 166-167.<br />
655 Tarleton speaks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bricole as be<strong>in</strong>g pierced for 44 gun but that it did not mount more than half that number. The pierced<br />
for 60 with 44 guns <strong>com</strong>es from Arbuthnot’s return. TCS p. 10.<br />
656 Arbuthnot’s return given <strong>in</strong> Tarleton. TCS pp. 52-53.<br />
657 DBJ, TCS p. 10.<br />
658 What was left <strong>of</strong> Malmedy’s force which had occupied Ca<strong>in</strong>hoy had been withdrawn to Lampriere’s Po<strong>in</strong>t.<br />
141
mount<strong>in</strong>g pressure from <strong>the</strong> British siege l<strong>in</strong>es forced L<strong>in</strong>coln to recall Laurens, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter’s place he sent<br />
Malmedy 75 additional N.C. militia. 659<br />
18 April. De Brahm: “Fire from <strong>the</strong> batteries as heret<strong>of</strong>ore, <strong>and</strong> a shower <strong>of</strong> musketry all day; this day like last<br />
night very ra<strong>in</strong>y.” 660<br />
Moultrie’s Diary: “Tuesday, 18 th . We advanced a breastwork to <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> square redoubt, for riflemen, to<br />
annoy <strong>the</strong> enemy on <strong>the</strong>ir approach. The enemy cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong>ir approaches to <strong>the</strong> right, with<strong>in</strong> 250 yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> square redoubt.<br />
“Wednesday, 19 th . The enemy began an approach from <strong>the</strong> left battery, towards our advanced redoubt; <strong>and</strong><br />
moved some mortars <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> former.” 661<br />
19 April. Allaire: “Wednesday, 19 th . Maj. Ferguson, with fifty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>ians, moved on to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Thirty-third <strong>and</strong> Sixty-fourth regiments, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Legion, which had gone<br />
forward to attack a Rebel post at Lempriere’s [Lampriere’s] Po<strong>in</strong>t. The British were <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g back; <strong>the</strong>y had<br />
marched up to <strong>the</strong> fort, but found it so strong that it was imprudent to storm it with so few men.”<br />
19-20 April. British second parallel <strong>com</strong>pleted at a distance <strong>of</strong> 300 yards from <strong>the</strong> American forward l<strong>in</strong>e. Ramsay<br />
gives <strong>the</strong> date as <strong>the</strong> 20 th . 662<br />
De Brahm: “[19 th ] Fire from <strong>the</strong> batteries as heret<strong>of</strong>ore. This even<strong>in</strong>g three <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemies Gallies [British]<br />
descended from Wappoo down Ashley river to <strong>the</strong> Fleet under a heavy fire from our batteries; one lost her mail<br />
mast. This night <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>munication is made from <strong>the</strong> battery <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French sailors to <strong>the</strong> town.<br />
“[The 20 th ] Fire from <strong>the</strong> batteries as ord<strong>in</strong>ary. This even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Ravel<strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>menced <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> horn work.”<br />
663<br />
20 April. [raid] W<strong>and</strong>o River (Charleston County, S.C.)<br />
Allaire: “Thursday, 20 th . Rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Miller’s Bridge, f<strong>in</strong>ish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> block house. Col. Tarleton surprised <strong>and</strong> took<br />
n<strong>in</strong>e sloops with goods, stores, etc., <strong>and</strong> twenty pieces <strong>of</strong> cannon.”<br />
20-21 April. L<strong>in</strong>coln once aga<strong>in</strong> summoned a council <strong>of</strong> war to attempt to decide what should be done. Present<br />
were Brig. Generals Moultrie, McIntosh, Woodford, Scott, Hogun, Colonels Laumoy, Barnard, Beekman, <strong>and</strong><br />
Maurice Simons. He reported to <strong>the</strong>m hav<strong>in</strong>g provisions on h<strong>and</strong> for only eight to ten days; though more were<br />
brought with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> week (s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> passage to <strong>and</strong> from Charlestown had still not yet be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>pletely<br />
obstructed.) Escape at night was still viable; with Lampriere’s still permitt<strong>in</strong>g an open route through Christ<br />
Church parish. Moreover, L<strong>in</strong>coln had sufficient boats to make <strong>the</strong> attempt. He <strong>the</strong>n requested <strong>the</strong>ir op<strong>in</strong>ions.<br />
The military men seemed mostly <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to evacuate. Lieut. Gov. Gadsden <strong>the</strong>n came to council after L<strong>in</strong>coln<br />
<strong>in</strong>vited him to sit with <strong>the</strong>m. He was surprised that <strong>the</strong>y contemplated capitulation or evacuation <strong>and</strong> said he<br />
needed to confer with <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city council. When all reconvened <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, Gadsden, ac<strong>com</strong>panied<br />
by four privy council members, argued aga<strong>in</strong>st withdrawal, treat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers ra<strong>the</strong>r rudely <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> process. It<br />
was <strong>the</strong>n determ<strong>in</strong>ed to rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> defend city. The next day 21 April, L<strong>in</strong>coln convened <strong>the</strong> council once more.<br />
Follow<strong>in</strong>g this he sent Cl<strong>in</strong>ton terms <strong>of</strong> surrender, which would permit he Americans to march out with <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
army <strong>in</strong>tact, which Cl<strong>in</strong>ton rejected as unacceptable. 664<br />
DeSaussure: “The terms proposed by Gen. L<strong>in</strong>coln contemplated <strong>the</strong> march<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison, with leave to<br />
go where <strong>the</strong>y pleased, with ‘<strong>the</strong> usual honors <strong>of</strong> war, <strong>and</strong> carry <strong>of</strong>f at that time <strong>the</strong>ir arms, field artillery,<br />
ammunition <strong>and</strong> baggage, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> such stores as <strong>the</strong>y may be able to transport.’ The terms proposed by Gen.<br />
L<strong>in</strong>coln were rejected. Gen. L<strong>in</strong>coln <strong>the</strong>reupon called a council <strong>of</strong> war to consider <strong>the</strong> propriety <strong>of</strong> evacuat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> town. The council were <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion ‘that it was unadvisable because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> opposition made by <strong>the</strong> civil<br />
authorities <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants, <strong>and</strong> because, even if <strong>the</strong>y could succeed <strong>in</strong> defeat<strong>in</strong>g a large body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir way, <strong>the</strong>y had not a sufficiency <strong>of</strong> boats to cross <strong>the</strong> Santee before <strong>the</strong>y might be overtaken by <strong>the</strong><br />
whole British army.’ The Council <strong>the</strong>refore re<strong>com</strong>mended a capitulation. The re<strong>com</strong>mendation was not<br />
adopted.” 665<br />
21 April. While under now constant fire from <strong>the</strong> rebel l<strong>in</strong>es, <strong>the</strong> British <strong>com</strong>menced work on <strong>the</strong> third<br />
parallel. 666<br />
De Brahm: “[21 st ] Fire from <strong>the</strong> batteries as ord<strong>in</strong>ary. This morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy had <strong>com</strong>menced [work on] two<br />
batteries, near his second parallel.” 667<br />
21 April. Allaire: “Friday, 21 st . Capt. [Samuel] Ryerson, with forty American Volunteers, a subaltern, <strong>and</strong> twenty<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Thirty-third, <strong>and</strong> a subaltern, <strong>and</strong> twenty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sixty-fourth regiments, rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Miller’s Bridge to<br />
defend <strong>and</strong> keep <strong>the</strong> pass. The rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Thirty-third <strong>and</strong> Sixty-fourth regiments, American Volunteers,<br />
<strong>and</strong> British Legion, countermarched twelve miles <strong>and</strong> took up our ground at St. Thomas’ church.”<br />
659 BSC p. 183, MSC1 p. 483.<br />
660 GDH3 pp. 124-128, USC pp. 253-255.<br />
661 DSC.<br />
662 USC pp. 255-257, 389, DSC, AR80 p. 220, DSC, RSC2 p. 53, SAW2 p. 184.<br />
663 GDH3 pp. 124-128.<br />
664 RSC2 pp. 53-54, MLW4A pp. 148-151, MSC1 pp. 473-478, BSC pp. 167-171.<br />
665 DSC.<br />
666 USC p. 389, BSC p. 176.<br />
667 GDH3 pp. 124-128.<br />
142
22 April. Capt. Charles Hudson on board <strong>the</strong> Richmond reported <strong>the</strong> Americans were erect<strong>in</strong>g works on Mount<br />
Pleasant (or Haddrell’s Po<strong>in</strong>t), on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper Rver, <strong>and</strong> which stood to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> entrance to<br />
Hog’s Isl<strong>and</strong>. As a result, Arbuthnot <strong>in</strong>formed Cl<strong>in</strong>ton that unless <strong>the</strong> rebels were removed from <strong>the</strong>nce, <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
heavy guns <strong>the</strong>y would endanger his vessels under Fort Johnson; as well as prevent him from send<strong>in</strong>g ships <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
direction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper River (which Cl<strong>in</strong>ton desired <strong>in</strong> order to <strong>com</strong>plete <strong>the</strong> town’s enclosure.) 668<br />
22 April. De Brahm: “Fire from <strong>the</strong> batteries as ord<strong>in</strong>ary; <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong> musketry more than ever. This morn<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
parley was sent to <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> answer returned about 9 o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g.” 669<br />
23 April. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton ordered Cornwallis to sever nor<strong>the</strong>rn approaches to <strong>the</strong> city. On <strong>the</strong> 25 th , <strong>the</strong> latter camped<br />
near St. Thomas’ church, hav<strong>in</strong>g been recently re<strong>in</strong>forced with <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt. <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong> (see<br />
18 April.) 670<br />
William James Dobe<strong>in</strong>: “Soon after this, Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, be<strong>in</strong>g re<strong>in</strong>forced by two thous<strong>and</strong> five hundred men,<br />
under Lord Cornwallis, pushed <strong>the</strong>m over Cooper river, <strong>and</strong> enclosed <strong>the</strong> besieged on <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> St. Thomas’<br />
parish <strong>and</strong> Christ church; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> town was now <strong>com</strong>pletely <strong>in</strong>vested by l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> water.”<br />
24 April. [sortie] Charlestown (Charleston County, S.C.) Just prior to dawn, 200-300 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals under Lieut.<br />
Col. William Henderson, <strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> detachments from Woodford’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ians, Hogun’s North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians <strong>and</strong><br />
21 South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, made a surprise sally aga<strong>in</strong>st British besiegers. The British lost 8 prisoners <strong>and</strong><br />
some 60 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans at least 2 killed. Borick more specifically gives British <strong>and</strong><br />
Hessian losses as 8 killed or wounded, 12 captured (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se 7 were wounded.) The Americans had 1 killed <strong>and</strong> 2<br />
wounded. Among those sla<strong>in</strong> was General Moultrie’s bro<strong>the</strong>r Thomas. The dramatic tactical success, <strong>in</strong>terrupted<br />
British work for much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day, yet had no major impact on <strong>the</strong> siege itself except to temporarily boost<br />
morale. 671<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “At daybreak on <strong>the</strong> twenty-fourth <strong>of</strong> April, a party under Lieutenant-Colonel [William] Henderson made<br />
a sortie, surprised a British picket, <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> bayonet killed about twenty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. Twelve were made<br />
prisoners. Capta<strong>in</strong> Moultrie, a bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> general was killed, <strong>and</strong> two o<strong>the</strong>r Americans were wounded.” 672<br />
Allaire: “Monday, 24 th . Lord Cornwallis jo<strong>in</strong>ed us <strong>and</strong> took <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. About ten o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re was<br />
<strong>the</strong> most tremendous cannonade I ever heard, <strong>and</strong> an <strong>in</strong>cessant fire <strong>of</strong> musketry. The Rebels sallied out <strong>and</strong> took<br />
eight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry prisoners, upon which <strong>the</strong> whole l<strong>in</strong>e got under arms; some <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir hurry gett<strong>in</strong>g out<br />
without putt<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong>ir coats, were taken by <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs for Rebels, <strong>and</strong> fired on, which unluckily occasioned<br />
warm work for a few m<strong>in</strong>utes. Sixty odd <strong>of</strong> ours got killed <strong>and</strong> wounded by our own men. The Rebels were<br />
repulsed, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir muskets ra<strong>the</strong>r an <strong>in</strong>cumbrance [sic] threw thirty odd <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m away.”<br />
H<strong>in</strong>richs: “[24 April] I was ordered by Major General Leslie at three o’clock this morn<strong>in</strong>g to take thirty men <strong>and</strong><br />
occupy <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advanced work, while Lieutenant von W<strong>in</strong>z<strong>in</strong>geroda with thirty jagers was to proceed to<br />
<strong>the</strong> right. When I arrived at <strong>the</strong> part thrown up last night, I had my jagers halt, while I myself <strong>and</strong> two men<br />
<strong>in</strong>spected <strong>the</strong> work, for I was aware <strong>of</strong> our light way <strong>of</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> knew that we were right under <strong>the</strong> enemy’s<br />
outer works. There was not a s<strong>in</strong>gle traverse <strong>in</strong> a trench four hundred paces long. I went as far as <strong>the</strong> enemy’s<br />
gatework. But as day was break<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> enemy sent two enfilad<strong>in</strong>g shots from <strong>the</strong>ir left front redoubt <strong>in</strong>to our<br />
trench, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m enfilad<strong>in</strong>g en flanc down <strong>the</strong> entire trench as far as <strong>the</strong> sap, while <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r, en revers,<br />
struck <strong>the</strong> back <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> parapet a hundred paces this side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> gatework.<br />
“I had my two jagers halt at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> trench to watch <strong>the</strong> gatework while I ran back to <strong>the</strong> British<br />
grenadiers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> second parallel. I brought one non<strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong> twelve men (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> grenadier<br />
<strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 42 nd Regiment) <strong>and</strong> had a traverse made approximately <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> center <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> trench. General<br />
Leslie came <strong>and</strong> was surprised that no <strong>in</strong>fantry was here yet. He thanked me for my labors. In <strong>the</strong> meantime I<br />
had my jagers fetch s<strong>and</strong>bags <strong>and</strong> lay <strong>the</strong>m on <strong>the</strong> parapet. While <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> trench, which was barely six feet deep<br />
where I stood, I heard a loud yell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> center, i.e., <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> space that was still between <strong>the</strong> right <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> left<br />
section <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> third parallel. At <strong>the</strong> same moment <strong>the</strong> double post I had left st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g above fired, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
workmen on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> traverse came runn<strong>in</strong>g over cry<strong>in</strong>g, ‘D-- me, <strong>the</strong> rebels are <strong>the</strong>re!’<br />
“I jumped on <strong>the</strong> parapet <strong>and</strong> when I saw <strong>the</strong> enemy, who were already press<strong>in</strong>g upon our right w<strong>in</strong>g from a<br />
barrier situated at <strong>the</strong>ir left-w<strong>in</strong>g front redoubt <strong>and</strong> were also rush<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> gatework, I had my workmen<br />
seize <strong>the</strong>ir muskets, withdrew <strong>the</strong> two jagers this side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> traverse, <strong>and</strong> opened a cont<strong>in</strong>uous fire along <strong>the</strong><br />
unoccupied part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> parallel as far as <strong>the</strong> gatework. The enemy, hav<strong>in</strong>g penetrated our right w<strong>in</strong>g, were<br />
already more than fifty paces beh<strong>in</strong>d us, partly between <strong>the</strong> third <strong>and</strong> second parallels. I ordered some jagers<br />
<strong>and</strong> Corporal Ribenkonig beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> traverse <strong>and</strong> had <strong>the</strong>m fire beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> trench across <strong>the</strong> pla<strong>in</strong>. Now our<br />
second parallel began to fire. This made many bullets fall <strong>in</strong> our rear. But when <strong>the</strong> second parallel pressed<br />
forward on our right w<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> enemy withdrew, leav<strong>in</strong>g twenty muskets beh<strong>in</strong>d. But <strong>the</strong>y covered <strong>the</strong>ir retreat<br />
with so excessive a shower <strong>of</strong> canisters which were loaded with old burst shells, broken shovels, pickaxes, hatchets,<br />
flat-irons, pistol barrels, broken locks, etc., etc. (<strong>the</strong>se pieces we found <strong>in</strong> our trench), <strong>and</strong> so enfiladed us<br />
at <strong>the</strong> same time from <strong>the</strong> front redoubt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir left w<strong>in</strong>g (fifteen balls were embedded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> traverse I had<br />
thrown up) that one could hardly hear ano<strong>the</strong>r close beside him.<br />
668 BSC p. 157.<br />
669 GDH3 pp. 124-128, USC p. 259.<br />
670 CAR. p.167, USC p. 259, 389-391.<br />
671 USC pp. 259-265, 391, RSC2 pp. 54-55, MMS2 pp. 64-65, LFB2 p. 559n, DSC, BCA, SNC pp. 40-41, MSC1 pp. 482-483, WAR2 p.<br />
702, BSC p. 177.<br />
672 LFB2 p. 559n.<br />
143
“It was still dark, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> smoke <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> powder was so thick that one could not tell friend from enemy. S<strong>in</strong>ce I<br />
could not know that <strong>the</strong> enemy had withdrawn, I jumped on <strong>the</strong> parapet <strong>and</strong> had my jagers <strong>and</strong> grenadiers keep<br />
up such a hot fire along <strong>the</strong> trench <strong>and</strong> upon <strong>the</strong>ir embrasures that after half an hour’s cannonade <strong>the</strong> enemy’s<br />
batteries were silent. A deserter told us <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g that Colonel Parker <strong>and</strong> several artillerymen were killed<br />
<strong>in</strong> an embrasure. I suffered no loss except one Englishman slightly wounded with a bayonet. The entire parapet<br />
where I stood with my men was razed more than one foot by <strong>the</strong> enemy’s battery. What luck!<br />
“Our right w<strong>in</strong>g, where Lieutenant von W<strong>in</strong>z<strong>in</strong>geroda was stationed with thirty jagers <strong>and</strong> twenty-five light<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry, did not get <strong>of</strong>f so well. One light-<strong>in</strong>fantryman was killed, five wounded; two jagers had bayonet<br />
wounds <strong>and</strong> three, one <strong>of</strong> whom had a bullet wound <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> abdomen, were taken prisoners. They were<br />
<strong>com</strong>pelled to repair to <strong>the</strong> second parallel because through <strong>the</strong> negligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> English <strong>the</strong> enemy was upon<br />
<strong>the</strong>m too quickly, <strong>and</strong> without support <strong>the</strong>y could not make a st<strong>and</strong> with discharged rifles aga<strong>in</strong>st bayonets.<br />
“From Capta<strong>in</strong> Lawson <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery I had borrowed two pieces resembl<strong>in</strong>g cohorns, taken on <strong>the</strong> Delaware<br />
frigate, which he had changed <strong>in</strong>to swivels. They were made <strong>of</strong> brass <strong>and</strong> had a chamber. They served me<br />
splendidly today, for my jagers had no more cartridges. (At ten o’clock fifteen fresh men <strong>and</strong> two <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong><br />
light <strong>in</strong>fantry came to support me.) These Lawsons, as I shall call <strong>the</strong>m, threw a h<strong>and</strong> grenade 1,800 feet, I also<br />
fired 100-bullet canisters, 3-pound case shot, <strong>and</strong> one-half-pound bogy shot, fir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day 130<br />
shots. The enemy tried to silence me with cannon, a sign that our fire was effective. However, I moved from one<br />
place to ano<strong>the</strong>r with my pieces <strong>and</strong> sometimes fired three to four 100-bullet canisters <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> enemy’s<br />
embrasures. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night this part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> parallel, which was pretty well shot to pieces, was repaired aga<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> provided with several traverses. Likewise, a new sap was begun on <strong>the</strong> left w<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> left section <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
third parallel.” 673<br />
De Brahm: “Fire from <strong>the</strong> batteries as ord<strong>in</strong>ary. This morn<strong>in</strong>g at daybreak, a party <strong>of</strong> two hundred men under<br />
Col. Henderson made a sortie upon <strong>the</strong> enemies works which caused a general fire <strong>of</strong> musketry on both sides.<br />
The party returned <strong>in</strong> a little while with twelve prisoners. Our loss was one Capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> one soldier killed.” 674<br />
Moultrie’s Diary: “Monday, 24 th . A party <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> 300 men under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Lieut.-Col. [William]<br />
Henderson made a sortie upon <strong>the</strong> enemy’s approaches, opposite <strong>the</strong> advanced redoubts, at daylight; <strong>the</strong>y [<strong>the</strong><br />
enemy] were <strong>com</strong>pletely surprised. The greatest part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> First South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment came <strong>in</strong>to garrison<br />
this morn<strong>in</strong>g, with Col. C. P<strong>in</strong>ckney, from Fort Moultrie.” 675<br />
A Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Orderly book (author anonymous) entry for 24 April: “In <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, at <strong>the</strong> appear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> daylight,<br />
300 men from Gen. Hogan’s [Hogun’s] <strong>and</strong> Gen. Woodford’s <strong>and</strong> Gen. Scott’s brigades, <strong>and</strong> twenty-one<br />
men from <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, sallied out on an <strong>in</strong>trenchment [sic] which <strong>the</strong> enemy had thrown up<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night, <strong>and</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> took prisoners to <strong>the</strong> amount <strong>of</strong> sixty men, only twelve <strong>of</strong> whom were brought alive<br />
<strong>in</strong>to l<strong>in</strong>es, three or four be<strong>in</strong>g mortally wounded with bayonets. Col. Henderson, from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, 676 had <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> our troops, <strong>and</strong> made <strong>the</strong> men march up to <strong>the</strong>se works, with <strong>the</strong>ir prim<strong>in</strong>g thrown out, <strong>and</strong> gun<br />
cocks let down. Our men behaved with <strong>the</strong> greatest bravery <strong>and</strong> good conduct. Our loss consisted <strong>of</strong> only 1<br />
colonel killed, <strong>and</strong> three privates wounded.” 677<br />
25 April. Apprehensive <strong>and</strong> wary after Henderson’s sortie earlier <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 24 th ), <strong>the</strong> British<br />
anticipated a second. That night, about 1 a.m. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 25 th , some nervous American sent<strong>in</strong>els, by accident, fired<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir guns <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> darkness. This caused much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American l<strong>in</strong>e to start shoot<strong>in</strong>g at what was believed a<br />
British night attack. The British <strong>and</strong> Hessian soldiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> front l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>in</strong> turn, th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g a major American assault<br />
was underway, fled to <strong>the</strong> second <strong>and</strong> third l<strong>in</strong>es. The British <strong>in</strong> those l<strong>in</strong>es see<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir own men <strong>com</strong>e runn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
at <strong>the</strong>m from <strong>the</strong> forward position, believ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>y were Americans, fired <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong>m kill<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> wound<strong>in</strong>g several.<br />
One estimate gives <strong>the</strong> British casualties as 1 <strong>of</strong>ficer killed, 1 wounded, 15 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed <strong>and</strong> wounded,<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers suggested higher casualties. An Ensign Hartung <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hessians put <strong>the</strong> number over 30. 678<br />
H<strong>in</strong>richs: “The signal that <strong>the</strong> enemy was mak<strong>in</strong>g a sortie along <strong>the</strong> whole l<strong>in</strong>e was a threefold ‘Hurray!’ on our<br />
side a fatal signal, <strong>in</strong>deed! About twenty to thirty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy were seen at <strong>the</strong> gatework. Our nearest <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
post on guard gave <strong>the</strong> signal <strong>and</strong> fired. Everyone repeated <strong>the</strong> signal; <strong>the</strong> workmen ran back; <strong>the</strong> second<br />
parallel saw <strong>the</strong>m <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g, heard <strong>the</strong> ‘Hurray!’ believed <strong>the</strong>y were enemies <strong>and</strong> fired. With<strong>in</strong> a short time <strong>the</strong>re<br />
was a tremendous fire <strong>of</strong> musketry, cannon <strong>and</strong> shell on both sides. It was two o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g before<br />
everyone realized that it was a mistake. We had an <strong>of</strong>ficer killed (71 st ) <strong>and</strong> more than fifty killed <strong>and</strong> wounded.<br />
Besides, our work<strong>in</strong>g parties could ac<strong>com</strong>plish little or noth<strong>in</strong>g dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night.” 679<br />
Moultrie’s Diary: “Tuesday, 25 th . Between 12 <strong>and</strong> 1 this morn<strong>in</strong>g a heavy fire <strong>of</strong> cannon <strong>and</strong> musketry<br />
<strong>com</strong>menced from our advanced redoubt <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es, occasioned as it was said by <strong>the</strong> enemy’s<br />
advanc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> column. It is certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>y gave several huzzas, but whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y were out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir trenches it is not<br />
clear.”<br />
673 USC pp. 259-265.<br />
674 GDH3 pp. 124-128.<br />
675 DSC, MSC1 p. 483.<br />
676 Henderson was orig<strong>in</strong>ally a natïve <strong>of</strong> N.C., but at this time hailed from S.C.<br />
677 GDH3 p. 133.<br />
678 USC pp. 259-265, 391, BSC p. 179.<br />
679 USC pp. 259-265.<br />
144
25 April. Allaire: “Tuesday, 25 th . About eight o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g got <strong>in</strong> motion; were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> Twentythird<br />
regiment <strong>and</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>. We proceeded on, passed over Miller’s Bridge <strong>and</strong> Waputa [Wappetaw]<br />
Bridge, took possession <strong>of</strong> Waputa meet<strong>in</strong>g house, about seven o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, where we halted till two<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g.”<br />
25 April. De Brahm: “As ord<strong>in</strong>ary. Last night Col. [Richard] Parker <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia l<strong>in</strong>e was killed by a musket<br />
shot.” 680<br />
25 April. Brig. Gen. Louis DuPortail arrived <strong>in</strong> Charlestown, tak<strong>in</strong>g over as chief eng<strong>in</strong>eer from colonels de<br />
Laumoy <strong>and</strong> Cambray-Digny. His immediate conclusion, like that <strong>of</strong> his predecessors, was that <strong>the</strong> American<br />
defensive works were untenable, <strong>and</strong> urged evacuation. 681<br />
Moultrie: “As soon as General Du Portail came <strong>in</strong>to garrison <strong>and</strong> looked at <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> at our works, he<br />
declared <strong>the</strong>y were not tenable; <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> British might have taken <strong>the</strong> town, ten days ago: he wished to<br />
leave <strong>the</strong> garrison immediately, but General L<strong>in</strong>coln would not allow him, because it would dispirit <strong>the</strong><br />
troops.” 682<br />
26 April. Moultrie’s Diary: “Wednesday, 26 th . The enemy were very quiet all-day <strong>and</strong> last night; we suppose <strong>the</strong>y<br />
are br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g cannon <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong>ir third parallel. Brig.-Gen. DuPont [DuPortail] arrived from Philadelphia. On Gen.<br />
DuPont declar<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> works were not tenable, a Council was aga<strong>in</strong> called upon for an evacuation, <strong>and</strong> to<br />
withdraw privately with <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental troops; when <strong>the</strong> citizens were <strong>in</strong>formed upon what <strong>the</strong> Council were<br />
deliberat<strong>in</strong>g, some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m came <strong>in</strong>to Council, <strong>and</strong> expressed <strong>the</strong>mselves very warmly, <strong>and</strong> declared to Gen.<br />
L<strong>in</strong>coln that if he attempted to withdraw <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>and</strong> leave <strong>the</strong> citizens, that <strong>the</strong>y would cut up his boats <strong>and</strong><br />
open <strong>the</strong> gates to <strong>the</strong> enemy: this put an end to all thoughts <strong>of</strong> an evacuation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops, <strong>and</strong> noth<strong>in</strong>g was left<br />
for us but to make <strong>the</strong> best terms we could.” 683<br />
26 April. Conclud<strong>in</strong>g that Lampriere’s was too strong to assault, about 2 a.m. Cornwallis moved a small<br />
detachment to Wappetaw toward Haddrell’s Po<strong>in</strong>t, on Mount Pleasant; <strong>the</strong> latter be<strong>in</strong>g fortified with a 3 gun<br />
battery that was obstruct<strong>in</strong>g British water movement <strong>in</strong>to Hog Isl<strong>and</strong> Channel, <strong>and</strong> consequently as well <strong>the</strong><br />
Cooper River. 684<br />
26 April. De Brahm: “The enemy <strong>com</strong>menced his third parallel. Troops from a vessel <strong>and</strong> four gallies, l<strong>and</strong>ed at<br />
Mount Pleasant, <strong>and</strong> took possession <strong>of</strong> a battery <strong>of</strong> one piece, los<strong>in</strong>g one galley <strong>in</strong> this affair.” 685<br />
27 April. Arbuthnot sent Capt. Charles Hudson with 500 mar<strong>in</strong>es <strong>and</strong> seamen to deploy <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> environs <strong>of</strong><br />
Haddrell’s Po<strong>in</strong>t on Mount Pleasant. By this time Col. P<strong>in</strong>ckney <strong>and</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st S.C. Regt. had retired from<br />
Fort Moultrie, leav<strong>in</strong>g only Lieut. Col. William Scott <strong>the</strong>re with 118 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> 100 militia. 686<br />
27 April. Fear<strong>in</strong>g, wrongly, that Cornwallis would attack, Malmedy, on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> 27 April vacated <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise formidable post at Lampriere’s Po<strong>in</strong>t. He did so <strong>in</strong> such haste that he left beh<strong>in</strong>d 4 eighteen-pounders<br />
<strong>and</strong> several smaller cannon. One boat carry<strong>in</strong>g 3 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> 80 men <strong>of</strong> that garrison <strong>in</strong>advertently sailed <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Hog Isl<strong>and</strong> channel, where a British ship captured it. 687<br />
Moultrie’s Diary: “Thursday, 27 th . About 1 o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon, four <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemies’ gallies, an armed sloop<br />
<strong>and</strong> a frigate, moved down <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> anchored opposite <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> Hog Isl<strong>and</strong> Creek. Our post at<br />
Lemprier’s [Lampriere’s] ferry retreated across <strong>the</strong> river <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night, to Charles Town, after spik<strong>in</strong>g up four<br />
eighteen pounders <strong>the</strong>y were obliged to leave.”<br />
28 April. Capt. Charles Hudson moved to occupy Lampriere’s; which had been left empty by Malmedy (with Col.<br />
T<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> 200 to possibly 275 N.C. militia); thus decisively trapp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> besieged town.<br />
De Brahm: “As ord<strong>in</strong>ary. Last night our Fort at Lampriere’s was evacuated, <strong>and</strong> taken possession <strong>of</strong> by <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
to-day. It was not until this moment that Charlestown was <strong>com</strong>pleted <strong>in</strong>vested; <strong>the</strong> enemy hav<strong>in</strong>g possession <strong>of</strong><br />
James Isl<strong>and</strong>, Wappoo, Charlestown Neck, Hobcaw Po<strong>in</strong>t, Lampriere’s, <strong>and</strong> Haddrell’s Po<strong>in</strong>t; <strong>and</strong> his fleet<br />
anchored <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Road-stead before <strong>the</strong> town.” 688<br />
Arbuthnot, <strong>in</strong> a letter to Mr. Stevens dated Charlestown 14 May, wrote: “Hav<strong>in</strong>g stationed ships <strong>and</strong> armed<br />
vessels <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> different <strong>in</strong>lets, upon <strong>the</strong> coast, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> town be<strong>in</strong>g now nearly <strong>in</strong>vested, attempts were made to<br />
pass a naval force <strong>in</strong>to Cooper river, by Hog’s isl<strong>and</strong>, (<strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> channel be<strong>in</strong>g rendered impracticable) <strong>and</strong> small<br />
vessels to carry heavy guns were fitted for that service: But on be<strong>in</strong>g found <strong>the</strong> enemy had also sunk vessels <strong>in</strong><br />
that channel, <strong>and</strong> its entrance was defended by <strong>the</strong> works on Sullivan’s isl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> mount Pleasant, it was<br />
resolved to dispossess <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter, by <strong>the</strong> seamen <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fleet; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mean time, to arm <strong>the</strong> small<br />
vessels that had been taken by Earl Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> W<strong>and</strong>oo [W<strong>and</strong>o] river. For this purpose a brigade <strong>of</strong> five<br />
hundred seamen <strong>and</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>es was formed from <strong>the</strong> squadron, <strong>and</strong> under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong>s Hudson,<br />
680 See also MSC1 p. 483.<br />
681 MLW4A pp. 150-151, DSC, BSC p. 181.<br />
682 MMS2 p. 80, MSC1 pp. 484-485.<br />
683 DSC, RSC2 p. 55.<br />
684 DSC, BSC p. 185.<br />
685 GDH3 pp. 124-128, USC pp. 269, 391.<br />
686 BSC p. 205.<br />
687 USC pp. 269-273, 393, RSC2 p. 55, MLW4A pp. 151-152, DSC, BSC p. 189.<br />
688 CAR p. 169, CBA p. 496.<br />
145
Orde, <strong>and</strong> Gambier, l<strong>and</strong>ed at day break, on <strong>the</strong> 29 th , at mount Pleasant; where receiv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation that <strong>the</strong><br />
rebels were ab<strong>and</strong>on<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir redoubt at Lamprie[re’]s po<strong>in</strong>t, (an advantageous post on Cooper river) <strong>the</strong>y<br />
marched with a view <strong>of</strong> cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong>ir rear, but, on a near approach, found <strong>the</strong> garrison had escaped <strong>in</strong> vessels<br />
to Charles town; but <strong>the</strong>ir sudden appearance prevented <strong>the</strong> rebels from carry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong>ir cannon <strong>and</strong> stores, or<br />
from destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir works. About <strong>the</strong> same time, a major, a capta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> some o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>and</strong> non<strong>com</strong>missioned<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers, with eighty privates, were made prisoners by <strong>the</strong> guard boats <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fleet, <strong>in</strong> retir<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
<strong>the</strong> town.” 689<br />
28 April. Allaire: “Friday, 28 th . Fortified <strong>the</strong> small house by <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>g house, at ten o’clock at<br />
night. Intelligence be<strong>in</strong>g received that <strong>the</strong> Rebels had left <strong>the</strong> fort at Lempriere’s [Lampriere’s] Po<strong>in</strong>t, <strong>and</strong> gone<br />
to Charlestown, we got <strong>in</strong> motion <strong>and</strong> marched down to discover <strong>the</strong> fact. We arrived about four <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
<strong>and</strong> found <strong>the</strong> fort occupied by <strong>the</strong> Navy, a Lieutenant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Navy, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer. The Rebels were gone<br />
to Charlestown.”<br />
28-29 April. Moultrie’s Diary: “Friday, 28 th . The enemy busy <strong>in</strong> throw<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong>ir third parallel, with<strong>in</strong> a few<br />
yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> canal.”<br />
De Brahm [entry for 29 April.]: “The enemy’s [British] third parallel almost f<strong>in</strong>ished, <strong>and</strong> a battery <strong>com</strong>menced;<br />
as likewise a redoubt on our side.” 690<br />
29 April. The British galley Comet ran aground. The American’s still occupy<strong>in</strong>g Fort Moultrie temporarily<br />
removed some cannon from <strong>the</strong>re to Mount Pleasant <strong>and</strong> with those cannon sunk <strong>the</strong> vessel. 691<br />
30 April. Allaire: “Sunday, 30 th . Got <strong>in</strong> motion at three o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany with <strong>the</strong> [New] York<br />
Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> marched to Lempriere’s [Lampriere’s] Po<strong>in</strong>t to take post <strong>the</strong>re. We got to our ground about<br />
seven o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, where we found four eighteen, two four pounders, <strong>and</strong> five swivels, that <strong>the</strong><br />
Rebels left <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir fort. A very disagreeable post it is, be<strong>in</strong>g noth<strong>in</strong>g but a bank <strong>of</strong> s<strong>and</strong>, where, <strong>in</strong> a w<strong>in</strong>dy day,<br />
you must keep your eyes shut or have <strong>the</strong>m filled with s<strong>and</strong>. Here used to be a ferry called Lempriere’s Ferry.”<br />
692<br />
30 April. Brig. Gen. Henry William Harr<strong>in</strong>gton, at Georgetown, to his wife, Rosanna: “My dearest Love will be<br />
surprized, <strong>and</strong> highly rejoiced to see <strong>the</strong> word, near <strong>the</strong> date <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Letter, changed from Charles to George, but<br />
so it is my hope, I am now <strong>in</strong> Geo. Town, 60 Miles nearer to those <strong>in</strong> whom my Soul delights, than I was last<br />
Friday morng, at which time I left Charles Town, with <strong>the</strong> advice & unanimous consent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Lt. Governr.<br />
[Christopher Gadsden] & Council & by Gen. L<strong>in</strong>coln[’]s Order <strong>and</strong> am now on my Rout for Newbern, <strong>the</strong>re to take<br />
my Seat <strong>in</strong> Assembly, <strong>and</strong> to request, <strong>in</strong> behalf <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, a large <strong>and</strong> immediate Aid <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Militia. I have permission on my way from Newbern to <strong>the</strong> Army, to feast my Eyes with <strong>the</strong> f<strong>in</strong>est sight <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Universe; cannot my Love guess who I mean? She can; it needs no explanation, for She will know & will readily<br />
acknowledge it, that noth<strong>in</strong>g on Earth, is so pleas<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> Sight, as her lovely self & her dear little Girls. On<br />
<strong>the</strong> W<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> Patriotism I fly to Newbern <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong>re on those <strong>of</strong> Love, to <strong>the</strong> happy Place <strong>of</strong> ye. Residence <strong>of</strong><br />
my Charmer; where I hope to be & to f<strong>in</strong>d all well, <strong>in</strong> about three weeks from this, or sooner if possible. Should<br />
opportunity <strong>of</strong>fer, please to write to me at Newbern, do my dearest Life, write, Opportunity or not, immediately<br />
after <strong>the</strong> receipt <strong>of</strong> this, <strong>and</strong> if a soon, a certa<strong>in</strong> mode <strong>of</strong> conveyance does not before <strong>of</strong>fer My Angel will deliver<br />
it herself, ac<strong>com</strong>panied with one or more <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most gracious Smiles, <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> her affectionate<br />
[husb<strong>and</strong>].” 693<br />
Late April. By <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month, Brig. Gen. William Caswell (<strong>the</strong> young son <strong>of</strong> Maj. Gen. Richard Caswell)<br />
was on <strong>the</strong> north bank <strong>of</strong> Lenud’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Santee River with 700 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia (Rank<strong>in</strong> says 400).<br />
Also with him was South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Governor John Rutledge who was endeavor<strong>in</strong>g to call out <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
militia, but with little success. Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state, <strong>in</strong>timidated by <strong>the</strong> large British forces, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> potential danger posed by tories <strong>and</strong> Indians to <strong>the</strong>ir districts decided it best to rema<strong>in</strong> home.<br />
About this same time, <strong>the</strong> American Cavalry began to regroup above <strong>the</strong> Santee River, now under <strong>the</strong> overall<br />
leadership Colonel Anthony White; who had just arrived <strong>in</strong> S.C. on 23 April, <strong>in</strong> time to take <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st<br />
dragoons. They succeeded <strong>in</strong> locat<strong>in</strong>g new horses for <strong>the</strong> 250 cavalrymen who rema<strong>in</strong>ed from <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>and</strong> 3 rd<br />
Dragoons, <strong>and</strong> a few also from Pulaski’s Legion, <strong>and</strong> Daniel Horry’s South Carol<strong>in</strong>a troop (Jameson now<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se latter two.) The 3 rd , Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s dragoons, had been dim<strong>in</strong>ished from over 100 to slightly<br />
more than a dozen troopers. While <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> N.C. had <strong>of</strong> late granted Wash<strong>in</strong>gton $25,000 to rebuild his unit,<br />
his be<strong>in</strong>g still <strong>in</strong> S.C. prevented him from mak<strong>in</strong>g effective use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> money, <strong>and</strong> despite orders from Huger to<br />
do so. The <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry corps, now with Col. Abraham Buford’s cont<strong>in</strong>gent <strong>of</strong> 100 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals present, headed towards Georgetown to rest for a few days. Yet by May 3, White decided to move<br />
west <strong>and</strong> north <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. 694<br />
689 TCS pp. 49-50.<br />
690 USC pp. 275-277.<br />
691 USC p. 275.<br />
692 USC p. 275.<br />
693 CNC15 p. 402.<br />
694 JFM p. 14, RNC p. 237, HWW pp. 59-60.<br />
146
MAY 1780<br />
May. Maj. Gen. August<strong>in</strong>e Prevost was replaced by Col. Alured Clarke as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er at Savannah; which position<br />
Clarke held (with brief <strong>in</strong>termission <strong>in</strong> April 1781) till that town’s evacuation <strong>in</strong> July 1782. 695<br />
1-3 May. On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> May 1 st , <strong>the</strong> British f<strong>in</strong>ished a sap runn<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong>ir third parallel to <strong>the</strong> wet ditch,<br />
suffer<strong>in</strong>g 6 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> process. 696<br />
Moultrie’s Diary: “May 1 st . Our fatigue employed <strong>in</strong> erect<strong>in</strong>g ano<strong>the</strong>r redoubt on <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> horn work. The<br />
enemy appear to be about ano<strong>the</strong>r battery <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir third parallel, opposite No. 12 on our right.<br />
“Tuesday, 2d. Last night <strong>the</strong> enemy were mak<strong>in</strong>g a ditch on <strong>the</strong> right to dra<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> canal. The enemy threw shells<br />
at us charged with rice <strong>and</strong> sugar.”<br />
De Brahm: “1 st , 2 nd , <strong>and</strong> 3 rd . As ord<strong>in</strong>ary. Our hospital ship taken by <strong>the</strong> English <strong>and</strong> carried higher up <strong>the</strong> river.”<br />
697<br />
2 May. [skirmish] Haddrell’s Po<strong>in</strong>t, also Mount Pleasant (Charleston County, S.C.) Approach<strong>in</strong>g by l<strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong><br />
north, Maj. Patrick Ferguson as one <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ detachments, led an attack on Haddrell’s Po<strong>in</strong>t, part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Charlestown fortifications (<strong>and</strong> located across <strong>the</strong> Cooper River <strong>and</strong> to about <strong>the</strong> north <strong>and</strong> east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city), <strong>and</strong><br />
f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g it ab<strong>and</strong>oned captured it. 698<br />
Allaire: “Tuesday, 2 nd . Began to fortify Lempriere’s [Lampriere’s] Po<strong>in</strong>t. Maj. Ferguson, with a detachment <strong>of</strong><br />
American Volunteers, marched down to Mount Pleasant, stormed <strong>and</strong> took possession <strong>of</strong> a little redoubt, located<br />
partly on <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> partly on <strong>the</strong> bridge that leads to Fort Moultrie. This cuts <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>munication from<br />
Sullivan’s Isl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> keeps <strong>the</strong>m on <strong>the</strong>ir proper allowance. The Rebels ran <strong>of</strong>f from <strong>the</strong> redoubt, though it was<br />
very strongly situated, after <strong>the</strong>y fired about a dozen shot.”<br />
Lee: “Lord Cornwallis had taken possession <strong>of</strong> Mount Pleasant, which produced <strong>the</strong> evacuation <strong>of</strong> Lempriere <strong>and</strong><br />
W<strong>and</strong>o posts. It applied as precisely to <strong>the</strong> withdraw<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison from Fort Moultrie; as that post had<br />
never been fortified <strong>in</strong> this quarter, <strong>and</strong> was, <strong>of</strong> course, subject to approach without difficulty.” 699<br />
2 May. A Return <strong>of</strong> this date <strong>of</strong> Brig. Gen. William Caswell’s Brigade <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, situated just north<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee <strong>and</strong> made up <strong>of</strong> 2 <strong>in</strong>fantry regiments (i.e., <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>and</strong> 2 nd at 110 <strong>and</strong> 280 men respectively) plus 8<br />
men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Light Horse under Capt. [William?] Falls, lists <strong>the</strong>ir full total as 398. 700<br />
2 May. Admiral Charles Louis d’Arsac, Chevalier de Ternay with 7 ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, 3 frigates <strong>and</strong> convoy<strong>in</strong>g 36<br />
transports with 5,000 troops under Count de Rochambeau, left Brest for Newport, RI. He arrived <strong>the</strong>re on 10<br />
July. 701<br />
3 May. De Kalb, cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g his journey southward to Charlestown, reached Head <strong>of</strong> Elk (modern Elkton,<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong>.) 702<br />
3 May. Edward Rutledge, <strong>and</strong> a few o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Col. Malmedy (who was <strong>in</strong>structed to do so by<br />
L<strong>in</strong>coln) left <strong>the</strong> city. Even so <strong>and</strong> despite precautions, on reach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> east bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper River, Rutledge<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers were taken by a British patrol; Malmedy, however, succeeded <strong>in</strong> escap<strong>in</strong>g to some nearby<br />
woods. 703<br />
4 May. Allaire: “Thursday, 4 th . Cont<strong>in</strong>ued fortify<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Po<strong>in</strong>t. Rode from Lempriere’s [Lampriere’s] Po<strong>in</strong>t to<br />
Mount Pleasant; d<strong>in</strong>ed with Capt. Ord, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Navy. After d<strong>in</strong>ner rode to Hurdle’s [Haddrell’s] Po<strong>in</strong>t to view <strong>the</strong><br />
redoubt which Col. Ferguson stormed <strong>the</strong> second <strong>of</strong> May, with only sixty men <strong>and</strong> never was more surprised <strong>in</strong><br />
my life, for twenty men like <strong>the</strong> American Volunteers would have defied all Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Army.”<br />
4 May. With 150 Mar<strong>in</strong>es <strong>and</strong> Seamen, Capt. Charles Hudson l<strong>and</strong>ed on <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>ast end <strong>of</strong> Sullivan’s isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
captured an ab<strong>and</strong>oned redoubt that covered approaches to <strong>the</strong> fort. 704<br />
4-6 May. De Brahm: “4 th , 5 th , <strong>and</strong> 6 th .--The enemy employed <strong>in</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g three batteries upon his third parallel.<br />
And we to make two redoubts.” 705<br />
5 May. [ambush] Wambaw’s Plantation, also Elias Ball’s Plantation (Berkeley County, S.C.) 1 <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong> 17<br />
privates out forag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> belong<strong>in</strong>g to Tarleton’s light <strong>in</strong>fantry (presumably <strong>the</strong> British Legion) were surprised<br />
695 CGA p. 137.<br />
696 USC pp. 275-279, 393, BSC pp. 195-196, e199-200.<br />
697 GDH3 pp. 124-128.<br />
698 AR80 p. 221, MLW4A pp. 151-152, MSC1 p. 484, BSC pp. 187-188, 191.<br />
699 LMS p. 156n.<br />
700 CNC17 p. 1043.<br />
701 The Annual Register speaks <strong>of</strong> de Ternay’s naval squadron as <strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> 7 ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, 5 frigates, <strong>and</strong> 2 armed vessels.<br />
AR81 p. 21, SCP3 p. 21, MLW4A pp. 252-253, 257-258, CGP p. lii.<br />
702 WNA, CBA p. 509.<br />
703 BSC pp. 191, 194.<br />
704 AR80 p. 221, BSC p. 206.<br />
705 GDH3 pp. 124-128, USC pp. 279-283, 393.<br />
147
<strong>and</strong> captured by 100-200 dragoons <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col. Anthony White’s under Capt. Baylor Hill at Wambaw’s<br />
Plantation near Strawberry Ferry. White <strong>the</strong>n withdrew to Lenud’s Ferry to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American forces collect<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>re. Loss<strong>in</strong>g has this raid tak<strong>in</strong>g place on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 6 th . 706<br />
6 May. Cornwallis camped at Manigault’s between <strong>the</strong> east branch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> West branch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
W<strong>and</strong>o. 707<br />
6 May. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s third <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>al parallel was f<strong>in</strong>ished; <strong>and</strong> at which po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>the</strong> Hessian jaegers, by <strong>the</strong>ir snip<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
made it all but impossible for any American <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> front l<strong>in</strong>es to raise or to show <strong>the</strong>mselves. 708<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “The batteries <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> besiegers, hav<strong>in</strong>g now obta<strong>in</strong>ed a decided superiority over those <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> besieged, when <strong>the</strong> third parallel had opened its cannonade, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British hav<strong>in</strong>g crossed <strong>the</strong> wet ditch by<br />
sap, <strong>the</strong>y opened a fire <strong>of</strong> rifles with<strong>in</strong> twenty-five yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans.” 709<br />
6 May. [raid] Lenud’s Ferry, also Lanneau’s Ferry, <strong>and</strong> Lenoo’s Ferry (Berkeley County, S.C.)<br />
Indignant at <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> some his men captured at Wambaw’s Plantation (see 5 May), Tarleton proceeded after<br />
Lieut. Col. Anthony White <strong>and</strong> who had retreated to Lenud’s Ferry (on <strong>the</strong> Santee River), <strong>and</strong> where <strong>the</strong><br />
rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g American cavalry, some 200 to 300, under Lieut. Col. William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, 710 Maj. John Jameson, <strong>and</strong><br />
Col. Peter Horry were re-group<strong>in</strong>g. Despite pleas from Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, White fed <strong>and</strong> rested his men before cross<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> river; only at 3 p.m. to have Tarleton, with 150 British Legion cavalry <strong>and</strong> after a long hard ride, catch up<br />
with, surprise, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pletely route <strong>the</strong>m. What Americans which were not killed or wounded, were scattered<br />
or made prisoner. Many drowned <strong>in</strong> Hell Hole Swamp; where <strong>the</strong>y fled before <strong>the</strong> charge began. A number did,<br />
even so, escape, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, White, Jameson, <strong>and</strong> Horry, by ab<strong>and</strong>on<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir horses <strong>and</strong> swimm<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> river. In all, <strong>the</strong> Americans lost 41 men killed 711 <strong>and</strong> wounded with 67 be<strong>in</strong>g taken prisoner. As well as many<br />
arms <strong>and</strong> accoutrements, about 100 horses fell <strong>in</strong>to Tarleton’s h<strong>and</strong>s; who was <strong>in</strong> extreme need <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m for<br />
better mount<strong>in</strong>g his corps; while to cap <strong>the</strong> success, <strong>the</strong> British light <strong>in</strong>fantry who had been taken prisoner at<br />
Wambaw’s were liberated. The British <strong>the</strong>mselves lost 2 men <strong>and</strong> four horses <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action, with ano<strong>the</strong>r 20<br />
horses hav<strong>in</strong>g expired from fatigue on <strong>the</strong> march. White <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton now had fewer than 40-50 mounted<br />
men rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, most <strong>of</strong> whom had already crossed <strong>the</strong> Santee before <strong>the</strong> action <strong>com</strong>menced; hav<strong>in</strong>g been with<br />
Buford at <strong>the</strong> time. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton himself <strong>the</strong>n removed with 75 troopers rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, most <strong>in</strong> a state unfit for<br />
<strong>com</strong>bat, to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton after briefly serv<strong>in</strong>g as an escort to Buford’s wagon tra<strong>in</strong> at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Waxhaws, 29<br />
May. It was also about this same period that Wash<strong>in</strong>gton purchased a mare from Sumter to replace <strong>the</strong> one he<br />
had lost at Lenud’s, while meanwhile <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g 16 horses for his men. 712<br />
Tarleton: “The American cavalry began to assemble on <strong>the</strong> north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee river, towards <strong>the</strong> latter end <strong>of</strong><br />
April, under <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> two Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regiments <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a: Colonel White had<br />
brought some dragoons from <strong>the</strong> northward, <strong>and</strong> had collected those who escaped from Monk’s [Monck’s] corner;<br />
he was soon after jo<strong>in</strong>ed by a detachment from George town, <strong>and</strong> by Colonel [Daniel] Horry’s regiment <strong>of</strong> light<br />
horse. On <strong>the</strong> 5 th <strong>of</strong> May, he crossed <strong>the</strong> Santee at Depui’s ferry. Fortune favored his first attempt. He suddenly<br />
surrounded a detachment <strong>of</strong> an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong> seventeen dragoons, who were forag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g at Ball’s<br />
plantation, <strong>and</strong> made <strong>the</strong>m prisoners without resistance: From <strong>the</strong>nce he directed his march towards Lenew’s<br />
[Lenud’s] ferry, with an <strong>in</strong>tention to recross <strong>the</strong> river, under <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> two hundred cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>in</strong>fantry,<br />
ordered by Colonel Buford to meet <strong>the</strong> cavalry at that place. Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton, without any<br />
knowledge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> misfortune which it happened to <strong>the</strong> detachment <strong>of</strong> light-<strong>in</strong>fantry cavalry, was proceed<strong>in</strong>g on<br />
<strong>the</strong> same day with <strong>the</strong> patrole [sic] <strong>of</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty dragoons, to ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence at Lenew’s ferry, <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> force <strong>and</strong> motions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy: On <strong>the</strong> road, <strong>the</strong> British were overtaken by a loyal American, who had been<br />
a witness to <strong>the</strong> success which attended Colonel White <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, but had luckily escaped his power. The<br />
description <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops, <strong>the</strong> assurance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>tention to pass <strong>the</strong> river at Lenew’s, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> hope <strong>of</strong> retak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> prisoners, stimulated Tarleton to push forward his patrole with <strong>the</strong> greatest expedition: At <strong>the</strong> same time,<br />
<strong>the</strong> distance <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis’s camp, <strong>the</strong> fatigue <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> march, <strong>the</strong> heat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wea<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry on <strong>the</strong> opposite bank, threw <strong>the</strong> Americans quite <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong>ir guard. At three o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon, <strong>the</strong><br />
advanced dragoons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> English arrived <strong>in</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir videttes: Tarleton <strong>in</strong>stantly formed his troops,<br />
ordered <strong>the</strong>m to charge <strong>the</strong> enemy’s gr<strong>and</strong> guard, <strong>and</strong> to pursue <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body. The corps be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
totally surprised, resistance <strong>and</strong> slaughter soon ceased. Five <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> thirty-six men were killed <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded; seven <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> sixty dragoons were taken prisoners; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry were<br />
rescued, as <strong>the</strong> boat was push<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f to convey <strong>the</strong>m to <strong>the</strong> opposite shore. All <strong>the</strong> horses, arms, <strong>and</strong><br />
accoutrements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans were captured. Colonels White, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> Jamieson [Jameson], with<br />
some o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men, availed <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir swimm<strong>in</strong>g, to make <strong>the</strong>ir escape, while many who<br />
wished to follow <strong>the</strong>ir example perished <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> river. The British dragoons lost two men <strong>and</strong> four horses <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
706 RSC2 p. 65, JFM p. 14, LFB2 p. 559, BEA p. 616, BSC p. 193.<br />
707 Also situated between Qu<strong>in</strong>by <strong>and</strong> Huger’s Bridge. BSC p. 192.<br />
708 USC pp. 281-283, AR80 p. 221, RSC2 p. 58, SAW2 p. 184, MLW4A pp. 153-154.<br />
709 JFM p. 13.<br />
710 Haller: “William [Wash<strong>in</strong>gton] may not <strong>in</strong> fact at have been present, given that he apparently wrote a letter dated May 5 or<br />
<strong>the</strong>reabouts from Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. However, British mention Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s presence…” HWW p. 61.<br />
711 Borick speaks <strong>of</strong> 20 to 30 men cut down.<br />
712 USC pp. 285-287, 393, AR80 p. 221, RSC2 pp. 65-66, TCS pp. 19-20, GHA3 p. 355, MLW4A pp. 152-153, LMS p. 156, JFM pp. 14-<br />
15, CNC15 p. 169, MSC1 pp. 493-494, BGC p. 150, BEA pp. 616-617, HWW pp. 60-61, BSC p. 193.<br />
148
action; but return<strong>in</strong>g to Lord Cornwallis’s camp <strong>the</strong> same even<strong>in</strong>g, upwards <strong>of</strong> twenty horses expired with<br />
fatigue.” 713<br />
Allaire: “Saturday, 6 th . Very disagreeable, w<strong>in</strong>dy day. Still at Lempriere’s [Lampriere’s]. News just received from<br />
Lord Cornwallis, that Lieut. Nash <strong>and</strong> eleven dragoons that were patroll<strong>in</strong>g, were taken by Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong><br />
[Daniel] Horry’s Light Horse near Santee river. Col. Tarleton was immediately ordered to pursue <strong>the</strong>m. He<br />
overtook <strong>the</strong>m at <strong>the</strong> river; charged <strong>and</strong> killed a number, <strong>and</strong> took a Major <strong>and</strong> thirty privates. The patroll<strong>in</strong>g<br />
party that had been taken were <strong>in</strong> a boat, row<strong>in</strong>g across <strong>the</strong> river. Upon <strong>the</strong>ir see<strong>in</strong>g Col. Tarleton, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
immediately seized <strong>the</strong> guard, threw <strong>the</strong>m overboard, rowed <strong>the</strong>mselves back <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>ir regiment aga<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Horry took to <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> swam across it.”<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “[After Monck’s Corner] Col. White soon after took <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American<br />
cavalry, but with no better fortune. On <strong>the</strong> 5 th May, he took a British <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong> seventeen men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion, at<br />
Ball’s plantation, near Strawberry, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> pushed back twenty-five miles, to Lenud’s ferry, on<br />
Santee. While cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re, Tarleton surprised him, at three <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon; who states, that five <strong>of</strong>ficers<br />
<strong>and</strong> 36 men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans were killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> seven <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> sixty dragoons were taken; while<br />
he lost only two men, <strong>and</strong> retook his dragoons. Cols. White <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, Major Jamieson [Jameson], <strong>and</strong><br />
several <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men, escaped by swimm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> river, but many perished <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> like attempt. Thus <strong>the</strong><br />
American corps <strong>of</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> open field, was <strong>com</strong>pletely annihilated, <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong> Saltketcher<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Santee, a distance <strong>of</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> twenty miles, ei<strong>the</strong>r terror or a general depression <strong>of</strong> spirits, had<br />
spread through <strong>the</strong> country. What served to <strong>in</strong>crease this, was <strong>the</strong> cannonade at <strong>the</strong> town. This was a novel<br />
th<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> along water courses, it was heard more than one hundred miles. In that distance,<br />
<strong>the</strong>re were but few families, who had not a husb<strong>and</strong>, fa<strong>the</strong>r, bro<strong>the</strong>r or son <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>se listened to<br />
<strong>the</strong> sound, with <strong>the</strong> deepest anxiety, <strong>and</strong>, as was natural, with no little despondency.” 714<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “This day was marked by disasters to <strong>the</strong> Americans. On that morn<strong>in</strong>g, Colonel Anthony Walton White,<br />
<strong>of</strong> New Jersey, with <strong>the</strong> collected remnant <strong>of</strong> Huger’s cavalry, had crossed <strong>the</strong> Santee <strong>and</strong> captured a small<br />
party <strong>of</strong> British. While wait<strong>in</strong>g at Lanneau’s [Lenud’s] Ferry for boats to recross <strong>the</strong> river with his prisoners, a<br />
Tory <strong>in</strong>formed Cornwallis <strong>of</strong> his situation. Tarleton was detached with a party <strong>of</strong> horse to surprise White, <strong>and</strong><br />
was successful. A general rout <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans ensued. About thirty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m were killed, wounded, or<br />
captured, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners were retaken. Lieutenant-colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, with Major [John] Jamieson <strong>and</strong> a<br />
few privates, escaped by swimm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Santee. Major [Richard] Call <strong>and</strong> seven o<strong>the</strong>rs fought <strong>the</strong>ir way through<br />
<strong>the</strong> British cavalry, <strong>and</strong> escaped.” 715<br />
6-7 May. [surrender] Fort Moultrie, also Sullivan’s Isl<strong>and</strong> (Charleston County, S.C.) Re<strong>in</strong>forced with more men,<br />
for a total <strong>of</strong> 500, Capt. Charles Hudson <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal Navy summoned Fort Moultrie to surrender. Lieut. Col.<br />
William Scott responded that he would defend it to utmost. Yet after negotiations, <strong>the</strong> Americans agreed to<br />
capitulate; on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g granted honors <strong>of</strong> war; with <strong>of</strong>ficers reta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g side arms <strong>and</strong> militia<br />
counted as paroled prisoners. This mutually agreed to, <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g (<strong>the</strong> 7 th ) <strong>the</strong> garrison marched out <strong>and</strong><br />
grounded its arms <strong>in</strong> surrender. Hudson <strong>the</strong>reby took 117 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> 100 militia prisoner, plus 9 twentyfour-pounders,<br />
7 eighteen-pounders, 10 twelve-pounders, 9 n<strong>in</strong>e-pounders, 2 six-pounders, 4 four-pounders, 4<br />
ten-<strong>in</strong>ch mortars, <strong>and</strong> a large quantity <strong>of</strong> artillery ammunition <strong>and</strong> equipment. McCrady remarks that had timely<br />
steps been taken it would have been easily possible to have evacuated <strong>the</strong> fort beforeh<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> thus prevented<br />
<strong>the</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men <strong>and</strong> supplies it conta<strong>in</strong>ed. 716<br />
Moultrie’s Diary: “Saturday, 6 th . Fort Moultrie is <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy.”<br />
Tarleton: “This success [at Lenud’s Ferry] was closely followed by <strong>the</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong> fort Moultrie. The admiral<br />
[Arbuthnot] hav<strong>in</strong>g taken <strong>the</strong> fort at Mount Pleasant, acquired from it, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> deserters, a full<br />
knowledge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>and</strong> defences <strong>of</strong> fort Moultrie, on Sullivan’s isl<strong>and</strong>. In pursuance <strong>of</strong> this<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence, <strong>and</strong> wish<strong>in</strong>g not to weaken <strong>the</strong> operations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, which became every day more critical, he<br />
l<strong>and</strong>ed a body <strong>of</strong> seamen <strong>and</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>es, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Hudson, to attempt <strong>the</strong> fort by storm, on<br />
<strong>the</strong> west <strong>and</strong> north-west faces, whilst <strong>the</strong> ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> squadron battered it <strong>in</strong> front. The garrison, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> militia, to <strong>the</strong> amount <strong>of</strong> two hundred men, see<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> imm<strong>in</strong>ent danger to which <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
exposed, <strong>and</strong> sensible <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> impossibility <strong>of</strong> relief, accepted <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> terms <strong>of</strong>fered by a summons on <strong>the</strong> 7 th <strong>of</strong><br />
May; <strong>and</strong> by capitulation, surrendered <strong>the</strong>mselves prisoners <strong>of</strong> war.” 717<br />
Allaire. “Sunday, 7 th . Orders to get ready to march with two days’ provision, at a m<strong>in</strong>ute’s notice. Maj. Ferguson<br />
had obta<strong>in</strong>ed permission to attack Fort Moultrie. He rode forward with four dragoons to reconnoitre. We were to<br />
rema<strong>in</strong> at our post till we got orders for march<strong>in</strong>g. The first news we heard was <strong>the</strong> fort was <strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
British; <strong>the</strong> Rebels had surrendered <strong>the</strong>mselves prisoners <strong>of</strong> war. Capitulation was as follows: Capt. Hudson <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Navy summoned <strong>the</strong> fort on Friday, <strong>and</strong> received for answer: ‘Tol, lol, de rol, lol: Fort Moultrie will be<br />
defended to <strong>the</strong> last extremity.’ On Saturday he sent ano<strong>the</strong>r flag, <strong>and</strong> dem<strong>and</strong>ed a surrender, acqua<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g Col.<br />
Scott that <strong>the</strong> Lieutenant with <strong>the</strong> flag would wait a quarter <strong>of</strong> an hour for an answer. If <strong>the</strong> fort was not given<br />
713 TCS pp. 19-20.<br />
714 JFM pp. 14-15.<br />
715 LFB2 pp. 559n-560n.<br />
716 USC pp. 283-285, 393-395, AR80 p. 221, RSC2 p. 56, TCS pp. 20-21, 55-56, CAR p. 169, MLW4A p. 152, LFB2 p. 560n, MSC1 pp.<br />
491-493, FWI p. 166, WAR2 pp. 702-703, BSC p. 350.<br />
717 TCS pp. 20-21.<br />
149
up, he would immediately storm it, <strong>and</strong> put all <strong>the</strong> garrison to <strong>the</strong> sword. At this Col. Scott changed <strong>the</strong> tune <strong>of</strong><br />
his song, begg<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>re might be a cessation <strong>of</strong> arms, that <strong>the</strong> fort would be given up on <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
conditions: that <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers both Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>and</strong> militia, should march out with <strong>the</strong> honors <strong>of</strong> war, <strong>and</strong> be<br />
allowed to wear <strong>the</strong>ir side arms; <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> soldiers <strong>of</strong>. The militia have paroles to go to <strong>the</strong>ir respective<br />
homes, <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong> peaceably till exchanged; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ental soldiers to be treated tenderly. Granted by<br />
Capt. Hudson. About eight o’clock Sunday morn<strong>in</strong>g, Colonel Scott with his men, about one hundred <strong>and</strong> twenty,<br />
marched out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort, piled <strong>the</strong>ir arms, Capt. Hudson marched <strong>in</strong>, took possession <strong>of</strong> Fort Moultrie, <strong>the</strong> key to<br />
Charlestown harbor; which puts it <strong>in</strong> our power to keep out any forc<strong>in</strong>g enemy that would wish to give <strong>the</strong><br />
Rebels any assistance. Taken <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort, fifty barrels <strong>of</strong> powder, forty-four pieces <strong>of</strong> cannon, one brass ten <strong>in</strong>ch<br />
mortar, three thous<strong>and</strong> cannon cartridges, five hundred ten <strong>in</strong>ch shells, forty thous<strong>and</strong> musket cartridges, three<br />
month’s salt provision, a lot <strong>of</strong> rice, forty head black cattle, sixty sheep, twenty goats, forty fat hogs, six<br />
wagons, two st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> colors, an amaz<strong>in</strong>g quantity <strong>of</strong> lunt [match-cord for fir<strong>in</strong>g cannon]; <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> short, so many<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r articles which are necessary <strong>in</strong> a fort that it would take me a week to set <strong>the</strong>m down.”<br />
Moultrie’s Diary: “Sunday, 7 th . Our pr<strong>in</strong>cipal magaz<strong>in</strong>e near be<strong>in</strong>g destroyed by a 13-<strong>in</strong>ch shell burst<strong>in</strong>g with<strong>in</strong> ten<br />
yards <strong>of</strong> it 718 ...<strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> that shell fall<strong>in</strong>g so near, I had <strong>the</strong> powder (100,000 pounds) removed to <strong>the</strong><br />
Nor<strong>the</strong>ast corner under <strong>the</strong> Exchange, <strong>and</strong> had <strong>the</strong> doors <strong>and</strong> w<strong>in</strong>dows bricked up. Not withst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British<br />
had possession <strong>of</strong> Charlestown so long, <strong>the</strong>y never discovered <strong>the</strong> powder, although <strong>the</strong>ir Provost was <strong>the</strong> next<br />
apartment to it, <strong>and</strong> after <strong>the</strong> evacuation when we came <strong>in</strong>to town we found <strong>the</strong> powder as we left it.”<br />
8 May. De Kalb with <strong>the</strong> Delaware <strong>and</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiments set sail, with 50 ships, from Head <strong>of</strong> Elk bound<br />
ultimately for Petersburg, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; which latter <strong>the</strong>y reached on <strong>the</strong> 23 rd <strong>of</strong> May. About <strong>the</strong> same time as de<br />
Kalb’s <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g south, <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> N.C. ordered some 400 militia under Brig. Gen William Caswell (<strong>and</strong> afterwards<br />
under his fa<strong>the</strong>r Maj. Gen. Richard Caswell) to serve for three months to help raise <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, but<br />
which force arrived too late for that purpose, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rwise did not later formally coord<strong>in</strong>ate with or under de<br />
Kalb (though <strong>the</strong>y did so when Gates, who’d been appo<strong>in</strong>ted head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn department on 13 June, came<br />
to take overall <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>.) 719<br />
8-10 May. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton submitted a second ultimatum to L<strong>in</strong>coln, with this <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g day spent <strong>in</strong> unsuccessful<br />
negotiations. On <strong>the</strong> 9 th , at about 9 p.m., <strong>the</strong> American’s unleashed a thunderous artillery barrage to mark <strong>the</strong><br />
failure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> talks. The unremmitant cannonad<strong>in</strong>g cont<strong>in</strong>ued on <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> next day, with 469<br />
rounds <strong>of</strong> solid shot <strong>and</strong> 345 shells be<strong>in</strong>g fired, <strong>and</strong> was <strong>the</strong> largest s<strong>in</strong>gle bombardment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire siege -–<br />
do<strong>in</strong>g more damage <strong>the</strong>n any o<strong>the</strong>r had; yet even so <strong>and</strong> at that hour to little or no avail except to deprive <strong>the</strong><br />
British victors later <strong>of</strong> much expended munitions. 720<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “The caution <strong>of</strong> Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>in</strong> advanc<strong>in</strong>g so slowly, had been extreme, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
unsuspect<strong>in</strong>g security <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans was still great; but Gen. Duportail, a French <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> eng<strong>in</strong>eers, hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
arrived <strong>in</strong> town before <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>munication was closed with <strong>the</strong> country, declared, that <strong>the</strong> works <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> besieged<br />
were not tenable, <strong>and</strong> might have been stormed ten days before. This disclosed his true situation, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>duced<br />
Gen. L<strong>in</strong>coln to listen to a capitulation, which was proposed to him on <strong>the</strong> 8 th <strong>of</strong> May. From that until <strong>the</strong> 10 th ,<br />
<strong>the</strong> negotiation was cont<strong>in</strong>ued. On <strong>the</strong> 11 th , <strong>the</strong> capitulation was agreed to, <strong>and</strong>, on <strong>the</strong> next day, <strong>the</strong> Americans<br />
marched out <strong>and</strong> grounded <strong>the</strong>ir arms.” 721<br />
De Brahm: “As ord<strong>in</strong>ary. Ano<strong>the</strong>r redoubt was <strong>com</strong>menced last night <strong>in</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> our left l<strong>in</strong>e. This morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy sent a parley aga<strong>in</strong> to dem<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> town-<strong>the</strong> truce was prolonged throughout <strong>the</strong> whole day. In a Council<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong> <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> all <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> General Staff, it was resolved by a majority <strong>of</strong> votes, to propose a<br />
capitulation.”<br />
Allaire: “Monday, 8 th . Six o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton sent <strong>in</strong> a flag, <strong>and</strong> dem<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong><br />
Charlestown. General L<strong>in</strong>coln requested cessation <strong>of</strong> hostilities till eight o’clock -- from eight to twelve; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
truce cont<strong>in</strong>ued until four o’clock Tuesday even<strong>in</strong>g when Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton receiv<strong>in</strong>g a very <strong>in</strong>solent request, sent<br />
<strong>in</strong> word that he pla<strong>in</strong>ly saw that Gen. L<strong>in</strong>coln did not mean to give up <strong>the</strong> town; that <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g should <strong>com</strong>mence<br />
at eight o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, at which time began a most tremendous cannonade, throw<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> carcases<br />
[carcass, i.e., a <strong>com</strong>bustible conf<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> iron hoops] <strong>and</strong> shells <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> town, <strong>and</strong> an <strong>in</strong>cessant fire <strong>of</strong> musketry<br />
all night.”<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “The citizens, appalled by <strong>the</strong> destructive agencies at work around <strong>the</strong>m, worn out by want <strong>of</strong> sleep <strong>and</strong><br />
anxiety, <strong>and</strong> covet<strong>in</strong>g any condition o<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>the</strong> one <strong>the</strong>y were endur<strong>in</strong>g, now expressed <strong>the</strong>ir will<strong>in</strong>gness to<br />
treat for a surrender. A flag was sent out, <strong>and</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s ultimatum was received. He dem<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> citizens as prisoners <strong>of</strong> war, with all <strong>the</strong> forts <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r works, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir appliances,<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> shipp<strong>in</strong>g that rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> harbor. He would promise noth<strong>in</strong>g except that <strong>the</strong> town<br />
property <strong>of</strong> those with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es should rema<strong>in</strong> unmolested, <strong>and</strong> that all prisoners should be paroled. A truce<br />
until <strong>the</strong> next day [May 9, 1780.] was asked by <strong>the</strong> besieged, <strong>and</strong> was allowed, when L<strong>in</strong>coln aga<strong>in</strong> rejected<br />
<strong>com</strong>pliance with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s dem<strong>and</strong>s. At eight o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>menced aga<strong>in</strong>. It was a fearful<br />
718 DeSaussure: “This magaz<strong>in</strong>e was a brick build<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a lot on <strong>the</strong> South side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present Cumberl<strong>and</strong> Street; it is about one<br />
hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty feet West <strong>of</strong> Church Street, <strong>and</strong> is still <strong>in</strong> fair preservation; it is <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear lot, <strong>and</strong> touch<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> Western<br />
graveyard <strong>of</strong> St. Philip’s Church.”<br />
719 KJO p. 9, MMS2 p. 213, MLW4A pp. 1671-68.<br />
720 USC pp. 287-289, 395, RSC2 p. 58, MSC1 pp. 442-444, 495-500, BSC pp. 206-208, 213-214.<br />
721 JFM p. 13.<br />
150
night <strong>in</strong> Charleston. The thunder <strong>of</strong> two hundred cannons shook <strong>the</strong> city like <strong>the</strong> power <strong>of</strong> an earthquake, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> moon, <strong>the</strong>n near its full, with <strong>the</strong> bright stars, was hidden by <strong>the</strong> lurid smoke...At two o’clock on <strong>the</strong><br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eleventh [May, 1780.], Lieutenant-governor [Christopher] Gadsden, <strong>the</strong> council, <strong>and</strong> many<br />
lead<strong>in</strong>g citizens, requested L<strong>in</strong>coln to signify his agreement to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s proposed terms <strong>of</strong> surrender, if better<br />
could not be obta<strong>in</strong>ed. A signal was given, <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g ceased, <strong>and</strong> before dawn all <strong>the</strong> guns were quiet. Articles <strong>of</strong><br />
capitulation were agreed to, <strong>and</strong> signed by <strong>the</strong> respective <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers, <strong>and</strong> by Christopher Gadsden <strong>in</strong> behalf <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> citizens. Between eleven <strong>and</strong> twelve o’clock on <strong>the</strong> twelfth <strong>of</strong> May, <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental troops marched out with<br />
<strong>the</strong> Turk’s march, <strong>and</strong> laid down <strong>the</strong>ir arms, after a gallant <strong>and</strong> desperate defense <strong>of</strong> about forty days. General<br />
Leslie immediately marched <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> took possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town.” 722<br />
Moultrie’s Diary: “After receiv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> above letter [from Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>and</strong> which stated that hostiles would<br />
re<strong>com</strong>mence due to a breakdown <strong>in</strong> surrender talks] we rema<strong>in</strong>ed near an hour silent, all calm <strong>and</strong> ready, each<br />
wait<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r to beg<strong>in</strong>. At length we fired <strong>the</strong> first gun, <strong>and</strong> immediately followed a tremendous<br />
cannonade, about 180 or 200 pieces <strong>of</strong> heavy cannon fired <strong>of</strong>f at <strong>the</strong> same moment, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> mortars from both<br />
sides threw out an immense number <strong>of</strong> shells; it was a glorious sight to see <strong>the</strong>m like meteors cross<strong>in</strong>g each<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> burst<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> air; it appeared as if <strong>the</strong> stars were tumbl<strong>in</strong>g down. The fire was <strong>in</strong>cessant almost <strong>the</strong><br />
whole night; cannon balls whizz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> shells hiss<strong>in</strong>g cont<strong>in</strong>ually amongst us; ammunition chests <strong>and</strong> temporary<br />
magaz<strong>in</strong>es blow<strong>in</strong>g up; great guns burst<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> wounded men groan<strong>in</strong>g along <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es. It was a dreadful night. It<br />
was a dreadful night. It was our last great effort, but it availed us noth<strong>in</strong>g. After this our military ardor was<br />
much abated; we began to cool, <strong>and</strong> we cooled gradually, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 11 th <strong>of</strong> May we capitulated, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong><br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 12 th we marched out <strong>and</strong> gave up <strong>the</strong> town.” 723<br />
11 May. L<strong>in</strong>coln convened his <strong>of</strong>ficers once aga<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> this time it was agreed by all except DuPortail to<br />
capitulate. 724<br />
De Brahm: “As ord<strong>in</strong>ary. The enemy’s trenches are extended under <strong>the</strong> abbatis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advanced battery. This<br />
afternoon a parley was sent to <strong>the</strong> enemy to propose fresh terms <strong>of</strong> capitulation.”<br />
Allaire: “Thursday, 11 th . The town set on fire by a carcase [carcass, i.e., a <strong>com</strong>bustible conf<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> iron hoops],<br />
which burnt several houses. The Rebels sent out a flag soon after; our fir<strong>in</strong>g cont<strong>in</strong>ued without tak<strong>in</strong>g notice <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir flag. They showed <strong>the</strong> second flag, which we accepted. It was begg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> terms that had been <strong>of</strong>fered <strong>the</strong><br />
last truce. Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton answered <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g should cease until he could send <strong>and</strong> consult Admiral<br />
Arbuthnot. The terms were granted.”<br />
H<strong>in</strong>richs: “The enemy stood our fire well <strong>and</strong> returned it till about noon, when aga<strong>in</strong> a flag was sent out. But<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ce our fire was so violent that we did not see <strong>the</strong>m <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>com</strong>pelled to withdraw. At two o’clock<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon <strong>the</strong> enemy hoisted a large white flag on <strong>the</strong> hornwork <strong>and</strong> dispatched a second flag, <strong>of</strong>fer<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> capitulation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city, etc.,, etc., on <strong>the</strong> terms we had proposed. We granted a truce, sent for <strong>the</strong> Admiral<br />
[Arbuthnot], who arrived at eight o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> at eleven o’clock at night <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> capitulation had been agreed upon.” 725<br />
11-12 May. [surrender] CHARLESTOWN, also Charleston (Charleston County, S.C.) On <strong>the</strong> 11 th , after an<br />
approximately six week siege, Charlestown capitulated to <strong>the</strong> British; who <strong>the</strong>n entered <strong>the</strong> city <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> next day. At least 2,560 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> 1,000 militia were made prisoners -- <strong>the</strong> worst defeat, <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong><br />
losses, suffered by an American army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire conflict (a fact usually overlooked by Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s<br />
detractors); as well as be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> only defensive siege <strong>of</strong> a major city carried on by <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>in</strong> all <strong>the</strong> war.<br />
British morale both at home <strong>and</strong> abroad for a time soared as a result. McCrady makes <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g remark<br />
that L<strong>in</strong>coln should not only not have listened to <strong>the</strong> civilian authorities on what was a military matter, but<br />
should have gone fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> threatened <strong>the</strong>m with military justice if <strong>the</strong>ir behavior h<strong>in</strong>dered or jeopardized his<br />
authority as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er. Civilian losses dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege were relatively few <strong>com</strong>pared to what <strong>the</strong>y might have<br />
been. 726<br />
Allaire: “Friday, 12 th . The gates were opened, Gen. Leslie at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Grenadiers, Seventh, Sixtythird<br />
<strong>and</strong> Sixty-fourth regiments, <strong>and</strong> Hessian Grenadiers marched <strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> took possession <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, <strong>and</strong><br />
soon leveled <strong>the</strong> thirteen stripes with <strong>the</strong> dust, <strong>and</strong> displayed <strong>the</strong> British st<strong>and</strong>ard on <strong>the</strong>ir ramparts. Still at<br />
Lempriere’s [Lampriere’s].”<br />
Tarleton: “Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se operations, <strong>the</strong> besieg<strong>in</strong>g army f<strong>in</strong>ished <strong>the</strong>ir third parallel, which <strong>the</strong>y had carried close<br />
to <strong>the</strong> canal, <strong>and</strong> by a sap pushed to <strong>the</strong> dam which supplied it with water on <strong>the</strong> right, dra<strong>in</strong>ed it <strong>in</strong> several<br />
parts to <strong>the</strong> bottom. On <strong>the</strong> 6 th <strong>and</strong> 7 th <strong>of</strong> May, <strong>the</strong> artillery was mounted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> batteries <strong>of</strong> this parallel, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> traverses <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>munications were perfectly <strong>com</strong>pleted. Thus enclosed on every side, <strong>and</strong> driven to its last<br />
722 LFB2 p. 560.<br />
723 DSC.<br />
724 AR80 p. 221, RSC2 pp. 56-60, BSC p. 217.<br />
725 USC p. 289.<br />
726 CNC14 pp. 805-824, USC pp. 289-295, 395-397, 403-421, ATR80b pp. 36-55, 140-141, AR80 pp. 221-222, NGP7 p. 558n, NGP8<br />
p. 402, The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVII, Oct., 1916, pp. 131-136, RSC2 pp. 45-67, TCS pp.<br />
21-23, CAR pp. 170-172, SQR pp. 136-139, MMS2 pp. 86-110, RHA2 p. 481, GHA3 pp. 346-360, SAW2 pp. 185-186, MLW4A pp. 153-<br />
158, LMS pp. 157-161, JLG1 pp. 274-280, 284-286, JFM pp. 11-15, LFB2 pp. 560-561, MDR pp. 411-417, MSC1 pp. 503-514, CBA p.<br />
497, DRR pp. 174-175, BEA pp. 211-213, BSC pp. 218-220. A lengthy account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire siege written by L<strong>in</strong>coln to Gen.<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton can be found at CNC15 pp. 24-47.<br />
151
defences, Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton wish<strong>in</strong>g to preserve Charles town from destruction, <strong>and</strong> to prevent that effusion <strong>of</strong><br />
blood which must be <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>evitable consequence <strong>of</strong> a storm, opened a correspondence on <strong>the</strong> 8 th with General<br />
L<strong>in</strong>coln, for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> a surrender: But <strong>the</strong> conditions dem<strong>and</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> American <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
deemed higher than he had a right to expect from his present situation, <strong>the</strong>y were rejected, <strong>and</strong> hostilities<br />
renewed. The batteries on <strong>the</strong> third parallel were <strong>the</strong>n opened, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> superiority <strong>of</strong> fire, both <strong>of</strong> artillery<br />
<strong>and</strong> small arms, <strong>the</strong> British troops were enabled to ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> counterscarp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> outwork which flanked <strong>the</strong><br />
canal; which <strong>the</strong>y likewise passed, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n pushed on <strong>the</strong>ir approaches directly towards <strong>the</strong> ditch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> place.<br />
The present state <strong>of</strong> danger now urged <strong>the</strong> citizens <strong>and</strong> militia, who had formed <strong>the</strong> objections to <strong>the</strong> late<br />
conditions, to acquiesce <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g rel<strong>in</strong>quished: General L<strong>in</strong>coln accord<strong>in</strong>gly proposed to surrender on <strong>the</strong><br />
terms lately <strong>of</strong>fered. The <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er-<strong>in</strong>-chief <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> admiral, besides <strong>the</strong>ir dislike to <strong>the</strong> cruel extremity <strong>of</strong> a<br />
storm, were not disposed to press to unconditional submission an enemy whom <strong>the</strong>y wished to conciliate by<br />
clemency. They now granted <strong>the</strong> same conditions which <strong>the</strong>y had before prescribed as <strong>the</strong> foundation for treaty.<br />
The capitulation was signed <strong>the</strong> 11 th <strong>of</strong> May, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 12 th , Major-general Leslie, by <strong>the</strong> order <strong>of</strong> Sir Henry<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, took possession <strong>of</strong> Charles town.<br />
“As <strong>the</strong> siege was not productive <strong>of</strong> sallies, or desperate assaults, which were <strong>in</strong> a considerable degree<br />
prevented by situation <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> works, <strong>the</strong> carnage was not great on ei<strong>the</strong>r side, <strong>and</strong> was not<br />
unequally shared. The loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege, before <strong>the</strong> town <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, amounted<br />
to seventy-six killed, <strong>and</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> eighty-n<strong>in</strong>e wounded; <strong>and</strong> that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, to<br />
eighty-n<strong>in</strong>e killed, <strong>and</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> forty wounded.<br />
“By <strong>the</strong> articles <strong>of</strong> capitulation <strong>the</strong> garrison were allowed some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> honours <strong>of</strong> war; <strong>the</strong>y were to march out <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> town, at an hour appo<strong>in</strong>ted for that purpose, to <strong>the</strong> ground between <strong>the</strong> works <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> place <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> canal,<br />
where <strong>the</strong>y were to deposit <strong>the</strong>ir arms; but <strong>the</strong> drums were not to beat a British march, or <strong>the</strong> colours to be<br />
uncased: The cont<strong>in</strong>ental troops <strong>and</strong> seamen were to keep <strong>the</strong>ir baggage, <strong>and</strong> to rema<strong>in</strong> prisoners <strong>of</strong> war until<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were exchanged: The militia were to be permitted to return to <strong>the</strong>ir respective homes, as prisoners on<br />
parole; <strong>and</strong> while <strong>the</strong>y adhered to <strong>the</strong>ir parole, were not to be molested by <strong>the</strong> British troops <strong>in</strong> person or<br />
property: The citizens <strong>of</strong> all descriptions, to be considered as prisoners on parole, <strong>and</strong> to hold <strong>the</strong>ir property on<br />
<strong>the</strong> same terms with <strong>the</strong> militia: The <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army <strong>and</strong> navy to reta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir servants, swords, pistols, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir baggage unsearched: They were permitted to sell <strong>the</strong>ir horses, but not to remove <strong>the</strong>m out <strong>of</strong> Charles<br />
town. A vessel was allowed to proceed to Philadelphia with General L<strong>in</strong>coln’s dispatches, which were not to be<br />
opened.” 727<br />
H<strong>in</strong>richs: “We found abundant stores <strong>of</strong> ammunition <strong>and</strong> a great deal <strong>of</strong> artillery. There were <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> city 290 iron<br />
<strong>and</strong> 21 brass cannon, as well as several large <strong>and</strong> small howitzers <strong>and</strong> shell mortars. There were two frigates,<br />
<strong>the</strong> Ranger <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Providence, which still had all <strong>the</strong>ir guns. In addition to <strong>the</strong>se we got forty guns at Fort<br />
Moultrie, now called Fort Sullivan aga<strong>in</strong>, seven guns on Lempriere’s Po<strong>in</strong>t, <strong>and</strong> four at Hobcaw. –- As regards <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy’s fortifications <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir defense, as well as our attack upon <strong>the</strong>m, I shall wait till I have drawn my plan,<br />
which I have so far found no time to do. Their artillery was better than ours. They confessed that s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong><br />
open<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> third parallel our small-arms fire alone cost <strong>the</strong>m between three <strong>and</strong> four hundred killed <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>y could never open <strong>the</strong>ir embrasures without losses. The reason why <strong>the</strong>y threw so few<br />
shells dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> latter part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege was that <strong>the</strong>ir best bombardier, a major <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery [Major John<br />
Gilbank], was killed on <strong>the</strong> 30 th <strong>of</strong> April [actually it was on even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 11 April when Gilbank was killed by an<br />
American shell that accidentally exploded], <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>y had no one who could make good fuses, <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were <strong>in</strong> need. It was because <strong>of</strong> this that most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir shells failed to explode. This much is certa<strong>in</strong>: had <strong>the</strong><br />
French eng<strong>in</strong>eer [Duportail] sent by General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton three weeks ago had arrived earlier, our work would<br />
have been considerably harder, for nature has favored <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> this town.” 728<br />
CASUALTIES AND CAPTURES 729<br />
BRITISH<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s return: “Return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> wounded <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> his Excellency General<br />
Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, from <strong>the</strong> debarkation <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>the</strong> 11 th <strong>of</strong> February, to <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong> Charles town<br />
<strong>the</strong> 12 th <strong>of</strong> May.<br />
Royal artillery. 5 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed; 7 ditto wounded.<br />
1 st battalion <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry. 8 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed; 1 serjeant [sic], 17 rank <strong>and</strong> file wounded.<br />
2d battalion ditto. 11 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed; 1 lieutenant, 12 rank <strong>and</strong> file wounded.<br />
Detachment <strong>of</strong> ditto. 3 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed; 7 ditto wounded.<br />
1 st battalion grenadiers. 1 serjeant, 4 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed; 2 lieutenants, 1 serjeant, 13 rank <strong>and</strong> file wounded.<br />
2d battalion ditto. 10 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed; 1 lieutenant, 11 rank <strong>and</strong> file wounded.<br />
7 th . 1 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed; 2 ditto wounded.<br />
23d. 4 rank <strong>and</strong> file wounded.<br />
33d. 1 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed; 2 ditto wounded.<br />
62d. 2 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed.<br />
63d. 4 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed.<br />
64 th . 1 rank <strong>and</strong> file wounded.<br />
727 TCS pp. 21-23.<br />
728 USC p. 295.<br />
729 For troop strengths present at <strong>the</strong> siege see 17 April 1780.<br />
152
71 st . 2 ensigns, 6 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed; 1 capta<strong>in</strong>, 1 lieutenant, 14 rank <strong>and</strong> file wounded.<br />
GERMAN<br />
Yagers. 7 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed; 14 ditto wounded.<br />
L<strong>in</strong>s<strong>in</strong>g. 2 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed; 7 ditto wounded.<br />
Lengerck. 1 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed; 15 ditto wounded.<br />
Schuler. 3 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed; 18 ditto wounded.<br />
Graff. 2 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed; 2 lieutenants, 8 rank <strong>and</strong> file wounded.<br />
Huyne. 5 rank <strong>and</strong> file wounded.<br />
PROVINCIAL<br />
New-York volunteers. 2 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed; 1 ditto wounded.<br />
British legion. 5 rank <strong>and</strong> file killed; 9 ditto wounded.<br />
Ferguson’s corps. 5 rank <strong>and</strong> file wounded.<br />
Total BRITISH, GERMAN, <strong>and</strong> PROVINCIAL losses.<br />
2 ensigns, 1 serjeant, 73 rank <strong>and</strong> file, killed; 1 capta<strong>in</strong>, 7 lieutenants, 2 serjeants, 179 rank <strong>and</strong> file, wounded.”<br />
730<br />
GRAND TOTAL Based on Cl<strong>in</strong>ton‘s Return: 76 killed, 189 wounded<br />
In his memoirs, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton states <strong>the</strong> British lost 268 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. 731<br />
Arbuthnot: “Our [<strong>the</strong> Royal Navy’s] whole loss <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ships <strong>and</strong> galleys, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> batteries on shore, is twentythree<br />
seamen killed, <strong>and</strong> twenty-eight wounded; among <strong>the</strong> latter is Lieutenant Bowers, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Europe, but <strong>in</strong><br />
fair way <strong>of</strong> recovery.” 732<br />
AMERICAN<br />
Return <strong>of</strong> John André, 733 Deputy adjutant general to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “Total <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebel forces <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Majorgeneral<br />
L<strong>in</strong>coln at <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong> Charles town, May 12, 1780, now prisoners <strong>of</strong> war. Two major generals, 5<br />
brigadier generals, 3 majors <strong>of</strong> brigade, 16 colonels, 9 lieutenant colonels, 41 cornets or ensigns, 1 paymaster, 7<br />
adjutants, 6 quarter masters, 18 surgeons, 6 mates, 322 serjeants, 137 drummers, 4710 rank <strong>and</strong> file.” 734<br />
Tarleton: “Seven general <strong>of</strong>ficers, ten cont<strong>in</strong>ental regiments, <strong>and</strong> three battalions <strong>of</strong> artillery, became prisoners<br />
upon this occasion. The whole number <strong>of</strong> men <strong>in</strong> arms who surrendered, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g town <strong>and</strong> country militia, <strong>and</strong><br />
French, amounted to five thous<strong>and</strong> six hundred <strong>and</strong> eighteen, exclusive <strong>of</strong> near a thous<strong>and</strong> seamen.” 735<br />
Tarleton gives Americans losses, exclusive <strong>of</strong> prisoners taken, as 89 killed, 140 wounded; while Cl<strong>in</strong>ton speaks <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m as be<strong>in</strong>g 300. <strong>War</strong>d repeats <strong>the</strong>se figures but makes <strong>the</strong> wounded total 138. 736<br />
From L<strong>in</strong>coln’s dispatch to Congress, dated May 24 1780<br />
“Return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Killed <strong>and</strong> Wounded dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Siege.<br />
Killed -- 1 Colonel, 1 Aide-de-Camp, 6 Capta<strong>in</strong>s, 3 Lieutenants, 10 Serjeants, 68 Rank <strong>and</strong> File, Cont<strong>in</strong>entals.<br />
Wounded -- 1 Major, 2 Capta<strong>in</strong>s, 5 Lieutenants, 18 Serjeants <strong>and</strong> 114 Rank <strong>and</strong> File, Cont<strong>in</strong>entals.<br />
The Militia <strong>and</strong> Sailors be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a different Part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Town suffered no Loss.<br />
“Return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Troops, Prisoners <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong>, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Sick <strong>and</strong> Wounded<br />
Major General L<strong>in</strong>coln<br />
Brigadiers: Moultrie, McIntosh, Woodford, Scott, Du Portail, Hogun.<br />
Colonels 9, Lieut. Colonels 14, Majors 15, Capta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Lieutenants 84,<br />
Second Lieutenants <strong>and</strong> Ensigns 32, Non-Commissioned Officers 209, Drums <strong>and</strong> Fifes 140, Rank <strong>and</strong> File 1,977.<br />
“The Number <strong>of</strong> Deserters from our Army, from <strong>the</strong> 29 th <strong>of</strong> March to <strong>the</strong> 12 th <strong>of</strong> May, amounted to only 20.” 737<br />
* The follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation is abstracted from a more detailed document conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> State <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a (CNC15 p. 398) titled “Garrison <strong>of</strong> Charleston, S.C.” May 1780, with numbers given as rank <strong>and</strong><br />
file:<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Artillery………………….….62<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Artillery…………….……….46<br />
Charlestown Battn. <strong>of</strong> Artillery….…….146<br />
Cannoneers………………………………….……159<br />
730 TCS pp. 45-46.<br />
731 CAR p. 171.<br />
732 TCS p. 52.<br />
733 William Johnson provides a very <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> tell<strong>in</strong>g anecdote regard<strong>in</strong>g André’s impersonation an American <strong>of</strong>ficer dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> siege; with obvious <strong>and</strong> important implications with respect to <strong>the</strong> latter’s role <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Arnold treason plot. See JLG1 pp.<br />
208-209.<br />
734 TCS p. 64.<br />
735 TCS p. 23.<br />
736 TCS p. 22, CAR p. 171.<br />
737 HSC pp. 175-176.<br />
153
1 st Regt. South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians……………...176<br />
2 nd Regt. South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians…………..….195<br />
3 rd Regt. South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians……………….208<br />
1 st Regt. North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians……………….234<br />
2 nd Regt. South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians……………….245<br />
3 rd Regt. South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians……………….130<br />
1 st Regt. Virg<strong>in</strong>ians…………………………….268<br />
2 nd Regt. Virg<strong>in</strong>ians…………………………….215<br />
3 rd Regt. Virg<strong>in</strong>ians…………………………….198<br />
1 st Detachment Virg<strong>in</strong>ians………………….235<br />
2 nd Detachment Virg<strong>in</strong>ians………………...218<br />
4 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Reg………………………………….[NA] 738<br />
5 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Reg………………………………….[NA]<br />
6 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Reg………………………………….[NA]<br />
7 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Reg………………………………….[NA]<br />
8 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Reg………………………………….[NA]<br />
10 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Reg……………………………….[NA]<br />
11 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Reg……………………………….[NA]<br />
Light Dragoons……………………………………..31<br />
Officers <strong>of</strong> Georgia [total <strong>of</strong> 5]…………[NA]<br />
1 st Battn. Charlestown Militia…………….312<br />
2 nd Battn. Charlestown Militia…….…….446<br />
S. <strong>and</strong> N. Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia…………….….1,079<br />
Citizens Company………………………………..28<br />
French Company…………………………..…….40<br />
Spanish Company…………………………….….36<br />
TOTAL RANK AND FILE: 4,704<br />
Ramsay: “The numbers which surrendered prisoners <strong>of</strong> war, <strong>in</strong>clusive <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong> every adult male<br />
<strong>in</strong>habitant, was above 5000, but <strong>the</strong> proper garrison at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> surrender did not exceed 2500. The precise<br />
number <strong>of</strong> privates <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ental army was 1977 <strong>of</strong> which 500 were <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> hospitals. The captive <strong>of</strong>ficers<br />
were much more <strong>in</strong> proportion than <strong>the</strong> privates, <strong>and</strong> consisted <strong>of</strong> one Major General, 6 Brigadiers, 9 Colonels,<br />
14 Lieut. Colonels, 15 Majors, 84 Capta<strong>in</strong>s, 84 Lieutenants, 32 Second lieutenants <strong>and</strong> Ensigns. The gentlemen <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> country, who were mostly militia <strong>of</strong>ficers, from a sense <strong>of</strong> honor repaired to <strong>the</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> Charlestown,<br />
though <strong>the</strong>y could not br<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong>m privates equal to <strong>the</strong>ir respective <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s. The regular regiments were<br />
fully <strong>of</strong>ficered, though greatly deficient <strong>in</strong> privates.” 739<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “After a siege <strong>of</strong> a month <strong>and</strong> fourteen days, 2500 men submitted to an army <strong>of</strong> 12,000;<br />
<strong>and</strong> it was only surpris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>y held out so long. The cont<strong>in</strong>ental troops <strong>and</strong> sailors were to rema<strong>in</strong> prisoners <strong>of</strong><br />
war until exchanged; <strong>the</strong> militia were permitted to return home as prisoners on parole, which, as long as <strong>the</strong>y<br />
observed it, should secure <strong>the</strong>m from be<strong>in</strong>g molested <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir property.” 740<br />
Borick <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs state that many claimed by <strong>the</strong> British as American militia, were not actually engaged dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> siege, so that <strong>the</strong> total <strong>of</strong> militia captured was greater than number actually <strong>in</strong>volved, perhaps as much as<br />
300 more than <strong>of</strong>ficial American returns. Although Cl<strong>in</strong>ton reported 5,618, exclusive <strong>of</strong> 1,000 sailors taken,<br />
L<strong>in</strong>coln’s actual number <strong>of</strong> effectives under arms by <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> April was 4,000, <strong>and</strong> 6,000 at any given po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
earlier <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege. The garrison suffered 89 killed mostly Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> 138 wounded, with 20 civilians be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
killed also. 3,465 total Cont<strong>in</strong>entals were captured, along with 400 pieces <strong>of</strong> cannon <strong>and</strong> 5,000 muskets. 741<br />
Arbuthnot’s return: “A List <strong>of</strong> rebel ships <strong>of</strong> war taken or destroyed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> harbour <strong>of</strong> Charles town. The Bricole<br />
pierced for 60, mount<strong>in</strong>g 44 guns, twenty-four <strong>and</strong> eighteen pounders, sunk, her capta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany,<br />
prisoners -- The Truite, 26 twelve pounders, sunk, her capta<strong>in</strong>, &c. prisoners -- Queen <strong>of</strong> France, 28 n<strong>in</strong>e<br />
pounders, sunk, ditto. -- General Moultrie [aka General L<strong>in</strong>coln], 20 six pounders, sunk, ditto. -- Notre Dame,<br />
(brig) 16 ditto, sunk, ditto. -- Providence, 32 guns, eighteen <strong>and</strong> twelve pounders, taken, capta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>pany, prisoners. -- Boston. Of <strong>the</strong> same force, taken, ditto -- Ranger, 20 six pounders, taken, ditto. French<br />
Ships L’Aventure, 26 n<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> six pounders, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Sieur de Brulot, lieutenant de Vaisseau, taken, ditto.<br />
-- Polacre, 16 pounders, taken. -- Some empty brigs ly<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> wharfs, with o<strong>the</strong>r small vessels, were also<br />
taken, with four armed galleys.” 742<br />
From <strong>the</strong> return by Maj. Peter Traille, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal Artillery, <strong>of</strong> arms <strong>and</strong> ordnance taken from <strong>the</strong> Americans:<br />
“Munitions captured: French Musquets. Eight hundred <strong>and</strong> forty-seven <strong>in</strong> store, 4569 delivered at <strong>the</strong> abbatis<br />
[abatis], 15 st<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> regimental colours. Large quantities <strong>of</strong> musquet [musket] cartridges, arms, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r small<br />
738 These “un-totaled” (i.e., “NA”) Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regiments <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege were earlier consolidated <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r (i.e.,<br />
here totaled) regiments <strong>and</strong> detachments.<br />
739 RHA2 p. 481.<br />
740 JFM p. 13.<br />
741 BSC pp. 221-223.<br />
742 TCS pp. 52-53.<br />
154
articles, not <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> above return: The scattered situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> different stores not admitt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> so short a time. A more exact account will be given as soon as possible.<br />
“Abstract <strong>of</strong> Ordnance: Brass guns, 21; mortars, 9; howitzers, 1; iron guns, 280. Total, 311. Besides <strong>the</strong> ordnance<br />
taken <strong>in</strong> fort Moultrie, Lampries [Lampriere’s], Mount Pleasant, <strong>and</strong> on board <strong>the</strong> vessels, amount<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
whole to eighty or n<strong>in</strong>ety pieces; <strong>and</strong> one ten-<strong>in</strong>ch mortar.” 743<br />
Moultrie’s Diary: “About 11 o’clock A. M. on <strong>the</strong> 12 th <strong>of</strong> May we marched out between 1,500 <strong>and</strong> 1,600<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental troops (leav<strong>in</strong>g 500 to 600 sick <strong>and</strong> wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> hospital) without <strong>the</strong> horn-work, on <strong>the</strong> left, <strong>and</strong><br />
piled out arms: <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers marched <strong>the</strong> men back to <strong>the</strong> barracks, where a British guard was placed over <strong>the</strong>m;<br />
<strong>the</strong> British <strong>the</strong>n asked where our second division was? They were told <strong>the</strong>se were all <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals we had,<br />
except <strong>the</strong> sick <strong>and</strong> wounded; <strong>the</strong>y were astonished, <strong>and</strong> said we had made a gallant defense.”<br />
Letter from Brig. Gen. DuPortail’s to Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>of</strong> 17 May 1780: “Fortunately, <strong>in</strong> all this honor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
American arms is secure, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy have not yet great subject to triumph. To rema<strong>in</strong> forty-two days <strong>in</strong><br />
open trenches before a town <strong>of</strong> immense extent, fortified by s<strong>and</strong>y <strong>in</strong>trenchments [sic], raised <strong>in</strong> two months,<br />
without covered way, without out-works, open <strong>in</strong> several places on <strong>the</strong> water, <strong>and</strong> exposed everywhere to an<br />
open attack, <strong>and</strong> defended by a garrison which was not by half sufficient, to rema<strong>in</strong>, I say, forty-two days before<br />
such a pace, <strong>and</strong> display all <strong>the</strong> apparel <strong>of</strong> a regular siege, is noth<strong>in</strong>g very glorious. The British general has,<br />
perhaps, followed <strong>the</strong> rules <strong>of</strong> prudence <strong>in</strong> this conduct, but, at least, <strong>the</strong> troops under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> will never<br />
have subject <strong>of</strong> boast<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir audaciousness <strong>and</strong> enterpris<strong>in</strong>g spirit. The American troops, on <strong>the</strong> contrary,<br />
have given certa<strong>in</strong> pro<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir firmness <strong>in</strong> support<strong>in</strong>g a tremendous fire, <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> while exposed<br />
to <strong>the</strong> danger <strong>of</strong> surprise <strong>and</strong> open attack, <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong> success was almost certa<strong>in</strong> if <strong>the</strong> enemy had taken <strong>the</strong><br />
proper measures.” 744<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “Great skill <strong>and</strong> courage were brought to bear upon <strong>the</strong> patriots dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege, <strong>and</strong> never was a<br />
defense more obst<strong>in</strong>ate <strong>and</strong> heroic, <strong>and</strong> yet it was not a bloody one. The loss on both sides <strong>in</strong> killed <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded was nearly equal; that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans, exclusive <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town not bear<strong>in</strong>g arms,<br />
was n<strong>in</strong>ety-two killed, <strong>and</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> forty-eight wounded. The British lost seventy-six killed, <strong>and</strong> one<br />
hundred <strong>and</strong> eighty n<strong>in</strong>e wounded. The number <strong>of</strong> prisoners, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, was between<br />
five <strong>and</strong> six thous<strong>and</strong>. About four hundred cannons were a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> spoils <strong>of</strong> victory. Thirty houses were<br />
destroyed dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege…[Loss<strong>in</strong>g’s footnote:] The terms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> capitulation were partly honorable <strong>and</strong> partly<br />
humiliat<strong>in</strong>g. The town, fortifications <strong>and</strong> shipp<strong>in</strong>g, artillery <strong>and</strong> stores, were to be given up; <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
troops <strong>and</strong> sailors were to be conducted to some place to be agreed upon, <strong>the</strong>re to rema<strong>in</strong> prisoners <strong>of</strong> war until<br />
exchanged; <strong>the</strong> militia to be permitted to return home, as prisoners <strong>of</strong> war, on parole, <strong>and</strong> to be secured from<br />
molestation as long as <strong>the</strong>y did not violate <strong>the</strong>se paroles; <strong>the</strong> arms <strong>and</strong> baggage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir servants<br />
were to be reta<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>the</strong> garrison were to march out, <strong>and</strong> lay down <strong>the</strong>ir arms between <strong>the</strong> works <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> canal, <strong>the</strong> drums not to beat a British march, nor <strong>the</strong> colors to be uncased; <strong>the</strong> French consul, <strong>and</strong> French<br />
<strong>and</strong> Spanish residents should be unmolested, but considered prisoners <strong>of</strong> war; <strong>and</strong> that a vessel should convey a<br />
messenger to New York, that he might carry dispatches to General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton.” 745<br />
* Some Remarks on <strong>the</strong> Charlestown Prisoners<br />
Respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fate <strong>of</strong> many <strong>of</strong> soldiers <strong>and</strong> sailors taken at Charlestown, Loss<strong>in</strong>g states: “But <strong>the</strong> camp <strong>and</strong><br />
typhoid fevers, <strong>and</strong> dysentery, swept <strong>of</strong>f hundreds before <strong>the</strong> cruel h<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> oppressor rel<strong>in</strong>quished its grasp.<br />
Maddened by torture, <strong>and</strong> almost heart-broken on account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> suffer<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir families, more than five<br />
hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiers who capitulated at Charleston agreed to enroll <strong>the</strong>mselves as royal militia, as <strong>the</strong> least<br />
<strong>of</strong> two present evils, <strong>and</strong> were sent to do service <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army <strong>in</strong> Jamaica. Of n<strong>in</strong>eteen hundred prisoners<br />
surrendered at Charleston, <strong>and</strong> several hundreds more taken at Camden <strong>and</strong> Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek, only seven hundred<br />
<strong>and</strong> forty were restored to <strong>the</strong> service <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir country.” 746<br />
Of 2,700 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals who surrendered only 1,400 rema<strong>in</strong>ed available for exchange at beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781. By<br />
November, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g those taken later at Camden, were put on board prison ships 747 <strong>in</strong><br />
Charlestown’s harbor <strong>in</strong> order to free up troops (specifically <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regt.) who had been guard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m. The<br />
subsequent mortality on board <strong>the</strong> ships was, accord<strong>in</strong>g to one British observer, “truly shock<strong>in</strong>g.” General<br />
Moultrie, himself a prisoner, acted as <strong>the</strong>ir leader <strong>and</strong> representative <strong>and</strong> doggedly did what he could to present<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir grievances to <strong>the</strong> British. Balfour, <strong>the</strong> subsequent <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, usually turned a deaf ear to<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>and</strong> petitions. Yet <strong>in</strong> fairness it needs be po<strong>in</strong>ted out that Cornwallis lacked adequate medical<br />
supplies <strong>and</strong> staff even for his own men. 373 to 500 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebel prisoners were <strong>in</strong>duced to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Duke <strong>of</strong><br />
Cumberl<strong>and</strong>’s regiment <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> West Indies; though it was attested by some witnesses on formal oath taken <strong>in</strong><br />
August 1781 (<strong>and</strong> conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Papers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Congress) that many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se men were coerced<br />
<strong>in</strong>to jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g. On 8 May 1781, a general exchange was negotiated <strong>and</strong> many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners were shipped to<br />
Jamestown, VA. where <strong>the</strong>y arrived on 22 June; subsequently serv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Lafayette’s or Greene’s army (see<br />
SNC pp. 43-44.) The British, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir defense, argued that <strong>the</strong>y were will<strong>in</strong>g to exchange more <strong>and</strong> sooner but<br />
that Congress cynically left <strong>the</strong> prisoners to <strong>the</strong>ir fate because <strong>the</strong>y would have been less use to <strong>the</strong> American<br />
743 TCS pp. 55-56, 65-67.<br />
744 DSC.<br />
745 LFB2 pp. 561, 561n.<br />
746 LFB2 p. 562.<br />
747 Those not placed on <strong>the</strong> ships were held at Haddrell’s Po<strong>in</strong>t.<br />
155
cause (many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir enlistments hav<strong>in</strong>g expired) than if exchanged for British prisoners, which <strong>the</strong> British could<br />
have more readily re-employed. 748<br />
McCrady: “Upwards <strong>of</strong> 800 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se prisoners, nearly one-third <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole, exhausted by a variety <strong>of</strong> suffer<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
expired <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> short space <strong>of</strong> thirteen months captivity. When <strong>the</strong> general exchange took place <strong>in</strong> June, 1781,<br />
out <strong>of</strong> 1900, 1 <strong>the</strong>re were only 740 restored to <strong>the</strong> service <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir country.” 749<br />
Cornwallis, at “Wynnesborough” 3 December 1780, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “In regard to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>t conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 6 th [November] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> removal <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> [lead<strong>in</strong>g whig] citizens from Charlestown to St.<br />
August<strong>in</strong>e, I have only to say that <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>solence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir behavior, <strong>the</strong> threats with which <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most dar<strong>in</strong>g<br />
manner endeavored to <strong>in</strong>timidate our friends, <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>famous falsehoods which <strong>the</strong>y propagated through <strong>the</strong> town<br />
<strong>and</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> correspondence which <strong>the</strong>y constantly kept up with <strong>the</strong> enemy, rendered it <strong>in</strong>dispensably<br />
necessary that <strong>the</strong>y should ei<strong>the</strong>r be closely conf<strong>in</strong>ed or sent out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce.” 750<br />
Extract <strong>of</strong> 12 Dec. 1855 Deposition <strong>of</strong> John Lane concern<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> death <strong>of</strong> John Davis, from M<strong>in</strong>utes <strong>of</strong> Craven<br />
County, N.C. Court:<br />
“John T. Lane appears <strong>in</strong> open Court, <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g sworn upon <strong>the</strong> Holy Evangelist <strong>of</strong> Almighty God, deposes <strong>and</strong><br />
says that he heard Thomas A. Green, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> County <strong>of</strong> Craven say, that he, <strong>the</strong> said Green, <strong>and</strong> John Davis <strong>of</strong><br />
said County were taken prisoners <strong>of</strong> war toge<strong>the</strong>r dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Revolution, <strong>and</strong> imprisoned toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> Charleston<br />
(1780), <strong>and</strong> that he, <strong>the</strong> said Green, was separated from <strong>the</strong> said Davis, <strong>and</strong> that he never saw <strong>the</strong> said Davis<br />
after <strong>the</strong> said separation, <strong>and</strong> did not know what became <strong>of</strong> him, except from general rumor, <strong>and</strong> that rumor<br />
was that he was whipped to death <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Navy. Deponent fur<strong>the</strong>r states that he has frequently heard<br />
Thomas Davis say that his bro<strong>the</strong>r, John Davis, was whipped to death on a British Man <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong>. Deponent fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
states that he heard Capta<strong>in</strong> Richard Carter say that he was a prisoner <strong>of</strong> war dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Revolution, <strong>and</strong> was<br />
imprisoned on board a British Man <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong> with one John Davis; that <strong>the</strong> Master <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ship tried to make <strong>the</strong><br />
American prisoners do duty on board ship, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> said John Davis, who was an American, peremptorily<br />
refused; whereupon <strong>the</strong> said Davis was severely whipped, that <strong>the</strong> whipp<strong>in</strong>g was stopped <strong>and</strong> he was told that if<br />
he would draw a bucket <strong>of</strong> water from <strong>the</strong> ship’s side <strong>the</strong> punishment should cease; that he refused to do it, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> whipp<strong>in</strong>g was <strong>com</strong>menced <strong>of</strong>ten, <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued until his bowels were whipped out, <strong>and</strong> he died; that he, <strong>the</strong><br />
said Carter, was an eye-witness to <strong>the</strong> whole. Deponent fur<strong>the</strong>r says that <strong>the</strong> said Green <strong>and</strong> Carter died many<br />
years ago; that <strong>the</strong>y were men <strong>of</strong> truth, <strong>and</strong> that he believes that <strong>the</strong>ir statements were true, <strong>and</strong> that he has<br />
no <strong>in</strong>terest whatever <strong>in</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g this deposition.” 751<br />
12-13 May. After receiv<strong>in</strong>g word <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, Brig. Gen. William Caswell on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong><br />
Lenud’s Ferry, with 400 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia plus some South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians -- perhaps some 700 <strong>in</strong> all (accord<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to McCrady) -- withdrew towards Camden. Not long before this, a corps <strong>of</strong> about 400 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, 2<br />
cannon, <strong>and</strong> some 28 wagons carry<strong>in</strong>g ammunition <strong>and</strong> supplies orig<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>in</strong>tended for <strong>the</strong> relief <strong>of</strong> Charlestown,<br />
under Col. Abraham Buford had jo<strong>in</strong>ed Caswell at Lenud’s. Buford, very slightly augmented with men from<br />
White’s <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s decimated <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s (see 6 May), retreated as well to Camden, tak<strong>in</strong>g with him<br />
Governor John Rutledge <strong>and</strong> his legislative council. Both Caswell <strong>and</strong> Buford separated on arriv<strong>in</strong>g at Camden:<br />
Caswell <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia cont<strong>in</strong>ued to Cross Creek; while Buford’s column headed, via Rugeley’s<br />
Mills (modern Stateburg, S.C.), <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Salisbury. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to James, at some po<strong>in</strong>t Brig. Gen. Isaac<br />
Huger took <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Buford’s detachment. Then a day or two before Waxhaws on <strong>the</strong> 29 th , he rel<strong>in</strong>quished it<br />
to Buford, tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> his charge <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>the</strong> task <strong>of</strong> personally escort<strong>in</strong>g Governor Rutledge <strong>and</strong> his council<br />
members to safety. 752<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> Isham Bobbet <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong>ren County, N.C.: “[Bobbet] entered <strong>the</strong> service <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States<br />
as a volunteer <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> county <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong>ren, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, about <strong>the</strong> first <strong>of</strong> February 1780. That he was mustered<br />
<strong>in</strong>to service at that time under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Christmus [sic, believed to be Richard Christmas] <strong>and</strong><br />
marched to Halifax where we were met by Colonel Allen, who took <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment. He marched<br />
us to Tarborough <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>nce to Cross Creek <strong>and</strong> Camden, <strong>the</strong>nce to Nelson[’]s Ferry near Monks Corner, thirty<br />
miles from Charlestown. In a few days <strong>the</strong> Brittish [sic] troops took Charlestown <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n we were marched back<br />
to Camden <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany with Colonel Bluford [Buford], at which place we parted from him. We marched under<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> General Caswell to Fayettesville [Cross Creek] <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued stationed <strong>the</strong>re until <strong>the</strong> last <strong>of</strong><br />
June, at which time we were discharged.”<br />
Pension declaration <strong>of</strong> David Cockerham <strong>of</strong> Surry County, N.C.: “David Cockerham entered service for three<br />
months <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> year when Charlestown, SC, was taken. He was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> Capt. James<br />
Freeman <strong>of</strong> Surry County. David was a substitute for his uncle William Cockerham <strong>of</strong> Surry County. The <strong>com</strong>pany<br />
marched to Richmond where <strong>the</strong>y rema<strong>in</strong>ed some weeks <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n marched to Salisbury <strong>in</strong> Rowan County, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>n marched to Camden, SC, <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong>re to [Nelson’s or Wilson’s] Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Santee River, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n down<br />
this side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> River for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> aid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> Charlestown which was <strong>the</strong>n beseiged [sic] by<br />
748 CNC14 pp. 816-818, CNC17 pp. 1044-1046, SCP1 pp. 373-376, SCP2 pp. 16, 70-71, ATR82a pp. 288-291, RSC2 pp. 161-169, 286-<br />
301, 458-459, 526-543, MMS2 pp. 118-146, RCC pp. 79-80, GAR1 pp. 159-167, GAR2 pp. 227-230, GHA3 pp. 452-454, GHA4 pp.<br />
139-143, JLG1 pp. 276-282, SNC pp. 43-44, MSC2 pp. 344-381, WCO p. 146, CLS pp. 480-483, LSL p. 203, BSC p. 223, <strong>and</strong> Carl P.<br />
Borick’s Relieve Us <strong>of</strong> This Burden : American Prisoners <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> South, 1780-1782 (2012). See also 17 May<br />
1781.<br />
749 MSC2 p. 350.<br />
750 RCC p. 72, SCP3 p. 27, given <strong>in</strong> Saberton as 4 Dec.<br />
751 Craven County, December Term, 1855, Book 13, pp. 524-525, <strong>and</strong> as also found <strong>in</strong> CNC15 pp. 377-378.<br />
752 TCS p. 27, JLG1 p. 286, JFM p. 15, MSC1 p. 517, RNC p. 237.<br />
156
<strong>the</strong> British. At Camden Capt. Freeman jo<strong>in</strong>ed Gen. [William] Caswell from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a with a considerable<br />
body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia also march<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> relief <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. When <strong>the</strong>y had gone down <strong>the</strong><br />
River toward Charlestown <strong>and</strong> were so near it as to hear <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cannon, Gen. [William] Caswell was<br />
told by some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American soldiers who had escaped from <strong>the</strong> siege that Charlestown had fallen. Gen.<br />
Caswell <strong>the</strong>n ordered <strong>the</strong> troops under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> to march back to Camden <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong>re to Fayetteville<br />
[Cross Creek], NC, <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong>re to a place called Dobson[’]s Crossroads <strong>in</strong> Surry County (but now Stokes<br />
County), where David was discharged.”<br />
15 May. A major ammunition magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> Charlestown exploded, burn<strong>in</strong>g several <strong>of</strong> houses <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> city <strong>and</strong> kill<strong>in</strong>g<br />
at least 33 British soldiers, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 15 artillerymen -– more than had been lost dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> entire siege; <strong>and</strong> not<br />
count<strong>in</strong>g several civilians as well who were killed or <strong>in</strong>jured. In addition, 2,000 to 3,000 muskets were destroyed<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> blast. Add to this <strong>the</strong> 4,000 muskets lost when <strong>the</strong> Russia Merchant foundered upon Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s expedition<br />
first <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g south, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> result was a material shortage <strong>of</strong> weapons with which to arm <strong>the</strong> royal militia. 753<br />
Allaire: “Monday, 15 th . Magaz<strong>in</strong>e blew up -- set <strong>the</strong> town on fire -- burnt several houses. Capt. Coll<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Lieut.<br />
Gordon, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery, Lieut. M’Leod <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Forty-second regiment, <strong>and</strong> about thirty privates, perished by <strong>the</strong><br />
explosion. In what way <strong>the</strong> accident happened is not certa<strong>in</strong>; ’tis supposed by throw<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> captured arms <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>the</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>e, one went <strong>of</strong>f, <strong>and</strong> set fire to <strong>the</strong> powder.”<br />
Ewald: “Suddenly, <strong>the</strong> idea struck me to ask him not to enter <strong>the</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>e until I returned, <strong>and</strong> I asked him to<br />
go to <strong>the</strong> c<strong>of</strong>feehouse, where he should wait for me. We parted. W<strong>in</strong>tz<strong>in</strong>gerode went to <strong>the</strong> c<strong>of</strong>feehouse <strong>and</strong> I to<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> Biesenrodt’s quarters, which lay about seven to eight hundred paces away from <strong>the</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>e. I had<br />
hardly entered <strong>the</strong> house, when such an extraord<strong>in</strong>ary blast occurred that <strong>the</strong> house shook. I ran out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
house, saw a thick cloud <strong>of</strong> vapor a short distance away, <strong>and</strong> rushed <strong>the</strong>re. The most dreadful cries arose from<br />
all sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city. I saw that <strong>the</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>to which I <strong>in</strong>tended to go some eight or ten m<strong>in</strong>utes earlier, had<br />
blown up with all <strong>the</strong> people who worked <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> around it, along with several adjacent houses. The view was<br />
horrible. Never <strong>in</strong> my life as long as I have been a soldier, have I witnessed a more deplorable sight. We found<br />
some sixty people who were burnt beyond recognition, half dead <strong>and</strong> writh<strong>in</strong>g like worms, ly<strong>in</strong>g scattered<br />
around <strong>the</strong> holocaust at a distance <strong>of</strong> twenty, thirty, to forty paces, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> confusion one could not help<br />
<strong>the</strong>m. We saw a number <strong>of</strong> mutilated bodies hang<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> far<strong>the</strong>st houses <strong>and</strong> ly<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> streets. Nearby <strong>and</strong><br />
at a distance, we found <strong>the</strong> limbs <strong>of</strong> burnt people. Many <strong>of</strong> those who hurried to <strong>the</strong> scene were killed or<br />
wounded by gunshots which came from <strong>the</strong> loaded muskets <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> cellars.<br />
“Toward even<strong>in</strong>g we discovered that about three hundred people had lost <strong>the</strong>ir lives, among whom were <strong>the</strong><br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g: Capta<strong>in</strong> Coll<strong>in</strong>s (who had been rescued twice at sea with his eighty-three artillerymen, only to be<br />
burnt to death), an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery, Lieutenant McLeod <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 42d Scottish Regiment, seventeen English<br />
<strong>and</strong> two Hessian artillery-men, <strong>and</strong> one Hessian grenadier who stood at <strong>the</strong> guard entrance.<br />
The entire disaster had occurred through carelessness. In <strong>the</strong> cellars <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> muskets were stored <strong>the</strong>re was<br />
a quantity <strong>of</strong> powder, <strong>and</strong>, as one might assume, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> muskets had discharged while be<strong>in</strong>g h<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong><br />
cellar <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> shot struck a powder keg. The catastrophe could have been greater, s<strong>in</strong>ce a very large powder<br />
magaz<strong>in</strong>e was situated only two hundred paces away.<br />
“From this <strong>in</strong>cident I realized once more that if one still lives, it is dest<strong>in</strong>ed that he shall live. One should do as<br />
much good as possible, trust firmly <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> H<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> God, <strong>and</strong> go his way untroubled. Here I recalled <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
French verse:<br />
“Miserable toy <strong>of</strong> bl<strong>in</strong>d fortune,<br />
Victim <strong>of</strong> wrongs <strong>and</strong> laws,<br />
Man, you who through a thous<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>justices<br />
Must f<strong>in</strong>d life troublesome,<br />
From whence <strong>com</strong>es only death, you fear all its power.<br />
Coward, face it without fl<strong>in</strong>ch<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Th<strong>in</strong>k, that if it is an outrage,<br />
It is <strong>the</strong> last you will receive.” 754<br />
16 May. Allaire. “Tuesday, 16 th . The American Volunteers relieved <strong>the</strong> Navy, <strong>and</strong> took <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Fort<br />
Moultrie.”<br />
17 May. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton sent Cornwallis, located at St. Thomas’ Parish north <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, to take Camden. 755<br />
Arbuthnot meanwhile, fear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> possible approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French fleet under Admiral Charles Louis d’Arsac,<br />
Chevalier de Ternay (see 2 May), was eager to depart with his ships from Charlestown as soon as possible. 756<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>in</strong> Charlestown, wrote to Cornwallis on this date: “Your lordship has already with you (<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field) two<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> five hundred <strong>and</strong> forty-two rank <strong>and</strong> file; but if you have <strong>the</strong> least reason to suppose <strong>the</strong> enemy likely<br />
to be <strong>in</strong> great number, you shall be re<strong>in</strong>forced with <strong>the</strong> 42d, <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> any o<strong>the</strong>r corps you chuse<br />
[sic]. As your move is important, it must not be st<strong>in</strong>ted. I will give you all you wish <strong>of</strong> every sort. Let me know<br />
what it is as soon as possible. In <strong>the</strong> mean time, I shall order <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 42d regiment to prepare;<br />
depend<strong>in</strong>g upon it, that as soon as you can spare <strong>the</strong>m, you will return <strong>the</strong>m to me for all operations to <strong>the</strong><br />
753 USC pp. 297-299, LSL p. 121, EHJ pp. 239-240, RSC2 pp. 62-63, MMS2 pp. 108-111, CSS pp. 1109-1110, MSC1 pp. 505-506.<br />
754 Ewald’s entry is for 18 May. EHJ pp. 239-240.<br />
755 DKM p. 68.<br />
756 LFB2 p. 561.<br />
157
northward must be cramped without <strong>the</strong>m. If you chuse [sic] to keep <strong>the</strong> 17 th dragoons, you are heartily<br />
wel<strong>com</strong>e to <strong>the</strong>m dur<strong>in</strong>g this move.” Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> his reply <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18 th said <strong>the</strong> 42 nd Regt., <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry,<br />
would not be needed, <strong>and</strong> decl<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> extra temporary support. However, he reta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> 17 th dragoons which<br />
he already had with him. These did never<strong>the</strong>less end up go<strong>in</strong>g back to New York with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton only to return aga<strong>in</strong><br />
south with Leslie’s expedition later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> year. 757<br />
Cornwallis to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, written from “Camp at Manigolds,” 18 May: “It would be with great regret that I should<br />
see you leave beh<strong>in</strong>d any part <strong>of</strong> that corps dest<strong>in</strong>ed for your first embarkation. The garrison, <strong>the</strong>n, <strong>of</strong> Charlestown<br />
<strong>and</strong> Sullivan’s isl<strong>and</strong>, will consist <strong>of</strong> three British regiments, -- two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m very weak, -- <strong>and</strong> two Hessian,<br />
<strong>and</strong> one weak Prov<strong>in</strong>cial, <strong>the</strong> latter <strong>of</strong> which, perhaps, will be sent to Fort Moultrie. This garrison will have <strong>the</strong><br />
charge <strong>of</strong> two thous<strong>and</strong> five hundred prisoners. The corps at present under my <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> is, <strong>in</strong> my op<strong>in</strong>ion, fully<br />
equal to <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>in</strong>tended by it, unless some considerable re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals should <strong>com</strong>e from<br />
<strong>the</strong> Northward. I have not yet heard that fact ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed, by any <strong>in</strong>telligence which has <strong>com</strong>e to my<br />
knowledge.” 758<br />
18 May. Cornwallis left his ground near Huger’s Bridge <strong>in</strong> Christ Church parish on <strong>the</strong> 18 th <strong>and</strong> directed his march<br />
to Lenud’s Ferry with 5 pieces <strong>of</strong> cannon <strong>and</strong> upwards <strong>of</strong> 2,500 men (2,542 rank <strong>and</strong> file.) Boats were collected<br />
with difficulty as <strong>the</strong> Americans had concealed or destroyed all with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir reach; some Blacks slaves, however,<br />
helped remedy this situation for <strong>the</strong> British. While Cornwallis was engaged with cross<strong>in</strong>g with his ma<strong>in</strong> force,<br />
Tarleton “received <strong>in</strong>structions to march to George Town, <strong>in</strong> order to chase away or take prisoners, all <strong>the</strong><br />
violent enemies to <strong>the</strong> British government, <strong>and</strong> to receive <strong>the</strong> allegiance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> well-affected. This service was<br />
performed without any opposition, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> passage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r troops.” 759<br />
Mid to Late May. [raids] Augusta (Richmond County, GA.) Lieut. Col. Thomas Brown <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. James<br />
Grierson, with <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers, <strong>and</strong> some Georgia <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a loyalists under Daniel <strong>and</strong> James McGirtt<br />
left from Savannah to occupy Augusta. 760<br />
Before arriv<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g took place as described by McCrady: “Shortly after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston, <strong>and</strong><br />
before Colonel Browne had reached Augusta with his detachment, a party <strong>of</strong> Loyalists under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> Holl<strong>in</strong>gsworth was sent by McGirth, who was now <strong>com</strong>missioned as a Colonel <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> royal service <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong><br />
neighborhood <strong>of</strong> a Capta<strong>in</strong> McKoy [Rannal McKay] <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, whose activity rendered him peculiarly<br />
obnoxious to <strong>the</strong> British. The arty murdered seventeen men on <strong>the</strong>ir farms <strong>in</strong> one or two days. The country<br />
exhibited a scene <strong>of</strong> ru<strong>in</strong>. All <strong>the</strong> movable property was plundered, <strong>and</strong> every house was burned. A flourish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
country <strong>of</strong> thirty miles <strong>in</strong> length <strong>and</strong> ten <strong>in</strong> breadth was desolated. Disappo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir expectations <strong>of</strong> gett<strong>in</strong>g<br />
possession <strong>of</strong> McKoy’s person, <strong>the</strong>y tortured his wife to exhort from her a knowledge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> place <strong>of</strong> his<br />
concealment. The mode <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>flict<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> torture was by tak<strong>in</strong>g a fl<strong>in</strong>t out <strong>of</strong> a musket <strong>and</strong> putt<strong>in</strong>g her thumb <strong>in</strong><br />
its place. Thus improvis<strong>in</strong>g a most effective thumbscrew, <strong>the</strong> screw was applied until <strong>the</strong> thumb was ready to<br />
burst. While under this newly <strong>in</strong>vented species <strong>of</strong> torture, <strong>in</strong> addition to <strong>the</strong> questions put to her respect<strong>in</strong>g her<br />
husb<strong>and</strong>, she was required to disclose <strong>the</strong> secret deposit <strong>of</strong> her most valuable property, which <strong>the</strong>y alleged had<br />
been removed <strong>and</strong> hidden <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods. McKoy was afterward charged with cruelty toward <strong>the</strong> enemy by his own<br />
countrymen who were engaged <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same cause, but it is scarcely to be wondered at that he should have<br />
sought revenge for such barbarous treatment <strong>of</strong> his wife. Such atrocities upon <strong>the</strong> one side <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r did but<br />
provoke to o<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten to greater.” 761<br />
At this same time, or else shortly after (this latter appears more likely), Lieut. Col. John Harris Cruger with his<br />
1 st Battalion Delancey, <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New Jersey Volunteers, under Lieut. Col. Isaac Allen, a<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 16 th Regt., 762 <strong>and</strong> 3 <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry were also marched from Savannah to<br />
Augusta. 763 From that po<strong>in</strong>t on <strong>the</strong>re rema<strong>in</strong>ed only about 600 regulars <strong>in</strong> Savannah, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> city did not receive<br />
any new regular units until <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment was ordered <strong>the</strong>re by Rawdon <strong>in</strong> very late May 1781.<br />
Some two thirds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison were Prov<strong>in</strong>cials or loyalist militia, <strong>and</strong> approximately two n<strong>in</strong>ths were Hessians.<br />
Less than one n<strong>in</strong>th were British regulars. Although from Augusta to <strong>the</strong> east most <strong>of</strong> Georgia was conquered,<br />
rebel resistance cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> backcountry, aga<strong>in</strong>st both British <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Indian allies, under whig leaders<br />
Elijah Clark, John Twiggs, Benjam<strong>in</strong> Few, 764 William Few, 765 <strong>and</strong> James Jackson. Noted rebel, Col. John Dooly,<br />
who had actively fought <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> 1779, would have been one among <strong>the</strong>ir number but was murdered by<br />
some loyalists <strong>in</strong> August 1780. The whigs numbered some 800 to 900; <strong>the</strong> vast majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m from Wilkes<br />
County <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper part <strong>of</strong> Richmond County. As part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir efforts, <strong>the</strong>se partisans built small forts on <strong>the</strong><br />
frontier to protect aga<strong>in</strong>st possible attacks. Historian Kenneth Coleman writes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m: “The Whig militia [<strong>of</strong><br />
757 TCS pp. 76-77, 97. See also SCP1 p. 43.<br />
758 In fairness to Cornwallis, while it might seem he was be<strong>in</strong>g overly optimistic <strong>in</strong> his prospects, it is underst<strong>and</strong>able he could<br />
have little idea <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> effects fevers <strong>and</strong> illness would have on his army; not to mention <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> resistance he would end up<br />
encounter<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> rebel militia. And yet <strong>the</strong> caveat, “unless some considerable re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals should <strong>com</strong>e<br />
from <strong>the</strong> Northward,” makes pla<strong>in</strong> that <strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden <strong>in</strong> August his army would have been seen <strong>the</strong>n as<br />
<strong>in</strong>adequate <strong>in</strong> size. COC pp. 2-3, SCP1 p. 43.<br />
759 TCS pp. 26-27, MSC1 p. 516, BGD p. 78.<br />
760 MMS2 pp. 284-285, MHG p. 307, MSC1 pp. 610-611.<br />
761 MMS2 pp. 284-285, MHG p. 307, MSC1 pp. 610-611.<br />
762 No later than <strong>the</strong> first months <strong>of</strong> 1781 a detachment from it was sent from Savannah (by sea) to re<strong>in</strong>force <strong>the</strong> British garrison<br />
at Pensacola <strong>in</strong> West Florida. The three <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry were with Tarleton at Cowpens. A third base unit was kept <strong>in</strong><br />
Savannah. BEA p. 854.<br />
763 SCP1 p. 256.<br />
764 In <strong>the</strong> first quarters <strong>of</strong> 1781, Few served as a delegate to Congress from Georgia.<br />
765 For a sketch <strong>of</strong> William Few, see WHG pp. 409-412 <strong>and</strong> Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> American History, Nov. 1881, vol. VII, no. 5, pp. 340-358.<br />
158
Georgia] must have had a remarkable <strong>in</strong>telligence system, for its leaders always seemed to know when a b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Tories was nearby <strong>and</strong> how large it was. The militiamen assembled if <strong>the</strong>re was any chance <strong>of</strong> success, attacked<br />
<strong>the</strong> Tories, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n dispersed to <strong>the</strong>ir homes to be<strong>com</strong>e ord<strong>in</strong>ary frontiersmen until <strong>the</strong>re was ano<strong>the</strong>r chance<br />
to strike at <strong>the</strong> Tories. Sometimes <strong>the</strong>y returned from an expedition to f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>ir homes burned, <strong>the</strong>ir families<br />
murdered, or <strong>the</strong>ir crops destroyed; yet <strong>the</strong>y always seemed ready for <strong>the</strong> next action.” 766<br />
Memorial <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col. John H. Cruger: “In June 1780 Lord Cornwallis Comm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn District<br />
ordered your Memorialist with his Battn. <strong>and</strong> three o<strong>the</strong>r Regts. to take post so as to Cover <strong>the</strong> frontiers <strong>of</strong><br />
Georgia <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a which he did with such good effect, as to establish <strong>the</strong> tranquility <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country.”<br />
767<br />
20 May. Lieut. Col. Alured Clarke left Charlestown to take <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> from Prevost <strong>of</strong> Savannah; with him went<br />
<strong>the</strong> regiment von D’Angelelli. 768<br />
20 May. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, at Charlestown, to Cornwallis: “The light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> forty-second regiment march this even<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to Goose-creek, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>nce to Monk’s [Monck’s] corner, where <strong>the</strong>y will rema<strong>in</strong> at your Lordship’s call, <strong>in</strong><br />
read<strong>in</strong>ess ei<strong>the</strong>r to jo<strong>in</strong> you, or to return <strong>and</strong> embark, as shall have be<strong>com</strong>e expedient.” 769<br />
21 May. Cornwallis on <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong> Lenud’s ferry resumed his march toward Nelson’s (aka Nielson’s) Ferry,<br />
ultimately head<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Camden. 770<br />
Cornwallis to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton on this date: “The march <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 42d to Monk’s [Monck’s]-corner will be <strong>of</strong><br />
use to those corps, <strong>and</strong> will help to spread alarm through <strong>the</strong> country; but from what I hear, I do not believe<br />
that <strong>the</strong>re can be any necessity for deta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g any part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first embarkation a moment after <strong>the</strong> ships are<br />
ready for <strong>the</strong>m.” 771<br />
22 May. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>in</strong> cooperation with Arbuthnot, issued <strong>the</strong> first <strong>of</strong> three proclamations. The tenor <strong>of</strong> this first<br />
was ra<strong>the</strong>r mild <strong>com</strong>pared to what would follow. It spoke <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> restoration <strong>of</strong> “civil government,” <strong>and</strong> promised<br />
severe punishment to those who should oppose Royal government or aid <strong>the</strong> Rebels, at <strong>the</strong> same time pr<strong>of</strong>fer<strong>in</strong>g<br />
assurances <strong>of</strong> protection to those loyal to <strong>the</strong> crown. 772<br />
22 May. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton wrote Maj. Patrick Ferguson appo<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g him Inspector <strong>of</strong> Militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Prov<strong>in</strong>ces, by<br />
which authority Ferguson was to raise <strong>and</strong> tra<strong>in</strong> loyalists militia units, <strong>and</strong> to h<strong>and</strong> out m<strong>in</strong>or <strong>of</strong>ficer<br />
<strong>com</strong>missions. Ferguson was given very specific <strong>in</strong>structions as to how <strong>the</strong> loyalists were to be paid, clo<strong>the</strong>d <strong>and</strong><br />
organized: “This Militia you will form <strong>in</strong>to Companies consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>, from 50 to 100 Men each, <strong>and</strong> will when <strong>the</strong><br />
local <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Circumstances will admit <strong>of</strong> it, form Battalions consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>, from 6 to 12 Companies each,<br />
allow<strong>in</strong>g such as cannot conveniently be assembled <strong>in</strong> Battalions, to rema<strong>in</strong> as Independent Companies. Each<br />
Company to be under a Lieutenant chosen by <strong>the</strong> Men, to whom you may add if you f<strong>in</strong>d it necessary, an Ensign<br />
from <strong>the</strong> Non Commissioned Officers <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs who have served <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Army, to assist <strong>in</strong> establish<strong>in</strong>g a certa<strong>in</strong><br />
Degree <strong>of</strong> Order, Regularity <strong>and</strong> Discipl<strong>in</strong>e, which however must be done with great Caution, so as not to disgust<br />
<strong>the</strong> Men, or mortify unnecessarily, <strong>the</strong> Love <strong>of</strong> Freedom…” Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Innes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Royalists <strong>and</strong> Major James Graham were to assist him <strong>in</strong> this. When Ferguson arrived at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six on 22 June, he<br />
was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham <strong>and</strong> Capt. David Fann<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> latter from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a; <strong>the</strong> latter also<br />
participat<strong>in</strong>g for a brief time <strong>in</strong> this program to enlist <strong>and</strong> tra<strong>in</strong> loyalists. After Cornwallis took overall <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, he <strong>com</strong>missioned Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham a Lieutenant Colonel, <strong>and</strong> bestowed on him head leadership <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six district. 773<br />
David Fann<strong>in</strong>g: “After <strong>the</strong> British American troops had taken possession <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, I cont<strong>in</strong>ued scout<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong><br />
Indian l<strong>in</strong>es, until Col. Innis [Innes] forwarded his march up to Musgrovi [Musgrove] Mill on <strong>the</strong> Innoree [Ennoree]<br />
River, I <strong>the</strong>n jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m with a party <strong>of</strong> fourteen men.” 774<br />
24 May. Gov. John Rutledge, to Gov. Abner Nash <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, reported from Camden on this date: “I could<br />
not obta<strong>in</strong> a copy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Articles <strong>of</strong> Capitulation at Charles Town untill yesterday. Inclosed you will receive it.<br />
Last Saturday <strong>the</strong> enemy took post, with a considerable force, at Dupree’s Ferry on Santee River, which <strong>the</strong>y<br />
began to cross that day on <strong>the</strong>ir march to George Town, whi<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y had sent some vessels from Charles Town.<br />
They are certa<strong>in</strong>ly <strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> George Town, which was not defensible. Genl. [William] Caswell, who lay a<br />
little below Lanier’s Ferry with <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Brigade <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals under Col. Buford, had<br />
luckily retreated this way before <strong>the</strong> enemy got to that ferry, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>reby prevented <strong>the</strong>ir cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f his<br />
retreat, which was probably <strong>the</strong>ir first scheme.<br />
766 TCS p. 87, CGA pp. 132-133, BGC p 51. Memorial <strong>of</strong> Andrew Cumm<strong>in</strong>g, Public <strong>Record</strong> Office (PRO.), Audit Office, Class 13, vol.<br />
126, folios 563-564.<br />
767 Innes with <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists may have been with Cruger also, but he probably <strong>in</strong>stead arrived at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six with<br />
Balfour on 19 June. Dated 9 February, 1784, PRO., Audit Office, Class 12, Volume 20, folios 142-145.<br />
768 USC p. 299.<br />
769 COC p. 5, SCP1 p. 48.<br />
770 TCS p. 27, USC pp. 301-303.<br />
771 COC p. 6, SCP1 p. 50.<br />
772 RSC2 pp. 110-112, 435 (<strong>in</strong>cludes actual text <strong>of</strong> proclamation), TCS pp. 68-70, MSC1 pp. 549-553.<br />
773 Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Ferguson, 22 May 1780, University <strong>of</strong> Michigan, William L. Clements Library, Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton Papers, Volume 100,<br />
item 15, SCP1 p. 48, DKM p. 68-69, 70-72, Cornwallis to Lord George Germa<strong>in</strong>, 20 August 1780.<br />
774 FNA p. 12.<br />
159
“Those troops are now under <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Brigadier Gen. Huger, about 15 miles below this place, <strong>and</strong> will be<br />
here to-day; his future motions will be directed by <strong>the</strong> camp <strong>and</strong> force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. Sorry I am to say, his force<br />
is altoge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>adequate to any <strong>of</strong>fensive operations. The enemy, accord<strong>in</strong>g to advices received last night were,<br />
<strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g before, at Black M<strong>in</strong>go, but whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>tention was to take a circuit by way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock<br />
Road <strong>in</strong> order to get <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> our troops, or to proceed for your state, is as yet uncerta<strong>in</strong>. The next<br />
movement <strong>the</strong>y make will demonstrate which <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se po<strong>in</strong>ts is <strong>the</strong>ir objects. Parties are gone to reconnoitre;<br />
however, I th<strong>in</strong>k it advisable not to wait <strong>the</strong>ir return, but to give you <strong>the</strong> forego<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>and</strong> what follows<br />
as early as possible, especially as I have charged <strong>the</strong> bearer to collect what <strong>in</strong>telligence he can as he proceeds,<br />
<strong>and</strong> to <strong>com</strong>municate it to you<br />
“We have no certa<strong>in</strong> account what <strong>the</strong> force above mentioned is, or by whom <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed, but it is said to be<br />
considerable, <strong>and</strong> under Lord Cornwallis. It is evident that <strong>the</strong> conquest <strong>of</strong> North as well as South Carol<strong>in</strong>a is <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy’s plan. The time for which <strong>the</strong>y endeavour to enlist men is until] those countries can be conquered, <strong>and</strong> a<br />
junction with <strong>the</strong>m at Cross Creek will probably be attempted with <strong>the</strong> body above mentioned, who have with<br />
<strong>the</strong>m a large Highl<strong>and</strong> regiment. I have good reason to believe that <strong>the</strong>y will send vessels (some perhaps with<br />
troops) to possess your rivers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> towns on <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> it is probable that <strong>the</strong>y will establish at Brunswick<br />
<strong>and</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton magaz<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> provisions. They may send hi<strong>the</strong>r great quantities <strong>of</strong> rice from <strong>the</strong> lower part <strong>of</strong><br />
our State. They can hardly expect, I apprehend, to penetrate far <strong>in</strong>to your back country unless <strong>the</strong>y depend<br />
more than I hope <strong>the</strong>y can with good grounds on <strong>the</strong> disaffection <strong>of</strong> your people, but I presume <strong>the</strong>y will extend<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir camp along, <strong>and</strong> at some distance from <strong>the</strong> sea.<br />
“I hope, <strong>in</strong>deed, that <strong>the</strong>ir progress will be soon checked, tho’ <strong>the</strong>ir numbers are really great; but surely Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
will now be roused, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> forces <strong>of</strong> your State, <strong>in</strong> conjunction with <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ians <strong>and</strong> (supported, as I hope<br />
you will be, powerfully by Congress) will make <strong>the</strong> enemy repent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir audacity <strong>in</strong> attempt<strong>in</strong>g a conquest your<br />
way. Can’t account for <strong>the</strong> backwardness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops ordered hi<strong>the</strong>r by Congress <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> for our want<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m. I still hope, however, that a <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> forces <strong>and</strong> better fortune than our<br />
late experience will soon oblige <strong>the</strong> enemy to head back <strong>the</strong>ir steps, <strong>and</strong> that, altho’ <strong>the</strong>re is no hope <strong>of</strong><br />
rega<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Charles Town except by treaty, <strong>the</strong> country will be preserved, <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> even Georgia,<br />
be reta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Union; for surely our brethren <strong>and</strong> allies will never give up <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dependence <strong>of</strong> ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong><br />
those States or suffer such valuable territories to be lopped <strong>of</strong>f.<br />
“I request <strong>the</strong> favour <strong>of</strong> you to forward <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>closed per express immediately to <strong>the</strong> governor <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia [Thomas<br />
Jefferson]. Whe<strong>the</strong>r attempts will be made by <strong>the</strong> enemy on our back country (except by Tories <strong>and</strong> Indians) is<br />
still uncerta<strong>in</strong>. If <strong>the</strong>y send up a regular force, I am conv<strong>in</strong>ced <strong>the</strong>y will be jo<strong>in</strong>ed by numbers, <strong>and</strong> many will fall<br />
a sacrifice to <strong>the</strong> resentment <strong>of</strong> our domestic or <strong>in</strong>ternal enemies. But if regular troops are not sent up, I th<strong>in</strong>k<br />
our people will manage <strong>the</strong> disaffected <strong>and</strong> keep <strong>the</strong>m from do<strong>in</strong>g any considerable mischief. However, I expect<br />
no o<strong>the</strong>r service from <strong>the</strong> militia; <strong>the</strong>y are so apprehensive <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir families be<strong>in</strong>g killed (<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir properties<br />
destroyed) by <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>and</strong> Indians, who daily threaten hostilities while <strong>the</strong>y are absent from <strong>the</strong>ir districts,<br />
that I believe it will be impracticable to keep any number worth mention<strong>in</strong>g on duty when <strong>the</strong> army are at any<br />
distance from <strong>the</strong>ir homes. If I can get <strong>the</strong>m to embody <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own districts <strong>and</strong> keep <strong>the</strong> country quiet, it is<br />
really as much as I expect <strong>the</strong>y will do at present <strong>and</strong> until troops arrive from <strong>the</strong> northward, but even this<br />
depends on <strong>the</strong> enemy’s not send<strong>in</strong>g up regular forces to take post <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> back parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State; for if <strong>the</strong>y do<br />
<strong>the</strong> disaffected will certa<strong>in</strong>ly flock to <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> those who are not disaffected will ei<strong>the</strong>r abscond if <strong>the</strong>y can or,<br />
which is more probable, be taken prisoners without arms, <strong>in</strong> which case <strong>the</strong>y will expect to be treated as o<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
are who have been taken under similar circumstances, <strong>in</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g dismissed on <strong>the</strong>ir parole, a piece <strong>of</strong> policy which<br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy have adopted with respect to our militia for obvious reasons.<br />
“This is a melancholy but a faithful representation <strong>of</strong> our affairs at this period. However, we must not despair. I<br />
still hope for great <strong>and</strong> speedy success from our brethren to animate <strong>and</strong> support our people <strong>and</strong> for a reverse <strong>of</strong><br />
our late bad fortune, but immediate <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> greatest exertions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>rn States are <strong>in</strong>dispensable to<br />
prevent <strong>the</strong> desolation <strong>and</strong> ru<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> this State <strong>and</strong> Georgia, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g (what <strong>the</strong>y flatter<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves with secur<strong>in</strong>g shortly) <strong>the</strong> three sou<strong>the</strong>rnmost States, too valuable a prize ever to be given up by<br />
<strong>the</strong>m.” 775<br />
24 May. Gov. John Rutledge, at Camden, to <strong>the</strong> Delegates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a assembly: “P.S. Private. Be<br />
pleased to send, to me, as soon as possible a Copy <strong>of</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln[’]s Letter, to Congress, respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Capitulation<br />
-- I want to know why, after <strong>the</strong> last reenforcem’t. arrived (<strong>of</strong> 2500 men) he did not evacuate <strong>the</strong> Town & save<br />
his Troops, which I th<strong>in</strong>k he might Easily have done, with all his Artillery, & Stores, by cross<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Frigates,<br />
& o<strong>the</strong>r Vessells, over to Lempriere’s, & <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g thro’ Christ Church Parish, before <strong>the</strong> Communication was cut<br />
<strong>of</strong>f, which wd. have preserved <strong>the</strong> Country, or at least, <strong>the</strong> Army, & probably frustrated <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s plan <strong>of</strong><br />
Conquer<strong>in</strong>g this State, much less <strong>of</strong> go<strong>in</strong>g to No. Carol<strong>in</strong>a -- & why, even at <strong>the</strong> last, & when Cornwallis was<br />
posted near Wappetaw, wth. 2500 Men, L<strong>in</strong>coln did not end’r. to make good his way, wth. all his Troops, (which<br />
he might have done, tho’. with some Loss) ra<strong>the</strong>r than agree to so <strong>in</strong>famous a Capitulation, for <strong>the</strong> Garrison are<br />
<strong>in</strong> my Op<strong>in</strong>ion, <strong>in</strong> Effect, prisoners at Discretion -- These th<strong>in</strong>gs appear mysterious to me, but, I will suspend a<br />
f<strong>in</strong>al Judgm[en]t.,on <strong>the</strong>m, till I hear what he says on <strong>the</strong> Matter. It is currently reported, & believed, here, that<br />
G. Brita<strong>in</strong> will <strong>of</strong>fer America, <strong>the</strong> Independence <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong> States except No. & So. Carol<strong>in</strong>a & Georgia -- &<br />
perhaps even <strong>of</strong> No. C. -- & that such a proposition will be accepted -- I th<strong>in</strong>k it impossible, that Congress will<br />
leave us <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Lurch -- but, pray <strong>in</strong>form me c<strong>and</strong>idly, & fully what may be expected on that Head -- If <strong>the</strong>y<br />
never will give up <strong>the</strong> Independence <strong>of</strong> any one State (which I trust <strong>the</strong>y will not) it wd. be best to declare it<br />
immediately <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most po<strong>in</strong>ted Terms, to satisfy <strong>the</strong> waver<strong>in</strong>g & defeat <strong>the</strong> Schemes <strong>of</strong> our Enemies -- Such a<br />
declaration generally made known with a good Number <strong>of</strong> Troops, wd. revive <strong>the</strong> Spirits <strong>of</strong> many <strong>of</strong> our<br />
775 CNC14 pp. 821-824, CSS pp. 1115-1116.<br />
160
credulous & dejected, tho’ well mean<strong>in</strong>g, People -- All your Friends who were <strong>in</strong> Town are well -- not a Militia<br />
Man killed or hurt, but Peter Lord killed & no <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals that I recollect, killed or wounded<br />
except Colo. Parker <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ians, & Cap. Tho. Moultrie killed -- also Phil:Neyle -- I left Mrs. K<strong>in</strong>loch & Mrs.<br />
Huger well, at Kens<strong>in</strong>gton, yesterday Fortnight…<br />
“[This post-postcript is dated <strong>the</strong> 26 th ] Caswell[’]s & Buford[’]s Men are <strong>com</strong>e up hi<strong>the</strong>r Each Corps consists <strong>of</strong><br />
ab[ou]t. 400 Effective.<br />
“Genl. Huger purposes send<strong>in</strong>g Caswells to Hal[e]y’s Ferry on Pedee <strong>in</strong> No. Carol<strong>in</strong>a -- <strong>and</strong> Buford’s to Charlotte -<br />
- from <strong>the</strong>nce towards Hillsborough th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g this force too <strong>in</strong>significant to resist <strong>the</strong> Enemy <strong>in</strong> this State & that<br />
<strong>the</strong>y will be <strong>of</strong> more service <strong>in</strong> No. Carol<strong>in</strong>a for <strong>the</strong> present where he apprehends <strong>the</strong> Enemy will Endeavour to<br />
make an Impression.<br />
“Our Intelligence from below is that <strong>the</strong> Enemy had crossed Murray’s ferry <strong>the</strong> day before Yesterday (abt. 85<br />
Miles from hence) on <strong>the</strong> March hi<strong>the</strong>r.” 776<br />
24 May. Allaire: “Wednesday, 24 th . Lay at Fort Moultrie.”<br />
25 May. Allaire. “Thursday, 25 th . The detachment was relieved by British <strong>and</strong> Hessian Grenadiers. The American<br />
Volunteers [<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Ferguson’s Corps] marched up to Mount Pleasant, <strong>and</strong> crossed over to Charlestown.<br />
Marched through <strong>the</strong> town, <strong>and</strong> took up <strong>the</strong>ir ground just <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es. The horses <strong>and</strong> baggage with<br />
myself crossed from Lempriere’s [Lampriere’s] Po<strong>in</strong>t to <strong>the</strong> Ship Yard, which is about two miles from <strong>the</strong> town.”<br />
26 May. Allaire. “Friday, 26 th . The follow<strong>in</strong>g corps got <strong>in</strong> motion about three o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, under <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. Balfour, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Twenty-third regiment, viz -- Light Infantry, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Maj. [James]<br />
Graham, three <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Seventh by Capt. Peacock, American Volunteers by Maj. Ferguson, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales American Volunteers by Lieut. Col. Patterson [Thomas Patt<strong>in</strong>son] -- <strong>in</strong> number about six<br />
hundred. Marched out to <strong>the</strong> Ten Mile House, <strong>and</strong> halted. Made bough houses to cover <strong>the</strong> men from <strong>the</strong> heat <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> sun. Heavy thunder shower.”<br />
26 May. Buford with his Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals left Rugeley’s Mills <strong>and</strong> resumed his retreat northward. Brig. Gen.<br />
Isaac Huger, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> meantime, rema<strong>in</strong>ed along with Governor John Rutledge <strong>and</strong> his council, as guests <strong>of</strong> wealthy<br />
loyalist Henry Rugeley. Rugeley, apparently was act<strong>in</strong>g both diplomatically <strong>and</strong> simply as a gracious host.<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James’ version <strong>of</strong> what took place might sound as if Buford’s column itself had halted at<br />
Rugeley’s along with <strong>the</strong> Governor’s party, <strong>and</strong> did not resume proceed<strong>in</strong>g northward till <strong>the</strong> 28 th . This,<br />
however, seems unlikely given <strong>the</strong> distance from Rugeley’s to Waxhaws <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> heavy baggage Buford was<br />
carry<strong>in</strong>g (see Waxhaws, 29 May.) 777<br />
27 May. From Nelson’s ferry on this date, Cornwallis dispatched Tarleton with 40 cavalry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th Light<br />
Dragoons, 130 Br. Legion dragoons, 100 mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion (<strong>the</strong>se last on horses allotted by<br />
Cornwallis) <strong>and</strong> a three-pounder <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Col. Abraham Buford’s cont<strong>in</strong>gent retreat<strong>in</strong>g northward. The same<br />
day, Brig. Gen. Isaac Huger <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>of</strong>ficials at Rugeley’s received advanced word <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s<br />
approach. Act<strong>in</strong>g as escort, Huger moved with <strong>the</strong> governor <strong>and</strong> his council to escape capture, after hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
passed on formal <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> supply column to Buford. For Tarleton’s part, long marches<br />
<strong>and</strong> severe heat caused <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> number <strong>of</strong> his horses, yet <strong>in</strong> 54 hours he’d managed to cover 125 miles;<br />
subsequently catch<strong>in</strong>g up with Buford on <strong>the</strong> 29 th . 778<br />
28 May. After some hard rid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> forced march<strong>in</strong>g, Tarleton atta<strong>in</strong>ed Camden, arriv<strong>in</strong>g at Rugeley’s at dawn<br />
on <strong>the</strong> 29 th ; only to f<strong>in</strong>d himself disappo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> catch<strong>in</strong>g Governor Rutledge. 779<br />
28 May. Lieut. Col. Nisbet Balfour, with some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry, 3 <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th Regt., <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
<strong>of</strong> Wales Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> S.C. Royalists, 780 set out from Monck’s Corner mov<strong>in</strong>g along <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee<br />
until <strong>the</strong>y reached came to Belleville, Col. William Thompson’s Plantation (McCrady spells it “Thomson’s.”)<br />
Ferguson, with his American Volunteers, by <strong>the</strong>n had reached Orangeburgh. Col. Thompson, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
local militia <strong>in</strong> that area, was paroled to ano<strong>the</strong>r place, <strong>and</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> given to Col. John Fisher. See Allaire<br />
entry for 26 May. 781<br />
28 May. Sumter (more usually spelled at this time as “Sumpter”) left his family <strong>and</strong> civilian life, headed towards<br />
Salisbury, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, to help raise troops to fight <strong>the</strong> British; <strong>and</strong> where North Carol<strong>in</strong>a leaders were<br />
busy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves as well with <strong>the</strong> same task. Almost immediately afterward, his home (located on <strong>the</strong> north<br />
side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee River, just above Nelson’s Ferry, see BGC p. 23) was set afire <strong>and</strong> burnt down by Tarleton’s<br />
men under Capt. Charles Campbell after an effort to apprehend him. 782 Sumter himself ended up <strong>in</strong> Charlotte;<br />
776 In this same letter but omitted here, Rutledge notes that Brig. Gen. Isaac Huger’s health “will scarcely suffer him to undergo<br />
any k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> Fatigue.” The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVII, Oct., 1916, pp. 131-136.<br />
777 TCS pp. 28, 66, JFM p. 15.<br />
778 TCS pp. 27-28, JLG1 p. 286.<br />
779 TCS p. 28, MSC1 p. 517.<br />
780 Lambert speaks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> S.C. Royalists be<strong>in</strong>g present, though Allaire doesn’t mention <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
781 LSL p. 104.<br />
782 This <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>com</strong>es from Bass. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, Capt. Charles Campbell was a <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong><br />
not formally with <strong>the</strong> British Legion; though evidently he was assigned <strong>in</strong> some capacity to help lead, tra<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> assist it (as we<br />
see was also <strong>the</strong> case with Lieut. John Sk<strong>in</strong>ner <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 16 th Regt. <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion (see TCS p. 205). Ironically, Campbell, aga<strong>in</strong><br />
161
<strong>the</strong>n removed to New Acquisition (west <strong>of</strong> Waxhaws), where he was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by his rebel <strong>com</strong>patriots. As Sumter’s<br />
house was frequented on several occasions afterward by a number <strong>of</strong> sojourners (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Sumter himself), it is<br />
not quite clear how much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> home <strong>and</strong> property was actually destroyed.<br />
29 May. [battle] WAXHAWS, also Waxhaws Massacre, Buford’s Defeat (Lancaster County, S.C.) At 3 p.m.,<br />
Tarleton, with his advance detachment, reached a squad <strong>of</strong> Buford’s, under Lieut. Pearson, which he captured,<br />
or else as James puts it “cut to pieces.” Buford, meanwhile, had been mov<strong>in</strong>g north along a road on <strong>the</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws settlement, <strong>and</strong> had with him 350 to 380 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals; largely <strong>com</strong>posed<br />
<strong>of</strong> recruits <strong>and</strong> furloughed men on <strong>the</strong>ir way to replenish <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regiments <strong>in</strong> Charlestown. 783 In addition,<br />
ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g Buford were a troop or more <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light dragoons under Col. William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong><br />
two six-pounders. Tarleton <strong>the</strong>n approached <strong>the</strong> Americans, whose ma<strong>in</strong> body was with<strong>in</strong> view <strong>of</strong> Pearson’s<br />
capture. Tarleton’s consisted <strong>of</strong> 130 Legion dragoons, 40 17 th Light Dragoons <strong>and</strong> 100 mounted British Legion<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry, under Maj. Charles Cochrane, <strong>and</strong> a three pounder. However, it was only <strong>the</strong> lead elements <strong>of</strong> his<br />
which participated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> attack. This consisted <strong>of</strong> 60 dragoons from <strong>the</strong> 17 th Light Dragoons <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
Legion cavalry, <strong>and</strong> 60 mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Legion, plus a flank<strong>in</strong>g force <strong>of</strong> an additional 30 British<br />
Legion dragoons <strong>and</strong> some <strong>in</strong>fantry. The rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> his force came up gradually <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear as a reserve. While<br />
allow<strong>in</strong>g time for <strong>the</strong> latter to move up, Tarleton sent Buford a summons to surrender; which Buford refused.<br />
Buford, as <strong>the</strong> parley was tak<strong>in</strong>g place, had tried to keep <strong>the</strong> supply wagons mov<strong>in</strong>g, guarded by Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s<br />
(at this hour) sore <strong>and</strong> tattered cavalry; while he formed up his men <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e to receive <strong>the</strong> British attack. When<br />
Tarleton did attack, Buford’s men waited till <strong>the</strong> British cavalry was with<strong>in</strong> ten yards <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n fired. The wait<strong>in</strong>g<br />
till <strong>the</strong> last m<strong>in</strong>ute to fire caused few casualties among <strong>the</strong> horsemen, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> moments <strong>the</strong> American force was<br />
broken up <strong>and</strong> routed. Buford’s own cavalry was with <strong>the</strong> wagons <strong>and</strong> when apprised <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> disaster fled<br />
northward. Many <strong>of</strong> his <strong>in</strong>fantry who cont<strong>in</strong>ued fight<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> even those who surrendered, were mercilessly cut<br />
down by <strong>the</strong> Legion dragoons. Some were hacked at <strong>and</strong> mutilated so gratuitously that <strong>the</strong> action became widely<br />
denoted a massacre. The Americans claimed that Tarleton had violated <strong>the</strong> flag <strong>of</strong> truce, but s<strong>in</strong>ce Buford had<br />
already answered Tarleton’s summons with a refusal this does not seem to have been <strong>the</strong> case.<br />
Buford later ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed that <strong>the</strong> rampant butchery <strong>com</strong>menced after a white flag had already been lifted; <strong>and</strong><br />
John Marshall, who knew Buford personally, states that Tarleton charged Buford immediately after flag <strong>of</strong> truce<br />
was over, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans with <strong>the</strong>ir guard down were caught unprepared. Tarleton expla<strong>in</strong>s that his own<br />
horse had been shot out from under him (follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> s<strong>in</strong>gle volley from <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals); <strong>and</strong> his men<br />
(th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir leader killed) retaliated with a fury; it tak<strong>in</strong>g some time <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> this for Tarleton to<br />
get his men under control. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Tarleton’s after battle report, <strong>the</strong> Americans lost 113 men killed, 147<br />
wounded <strong>and</strong> left on parole (over 200 prisoners <strong>in</strong> all), 2 six pounders, (plus 2 ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g wagons with<br />
ammunition, 1 artillery forge cart, 55 barrels <strong>of</strong> powder), 26 wagons with new cloth<strong>in</strong>g, arms, musket cartridges,<br />
new cartridge boxes, fl<strong>in</strong>ts, <strong>and</strong> camp equipage. The British lost 5 killed, 12 wounded, plus 11 horses killed <strong>and</strong><br />
19 horses wounded. Allaire states that <strong>the</strong> Americans lost 114 killed, 150 wounded, 53 taken prisoners, <strong>and</strong> that<br />
<strong>the</strong> British lost 5 killed <strong>and</strong> 12 wounded. Buford with Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry, <strong>and</strong> a few men who cut horses from<br />
<strong>the</strong> wagons, were all who escaped. Lee specifically states that 80 or 90 <strong>of</strong> Buford’s <strong>in</strong>fantry evaded capture.<br />
Regardless <strong>of</strong> blame, <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws’ butchery had <strong>the</strong> signal effect <strong>of</strong> caus<strong>in</strong>g dismay <strong>and</strong> outrage <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n<br />
<strong>in</strong>cit<strong>in</strong>g vengeful ire (<strong>in</strong> some) toward <strong>the</strong> British, 784 <strong>and</strong> is seen by some historians as a primary cause for <strong>the</strong><br />
bloody <strong>and</strong> savage aspect <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south took on (with Hammond’s Store <strong>in</strong> late Dec. 1780, <strong>and</strong> Pyle’s<br />
defeat <strong>of</strong> 24 February 1781 be<strong>in</strong>g two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> more graphic manifestations <strong>of</strong> such.) 785<br />
Tarleton: “At three o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon, on <strong>the</strong> conf<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>the</strong> advanced guard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
British charged a serjeant <strong>and</strong> four men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American light dragoons, <strong>and</strong> made <strong>the</strong>m prisoners <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>fantry. This event happen<strong>in</strong>g under <strong>the</strong> eyes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers, <strong>the</strong>y respectively prepared <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
troops for action. Colonel Buford’s force consisted <strong>of</strong> three hundred <strong>and</strong> eighty cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia l<strong>in</strong>e, a detachment <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry, <strong>and</strong> two six pounders: He chose his post <strong>in</strong> an open wood,<br />
to <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> road; he formed his <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>in</strong> one l<strong>in</strong>e, with a small reserve; he placed his colours <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
center, <strong>and</strong> he ordered his cannon, baggage, <strong>and</strong> waggons, to cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>the</strong>ir march.<br />
“Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton made his arrangement for <strong>the</strong> attack with all possible expedition: He confided his<br />
right w<strong>in</strong>g, which was <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> sixty dragoons, <strong>and</strong> nearly as many mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry, to Major [Charles]<br />
Cochrane, desir<strong>in</strong>g him to dismount <strong>the</strong> latter, to gall <strong>the</strong> enemy’s flank, before he moved aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>ir front<br />
lead<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion, was later killed at Sumter’s ignom<strong>in</strong>ious defeat at Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek <strong>in</strong> Aug. 1780. RSC2 p. 130, SDR p.<br />
44, BGD p. 102, BGC p. 53-54.<br />
783 Historian Patrick O’Kelley: “Buford was an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 14 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment. However <strong>the</strong> unit at <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws was not <strong>the</strong><br />
14 th , <strong>the</strong> 10 th or <strong>the</strong> 11 th . Some historians mistakenly state that <strong>the</strong> men with Buford were <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment, or <strong>the</strong> 14 th<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. The 3 rd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment had been captured <strong>in</strong> Charlestown, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> only member <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 14 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment at <strong>the</strong><br />
Waxhaws was Colonel Buford. His 350 recruits were <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Detachment <strong>of</strong> Scott’s 2 nd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Brigade. These men were<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia recruits <strong>and</strong> recalled veterans <strong>in</strong>tended for <strong>the</strong> various regiments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia L<strong>in</strong>e.” Though Buford was at one time a<br />
member <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 14 th , this was disb<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental reorganization <strong>of</strong> March 1779. Consequently, he was actually <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
11 th at this time, which earlier had been <strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>and</strong> 2 nd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia detachments <strong>in</strong> Charlestown. FWV p. 842.<br />
784 The countersign <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day for <strong>the</strong> whig’s approach<strong>in</strong>g K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> on 7 Oct. 1780 was “Buford.” And at both K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> Cowpens, “Give <strong>the</strong>m Buford’s play” (or someth<strong>in</strong>g similar) was heard when <strong>the</strong> Loyalists or British attempted to<br />
surrender -- but which cry was as quickly stifled <strong>and</strong> suppressed by <strong>the</strong> whig or (<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> Cowpens) Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers.<br />
RWW2 pp. 283, 272.<br />
785 USC pp. 303-305, ATR80b pp. 75-77, ATR81a p. 89, AR80 p. 223, RSC2 pp. 109-110, TCS pp. 29-32, 77-79, GHA3 pp. 360-361,<br />
SAW2 pp. 192-193, MMS2 pp. 203-208, MLW4A pp. 159-161, CSS pp. 1111-1115, LMS pp. 164-157, JLG1 pp. 285-286, GAR1 p.<br />
285n, GAR2 pp. 135-139, 212-213, JFM pp. 15-16, LFB2 p. 458, MSC1 pp. 517-524, FWI pp. 165-167, WAR2 pp. 705-706, BGD pp.<br />
79-83, BEA pp. 1173-1174.<br />
162
with his cavalry: Capta<strong>in</strong>s Corbet <strong>and</strong> [David] K<strong>in</strong>lock were directed, with <strong>the</strong> 17 th dragoons <strong>and</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
legion, to charge <strong>the</strong> center <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans; whilst Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton, with thirty chosen horse <strong>and</strong><br />
some <strong>in</strong>fantry, assaulted <strong>the</strong>ir right flank <strong>and</strong> reserve. This particular situation <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer selected<br />
for himself, that he might discover <strong>the</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r attacks. The dragoons, <strong>the</strong> mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong><br />
three pounder <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear, as <strong>the</strong>y could <strong>com</strong>e up with <strong>the</strong>ir tired horses, were ordered to form someth<strong>in</strong>g like a<br />
reserve, opposite to <strong>the</strong> enemy’s center, upon a small em<strong>in</strong>ence that <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> road; which disposition<br />
afforded <strong>the</strong> British light troops an object to rally to, <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> a repulse, <strong>and</strong> made no <strong>in</strong>considerable<br />
impression on <strong>the</strong> m<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir opponents.<br />
“The disposition be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>pleted without any fire from <strong>the</strong> enemy, though with<strong>in</strong> three hundred yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
front, <strong>the</strong> cavalry advanced to <strong>the</strong> charge. On <strong>the</strong>ir arrival with<strong>in</strong> fifty paces, <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
presented, when Tarleton was surprised to hear <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>m to reta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir fire till British<br />
cavalry were nearer. This forbearance <strong>in</strong> not fir<strong>in</strong>g before <strong>the</strong> dragoons were with<strong>in</strong> ten yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> object <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir attack, prevented <strong>the</strong>ir fall<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to confusion on <strong>the</strong> charge, <strong>and</strong> likewise deprived <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir ammunition: Some <strong>of</strong>ficers, men, <strong>and</strong> horses, suffered by this fire; but <strong>the</strong> battalion was<br />
totally broken, <strong>and</strong> slaughter was <strong>com</strong>menced before Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton could remount ano<strong>the</strong>r horse,<br />
<strong>the</strong> one with which he led his dragoons be<strong>in</strong>g overturned by <strong>the</strong> volley.<br />
“Thus <strong>in</strong> a few m<strong>in</strong>utes ended an affair which might have had a very different term<strong>in</strong>ation. The British troops<br />
had two <strong>of</strong>ficers killed, one wounded; three privates killed, thirteen wounded; <strong>and</strong> thirty-one horses killed <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded. The loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men was great on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans, ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> dragoons so<br />
effectually break<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> to a report amongst <strong>the</strong> cavalry, that <strong>the</strong>y had lost <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer, which stimulated <strong>the</strong> soldiers to a v<strong>in</strong>dictive asperity not easily restra<strong>in</strong>ed. Upwards <strong>of</strong> one hundred<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men were killed on <strong>the</strong> spot; three colours, two six-pounders, <strong>and</strong> above two hundred prisoners,<br />
with <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> waggons, conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g two royals, quantities <strong>of</strong> new cloth<strong>in</strong>g, o<strong>the</strong>r military stores, <strong>and</strong> camp<br />
equipage, fell <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> victors.” 786<br />
Allaire: “Thursday, June 1 st . Got <strong>in</strong> motion at five o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> marched to Nelson’s Ferry, Santee<br />
river. By express were <strong>in</strong>formed that Col. Tarleton, Monday, <strong>the</strong> 29 th , fell <strong>in</strong> with a body <strong>of</strong> Rebels [Buford’s<br />
corps], forty miles above Camden. He summoned <strong>the</strong>m to surrender-received all <strong>in</strong>solent answer, charged <strong>the</strong>m,<br />
killed one Lieutenant-Colonel, three Capta<strong>in</strong>s, eight Subalterns, one Adjutant, one QuarterMaster, <strong>and</strong> n<strong>in</strong>etyn<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Sergeants <strong>and</strong> rank <strong>and</strong> file. Wounded three Capta<strong>in</strong>s, five Subalterns, <strong>and</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> forty-two rank<br />
<strong>and</strong> file. Made prisoners two Capta<strong>in</strong>s, one Subaltern, fifty rank <strong>and</strong> file. Total killed, wounded <strong>and</strong> taken<br />
prisoners, one Lieutenant-Colonel, eight Capta<strong>in</strong>s, fourteen Subalterns, one Adjutant, one Quarter-Master, <strong>and</strong><br />
two hundred <strong>and</strong> n<strong>in</strong>ety-one Sergeants, rank <strong>and</strong> file; three st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> colors taken, two brass six-pounders, two<br />
howitzers, two wagons with ammunition, one artillery forge wagon, fifty-five barrels powder, twenty-six wagons<br />
loaded with cloth<strong>in</strong>g, camp equipage, musket-cartridges, cartridge-boxes, fl<strong>in</strong>ts, etc., etc. Killed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion,<br />
Lieut. McDonald <strong>and</strong> Ensign Campbell, serv<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> cavalry, two privates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry, <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Light<br />
Infantry. Total, two Subalterns, <strong>and</strong> three rank <strong>and</strong> file. Wounded, Lieut. Patterson, seven dragoons, mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
eight rank <strong>and</strong> file <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry, <strong>and</strong> three <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry. Total wounded, one Subaltern, <strong>and</strong> eleven rank <strong>and</strong><br />
file.”<br />
H<strong>in</strong>richs: “This young partisan [Tarleton] has more luck <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South than he had <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> North. Is it likely that his<br />
knowledge <strong>of</strong> our metier has so much <strong>in</strong>creased <strong>in</strong> this short time? Or is <strong>the</strong> race <strong>of</strong> people oppos<strong>in</strong>g us <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn parts made up <strong>of</strong> timid peasants <strong>and</strong> ignorant <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers?” 787<br />
Lee: “Tarleton had but one hundred <strong>and</strong> seventy dragoons, his mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry far <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear, while our force<br />
exceeded four hundred, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g our small party <strong>of</strong> dragoons. Had Buford, thus posted, deemed it dangerous to<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>in</strong> his position until night, lest his antagonist should be re-enforced, he might safely have moved <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
order suggested; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> moment night had overspread <strong>the</strong> earth, his retreat would have been secured; for light<br />
is <strong>in</strong>dispensable to <strong>the</strong> effectual operation <strong>of</strong> cavalry. Before <strong>the</strong> break <strong>of</strong> day he might have reached Charlotte,<br />
where he was sure <strong>of</strong> affectionate <strong>and</strong> gallant assistance from its patriotic <strong>in</strong>habitants; <strong>and</strong> where, too, he had<br />
reason to expect to f<strong>in</strong>d Lieutenant-Colonel Porterfield, an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> zeal <strong>and</strong> talents, who had marched from<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter end <strong>of</strong> April, with a corps <strong>of</strong> horse, foot, <strong>and</strong> artillery, amount<strong>in</strong>g to four hundred men. But<br />
noth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> this sort was essayed, <strong>and</strong> our countrymen were wantonly slaughtered by an <strong>in</strong>ferior foe. Lieutenant-<br />
Colonel Buford, with <strong>the</strong> horse, escaped, as did about eighty or n<strong>in</strong>ety <strong>of</strong> our <strong>in</strong>fantry, who fortunately be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
advanced saved <strong>the</strong>mselves by flight.” 788<br />
Ramsay: “Colonel Buford’s party, hav<strong>in</strong>g partaken <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> general consternation occasioned by <strong>the</strong> British<br />
success, made a feeble resistance, <strong>and</strong> soon sued for quarters. A few, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, cont<strong>in</strong>ued to fire. The<br />
British cavalry advanced, but were not opposed by <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>entals, who conceived that <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were precluded by <strong>the</strong>ir submission from mak<strong>in</strong>g opposition. On <strong>the</strong> pretence <strong>of</strong> this accidental fir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a few,<br />
<strong>the</strong> British legion was directed to charge men who had laid down <strong>the</strong>ir arms. In consequence <strong>of</strong> this order <strong>the</strong><br />
unresist<strong>in</strong>g Americans, pray<strong>in</strong>g for quarters, were chopped <strong>in</strong> pieces. Some lost <strong>the</strong>ir h<strong>and</strong>s, o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>the</strong>ir arms,<br />
<strong>and</strong> almost every one was mangled <strong>in</strong> an <strong>in</strong>human manner. Five out <strong>of</strong> six <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole number <strong>of</strong> Americans<br />
were, by lieutenant-colonel Tarleton’s <strong>of</strong>ficial account <strong>of</strong> this bloody scene, ei<strong>the</strong>r killed or so badly wounded as<br />
786 TCS pp. 29-31.<br />
787 USC pp. 303-305.<br />
788 LMS pp. 166-167.<br />
163
to be <strong>in</strong>capable <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g moved from <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> battle, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> same account, this took place though <strong>the</strong>y<br />
made such effectual opposition as only too kill five <strong>and</strong> wound twelve <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British.” 789<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “At Camden, Caswell, with <strong>the</strong> militia, quitted Buford, who <strong>the</strong>n <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
cont<strong>in</strong>entals, <strong>and</strong> retreated by <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> Pedee. Buford’s regiment was soon after placed under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> Gen. Huger, as an escort to Gov. Rutledge, <strong>the</strong>n at Camden; <strong>and</strong> was deta<strong>in</strong>ed, with a fatal security, by <strong>the</strong><br />
general, for two days <strong>in</strong> that place. And so much <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong>ir guard, were our rulers <strong>the</strong>mselves, that Gov.<br />
Rutledge, <strong>and</strong> his council, were soon after hospitably enterta<strong>in</strong>ed, at Clermont, by Col. Rugely [Henry Rugeley],<br />
an Englishman, pr<strong>of</strong>essedly opposed to <strong>the</strong> American cause. At midnight, he woke <strong>the</strong>m up, advised <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong><br />
Tarleton’s approach, <strong>and</strong> with some difficulty, persuaded <strong>the</strong>m to escape; at daylight, Tarleton arrived at<br />
Clermont. That morn<strong>in</strong>g, Huger gave up <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong> to Buford, <strong>and</strong> took <strong>the</strong> Charlotte road, with <strong>the</strong><br />
governor <strong>and</strong> his two rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g council, Daniel Huger <strong>and</strong> John L. Gervais. Buford proceeded on rapidly, upon<br />
<strong>the</strong> Salisbury road, <strong>and</strong> from circumstances, his baggage waggons [sic] must have been sent on before he took<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong>, that morn<strong>in</strong>g; o<strong>the</strong>rwise, <strong>in</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> very quick march he did, <strong>the</strong>y must have been left<br />
far <strong>in</strong> his rear. But Tarleton blames him, for send<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m ahead, because <strong>the</strong>y might have served him as a<br />
rampart, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r historians have adopted his account. After a pursuit <strong>of</strong> one hundred miles, <strong>in</strong> fifty-four<br />
hours, Tarleton approached Buford, about forty miles from Camden, <strong>and</strong> twenty-six from Clermont; <strong>and</strong><br />
dispatched Capt. David K<strong>in</strong>loch [K<strong>in</strong>lock] 790 with a flag, summon<strong>in</strong>g him to surrender upon <strong>the</strong> terms granted to<br />
<strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. Buford called a council <strong>of</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers, who deem<strong>in</strong>g it a deception, he cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />
his march. In <strong>the</strong> afternoon, Tarleton overtook him, unfortunately, <strong>in</strong> an open wood, <strong>and</strong> cut to pieces his rear<br />
guard. At <strong>the</strong> sound <strong>of</strong> his bugle, Buford drew up his men, all <strong>in</strong>fantry; but Capt. Carter, (not Benjam<strong>in</strong>), who<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed his artillery, <strong>and</strong> led <strong>the</strong> van, cont<strong>in</strong>ued his march. Tarleton advanced, with his <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
centre, <strong>and</strong> his cavalry on <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>gs. He was checked by Buford’s fire; but <strong>the</strong> cavalry wheel<strong>in</strong>g, ga<strong>in</strong>ed his rear.<br />
See<strong>in</strong>g no hope <strong>of</strong> any longer mak<strong>in</strong>g a defence, Buford sent Ensign Cruitt with a flag <strong>of</strong> truce, <strong>and</strong> grounded his<br />
arms. Disregard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> flag, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rules <strong>of</strong> civilized warfare, Tarleton cut Cruitt down, <strong>and</strong> charged upon<br />
Buford, with his cavalry <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear; while Maj. Cochrane, an <strong>in</strong>furiated Scotchman, rushed with fixed bayonets,<br />
<strong>in</strong> front. A few <strong>of</strong> Buford’s men, resumed <strong>the</strong>ir arms, <strong>and</strong> fired, when <strong>the</strong> British were with<strong>in</strong> ten steps, but with<br />
little effect; as might have been expected, from what has been stated. Buford’s regiment was entirely broken<br />
by <strong>the</strong> charge, no quarters were given by <strong>the</strong> British; 113 men were killed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans, <strong>and</strong> 151 so badly<br />
wounded as to be left on <strong>the</strong> ground. This was nearly two thirds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole American force, accord<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
Tarleton’s own account; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> manner <strong>in</strong> which those left on <strong>the</strong> ground were mangled, is told, by o<strong>the</strong>rs, as<br />
horrible. No habitation was near, but <strong>the</strong> lone cab<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> a poor widow woman; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dead, was<br />
fortunate, when <strong>com</strong>pared with that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> liv<strong>in</strong>g. Tarleton says, he lost but two <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> three privates<br />
killed, <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong> thirteen privates wounded. The massacre took place at <strong>the</strong> spot where <strong>the</strong> road from<br />
Lancaster to Chesterfield now crosses <strong>the</strong> Salisbury road.” 791<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Garden: “PARTICULAR ACCOUNT OF COLONEL BEAUFORT’S [BUFORD’S] DEFEAT. (Communicated by<br />
Colonel H. Boyer [or Bowyer, <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al text uses both spell<strong>in</strong>gs multiple times; though <strong>in</strong> re-edit<strong>in</strong>g here<br />
we’ve settled on <strong>the</strong> former] <strong>of</strong> F<strong>in</strong>castle, <strong>the</strong>n act<strong>in</strong>g as Adjutant to <strong>the</strong> Corps.)<br />
“Colonel Beaufort [Buford] <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a detachment <strong>of</strong> three hundred men, whom he had collected at<br />
Petersburg, <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> marched <strong>the</strong>m to <strong>the</strong> South, that <strong>the</strong>y might jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir respective Regiments <strong>in</strong><br />
garrison <strong>in</strong> Charleston. Arriv<strong>in</strong>g at Lenud’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Santee, he received <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
City, <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g at a loss what course to pursue, sent an express to General Huger, <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
highest rank <strong>in</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a, for <strong>in</strong>structions. An order was received to retire to Hillsborough, <strong>in</strong> North-Carol<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
tak<strong>in</strong>g Camden <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> route, <strong>in</strong> order to remove <strong>the</strong> ammunition <strong>and</strong> military stores deposited <strong>the</strong>re, toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
with thirty or forty British prisoners, previously captured. If unable to remove <strong>the</strong> stores, his orders were to<br />
destroy <strong>the</strong>m. Colonel Beaufort executed <strong>the</strong> order with precision. On his arrival at Camden, such stores as<br />
could not be removed were thrown <strong>in</strong>to a neighbour<strong>in</strong>g creek, <strong>and</strong> his route cont<strong>in</strong>ued via <strong>the</strong> Waxaw<br />
settlement, towards Hillsborough. On <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day on which <strong>the</strong> corps was attacked, Capta<strong>in</strong> Adam<br />
Wallace, (Beaufort hav<strong>in</strong>g resolved to halt for a day, <strong>in</strong> order to refresh his horses, which, from <strong>the</strong> heavy loads<br />
which <strong>the</strong>y drew, were nearly exhausted,) <strong>in</strong>vited Adjutant Boyer to walk out with him. The latter observ<strong>in</strong>g<br />
that <strong>the</strong> spirits <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>panion were unusually depressed, <strong>in</strong>quired <strong>the</strong> cause, <strong>and</strong> was answered, ‘I have<br />
known, for two or three days, that I am to die on this day.’ Boyer laughed at what he deemed idle superstition!<br />
Wallace became angry, <strong>and</strong> said, ‘You know full well, Sir, that I am not afraid <strong>of</strong> death. Whatever event may<br />
occur, I shall do my duty.’ The approach <strong>of</strong> a youth on horse-back, put an end to <strong>the</strong> conversation. ‘Where from,<br />
my lad,’ exclaimed Boyer. ‘I left Ridgeley’s [Rugeley’s] mills this morn<strong>in</strong>g,’ he replied,’ <strong>and</strong> on my way hi<strong>the</strong>r,<br />
passed a large body <strong>of</strong> troops, most <strong>of</strong> whom were mounted <strong>the</strong> rest well armed, <strong>and</strong> on foot.’ Wallace, turn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
quickly to Boyer, asked ‘Do you not th<strong>in</strong>k my anticipations likely to be ac<strong>com</strong>plished?’ The lad was conducted to<br />
Colonel Beaufort, <strong>and</strong>, without <strong>the</strong> slightest deviation, repeated <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation first <strong>com</strong>municated. The<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>uation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> retreat was <strong>in</strong>stantaneously resumed, but <strong>the</strong> corps had scarcely proceeded two miles,<br />
before <strong>the</strong> sound <strong>of</strong> Tarl[e]ton a bugles was heard, <strong>and</strong> a British <strong>of</strong>ficer was perceived rid<strong>in</strong>g forward, bear<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
flag <strong>of</strong> truce. Adjutant Boyer was <strong>in</strong>structed to meet him. Capta<strong>in</strong> K<strong>in</strong>loch, <strong>the</strong> advanc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British,<br />
told Bowyer, that he could make no <strong>com</strong>munication to him, <strong>and</strong> dem<strong>and</strong>ed a personal <strong>in</strong>terview with Beaufort. A<br />
message to that effect be<strong>in</strong>g sent to <strong>the</strong> Colonel, he immediately repaired to <strong>the</strong> spot. Capta<strong>in</strong> K<strong>in</strong>loch <strong>the</strong>n<br />
proposed, on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> Tarlton, that Beaufort, <strong>and</strong> his detachment, should surrender as prisoners <strong>of</strong> war, on<br />
789 RSC2 pp. 109-110.<br />
790 Regard<strong>in</strong>g K<strong>in</strong>loch, <strong>and</strong> who was related to American congressman Francis K<strong>in</strong>loch, see LMS p. 424n.<br />
791 JFM pp. 15-16.<br />
164
<strong>the</strong> same terms as those granted to <strong>the</strong> Garrison <strong>of</strong> Charleston, stat<strong>in</strong>g, at <strong>the</strong> same time, that his strength was<br />
upwards <strong>of</strong> six hundred men, half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m cavalry. The terms were, without hesitation, rejected by Beaufort,<br />
who did not believe that a force as strong could have reached <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood through which he was<br />
march<strong>in</strong>g. Capta<strong>in</strong> K<strong>in</strong>loch assured him, on his honour, as a gentleman <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer, that his statement was<br />
correct; but, Beaufort, ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g his op<strong>in</strong>ion, dismissed <strong>the</strong> flag, returned to <strong>the</strong> ground where his<br />
detachment was drawn up, across <strong>the</strong> road, assembled his <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> consulted with <strong>the</strong>m on <strong>the</strong> subject <strong>of</strong><br />
Tarlton’s dem<strong>and</strong>. The general op<strong>in</strong>ion concurred with that <strong>of</strong> Beaufort. One <strong>of</strong>ficer, (Boyer, th<strong>in</strong>ks Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
Clayborne Lawson, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 4 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment,) proposed that <strong>the</strong> wagons should be brought toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> a<br />
barrier to <strong>the</strong> enemy formed, beh<strong>in</strong>d which, <strong>the</strong> detachment should be posted. But, it was suggested that such a<br />
plan would probably fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> views <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, who might have sent forward only a small body<br />
<strong>of</strong> soldiers to amuse <strong>and</strong> deta<strong>in</strong> Beaufort till a force adequate to his destruction could be brought up. Every<br />
arrangement was, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terim, made for action. The British Cavalry quickly appeared, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>menced an<br />
attack, which was unsuccessfully cont<strong>in</strong>ued for about fifteen m<strong>in</strong>utes, when Major M’Arthur [McArthur], 792 who<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Infantry, came up. The British force exceeded Beaufort s detachment <strong>in</strong> number. Weakened by<br />
a variety <strong>of</strong> extra duty, <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> scarcely exceeded two hundred men. M’Arthur, attacked <strong>the</strong> left with <strong>the</strong><br />
bayonet, while <strong>the</strong> Cavalry assaulted <strong>the</strong> right. The <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g platoons on Beaufort’s left, be<strong>in</strong>g all<br />
killed, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> thrown <strong>in</strong>to confusion, Adjutant Bowyer was ordered to advance with a flag, <strong>and</strong> to say<br />
to Tarlton, that he was will<strong>in</strong>g to accept <strong>the</strong> terms <strong>of</strong>fered before <strong>the</strong> action began. The Adjutant remonstrated<br />
by say<strong>in</strong>g, that as <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g still cont<strong>in</strong>ued, <strong>the</strong> execution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> order would be impracticable, expos<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
bearer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flag to <strong>the</strong> shot <strong>of</strong> both parties. Beaufort repeated his orders, <strong>in</strong> positive terms, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Adjutant<br />
rode forward, with a h<strong>and</strong>kerchief displayed on <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> his sword. When close to <strong>the</strong> British <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, he<br />
delivered Beaufort s message, but a ball at <strong>the</strong> moment, strik<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> forehead <strong>of</strong> Tarlton s horse, he plunged,<br />
<strong>and</strong> both fell to <strong>the</strong> ground, <strong>the</strong> horse be<strong>in</strong>g uppermost. Extricated by his men from so perilous a position, <strong>the</strong><br />
exasperated Colonel rose from <strong>the</strong> ground, <strong>and</strong> ordered <strong>the</strong> soldiers to despatch him. They immediately<br />
ga<strong>the</strong>red round, <strong>and</strong> several cuts were made at him, which he had <strong>the</strong> good fortune to parry <strong>and</strong> avoid. By this<br />
time, Capta<strong>in</strong> John Stokes <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Willison [sic], who occupied a position opposite to that where <strong>the</strong> Adjutant<br />
was surrounded by <strong>the</strong> British Dragoons, <strong>and</strong> saw <strong>the</strong> danger impend<strong>in</strong>g over him, directed <strong>the</strong>ir platoons to fire<br />
at <strong>the</strong> group. They were well obeyed, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> bullets thrown among <strong>the</strong> party around <strong>the</strong> Adjutant, frighten<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> horses, gave him an opportunity <strong>of</strong> dash<strong>in</strong>g through <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> effect<strong>in</strong>g his escape unhurt. His horse was<br />
seriously wounded, but not sufficiently so to prevent his carry<strong>in</strong>g his master to a place <strong>of</strong> security. The<br />
overwhelm<strong>in</strong>g force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British <strong>the</strong>n prevailed, <strong>and</strong> a dreadful massacre <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment followed. The rage<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British soldiers, excited by <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued fire <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans, while a negotiation was <strong>of</strong>fered by flag,<br />
impelled <strong>the</strong>m to acts <strong>of</strong> vengeance that knew no limits. Capta<strong>in</strong> Adam Wallace, too truly predicted his own<br />
death. He fought with consummate <strong>in</strong>trepidity as long as he had strength to raise his arm, <strong>and</strong> though quarter<br />
was tendered, refused to surrender.” 793<br />
29 May. In <strong>the</strong> days <strong>and</strong> weeks follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, <strong>the</strong> question was put to rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia units whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y would submit to <strong>the</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> protection <strong>and</strong> parole imposed on <strong>the</strong><br />
Charlestown garrison. Town leaders from Camden, Beaufort, Georgetown, Cheraws, <strong>and</strong> Congaree came forward<br />
request<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same terms granted <strong>the</strong> people <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. 794 About <strong>the</strong> same time, a meet<strong>in</strong>g was convened<br />
at Augusta <strong>of</strong> top rank<strong>in</strong>g Georgia <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>and</strong> military leaders, some Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> Brig. Gen.<br />
Andrew Williamson, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia regiments around N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> western<br />
part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state, to decide <strong>the</strong> question. 795 Although noth<strong>in</strong>g decisive was agreed upon, Governor Richard<br />
Howley <strong>of</strong> Georgia, <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> that states military <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Colonel Clary, decided <strong>the</strong>y would flee<br />
northward <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>the</strong> fight. Williamson evacuated Augusta on May 29 th ; with most, but not all, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> S.C.<br />
<strong>and</strong> Georgia militia at Augusta, <strong>and</strong> who were o<strong>the</strong>rwise disb<strong>and</strong>ed about this time. 796<br />
The preponderance <strong>of</strong> eastern Georgia submitted to British rule. Even Col. John Dooly was reported to have<br />
<strong>of</strong>fered to surrender his troops. Whe<strong>the</strong>r or not this was true, he was murdered <strong>in</strong> his home by some tories later<br />
<strong>in</strong> August.<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “Colonel John Dooly entered <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army <strong>in</strong> Georgia, as capta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong> 1776, <strong>and</strong>, ris<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong><br />
rank <strong>of</strong> colonel, was very active <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Savannah, until [August] 1780, when a party <strong>of</strong><br />
Tories, sent out from Augusta by Colonel Brown, entered his house, <strong>in</strong> Wilkes County, at midnight, <strong>and</strong><br />
barbarously murdered him <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> his wife <strong>and</strong> children.” 797<br />
30 May. The Delaware <strong>and</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiments, under de Kalb, left Petersburg on <strong>the</strong>ir way to N.C. 798<br />
30 May. Cornwallis, at “Beach Creek 20 Miles from Camden,” to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “When I arrived at Nelson’s Ferry, I was<br />
assured that <strong>the</strong> Enemy had no <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g a st<strong>and</strong> at Camden, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>y had sent <strong>of</strong>f four out <strong>of</strong> six<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Field pieces. As <strong>the</strong>y had 60 Miles start <strong>of</strong> me I had no hopes <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g up with <strong>the</strong>m with my Infantry.<br />
The Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Troops by <strong>the</strong> last accounts amounted to about 300, <strong>the</strong> N. Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia to about 4 or 500. I<br />
thought it would have <strong>the</strong> best consequences <strong>in</strong> this prov<strong>in</strong>ce to strike a blow at this Corps. I <strong>the</strong>refore mounted<br />
792 This identification is erroneous as McArthur was not present.<br />
793 GAR2 pp. 135-138.<br />
794 MMS2 pp. 208-211.<br />
795 Williamson had with him three <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a regulars <strong>and</strong> 150 to 200 militia. Pickens, who was<br />
not present, was still en route from <strong>the</strong> Savannah region headed toward N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. MSC1 pp. 529-532.<br />
796 MSC1 pp. 529-532.<br />
797 LFB2 p. 506n.<br />
798 KJO pp. 9-10, MLW4A pp. 167-168, WNA, CBA p. 509.<br />
165
<strong>the</strong> Infantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion & sent <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> that Corps under Tarleton to harass <strong>the</strong>ir retreat, <strong>and</strong> to attack<br />
<strong>the</strong>m if he could with any prospect <strong>of</strong> success. The Enemy separated on <strong>the</strong>ir leav<strong>in</strong>g Camden, <strong>the</strong> N. Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Militia took <strong>the</strong> Route <strong>of</strong> Cross Creek, <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ians under Col. Buford that <strong>of</strong> Salisbury. Tarleton [nicely?]<br />
followed <strong>the</strong>se last; I had <strong>the</strong> most sangu<strong>in</strong>e hopes from <strong>the</strong> Zeal, spirit & abilities <strong>of</strong> that excellent <strong>of</strong>ficer; by<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>closed [sic] Letter which I just received from him, you will see <strong>the</strong>y were well founded; <strong>the</strong> Action<br />
happened 40 Miles beyond Camden. Tarleton had Marched 100 Miles <strong>in</strong> little more than two days. I shall write<br />
more particularly when I arrive at Camden. I fear we shall be very soon distressed for Rum <strong>and</strong> Salt. I should be<br />
very much obliged to you if you would please to order 20 or 30 punchers <strong>of</strong> Rum & three or four Waggons loaded<br />
with Salt to be sent as expeditiously as possible to Nelson’s ferry; I will send Waggons to meet <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong>re; You<br />
will please to let me know by express <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir leav<strong>in</strong>g Charlestown. I send this letter by a [young man?]<br />
who ac<strong>com</strong>panied Tarleton, whose Family have been remarkably loyal, <strong>and</strong> who deserves any gratification you<br />
may th<strong>in</strong>k proper to bestow on him.” 799<br />
31 May. British units <strong>in</strong>tended to be returned to New York, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers, <strong>the</strong> Jaegers, <strong>the</strong><br />
Hessian Grenadier battalions, <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry battalions, <strong>the</strong> 42 nd Regt., <strong>and</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery began<br />
load<strong>in</strong>g for embarkation, f<strong>in</strong>ally sett<strong>in</strong>g sail on 3 June. See 8 June. 800<br />
Late May. After act<strong>in</strong>g for a short time as <strong>in</strong>effectual escort to Buford’s lost wagon tra<strong>in</strong>, Lieut. Colonels White<br />
<strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton stayed <strong>in</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton thru <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> May <strong>and</strong> early June. Despite <strong>the</strong>ir poor show<strong>in</strong>g at<br />
Waxhaws, <strong>in</strong> fairness, <strong>the</strong> dragoons were <strong>in</strong> a very wretched shape, suffer<strong>in</strong>g from nakedness, hunger; with<br />
losses <strong>in</strong> men <strong>and</strong> too few horses fit for service. These <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r shortages prevented <strong>the</strong> two Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
cavalry regiments from return<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> field until July, <strong>and</strong> even <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong>y were still far from ready. 801<br />
Late May. Hav<strong>in</strong>g left Williamsburg <strong>in</strong> late April, by sometime <strong>in</strong> mid to late May (<strong>the</strong> record isn’t quite clear)<br />
Lieut. Col. Charles Porterfield with 300-400 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Troops (Marshall <strong>and</strong> Lee speaks <strong>of</strong> him as hav<strong>in</strong>g some<br />
cavalry <strong>and</strong> artillery <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> this count) arrived to jo<strong>in</strong>, or else deploy near to, Brig. Gen. William Caswell’s<br />
N.C. militia above <strong>the</strong> Peedee. Lee assumes he was present <strong>in</strong> ei<strong>the</strong>r S.C. or south N.C. at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Waxhaws.<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g excerpt <strong>of</strong> a letter from Richard Caswell, Porterfield fell <strong>in</strong> with some unknown party<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy who obliged his temporary withdrawal <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Due to at present lack <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dependent<br />
corroboration <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> unlikelihood <strong>of</strong> Tarleton or o<strong>the</strong>r British forces be<strong>in</strong>g as close as Charlotte at this time,<br />
this report should be taken with some war<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>and</strong> or skepticism. 802<br />
On June 3 rd , Maj. Gen. Richard Caswell, at Cross Creek, wrote Gov. Abner Nash (at New Bern): “I have this<br />
moment received an account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same party that Fought Col. Buford hav<strong>in</strong>g a Scrimage with Col. [Charles]<br />
Porterfield at or near Charlotte. Colo. Porterfield retreated towards Salisbury, with little or no loss.” 803<br />
799 Public <strong>Record</strong>s Office, PRO. 30/11/72/15, SCP1 p. 52.<br />
800 USC pp. 303-317, SQR p. 139.<br />
801 HWW p. 63.<br />
802 WNA, MLW4A p. 170, LMS p. 167, JLG1 p. 295.<br />
803 CNC14 pp. 832-833.<br />
166
June. [skirmish] Caldwell’s Place, S.C. ONB2 p. 172.<br />
June. [skirmish] Gai<strong>the</strong>r’s Old Field, S.C. ONB2 p. 173.<br />
June. [skirmish] Love’s Plantation, S.C. ONB2 p. 179.<br />
JUNE 1780<br />
June. The British began sett<strong>in</strong>g up a series <strong>of</strong> outposts <strong>and</strong> fortify<strong>in</strong>g certa<strong>in</strong> locations <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a to guard<br />
both <strong>the</strong> frontier <strong>and</strong> littoral regions. Specifically, <strong>the</strong>se were Camden, Cheraws, Rocky Mount, Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock,<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong> Georgetown. 804 At <strong>the</strong> same time, some tories <strong>and</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> western South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong><br />
Georgia, empowered by <strong>the</strong> change <strong>in</strong> political supremacy, <strong>com</strong>menced rov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> threaten<strong>in</strong>g whigs<br />
with horse steal<strong>in</strong>g, cattle rustl<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> home burn<strong>in</strong>g; as a way <strong>of</strong> both enrich<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>and</strong> or settl<strong>in</strong>g old<br />
scores -– a practice Cornwallis was to swift to order aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>and</strong> denounce. Some South Carol<strong>in</strong>a whigs <strong>the</strong>n<br />
ga<strong>the</strong>red, east <strong>of</strong> Catawba, under Col. Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on, Col. William Bratton, Capt. John McClure, Col. William<br />
Hill, Maj. Richard W<strong>in</strong>n <strong>and</strong> Capt. Edward Lacey (to name some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> more prom<strong>in</strong>ent) to resist; while similar<br />
measures were taken <strong>in</strong> Georgia under Elijah Cark <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>the</strong>re.<br />
Camden<br />
Not long after Cornwallis arrived at Camden on June 1 st , Colonel Francis Lord Rawdon was appo<strong>in</strong>ted<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong> that district. With a cont<strong>in</strong>gent that <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> a detachment <strong>of</strong><br />
legion cavalry, <strong>the</strong> latter subsequently made a brief excursion <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws settlement, dur<strong>in</strong>g which time<br />
some <strong>of</strong> soldiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong> deserted; be<strong>in</strong>g enticed by locals who <strong>the</strong>mselves were Irish or<br />
Scotch-Irish. 805 Writes Tarleton: “The sentiments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants did not correspond with his lordship’s<br />
[Rawdon’s] expectations: He <strong>the</strong>re learned what experience confirmed, that <strong>the</strong> Irish were <strong>the</strong> most adverse <strong>of</strong><br />
all o<strong>the</strong>r settlers to <strong>the</strong> British government <strong>in</strong> America. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> stay <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Wacsaws [Waxhaws], many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants gave <strong>the</strong>ir paroles; an obligation <strong>the</strong>y readily violated, when<br />
called to arms by <strong>the</strong> American <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers.” One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reasons for Rawdon’s foray <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws area was<br />
to ameliorate <strong>the</strong> stra<strong>in</strong>ed supply situation at Camden; as part <strong>of</strong> which it was his policy, as it was with <strong>the</strong><br />
British generally at that time, to encourage <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants to return to <strong>the</strong>ir farms for purposes <strong>of</strong> harvest <strong>and</strong><br />
cultivation. The area he found scarce <strong>of</strong> gra<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> bear<strong>in</strong>g only a few cattle, with <strong>the</strong> locals <strong>the</strong>mselves at best<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g uncooperative. By <strong>the</strong> 17 th <strong>the</strong>n, he consequently withdrew to Camden; prior to <strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g which time<br />
Cornwallis had been transform<strong>in</strong>g that town <strong>in</strong>to a fortified base <strong>of</strong> operations <strong>and</strong> launch<strong>in</strong>g ground for <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>vasion <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a; with stores such as rum, salt, artillery stores, be<strong>in</strong>g sent from Charlestown to start a<br />
magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong>re; regard<strong>in</strong>g which see SCP2 p. 210. Present with Cornwallis at this time were <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt., <strong>the</strong><br />
33 rd Regt., <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt. (subsequently moved to Cheraws), <strong>the</strong> Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt., <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales<br />
American Volunteers, <strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> British Legion, <strong>and</strong> a detachment <strong>of</strong> Royal artillery. 806<br />
Cheraws (also known as Cheraw Hill)<br />
Not long after position<strong>in</strong>g himself <strong>in</strong> Camden, Cornwallis dispatched Maj. Archibald McArthur with <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt.<br />
to occupy <strong>the</strong> Cheraws settlement on <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee River to cover that area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. The<br />
area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Little Peedee, near <strong>the</strong> N.C. border, conta<strong>in</strong>ed many loyalist sympathizers; who were subsequently<br />
supplied from Georgetown, <strong>and</strong> later Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. It was McArthur who <strong>in</strong>itially armed <strong>the</strong>m. Over <strong>the</strong> next few<br />
weeks, a considerable number <strong>of</strong> his own men suffered from heat <strong>and</strong> fevers. This significantly enervated his<br />
detachment <strong>and</strong> enough died as to result <strong>in</strong> a small mass grave <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area. 807 Alex<strong>and</strong>er Gregg, <strong>the</strong> Cheraws<br />
historian, speaks <strong>of</strong> Maj. James Wemyss, presumably ac<strong>com</strong>panied by some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd Regt,. arriv<strong>in</strong>g at Cheraws<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Long Bluff area <strong>in</strong> early June; <strong>and</strong> for <strong>the</strong> period from 11 June to 29 June occupy<strong>in</strong>g himself <strong>in</strong> seiz<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>and</strong> destroy<strong>in</strong>g property (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g houses) as well as “<strong>in</strong> some <strong>in</strong>stances hang<strong>in</strong>g resistant Whigs” -– <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> latter regard <strong>and</strong> most notably Adam Cusack on Sept. 21 st . 808 Wemyss afterward removed to Georgetown<br />
where he assisted <strong>in</strong> form<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> militia. 809<br />
Rocky Mount <strong>and</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock<br />
As with McArthur at Cheraws, Lieut. Col. George Turnbull, with <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers <strong>and</strong> some loyalist<br />
militia, were sent (sometime probably <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first week <strong>of</strong> June) to establish posts at Rocky Mount, <strong>and</strong> nearby<br />
Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock. Detached <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> British Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry, if not with Turnbull orig<strong>in</strong>ally, were subsequently<br />
added to his force, <strong>and</strong> later he was fur<strong>the</strong>r re<strong>in</strong>forced by some Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Volunteers who occupied Rocky<br />
Mount. Turnbull, however, does not seem to have been with Cornwallis when <strong>the</strong> latter first reached Camden,<br />
<strong>and</strong> was probably moved up (from Charlestown) to that location shortly after Cornwallis arrived, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n moved<br />
from Camden to Rocky Mount. 810<br />
804 SAW2 pp. 195-196, MLW4A pp. 164-166, MSC1 p. 561-563.<br />
805 Rawdon <strong>of</strong>fered 10 gu<strong>in</strong>eas for each Volunteer <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong> brought <strong>in</strong> dead, 5 for those brought <strong>in</strong> alive. RSC2 pp. 132-134,<br />
SCP1 pp. 128-130, GHA3 pp. 388-389, MMS pp. 215-216.<br />
806 AR80 pp. 230-231, AR81 p. 58, RSC2 pp. 156, 157, TCS p. 87-89, SAW2 p. 195, BSF p. 33.<br />
807 TCS p. 87, SAW2 p. 195, GHC pp. 309-312, 319-320, 642-647, MSC1 pp. 642-647, LSL p. 205.<br />
808 Respect<strong>in</strong>g Cusack, see Regard<strong>in</strong>g Adam Cusack’s hang<strong>in</strong>g by Wemyss, see SCP2 p. 215, 215n, SCP3 pp. 162-163, RSC2 p. 156,<br />
188-189, WDJ, GHA3 p. 471, GHA4 p. 29, <strong>and</strong> GHC pp. 266-267, 300, 302-307, 332.<br />
809 GHC pp. 303-304, 306. Respect<strong>in</strong>g Wemyss movements <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region, see also K<strong>in</strong>gstree, 27 August.<br />
810 TCS pp. 86-88, SCP1 p. 363, SDR p. 51, CAR pp. 174-176, DRS p. 5.<br />
167
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six<br />
On 19 June (which date also see), hav<strong>in</strong>g marched from Charlestown via <strong>the</strong> Congarees with a cont<strong>in</strong>gent <strong>of</strong><br />
British light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists, Lieut. Col. Nisbet Balfour took <strong>the</strong> town <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six without<br />
encounter<strong>in</strong>g opposition. The site <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six was so named for be<strong>in</strong>g supposedly n<strong>in</strong>ety-six miles from <strong>the</strong><br />
ma<strong>in</strong> Cherokee town <strong>of</strong> Keowee or Keewee, or else, as <strong>War</strong>d states, n<strong>in</strong>ety-six miles from “<strong>the</strong> old frontier fort<br />
<strong>of</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce George on <strong>the</strong> Keowee River.” William Johnson speaks <strong>of</strong> Cambridge as be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> actual ma<strong>in</strong> town <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> area, but Cambridge was not formally built till after <strong>the</strong> war; though <strong>the</strong>re evidently was some amount <strong>of</strong><br />
settlement <strong>the</strong>re at <strong>the</strong> time. States Tarleton: “<strong>the</strong> force [posted] <strong>the</strong>re consisted <strong>of</strong> a battalion <strong>of</strong> De Lancey’s,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Innes’s <strong>and</strong> Allen’s regiments <strong>of</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>cials, with <strong>the</strong> 16 th <strong>and</strong> three o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry.” 811<br />
Georgetown<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton had early on wanted to seize Georgetown (<strong>the</strong> second largest city <strong>in</strong> south Carol<strong>in</strong>a); which was still<br />
occupied by some rebel militia, but <strong>the</strong> trouble <strong>of</strong> secur<strong>in</strong>g galleys for this purpose (given <strong>the</strong> departure <strong>of</strong><br />
Arbuthnot by early June) prevented a sea borne l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g which he preferred. S<strong>in</strong>ce mov<strong>in</strong>g by l<strong>and</strong> would only<br />
succeed <strong>in</strong> dispers<strong>in</strong>g any whig militia <strong>the</strong>re (ra<strong>the</strong>r than captur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m), it was decided to put <strong>of</strong>f tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
town till a later time. H<strong>in</strong>richs <strong>in</strong> his entry for 22 May reported <strong>the</strong> Americans had already ab<strong>and</strong>oned<br />
Georgetown. See 1 July, 1780. 812<br />
Moultrie: “[A]ll military operations <strong>and</strong> all opposition to <strong>the</strong> British army were suspended for a time: after this<br />
<strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal object <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British was to secure <strong>the</strong> submission <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants through <strong>the</strong> state, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
accord<strong>in</strong>gly sent detachments, <strong>and</strong> took post at Camden, Georgetown, Cheraws, Beaufort, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Congaree<br />
[Nelson’s Ferry], <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> citizens sent <strong>in</strong> flags from all parts, (some excepted who were <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> back parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
state still kept out) with <strong>the</strong>ir submissions to <strong>the</strong> British government, pray<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>y may be admitted upon<br />
<strong>the</strong> same terms as <strong>the</strong> citizens <strong>of</strong> Charleston.” 813<br />
Annual Register: “Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> tranquil appearances <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Sir Henry<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s departure from <strong>the</strong>nce, it soon became obvious, that many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants were so little satisfied<br />
with <strong>the</strong> present government, that <strong>the</strong>y endeavoured [sic] to dispose <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir property upon such terms as <strong>the</strong>y<br />
could obta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> totally to ab<strong>and</strong>on <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce. This conduct became so frequent <strong>and</strong> glar<strong>in</strong>g, that Lord<br />
Cornwallis found it necessary towards <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> July to issue a proclamation, strictly forbidd<strong>in</strong>g all sales <strong>and</strong><br />
transfers <strong>of</strong> property, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g even negroes, without a licence [sic] first obta<strong>in</strong>ed from <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong><br />
Charles Town; <strong>and</strong> likewise forbidd<strong>in</strong>g all masters <strong>of</strong> vessels, from carry<strong>in</strong>g any persons whatever, whe<strong>the</strong>r black<br />
or white, out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> colony, without a written passport from <strong>the</strong> same <strong>of</strong>ficer.” 814<br />
Cornwallis’ orders to his outpost <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers: “The <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ces who have subscribed to, <strong>and</strong><br />
taken part <strong>in</strong> this revolt, should be punished with <strong>the</strong> utmost rigour [sic]; <strong>and</strong> also those who will not turn out,<br />
shall be imprisoned <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir whole property taken from <strong>the</strong>m or destroyed. I have ordered <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most positive<br />
manner, that every militia man who has borne arms with us <strong>and</strong> afterward jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> enemy, shall be<br />
immediately hanged. I desire you will take <strong>the</strong> most rigorous measures to punish <strong>the</strong> rebels <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> district <strong>in</strong><br />
which you <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> that you obey <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> strictest manner, <strong>the</strong> directions I have given <strong>in</strong> this letter,<br />
relative to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>in</strong> this country.” 815<br />
Early June. A <strong>com</strong>missioner was sent (accord<strong>in</strong>g to William Hill’s memoirs) by Rawdon to Hill’s Iron Works on<br />
Allison’s Creek <strong>in</strong> an effort to drum up support for <strong>the</strong> British, <strong>and</strong> to threaten rebel supporters. He received a<br />
cool reception, <strong>and</strong> was forced to leave frustrated, if not <strong>in</strong>timidated. Follow<strong>in</strong>g this, citizens <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> area who<br />
had ga<strong>the</strong>red to form a whig regiment, elected Andrew Neale <strong>and</strong> William Hill as <strong>the</strong>ir colonels. Hill fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
po<strong>in</strong>ts out that at <strong>the</strong> time it was customary for <strong>the</strong> militia regiments <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a to have two colonels. A<br />
short while before, William Bratton <strong>and</strong> Samuel Watson had been made colonels at a similar ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g at<br />
Bullock’s Creek. 816<br />
Early June. Sumter arrived <strong>in</strong> Salisbury <strong>in</strong> early June <strong>and</strong> began tak<strong>in</strong>g steps to arm <strong>and</strong> organize <strong>the</strong> S.C. militia.<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a authorities <strong>in</strong> support <strong>of</strong> his efforts issued him $19,000 <strong>in</strong> treasury certificates for supplies <strong>and</strong><br />
ammunition. 817<br />
1 June. Cornwallis reached Camden. 818 On this same day, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton from Charlestown wrote him “Our first object<br />
will probably be <strong>the</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g post at Norfolk or Suffolk, or near <strong>the</strong> Hampton Road, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n proceed<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong><br />
Chesapeake to Baltimore.” 819<br />
811 TCS p. 87, CAR pp. 174-176, JLG2 p. 138, WAR2 p. 816.<br />
812 SCP1 pp. 304-327, USC p. 303, TCS pp. 77, 80, 87, CAR p. 174-176, BSF pp. 35, 62.<br />
813 MMS pp. 208-209, MSC1 pp. 641, 647.<br />
814 AR80 pp. 229-230.<br />
815 RSC2 pp. 157-159, MMS2 pp. 240-241, MHG p. 481. Wickwire ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>s that despite such orders Cornwallis was too mild <strong>in</strong><br />
carry<strong>in</strong>g out his threats, <strong>and</strong> as result such leniency only encouraged opposition. WCO p. 173.<br />
816 HMS pp. 6-8.<br />
817 SDR p. 80.<br />
818 SAW2 p. 193n, BSF p. 33.<br />
819 Cl<strong>in</strong>ton-Cornwallis Controversy, vol. I, p. 214, MSC1 p. 855n.<br />
168
1 June. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, Arbuthnot, <strong>and</strong> legal <strong>com</strong>missioners who had ac<strong>com</strong>panied <strong>the</strong> expedition issued a second<br />
proclamation stat<strong>in</strong>g that all previous resistors to <strong>the</strong> crown who accepted allegiance, <strong>and</strong> aside from <strong>the</strong> most<br />
egregious violent <strong>of</strong>fenders <strong>and</strong> murderers, would be <strong>of</strong>fered pardon. They also <strong>in</strong>vited all <strong>in</strong>habitants to assist <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> restoration <strong>of</strong> British rule. Arbuthnot <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>missioners, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, desired to re<strong>in</strong>state civil<br />
government <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, however, felt that given <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>n current state <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs such a measure<br />
would be imprudent <strong>and</strong> premature. 820<br />
3 June. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, without Arbuthnot’s collaboration this time, issued a third, more drastic proclamation which<br />
announced that all paroles given to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, as <strong>of</strong> 20 June, would be considered null<br />
<strong>and</strong> void, <strong>and</strong> that it would be assumed that all citizens were to cont<strong>in</strong>ue as loyal subjects <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> crown;<br />
mean<strong>in</strong>g among o<strong>the</strong>r th<strong>in</strong>gs, that a) <strong>the</strong> males <strong>of</strong> age were potentially liable for military service, ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
loyal militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regular army, b) all previously paroled militia (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g those which were surrendered at<br />
Charlestown <strong>in</strong> May) must be prepared if need be to take up arms for Engl<strong>and</strong>, or be classified as traitors, <strong>and</strong><br />
consequently risk hang<strong>in</strong>g. Those with families were to form militia at home, <strong>and</strong> young men without family<br />
were to be ready to assemble when required, <strong>and</strong> to serve with <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops for any 6 months <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
ensu<strong>in</strong>g 12 that might be found requisite. They would not, even so, be required to be marched beyond <strong>the</strong><br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>as or Georgia, <strong>and</strong> when <strong>the</strong>ir term <strong>of</strong> service expired were freed from all claims <strong>of</strong> military obligation,<br />
except<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon <strong>and</strong> usual militia duty at <strong>the</strong> place <strong>of</strong> his residence. This edict, <strong>in</strong> effect, explicitly<br />
denied <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants to rema<strong>in</strong> neutral. Required to choose, many were outraged -- not least <strong>of</strong> which<br />
those who would have liked to have avoided actual participation, regardless <strong>of</strong> who was prevail<strong>in</strong>g (<strong>the</strong> previous<br />
whig system be<strong>in</strong>g more local <strong>in</strong> arrangement <strong>and</strong> generally less dem<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> more flexible than <strong>the</strong> de jure<br />
conscription <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> populace at large by <strong>the</strong> British); <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>reby emboldened many to take up arms or<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise resume <strong>the</strong> struggle aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> British; <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g militia who had previously, under <strong>the</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Charlestown surrender, been on only on parole, <strong>and</strong> who <strong>in</strong>terpreted Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s move as a breach <strong>of</strong> faith. To<br />
<strong>com</strong>pound matters, some loyalists resented <strong>the</strong> proclamation as privileg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> putt<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> same level as<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves persons who earlier had rejected or were <strong>in</strong>different to royal authority. As a matter <strong>of</strong> course <strong>and</strong><br />
not long <strong>the</strong>reafter, rebel militia units started form<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gstree area under Maj. John<br />
James, one <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neck between <strong>the</strong> Peedee <strong>and</strong> Lynches Rivers under Lieut. Col. Hugh Giles, <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
regiment on Britton’s Neck under Col. John Erv<strong>in</strong>. 821<br />
Cornwallis to Balfour, dated Camden, June 11, 1780: “I yesterday met, by accident with a Proclamation issued<br />
June 1 st , by sir H. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Commissioners. I was at first startled at it, <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> effect it had on <strong>the</strong><br />
people <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. However, on consider<strong>in</strong>g it attentively, it appears vague <strong>and</strong> nugatory, <strong>and</strong> does not<br />
materially affect any part <strong>of</strong> my plan. I likewise f<strong>in</strong>d that Aides-de-camp at head quarters have been distribut<strong>in</strong>g<br />
protections, declar<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most violent <strong>and</strong> persecut<strong>in</strong>g rebels good <strong>and</strong> loyal subjects. I must, however,<br />
notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se little obstacles, persevere steadily <strong>in</strong> my plan.” 822<br />
Stedman: “[Abrogat<strong>in</strong>g paroles <strong>and</strong> foist<strong>in</strong>g protection] <strong>in</strong> one <strong>in</strong>stant, converted <strong>the</strong>m ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>to loyal subjects<br />
or rebels. If it was proper policy at first to hold a middle course between <strong>the</strong>se opposite extremes, <strong>the</strong> same<br />
policy required that it should have been cont<strong>in</strong>ued some time longer; <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> condition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants<br />
should have been altered, ra<strong>the</strong>r at <strong>the</strong>ir own application, ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>dividually or collectively, <strong>the</strong>n by <strong>the</strong><br />
arbitrary power <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> chief. In this manner a proper discrim<strong>in</strong>ation might have been made<br />
between <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants who really were loyal, <strong>and</strong> those who were nom<strong>in</strong>ally so: But by pursu<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> opposite<br />
course, <strong>the</strong>y were all blended <strong>in</strong>discrim<strong>in</strong>ately toge<strong>the</strong>r. Even <strong>the</strong> violent revolutionist, unless he chose to leave<br />
<strong>the</strong> country, was obliged to assume <strong>the</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong> loyalty: <strong>and</strong> thus <strong>the</strong> foundation <strong>of</strong> mutual jealousy <strong>and</strong><br />
distrust was laid amongst <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>the</strong>mselves. The revolutionists <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>ed that <strong>the</strong>ir condition was<br />
altered without <strong>the</strong>ir concurrence, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists murmured because notorious rebels, by tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> oath <strong>of</strong><br />
allegiance, <strong>and</strong> putt<strong>in</strong>g on a shew [sic] <strong>of</strong> attachment, became entitled to <strong>the</strong> same privileges as <strong>the</strong>mselves.” 823<br />
Ramsay: “Had this severe alternative never been <strong>of</strong>fered, <strong>and</strong> had <strong>the</strong> people been <strong>in</strong>dulged <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> quiet<br />
possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir property, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir domestick [sic] ease, it would have been extremely difficult for Congress<br />
to have made adequate exertions for rescu<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> state out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British.” 824<br />
Declaration <strong>of</strong> Allegiance: “I, A.B., do hereby acknowledge <strong>and</strong> declare myself to be a true <strong>and</strong> faithful subject<br />
to his Majesty, <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Great Brita<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> that I will at all times hereafter be obedient to his government;<br />
<strong>and</strong> that whenever I shall be <strong>the</strong>reunto required, I will be ready to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> defend <strong>the</strong> same aga<strong>in</strong>st all<br />
persons whatsoever.” 825<br />
3 June. Follow<strong>in</strong>g news <strong>of</strong> Buford’s defeat, Brig. Gen. Griffith Ru<strong>the</strong>rford called out <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Charlotte, Salisbury <strong>and</strong> outly<strong>in</strong>g areas; so that by June 3 rd about 900 were ga<strong>the</strong>red at Charlotte. These were,<br />
notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, shortly after dismissed when it mistakenly appeared that <strong>the</strong> British were not mov<strong>in</strong>g from<br />
820 RSC2 pp. 110-112, 114-125, 435-445, TCS p. 74-76, GHA3 pp. 383-384, CAR pp. 181-182.<br />
821 AR80 pp. 223-224, RSC2 pp. 110-112, 114-125, full texts <strong>of</strong> all three proclamations are found at 435-445, TCS p. 74-76, GHA3<br />
pp. 384-386, SAW2 pp. 198-199, 220-221, CAR p. 181-182, TCS p. 73-74, MLW4A pp. 161-162, LMS pp. pp.162-163, 168-169, MHG<br />
p. 480, CBA p. 498, MSC1 pp. 552-560, BSF p.33, WCO pp. 182-183. Respect<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis’ own reaction to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s<br />
proclamation, see SCP1 p. 159.<br />
822 RCC p. 46.<br />
823 SAW2 p. 221.<br />
824 RSC2 p. 117.<br />
825 GHC p. 304.<br />
169
Camden. Ironically <strong>and</strong> despite this, Rawdon about this same time was mak<strong>in</strong>g immediate preparations, if not<br />
already en route from Camden, to <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws region. 826<br />
3 June. Brig. Gen. William Caswell, at Cross Creek, to Gov. Abner Nash (at New Bern): “I imag<strong>in</strong>e your<br />
Excellency will be surprised to hear from me at this place, but from <strong>the</strong> movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy I found no<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r safe Retreat, <strong>and</strong> am happy to have <strong>the</strong> pleasure to <strong>in</strong>form you that we this afternoon arrived here with<br />
most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Men <strong>of</strong> my Brigade. I sent Major Mitchell <strong>of</strong>f to your Excellency a few days past. He, I suppose, gave<br />
a full account <strong>of</strong> our March to, or near, Haley’s Ferry, on P. D. [Peedee River] I parted with Colo. [Abraham]<br />
Buford on Friday Even<strong>in</strong>g. He marched from Camden on Saturday Morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> on Sunday <strong>the</strong> Enemy were <strong>in</strong><br />
Possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Town. About 12 o’clock Sunday night 300 Light Infantry, mounted beh<strong>in</strong>d 400 Horse, (<strong>the</strong> whole<br />
that came <strong>in</strong>to Town that day,) Went <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Colo. Buford, <strong>and</strong> on Monday, 2 o’clock, overtook him. Colo<br />
Buford had notice previous to <strong>the</strong>ir attack<strong>in</strong>g & had his men <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess for action. The Infantry attacked him <strong>in</strong><br />
front & <strong>the</strong> Light Horse <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear. The attack lasted 20 M<strong>in</strong>utes, when <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> Colo. Buford’s Troops was<br />
killed & taken, <strong>the</strong> Advanced Guard <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> Guard excepted, which was <strong>in</strong> front <strong>and</strong> made <strong>the</strong>ir Escape.<br />
The rest fell <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy, with <strong>the</strong> Baggage & Two field Pieces. This Acct. I have from several <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> advanced Guard, who have jo<strong>in</strong>ed me. I have not heard from that Party s<strong>in</strong>ce, but from a Deserter I am<br />
<strong>in</strong>formed <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong>tend for Charlotte, & <strong>the</strong>n to this place. Two thous<strong>and</strong> was ordered <strong>of</strong>f after my Brigade. Three<br />
Days past <strong>the</strong>y were at Lynche’s [Lynches] Creek, s<strong>in</strong>ce which I have not heard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. And <strong>the</strong>re was a party at<br />
Black River & Black M<strong>in</strong>go. I lay partly between <strong>the</strong>se parties when I was a Haley’s Ferry, <strong>and</strong> had no o<strong>the</strong>r place<br />
but this that I could get Provisions at. And by reports from Deserters I was <strong>in</strong>formed that a party would soon be<br />
at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, & <strong>the</strong>se three Bodies to form a Junction at this place. This plan <strong>of</strong> operation I imag<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong>y will<br />
easily carry <strong>in</strong>to effect, if some troops do not arrive to our assistance. Shall wait here (<strong>the</strong> Enemy Will<strong>in</strong>g) untill I<br />
receive orders from your Excellency, or some superior Officer.<br />
“The Men under my <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> are very much <strong>in</strong> want <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Bounty; shall be happy to have it if Possible.” 827<br />
4 June. Col. John Thomas Sr. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Upper Spartan District (Spartan Regiment), Col. Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
lower Spartan District (Fair Forest Regiment), <strong>and</strong> Col. James Lisle from <strong>the</strong> forks <strong>of</strong> Enoree <strong>and</strong> Tyger Rivers,<br />
(Dutch Fork Regiment) met at a location on Fair Forest Creek, some four miles from where <strong>the</strong> present city <strong>of</strong><br />
Union is situated, <strong>and</strong> mutually agreed <strong>and</strong> resolved to cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>and</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> British. On<br />
<strong>the</strong> same day, local loyalists cont<strong>in</strong>ued collect<strong>in</strong>g at not far distant Alex<strong>and</strong>er’s Old Field <strong>in</strong> modern<br />
Beckhamville <strong>in</strong> Chester County. 828<br />
6 June. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to William Hill’s memoirs <strong>and</strong> which have been challenged <strong>in</strong> part on this po<strong>in</strong>t, Col Samuel<br />
Watson <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. William Bratton convened a meet<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whig militia <strong>of</strong> New Acquisition 829 at Bullock’s<br />
Creek Meet<strong>in</strong>g House where it was decided to await re<strong>in</strong>forcements from <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals before resum<strong>in</strong>g arms<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> British. Even so, <strong>the</strong> two leaders almost just as soon changed <strong>the</strong>ir m<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>and</strong> took <strong>the</strong> field without<br />
await<strong>in</strong>g or requir<strong>in</strong>g such assistance; with Bratton <strong>in</strong> particular immediately rais<strong>in</strong>g a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> volunteers<br />
from <strong>the</strong> Be<strong>the</strong>sda neighborhood <strong>and</strong> seek<strong>in</strong>g out support from Sumter. 830<br />
6 June. Lieut. Gen. Charles Lord Cornwallis, at Camden, assumed <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South as<br />
Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton made preparations to sail back to New York. His <strong>in</strong>structions were that South <strong>and</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a be pacified, <strong>and</strong> order ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Georgia <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Floridas. When, <strong>and</strong> only when, <strong>the</strong>se objectives<br />
were adequately realized <strong>and</strong> fulfilled could a fur<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> desired, move north <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia be contemplated. 831<br />
Annual Register: “After this success [Charlestown], <strong>the</strong>re was noth<strong>in</strong>g to resist <strong>the</strong> arms <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis; <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong> that extensive colony <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a was deemed so <strong>com</strong>plete, at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Sir Henry<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s departure, [June 5 th ] on return<strong>in</strong>g to his government <strong>of</strong> New York, that he <strong>in</strong>forms <strong>the</strong> American<br />
m<strong>in</strong>ister <strong>in</strong> his letter, that <strong>the</strong>re were few men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce who were not ei<strong>the</strong>r prisoners to, or <strong>in</strong> arms<br />
with, <strong>the</strong> British forces; <strong>and</strong> he cannot restra<strong>in</strong> his exultation, at <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants who came <strong>in</strong><br />
from every quarter, to testify <strong>the</strong>ir allegiance, <strong>and</strong> to <strong>of</strong>fer <strong>the</strong>ir services, <strong>in</strong> arms, <strong>in</strong> support <strong>of</strong> his Majesty’s<br />
government; <strong>and</strong> who, <strong>in</strong> many <strong>in</strong>stances, had brought as prisoners <strong>the</strong>ir former oppressors or leaders. 832<br />
“That <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er accord<strong>in</strong>gly, <strong>in</strong> settl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> affairs <strong>and</strong> government <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce, adopted a scheme <strong>of</strong><br />
oblig<strong>in</strong>g it to contribute largely to its own defence; <strong>and</strong> even to look forward, <strong>in</strong> present exertion to future<br />
security, by tak<strong>in</strong>g an active share <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> suppression <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebellion on its borders. In this view, he seemed to<br />
admit <strong>of</strong> no neutrals; but that every man, who did not avow himself an enemy to <strong>the</strong> British government, should<br />
take an active part <strong>in</strong> its support. On this pr<strong>in</strong>cipal, all persons were expected to be <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess with <strong>the</strong>ir arms<br />
at a moment’s warn<strong>in</strong>g; those who had families, to form a militia for <strong>the</strong> home defence; but those who had<br />
none, to serve with <strong>the</strong> royal forces, for any six months <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g twelve, <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y might be called<br />
upon, to assist ‘<strong>in</strong> driv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir rebel oppressors, <strong>and</strong> all <strong>the</strong> miseries <strong>of</strong> war, far from <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce.’ Their<br />
service was, however, limited, besides <strong>the</strong>ir own prov<strong>in</strong>ce, to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia, beyond <strong>the</strong><br />
826 MSC1 pp. 579-580.<br />
827 CNC14 pp. 832-833.<br />
828 SDR pp. 52-53.<br />
829<br />
New Acquisition was located roughly <strong>in</strong> present day York County, S.C. Moultrie: “The New Acquisition was a tract <strong>of</strong> country<br />
taken from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> 1772 ; <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e between <strong>the</strong> two states had been long disputed, till by an order <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
council, it was run, beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> corner tree, on <strong>the</strong> Salisbury road, <strong>and</strong> which took fourteen miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> south part <strong>of</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong>to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> run parallel with <strong>the</strong> old l<strong>in</strong>e sixty-five miles.” MMS2 p. 234n.<br />
830 HMS p. 6, MSC1 pp. 588-589, SDR pp. 57-58.<br />
831 CNC vol. XV, pp. 263-268, SCP1 pp. 56, 67, AR80 pp. 223-224, GHA3 p. 385.<br />
832 SCP1 p. 160.<br />
170
oundaries <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y were not to be marched; <strong>and</strong>, after <strong>the</strong> expiration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> limited term, <strong>the</strong>y were to<br />
be free from all future military claims <strong>of</strong> service, except<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir local militia duties. So warm were <strong>the</strong> hopes <strong>of</strong><br />
success <strong>the</strong>n formed, that a few months were thought equal to <strong>the</strong> subjugation <strong>of</strong>, at least, that part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ent.” 833<br />
`<br />
Cornwallis wrote Lord Germa<strong>in</strong> on August 20 th : “Sir Henry soon afterwards embarked for New York, <strong>and</strong><br />
appo<strong>in</strong>ted me to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> His Majesty’s Forces <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Prov<strong>in</strong>ces. I was <strong>the</strong>n at Camden, but <strong>the</strong><br />
Corps with me be<strong>in</strong>g totally destitute <strong>of</strong> Military Stores, Cloth<strong>in</strong>g, Rum, Salt & o<strong>the</strong>r articles necessary for Troops<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> operations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Field, <strong>and</strong> Provisions <strong>of</strong> all k<strong>in</strong>ds be<strong>in</strong>g deficient, almost approach<strong>in</strong>g to a Fam<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, it was impossible for me to penetrate <strong>in</strong>to that Prov<strong>in</strong>ce before <strong>the</strong> Harvest. I <strong>the</strong>refore<br />
employed myself <strong>in</strong> fix<strong>in</strong>g posts <strong>of</strong> Troops from <strong>the</strong> Pedee [Peedee] to <strong>the</strong> Savannah rivers, to awe <strong>the</strong><br />
disaffected <strong>and</strong> encourage <strong>the</strong> loyal Inhabitants…” 834<br />
Wickwire: “Cl<strong>in</strong>ton asserted he left Cornwallis with 11,306 effectives. Effectives is mislead<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> only troops<br />
that [really] counted were those fit for duty. ‘Effectives’ however <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>the</strong> sick <strong>and</strong> wounded, men <strong>in</strong><br />
Engl<strong>and</strong> recruit<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> men prisoners <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebels. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton did send 1900 men to <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as <strong>in</strong> November,<br />
but he would have to have sent several thous<strong>and</strong> to <strong>the</strong> Earl for his arithmetic to make sense. He never sent<br />
<strong>the</strong>m. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, his <strong>in</strong>itial figure <strong>of</strong> 6000 with Cornwallis at Charlestown is suspect.” 835<br />
Regard<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis’s prospective supply situation, Wickwire later po<strong>in</strong>ts out that even though his Lordship had<br />
to live <strong>of</strong>f countryside, he was short <strong>of</strong> both wagons <strong>and</strong> cash. To add to this, he had to f<strong>in</strong>d food without leav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> country a desert while shield<strong>in</strong>g his strung out l<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> supply <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>munications from enemy partisans.<br />
Supplies rarely, <strong>and</strong> money never, arrived from Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>and</strong> sometimes supply convoys via <strong>the</strong> sea were hit by<br />
privateers. When <strong>in</strong> September, Balfour came to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Charlestown, he lamented <strong>the</strong> shortage <strong>of</strong> food<br />
<strong>and</strong> stores be<strong>in</strong>g sent to <strong>the</strong> city. A week later a ship did arrive with supplies <strong>and</strong> men, but <strong>the</strong> transport sent to<br />
br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> was “taken just <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> bar by two twenty gun ships.” 836<br />
Tarleton: “Charles town [after Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s departure] conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> 7 th , 63d, <strong>and</strong> 64 th regiments <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, two<br />
battalions <strong>of</strong> Hessians, a large detachment <strong>of</strong> royal artillery, <strong>and</strong> some corps <strong>of</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>cials, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> Brigadier-general Patterson. The legion dragoons (<strong>the</strong> 17 th be<strong>in</strong>g ordered to New York) were directed to keep<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>munications open between <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>cial posts <strong>of</strong> this extended cantonment: This service <strong>in</strong>jured <strong>the</strong>m<br />
<strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>itely more than all <strong>the</strong> preced<strong>in</strong>g moves <strong>and</strong> actions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> campaign, <strong>and</strong> though hi<strong>the</strong>rto successful aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir enemies <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field, <strong>the</strong>y were nearly destroyed <strong>in</strong> detail by <strong>the</strong> patroles <strong>and</strong> detachments required <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tense heat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> season.” 837<br />
6 June. Allaire. “Tuesday, 6 th . Got <strong>in</strong> motion at three o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> marched thirteen miles to Col.<br />
Thomson’s [Thompson’s Plantation], 838 <strong>and</strong> halted on <strong>the</strong> march...”<br />
6 June. (possibly 29 May, or else 7 June) [skirmish] Alex<strong>and</strong>er’s Old Field, also Beckham’s Old Field,<br />
Beckhamville, (Chester County, S.C.) About 200 loyalists, collect<strong>in</strong>g under Capt. Henry Houseman, 839 were<br />
surprised <strong>and</strong> scattered by a smaller, whig force <strong>of</strong> 32 mounted men under Capt. John McClure <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Hugh<br />
McClure. John Craig, a veteran <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> event, <strong>in</strong> an article published <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pendleton Messenger, Nov. 1839,<br />
speaks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whig force consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 27 soldiers <strong>and</strong> 3 <strong>of</strong>ficers -– <strong>the</strong> three <strong>of</strong>ficers named, be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> two<br />
McClures <strong>and</strong> Lieut. John Steel. He also mentions that 9 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tories were taken prisoner. 840<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “Here was <strong>the</strong> scene <strong>of</strong> excit<strong>in</strong>g events dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> early part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>of</strong> 1780. Rocky Mount was<br />
made a royal post. Capta<strong>in</strong> [Henry] Houseman, <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, sent forth h<strong>and</strong>-bills, call<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> an ‘old field,’ where Beckhamville post-<strong>of</strong>fice now st<strong>and</strong>s, to receive protection <strong>and</strong> acknowledge<br />
allegiance to <strong>the</strong> crown. One aged patriot, like ano<strong>the</strong>r Tell, refused to bow to <strong>the</strong> cap <strong>of</strong> this t<strong>in</strong>y Gesler. That<br />
patriot was Joseph Gaston, who lived upon <strong>the</strong> Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek, near <strong>the</strong> Catawba. In va<strong>in</strong> Houseman, who went to<br />
his residence with an armed escort, pleaded with <strong>and</strong> menaced <strong>the</strong> patriot. His reply was, ‘Never!’ <strong>and</strong> as soon<br />
as <strong>the</strong> British capta<strong>in</strong> had turned his back, he sent his sons out to ask <strong>the</strong> brave among his neighbors to meet at<br />
his house that night. Under Capta<strong>in</strong> John M’Clure, thirty-three determ<strong>in</strong>ed men were at Judge Gaston’s at<br />
midnight. They were clad <strong>in</strong> hunt<strong>in</strong>g-shirts <strong>and</strong> moccas<strong>in</strong>s, wool hats <strong>and</strong> deer-sk<strong>in</strong> caps, each armed with a<br />
butcher-knife <strong>and</strong> a rifle. Early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>y prepared for <strong>the</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day. Silently <strong>the</strong>y crept<br />
along <strong>the</strong> old Indian trail by <strong>the</strong> marg<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> creek, <strong>and</strong> suddenly, with a fearful shout, surrounded <strong>and</strong><br />
dis<strong>com</strong>fited <strong>the</strong> assembled Tories upon <strong>the</strong> ‘old field,’ at Beckhamville. The British soldiers <strong>in</strong> attendance fled<br />
precipitately to <strong>the</strong>ir quarters at Rocky Mount. Filled with rage, Houseman sent a party to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> hoaryheaded<br />
patriot, <strong>the</strong>n eighty years <strong>of</strong> age, to his quarters; but <strong>the</strong>y found his dwell<strong>in</strong>g deserted. His wife,<br />
concealed <strong>in</strong> some bushes near, saw <strong>the</strong>m plunder <strong>the</strong> house <strong>of</strong> every th<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> carry <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> stock from <strong>the</strong><br />
plantation. Noth<strong>in</strong>g was left but <strong>the</strong> family Bible -- a precious relic, yet preserved <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> family…” 841<br />
833 AR80 pp. 223-224.<br />
834 CNC vol. XV, pp. 263-268, SCP2 p. 7.<br />
835 WCO p. 135.<br />
836 Balfour to Cornwallis, Sept. 20 <strong>and</strong> Sept. 27, 1780, PRO. 30/11/64, ff. 83-88, 112-113.<br />
837 TCS pp. 87-88.<br />
838 Thompson’s Plantation, also known as Belleville, was situated just south <strong>and</strong> east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> confluence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Congaree <strong>and</strong><br />
Wateree rivers.<br />
839 Regard<strong>in</strong>g Houseman, see SDR p. 55.<br />
840 LFB2 p. 451, MSC2 p. 744, RBG p. 72, BRG p. 111, SDR pp. 52-57, SCAR vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 2-5.<br />
841 LFB2 p. 451.<br />
171
6 June. Johann de Kalb, at Petersburg, VA., to <strong>the</strong> United States Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong>: “Hav<strong>in</strong>g been delayed at<br />
Annapolis [MD.] for near 2 days to get <strong>the</strong> money from <strong>the</strong> treasury <strong>of</strong> that State, I arrived at Richmond [VA.] <strong>the</strong><br />
22d, <strong>and</strong> next day at this place, where <strong>the</strong> Governor <strong>and</strong> Council had directed <strong>the</strong> troops rendezvous. By what<br />
was said to Mr. Bee (whom I met at Hanover Court House,) <strong>and</strong> wrote to me by him, by Governor Jefferson, it<br />
appeared <strong>the</strong> state had ordered to press as many horses as would be necessary to put all <strong>the</strong> soldiers on<br />
Horseback, to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m on with <strong>the</strong> greatest rapidity; but found on my arrival at Richmond that <strong>the</strong> scheme<br />
was impracticable for want <strong>of</strong> Horses, Saddles, Bridles <strong>and</strong> forage; <strong>the</strong>refore it was determ<strong>in</strong>ed that I should be<br />
furnished with a sufficiency <strong>of</strong> waggons (<strong>the</strong> Number agreed on) to carry <strong>the</strong> tents <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiers’ packs; <strong>the</strong><br />
waggons were to be <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>in</strong> a few days, 40 were promised from Suffolk County, 12 from Richmond, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs were to be taken here. Colonel [Edward] Carr<strong>in</strong>gton with his artillery arrived on <strong>the</strong> 25 th , Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
Coleman on <strong>the</strong> 26 th , but several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware <strong>com</strong>panies came <strong>in</strong> only on <strong>the</strong> 29 th ; <strong>the</strong><br />
Transports hav<strong>in</strong>g been parted <strong>in</strong> a Gale <strong>of</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d, <strong>the</strong> shoes, shirts <strong>and</strong> overalls could not arrive until <strong>the</strong> 30 th .<br />
“The waggons from <strong>the</strong> neighborhood <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> gave me a fair prospect <strong>of</strong> gett<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs; not to lose a day,<br />
<strong>the</strong> artillery be<strong>in</strong>g ready, I ordered <strong>the</strong>m on <strong>the</strong>ir march <strong>the</strong> 30 th under Colonel [Charles] Harrison, who had<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed with 30 Recruits; but <strong>the</strong> Suffolk <strong>and</strong> Richmond waggons fail<strong>in</strong>g, not only I could not march <strong>the</strong> first<br />
Brigade before 1 st Instant, nor <strong>the</strong> Second ere now, but was also obliged to give up <strong>the</strong> thought <strong>of</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
soldiers’ packs carried <strong>in</strong> waggons. I hope to meet with no more obstructions on <strong>the</strong> Rout by Taylor’s ferry [on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Roanoke River], Hillsboro, Salisbury, &c.<br />
“An Ammunition Waggon <strong>of</strong> second Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigade sunk <strong>in</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g here, Appomatox ferry. The waggon was<br />
brought out, but <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> 12,000 musket Cartridges are spoiled, <strong>and</strong> have been turned <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> store; this<br />
accident cannot be attributed but to <strong>the</strong> Rudeness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ferry Boat.<br />
“The letter, General, you were pleased to write to me on <strong>the</strong> 16 th May came only to h<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 31 st , <strong>and</strong> to this<br />
day I have not Heard <strong>of</strong> Major Lee’s Corps. If <strong>the</strong>y <strong>com</strong>e up with me, your orders respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m shall be<br />
punctually <strong>com</strong>plied with….<br />
“P. S. As I am this moment <strong>in</strong>formed by Major Jameson, who arrived from George Town, So. Carol<strong>in</strong>a, that<br />
Charles Town capitulated on <strong>the</strong> 12 th May, our garrison prisoners <strong>of</strong> war, <strong>the</strong> Enemy advanc<strong>in</strong>g this side <strong>of</strong><br />
George Town, <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> that quarter unknown, but that <strong>the</strong>ir Army under Genl. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton was with a late<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcement. He received about 12,000. No certa<strong>in</strong>ty where Govr. Rutledge is with <strong>the</strong> troops under his<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> have sent orders to <strong>the</strong> first brigade <strong>and</strong> Artillery to halt where <strong>the</strong>y are until I have jo<strong>in</strong>ed with<br />
<strong>the</strong> 2d Brigade. I suppose my letters will f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m not far from Salisbury. Then I will consider what steps to<br />
take, if a junction with Governor Rutledge may be expected, <strong>and</strong> whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>re will be any prospect <strong>of</strong><br />
obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g militia from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, but even <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> Enemy will be still vastly superior <strong>in</strong><br />
number. I am determ<strong>in</strong>ed to be on <strong>the</strong> defensive until re<strong>in</strong>fercement <strong>and</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r orders <strong>and</strong> directions ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
from your board, Congress, or <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> Chief.<br />
“By Major Jameson [John Jamieson] I also underst<strong>and</strong> that Colonel Arm<strong>and</strong>’s Corps is under [William]<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton.<br />
“The state Artillery <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia marched from this place 28 days ago by <strong>the</strong> same road I am march<strong>in</strong>g. They are<br />
supposed to be actually about Camden or with Governor Rutledge.” 842<br />
7 June. De Kalb camped at “Genl. Parsons” <strong>in</strong> Granville County, N.C. where he rema<strong>in</strong>ed till June 21 st . 843<br />
7 June. Brig. Gen. Isaac Gregory, at “Camden County,” N.C. to Gov. Abner Nash: “Your Excellency directed me<br />
to <strong>in</strong>form you <strong>of</strong> my situation <strong>and</strong> prospect relative to <strong>the</strong> Troops that marches out this Brigade. Some Counties<br />
turn out very well, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs seems someth<strong>in</strong>g Tardy, but am <strong>in</strong> hopes I shall get <strong>the</strong> number, or very near it,<br />
Drafted for. Respect<strong>in</strong>g arms, we are <strong>in</strong> a bad situation. I am <strong>in</strong>formed by some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Colonels that it is not<br />
possible to get arms. I shall do everyth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> my power to forward on <strong>the</strong> Troops. Hope to be at K<strong>in</strong>gston <strong>in</strong> a<br />
short time; any orders or directions I shall be glad to Know <strong>the</strong>m.” 844<br />
8 June. Brig. Gen. Griffith Ru<strong>the</strong>rford, be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> Rawdon’s advance <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws settlement from<br />
Camden, aga<strong>in</strong> issued orders for <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Salisbury District, <strong>and</strong> Rowan, Mecklenburg <strong>and</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln (or<br />
Tryon) counties to meet on <strong>the</strong> 10 th at Rees’ (or Reese’s) Plantation eighteen miles nor<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> Charlotte. 845<br />
Ramsay: “The near approach <strong>of</strong> colonel Tarleton to Mecklenburgh county, where he defeated colonel Buford,<br />
<strong>in</strong>duced general Ru<strong>the</strong>rford to take <strong>the</strong> field for <strong>the</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> that part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. In three days he<br />
collected fifteen hundred militia at Charlotte town; but as lieutenant-colonel Tarleton immediately retreated,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y returned to <strong>the</strong>ir homes. About ten days later, lord Rawdon fixed a post at Waxhaws. General Ru<strong>the</strong>rford a<br />
second time collected eight hundred <strong>of</strong> his militia brigade at Charlotte, <strong>and</strong> soon after his lordship retreated.<br />
The brave men, who so will<strong>in</strong>gly turned out for <strong>the</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir country, at this time <strong>of</strong> difficulty, were<br />
reduced to greatest straits <strong>in</strong> provid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves with suitable armour [sic]. They employed <strong>the</strong> si<strong>the</strong> [sic] <strong>and</strong><br />
sickle makes to convert iron <strong>and</strong> steel, where-ever <strong>the</strong>y could be found, <strong>in</strong>to <strong>in</strong>struments <strong>of</strong> defence. They had<br />
no lead but <strong>the</strong> small private stock accidentally <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> hunters, <strong>and</strong> would have been equally<br />
842 CNC15 pp. 499-500, MLW4A pp. 167-168.<br />
843 KJO p. 10.<br />
844 CNC14 p. 842.<br />
845 GNC pp. 213, GAM2 p. 217.<br />
172
destitute <strong>of</strong> powder, if <strong>the</strong> remote magaz<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> South-Carol<strong>in</strong>a had not been removed <strong>and</strong> lodged <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
neighborhood.” 846<br />
8 June. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, along with Arbuthnot’s squadron, sailed home for New York. By his own record, he took back<br />
with him “British Grenadiers 847 <strong>and</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry battalions, Hessian Grenadiers, German Chasseurs, 848 <strong>the</strong> Fortysecond<br />
Regiment, <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers (see 31 May for when this unit actually left Charlestown), <strong>and</strong> a<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> British artillery: amount<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole to about 4500;” 849 all <strong>of</strong> which reached New York by<br />
June 18 th . Charlestown itself <strong>the</strong>n was left with <strong>the</strong> 7 th Regt., <strong>the</strong> 63 rd Regt., <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regt., 2 battalions <strong>of</strong><br />
Hessians from <strong>the</strong> von Huyne, <strong>and</strong> von Dittfurth, a large detachment <strong>of</strong> royal artillery, <strong>and</strong> some prov<strong>in</strong>cials, all<br />
under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Brig. Gen Patterson; who had been appo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town; while Regt. von<br />
D’Angelelli had been sent on to Savannah. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Tarleton, after <strong>the</strong> victories at Charlestown <strong>and</strong><br />
Waxhaws, <strong>the</strong> British were able to raise 4,000 loyalist militia <strong>in</strong> Georgia <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. These added to <strong>the</strong><br />
6,000 British, Hessians <strong>and</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial units left by Cl<strong>in</strong>ton (5,400 <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a 850 <strong>and</strong> 1,000 <strong>in</strong> Georgia) gave<br />
Cornwallis 10,000 men. Maugre <strong>the</strong> impressive numbers, this total became significantly dim<strong>in</strong>ished over time due<br />
to subsequent illness, some desertion, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>t repeated m<strong>in</strong>or (<strong>in</strong> size) engagements with <strong>the</strong> enemy. 851<br />
H<strong>in</strong>rich: “[2 June entry] For <strong>the</strong> occupation <strong>of</strong> Charleston <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>re rema<strong>in</strong>ed beh<strong>in</strong>d Lord<br />
Cornwallis, Brigadier General Paterson, <strong>the</strong> 7 th , 23 rd , 33 rd , 63 rd , 64 th , 71 st , von Dittfurth’s, von Huyn’s, <strong>and</strong><br />
d’Angelelli’s Regiments (<strong>the</strong> latter was expected from Savannah), <strong>the</strong> [British] Legion, <strong>the</strong> North <strong>and</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiments, Brown’s Corps [<strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers], <strong>the</strong> Irish Volunteers, <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers,<br />
Ferguson’s Corps, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> refugees <strong>and</strong> loyalists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two Carol<strong>in</strong>as under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Major Ferguson <strong>and</strong><br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> Hanger…” 852<br />
8 June (or possibly 26 or 29 May, or 3 June, or 10 June). [raid] Mobley’s Meet<strong>in</strong>g House, also Moberley’s <strong>and</strong><br />
Gibson’s Meet<strong>in</strong>g House, Brierly’s (Fairfield County, S.C.) Col. William Bratton <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> John McClure, who<br />
had been camped beside <strong>the</strong> Catawba with some whig partisans, were enlisted to assist Major Richard W<strong>in</strong>n, <strong>and</strong><br />
100 <strong>of</strong> Capt. Edward Lacey’s men under W<strong>in</strong>n’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> a raid on a ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> loyalists, under a<br />
(reportedly “Colonel”) Charles Coleman, at Mobley’s [Baptist] Meet<strong>in</strong>g House (or else possibly at <strong>the</strong> not too<br />
distant Gibson’s Meet<strong>in</strong>g house) on little River twelve miles north <strong>of</strong> Shiroe’s ferry (also known as Shirar’s <strong>and</strong> as<br />
Brierly’s Ferry.) Despite British successes at this time, Lacey, W<strong>in</strong>n <strong>and</strong> some o<strong>the</strong>rs were already collect<strong>in</strong>g men<br />
at New Acquisition; hav<strong>in</strong>g reason to be encouraged by <strong>and</strong> expect support from cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g rebel efforts <strong>in</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a. It was <strong>the</strong>se <strong>the</strong>n that subsequently surprised <strong>and</strong> routed <strong>the</strong> above mentioned loyalists at Mobley’s.<br />
Follow<strong>in</strong>g upon, W<strong>in</strong>n <strong>and</strong> Lacey removed to <strong>the</strong>ir own localities while Bratton <strong>and</strong> McClure retreated to Upper<br />
Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek Presbyterian or Rev. Simpson’s Meet<strong>in</strong>g house where <strong>the</strong>y made camp. Bass speaks <strong>of</strong> this event as<br />
two separate actions, followed by a third where ano<strong>the</strong>r group <strong>of</strong> loyalist at Brierly’s were sent retreat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Dutch Fork. 853 The Dutch Fork, a corrupted pronunciation <strong>of</strong> “Deutsch Fork”, was an area settled mostly by<br />
German immigrants, <strong>and</strong> virtually loyalist <strong>in</strong> sympathy. It was located between <strong>the</strong> Broad <strong>and</strong> Saluda Rivers, <strong>and</strong><br />
occupied part <strong>of</strong> what is now Newberry, Lex<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Richl<strong>and</strong> counties.<br />
Lieut. Col. George Turnbull, posted at Rocky Mount with some New York Volunteers <strong>and</strong> British Legion dragoons,<br />
<strong>and</strong> who had been attempt<strong>in</strong>g to ga<strong>the</strong>r loyal militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> area upon learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> raid on Mobley’s began<br />
tak<strong>in</strong>g immediate measures for a push after Bratton <strong>and</strong> McClure.<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “Already Whigs between <strong>the</strong> Catawba <strong>and</strong> Broad Rivers, led by Bratton, M’Clure [McClure], [John]<br />
M<strong>of</strong>fit, W<strong>in</strong>n, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs, had smitten <strong>the</strong> enemy at different po<strong>in</strong>ts. The first blow, struck at Beckhamville [see<br />
6 June], is noticed on <strong>the</strong> preced<strong>in</strong>g page. To crush <strong>the</strong>se patriots <strong>and</strong> to b<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Loyalists, maraud<strong>in</strong>g parties,<br />
chiefly Tories, were sent out. At Mobley’s meet<strong>in</strong>g-house, on <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong> Little River, <strong>in</strong> Fairfield District, a<br />
party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se men were collected just after <strong>the</strong> affair at Beckhamville [June, 1780.]. Around <strong>the</strong>m were<br />
ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> district, when Capta<strong>in</strong>s Bratton <strong>and</strong> M’Clure fell upon <strong>and</strong> dispersed <strong>the</strong>m.” 854<br />
Richard W<strong>in</strong>n: “About <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> June <strong>the</strong> British took a strong post at Shiroes [Shirar’s or Brierly’s] Ferry, on<br />
<strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> Broad River opposite to <strong>the</strong> Dutch Fork, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants summoned to <strong>com</strong>e <strong>and</strong> take <strong>the</strong><br />
oath <strong>of</strong> allegiance to <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> those that did not was treated as enemies. Capt. Richard W<strong>in</strong>n, liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> that<br />
part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> enemy was fast advanc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> that he could not raise one s<strong>in</strong>gle person<br />
to oppose <strong>the</strong>m, set out himself for <strong>the</strong> New Acquisition to see if he could not raise men by <strong>the</strong> help <strong>of</strong> Cols.<br />
[Edward] Lacey, [William] Bratton <strong>and</strong> Nelson. In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day <strong>the</strong>y collected 100 militia <strong>and</strong><br />
immediately marched for Gipson’s [Gibson’s] Meet<strong>in</strong>g House <strong>in</strong> Moberley[’]s settlement where we found a large<br />
body <strong>of</strong> Tories strongly posted under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. Ch. [Charles] Coleman. As Capt. W<strong>in</strong>n was well<br />
acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>and</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> place, it was left to him to br<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> attack <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a few<br />
m<strong>in</strong>uits [sic] this body <strong>of</strong> Tories was drove from a strong house, which answered for a block house, <strong>and</strong> totally<br />
846 RSC2 p. 127.<br />
847 Relatively few grenadiers were left with Cornwallis.<br />
848 Maj. George Hanger, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> chasseurs <strong>com</strong>pany rema<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>and</strong>, at his own request, had been transferred to <strong>the</strong><br />
British Legion.<br />
849 CAR p. 191n. Although not mentioned, he also took with him <strong>the</strong> detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th Light Dragoons.<br />
850 Stedman, however, gives this figure as “about four thous<strong>and</strong> men” –- unless perhaps he means Cornwallis’ army but not<br />
count<strong>in</strong>g troops assigned to fixed garrison duty. SAW2 p. 195.<br />
851 USC p. 305, TCS pp. 85-87, GHA3 pp. 385-386, CAR p. 191n, BDW pp. 46-47.<br />
852 USC p. 305.<br />
853 MSC1 p. 588, MSC2 p. 744, BGC p. 54, RBG p. 72, BRG p. 111, SDR pp. 61-62, 167, SCAR vol. 2, no.7, pp. 16-25.<br />
854 LFB2 pp. 452-453.<br />
173
defeated with a small loss <strong>of</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. The Whig party lost noth<strong>in</strong>g. This body <strong>of</strong> Tories two or three<br />
days before <strong>the</strong>ir defeat had plundered <strong>the</strong> Hampton[’]s on <strong>the</strong> road <strong>of</strong> about thirty negroes, two or three<br />
wagons <strong>and</strong> teams <strong>and</strong> thirty valuable horses <strong>and</strong> a large quantity <strong>of</strong> household furniture, besides many o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
th<strong>in</strong>gs. They also made prisoners <strong>of</strong> Capt. John <strong>and</strong> Henry Hampton, which, <strong>the</strong> day before <strong>the</strong> action, <strong>the</strong>y sent<br />
under a strong guard to Camden, <strong>the</strong> British headquarters. Their property was recovered by us. This was <strong>the</strong> first<br />
fight after <strong>the</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. Gipson’s Meet<strong>in</strong>g House is twelve miles above Shiroe’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong><br />
same side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river <strong>the</strong> British was posted as first mentioned.” 855<br />
10 June. Hav<strong>in</strong>g called <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> collected 294 men at <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Orangeburgh district to serve ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> six<br />
months militia or <strong>the</strong>ir own more locally situated groups, Balfour placed <strong>the</strong>se under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. John<br />
Fisher. Ultimately, 10-12 <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> about 500 men were organized for <strong>the</strong> six month service. Two <strong>of</strong> Fisher’s<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers, John Salley, <strong>and</strong> Samuel Rowe had previously served with <strong>the</strong> whigs. Leav<strong>in</strong>g 100 regulars beh<strong>in</strong>d at<br />
Orangeburgh, on June 10 th , Balfour cont<strong>in</strong>ued his march toward N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. When he neared <strong>the</strong> confluence <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Saluda <strong>and</strong> Broad rivers, he divided his force send<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> S.C. Royalists up <strong>the</strong> west bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Broad; with<br />
<strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der, he resumed his journey along <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Saluda. Where exactly <strong>the</strong> S.C. Royalists were<br />
to have gone after this po<strong>in</strong>t is not quite clear; though we next hear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m at a camp at Musgrove’s Mill on <strong>the</strong><br />
Enoree at least no later than mid August. 856<br />
10 June. While Williamson, now at Whitehall (near N<strong>in</strong>ety Six), 857 had effectively disb<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> S.C. <strong>and</strong> GA.<br />
Militia at Augusta, he still reta<strong>in</strong>ed 3 three <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> state troops; with Pickens hav<strong>in</strong>g some few more <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> same not very far distant. Capt. Richard Pearis, 858 a loyalist <strong>in</strong>dependently act<strong>in</strong>g on behalf <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British,<br />
petitioned Williamson <strong>and</strong> Pickens to rel<strong>in</strong>quish <strong>the</strong>ir paroles <strong>and</strong> take protection. Williamson sent Pearis a letter<br />
on 5 June ask<strong>in</strong>g him under what authority he was act<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n arranged for ano<strong>the</strong>r meet<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Georgia <strong>and</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>of</strong>ficers at Whitehall, six miles west <strong>of</strong> Cambridge, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> proximity <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Many came to<br />
<strong>the</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g with a view <strong>of</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g plans to retire with military forces at h<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Included<br />
among <strong>the</strong>se last were Capt. Samuel Hammond, Maj. Bennett Crafton (also Cr<strong>of</strong>ton), Capt. James McCall, <strong>and</strong><br />
Capt. Moses Liddle <strong>and</strong> Williamson himself. Colonels John Dooly <strong>and</strong> Elijah Clark <strong>of</strong> Georgia had retired <strong>in</strong>to<br />
Wilkes County, apparently under <strong>the</strong> impression that <strong>the</strong> Whitehall council would decide to cont<strong>in</strong>ue fight<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
<strong>and</strong> awaited arrangements for cooperation. Never<strong>the</strong>less, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r militia leaders <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Col. John<br />
Thomas, Sr., Col. Andrew Pickens, Maj. John Purvis [also Purves] decided to submit to <strong>the</strong> Charlestown articles<br />
<strong>of</strong> surrender. 859 Only one <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> staff, one field <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> four or five capta<strong>in</strong>s, at <strong>the</strong> Whitehall<br />
conference voted aga<strong>in</strong>st an acceptance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> terms. On 10 June, a formal document was signed between<br />
Pearis <strong>and</strong> David Rees, <strong>and</strong> four representatives <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> district, accord<strong>in</strong>g to which terms arms, ammunition <strong>and</strong><br />
stores at Whitehall were given up; with <strong>the</strong> people south <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Saluda accept<strong>in</strong>g protection. Supplies at Ft.<br />
Rutledge on <strong>the</strong> Seneca River were also to be h<strong>and</strong>ed over, yet <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>the</strong>re was to be ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed as a<br />
guard aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Indians until a substitute British force could be brought <strong>in</strong> to replaced it (an ironic proposal as<br />
it turned out given that <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> late 1780 actually used <strong>the</strong> Indians to attack <strong>the</strong> revolutionaries.)<br />
Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> general tenor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> proceed<strong>in</strong>gs, a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops under some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dissent<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers resolved to carry on <strong>the</strong> struggle, <strong>and</strong> ei<strong>the</strong>r temporarily went <strong>in</strong>to hid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir home state, or else<br />
prepared to retreat <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a to jo<strong>in</strong> republican forces <strong>the</strong>re. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Samuel Hammond,<br />
Williamson himself had expressed a desire to resume <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g, but absta<strong>in</strong>ed from this when, <strong>and</strong> only when,<br />
it became clearly <strong>the</strong> general consensus not to do so. About this same time, Lieut. Col. Thomas Brown at<br />
Augusta was also allott<strong>in</strong>g protection on similar terms, most notably to Lieut. Col. LeRoy Hammond. 860<br />
Elsewhere <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>the</strong> same question was also decided on by <strong>in</strong>dividual <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> smaller units; <strong>and</strong><br />
among those who also took Royal protection at that time were Col. James Mayson, Col. Isaac Hayne, <strong>and</strong> Major<br />
John Postell. Most all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g those mentioned with Williamson, later returned to fight for <strong>the</strong><br />
American cause. Pickens, for example, who accepted terms <strong>of</strong> protection <strong>and</strong> parole by British (but who from<br />
<strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g did not wholly trust him), later considered himself not bound to <strong>the</strong>m when his home was attacked<br />
by some tories. The British hav<strong>in</strong>g failed to protect him, he concluded he was no longer bound by his prior<br />
agreement. He <strong>the</strong>n took to <strong>the</strong> field with his men <strong>in</strong> December 1780.<br />
Of o<strong>the</strong>r leaders yet who did not accept British terms at <strong>the</strong> outset <strong>the</strong>re were (to name some) Col. Thomas<br />
Sumter, Col. James Williams, 861 Col. Samuel Watson, Col. William Hill, Col. John Thomas, Jr., Col. William<br />
Bratton, Col. Andrew Neal, Col. Francis Marion, Col. Abel Kolb, Col. John Twiggs, Maj. John James, Maj. William<br />
Harden, Major Richard W<strong>in</strong>n, Major John James, Capt. Edward Lacey, <strong>and</strong> Capt. John McClure. 862<br />
William Hill: “At that time [i.e., after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charlestown] all <strong>the</strong> upper division <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State [South Carol<strong>in</strong>a]<br />
was <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Genl. Pickens, as Genl. Williamson that had <strong>the</strong> chief <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> previous to that time,<br />
855 WNO, part I, p. 202.<br />
856 CKR p. 113, LSL p. 105.<br />
857 Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> possible specific location <strong>of</strong> Whitehall, see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/whitehall2.htm<br />
858 His name is also given elsewhere as “Peavis,” see GCS pp. 58-59. For a sketch <strong>of</strong> Pearis, who <strong>in</strong>cidentally was captured at<br />
Augusta by Pickens <strong>and</strong> Lee <strong>in</strong> early June 1781 <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n paroled, see The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
vol. XVIII, Apr. 1917 No. 2, pp. 97-99.<br />
859 McCrady argues that Williamson at that time was more true to cause than Pickens for “Pickens was not one <strong>of</strong> those who held<br />
up <strong>the</strong>ir h<strong>and</strong>s to follow him <strong>in</strong> an effort to force <strong>the</strong>ir way to friends <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a.” MSC1 pp. 531-532.<br />
860 RSC2 pp. 111-112, SCP1 pp. 239-242, MSC1 pp. 529-532, LSL pp. 106-107.<br />
861 George Bancr<strong>of</strong>t, as cited <strong>in</strong> Schenck, asserts that James Williams’ force was <strong>the</strong> only body <strong>of</strong> S.C. militia that actually<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong>tact to fight <strong>the</strong> British after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston. SNC p. 44.<br />
862 CAR pp. 174-176, JLG1 p. 284, JTR pp. 149-154, HMP, DKM p. 47, CGA pp. 131-132.<br />
174
turned a traitor to his country & went to <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> Savannah, & made his peace with <strong>the</strong>m -- Previous<br />
to <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, at that time <strong>the</strong>re be<strong>in</strong>g a considerable quantity <strong>of</strong> arms & ammunition deposited at a<br />
fort <strong>in</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six District, <strong>the</strong> British <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er Earl Cornwallis, <strong>com</strong>missioned a certa<strong>in</strong> Capt. Parriss [Richard<br />
Pearis], that <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed about 80 tories, to go ahead <strong>of</strong> his troops to take <strong>the</strong> submissions <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong> Americans<br />
that was disposd. [sic] to be<strong>com</strong>e British subjects. To this Parriss & his small party <strong>of</strong> Tories did Genl. Pickens<br />
submit <strong>and</strong> surrender <strong>the</strong> before mentioned fort toge<strong>the</strong>r with all <strong>the</strong> military stores. And likewise marched<br />
several hundred men with <strong>the</strong>ir firearms & surrendered to <strong>the</strong> said Parriss.” 863<br />
Joseph Johnson: “When <strong>the</strong> patriots <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>and</strong> back country found <strong>the</strong>y were not <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
capitulation <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, but treated like <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> a conquered country, subject to <strong>the</strong> orders <strong>of</strong><br />
British <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> liable to bear arms aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>ir own friends <strong>and</strong> relatives, <strong>the</strong>y concluded that <strong>the</strong> motives<br />
for resist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> royal authority were as urgent <strong>the</strong>n, or more so, than at <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mencement <strong>of</strong> hostilities. They<br />
likewise concluded that <strong>the</strong>ir prospects <strong>of</strong> success were better than at first -– <strong>the</strong>y be<strong>in</strong>g better tra<strong>in</strong>ed to arms<br />
<strong>and</strong> hardihood, with more confidence to be placed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Union for support, it be<strong>in</strong>g now cemented with blood.<br />
Colonel [Thomas] Taylor [<strong>of</strong> S.C.], after consult<strong>in</strong>g with his neighbors, removed with <strong>the</strong>m to Sumter’s camp, <strong>in</strong><br />
North-Carol<strong>in</strong>a. O<strong>the</strong>rs soon followed with <strong>the</strong>ir friends; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hamptons, McClures, Brattons,<br />
W<strong>in</strong>ns, Hammonds, Clarke <strong>and</strong> Twiggs, <strong>of</strong> Georgia, with Davie, McDowal [sic] <strong>and</strong> Locke [Lock], <strong>of</strong> North-Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
soon enabled <strong>the</strong>m to <strong>com</strong>mence active measures.” 864<br />
Ramsay: “The militia to <strong>the</strong> southward <strong>of</strong> Charlestown sent <strong>in</strong> a flag to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> royal<br />
detachment at Beaufort, <strong>and</strong> obta<strong>in</strong>ed terms similar to those granted to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> capital. At<br />
Camden <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants met <strong>the</strong> British with a flag, <strong>and</strong> negotiated for <strong>the</strong>mselves. The people <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six<br />
assembled top deliberate what course <strong>the</strong>y should hold <strong>in</strong> such a difficult conjuncture. Be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed that <strong>the</strong><br />
British were advanc<strong>in</strong>g to that part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state, <strong>the</strong>y sent a flag to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer, from whom <strong>the</strong>y<br />
learned that sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton had delegated full powers to capta<strong>in</strong> Richard Pearis to treat with <strong>the</strong>m. Articles <strong>of</strong><br />
capitulation were immediately proposed, <strong>and</strong> soon after ratified, by which <strong>the</strong>y were promised <strong>the</strong> same<br />
security for <strong>the</strong>ir persons <strong>and</strong> property which British subjects enjoyed. They submitted under a mistaken op<strong>in</strong>ion<br />
that, agreeably to an early proclamation <strong>of</strong> sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, previous to <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were to be ei<strong>the</strong>r neutrals <strong>of</strong> prisoners on parole. A later proclamation <strong>of</strong> June third 1780, which, as shall soon<br />
be related, made a change <strong>of</strong> allegiance necessary to <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s peace, was kept out <strong>of</strong> sight.” 865<br />
Fann<strong>in</strong>g: “After <strong>the</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, myself <strong>and</strong> one William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, concluded for to embody a<br />
party <strong>of</strong> men, which we affected.<br />
“We determ<strong>in</strong>ed for to take Col’n [James] Williams, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebel Militia, prisoner, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n to jo<strong>in</strong> Capt. Parish<br />
[Richard Pearis], who was to raise a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>and</strong> assist us. Col’n Williams got notice <strong>of</strong> it, <strong>and</strong> pushed <strong>of</strong>f; <strong>and</strong><br />
though we got sight <strong>of</strong> him, he escaped us. 866<br />
“We now found ourselves grow<strong>in</strong>g strong, <strong>and</strong> numbers flock<strong>in</strong>g daily to us.<br />
“I <strong>the</strong>n took <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s proclamations <strong>and</strong> distributed <strong>the</strong>m through <strong>the</strong> country, for upwards <strong>of</strong> a hundred miles.<br />
“Capt. Parish [Pearis] had <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> party, <strong>and</strong> marched up to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, which he took <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>,<br />
without fir<strong>in</strong>g a shot, where I found him aga<strong>in</strong>. The day after, we marched about 12 miles to Gen. Williamson‘s<br />
at Whitehall; who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a fort with 14 swivels, <strong>and</strong> two <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>cial troops. On our approach,<br />
he met us, about three miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fort, attended by several <strong>of</strong>ficers, request<strong>in</strong>g he might discharge <strong>the</strong> troops,<br />
<strong>and</strong> have protection for himself <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“We granted him what he requested; <strong>and</strong> took possession <strong>of</strong> Fort, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir arms, which <strong>the</strong>y piled up; after that<br />
<strong>the</strong>y marched out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison.<br />
“Three days after that, Col. Pickens, with 300 men, marched out <strong>and</strong> laid down <strong>the</strong>ir arms.<br />
“General [<strong>the</strong>n Colonel] Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Loyal Militia, now took <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>; <strong>and</strong> formed a camp.<br />
“We kept scout<strong>in</strong>g parties, through <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> had many skirmishes; but none <strong>of</strong> consequence.” 867<br />
Samuel Hammond: “This rendezvous was <strong>in</strong>tended to concentrate a force from <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper part <strong>of</strong><br />
South-Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia, to be employed under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> General Andrew Williamson, <strong>of</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, to make a diversion upon <strong>the</strong> outer post <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, near Savannah, with <strong>the</strong> view <strong>of</strong> draw<strong>in</strong>g away<br />
a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British force employed before Charlestown, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> hope <strong>of</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g aid to General L<strong>in</strong>coln. The militia<br />
were so tardy <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir movements, that at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> fifteen days <strong>the</strong>re were not more, from Carol<strong>in</strong>a, than two<br />
hundred, <strong>and</strong> from Georgia _____, under Colonel [Daniel] Clary. On be<strong>in</strong>g notified <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong><br />
Charlestown, <strong>the</strong>se troops were notified that <strong>the</strong> enterprise was given up, <strong>and</strong> a council <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers called to<br />
meet <strong>the</strong> next day, at Mclean’s Avenue, near Augusta, to consult what plan might be most advisable to adopt for<br />
<strong>the</strong> good <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country.<br />
“Colonel Clary, with all <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> attended; Governor [Richard] Howley, <strong>of</strong> Georgia, his<br />
council, his secretary <strong>of</strong> state; Colonel [John] Dooly, <strong>and</strong> several o<strong>the</strong>r militia <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Georgia l<strong>in</strong>e; General Williamson <strong>and</strong> suite, with a number <strong>of</strong> field <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> his brigade, also attended.<br />
General Williamson presented a copy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> convention entered <strong>in</strong>to by <strong>the</strong> American <strong>and</strong> British <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers,<br />
863 HMS p. 6.<br />
864 JTR pp. 536-537.<br />
865 RSC2 p. 112.<br />
866 James Williams was spotted early on as an important whig leader by <strong>the</strong> British, <strong>and</strong> his plantation (also denoted Williams’<br />
Fort) near N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six was seized by <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> early June 1780. GJW p. 25.<br />
867 FNA pp. 11-12.<br />
175
at Charlestown, which was read by one <strong>of</strong> Governor Howley’s secretaries. Various plans were proposed <strong>and</strong><br />
discussed, but f<strong>in</strong>ally no plan <strong>of</strong> operation could be resolved upon. Governor Howley, his council, secretary <strong>of</strong><br />
state, <strong>and</strong> a few <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> his militia, determ<strong>in</strong>ed to retreat, with such <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State papers as could be carried<br />
<strong>of</strong>f conveniently towards <strong>the</strong> North. General Williamson resolved to discharge <strong>the</strong> few militia <strong>the</strong>n on duty at<br />
that place, retire to his own residence, Whitehall, near Cambridge, to call toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> his<br />
brigade, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> most <strong>in</strong>fluential citizens, to consult what course should be taken by him <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> force <strong>of</strong> his<br />
brigade. Colonel Dooly <strong>and</strong> Colonel [Elijah] Clarke retired to Wilks [sic] county, <strong>and</strong> promised Williamson to cooperate<br />
with him <strong>in</strong> any plan that should be adopted by <strong>the</strong> council at Whitehall, for <strong>the</strong> defence [sic] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
lower part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two States, or to retire with him to <strong>the</strong> North, should that plan be determ<strong>in</strong>ed upon. Some<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers, still rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Augusta, with a number <strong>of</strong> respectable citizens <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State, sent a flag towards<br />
Savannah, <strong>of</strong>fer<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir surrender on terms proposed, what those terms were is not known. Everyth<strong>in</strong>g be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
thus disposed <strong>of</strong>, Williamson hastily moved to Whitehall. A large number <strong>of</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers were assembled <strong>the</strong>re,<br />
<strong>and</strong> high hopes were enterta<strong>in</strong>ed, by Capta<strong>in</strong> Hammond, prior to go<strong>in</strong>g to council, that <strong>the</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ation would<br />
be to move without loss <strong>of</strong> time, with all <strong>the</strong> force <strong>the</strong>re collected, <strong>and</strong> all that chose to follow for <strong>the</strong><br />
northward; to press <strong>the</strong> march, until a number sufficient for <strong>of</strong>fensive operations should be collected, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n<br />
to keep up a fly<strong>in</strong>g camp, until re<strong>in</strong>forced from <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army. General Williamson had under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at<br />
that place, three <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> regular <strong>in</strong>fantry, raised by Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> enlisted for three years, or<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> war. Their <strong>of</strong>ficers were good, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops well discipl<strong>in</strong>ed. There were one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty to<br />
two hundred men, <strong>of</strong> various parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State (not organized) present; Colonel Andrew Pickens, be<strong>in</strong>g on his<br />
march for <strong>the</strong> lower country, was halted about three miles below <strong>and</strong> near Cambridge, N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, <strong>and</strong> with this<br />
force a retreat would have been made safe, as <strong>the</strong> enemy had no force near us, except <strong>the</strong> disaffected men <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> State, under Colonel Parris, <strong>and</strong> that not equal to us, ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> number or discipl<strong>in</strong>e. Council met; <strong>the</strong> terms<br />
<strong>of</strong> capitulation <strong>of</strong> Charlestown were read; <strong>the</strong> general <strong>com</strong>mented upon <strong>the</strong>m, took a short view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> situation<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> wound up by advis<strong>in</strong>g an immediate retreat; but he said that he would be governed by <strong>the</strong><br />
determ<strong>in</strong>ation a majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> council should adopt; that <strong>the</strong>y were friends, <strong>and</strong> well <strong>in</strong>formed that <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
families <strong>and</strong> his would be equally exposed or protected, by any course that may be adopted.<br />
“Capta<strong>in</strong> Samuel Hammond says he was struck dumb, on f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g not more than one <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> staff, one field<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> about four or five capta<strong>in</strong>s, to oppose an immediate acceptance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> terms stipulated for <strong>the</strong><br />
militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State by <strong>the</strong> convention <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. It was now proposed <strong>and</strong> carried, that a flag should be<br />
forthwith sent to Colonel Parris, to notify him <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir determ<strong>in</strong>ation, <strong>and</strong> to settle <strong>the</strong> time, place, <strong>and</strong> manner<br />
<strong>of</strong> surrender.<br />
“Yet Williamson persevered; Colonel Pickens was not <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> council, but encamped a few miles <strong>of</strong>f. The general<br />
aga<strong>in</strong> addressed <strong>the</strong> council, expressed his wish for a different determ<strong>in</strong>ation, <strong>and</strong> proposed to ride with any<br />
number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers present, as many as chose to ac<strong>com</strong>pany him, to Pickens’ camp; stat<strong>in</strong>g that he wished to<br />
advise <strong>the</strong> colonel, <strong>and</strong> to address <strong>the</strong> good citizens under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. This plan was adopted, <strong>and</strong> we shall<br />
see what was <strong>the</strong> result.<br />
“General Williamson had a short consultation with Colonel Pickens -– his troops were drawn up <strong>in</strong> a square all<br />
mounted –- <strong>the</strong> general addressed <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> spirited terms, stat<strong>in</strong>g that with his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> alone, he could drive<br />
all <strong>the</strong> British force <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir district before him, without difficulty, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n caused <strong>the</strong> convention <strong>of</strong><br />
Charlestown to be read to <strong>the</strong>m. After it was gone through he aga<strong>in</strong> addressed <strong>the</strong>m, that <strong>the</strong>re was noth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> safe retreat, <strong>and</strong> that he had no doubt that <strong>the</strong>y would soon be able to return <strong>in</strong> such force as to<br />
keep <strong>the</strong> enemy at least conf<strong>in</strong>ed to Charlestown. He rem<strong>in</strong>ded <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong> what <strong>the</strong>y had already done, <strong>and</strong> hoped<br />
<strong>the</strong>y would persevere, but left it to <strong>the</strong>mselves to say what <strong>the</strong>y would do, <strong>and</strong> that he would go on or stay, as<br />
<strong>the</strong>y should resolve. A short pause took place, when <strong>the</strong> general called to <strong>the</strong>m, say<strong>in</strong>g: ‘My fellow citizens, all<br />
<strong>of</strong> you who are for go<strong>in</strong>g with me on a retreat,, with arms <strong>in</strong> our h<strong>and</strong>s, will hold up your h<strong>and</strong>s; <strong>and</strong> all who are<br />
for stay<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> accept<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> terms made for you by General L<strong>in</strong>coln, will st<strong>and</strong> as you are.’ Two <strong>of</strong>ficers,<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> [James] McCall <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> [Moses] McLidle [or Liddle], with three or four privates, held up <strong>the</strong>ir h<strong>and</strong>s;<br />
all else stood as <strong>the</strong>y were. The question was aga<strong>in</strong> put, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> result was <strong>the</strong> same.<br />
“Capta<strong>in</strong> Samuel Hammond was present, <strong>and</strong> rode back with <strong>the</strong> general <strong>and</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers to Whitehall, <strong>and</strong> that<br />
even<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany with Bennet Crafton, adjutant <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> Williamson’s regiments, left Whitehall, determ<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
to make his retreat <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> best manner possible.” 868<br />
Samuel Hammond pension statement: “Williamson discharged Militia & called a council <strong>of</strong> Officers to attend at<br />
White Hall, his residence near N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. Counsel attended. Advised by a majority to send a Flag & purpose to<br />
surrender on terms such as was granted to <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> Service at Charlestown, Applicant protested aga<strong>in</strong>st that<br />
course, withdrew from <strong>the</strong>re & with a few real Patriots retired to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. On his way he had one or two<br />
skirmishes with <strong>the</strong> Tories always successful. Passed to <strong>the</strong> North & on his enter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a fell <strong>in</strong><br />
with & jo<strong>in</strong>ed Col. E. Clark <strong>of</strong> Georgia with his little b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Patriots & <strong>in</strong> a few days was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Col. [given<br />
elsewhere as “Capt.”] Edward Hampton, Col. James Williams & Col. Thomas Brannon [Br<strong>and</strong>on].” 869<br />
“An Account <strong>of</strong> Arms, Ammunition <strong>and</strong> Stores Taken from <strong>the</strong> Rebels <strong>and</strong> now <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Commissary at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, 19 Jun 1780<br />
[some items mentioned]<br />
1 two pounder<br />
20 blunderbusses<br />
20 swivels<br />
868 JTR pp. 149-154.<br />
869 HMP.<br />
176
638 st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> arms, fit <strong>and</strong> unfit<br />
578 bayonets” 870<br />
10 June. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s militia congregated at Rees’ (or Reese’s) Plantation <strong>and</strong> numbered 700 to 800 <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong><br />
14 th were organized. His force <strong>in</strong>cluded Maj. William Richardson Davie’s two troops <strong>of</strong> state cavalry under<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong>s Lemmonds <strong>and</strong> Mart<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> a corps <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry under Col. (later Brig. Gen.) William Lee Davidson.<br />
871<br />
10 June. Allaire: “Saturday, 10 th . Got <strong>in</strong> motion <strong>and</strong> left Thom[p]son’s at twelve o’clock at night, <strong>and</strong> marched<br />
eighteen miles to Beaver creek, where we halted. Maj. [James] Graham, <strong>and</strong> two flank <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
<strong>of</strong> Wales American Volunteers, rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Thomson’s. This day a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> militia came <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
arms...” 872<br />
10 June. [skirmish] Moore’s First Ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g. (L<strong>in</strong>coln County, N.C.) Col. John Moore, 873 a Lieut. Col. <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment act<strong>in</strong>g (without, or so it was later averred, formal approval) as an agent for Cornwallis,<br />
arranged for meet<strong>in</strong>g among <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>of</strong> Tryon County, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a at Indian Creek, seven miles from<br />
Ramseur’s Mill. 874 Moore later faulted his lieutenat Maj. Nicholas Welch for <strong>the</strong> latter’s <strong>in</strong>sist<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>the</strong>n<br />
call<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>the</strong> loyalists at what subsequently proved a premature time. Major Joseph McDowell, with about 20<br />
mounted men, attempted to ambush <strong>and</strong> capture some <strong>of</strong> its attendees, but upon be<strong>in</strong>g found out was himself<br />
chased <strong>of</strong>f by Moore’s larger force <strong>of</strong> around 40. No casualties to ei<strong>the</strong>r side were reported. 875<br />
William A. Graham: “He [Cornwallis] sent Colonel John Moore <strong>in</strong>to this country to <strong>in</strong>form <strong>the</strong> people that he was<br />
<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> would reward <strong>and</strong> protect <strong>the</strong> loyal, but would <strong>in</strong>flict dire punishment upon his opponents; for <strong>the</strong>m<br />
to secure <strong>the</strong> wheat crop <strong>and</strong> be <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess, but to make no organization until he should direct. Moore had<br />
gone from this section [Tryon County] <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> British army some time previous <strong>and</strong> had been made<br />
Lieutenant-Colonel <strong>of</strong> Hamilton’s Tory regiment [<strong>the</strong> Royal N.C. Regt.]. Colonel Moore returned to <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity<br />
<strong>and</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>ted a meet<strong>in</strong>g for June 10 th at his fa<strong>the</strong>r’s (Moses Moore) residence on Indian Creek, seven miles from<br />
Ramsaur’s. The place <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ‘Tory Camp’ is still po<strong>in</strong>ted out, <strong>and</strong> is on <strong>the</strong> Gaston side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> County l<strong>in</strong>e on <strong>the</strong><br />
plantation which was owned by <strong>the</strong> late Capta<strong>in</strong> John [I.] Roberts. Forty men met him on that day. He delivered<br />
Lord Cornwallis’ message, but before <strong>the</strong>y dispersed a messenger <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>the</strong>m that Major Joseph McDowell<br />
(who was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most ubiquitous <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Revolution) was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
neighborhood endeavor<strong>in</strong>g to capture some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men who were present. Moore, hav<strong>in</strong>g a force double <strong>in</strong><br />
number to that <strong>of</strong> McDowell, sought him <strong>and</strong> followed him to South Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, but did not overtake him. He<br />
<strong>the</strong>n dismissed <strong>the</strong> men with directions to meet at Ramsaur’s Mill on <strong>the</strong> 13 th <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month...” 876<br />
10 June (also 4, 8, or 30 June 877 ). [raid] Br<strong>and</strong>on’s Defeat (Union County, S.C.) In ei<strong>the</strong>r early or else late June<br />
(i.e., after Ramseur’s Mill), Col. Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on <strong>and</strong> his men returned to present day Union County, South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a to enlist additional men <strong>and</strong> keep <strong>the</strong> loyalists at bay. While do<strong>in</strong>g so, he was himself, with 70 or 80<br />
men, put to flight by a much larger force <strong>of</strong> loyalists under Capt. William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham from <strong>the</strong> Saluda River<br />
area. Elsewhere at this time, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> resistance to British occupation <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a was ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g under<br />
Sumter; or formed <strong>in</strong>to militia groups under Maj. John James <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>patriots <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee region; or else<br />
retired <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> from whence occasional forays were made back <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> state. Th<strong>in</strong>gs o<strong>the</strong>rwise<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed relatively quiet for most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month as both sides made preparations to renew battle. 878<br />
Thomas Young: “In <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1780, I th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>in</strong> April, Col. Br<strong>and</strong>on was encamped with a party <strong>of</strong> 70 or 80<br />
Whigs, about five miles below Union courthouse, where Christopher Young now lives. Their object was to collect<br />
forces for <strong>the</strong> approach<strong>in</strong>g campaign, <strong>and</strong> to keep a check upon <strong>the</strong> Tories. They had taken prisoner one Adam<br />
Steedham, as vile a Tory as ever lived. By some means Steedham escaped dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night, <strong>and</strong> notified <strong>the</strong><br />
Tories <strong>of</strong> Br<strong>and</strong>on’s position. The Whigs were attacked by a large body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy before day <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pletely<br />
routed.” 879<br />
870 CLS p. 276, see also SCP1 pp. 241-242,. Also on CLS p. 276 is: “List <strong>of</strong> Military Stores sent from Fort Seneca (S.C.) to N<strong>in</strong>ety-<br />
Six under <strong>the</strong> care <strong>of</strong> William Wea<strong>the</strong>rford, 1 Aug 1780, [items mentioned]<br />
3 pieces <strong>of</strong> cannon, 2 or 3 pounders without carriages<br />
9 swivels.” Fort Seneca was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> frontier forts <strong>in</strong>tended to protect <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants from <strong>the</strong> Indians.<br />
871 GNC p. 213, GAM p. 217, MSC1 pp. 579-580.<br />
872 “Came <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong>ir arms” ostensibly means <strong>the</strong>se former “rebel” militia were <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> accept<strong>in</strong>g British amnesty <strong>and</strong><br />
protection.<br />
873 Moore himself was from <strong>the</strong> area, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 7 th had returned a <strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt. GNC<br />
p. 214, GAM2 p. 218.<br />
874 Lambert states that Lieut Col. John Hamilton <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal N.C. Regt. had also been <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area as well, <strong>and</strong> his own zeal to<br />
recruit had also helped to precipitate <strong>the</strong> upris<strong>in</strong>g. LSL p. 127.<br />
875 GNC pp. 214-215, GAM2 pp. 218.<br />
876 GRA.<br />
877 Pension statement <strong>of</strong> Richard Br<strong>and</strong>on filed by his wife Agnes: “(Richard Br<strong>and</strong>on, bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> Col. Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on) entered<br />
<strong>the</strong> service <strong>of</strong> his country as a private horseman, Capt. Jolly’s Co., Col. Br<strong>and</strong>on’s Regiment shortly after <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mencement <strong>of</strong><br />
hostilities <strong>and</strong> was afterwards promoted to <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>of</strong> sergeant <strong>of</strong> Quartermaster <strong>in</strong> his Bro<strong>the</strong>r Col. Br<strong>and</strong>on’s Regiment until he<br />
was killed at Br<strong>and</strong>on’s defeat <strong>in</strong> Union District S.C. <strong>the</strong> last <strong>of</strong> June [<strong>the</strong> 30 th ] 1781 as above stated...” Rev. <strong>War</strong> Pension Claim<br />
W. File No. 21, 714 (filed <strong>in</strong> Union District, S.C.)<br />
878 DKM p.77, MSC1 pp. 600-601, MSC2 p. 744, BRG p. 104, SDR pp. 67-68, SCAR vol. 2, No.11.<br />
879 JTR pp. 446-454, SCAR vol. 1, no. 3.<br />
177
Saye (draw<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> rem<strong>in</strong>iscences <strong>of</strong> Maj. Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong>): “Cols. Thomas, Br<strong>and</strong>on <strong>and</strong> Lysle met on June 4<br />
to concert measures for mutual safety <strong>and</strong> for <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country <strong>com</strong>prehended with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir several<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s. They agreed to concentrate <strong>the</strong>ir troops <strong>and</strong> form a camp near Fairforest Creek, about four miles<br />
from <strong>the</strong> present site <strong>of</strong> Union, on <strong>the</strong> road to Adam’s Ford on Tyger River. The present resident <strong>of</strong> Christopher<br />
Young is on <strong>the</strong> spot. As <strong>the</strong> place was near <strong>the</strong> center <strong>of</strong> Br<strong>and</strong>on’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, his men first arrived on <strong>the</strong><br />
ground. He had <strong>in</strong> his possession a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> powder formerly entrusted to Col. [John] Thomas, <strong>and</strong> as he<br />
considered its preservation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> greatest importance, he directed Joseph Hughes, William Sharp, John Savage,<br />
Aquilla Holl<strong>in</strong>gsworth, Samuel Otterson, Benjam<strong>in</strong> Jolley <strong>and</strong> Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong> to conceal it with great care <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> neighbor<strong>in</strong>g forests. They were engaged <strong>in</strong> this bus<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>and</strong> absent from <strong>the</strong> camp on <strong>the</strong> night on which<br />
Br<strong>and</strong>on’s men were assembl<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> place appo<strong>in</strong>ted.<br />
“Some one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> parties <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> arrested a Tory <strong>and</strong> brought him <strong>in</strong>to camp. He was <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>n<br />
denom<strong>in</strong>ated ‘a pet Tory.’ He was exam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> presently let go or made his escape. He went immediately to<br />
<strong>the</strong> troop <strong>of</strong> Tories <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> famous William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, better known as ‘Bloody Bill.’ Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham<br />
immediately set out to surprise Br<strong>and</strong>on. He made a charge upon his camp soon after sunrise, killed a few <strong>of</strong> his<br />
men, took some prisoners <strong>and</strong> dispersed <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der. Among <strong>the</strong> sla<strong>in</strong> was a bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> a<br />
youth by <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> Young. This defeat occurred on <strong>the</strong> 8 th or 10 th <strong>of</strong> June, 1780. Intelligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tended<br />
movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Whigs had been conveyed to <strong>the</strong> Little River Tories a few days previous by Col. [Thomas]<br />
Fletchall, <strong>and</strong> Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham made immediate arrangements to meet <strong>the</strong>m at that place.<br />
“Robert Lusk was taken prisoner on this occasion <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pelled to disclose <strong>the</strong> place where <strong>the</strong> powder was<br />
concealed.<br />
“But <strong>the</strong> work <strong>of</strong> hid<strong>in</strong>g had been done so effectually that <strong>the</strong> Tories found very little <strong>of</strong> it. This powder was<br />
afterward carried <strong>of</strong>f by stealth to <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> Broad River <strong>and</strong> constituted <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal supply <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s<br />
men at Huck’s Defeat, Rocky Mount <strong>and</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock. The Tories pursued some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fugitives to <strong>the</strong> distance<br />
<strong>of</strong> fifteen miles. Among <strong>the</strong>m was Samuel Clowney, who subsequently dist<strong>in</strong>guished himself as one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bravest<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brave.<br />
“Capt. McJunk<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>n addressed <strong>the</strong> assemblage, reiterat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> sentiments <strong>of</strong> young Thomas. It was proposed<br />
that those who were <strong>in</strong> favor <strong>of</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g it out when <strong>the</strong> question was put should throw up <strong>the</strong>ir hats <strong>and</strong> clap<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir h<strong>and</strong>s. The question was put. Every hat flew up, <strong>the</strong> air resounded with clapp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> shouts <strong>of</strong><br />
defiance to <strong>the</strong> armies <strong>of</strong> Brita<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> foes <strong>of</strong> freedom. It was <strong>the</strong>n proposed that those who through <strong>the</strong> need<br />
<strong>of</strong> cloth<strong>in</strong>g or a wish to see <strong>the</strong>ir families had a desire to return home were at liberty to do so provided <strong>the</strong>y<br />
would agree to meet <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs at <strong>the</strong> Tuccasegee [Tuckasegee] Ford on <strong>the</strong> Catawba River. Capt. McJunk<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> party set out at once for that place. Here <strong>the</strong>y had <strong>the</strong> good fortune to meet Col. Thomas Sumter.<br />
The late Major Samuel Morrow <strong>of</strong> Spartanburg District was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> party above mentioned.” 880<br />
11 June. [raid] Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek Church, also Simpson’s Meet<strong>in</strong>g House, Upper Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek Church. (Chester<br />
County, S.C.) In <strong>the</strong> early part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day, Capt. Christian Huik, his Legion dragoons <strong>and</strong> some Rocky Mount loyal<br />
militia under Col. James Ferguson <strong>and</strong> killed a young man, William Strong, 881 <strong>and</strong> wounded ano<strong>the</strong>r at Strong’s<br />
Plantation. Later, for purposes <strong>of</strong> round<strong>in</strong>g up rebels, such as Bratton <strong>and</strong> McClure, <strong>and</strong> aw<strong>in</strong>g potential rebel<br />
sympathizers, Huik proceeded to <strong>the</strong> Upper Creek Meet<strong>in</strong>g House pastored by Rev. John Simpson (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Upper<br />
<strong>and</strong> Lower Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek congregations.) Simpson had been both fervent <strong>and</strong> vociferous <strong>in</strong> his stance aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong><br />
British, <strong>and</strong> had, as well, aided <strong>and</strong> sheltered McClure <strong>and</strong> Bratton follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir raid on Mobley’s Meet<strong>in</strong>g<br />
House (8 June.) Huik set fire to <strong>the</strong> Simpson home <strong>and</strong> possibly <strong>the</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>g house itself as well; though this last<br />
has yet to be conclusively fully proven. On or about 12 June <strong>the</strong> next day, whigs from <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Broad<br />
River <strong>in</strong> New Acquisition began collect<strong>in</strong>g at Bullock’s Creek Meet<strong>in</strong>g House for what would subsequently<br />
culm<strong>in</strong>ate <strong>in</strong> “Huck’s Defeat.” 882<br />
Lieut. Col. George Turnbull, at Rocky Mount, <strong>in</strong> a letter to Lord Cornwallis <strong>of</strong> June 15 th wrote: “Capta<strong>in</strong> Hook<br />
[Christian Huik] <strong>and</strong> His Party Returned yesterday hav<strong>in</strong>g made a circular Tour <strong>of</strong> about Forty miles to <strong>the</strong><br />
Westward. The Rebells [sic] who were Embodyed [sic] Fled so fast to <strong>the</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s that He could not <strong>com</strong>e up<br />
with <strong>the</strong>m. From <strong>in</strong>formation that some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m had Taken Post at Simson’s [Simpson’s] meet<strong>in</strong>g [house], He<br />
surrounded <strong>the</strong> house <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m gone, But <strong>in</strong> Reco<strong>in</strong>oitr<strong>in</strong>g [sic] <strong>the</strong> Road which Led to it, Two men with<br />
Rebell Uniforms 883 were Discovered runn<strong>in</strong>g through a field <strong>of</strong> Wheat. The Militia fired upon <strong>the</strong>m, Killed one <strong>and</strong><br />
Wounded <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
“Cols. Patten [Patton], Bratten [William Bratton], Wynn [Richard W<strong>in</strong>n] <strong>and</strong> Number <strong>of</strong> Violent People have<br />
ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong>ir Habitations it is believed <strong>the</strong>y are gone amongst <strong>the</strong> Cataba [Catawba] Indians <strong>and</strong> some say<br />
that <strong>the</strong> Indians Likewise have Retired fur<strong>the</strong>r Back.<br />
“The Rebells have Propagated a story that we Seize all <strong>the</strong>ir young men <strong>and</strong> send <strong>the</strong>m to <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Hesse, it<br />
is <strong>in</strong>conceivable <strong>the</strong> Damage such Reports has done.<br />
“Corn Beg<strong>in</strong>s to be Scarce. I have now about ten Days meal[.] But when that is out I Don’t know which Rout [sic]<br />
to take. There is an Irish settlement at Turkey <strong>and</strong> Bullock Creek which abounds with Provision but it is Thirty<br />
miles westward. I do believe those fellows woud be much <strong>the</strong> Better for some Troops to keep <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> order for a<br />
Little, <strong>the</strong>y have be<strong>com</strong>e very Violent.<br />
880 SJM.<br />
881 It was Col. James Ferguson’s Rocky Mount loyal militia, who were with Huik, that killed Strong. Strong, <strong>in</strong>cidentally, as well<br />
as be<strong>in</strong>g a member <strong>of</strong> Rev. Simpson’s congregation, had jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> whig militia some n<strong>in</strong>eteen days earlier. SDR pp. 68-69, 115.<br />
882 SDR pp. 68-73.<br />
883 An <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g detail <strong>in</strong>s<strong>of</strong>ar as we normally th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>and</strong> partisans as be<strong>in</strong>g without formal uniforms, at least<br />
outside <strong>the</strong> ord<strong>in</strong>ary hunt<strong>in</strong>g shirt (unless this is what he is actually referr<strong>in</strong>g to by “uniforms.”) Perhaps what <strong>the</strong>y were wear<strong>in</strong>g<br />
were state troop or militia coats left over from before <strong>the</strong> British occupation <strong>of</strong> S.C.<br />
178
“It is Difficult to Support Dragoons without Corn. I am <strong>in</strong> hopes if our own mounted men arrive <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>the</strong>ir good Countenance when <strong>the</strong>y meet here aga<strong>in</strong>st Saturday, that <strong>in</strong> such case we might spare <strong>the</strong><br />
Legion altoge<strong>the</strong>r if your Lordship has any Service for <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“I forgot to mention an Iron works [Hill’s Iron Works] about Fifty miles to <strong>the</strong> westward, it has been a Refuge for<br />
Runnaways [sic], a Forge for cast<strong>in</strong>g Ball <strong>and</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g Rifle Guns &c. I woud [sic] Propose with your Lordship[’]s<br />
permission to Destroy this Place. I th<strong>in</strong>k a small Party might be found aga<strong>in</strong>st Saturday at <strong>the</strong> muster that woud<br />
[sic] Compleat [sic] this affair. Send<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> our own <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men with <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“I have given no Receipts for any Provisions as yet. But I fancy it will be necessary on some Occasion to give<br />
Receipts.<br />
“While I am wait<strong>in</strong>g I have Received a Letter from Lord Rawden [sic] Dated yesterday. He mentions that He is<br />
about Return<strong>in</strong>g [sic] to Camden <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>re is a Body <strong>of</strong> Rebell Militia still <strong>in</strong> arms Between Charlottburg<br />
[Charlotte] <strong>and</strong> Salisbury but as He has no Dragoons or mounted men, He says He has no chance <strong>of</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m a<br />
blow. I Flatter myself your Lordship will see <strong>the</strong> Necessity <strong>of</strong> Dispers<strong>in</strong>g those men for while such a Body <strong>of</strong><br />
Rebells keep <strong>in</strong> arms so near us our Militia affairs will not go well.<br />
“I have appo<strong>in</strong>ted one Capt. <strong>of</strong> Militia at Cedar Creek until your Lordship[’]s Pleasure is fur<strong>the</strong>r known. Indeed<br />
He was <strong>the</strong> Choice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> People <strong>and</strong> I thought him Deserv<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
“I shall Endeavor to make some arrangement on Saturday forenoon when I Expect <strong>the</strong>m all at Rocky mount. But<br />
am much afraid I will not be able to get any body fit to make a Field <strong>of</strong>ficer.” 884<br />
Historian Michael Scogg<strong>in</strong>s: “Huck’s visit to Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek Church <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> burn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Simpson’s manse are also<br />
mentioned <strong>in</strong> a deposition dated June 24, 1785, sworn by Charles Lewis before James Knox, Justice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peace<br />
for Camden District, S.C. This deposition was sworn <strong>in</strong> response to a lawsuit that Simpson brought after <strong>the</strong> war<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Loyalists who burned his home. Lewis states <strong>in</strong> this deposition that he was placed under<br />
guard by Turnbull <strong>and</strong> Huck at Rocky Mount on June 10 <strong>and</strong> ‘forced’ to guide Huck <strong>and</strong> his men to Simpson’s<br />
home, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> day after that (June 11) <strong>the</strong>y destroyed Simpson’s home <strong>and</strong> looted his personal property.<br />
This deposition is part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> John Simpson Papers, <strong>Record</strong> Group 1912, at <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>iana Library <strong>in</strong><br />
Columbia, SC. I would also refer you to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation provided by Chester County historian <strong>and</strong> magistrate<br />
Daniel Green St<strong>in</strong>son regard<strong>in</strong>g this <strong>in</strong>cident, which was published <strong>in</strong> several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> chapters <strong>in</strong> Elizabeth Ellet’s<br />
Women <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution, Volume III, <strong>and</strong> St<strong>in</strong>son’s statements to historian Lyman C. Draper, which<br />
are found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Thomas Sumter Papers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Lyman C. Draper Manuscript Collection, 9VV12-16, which conta<strong>in</strong><br />
a detailed description <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>cidents at Beckhamville, Mobley’s Meet<strong>in</strong>g House, Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek Church, Hill’s<br />
Iron Works, <strong>and</strong> Huck’s Defeat. St<strong>in</strong>son also dated Huck’s destruction <strong>of</strong> Simpson’s home <strong>and</strong> Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek<br />
Church to June 11. St<strong>in</strong>son was <strong>the</strong> son <strong>of</strong> a Rev <strong>War</strong> veteran <strong>and</strong> was <strong>in</strong>timately acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
families <strong>in</strong> Chester County; he knew almost all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rev <strong>War</strong> veterans <strong>and</strong> collected <strong>the</strong>ir stories while he<br />
assisted <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> fil<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong>ir Federal pensions…<br />
“Reverend John Simpson’s home was <strong>in</strong> what is now Chester County, on upper Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek. It was located<br />
adjacent to <strong>the</strong> upper Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek meet<strong>in</strong>g house <strong>in</strong> 1780; this is <strong>the</strong> same church shown as Upper Fish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Creek Presbyterian Church on Robert Mills’ Atlas <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> 1825. It is very close to <strong>the</strong> York County<br />
l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Revolution Simpson also preached at Be<strong>the</strong>sda Presbyterian Church near Brattonsville <strong>in</strong><br />
York County.”<br />
12 June. [skirmish] Rocky Creek Settlement, also Mart<strong>in</strong>’s Covenanters (Chester County, S.C.) In light <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
burn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Rev. Simpson’s home <strong>and</strong> similar assaults <strong>and</strong> depredations carried out <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> not too distant vic<strong>in</strong>ity,<br />
Rev. William Mart<strong>in</strong> exhorted <strong>the</strong> assembly at Covenanter Church on Rocky Creek to defy British military rule.<br />
Shortly <strong>the</strong>reafter, some members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> church, under Capt. Ben L<strong>and</strong>, collected at a site seven miles above<br />
Rocky Mount for that purpose. A local tory <strong>in</strong>formed on <strong>the</strong>m to Turnbull who <strong>in</strong>stantly dispatched Huik <strong>and</strong> his<br />
dragoons <strong>and</strong> militia. Although Huik managed to route most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whigs, L<strong>and</strong>, however, ably defended himself<br />
with sword <strong>and</strong> wounded a number <strong>of</strong> dragoons; till he himself was overwhelmed <strong>and</strong> sla<strong>in</strong>. Some two miles<br />
north, some six or so o<strong>the</strong>r men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Covenanter Church were ga<strong>the</strong>red at <strong>the</strong> shop <strong>of</strong> George Harris, a Negro<br />
blacksmith, hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir horses shod. Huik caught up with <strong>the</strong>se as well, kill<strong>in</strong>g one James Boyd. Rev. Mart<strong>in</strong><br />
himself was subsequently arrested <strong>and</strong> taken to Camden to be conf<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> jail. 885<br />
12 June. Ferguson marched to <strong>the</strong> “Congarees” or Congaree Stores <strong>and</strong> just sou<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> what would later be<br />
Fort Granby (modern Cayce, S.C.; south <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> confluence <strong>of</strong> Congaree 886 <strong>and</strong> Saluda Rivers.)<br />
Allaire: “Monday, 12 th . Got <strong>in</strong> motion at two o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> marched fourteen miles to Congaree<br />
Stores...”<br />
12 June. Saye (draw<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> rem<strong>in</strong>iscences <strong>of</strong> Maj. Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong>): “The men who had been engaged <strong>in</strong><br />
hid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> powder, learn<strong>in</strong>g very soon what had occurred at Br<strong>and</strong>on’s camp, collected as many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir friends<br />
as possible <strong>and</strong> retreated over Broad River. Hav<strong>in</strong>g appo<strong>in</strong>ted Bullock’s Creek Church as a place <strong>of</strong> rendezvous,<br />
as many were directed thi<strong>the</strong>r as possible. The Rev. Joseph Alex<strong>and</strong>er was at <strong>the</strong> time pastor <strong>of</strong> that church, <strong>and</strong><br />
had been for a number <strong>of</strong> years past. He had, however, labored extensively as a supply among <strong>the</strong> Presbyterian<br />
population on <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> Broad River <strong>and</strong> had always taken a firm st<strong>and</strong> for liberty. So that now he had<br />
been <strong>com</strong>pelled to escape for his life, as <strong>the</strong> Tories were determ<strong>in</strong>ed on his destruction.<br />
884 PRO. 30/11/2/158-159. A very warm thanks to historian Michael Scogg<strong>in</strong>s for provid<strong>in</strong>g this letter, as well as ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>com</strong>ments. For <strong>the</strong> June correspondence <strong>of</strong> Turnbull, Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> Rawdon at length, see his book SDR pp. 185-204.<br />
885 SDR p. 73, ONB2 p. 175. Special thanks to John Robertson for help<strong>in</strong>g to locate <strong>the</strong> specific site <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action.<br />
886 The Broad River flows <strong>in</strong>to <strong>and</strong> be<strong>com</strong>es <strong>the</strong> Congaree.<br />
179
“On June 12 <strong>the</strong> refugees came toge<strong>the</strong>r at <strong>the</strong> church. Among <strong>the</strong>m were some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiments <strong>of</strong> Thomas,<br />
Lysle [James Lisle], Br<strong>and</strong>on, <strong>and</strong> a few refugees from Georgia. Their situation is talked over. The British are<br />
victorious, <strong>the</strong> Tories ris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> large numbers <strong>and</strong> assert<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir zeal for <strong>the</strong> royal cause; not a s<strong>in</strong>gle corps <strong>of</strong><br />
Whigs is known to be embodied <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> State; <strong>the</strong> cause <strong>of</strong> liberty is desperate. The <strong>of</strong>fers <strong>of</strong> British protection is<br />
before <strong>the</strong>m. What is to be done? What can <strong>the</strong>y do? At length a young man calls his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> toge<strong>the</strong>r. He<br />
recites <strong>the</strong> facts connected with <strong>the</strong>ir present situation. He recounts <strong>the</strong>ir past toils, suffer<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> dangers. He<br />
states at large <strong>the</strong> reasons for <strong>the</strong> contest <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y have been engaged, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>stances <strong>of</strong> success <strong>and</strong><br />
defeat which has attended <strong>the</strong>ir efforts <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> cause <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dependence. He says: ‘Our cause must now be<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>ed. Shall we jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British or strive like men for <strong>the</strong> noble end for which we have done <strong>and</strong> spent so<br />
much? Shall we declare ourselves cowards <strong>and</strong> traitors, or shall we fight for liberty as long as we have life? As for<br />
me, ‘give me liberty or give me death!’ The speaker was John Thomas, son <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Colonel <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same name.” 887<br />
13 June. Though aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> wishes <strong>and</strong> preference <strong>of</strong> Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, Congress unanimously elected Maj. Gen.<br />
Horatio Gates to head <strong>the</strong> Army <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Department <strong>in</strong> place <strong>of</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln, <strong>and</strong> to which he was to<br />
immediately repair. 888<br />
13-18 June. Moore’s Second Ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g (L<strong>in</strong>coln County, N.C.) See 10 June for <strong>the</strong> First Ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g. Col. John<br />
Moore <strong>and</strong> Maj. Nicholas Welch cont<strong>in</strong>ued summon<strong>in</strong>g loyalists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> area to Ramseur’s Mill, contrary to<br />
Cornwalllis’ <strong>in</strong>structions, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> 18 th , on which 200 more fell <strong>in</strong> with him, Moore had assembled 1,300 men.<br />
Many, even so, were without weapons or ammunition. Whigs Col. Hugh Brevard <strong>and</strong> Maj. Joseph McDowell with a<br />
small <strong>com</strong>pany aga<strong>in</strong> attempted to disrupt Moore <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong>, also aga<strong>in</strong>, were chased <strong>of</strong>f. 889<br />
14 June. Allaire: “Wednesday, 14 th . Lay at Congaree Stores. Capt. Peacock <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> three <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> Royal<br />
Fusileers [23 rd Regt.] under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, rema<strong>in</strong> here; Col. Patterson [Thomas Patt<strong>in</strong>son] <strong>and</strong> his battalion<br />
[Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Volunteers] to go to Camden.”<br />
Mid June. Cornwallis formally <strong>in</strong>stituted a policy, <strong>in</strong>augurated by Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, by which rebel estates “were seized,<br />
<strong>and</strong> placed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>missioners, who were vested with power to sell <strong>the</strong> produce, which with <strong>the</strong><br />
stock <strong>of</strong> cattle <strong>and</strong> horses found upon <strong>the</strong>m was appropriated to <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army;” appo<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g Maj. James<br />
Moncrief, Major George Hay <strong>and</strong> James Fraser, esq., as <strong>com</strong>missioners. See 16 September 1780. 890<br />
14 June. On <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 14 th , Ru<strong>the</strong>rford, his core force <strong>of</strong> militia now organized <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g learned <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> assembl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Moore <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists at Ramseur’s Mill, forty miles to <strong>the</strong> northwest <strong>of</strong> him, ordered Col.<br />
Francis Lock, based <strong>in</strong> Salisbury, to br<strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r an additional men to aid <strong>in</strong> dispers<strong>in</strong>g Moore. 891<br />
Davie: “The Militia were every where <strong>in</strong> arms, but every place wanted protection; at length about [‘three<br />
hundred’] men [‘<strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> Burke, L<strong>in</strong>coln, & Rowan Counties’] assembled under Colonel Francis<br />
Lock <strong>and</strong> seven hundred under General Ru<strong>the</strong>rford <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a refugees, under Col. Sumpter,<br />
[Andrew] Neale <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>and</strong> some Cavalry under Major Davie who had a <strong>com</strong>mission to raise an Independent<br />
corps [‘near Charlotte’].” 892<br />
15 June. Ma<strong>the</strong>w Floyd arrived with some 30 loyalist militia recruits from <strong>the</strong> Broad, Tyger, <strong>and</strong> Enoree River<br />
areas (<strong>in</strong> present Spartanburg County) to Turnbull’s camp at Rocky Mount. In addition to collect<strong>in</strong>g loyalists,<br />
Floyd also, reportedly <strong>and</strong> by whig accounts, had been distress<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants along both banks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Broad<br />
River. Turnbull responded to his arrival by mak<strong>in</strong>g him colonel <strong>and</strong> bestowed on him <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Upper or<br />
Spartan district militia <strong>and</strong> which had previously been under Col. Andrew Neale (also Neel), <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. John<br />
Lisle <strong>the</strong> second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>; with Lisle presently rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> that position, but now as a loyalist, under Floyd.<br />
McCrady: “Neel, who now had a force with which to act, determ<strong>in</strong>ed to put a stop to this. Tak<strong>in</strong>g with him all<br />
<strong>the</strong> men but about twelve or fifteen, left to keep <strong>the</strong> camp, he started <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Floyd, but was too late.<br />
Floyd with his recruits had escaped him.” Lisle later for his part (<strong>and</strong> as he presumably orig<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>in</strong>tended to)<br />
defected along with most <strong>of</strong> Floyd’s men <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed Sumter. For more regard<strong>in</strong>g Lisle’s “turnabout” <strong>and</strong><br />
deception, see Mid to late July 1780. About this same time, Turnbull also raised <strong>and</strong> had with him <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong><br />
militia under Capt. Henry Houseman (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action at Alex<strong>and</strong>er’ Old Field, 6 June), Col. James Ferguson (esq.),<br />
<strong>and</strong> Maj. John Owens. Owens was later captured on 11 July by <strong>the</strong> whigs; <strong>and</strong> as part <strong>of</strong> his negotiated release<br />
agreed to act as a spy for <strong>the</strong>m. 893<br />
15 June. From <strong>the</strong> Congarees (<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> later Fort Granby), Ferguson resumed his march towards N<strong>in</strong>ety<br />
Six. In <strong>the</strong> meantime, Balfour left <strong>the</strong> Congaree area <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued his advance up <strong>the</strong> Saluda with some<br />
<strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> British light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same direction.<br />
Allaire: “Thursday, 15 th . Got <strong>in</strong> motion at twelve o’clock at night, <strong>and</strong> marched twelve miles to Saluda Ferry;<br />
crossed <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> halted.”<br />
887 SJM.<br />
888 GHA3 p. 391 MLW4A p. 169, JLG1 pp. 217-218, CNC14 p. 501.<br />
889 DRS p. 7, GRA.<br />
890 TCS p. 89, CAR pp. 177-179, MSC1 pp. 544-546.<br />
891 DRS p. 7, GNC p. 213.<br />
892 DRS p. 7.<br />
893 SCP1 p. 176, JLG1 p. 292, MSC1 p. 590, SDR p. 78.<br />
180
15 June. Mov<strong>in</strong>g down from Salisbury, Col. Thomas Sumter camped at Tuckasegee Ford on <strong>the</strong> Catawba. Here he<br />
brought toge<strong>the</strong>r a corps <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>rades from his old 6 th Regt. <strong>and</strong> some 200 Catawba Indians. He <strong>the</strong>n passed down<br />
<strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed with o<strong>the</strong>r South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia leaders <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir men at K<strong>in</strong>g Hagler’s Branch on Indian<br />
l<strong>and</strong> (<strong>and</strong> near present Fort Mill, S.C.) A convention was formed, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 15 th , he was elected brigade<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er on <strong>the</strong> vote <strong>of</strong> Col. William Bratton, Maj. Richard W<strong>in</strong>n (president <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “convention”), Col. William<br />
Hill, <strong>and</strong> Capt. Edward Lacey. At <strong>the</strong> same time, <strong>the</strong> convention leaders all vowed to serve till war’s end. They<br />
<strong>the</strong>n moved on to jo<strong>in</strong> Ru<strong>the</strong>rford collect<strong>in</strong>g men for <strong>the</strong> expedition aga<strong>in</strong>st Ramseur’s Mill. 894 In spite <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
election, Sumter would not formally be<strong>com</strong>e a Brigadier General <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia until October<br />
1780.<br />
Richard W<strong>in</strong>n: “When <strong>the</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>g was opened it was thought necessary to chose a President,<br />
when Col. Richard W<strong>in</strong>n was called to <strong>the</strong> chair.<br />
“The first th<strong>in</strong>g that was taken under consideration was <strong>the</strong> critical situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State; <strong>and</strong> here it was<br />
solemnly agreed on by <strong>the</strong> convention that <strong>the</strong>y would support <strong>the</strong> laws, both civil <strong>and</strong> military, by every means<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir power, <strong>and</strong> called upon <strong>the</strong> good people to aid <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> this undertak<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
“Secondly, that <strong>the</strong>y would oppose <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> Tories by force <strong>of</strong> arms, which arms was never to be laid<br />
down untill [sic] <strong>the</strong> British troops was drove from <strong>the</strong> State <strong>of</strong> So. Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dependence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United<br />
States acknowledged.<br />
“It was <strong>the</strong>n moved <strong>and</strong> seconded that Col. Thomas Sumter should be appo<strong>in</strong>ted a brigadier-general <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong><br />
President be directed to make out a <strong>com</strong>mission to that effect <strong>and</strong> sign <strong>the</strong> same <strong>in</strong> due form, which was<br />
accord<strong>in</strong>gly so done by R. W<strong>in</strong>n, Pres’t [sic]. Several o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers be<strong>in</strong>g promoted, moved, seconded <strong>and</strong><br />
agreed to.<br />
“That all such persons as would oppose <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon enemy under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Gen’l Sumter should <strong>in</strong>list<br />
[sic] for six weeks under proper <strong>of</strong>ficers, sign an attestation <strong>and</strong> take an oath for <strong>the</strong>ir faithful performance <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>fice. (In a few days Gen’l Sumter found himself at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> four or five hundred men.)<br />
“Moved, seconded <strong>and</strong> agreed to that all property <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy taken <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> battle or elsewhere shall be<br />
divided among <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men who shall serve as above, but it shall be clearly understood that no such<br />
property shall be divided until first condemned by three <strong>com</strong>missioners, which is hereby appo<strong>in</strong>ted for that<br />
purpose, which said <strong>com</strong>missioners shall keep books <strong>and</strong> make regular entries <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> property as aforesaid.<br />
“The people <strong>the</strong>n directed <strong>the</strong> President to adjourn <strong>the</strong>ir convention (to meet aga<strong>in</strong>.)” 895<br />
The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a rebels were <strong>the</strong>mselves aided <strong>and</strong> encouraged <strong>in</strong> no small part by those <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a;<br />
<strong>and</strong> we f<strong>in</strong>d Turnbull writ<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis on 17 June: “Those Rebells [sic] Embodyd sic] Between Charlotburg<br />
[Charlotte] & Salisbury Over awes great [<strong>the</strong> greater?] part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country <strong>and</strong> Keeps <strong>the</strong> C<strong>and</strong>le <strong>of</strong> Rebellion still<br />
Burn<strong>in</strong>g.” 896<br />
15 June. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> (mostly) N.C. militia advanced to two miles south <strong>of</strong> Charlotte. 897<br />
Mid June. By this time efforts had already been well underway for <strong>the</strong> form<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal Militia. This was, <strong>in</strong><br />
part, brought about <strong>in</strong>itially by local loyalist leaders <strong>the</strong>mselves, <strong>and</strong> without any or much direct <strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> British <strong>the</strong>mselves. Some units were formed out <strong>of</strong> exist<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> previously, whig militias; o<strong>the</strong>rs were<br />
created entirely new. Maj. Patrick Ferguson, with his own pronounced <strong>and</strong> dynamic views on <strong>the</strong> subject, had<br />
already been <strong>in</strong>stalled earlier as <strong>the</strong> Royal Militia’s <strong>in</strong>spector general by Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, see 22 May. 898<br />
On June 14 th (or <strong>the</strong>reabouts) Cornwallis approved Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham’s plan to convert his levies <strong>of</strong> militia from<br />
<strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six district <strong>in</strong>to a prov<strong>in</strong>cial regiment. A short while before this, he had also granted John Harrison,<br />
located just north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee, a Major’s <strong>com</strong>mission <strong>and</strong> permission to create a prov<strong>in</strong>cial regiment. On 30<br />
June, he wrote to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “I agreed to a proposal made by Mr. Harrison, to raise a prov<strong>in</strong>cial corps <strong>of</strong> five<br />
hundred Men, with <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>of</strong> Major, to be Natives <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country between <strong>the</strong> Pedee [Peedee] <strong>and</strong> Wateree.”<br />
This unit <strong>in</strong> time became <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers, or Harrison’s Corps. The unit, however, orig<strong>in</strong>ally 899 <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
practice performed little better than ord<strong>in</strong>ary militia, <strong>and</strong> was quite dissimilar to <strong>the</strong> more pr<strong>of</strong>essional<br />
prov<strong>in</strong>cial regiments like <strong>the</strong> Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment or <strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, though <strong>the</strong> latter had<br />
its own share <strong>of</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>e problems. Both Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham <strong>and</strong> Harrison were men <strong>of</strong> fortune <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
respective districts. 900<br />
It was about mid June that <strong>the</strong> effective pay date for much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyal militia <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>com</strong>mences,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g formations:<br />
* South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers, or Harrison’s Rangers, Maj. John Harrison (Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Corps, <strong>and</strong> technically not militia,<br />
modern Kershaw county) 901<br />
* [Lieut.] Col. John Fisher’s Orangeburg Regiment <strong>of</strong> Militia 902<br />
894 RSC2 pp. 129-130, GHA3 pp. 387-389, MLW4A pp. 168-169, BGC pp. 55-56, BRG p. 121.<br />
895 WNO part I, p. 207, SDR p. 83.<br />
896 SDR p. 78.<br />
897 GAM2 p.214.<br />
898 With respect to <strong>the</strong> efficiency <strong>and</strong> character <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal militia as seen by <strong>the</strong> British, see SCP1 p. 169, TCS pp. 90-91, SAW2<br />
pp. 197, 206-207; while regard<strong>in</strong>g Ferguson’s own s<strong>in</strong>gular ideas about <strong>the</strong> same <strong>and</strong> its role <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war, see SCP1 pp. 142-144,<br />
146-147, 150-152, 288.<br />
899 That is until <strong>in</strong>tegrated <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists <strong>in</strong> April 1781.<br />
900 TCS pp. 90-91, 120, BSF p. 35.<br />
901 By April 1781, however, <strong>and</strong> when South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists were merged <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> corps, <strong>the</strong> Rangers became more <strong>of</strong> a<br />
prov<strong>in</strong>cial unit proper.<br />
181
* N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia (June 14)<br />
Note. Numbers given are <strong>in</strong>itial totals as found <strong>in</strong> Murtie June Clark.<br />
[Lieut.] Col. Daniel Clary’s Regt. (north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Saluda River <strong>in</strong> present day Newberry county)<br />
45 privates/51 total<br />
Maj. Daniel Plummer’s Regt. (Fair Forest Regt., modern Spartanburg county)<br />
62 privates/66 total<br />
Lieut. Col. Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham’s (later Maj. Patrick Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham’s) Regt. (Little River <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Saluda Regt.,<br />
modern Laurens county)<br />
145 privates/169 total 903<br />
[Lieut.] Col. Joseph Cotton’s Regt. (Stevens Creek Regt., modern Edgefield County)<br />
141 privates/167 total<br />
[Lieut.] Col. Richard K<strong>in</strong>g’s Regt. (Long Cane Creek Regt., formerly Pickens’ <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, modern Greenwood or<br />
McCormick counties)<br />
111 privates/123 total 904<br />
Maj. Zachariah Gibbs’ Regt. (modern Chester county, also York possibly)<br />
50 privates/63 total<br />
Lieut. Col. Moses Kirkl<strong>and</strong>’s Regt. (or Fifth regiment <strong>of</strong> Militia), Lower N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade 905<br />
Brigade Total:<br />
3 Colonels<br />
1 Lieut. Col.<br />
3 Majors<br />
33 Capta<strong>in</strong>s<br />
24 Lieut.s<br />
1 QM<br />
20 Ensigns<br />
554 Privates (<strong>and</strong> apparently <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Sergeants <strong>and</strong> corporals)<br />
Total: 639 906<br />
Also, yet not <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> above list, was Col. Thomas Pearson’s Regiment or (2 nd ) Little River (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Saluda)<br />
Regt.<br />
Cornwallis later wrote to Lord Germa<strong>in</strong>, on August 20 th , 1780: “I took every measure <strong>in</strong> my Power to raise some<br />
Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Corps, & <strong>and</strong> to establish a Militia as well for <strong>the</strong> Defence as for <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternal Government <strong>of</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a. One Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Corps, to consist <strong>of</strong> five hundred men, was put <strong>in</strong> Commission to be raised between <strong>the</strong><br />
Pedee <strong>and</strong> Wateree, to be <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Mr. Harrison with <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>of</strong> Major; And ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same number<br />
was ordered to be raised <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> district <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, to be <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Mr. [Robert] Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, to whom,<br />
on account <strong>of</strong> his active Loyalty for several years past, I gave <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>of</strong> Lieut Colonel; And <strong>the</strong>re appeared to<br />
be great reason to expect that both <strong>the</strong>se Corps would be soon <strong>com</strong>pleated [sic] as well as <strong>the</strong> first South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt., which was <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> Refugees who had now returned to <strong>the</strong>ir native Country. In <strong>the</strong> district <strong>of</strong><br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, by far <strong>the</strong> most populous <strong>and</strong> powerful <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>ce, Lt Col. Balfour, by his great attention &<br />
diligence, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> active assistance <strong>of</strong> Maj[o]r Ferguson, who was appo<strong>in</strong>ted Inspector General <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia<br />
<strong>of</strong> this Prov<strong>in</strong>ce by Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, had formed seven Battalions <strong>of</strong> Militia, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> above four thous<strong>and</strong><br />
Men, <strong>and</strong> entirely <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> persons well affected to <strong>the</strong> British Government, which were so regulated that<br />
<strong>the</strong>y could with ease Furnish fifteen hundred Men at a short notice for <strong>the</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Frontier or any o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
home Service. But I must take this opportunity <strong>of</strong> observ<strong>in</strong>g that this Militia can be <strong>of</strong> little use for distant<br />
Military operations, as <strong>the</strong>y will not stir without an Horse, & on that account Your Lordship will easily conceive<br />
<strong>the</strong> impossibility <strong>of</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m toge<strong>the</strong>r without destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Country. Many Battalions were<br />
likewise formed by myself & o<strong>the</strong>r Officers on <strong>the</strong> very extensive l<strong>in</strong>e from Broad River to Cheraws, but <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were <strong>in</strong> general ei<strong>the</strong>r weak or not much to be relied on for <strong>the</strong>ir fidelity. In order to protect <strong>the</strong> rais<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
Harrison’s corps & to awe a large tract <strong>of</strong> disaffected Country between <strong>the</strong> Pedee [Peedee] & Black River, I<br />
posted Major McArthur with <strong>the</strong> 71 st regiment & a troop <strong>of</strong> Dragoons at Cheraw Hill on <strong>the</strong> Pedee, where his<br />
detachment was plentifully supplied by <strong>the</strong> Country with Provisions <strong>of</strong> all k<strong>in</strong>ds. O<strong>the</strong>r small Posts were likewise<br />
established <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> front & on <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> Camden, where <strong>the</strong> people were known to be ill disposed, And <strong>the</strong> Ma<strong>in</strong><br />
902 SFR p. 574n.<br />
903 Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham was not made Brigadier General <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six Brigade till September; so presumably he was <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Little River <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Saluda regiment; which afterward was given to his bro<strong>the</strong>r Patrick, who prior to that was<br />
second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>.<br />
904 LSL p. 110<br />
905 CLS p. 221.<br />
906 CLS p. 228.<br />
182
ody <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Corps was posted at Camden, which, for this Country is reckoned a tolerably healthy place, <strong>and</strong><br />
where <strong>the</strong> Troops could most conveniently subsist & receive <strong>the</strong> necessary supplies <strong>of</strong> various k<strong>in</strong>ds from<br />
Charlestown. I likewise had settled good channels <strong>of</strong> Correspondence with our friends <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> had<br />
given <strong>the</strong>m positive directions to attend to <strong>the</strong>ir harvests, & to rema<strong>in</strong> quiet untill [sic] I could march to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
relief.” 907<br />
Annual Register: “That <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er [Cornwallis] accord<strong>in</strong>gly, <strong>in</strong> settl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> affairs <strong>and</strong> government <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
prov<strong>in</strong>ce, adopted a scheme <strong>of</strong> oblig<strong>in</strong>g it to contribute largely to its own defence; <strong>and</strong> even to look forward, <strong>in</strong><br />
present exertion to future security, by tak<strong>in</strong>g an active share <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> suppression <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebellion on its borders.<br />
In this view, he seemed to admit <strong>of</strong> no neutrals; but that every man, who did not avow himself an enemy to <strong>the</strong><br />
British government, should take an active part <strong>in</strong> its support. On this pr<strong>in</strong>cipal, all persons were expected to be<br />
<strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess with <strong>the</strong>ir arms at a moment’s warn<strong>in</strong>g; those who had families, to form a militia for <strong>the</strong> home<br />
defence; but those who had none, to serve with <strong>the</strong> royal forces, for any six months <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g twelve, <strong>in</strong><br />
which <strong>the</strong>y might be called upon, to assist ‘<strong>in</strong> driv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir rebel oppressors, <strong>and</strong> all <strong>the</strong> miseries <strong>of</strong> war, far from<br />
<strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce.’ Their service was, however, limited, besides <strong>the</strong>ir own prov<strong>in</strong>ce, to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia,<br />
beyond <strong>the</strong> boundaries <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y were not to be marched; <strong>and</strong>, after <strong>the</strong> expiration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> limited term,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were to be free from all future military claims <strong>of</strong> service, except<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir local militia duties. So warm<br />
were <strong>the</strong> hopes <strong>of</strong> success <strong>the</strong>n formed, that a few months were thought equal to <strong>the</strong> subjugation <strong>of</strong>, at least,<br />
that part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ent.” 908<br />
16 June. Lieut. Col. George Turnbull, <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at Rocky Mount, dispatched British Legion Capt. Christian Huik<br />
with 35 British Legion cavalry, 20 mounted New York Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> 60 loyalist militia (<strong>the</strong>se latter under Capt.<br />
Abraham Floyd) to New Acquisition (generally what is now York County, S.C.) for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> encourag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
recruit<strong>in</strong>g loyalists, <strong>and</strong> cow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rebels. Although by July a fair number had agreed to sign with <strong>the</strong> British,<br />
William Bratton was <strong>of</strong>fer<strong>in</strong>g pardons to men who would desert loyal militia <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong> him <strong>in</strong>stead. So many <strong>the</strong>n<br />
subsequently left Huik that that by 11 July he was reduced to probably not much more than his orig<strong>in</strong>al strength<br />
<strong>of</strong> around 115.<br />
O<strong>the</strong>rwise <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> preparation for his attack on Hill’s Iron Works (June 17 th ), Huik ga<strong>the</strong>red forage <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong><br />
Brown’s crossroads at <strong>the</strong> modern <strong>in</strong>tersection <strong>of</strong> Highways 9 <strong>and</strong> 901, near <strong>the</strong> town <strong>of</strong> Richburg <strong>in</strong> Chester<br />
County. 909<br />
17 June. Encounter<strong>in</strong>g strong rebel sympathy, <strong>and</strong> with some <strong>of</strong> his own Irish Volunteers desert<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong><br />
enticement <strong>of</strong> local Irish <strong>and</strong> Scotch-Irish whig partisans, Rawdon called <strong>of</strong>f his forag<strong>in</strong>g excursion <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong><br />
Waxhaws area <strong>and</strong> returned to Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock outside <strong>of</strong> Camden. For more respect<strong>in</strong>g his Waxhaws sojourn, see<br />
June entry (at <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> this month’s section under “Camden.”) 910<br />
17 June (or 18 June). [skirmish] Hill’s Iron Works (York County, S.C.) Huik with some British Legion cavalry<br />
defeated a very small whig militia force that made a brief but spirited st<strong>and</strong> at Hill’s iron works, <strong>and</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
this set fire to <strong>the</strong> works. Huik later reported kill<strong>in</strong>g 7 <strong>and</strong> captur<strong>in</strong>g 4 whigs; while American accounts speak <strong>of</strong><br />
2 whigs be<strong>in</strong>g killed. The iron works or foundry, located on Allison Creek, had been established by Hill <strong>and</strong> Isaac<br />
Hayne <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a backcountry <strong>in</strong> anticipation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war; <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g already proved a major arsenal<br />
<strong>of</strong> its k<strong>in</strong>d, <strong>the</strong>y were specifically targeted by Turnbull, who dispatched Huik for that purpose. The latter,<br />
meanwhile <strong>and</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> action, retired <strong>the</strong> next day to White’s Mills at Brown’s Crossroads on Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek<br />
(<strong>in</strong> Chester County) situated about six miles below <strong>the</strong> York County l<strong>in</strong>e. 911<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “This disaster, follow<strong>in</strong>g closely upon <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r, [i.e., Beckhamvile <strong>the</strong>n Mobley’s Meet<strong>in</strong>g House]<br />
alarmed <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er at Rocky Mount [Turnbull], <strong>and</strong> he sent out Capta<strong>in</strong> Christian Huck, a pr<strong>of</strong>ane,<br />
unpr<strong>in</strong>cipled man, with four hundred cavalry, <strong>and</strong> a body <strong>of</strong> well-mounted Tories, to ‘push <strong>the</strong> rebels as far as he<br />
might deem convenient.’ He executed his orders with alacrity. At one time he destroyed Colonel Hill’s ironworks;<br />
at ano<strong>the</strong>r he burned <strong>the</strong> dwell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Reverend William Simpson, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek church [see 6<br />
June], <strong>and</strong> murdered an un<strong>of</strong>fend<strong>in</strong>g young man [William Strong] on Sunday morn<strong>in</strong>g, while on his way to <strong>the</strong><br />
meet<strong>in</strong>g-house, with his Bible <strong>in</strong> his h<strong>and</strong>. He hated Presbyterians bitterly, <strong>and</strong> made <strong>the</strong>m suffer when he could.<br />
Loaded with <strong>the</strong> spoils <strong>of</strong> plunder, Huck fell back to Rocky Mount, <strong>and</strong> prepared for o<strong>the</strong>r depredations. About<br />
this time, Bill Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham <strong>and</strong> his ‘Bloody Scout’ were spread<strong>in</strong>g terror <strong>in</strong> Union <strong>and</strong> Spartanburg Districts, <strong>and</strong><br />
also south <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enoree. Aga<strong>in</strong>st this monster, John M’Clure was dispatched. He chased him across Union<br />
District, <strong>and</strong> almost thirty miles fur<strong>the</strong>r toward N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Four <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> scout were captured, <strong>and</strong> carried <strong>in</strong><br />
triumph <strong>in</strong>to Sumter’s camp, on <strong>the</strong> Waxhaw; <strong>the</strong>ir leader barely escaped.” 912<br />
Cornwallis, at Charlestown, wrote to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton on June 30 th [shortened <strong>and</strong> paraphrased]: “The surrender <strong>of</strong><br />
General Williamson at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong> Hill’s Iron Works by <strong>the</strong> dragoons <strong>and</strong> militia under<br />
Turnbull has put an end to all resistance <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a.” 913<br />
17 June (or 18 June). Brig. Gen. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford with <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia, <strong>and</strong> ac<strong>com</strong>panied by Sumter <strong>and</strong> William Hill,<br />
arrived to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> various whigs, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Catawba Indians, collect<strong>in</strong>g at Tukasegee Ford on <strong>the</strong> Catawba.<br />
907 CNC vol. XV, pp. 263-268, SCP2 p. 7.<br />
908 AR80 pp. 223-224.<br />
909 SDR p. 78-79.<br />
910 RSC2 pp. 132-134, MMS2 pp. 215-216, MSC1 p. 563, GAM2 p214.<br />
911 TCS p. 85, SCP1 pp. 140-144, LFB2 p. 453, MSC1 p. 592, BGC p. 59, SDR pp. 72, 80-84.<br />
912 HMS p. 8, LFB2 p. 453.<br />
913 BGC p. 59, see Saberton for <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al at SCP1 p. 160.<br />
183
Subsequently fall<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong>m were S.C. refugees John Thomas Jr., James Lisle, Andrew Neale, William<br />
Bratton, John McClure Robert Patton, <strong>and</strong> Richard W<strong>in</strong>n, <strong>and</strong> who aligned <strong>the</strong>mselves organizationally under<br />
Sumter. 914<br />
19 June. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford moved to Dickson’s place, 915 sixteen miles from Ramseur’s. Col. Francis Lock, meanwhile,<br />
had, along with Colonel Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, brought toge<strong>the</strong>r about 400 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> a few<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m mounted, with which to attack Moore <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1,300 loyalists at Ramseur’s<br />
Mill. These rebels were camped at Mounta<strong>in</strong> Creek or “<strong>the</strong> Glades,” some 16 miles from Ramseur’s. Included <strong>in</strong><br />
Lock’s force was 270 men under Major Joseph McDowell (“Quaker Meadows Joe”), as well as Br<strong>and</strong>on’s small<br />
force <strong>of</strong> mounted South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia. On <strong>the</strong> 19 th , Lock passed Sherrald’s (also Sherill’s) Ford on <strong>the</strong> Catawba<br />
proceed<strong>in</strong>g towards <strong>the</strong> loyalists at Ramseur’s Mill. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford at first had <strong>in</strong>tended to coord<strong>in</strong>ate a jo<strong>in</strong>t attack<br />
with Lock aga<strong>in</strong>st Moore, but <strong>the</strong> order did not get through <strong>in</strong> time, due to <strong>the</strong> negligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> messenger. In a<br />
council held on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 19 th , Lock <strong>and</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Maj. Joseph McDowell <strong>and</strong> Capt. William<br />
Falls, decided to attack Moore <strong>the</strong> next day. Col. James Johnston <strong>of</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln County was sent to Ru<strong>the</strong>rford to<br />
<strong>in</strong>form him <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir resolution. Why Lock took it upon himself to go after Moore without Ru<strong>the</strong>rford was perhaps<br />
<strong>in</strong> part prompted by a wish to seize <strong>the</strong> moral momentum <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> moment while unhesitat<strong>in</strong>gly <strong>in</strong>sist<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong><br />
wrongness <strong>of</strong> attempt<strong>in</strong>g to take arms as a loyalist <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state. They thus conducted <strong>the</strong>mselves not unlike<br />
police enforc<strong>in</strong>g, as <strong>the</strong>y saw it, law <strong>and</strong> order. 916<br />
William A. Graham: “On <strong>the</strong> 18 th Major Wilson, with sixty-five men, among whom were Capta<strong>in</strong>s Patrick Knox <strong>and</strong><br />
William Smith, crossed <strong>the</strong> Catawba at Toole’s Ford, about fourteen miles from Charlotte, near where Moore’s<br />
Ferry was for many years <strong>and</strong> Allison’s Ferry is now. The ford has been seldom used s<strong>in</strong>ce 1865, <strong>and</strong> has been<br />
ab<strong>and</strong>oned as a cross<strong>in</strong>g for many years. It is three miles below Cowan’s Ford. Tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Beattie’s Ford Road,<br />
he soon met Major Jo. McDowell with twenty-five men, among whom were Capta<strong>in</strong> Daniel McKissick <strong>and</strong> John<br />
[also given as Joshua] Bowman. Major McDowell, who had been mov<strong>in</strong>g about <strong>the</strong> country await<strong>in</strong>g re<strong>in</strong>forcements,<br />
probably <strong>in</strong>formed him <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> position occupied by <strong>the</strong> Tories. These troops, <strong>in</strong> order to unite with<br />
<strong>the</strong> forces be<strong>in</strong>g raised by Colonel Locke, kept <strong>the</strong> road up <strong>the</strong> river, pass<strong>in</strong>g Beattie’s Ford, <strong>and</strong> three miles<br />
above, Capta<strong>in</strong>s [William] Falls, Houston, Torrence, Reid <strong>and</strong> CaIdwell, who had crossed at McEwen’s Ford with<br />
forty men, jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m. McEwen’s Ford was near where McConnell’s Ferry was, up to 1870, but both ford <strong>and</strong><br />
ferry have long been ab<strong>and</strong>oned. March<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> road that is now <strong>the</strong> Newton Road, past Flemm<strong>in</strong>g’s Cross Roads,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y camped on Mounta<strong>in</strong> Creek at a place called <strong>the</strong> ‘Glades,’ sixteen miles from Ramsour’s. Here, on <strong>the</strong> 19 th<br />
<strong>the</strong>y received additional forces under Colonel Locke [Francis Lock], amount<strong>in</strong>g to two hundred <strong>and</strong> seventy men,<br />
among whom were Capta<strong>in</strong>s [Thomas] Br<strong>and</strong>on, Sharpe, William Alex<strong>and</strong>er, Smith, Dobson, Sloan <strong>and</strong> Hard<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Colonel Locke [Francis Lock] had collected most <strong>of</strong> this force as he proceeded up <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> had crossed with<br />
<strong>the</strong>m at Sherrill’s [Sherrald’s] Ford, which is used to this day, <strong>and</strong> where General Morgan crossed <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
January. The whole force now amounted to about four hundred-McDowell’s, Fall’s <strong>and</strong> Br<strong>and</strong>on‘s men (perhaps<br />
one hundred) be<strong>in</strong>g mounted.” 917<br />
Joseph Graham: “In <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> that day (<strong>the</strong> 18 th ), he [Ru<strong>the</strong>rford] dispatched an express to col. Locke<br />
[Francis Lock], advis<strong>in</strong>g him <strong>of</strong> his movement <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s strength, <strong>and</strong> order<strong>in</strong>g Locke to jo<strong>in</strong> him on <strong>the</strong><br />
19 th <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, or on <strong>the</strong> 20 th <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, a few miles <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> Tuckasegee Ford. The express was<br />
negligent <strong>and</strong> did not reach col. Locke. The morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 19 th was wet <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> arms <strong>of</strong> gen. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford‘s men<br />
were out <strong>of</strong> order. At mid-day <strong>the</strong> wea<strong>the</strong>r cleared up, <strong>and</strong> orders were given to <strong>the</strong> men to discharge <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
guns. This discharge produced an alarm <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> people th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> tories were attempt<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to cross <strong>the</strong> river, many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m came <strong>in</strong> with arms <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed Ru<strong>the</strong>rford. In <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g he encamped sixteen<br />
miles from Ramseur’s.” 918<br />
Davie: “It was agreed [by Ru<strong>the</strong>rford, Lock, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers] to attack Moore’s camp at Ramsours [Ramseur’s]<br />
as <strong>the</strong> most dangerous body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy, on <strong>the</strong> 22 nd919 follow<strong>in</strong>g, for this purpose Col. Lock marched to cross<br />
<strong>the</strong> river at Sherrills & Beatie’s fords [Sherrald’s <strong>and</strong> Beattiie’s fords on <strong>the</strong> Catawba] while General Ru<strong>the</strong>rford<br />
also moved to cross below at [‘Tuckaseegie’] Ford [on <strong>the</strong> south fork <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba.] These divisions were have<br />
to met <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night near <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>and</strong> [‘to have attacked’] <strong>the</strong>m at break <strong>of</strong> day but <strong>the</strong> march <strong>of</strong> both parties<br />
was too circuitous, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> rendezvous too distant to <strong>in</strong>sure punctuality; General Ru<strong>the</strong>rford did not<br />
arrive, <strong>and</strong> Colonel Lock who had ga<strong>in</strong>ed his position <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night, called a council <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y<br />
resolved to attack <strong>the</strong> enemy not withst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> disparity <strong>of</strong> numbers...” 920<br />
19 June. The village <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six was occupied by some <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry (possibly <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some<br />
from <strong>the</strong> 16 th Regt.) under Lieut. Col. Nisbet Balfour. At <strong>the</strong> time, <strong>the</strong>re was no fort at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six as such,<br />
914 SDR pp. 83-84.<br />
915 Dickson’s home is described as be<strong>in</strong>g two miles northwest <strong>of</strong> Mount Holly (“on <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Seaboard Air L<strong>in</strong>e Railroad.”)<br />
Alfred Nixon, The History <strong>of</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln County, vol. IX.<br />
916 DRS p. 7,GNC pp. 217-218, GAM2 p. 219-220, GRA.<br />
917 GRA.<br />
918 GAM2 pp. 219-220.<br />
919 Davie’s dates differ from o<strong>the</strong>r accounts, yet if his date is accepted it would assume, based on Allaire’s diary, that some <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> loyalist who fled <strong>the</strong> battle would have reached N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six <strong>the</strong> same day -- a not very likely occurrence.<br />
920 DRS p. 7. A letter from Col. James Williams to his wife, dated 4 July 1780, suggests that Falls, ra<strong>the</strong>r than Lock, may actually<br />
have been lead<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> organiz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> whig attackers. GDH3 pp. 135-137.<br />
184
though <strong>the</strong> town had, <strong>in</strong> addition to a formidable jail, what has been variously described as a primitive stockade<br />
<strong>and</strong> or else a simple ditch with a palisade used to protect aga<strong>in</strong>st Indian attacks. 921<br />
19 June. On this date, Congress re<strong>com</strong>mended that N.C. <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia remount, equip, <strong>and</strong> furnish new recruits<br />
for both <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>and</strong> 3 rd Dragoons until <strong>the</strong>y were brought up to strength <strong>of</strong> 150 men each. By <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> June,<br />
William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Anthony White had reunited at Halifax, N.C. to better facilitate recruit<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> re-supply<br />
efforts. Virg<strong>in</strong>ia alone ended up spend<strong>in</strong>g $700,000 Cont<strong>in</strong>ental dollars (about $9,300 dollars hard currency)<br />
from May thru July on <strong>the</strong> two regiments. At this juncture, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, de Kalb <strong>in</strong>formed Gates that <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were not yet ready for service. 922<br />
20 June. [battle] RAMSEUR’S MILL, also Ramsaur’s Mill, Ramsour’s Mill. (L<strong>in</strong>coln County, N.C.) In <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
hours <strong>of</strong> 20 June, Col. Francis Lock, Maj. Joseph McDowell, Capt. William Falls, <strong>and</strong> Col. Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on 923 (to<br />
name some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> more prom<strong>in</strong>ent) with 300 to 400 men (mostly from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, but with some from South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a as well) advanced to assail Col. Moore <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1,100 to 1,300 loyalists at Ramseur’s Mill. 924 Accord<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
however, to Joseph Graham only about three fourths <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists had yet been armed, giv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m an<br />
estimated effective force <strong>of</strong> approximately 825 to 975, <strong>and</strong> whom were deployed on a wooded ridge covered<br />
with little underbrush. While <strong>the</strong>y at first delivered a well-executed fire, <strong>the</strong>y were soon engaged <strong>in</strong> h<strong>and</strong>-toh<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>bat by Lock’s men, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a space <strong>of</strong> thirty m<strong>in</strong>utes (or up to an hour) were routed. This is generally<br />
how <strong>the</strong> battle is described <strong>in</strong> summary. But such description can be mislead<strong>in</strong>g, as <strong>the</strong> fight might perhaps be<br />
better likened to a gr<strong>and</strong> “shoot out,” ac<strong>com</strong>panied by a melee, than what we ord<strong>in</strong>arily th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>of</strong> as a more<br />
conventional revolutionary war pitch battle. The actual maneuver<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> both retreat <strong>and</strong> advance, <strong>in</strong>volved<br />
small groups <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual men, ra<strong>the</strong>r than organized military units, <strong>and</strong> was conducted more by b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong><br />
men, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers lead<strong>in</strong>g by example, ra<strong>the</strong>r than by more discipl<strong>in</strong>ed military formations <strong>and</strong> tactics.<br />
Although a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whig leaders were actually former Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army men, as Joseph Graham states<br />
“Few ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men had ever been <strong>in</strong> battle before.” Rawdon <strong>in</strong> his correspondence with<br />
Cornwallis suggests that <strong>the</strong> loyalists were enervated by too much whiskey tippl<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>and</strong> that presumably had<br />
been <strong>in</strong>troduced as a spur to recruitment, see SCP1. p. 188.<br />
Ru<strong>the</strong>rford with his 700 men arrived too late to participate <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action, but did send Maj. William Richardson<br />
Davie with his cavalry, <strong>and</strong> some o<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>in</strong> pursuit. Both sides each lost about 38-40 killed, <strong>and</strong> 100 wounded. In<br />
addition, at least 50 loyalists were made captives. Loyalists, who were not wounded or killed, ei<strong>the</strong>r fled <strong>in</strong>to<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, or went <strong>in</strong>to hid<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong>ir homes. The capture <strong>of</strong> many muskets, powder <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r supplies had<br />
important consequences <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> help<strong>in</strong>g to equip <strong>the</strong> whig militia, particularly <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians who<br />
had no real stock <strong>of</strong> arms left <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own state. But <strong>the</strong> significance <strong>of</strong> Ramseur’s Mill can be perhaps best<br />
appreciated when one considers what <strong>the</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> an additional 1,000 to 2,000 loyalist troops present <strong>in</strong> Tryon<br />
County alone might have had on K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, Cowpens, <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis’ North Carol<strong>in</strong>a campaign <strong>of</strong> 1781.<br />
Also, after <strong>the</strong> battle, north <strong>and</strong> northwest South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, which had been mostly suppressed <strong>in</strong> June, <strong>in</strong> July<br />
grew <strong>in</strong>to a hot-bed <strong>of</strong> rebel <strong>in</strong>surgency. 925 Although Cornwallis with vehemence later denounced Moore<br />
precipitation, earlier on 2 June he had written to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, from Camden: “I have sent emissaries to our friends <strong>in</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a to state my situation to <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> to submit to <strong>the</strong>m whe<strong>the</strong>r it would not be prudent for <strong>the</strong>m<br />
to rema<strong>in</strong> quiet, until I can give <strong>the</strong>m effectual support, which could only be done by a force rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
country. At <strong>the</strong> same time I assured <strong>the</strong>m that, if <strong>the</strong>y thought <strong>the</strong>mselves a match for <strong>the</strong>ir enemies without<br />
any regular force, <strong>and</strong> were determ<strong>in</strong>ed to rise at all events, I would give <strong>the</strong>m every assistance <strong>in</strong> my power,<br />
by <strong>in</strong>cursions <strong>of</strong> light troops, furnish<strong>in</strong>g ammunition, &.” [My italics.] 926<br />
NORTH CAROLINA AND SOUTH CAROLINA MILITIA AT RAMSEUR’S MILL<br />
Col. Francis Lock (Rowan County)<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia<br />
Maj. Wilson (Mecklenburg County)<br />
Capt. William Alex<strong>and</strong>er (Rowan County)<br />
Capt. William Armstrong, killed<br />
Capt. Joshua Bowman (previously a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer), killed<br />
Capt. Dobson (previously a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer, Burke County), killed<br />
Capt. Houston, wounded<br />
Capt. Patrick Knox (Mecklenburg County)<br />
Capt. [Daniel] McKissick, wounded<br />
Capt. Murray, killed<br />
Capt. Smith, killed<br />
921 Letters from Balfour to Lord Cornwallis, 15-22 June 1780, CAR pp. 174-176.<br />
922 De Kalb to Gates, July 16, 1780, <strong>in</strong> Clark (ed.), <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> NC, XIV, 503, MSC1 p. 659, HWW p. 63.<br />
923 See DRS p. 51n.<br />
924 Ramsay notes, that <strong>the</strong> greater part <strong>of</strong> loyalists at Ramseur’s mill had taken an oath to N.C. <strong>and</strong> had served <strong>in</strong> that state’s<br />
militia. RSC2 p. 128.<br />
925 AR80 p. 230, RSC2 pp. 127-129, SCP1 pp. 119, 162, 182-189, 237, 245, 363, GHA3 pp. 386-387, SAW2 pp. 196-197, MLW4A pp.<br />
163-164, DRS p. 5-7, HMS p. 8, LMS pp. 167-168, CSS pp. 1117-1120, LFB2 p.391n, GNC pp 219-226, GAM2 pp. 222-226, SNC pp.<br />
51-64, MSC1 pp. 579-586, WAR2 pp. 706-708, RNC p. 239, DRR pp. 174-175, BEA pp. 913-914, BRG pp. 106-110, ONB2 pp. 180-<br />
187, SDR pp. 85-87, 90.<br />
926 For this <strong>and</strong> related <strong>in</strong>stances <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ views expressed (<strong>in</strong> June 1780) on <strong>the</strong> subject <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> premature upris<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, see RCC pp. 45-49, SCP1 p. 54.<br />
185
Mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry: 927<br />
Maj. Joseph McDowell (Burke County, N.C.)<br />
Capt. William Falls (Rowan County), killed<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia<br />
Col. Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on (Union County, S.C.) 928<br />
Total <strong>of</strong> Lock’s attack<strong>in</strong>g force: 300-400<br />
The follow<strong>in</strong>g were not present at <strong>the</strong> actual engagement, though <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> after-battle pursuit:<br />
Brig. Gen. Griffith Ru<strong>the</strong>rford (Rowan County, N.C.) 929<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia<br />
Col. William Lee Davidson<br />
Maj. William Graham (L<strong>in</strong>coln County)<br />
Maj. James Ru<strong>the</strong>rford<br />
Cavalry:<br />
Maj. William Richardson Davie<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia<br />
Col. Thomas Sumter<br />
Col. Andrew Neale<br />
Col. William Hill<br />
Maj. Richard W<strong>in</strong>n<br />
Capt. Edward Lacey<br />
Col. James Williams<br />
Capt. Samuel Hammond 930<br />
Catawba Indians, General Newriver<br />
TOTAL <strong>of</strong> Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s column: 700 men<br />
-----------<br />
NORTH CAROLINA LOYALIST MILITIA AT RAMSEUR’S MILL<br />
Col. John Moore, Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt. (from Tryon County)<br />
Maj. Nicholas Welch, Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt.<br />
Capt. Carpenter, wounded.<br />
Capt. Cumberl<strong>and</strong>, killed<br />
Capt. Murray, killed<br />
Capt. Whiston<br />
Capt. Worlick, killed<br />
Total Loyalist force: 1,100-1,300. Of <strong>the</strong>se roughly 825 to 976 (based on an estimation) were armed. 931<br />
On 20 August, Cornwallis, at Camden, wrote to Lord Germa<strong>in</strong>: “(O)ur Friends <strong>in</strong> Tryon County, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> latter end <strong>of</strong> June, who, hav<strong>in</strong>g assembled without concert, plan, or proper leaders, were, two days, after,<br />
surprised <strong>and</strong> totally routed by <strong>the</strong> Son <strong>of</strong> Genl. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford. Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m fled <strong>in</strong>to this Prov<strong>in</strong>ce, where <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
reports tended much to terrify our friends <strong>and</strong> encourage our enemies.” 932<br />
Davie: “...<strong>the</strong> Tories [‘were’] encamped on a high ridge, clear <strong>of</strong> under wood, <strong>and</strong> covered with large oaks, <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
rear was protected by a Mill-pond <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir right flank by a strong fence. At daybreak <strong>the</strong> regiments advanced<br />
by <strong>com</strong>panies, <strong>the</strong> enemy drew up beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> trees <strong>and</strong> baggage <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> action became <strong>in</strong> a moment general;<br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy’s fire was well directed, but <strong>the</strong> militia pressed forward with great spirit <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>trepidity <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> about<br />
30 m<strong>in</strong>utes <strong>the</strong> Loyalists gave way on all sides, <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia was heavy <strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers...a considerable<br />
number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy were killed <strong>and</strong> wounded <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y lost all <strong>the</strong>ir baggage. The General [Ru<strong>the</strong>rford] arrived<br />
927 Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se may have been armed as cavalry.<br />
928 O’Kelley lists William Br<strong>and</strong>on ra<strong>the</strong>r than Thomas; while Scogg<strong>in</strong>s makes mention that 13 men under Capta<strong>in</strong>s James Mart<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> James Jamieson left New Acquisition (<strong>in</strong> effect “look<strong>in</strong>g for action”) on 10 June <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed Lock at Salisbury <strong>and</strong> whom <strong>the</strong>y<br />
subsequently ac<strong>com</strong>panied to Ramseur’s Mill. SDR p. 86. If Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on was present at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Ramseur’s Mill this<br />
would seem to support <strong>the</strong> 30 June date for Br<strong>and</strong>on’s Defeat (which date is adopted <strong>in</strong> this work); for had he been dispersed<br />
before h<strong>and</strong> on 10 June (<strong>the</strong> alternative day for Br<strong>and</strong>on’s Defeat) this would make his participat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ramseur’s Mill action<br />
more problematical -– though granted not impossible. See 30 June.<br />
929 Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s column was en route to <strong>the</strong> battle, but did not actually participate, except <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> pursuit <strong>and</strong> follow-up.<br />
930 HMP.<br />
931 See also O’Kelley’s order <strong>of</strong> battle for Ramseur’s, ONB2 pp. 180-182.<br />
932 SCP2 p. 7.<br />
186
about an hour after <strong>the</strong> action <strong>and</strong> dispatched Major Davie with his cavalry <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fugitives with orders<br />
to clear that part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country <strong>of</strong> all straggl<strong>in</strong>g parties; many came <strong>and</strong> surrendered voluntarily a great number<br />
were taken prisoners, some fly<strong>in</strong>g to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a o<strong>the</strong>rs at <strong>the</strong>ir plantations, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a few days that district <strong>of</strong><br />
country ly<strong>in</strong>g between <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir [‘so called’] l<strong>in</strong>e was entirely cleared <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy.” 933<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> Samuel Patton <strong>of</strong> Rowan County, N.C.: “The fight<strong>in</strong>’ went on for near an hour with<br />
hundreds <strong>of</strong> men wounded <strong>and</strong> dead on both sides. The Tories had <strong>the</strong> advantage as <strong>the</strong>y was on <strong>the</strong> ridgel<strong>in</strong>e<br />
<strong>and</strong> hid by bushes <strong>and</strong> such. As our <strong>in</strong>fantry got close <strong>the</strong>y began to fight h<strong>and</strong> to h<strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> butts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
guns as <strong>the</strong>y didn’t have no bayonets on ’em. The l<strong>in</strong>es was crossed <strong>and</strong> nei<strong>the</strong>r side couldn’t tell one ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
apart <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> confusion got so bad that by <strong>the</strong> end only about a hundred Tories was still left to fight <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y<br />
retreated across <strong>the</strong> creek <strong>and</strong> was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by o<strong>the</strong>rs from up on <strong>the</strong> ridge. It was <strong>the</strong>n that two men from <strong>the</strong><br />
Patriot militia was dispatched to ride to urge us to quickly <strong>com</strong>e to <strong>the</strong> battlefield <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
fight<strong>in</strong>’...When we arrived [Patton was with Ru<strong>the</strong>rford‘s column] <strong>the</strong> battle had ended nearly an hour before.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militiamen I had served with dur<strong>in</strong>’ my first <strong>com</strong>mission told me all about what happened after our<br />
<strong>com</strong>pany arrived about an hour after <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>’ had ended. The Torys was camped on a hill about a half a mile<br />
north <strong>of</strong> L<strong>in</strong>colnton on a farm beside Ramseur’s Mill. They was up on <strong>the</strong> ridge with view <strong>of</strong> a field with hardly no<br />
trees <strong>and</strong> a pond. When <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a approached <strong>the</strong> camp <strong>the</strong>y was fired on by some advance<br />
picket guards who shot <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n ran back to <strong>the</strong>ir positions. The cavalry <strong>com</strong>panies led by Capta<strong>in</strong> [William]<br />
Falls <strong>and</strong> [Joseph] McDowell followed by <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>com</strong>panies advanced on <strong>the</strong> Tories up <strong>the</strong> ridge. It was<br />
right at <strong>the</strong> start, <strong>the</strong> militia man said, Capta<strong>in</strong> Falls was shot through his chest <strong>and</strong> rode about one hundred <strong>and</strong><br />
fifty yard from <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>and</strong> fell dead from his horse.”<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> John Hargrave <strong>of</strong> Union County, S.C.: “He [Hargrave] fur<strong>the</strong>r states that <strong>in</strong> June <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
year ‘80 he aga<strong>in</strong> volunteered under one Capt. Thomas Hemphill & Col. Francis Lock, for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> Tories who were very numerous. That hav<strong>in</strong>g got toge<strong>the</strong>r about 400 <strong>the</strong>y heard that <strong>the</strong> Tories had taken<br />
Maj. (<strong>the</strong>n) Edward Hampton [given elsewhere as “Capt.”] & John Russell Lieut. & had condemned <strong>the</strong>m to be<br />
hanged, but that <strong>the</strong>y, hav<strong>in</strong>g determ<strong>in</strong>ed to rescue <strong>the</strong>m, met <strong>the</strong> Tories 1400 or 1500 <strong>in</strong> number at a place<br />
Called Ramseur’s Mill & defeat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m took all <strong>the</strong>ir baggage & made someth<strong>in</strong>g like 100 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m prisoners as<br />
well as he recollects.”<br />
Allaire: “Friday, 23d. Lay <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. Some friends came <strong>in</strong>, four were wounded. The militia had<br />
embodied at Tuckasegie [Tuckasegee], on <strong>the</strong> South Fork <strong>of</strong> Catawba river-were attacked by a party <strong>of</strong> Rebels,<br />
under <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Gen. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford. The [loyalist] militia were scant <strong>of</strong> ammunition, which obliged <strong>the</strong>m to<br />
retreat. They were obliged to swim <strong>the</strong> river at a mill dam. The Rebels fired on <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> killed thirty. Col.<br />
Ferguson, with forty American Volunteers, pushed with all speed <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebels. It is seventy miles<br />
distance from N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. The militia are flock<strong>in</strong>g to him from all parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country.”<br />
From notes appended to <strong>the</strong> text <strong>of</strong> a 23 July 1780 letter <strong>of</strong> Maj. Thomas Blount, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. L<strong>in</strong>e, to Gov. Abner<br />
Nash as conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> State <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> N.C. vol.15, page 7: “Maj. Thos. Blount also writes, dated <strong>the</strong> 23 rd<br />
July, Inform<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> attack on Col. Moore with a party <strong>of</strong> torys was not <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Col. Francis Locke, as<br />
was reported, but by seven Capta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Light Horse, <strong>the</strong> eldest <strong>of</strong> which was Capt. Gilbert Falls, who toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
with five o<strong>the</strong>rs, fell <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> attack. The o<strong>the</strong>r Capts. <strong>and</strong> 1 Lieut. wounded. The whole <strong>of</strong> our loss was seven<br />
killed & n<strong>in</strong>eteen wounded; that Seventy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy were killed, One Hundred taken Prisoners, <strong>the</strong>re Hundred<br />
Horses <strong>and</strong> considerable Baggage.” 934<br />
Joseph Graham: “…Moore <strong>and</strong> Welch gave orders that such <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir men as were on foot or had <strong>in</strong>ferior horses<br />
should move <strong>of</strong>f s<strong>in</strong>gly as fast as <strong>the</strong>y could; <strong>and</strong> when <strong>the</strong> flag returned, not more than fifty returned. They<br />
immediately fled. Moore with thirty men reached <strong>the</strong> British army at Camden, when he was threatened with a<br />
trial by a court-martial for disobedience <strong>of</strong> orders, <strong>in</strong> attempt<strong>in</strong>g to embody <strong>the</strong> royalists before <strong>the</strong> time<br />
appo<strong>in</strong>ted by <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er-<strong>in</strong>-chief. He was treated with disrespect by <strong>the</strong> British <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> held <strong>in</strong> a state<br />
<strong>of</strong> disagreeable suspense; but it was at length deemed impolitic to order him before a court-martial.<br />
“As <strong>the</strong>re was no organization <strong>of</strong> ei<strong>the</strong>r party, nor regular returns made after <strong>the</strong> action, <strong>the</strong> loss could not be<br />
ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed with correctness. Fifty-six lay dead on <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ridge where <strong>the</strong> heat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action prevailed;<br />
many lay scattered on <strong>the</strong> flanks <strong>and</strong> over <strong>the</strong> ridge toward <strong>the</strong> mill. It is believed that seventy were killed, <strong>and</strong><br />
that <strong>the</strong> loss on each side was equal. About an hundred men on each side were wounded, <strong>and</strong> fifty Tories were<br />
taken prisoner. The men had no uniform <strong>and</strong> it could not be told to which party many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dead belonged.<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Whigs wore a piece <strong>of</strong> white paper on <strong>the</strong>ir hats <strong>in</strong> front, <strong>and</strong> many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men on each side, be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
excellent riflemen, this paper was a mark at which <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>of</strong>ten fired, <strong>and</strong> several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Whigs were shot <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> head. The trees beh<strong>in</strong>d which both Whigs <strong>and</strong> Tories occasionally took shelter were grazed by <strong>the</strong> balls; <strong>and</strong><br />
one tree <strong>in</strong> particular on <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tory l<strong>in</strong>e, at <strong>the</strong> root <strong>of</strong> which two bro<strong>the</strong>rs lay dead, was grazed by<br />
three balls on one side <strong>and</strong> by two on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
“In this battle, neighbors, near relations <strong>and</strong> personal friends fought aga<strong>in</strong>st each o<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> as <strong>the</strong> smoke would<br />
from time to time blow <strong>of</strong>f, <strong>the</strong>y would recognize each o<strong>the</strong>r. In <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, on <strong>the</strong> next day, <strong>the</strong> relations <strong>and</strong><br />
friends <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dead <strong>and</strong> wounded came <strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> a scene was witnessed truly affect<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> feel<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> humanity.<br />
“After <strong>the</strong> action <strong>com</strong>menced, scarcely any orders were given by <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers. They fought like <strong>com</strong>mon soldiers<br />
<strong>and</strong> animated <strong>the</strong>ir men by <strong>the</strong>ir example, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y suffered severely. Capta<strong>in</strong>s Fall, Dobon, Smith, Bowman <strong>and</strong><br />
933 DRS p. 7-8.<br />
934 CNC15 p. 7.<br />
187
Armstrong were killed, <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong>s Houston <strong>and</strong> M’Kissick wounded. Of <strong>the</strong> Tories Capta<strong>in</strong>s Cumberl<strong>and</strong>, Murray<br />
<strong>and</strong> Worlick were killed, <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Carpenter wounded. Few ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers or men had ever been <strong>in</strong><br />
battle before.” 935<br />
21 June. Leav<strong>in</strong>g Rawdon <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>the</strong>re, Cornwallis departed Camden <strong>and</strong> began his return<br />
personal visit to Charlestown. 936 On August 20 th he wrote Germa<strong>in</strong>: “I set out on <strong>the</strong> 21 st <strong>of</strong> June for Charlestown,<br />
leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Troops on <strong>the</strong> frontier to Lord Rawdon, who was, after Brigadier General Paterson,<br />
<strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, <strong>the</strong> next Officer <strong>in</strong> rank to me <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>ce.” 937<br />
21-22 June. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Ramseur’s Mill for two days follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> battle, hav<strong>in</strong>g ordered Davie <strong>and</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r mounted troops to pursue <strong>and</strong> round up any rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g loyalist resistance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood. Word came<br />
<strong>in</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 22 nd that Colonel Samuel Bryan was assembl<strong>in</strong>g ano<strong>the</strong>r group <strong>of</strong> loyalists at <strong>the</strong> “forks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> north end <strong>of</strong> Rowan County adjo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Surry about 75 miles East <strong>of</strong> Ramsours.” None<strong>the</strong>less, by this time<br />
Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia force <strong>of</strong> about 1200 had dw<strong>in</strong>dled to a mere 200. Even so,<br />
<strong>the</strong> shock <strong>of</strong> Ramseur’s was enough to send Bryan fly<strong>in</strong>g with 800 loyalists; many <strong>of</strong> whom (like some <strong>of</strong> Moore’s<br />
men) were not even armed, hurry<strong>in</strong>g along <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> to jo<strong>in</strong> McArthur <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st at Cheraws.<br />
What was left <strong>the</strong>n <strong>of</strong> Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s cont<strong>in</strong>gent, meanwhile, dispersed temporarily with his permission; while<br />
Davie <strong>and</strong> small groups <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field. However, by 13 July (which see) Ru<strong>the</strong>rford had to some<br />
extent reconstituted his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. 938<br />
Memorial <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Henry Strouse, 13 Nov 1782: “He served <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Government s<strong>in</strong>ce 1780 when he<br />
received orders on 22 Jun 1780 to embody his <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>and</strong> march to take <strong>the</strong> rebels, Capta<strong>in</strong> Smith <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
Nyton, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> men under <strong>the</strong>m, who were stationed to break <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>munications between Colonel Samuel<br />
Bryan <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Loyalists who were <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to jo<strong>in</strong> him. He did this on 23 Jun 1780, <strong>and</strong> marched <strong>the</strong>m prisoners to<br />
Major McArthur, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed at Cheraws on <strong>the</strong> Peedee. He was also at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> Colonel Bryan, <strong>and</strong> also at <strong>the</strong> defeat <strong>of</strong> General Gates.” 939<br />
Memorial <strong>of</strong> Capt. Robert Turner, N.C. Volunteers, who raised a <strong>com</strong>pany for Col. Samuel Bryan’s Regiment: “He<br />
recruited a full <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> volunteers from 21 Jun 1780 to 27 May 1781, <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed Major McArthur <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
British Troops under Lord Cornwallis at Peedee <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong>nce, marched to <strong>and</strong> engaged <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong><br />
Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock. Then he marched his volunteers as a flank guard to <strong>the</strong> British Troops to James River <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia,<br />
where Lord Cornwallis directed, <strong>in</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g, that Capta<strong>in</strong> Turner, along with several o<strong>the</strong>rs, return to<br />
Charlestown. They were to receive pay from 21 Jun 1780-–27 May 1781, <strong>the</strong> time that <strong>the</strong>y embarked at<br />
Westover <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia for Charlestown…” 940<br />
22 June. At Turnbull’s request, Rawdon ordered 60 British Legion dragoons under Capt. David K<strong>in</strong>lock 941 to<br />
re<strong>in</strong>force Turnbull who had moved with some <strong>of</strong> his corps to Brown’s Crossroads (see 24 June.) Even so, Rawdon<br />
directed that if <strong>the</strong> rebels came out <strong>in</strong> large numbers, K<strong>in</strong>lock was to return to Camden <strong>and</strong> Turnbull to Rocky<br />
Mount. To fur<strong>the</strong>r streng<strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong>se border defenses, he also sent Maj. John Carden with 100 from <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong><br />
Wales Regt., along with a number <strong>of</strong> wagons <strong>of</strong> arms, powder <strong>and</strong> shot, to Rocky Mount. 942<br />
22 June. Ferguson with 152 men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Corps bear<strong>in</strong>g his name, hav<strong>in</strong>g marched from Nelson’s Ferry to<br />
Thompson’s Plantation <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> Saluda River (above <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Broad River), arrived at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. He<br />
subsequently marched 16 miles to Williams’ Plantation (home <strong>of</strong> whig leader James Williams) <strong>in</strong> Fair Forest;<br />
where he erected some field works which were to be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> basis for Fort Williams, <strong>and</strong> which became a<br />
collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> defensive po<strong>in</strong>t for loyalists under Col. Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham. 943<br />
Allaire. “Thursday, 22d. Got <strong>in</strong> motion at twelve, <strong>and</strong> marched ten miles to <strong>the</strong> ford<strong>in</strong>g place, Saluda river;<br />
crossed <strong>the</strong> men <strong>and</strong> baggage <strong>in</strong> a scow, <strong>and</strong> forded <strong>the</strong> horses; cont<strong>in</strong>ued our march six miles to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six,<br />
where we halted. It is a village or country town-conta<strong>in</strong>s about twelve dwell<strong>in</strong>g houses, a court-house <strong>and</strong> a jail,<br />
<strong>in</strong> which are conf<strong>in</strong>ed about forty Rebels, brought <strong>in</strong> prisoners by <strong>the</strong> friends to Government, who have just now<br />
got <strong>the</strong> opportunity, <strong>and</strong> gladly embrace it, many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m hav<strong>in</strong>g been obliged before this to hide <strong>in</strong> swamps to<br />
keep from prison <strong>the</strong>mselves. N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six is situated on an em<strong>in</strong>ence, <strong>the</strong> l<strong>and</strong> cleared for a mile around it, <strong>in</strong> a<br />
flourish<strong>in</strong>g part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, supplied with very good water, enjoys a free, open air, <strong>and</strong> is esteemed a<br />
healthy place. Here were condemned seventy-five friends to Government at one court; five were executed-<strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs got reprieved.”<br />
22 June. Balfour crossed <strong>the</strong> Saluda Ferry on his way to N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Shortly after he reached <strong>the</strong> latter, he found<br />
friends not “so numerous as expected.” Lambert also mentions that Balfour distrusted Capt. Richard Pearis who<br />
had, on his own, negotiated many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebels <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> area <strong>in</strong>to lay<strong>in</strong>g down <strong>the</strong>ir arms earlier <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month. 944<br />
935 GAM2 pp. 225-226, WNC pp. 227-232, SNC pp. 51-62, CSS pp. 1117-1120.<br />
936 AR80 pp. 230-231.<br />
937 SCP2 p. 7.<br />
938 SCP1 p. 168, SAW2 p. 197, MLW4A pp. 163-164, GAM2 p. 227.<br />
939 CLS p. 421.<br />
940 CLS p. 422.<br />
941 For a biography <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>lock, see SDR p. 95.<br />
942 SDR p. 89.<br />
943 LCR p. 104, BRG p. 137.<br />
944 LSL p. 107.<br />
188
22 June. De Kalb arrived at Hillsborough. Sometime prior to that on <strong>the</strong> marched <strong>the</strong>re he was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Lieut.<br />
Col. Edward Carr<strong>in</strong>gton with 6 cannon <strong>and</strong> three under-strength <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> artillery. 945<br />
22 June. Governor Thomas Jefferson, <strong>in</strong> council, to Col. William Campbell: “Orders have been sent to <strong>the</strong> county<br />
lieutenants <strong>of</strong> Montgomery <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, to furnish 250 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir militia to proceed <strong>in</strong> conjunction with <strong>the</strong><br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>ians aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Chicka<strong>in</strong>oggas. You are hereby authorized to take <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> said men. Should <strong>the</strong><br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>ians not have at present such an expedition <strong>in</strong> contemplation, if you can engage <strong>the</strong>m to concur as<br />
volunteers, ei<strong>the</strong>r at <strong>the</strong>ir own expense or that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir State, it is re<strong>com</strong>mended to you to do it. Take great<br />
care to dist<strong>in</strong>guish <strong>the</strong> friendly from <strong>the</strong> hostile part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cherokee nation, <strong>and</strong> to protect <strong>the</strong> former while<br />
you severely punish <strong>the</strong> latter. The Commissary <strong>and</strong> Quarter-Master <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn department is hereby<br />
required to furnish you all <strong>the</strong> aid <strong>of</strong> his department. Should <strong>the</strong> men, for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> dispatch [sic], furnish<br />
horses for <strong>the</strong>mselves to ride, let <strong>the</strong>m be previously appraised, as <strong>in</strong> cases <strong>of</strong> impress, <strong>and</strong> for such as shall be<br />
killed, die, or be lost <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> service, without any default <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> owner, payment shall be made by <strong>the</strong> public. An<br />
order was lodged with Col. [William] Preston for 1,000 Ibs. <strong>of</strong> powder from <strong>the</strong> lead m<strong>in</strong>es for this expedition;<br />
<strong>and</strong> you receive herewith an order for 500 Ibs. <strong>of</strong> powder from Col. Flem<strong>in</strong>gs for <strong>the</strong> same purpose, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
expenditure <strong>of</strong> which you will render account.” 946<br />
In a letter <strong>of</strong> 12 Aug. 1780 to Gov. Abner Nash, Jefferson mentions that Col. Campbell <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month <strong>of</strong> June was<br />
directed to raise “500 men from our Counties <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Montgomery <strong>in</strong> order to destroy <strong>the</strong> Cherokee<br />
towns <strong>of</strong> Chickamogga.” 947<br />
23 June. Turnbull, out <strong>of</strong> Rocky Mount with a detachment <strong>of</strong> New York Volunteers <strong>and</strong> some loyal militia under<br />
Col. Ma<strong>the</strong>w Floyd, met up with Huik’s <strong>and</strong> Col. James Ferguson’s jo<strong>in</strong>t detachments at Brown’s Crossroads. He<br />
shortly after ordered <strong>the</strong> two to Bullock’s Creek <strong>and</strong> Turkey Creek to awe <strong>the</strong> rebels, while forag<strong>in</strong>g wheat <strong>and</strong><br />
corn <strong>the</strong>re as well. 948<br />
24 June (or <strong>the</strong>reabouts). Bullock’s Creek Ford (York County, S.C.) K<strong>in</strong>lock <strong>and</strong> his detachment <strong>of</strong> Legion<br />
dragoons (as opposed to Huik’s) met up with Turnbull at Brown’s Crossroads. Turnbull <strong>the</strong>n ordered <strong>the</strong>m on a<br />
forag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> scout<strong>in</strong>g expedition along <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba River; while at <strong>the</strong> same time, hav<strong>in</strong>g Huik<br />
<strong>and</strong> James Ferguson’s men raid through <strong>the</strong> Turkey Creek <strong>and</strong> Bullock’s Creek area –- a known center for rebel<br />
sympathizers. Huik <strong>and</strong> Ferguson for <strong>the</strong>ir part encountered a small group <strong>of</strong> whigs <strong>and</strong> whom <strong>the</strong>y dispersed,<br />
kill<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> captur<strong>in</strong>g a few; at a location near where Qu<strong>in</strong>n’s Road crossed Bullock Creek <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> west part <strong>of</strong> New<br />
Acquisition. 949<br />
30 June. Cornwallis, at Charlestown, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “After hav<strong>in</strong>g thus fully stated <strong>the</strong> present situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>as, I shall now take <strong>the</strong> liberty <strong>of</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g my op<strong>in</strong>ion, with respect to <strong>the</strong> practicability <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> probable<br />
effort <strong>of</strong> far<strong>the</strong>r operations <strong>in</strong> this quarter, <strong>and</strong> my own <strong>in</strong>tentions, if not o<strong>the</strong>rwise directed by your Excellency.<br />
I th<strong>in</strong>k, that with <strong>the</strong> force at present under my <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> (except <strong>the</strong>re should be a considerable foreign<br />
<strong>in</strong>terference) I can leave South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> security, <strong>and</strong> march about <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> September, with a body<br />
<strong>of</strong> troops, <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> back part <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, with <strong>the</strong> greatest probability <strong>of</strong> reduc<strong>in</strong>g that prov<strong>in</strong>ce to its<br />
duty. And if this be ac<strong>com</strong>plished, I am <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion, that (besides <strong>the</strong> advantage <strong>of</strong> possess<strong>in</strong>g so valuable a<br />
prov<strong>in</strong>ce) it would prove an effectual barrier for South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia; <strong>and</strong> could be kept, with <strong>the</strong><br />
assistance <strong>of</strong> our friends <strong>the</strong>re, by as few troops as would be wanted on <strong>the</strong> borders <strong>of</strong> this prov<strong>in</strong>ce, if North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a should rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> our enemies. Consequently, if your excellency should cont<strong>in</strong>ue to th<strong>in</strong>k it<br />
expedient to employ part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops at present <strong>in</strong> this prov<strong>in</strong>ce, <strong>in</strong> operations <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak[e], <strong>the</strong>re will<br />
be as many to spare, as if we did not possess North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. If I am not honoured with different directions from<br />
your Excellency before that time, I shall take my measures for beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> execution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> above plan about<br />
<strong>the</strong> latter end <strong>of</strong> August, or beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> September, <strong>and</strong> shall apply to <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g his Majesty’s<br />
ships for some co-operation, by Cape Fear, which at present would be bur<strong>the</strong>nsome to <strong>the</strong> navy, <strong>and</strong> not <strong>of</strong><br />
much importance to <strong>the</strong> service.” 950<br />
Late June. On 21 June, <strong>and</strong> just after Ramseur’s Mill, Sumter received authorization from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials to seize <strong>and</strong> impress wagons, horses, <strong>and</strong> provisions <strong>of</strong> loyalist to supply his own troops; while issu<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
receipt <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> that state for any such confiscations. He <strong>the</strong>n rounded up some horses, <strong>and</strong> camped at<br />
Hagler’s Hill (a tributary <strong>of</strong> Sugar Creek) with a 105 men; later mov<strong>in</strong>g fur<strong>the</strong>r east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba to Clem’s<br />
Branch <strong>of</strong> Sugar Creek some 14 miles below Charlotte. 951 In two weeks <strong>of</strong> tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, some <strong>of</strong> it <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g activities<br />
like wrestl<strong>in</strong>g, contests <strong>of</strong> strength, <strong>and</strong> proper use <strong>and</strong> h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> firearms, <strong>and</strong> presumably, for those with<br />
rifles, some marksmanship, he had 500 men well organized <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficered. Given how <strong>the</strong>y later fought at Rocky<br />
Mount, Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock <strong>and</strong> Blackstock’s, Sumter can be considered to have tra<strong>in</strong>ed his men well. On 4 July he<br />
<strong>the</strong>n emerged from hid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> camped at Old Nation Ford 952 on <strong>the</strong> Catawba. Although some sources say that<br />
945 KJO pp. 10, WNA, JLG1 p. 295, CBA p. 509.<br />
946 GDH3 p. 135.<br />
947 CNC15 pp. 47-48.<br />
948 SDR pp. 89-90.<br />
949 SDR pp. 90-91.<br />
950 COC pp. 12-13, SCP1 p. 160.<br />
951 Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> location <strong>of</strong> Clem’s Branch, which is understood to have been at a spot on <strong>the</strong> Lancaster, S.C. <strong>and</strong> Mecklenburg,<br />
N.C. county borders, see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/clems-branch.htm<br />
952 Old Nation Ford was near where U.S. Highway 21 crosses Catawba River at Fort Mill.<br />
189
Col. James Williams jo<strong>in</strong>ed him with a small party from <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six region about this time, his biographer,<br />
William T. Graves, states that Williams did not jo<strong>in</strong> Sumter until after <strong>the</strong> battle at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock on 6 August. 953<br />
Ramsay: “His [Sumter’s] followers were, <strong>in</strong> a great measure, unfurnished with arms <strong>and</strong> ammunition, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y<br />
had no magaz<strong>in</strong>es from which <strong>the</strong>y might draw supply. The iron tools, on <strong>the</strong> neighbor<strong>in</strong>g farms, was worked up<br />
for <strong>the</strong>ir use by <strong>com</strong>mon blacksmiths <strong>in</strong>to rude weapons <strong>of</strong> war. They supplied <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> part with bullets by<br />
melt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> pewter with which <strong>the</strong>y were furnished by private housekeepers. They sometimes came to battle<br />
when <strong>the</strong>y had not three rounds a man, <strong>and</strong> some were obliged to keep at a distance, till, by <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were supplied with arms. When <strong>the</strong>y proved victorious <strong>the</strong>y were obliged to rifle <strong>the</strong> dead <strong>and</strong> wounded <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir arms <strong>and</strong> ammunition to equip <strong>the</strong>m for <strong>the</strong>ir next engagement.” 954<br />
Late June. [skirmish] Bullock’s Creek (Chester or York County, S.C.) Chesney 955 : “(A) number <strong>of</strong> loyalists<br />
assembled at Sugar Creek <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> waters <strong>of</strong> Fair Forest 956 under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. Balfour, I took protection<br />
<strong>the</strong> 25 th <strong>of</strong> June 1780 from Isaac Grey, Capta<strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment. About <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> June I embodied<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Militia as Lieutenant <strong>and</strong> I <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> an affair at Bullock’s Creek where <strong>the</strong> rebel Party was<br />
defeated <strong>in</strong> attempt<strong>in</strong>g to cross <strong>the</strong> ford. I <strong>the</strong>n jo<strong>in</strong>ed Colonel Balfour <strong>and</strong> was <strong>in</strong> an affair at James Wood’s<br />
house above <strong>the</strong> Iron-Works on Pacolet but not f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> opposition <strong>the</strong>re that we expected, returned aga<strong>in</strong> to<br />
Fair Forest; Col. Balfour <strong>the</strong>n returned to N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, <strong>and</strong> Major [Patrick] Ferguson succeeded to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
under <strong>the</strong> title <strong>of</strong> Colonel <strong>and</strong> Inspector General <strong>of</strong> Militia.”<br />
Late June. In <strong>the</strong> Wake <strong>of</strong> Ramseur’s Mill, Col. Samuel Bryan marched with 700-800 loyalists to Maj. McArthur’s<br />
camp at Cheraws. Only two thirds <strong>of</strong> Bryan’s men were armed, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>se <strong>in</strong>differently. However <strong>and</strong> after this<br />
was corrected, <strong>the</strong>y were subsequently posted to Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock. Cornwallis wrote to Lord Germa<strong>in</strong>, on 20 August<br />
1780: “And about <strong>the</strong> same time [as Ramseur’s Mill], notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g my <strong>in</strong>junctions to <strong>the</strong> contrary, ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
body <strong>of</strong> Loyalists rose at <strong>the</strong> forks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> under Col. Bryan (driven to it, as <strong>the</strong>y said, by <strong>the</strong> most<br />
barbarous persecution,) <strong>and</strong> after a long <strong>and</strong> difficult march jo<strong>in</strong>ed Major McArthur at <strong>the</strong> Cheraws to <strong>the</strong><br />
amount <strong>of</strong> upwards <strong>of</strong> 700 Men.” 957<br />
Late June. Near <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month, provisions were so scarce around Hillsborough that de Kalb marched his<br />
troops towards <strong>the</strong> Peedee country. Even so, he went no far<strong>the</strong>r than Coxe’s Mill near Buffalo Ford on <strong>the</strong> Deep<br />
River; where he arrived early July. There be<strong>in</strong>g no magaz<strong>in</strong>e established or <strong>com</strong>missary appo<strong>in</strong>ted for him by <strong>the</strong><br />
state <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a to purchase supplies, much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time after his arrival <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state was spent hav<strong>in</strong>g his<br />
men collect food; while mak<strong>in</strong>g an effort to establish a small depot. He unsuccessfully tried to persuade Maj.<br />
Gen. Richard Caswell with <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia <strong>in</strong> his front to fall back <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong> him. Caswell claimed his<br />
own lack <strong>of</strong> provisions prevented such a move. In addition to <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, de Kalb<br />
had with him Lieut. Col. Carr<strong>in</strong>gton’s detachment <strong>of</strong> three <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> artillery; <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g five cannon that had<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed him on his march through Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. 958<br />
Late June. Volunteers <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, with some from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia, toge<strong>the</strong>r amount<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
about 300, began embody<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> southwest part <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a under Col. Charles McDowell; with little or<br />
no coord<strong>in</strong>ation as yet with <strong>the</strong> higher state militia managers <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. The latter were largely<br />
un<strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> proceed<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> western portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state; <strong>in</strong> part because such as Maj. Gen. Richard<br />
Caswell were occupied with press<strong>in</strong>g matters elsewhere.<br />
953 RSC2 pp. 129-130, HMS p. 8, MSC1 pp. 592-593, BGC pp. 57-58, GJW p. 29, SDR p. 87.<br />
954 RSC2 p. 130, RHA2 p. 487.<br />
955 Chesney was one among a number <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians respond<strong>in</strong>g to Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s call for recruits.<br />
956 Fair Forest is just north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tyger River.<br />
957 TCS p. 91.<br />
958 WNA, RSC2 pp. 138-139, MLW4A pp. 167-168, RNC p. 240.<br />
190
JULY 1780<br />
July. [skirmish] Big Glades (Ashe County, N.C.) In spite <strong>of</strong> rebel success at Ramseur’s Mill, <strong>the</strong>re were still areas<br />
<strong>in</strong> western North Carol<strong>in</strong>a where <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>and</strong> tories were, <strong>and</strong> would cont<strong>in</strong>ue to be, active. Moreover, <strong>and</strong><br />
as stated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>troduction to this book, <strong>the</strong>re were many m<strong>in</strong>or skirmishes that took place <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
war <strong>in</strong> general which are now ei<strong>the</strong>r entirely unknown, or else buried away <strong>in</strong> rare volumes, contemporary<br />
letters, <strong>and</strong> or pension statements <strong>of</strong> former militia men. One such action <strong>the</strong>n was Big Glades, which North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a historian, John Arthur Preston records thusly: “From Robert Love’s pension papers it appears that <strong>the</strong><br />
first battle <strong>in</strong> which he took part was when he was <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> a party <strong>of</strong> Americans <strong>in</strong> 1780 aga<strong>in</strong>st a party<br />
<strong>of</strong> Tories <strong>in</strong> July <strong>of</strong> that year. This b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Tories was <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> about one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty men, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were routed ‘up New River at <strong>the</strong> Big Glades, now <strong>in</strong> Ashe County, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, as <strong>the</strong>y were on <strong>the</strong> way to<br />
jo<strong>in</strong> Cornwallis.’… ‘In <strong>the</strong> year 1780 this declarent [sic] was engaged aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Torys at a special court first<br />
held on Tom[’]s creek down <strong>the</strong> New river, <strong>and</strong> afterwards upon Cripple creek; <strong>the</strong>n up New river…<strong>the</strong>n,<br />
afterwards at <strong>the</strong> Moravian Old Town…mak<strong>in</strong>g an exam<strong>in</strong>ation up to near <strong>the</strong> Shal~w [Shallow] Ford <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Yadk<strong>in</strong>…rout<strong>in</strong>g two parties <strong>of</strong> Tories <strong>in</strong> Guilford County, hang<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> party who fell <strong>in</strong>to his h<strong>and</strong>s up <strong>the</strong><br />
New River, <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r, afterwards, whom <strong>the</strong>y captured <strong>in</strong> Guilford.’ This activity may expla<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> mysterious battle ground <strong>in</strong> Alleghany [Allegheny] County.” 959<br />
July. The Hessian Regt. von d’Angelleli was sent from Savannah to Charlestown. This made it <strong>the</strong> third Hessian<br />
regiment present <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a capital, along with von Huyne <strong>and</strong> von Dittfurth.<br />
July. Sometime <strong>in</strong> this month, “tory” Sam Brown, known to some as “Plunder<strong>in</strong>g Sam” <strong>and</strong> with a notorious<br />
reputation (deserved or no) for <strong>the</strong>ft <strong>and</strong> murder, was shot <strong>and</strong> killed by an assailant at <strong>the</strong> home <strong>of</strong> Dr. Andrew<br />
Thompson on Tyger River. See DKM p. 123 <strong>and</strong> also http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/tyger.htm<br />
Early July. [skirmish] Lawson’s Fork [<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pacelot River] (Spartanburg, S.C.) This event occurred near modern<br />
Glendale, S.C. 960<br />
J.B.O. L<strong>and</strong>rum, S.C. historian: “It is said that Capt. Patrick Moore escaped from <strong>the</strong> slaughter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong><br />
Ramsour’s mill, when his bro<strong>the</strong>r with a few men retired to Cornwallis’ camp. Among <strong>the</strong> Whigs <strong>the</strong>re was a<br />
great anxiety to capture Moore, whose <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>and</strong> mischief was damag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> American cause. Maj. Joseph<br />
Dickson, Capt. William Johnson <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> veteran William Mart<strong>in</strong>, who had served <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> French <strong>and</strong> Indian wars,<br />
were sent with a party to capture him. On Lawson’s fork, near W<strong>of</strong>ford’s old iron works (now Glendale), <strong>the</strong><br />
parties met <strong>and</strong> a skirmish ensued, <strong>in</strong> which Capts. Johnson <strong>and</strong> Moore had a personal encounter. Moore was<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ally overpowered <strong>and</strong> captured. It was, however, a desperate contest, <strong>in</strong> which Johnson, received several<br />
sword wounds <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> head, <strong>and</strong> one on <strong>the</strong> thumb <strong>of</strong> his right h<strong>and</strong>. While conduct<strong>in</strong>g his prisoners towards <strong>the</strong><br />
Whig l<strong>in</strong>es, a short distance away, he saw several British troops approach<strong>in</strong>g him. He attempted to fire his<br />
loaded musket at <strong>the</strong>m, but <strong>the</strong> blood from his bleed<strong>in</strong>g thumb wet <strong>the</strong> prim<strong>in</strong>g. This misfortune on his part<br />
enabled his prisoner to escape, <strong>and</strong> perceiv<strong>in</strong>g his own danger, he fled to a thicket near by, thus elud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
grasp <strong>of</strong> his pursuers. Shortly afterwards he jo<strong>in</strong>ed his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>.” 961<br />
1 July. Com<strong>in</strong>g by sea from Charlestown, <strong>the</strong> British occupied Georgetown. McCrady, by contrast, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
h<strong>and</strong>, speaks <strong>of</strong> this tak<strong>in</strong>g place about <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> June when Capt. John Plumer Ardesoif <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal Navy<br />
arrived with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s proclamation to which many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> habitants agreed to <strong>com</strong>ply. Not long after, Maj.<br />
James Wemyss with <strong>the</strong> 63 rd Regt. arrived <strong>the</strong>re by boat <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>menced formation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> local loyal militia.<br />
Presumably, what whig militia were <strong>the</strong>re, if any, left when or just before <strong>the</strong> British came. 962<br />
1 July. Sumter shifted camp from Hagler’s Branch to Catawba Old Town, located 14 miles south <strong>of</strong> Charlotte <strong>and</strong><br />
on Clem’s Branch <strong>of</strong> Sugar Creek. 963<br />
2 July. De Kalb reached Chatham Court House, N.C. where he stayed for two days; <strong>the</strong>n leav<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> 5 th <strong>in</strong><br />
cont<strong>in</strong>uation on <strong>the</strong> march south. 964<br />
2 July. K<strong>in</strong>lock returned from patroll<strong>in</strong>g twelve miles along <strong>the</strong> Catawba River <strong>and</strong> reunited with Turnbull at<br />
Brown’s Crossroads (see 24 June.) Follow<strong>in</strong>g this, he left <strong>the</strong> latter <strong>and</strong> rode to be with Maj. Thomas Mecan <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 23 rd whom Rawdon had been sent out from Camden, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n to <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws area, on a separate police <strong>and</strong><br />
forag<strong>in</strong>g mission. 965<br />
3 July. Cornwallis to Balfour (<strong>the</strong> latter still at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six): “Entre Nous I am afraid <strong>of</strong> his [Ferguson’s] gett<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
<strong>the</strong> frontier <strong>of</strong> N. Carol<strong>in</strong>a & play<strong>in</strong>g some cussed trick.” It was actually Balfour <strong>in</strong> earlier letters who, <strong>in</strong> effect,<br />
959 John Preston Arthur, History <strong>of</strong> Western North Carol<strong>in</strong>a (1914), ch. 5.<br />
960 MSC1 p. 633, LSC p. 7, ONB2 p. 190.<br />
961 LCR pp. 129-130.<br />
962 MSC1 pp. 641, 647, LSL p. 119.<br />
963 SDR p. 93.<br />
964 KJO p. 10.<br />
965 SDR p. 93.<br />
191
cautioned Cornwallis to be wary <strong>of</strong> Fergsuon’s too early <strong>and</strong> overly ambitious aims <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a;<br />
<strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis. 966<br />
4 July. Sumter established yet ano<strong>the</strong>r camp (see 1 July); this time on <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> Catawba some four miles<br />
from Old Nation Ford. Among those who jo<strong>in</strong>ed him <strong>the</strong>re were Col. James Williams <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Little River militia.<br />
Turnbull was shortly after <strong>in</strong>formed that Sumter had 1,300 with him when <strong>the</strong> actual number was about half that<br />
amount. 967<br />
4 July. Maj. General Horatio Gates, on his way south to take <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army, wrote from<br />
Fredericksburg, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, to Samuel Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton, President <strong>of</strong> Congress, ask<strong>in</strong>g (upon Morgan’s request) that Col.<br />
Daniel Morgan be promoted to Brigadier General; which petition was shortly after acceded to.<br />
Gates also wrote to L<strong>in</strong>coln on this date: “The series <strong>of</strong> Misfortunes you have experienced, s<strong>in</strong>ce you were<br />
doomd [sic] to <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Department, has affected me exceed<strong>in</strong>gly. I feel for you most<br />
sensibly. -- I feel for myself who am to succeed, to what? To <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> an Army without Strength -- a<br />
Military Chest without Money. A Department apparently deficient <strong>in</strong> public Spirit, <strong>and</strong> a Climate that encreases<br />
[sic] Despondency <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> animat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Soldiers Arm. I wish to save <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn States. I wish to recover<br />
<strong>the</strong> Territories we have lost. I wish to restore you to your Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> to re<strong>in</strong>state you to that Dignity, to<br />
which your Virtues, <strong>and</strong> your Perseverance, have so justly entitled you: -- with me you have experienced that<br />
<strong>the</strong> Battle is not <strong>the</strong> strong. 968 Poor Burgoyne <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> pride <strong>of</strong> Victory was overthrown. Could <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Triumph<br />
over you, meet with <strong>the</strong> like Disgrace, I should be content to die <strong>in</strong> Peace, so might America be free <strong>and</strong><br />
Independent; <strong>and</strong> its future Happ<strong>in</strong>ess under God rest solely upon Itself. You will oblige me very much by<br />
<strong>com</strong>munication any H<strong>in</strong>ts or Information, which you th<strong>in</strong>k will be useful to me <strong>in</strong> my Situation. You know I am<br />
not above Advice, especially where it <strong>com</strong>es from a good Head <strong>and</strong> a s<strong>in</strong>cere Heart. Such I have always found<br />
yours to be; <strong>and</strong> as such, shall always venerate <strong>and</strong> esteem both. I mean not by this to urge you to divulge<br />
Matters <strong>the</strong> obligation <strong>of</strong> your Parole <strong>of</strong> Honor, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s you to conceal; I only ask you for <strong>the</strong> knowledge you<br />
have acquired at <strong>the</strong> Charte du pais. The Whigs <strong>and</strong> Tories <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn States, <strong>and</strong> how you would advise me<br />
to conduct, <strong>in</strong> regard to all those. The Enemy I must judge <strong>of</strong> from what I see, <strong>and</strong> what I will by every Means<br />
endeavor to know.” 969<br />
4 July. Col. James Williams, with Sumter at “Camp Catawba, Old Nation [Ford],” wrote his wife on this date: “I<br />
expect you have heard <strong>of</strong> Moore’s defeat [at Ramseur’s Mill], <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fork <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba by a detached party<br />
from General Ru<strong>the</strong>rford, under Capt. [William] Falls, not exceed<strong>in</strong>g 350, that defeated 1300 tories, <strong>and</strong> took<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir baggage, with about 500 horses <strong>and</strong> saddles <strong>and</strong> guns, <strong>and</strong> left 35 on <strong>the</strong> field dead. S<strong>in</strong>ce that [or “s<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
<strong>the</strong>n”] General Caswell has defeated <strong>the</strong> English at <strong>the</strong> Cheraws, <strong>and</strong> cut <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regiment entirely. 970 I can<br />
assure you <strong>and</strong> my friends that <strong>the</strong> English have never been able to make a st<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a yet, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y<br />
have slipt [slipped] <strong>the</strong>ir time now, for <strong>the</strong>y are retreat<strong>in</strong>g to Charlestown with all rapidity. From this you may<br />
see, under <strong>the</strong> bless<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> God that we will soon relieve our distressed families <strong>and</strong> friends; so bear up with<br />
fortitude till that happy day <strong>com</strong>es.” 971<br />
4 July. Excerpt from <strong>the</strong> diary <strong>of</strong> an unnamed Capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia l<strong>in</strong>e be<strong>in</strong>g held prisoner <strong>in</strong> Charlestown <strong>in</strong><br />
1780:<br />
“July 4 th . This day was appo<strong>in</strong>ted for a general meet<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers at Haddrell’s Po<strong>in</strong>t, to celebrate <strong>the</strong><br />
Independency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Thirteen United States <strong>of</strong> America. The follow<strong>in</strong>g toasts were drank on <strong>the</strong> occasion:<br />
“1 st . The Free <strong>and</strong> Sovereign Independent States <strong>of</strong> America.<br />
2 nd . The Honorable <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Congress.<br />
3 rd . His Most Christian Majesty <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> France.<br />
4 th . His Most Catholic Majesty <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Spa<strong>in</strong>.<br />
5 th . May impartial justice guide <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r powers <strong>of</strong> Europe.<br />
6 th . Stability <strong>and</strong> firmness to <strong>the</strong> Alliance between France <strong>and</strong> America.<br />
7 th . Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Army.<br />
8 th . The American Navy.<br />
9 th . The American M<strong>in</strong>istry at Foreign Courts.<br />
10 th . May <strong>the</strong> States <strong>of</strong> America be always found a sure refuge <strong>and</strong> an asylum aga<strong>in</strong>st despotism <strong>and</strong> oppression.<br />
11 th . May <strong>the</strong> sword never be drawn but <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> cause <strong>of</strong> justice.<br />
12 th . The immortal memory <strong>of</strong> those patriots <strong>and</strong> warriors who have fallen <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> present war, <strong>in</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
rights <strong>of</strong> mank<strong>in</strong>d.<br />
13 th . Our brethren <strong>in</strong> captivity, suffer<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> glorious cause <strong>of</strong> liberty.<br />
“From each toast <strong>the</strong>re followed a discharge <strong>of</strong> thirteen pistols <strong>and</strong> three cheers. That night <strong>the</strong> barracks were<br />
illum<strong>in</strong>ated.”<br />
966 WCO p. 205, PRO. 30/11/78, ff. 3-4. SCP1 p. 244, 237, 242, 245. See also Cornwallis to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, 29 Aug. 1780, SCV1 pp. 261-<br />
264.<br />
967 SDR p. 95<br />
968 L<strong>in</strong>coln had been among Gates’ division <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers at Saratoga.<br />
969 GAH p. 283.<br />
970 This report regard<strong>in</strong>g Caswell’s “defeat<strong>in</strong>g” <strong>the</strong> 71 st at Cheraws turned out to be false; though <strong>the</strong> whigs were ostensibly<br />
caus<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British some trouble <strong>the</strong>re. See 24 July 1780.<br />
971 GDH3 pp. 135-137.<br />
192
The <strong>of</strong>ficers who ga<strong>the</strong>red were later, <strong>and</strong> underst<strong>and</strong>ably, reprim<strong>and</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> British for <strong>the</strong>ir conduct. Pistols<br />
were confiscated <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers were threatened with close conf<strong>in</strong>ement for such behavior <strong>in</strong> future. British<br />
prisoners <strong>the</strong>mselves, by <strong>the</strong> way, were known to have not dissimilar revels when <strong>in</strong>carcerated; but <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
case, <strong>of</strong> course, for such events as <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Birthday or St. George’s Day. 972<br />
5 July. A detachment <strong>of</strong> 40 mounted militia were sent by Sumter down <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> Catawba to Wade’s Mill,<br />
ten miles nor<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> Rocky Mount. Learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> this, but not be<strong>in</strong>g certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s numbers, Turnbull<br />
retired with his force to Rocky Mount; which he proceeded to fortify. The same day he received a message from<br />
Rawdon say<strong>in</strong>g he had sent ordered Maj. Thomas Mecan <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt from Camden to Waxhaws with<br />
<strong>in</strong>structions to disarm all who did not enroll <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia; as well as <strong>in</strong>structions to collect any gra<strong>in</strong> that might<br />
be found <strong>and</strong> have it stored at Rugeley’s. 973<br />
5 July. The Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware regiments, along with Carr<strong>in</strong>gton’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia artillery, under de Kalb crossed<br />
<strong>the</strong> Deep River <strong>and</strong> reached Coxe’s (or Wilcox’s) Mill. 974<br />
5 July. General Richard Caswell, at “Camp ten miles south <strong>of</strong> Ramsay [Ramsey’s Mill?],” on this date wrote to<br />
Brig. Gen. Henry William Harr<strong>in</strong>gton: “I had your favor from Chatham Court House, <strong>and</strong> also one from Col.<br />
Collier, <strong>and</strong> am much obliged by your <strong>in</strong>formation.<br />
“Noth<strong>in</strong>g new has happened <strong>in</strong> this part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country s<strong>in</strong>ce your departure. Donaldson’s party left him at Cole’s<br />
Bridge last Friday night, on <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> 400 horse, <strong>the</strong>y say from <strong>the</strong> Cheraws, 200 <strong>of</strong> which were British;<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ce which I have heard noth<strong>in</strong>g from that quarter. I shall wait on <strong>the</strong> Baron de Kalb to-day, <strong>and</strong> will fix <strong>the</strong><br />
time <strong>and</strong> place <strong>of</strong> our jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g. He is to be this day at Wilcox’s [also known <strong>in</strong>formally as Coxe’s] Iron Works. 975 If<br />
it will not be attended with danger to <strong>the</strong> troops to move from Salisbury, I presume Gen. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford will jo<strong>in</strong><br />
me, <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> my letter by your favor, on <strong>the</strong> upper part <strong>of</strong> Deep River. Pray present my <strong>com</strong>pliments<br />
to <strong>the</strong> General, <strong>and</strong> let him know I expect to hear from him on that subject daily.<br />
“From you, I flatter myself I shall frequently hear. I am, with great esteem, dear Sir…” 976<br />
6 July. De Kalb rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Coxe’s (also, <strong>and</strong> more properly, Wilcox’s) Iron Mill (or foundry) on <strong>the</strong> Deep River<br />
to collect provisions. The North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia force, now under Maj. Gen. Richard Caswell (ra<strong>the</strong>r than his son<br />
William) <strong>and</strong> headed towards Camden, was <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> him at Mask’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Peedee River. Near Caswell<br />
on <strong>the</strong> same route was Lieut. Col. Charles Porterfield with 300 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Troops. 977 The country ly<strong>in</strong>g<br />
between Coxe’s Mill <strong>and</strong> Camden was extremely sterile, <strong>and</strong> impracticable to pass through at this time; such<br />
that a supply magaz<strong>in</strong>e was much wanted by <strong>the</strong> Americans. This <strong>and</strong> a dearth <strong>of</strong> wagons <strong>and</strong> provisions,<br />
prompted de Kalb to march by way <strong>of</strong> Charlotte <strong>in</strong>to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> directly to Camden. 978<br />
7 July. Upon hear<strong>in</strong>g report <strong>of</strong> a British force (under Maj. Mecan) was approach<strong>in</strong>g Waxhaws, Sumter moved his<br />
men towards <strong>the</strong>re. But not f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy present (i.e., hav<strong>in</strong>g missed <strong>the</strong>m), he returned to Old Nation<br />
Ford. There he gave his men permission to his men return home to secure provisions, recruit more volunteers,<br />
<strong>and</strong> harvest crops. Although most did so, a few stayed to guard <strong>the</strong> camp <strong>and</strong> its supplies. Meanwhile, Maj.<br />
Mecan <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt., who actually had been <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area not been very far distant, withdrew to Hang<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Rock, but left Capt. K<strong>in</strong>lock <strong>and</strong> his Legion dragoons (but whom Sumter’s men somehow missed.) K<strong>in</strong>lock was<br />
subsequently jo<strong>in</strong>ed by some <strong>of</strong> Col. Henry Rugeley’s Camden militia. 979<br />
9 July. Allaire: “Sunday, 9 th . The American Volunteers moved from N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six at seven o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> [Abraham] DePeyster, <strong>and</strong> marched seven miles to Isl<strong>and</strong> Ford, <strong>of</strong> Saluda river,<br />
on our way to meet a party <strong>of</strong> Rebels that were mak<strong>in</strong>g approaches towards our l<strong>in</strong>es. Dr. [Uzal] Johnson 980 <strong>and</strong> I<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g late before we left our old quarters, without any guide, got out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> road; found our mistake at a mill,<br />
three miles from <strong>the</strong> road we ought to have taken. It turned out to be no great loss, as we have supplied<br />
ourselves with a grist <strong>of</strong> corn for our horses. We came up to <strong>the</strong> detachment at one o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g. Our<br />
baggage had not arrived, which put us to <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> go<strong>in</strong>g to a house to lodge...”<br />
10 July. Admiral de Ternay’s convoy disembarked Lieut. Gen. Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur Comte de<br />
Rochambeau <strong>and</strong> 6,000 French troops at Newport, Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong>; <strong>the</strong> first division <strong>of</strong> what ultimately was to be<br />
12,000 men be<strong>in</strong>g sent by France to aid <strong>the</strong> Americans. 981<br />
10 July. By this date, <strong>the</strong> 1 st Bttn. DeLancey’s under Col. John Harris Cruger, <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Bttn., New Jersey<br />
Volunteers under Lieut. Col. Isaac Allen, <strong>and</strong> a detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 16 th Regt. were directed to move by way <strong>of</strong><br />
972 Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Literary Messenger, vol. I, No. 7, Richmond, VA. 1835, p. 342.<br />
973 SDR p. 97.<br />
974 KJO p. 10, GHA3 pp. 390-391.<br />
975 With respect to <strong>the</strong> specific site <strong>of</strong> Wilcox’s Iron works <strong>and</strong> nearby l<strong>and</strong>marks, see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/thompson.htm<br />
976 GHC p. 309.<br />
977 In a letter <strong>of</strong> 14 July, Cornwallis alludes to a report <strong>of</strong> Porterfield be<strong>in</strong>g near Salisbury, see SCP1 p. 168.<br />
978 WNA, GHA3 pp. 390-391.<br />
979 SDR pp. 98-101.<br />
980 Loyalist surgeon Dr. Uzal Johnson, like Allaire, kept a diary that still survives. In 2002, it was edited <strong>and</strong> published by Bobby<br />
Gilmer Moss under <strong>the</strong> title Uzal Johnson, Loyalist Surgeon, A <strong>Revolutionary</strong> Diary (see bibliography.)<br />
981 MLW4A pp. 252-253, 257-258, FWI p. 183.<br />
193
Augusta; where <strong>the</strong>y stayed a short while 982 to re<strong>in</strong>force Balfour <strong>and</strong> Ferguson at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
subsequent year-long deployment at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, Cruger’s <strong>and</strong> Allen’s men were <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> many small<br />
skirmishes <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region, many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m unrecorded: N<strong>in</strong>ety Six be<strong>in</strong>g by far <strong>the</strong> most populous <strong>and</strong> powerful<br />
district <strong>in</strong> western South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong> letter to <strong>the</strong> m<strong>in</strong>istry, on 20 August 1780 wrote: “[The N<strong>in</strong>ety<br />
Six district had available] seven loyalist battalions available total<strong>in</strong>g 4000 men, 1500 <strong>of</strong> which could be ready at<br />
short notice for defense <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> frontier or any o<strong>the</strong>r home service...such militia can be <strong>of</strong> little use for distant<br />
operations as <strong>the</strong>y will not stir without a horse, <strong>and</strong> on that account your lordship will see <strong>the</strong> impossibility <strong>of</strong><br />
keep<strong>in</strong>g a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m toge<strong>the</strong>r without destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> country.” 983<br />
10 July. Turnbull ordered Capt. Huik with 20 mounted N.Y. Volunteers, some 50 mounted militia <strong>and</strong> 35-40<br />
Legion dragoons with <strong>in</strong>structions to capture Bratton <strong>and</strong> McClure who it was believed were near or at <strong>the</strong><br />
Bratton home along <strong>the</strong> South Fork <strong>of</strong> Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek, tell<strong>in</strong>g him “push <strong>the</strong> rebels as far as you may deem<br />
convenient.” Among <strong>the</strong> militia ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g Huik was Lieut Col. John Adamson <strong>of</strong> Camden loyal militia, Col.<br />
James Ferguson <strong>and</strong> Maj. John Owens <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rocky Mount militia, <strong>and</strong> possibly as well (though it isn’t clear)<br />
Capt. Henry Houseman. Later this same day <strong>the</strong>n, Huik bivouacked at Bishop’s Plantation. 984<br />
11 July. Huik stopped early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day at <strong>the</strong> Adair Plantation for some forage, <strong>and</strong> subsequently <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
afternoon passed on to Bratton’s Plantation. He did not, however, as <strong>in</strong>tended f<strong>in</strong>d Bratton or McClure <strong>the</strong>re.<br />
Afterward, ra<strong>the</strong>r than fall back to safer ground he choose to camp at Williamson’s Plantation about a quarter<br />
mile to <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> Bratton’s. By <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 11 th , word reached <strong>the</strong> whigs <strong>of</strong> Huik’s presence; <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>panies under Bratton, McClure, Edward Lacey, William Hill, John M<strong>of</strong>fit <strong>and</strong> Andrew Neale collected at<br />
Sumter’s camp at Old Nation Ford resolved to strike at him (Sumter himself was at Salisbury, N.C. arrang<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
secure supplies.) By sunset <strong>the</strong> party, number<strong>in</strong>g 250 to 300, arrived <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> Walker’s Mill. Later that<br />
even<strong>in</strong>g, by a stroke <strong>of</strong> circumstance, a party <strong>of</strong> this same group managed to capture Maj. John Owens <strong>of</strong> Col.<br />
James Ferguson’s Rocky Mount loyal militia. Sometime shortly <strong>the</strong>reafter, Owens agreed to act as a spy for <strong>the</strong><br />
whigs as <strong>the</strong> condition <strong>of</strong> his release. 985<br />
11 July. Col. Elijah Clark with a 140-150 mounted men after collect<strong>in</strong>g at Freeman’s Fort (named after Col.<br />
Holman Freeman <strong>and</strong> his bro<strong>the</strong>r John Freeman), <strong>in</strong> modern Elbert County <strong>in</strong> upper Georgia, crossed <strong>the</strong><br />
Savannah (at a private ford six miles above Petersburg <strong>and</strong> ten miles west <strong>of</strong> modern Abbeville) with <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tent<br />
<strong>of</strong> unit<strong>in</strong>g with Col. Charles McDowell’s force ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Yet when he learned that a strong<br />
corps <strong>of</strong> loyalists barred his passage, Clark <strong>and</strong> his men decided it was more prudent to return to Georgia <strong>and</strong><br />
disperse until <strong>the</strong>y could collect a more sizable body <strong>of</strong> men. Despite this, Maj. (also given as Col.) John Jones<br />
with 35 <strong>of</strong> Clark’s men decided to resume <strong>the</strong> march on <strong>the</strong>ir own. They passed <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong>f as a group <strong>of</strong><br />
loyalists; by which means <strong>the</strong>y were able to traverse <strong>the</strong> country, ultimately pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> head waters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Tyger River on <strong>the</strong>ir way north. 986<br />
12 July. [battle] “HUCK’S DEFEAT,” also Williamson’s Plantation, Brattonsville (York County, S.C.) Whigs under<br />
Colonel William Bratton, Capt. John McClure, <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r group under Col. William Hill <strong>and</strong> Capt. Edward Lacey<br />
attacked Capt. Christian Huik’s cont<strong>in</strong>gent at Williamson’s Plantation. Huik hav<strong>in</strong>g previously left White’s Mill 987<br />
(<strong>in</strong> modern Chester County) had, on orders from Turnbull, went <strong>in</strong> search <strong>of</strong> Bratton <strong>and</strong> McClure, but not f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>m at <strong>the</strong> Bratton home had made camp at Williamson’s plantation nearby (<strong>in</strong> modern Brattonsville.) He had<br />
posted h<strong>and</strong>bills call<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>habitants to renew allegiance to <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g; while carry<strong>in</strong>g out a program <strong>of</strong> threats <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>timidation that outraged local whigs. Bratton <strong>and</strong> McClure first moved to attack Huik <strong>the</strong>mselves, but were<br />
<strong>the</strong>n jo<strong>in</strong>ed by men from Sumter’s camp (situated at this time on Clem’s Branch east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba <strong>in</strong><br />
Lancaster County.) The b<strong>and</strong> when assembled was <strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> four groups: those under Bratton <strong>and</strong> McClure;<br />
those under Lacey; those under Col. William Hill <strong>and</strong> Col. Andrew Neale; <strong>and</strong> those under John M<strong>of</strong>fit (also<br />
spelled M<strong>of</strong>fet). At <strong>the</strong> time, Sumter himself was <strong>in</strong> Salisbury with a few men seek more money, arms, <strong>and</strong><br />
recruits. When first ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g to go after Huik, Neale, Bratton, Lacey, Hill, et al. had, it is estimated, some 500<br />
to possibly 800 men, but as <strong>the</strong>y approached <strong>and</strong> became engaged <strong>the</strong>ir force had lessened to 250-350 (Ramsay<br />
gives <strong>the</strong> number as 133.) This shr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir force has been ascribed to <strong>the</strong> tendency <strong>of</strong> militia to <strong>com</strong>e <strong>and</strong><br />
go as <strong>the</strong>y pleased -– <strong>and</strong> or, perhaps for some, last m<strong>in</strong>ute jitters (<strong>the</strong>y were, after all, attack<strong>in</strong>g regulars.)<br />
Many pension statements seem to <strong>in</strong>dicate that Andrew Neale was made <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> expedition;<br />
which given his veteran qualifications <strong>and</strong> experience would make sense. Lacey, <strong>in</strong> some subsequent histories,<br />
has also been spoken <strong>of</strong> as <strong>the</strong> leader <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> collected group, but probably only because he had brought <strong>the</strong> most<br />
men with him: <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> practice generally answer<strong>in</strong>g only to <strong>the</strong>ir immediate superior. Among <strong>the</strong> soldiers<br />
also present with Bratton, Neale, <strong>and</strong> Lacey were Maj. Richard W<strong>in</strong>n, <strong>and</strong> Capt. Andrew Love. 988 Huik had started<br />
982 It is not quite clear exactly when Cruger arrived at Augusta (from Savannah) or how long he rema<strong>in</strong>ed, Brown ostensibly<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g been <strong>in</strong> place <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> him.<br />
983 SCP2 p. 7. “Destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> country” refers to <strong>the</strong> large quantity <strong>of</strong> gra<strong>in</strong> or else graz<strong>in</strong>g required to feed horses. DKM p. 142.<br />
984 SDR pp.101-102.<br />
985 SDR pp.101-104.<br />
986 DKM pp. 78-79, MSC1 pp. 611-613, Rev. William Bacon Stevens, A History <strong>of</strong> Georgia, pp. 244-245, LCR p. 115. For a sketch <strong>of</strong><br />
Jones, who was from Burke County, GA., see WHG p. 533.<br />
987 White’s Mill was on Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek about ten miles west <strong>of</strong> L<strong>and</strong>’s Ford across <strong>the</strong> Catawba River<br />
988 Although some historians <strong>in</strong>clude Col. Samuel Watson also, it would seem this is a mistake <strong>and</strong> he was not present at Huck’s<br />
Defeat (whe<strong>the</strong>r Samuel Watson “Jr.” who was at Huck’s Defeat is connected with Samuel Watson is not clear <strong>and</strong> it is<br />
speculated that this “Jr.” was possibly a nephew.) With respect to ano<strong>the</strong>r important whig leader, Col. James Williams, William<br />
T. Graves notes that he was probably ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g recruits <strong>and</strong> see<strong>in</strong>g to home <strong>and</strong> family <strong>in</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Huik’s<br />
194
out <strong>in</strong> June with some 35 British Legion cavalry, 20 mounted New York Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> 60 loyalist militia, <strong>and</strong><br />
probably ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g at least a few more loyalist militia who stayed with him along <strong>the</strong> way. Tarleton gives his<br />
strength as 110; while Allaire speaks <strong>of</strong> 17 British Legion,18 New York Volunteers <strong>and</strong> 25 militia. Based on <strong>the</strong>se<br />
accounts Huik’s detachment ranged anywhere from 70 to 125.<br />
Such troops as he possessed <strong>the</strong>n were ly<strong>in</strong>g without proper pickets; with only a sent<strong>in</strong>el posted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> road at<br />
each end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir camp. At dawn, <strong>the</strong> whigs <strong>in</strong> two groups, quietly <strong>and</strong> stealthily approach<strong>in</strong>g from opposite<br />
sides, surprised <strong>the</strong> sleep<strong>in</strong>g foe. The fight<strong>in</strong>g that ensued lasted an hour; after which most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalist force<br />
was killed wounded or captured. Reports state that Huik lost 25 to 50 Killed, <strong>and</strong> more than this wounded. A<br />
number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists were hung afterwards; ostensibly <strong>in</strong> retaliation for <strong>the</strong> British do<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same to some<br />
whigs follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. Partisan losses, meanwhile, are said to have been very few. The<br />
particular significance <strong>of</strong> this battle lay <strong>in</strong> its be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> first victory <strong>of</strong> militia aga<strong>in</strong>st regulars; <strong>the</strong>reby<br />
encourag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> former to more ambitious feats <strong>and</strong> which soon followed at Rocky Mount, Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, <strong>and</strong><br />
Musgrove’s Mill. At <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action, Maj. Patrick Ferguson had been camped at Padget’s Creek <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fair<br />
Forest neighborhood. 989<br />
On August 6 th , Cornwallis reported to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “The affair <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong>. Houck [sic] turned out <strong>of</strong> less consequence<br />
than it appeared at first; <strong>the</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> three men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion were killed, <strong>and</strong> Seven men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New York<br />
Volunteers taken.” 990<br />
Allaire (who was with Ferguson): “Wednesday, 12 th . Got <strong>in</strong> motion at five o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> forded<br />
Duncan’s creek <strong>and</strong> Enoree river. Cont<strong>in</strong>ued march<strong>in</strong>g to Capt. Frost’s, at Padget creek, eight miles from <strong>the</strong><br />
Widow Brown’s. This even<strong>in</strong>g met an express with <strong>the</strong> disagreeable news <strong>of</strong> a party <strong>of</strong> ours consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
seventeen <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion, eighteen York Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> twenty-five militia be<strong>in</strong>g defeated at Col. Bratton’s, at<br />
Fish<strong>in</strong>g creek.<br />
“Thursday, 13 th . Lieut. Hunt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion Cavalry came to our quarters at Capt. Frost’s. He was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> party<br />
defeated <strong>the</strong> twelfth <strong>in</strong>st. He gave an imperfect account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> affair. Capt. Huck <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> party<br />
consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> one subaltern <strong>and</strong> seventeen dragoons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion, three subalterns <strong>and</strong> eighteen New York<br />
Volunteers, twenty-five militia men. They were sent <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> a Rebel party, <strong>and</strong> arrived at twelve o’clock,<br />
Tuesday night, <strong>the</strong> 11 th <strong>in</strong>stant, at Col. Bratton’s, at Fish<strong>in</strong>g creek, <strong>and</strong> were very much fatigued. They thought<br />
to rest <strong>the</strong>mselves. Unfortunately a Rebel party <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by a Col. Lacey came upon <strong>the</strong>m at four o’clock <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 12 th , who were <strong>in</strong> amongst <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> had possession <strong>of</strong> every pass before <strong>the</strong>y where<br />
apprised <strong>of</strong> it-except a road lead<strong>in</strong>g towards North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, where Capta<strong>in</strong> Huck, with four dragoons, attempted<br />
to make <strong>of</strong>f. Huck got shot through <strong>the</strong> neck, <strong>of</strong> which he died. Mr. Hunt, with one dragoon, took a foot path<br />
lead<strong>in</strong>g to a swamp. The militia he could give no account <strong>of</strong>...”<br />
James Coll<strong>in</strong>s: “We had not proceeded far until <strong>the</strong> sent<strong>in</strong>els discovered us –- fired on us <strong>and</strong> fled. The troops<br />
were soon mounted <strong>and</strong> paraded. This, I confess, was a very impos<strong>in</strong>g sight, at least for me, for I had never seen<br />
a troop <strong>of</strong> British horse before, <strong>and</strong> thought <strong>the</strong>y differed vastly <strong>in</strong> appearance from us -– poor hunt<strong>in</strong>g shirt<br />
fellows. The leader drew his sword, mounted his horse, <strong>and</strong> began to storm <strong>and</strong> rave, <strong>and</strong> advanced on us; but<br />
we kept close to <strong>the</strong> peach orchard. When <strong>the</strong>y got pretty near <strong>the</strong> peach trees, <strong>the</strong>ir leader called out ‘disperse<br />
you d—d rebels, or I will put every man <strong>of</strong> you to <strong>the</strong> sword.’ Our rifle balls began to whistle among <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
a few m<strong>in</strong>utes my Lord Hook was shot <strong>of</strong>f his horse <strong>and</strong> fell at full length; his sword flew out <strong>of</strong> his h<strong>and</strong> as he<br />
fell <strong>and</strong> lay at some distance, <strong>and</strong> both lay till some <strong>of</strong> his men ga<strong>the</strong>red about him <strong>and</strong> around him two or three<br />
times. At length one halted <strong>and</strong> po<strong>in</strong>ted his sword downward, seemed to pause a moment, <strong>the</strong>n rais<strong>in</strong>g his sword<br />
wheeled <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> all started at full gallop. We <strong>the</strong>n moved on to <strong>the</strong> house without opposition, but all at<br />
disappeared. In <strong>the</strong> yard sat two good look<strong>in</strong>g fellows bleed<strong>in</strong>g pretty freely, <strong>the</strong>ir horses st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g at no great<br />
distance: one <strong>of</strong> whom was shot through <strong>the</strong> thigh.” 991<br />
At 9 p.m., Turnbull wrote Cornwallis: “I was unfortunate enough to be obliged to tell you a very Disagreeable<br />
story Some hours ago --<br />
“N<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> our miss<strong>in</strong>g men have <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> one Dragoon.<br />
“A Negroe [sic] Boy who was taken has made his Escape. <strong>and</strong> says that Lt. Adamson Fell <strong>of</strong> his horse Be<strong>in</strong>g much<br />
Bruised is Taken prisoner. that [sic] Seven <strong>of</strong> ours <strong>and</strong> a sergt. <strong>and</strong> two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dragoons are likewise wounded<br />
<strong>and</strong> taken Prisoners<br />
“Lt McGregor <strong>and</strong> Cornet Hunt we suppose have made <strong>the</strong>ir Escape. But have not yet arrived -- Capt. Huik is <strong>the</strong><br />
only Person who was killed Dead on <strong>the</strong> Spot.<br />
“My Militia are so allarmed [sic] it will be some Days before <strong>the</strong>y Recover <strong>the</strong>ir Spirits<br />
“There are some wounded Militia I send Down by <strong>the</strong> Bearer <strong>in</strong> a Waggon to <strong>the</strong> Care <strong>of</strong> Doctor Hill --<br />
“The Negroe [sic] Boy is very Intelligent He says <strong>the</strong> Rebells will send down Lt. Adamson <strong>and</strong> our wounded men<br />
Tomorrow<br />
defeat; nor was he present at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock on Aug. 6 th . Says Ramsay: “Colonel Williams, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> district <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, <strong>in</strong><br />
particular, was <strong>in</strong>defatigable <strong>in</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> animat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> friends <strong>of</strong> Congress <strong>in</strong> that settlement. With <strong>the</strong>se he frequently<br />
harassed <strong>the</strong> conquerors.” RSC2 p. 137, JTR p. 486-487.<br />
989 CNC14 pp. 505-507 (see July 17 1780 entry, Sumter to De Kalb), TCS pp. 92-93, 127, SCP1 pp. 170, 176, 207, RSC2 pp. 135-<br />
136, GHA3 p. 389, LMS pp. 169-170, HMS pp. 8-11, LFB2 p. 453, MLL pp. 3-7, MSC1 pp. 592-600, BGC p. 60, BEA p. 1211. Michael<br />
C. Scogg<strong>in</strong>s’ recently published The Day it Ra<strong>in</strong>ed Militia (SDR) is <strong>the</strong> most at length, thorough, <strong>and</strong> reliable account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
action.<br />
990 CNC15 pp. 258-262, SCP1 p. 175.<br />
991 James Coll<strong>in</strong>s, Autobiography <strong>of</strong> a <strong>Revolutionary</strong> Soldier, Repr<strong>in</strong>t--Ayer Company Publishers, North Stratford, N.H., 1989.<br />
195
“By what I can Learn <strong>the</strong> only [Bait?] which Led Huik to Camp at this cursed unlucky spot was an [oat?] field that<br />
was near. But by every account <strong>the</strong> Position was very unfavourable.” 992<br />
Turnbull, at Rocky Mount, at “one o’Clock past noon” on this date, wrote Rawdon: “By Intelligence from <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r side that K<strong>in</strong>lock had pursued <strong>the</strong> Rebells partly up <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws on Sunday last <strong>and</strong> hear<strong>in</strong>g that a Noted<br />
Partizan [John] McLure was <strong>com</strong>e home <strong>and</strong> Reap<strong>in</strong>g his gra<strong>in</strong> about twenty two miles above <strong>and</strong> that Col:<br />
[William] Bratton who lived about twelve miles far<strong>the</strong>r was publish<strong>in</strong>g Proclamations <strong>and</strong> Pardons to who shoud<br />
[sic] return to <strong>the</strong>ir duty. -- I proposed to Capt. Huick that I woud [sic] mount twenty <strong>of</strong> our men <strong>and</strong> give him<br />
some Militia to <strong>the</strong> amount <strong>of</strong> sixty to Beat up those two traitors.<br />
“The party marched from this Monday Even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> found only one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> McLures <strong>and</strong> no person at Brattons --<br />
My order to him was not to go far<strong>the</strong>r than Prudence should Direct him. He very unfortunately Encamped about a<br />
Quarter <strong>of</strong> a mile Beyond this, <strong>and</strong> was attack’d this morn<strong>in</strong>g about Sunrise By a Large Body <strong>of</strong> Rebells [sic] <strong>and</strong><br />
has been Totally Defeated. Capt. Huick <strong>the</strong>y Inform me is Killed. Cornet Hunt is wounded <strong>and</strong> supposed to be<br />
prisoner. Lt. Adamson <strong>and</strong> Lt. McGregor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> all our Twenty are Miss<strong>in</strong>g. Ens.<br />
Cameron <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers, Lt. Lewis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>and</strong> Twelve dragoons <strong>and</strong> Twelve Militia are<br />
Returned.<br />
“This is a very Unfortunate affair, my Lord. If Major Ferguson does not advance from Fair Forest, or some Larger<br />
Body <strong>of</strong> Troops makes head aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>m I am afraid <strong>the</strong>y will give us Trouble. Their success will no doubt<br />
Encourage <strong>the</strong>m to pay us a Visit, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y may Distress us <strong>in</strong> Provisions.<br />
“I hope your Lordship will be assured that what ever I Planned I thought could have been Executed without much<br />
Danger. Mr. Cameron Says <strong>the</strong> Ground <strong>the</strong>y were on was not very favourable. <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y advanced so Rapidly that<br />
<strong>the</strong> Dragoons had not time to mount.<br />
“Lt. Col: [John] Moore nor Major [Nicholas Welch?] is nei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m here nor do I know where <strong>the</strong>y are.” 993<br />
On 23 July, Maj. Thomas Blount, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. L<strong>in</strong>e, wrote to Gov. Abner Nash: “Three successful attacks [<strong>the</strong> first<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se Blount refers to is not clear; <strong>the</strong> second <strong>and</strong> third are, respectively, Huck’s Defeat <strong>and</strong> Colson’s Mill]<br />
have been made on <strong>the</strong> Enemy. The particulars <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first I gave you <strong>in</strong> a former Letter. The second [Huck’s<br />
Defeat] was a Party <strong>of</strong> about one hundred <strong>and</strong> thirty tories, Comm<strong>and</strong>ed by Colo. Ferguson, a noted tory from<br />
<strong>the</strong> Northward, <strong>and</strong> seventy Light Horse <strong>of</strong> Cathcart’s Legion [<strong>the</strong> British Legion], Comm<strong>and</strong>ed by a Capt. Hook<br />
on <strong>the</strong> 12 th Inst. by a party <strong>of</strong> 80 or 90 Militia, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Colo. [Andrew] Neale. The surprise was<br />
<strong>com</strong>pleat [sic]. Ferguson, Hook, a Lieut. <strong>and</strong> 11 o<strong>the</strong>rs were killed on <strong>the</strong> ground; <strong>and</strong> a major, 2 Lieuts. & 27<br />
taken, many <strong>of</strong> whom are s<strong>in</strong>ce dead <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir wounds; <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der are dispersed. some accoutrements for<br />
Light Horse & a number <strong>of</strong> Horses were also taken; <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> exact number we have not yet a certa<strong>in</strong> account, but<br />
it is supposed <strong>the</strong> whole. Our loss was only one man wounded.” 994<br />
13 July (also given as <strong>the</strong> 12 th ). [skirmish] First Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g, also Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g (Spartanburg County, S.C.), Col.<br />
John Thomas, Jr. <strong>and</strong> Major Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong> were draw<strong>in</strong>g recruits with which to jo<strong>in</strong> Sumter; when Ferguson<br />
sent 150 loyalists under Capt. John Dunlop to disperse <strong>the</strong>m. With 60 men, Thomas <strong>and</strong> McJunk<strong>in</strong> ambuscaded<br />
<strong>the</strong> loyalists at Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g, near Fair Forest (<strong>the</strong> name deriv<strong>in</strong>g, states Draper, from a large cedar tree that<br />
grew alongside <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g.) Casualties were apparently slight, but <strong>the</strong> loyalists were routed. Earlier, Thomas’<br />
fa<strong>the</strong>r, John Sr., had taken protection, <strong>and</strong> was described as too advanced <strong>in</strong> age to take part <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
resistance. 995<br />
Dunlop to Balfour, 15 July 1780: “Hav<strong>in</strong>g received such <strong>in</strong>formation yesterday as made me suspect <strong>the</strong>re was<br />
some stroke aga<strong>in</strong>st me <strong>in</strong> meditation, I thought it necessary to be very watchful, for which purpose I made a<br />
strong patrole <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a sergeant <strong>and</strong> 14 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 60 mounted militia. I<br />
had also <strong>in</strong> view a party <strong>of</strong> 25 from Georgia who had been plunder<strong>in</strong>g that day with<strong>in</strong> a few miles <strong>of</strong> my post <strong>and</strong><br />
who I expected would lie that night <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> settlement.<br />
“To my great astonishment I fell <strong>in</strong> with a body <strong>of</strong> near 400 men on <strong>the</strong>ir march to surprise my post. Tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m<br />
for <strong>the</strong> Georgia plunderers, I dismounted <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>and</strong> attack’d <strong>the</strong>m. They gave way on <strong>the</strong> first fire. I <strong>the</strong>n<br />
charged with good success, kill<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> wound<strong>in</strong>g about 30 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebels <strong>and</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m retreat some distance.<br />
A prisoner <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong>formed me <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir number <strong>and</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation, I took <strong>the</strong> opportunity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir retreat<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
remount <strong>the</strong> militia (who had got <strong>in</strong>to confusion) <strong>and</strong> made <strong>the</strong> best <strong>of</strong> my way to my post at Pr<strong>in</strong>ce’s Fort. The<br />
rebels gett<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> better <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir consternation <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> smallness <strong>of</strong> my force, pursued me with a party<br />
<strong>of</strong> horse. The moment <strong>the</strong>y appeared to my rear, <strong>the</strong> militia ran <strong>of</strong>f to <strong>the</strong> woods <strong>and</strong> left me with (<strong>the</strong>n) only<br />
ten mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry to make goods my retreat. However, as I was near home, I got <strong>in</strong> without any o<strong>the</strong>r loss<br />
than a wounded man who is (I am afraid) made prisoner <strong>and</strong> some prisoners I had taken, which <strong>the</strong>y retook.<br />
Upon my return to <strong>the</strong> fort I found that some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia had got <strong>in</strong> before me, had alarm’d <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y<br />
had taken to <strong>the</strong>ir heals toge<strong>the</strong>r, except about twelve expect<strong>in</strong>g every moment to be attack’d, noth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>fer’d<br />
but to retreat with speed, which I have done without molestation to McAlwa<strong>in</strong> Plantation with<strong>in</strong> ten miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
post at Sugar Creek[;] occupied by <strong>the</strong> detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> militia under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
Abraham Depeyster, who detach’d 100 men to cover my retreat. My loss is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> one<br />
militia man killed, one private <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia, one sergeant <strong>and</strong> two privates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounted not dangerously<br />
992 PRO. 30/11/2/277-278.<br />
993 PRO. 30/11/2/285-286.<br />
994 CNC15 p. 7.<br />
995 SJM, JTR pp. 516-518, DKM p.74, MSC1 pp. 608-609, MSC2 p. 746, LCR pp. 110-112, RBG p. 75, BRG 112.<br />
196
wounded, one <strong>of</strong> which last I mentioned as believ<strong>in</strong>g to have been taken. I met <strong>the</strong> rebels about 10 miles from<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ce’s Fort near Baylis Earls’s towards <strong>the</strong> border l<strong>in</strong>e…I shall move to Sugar Creek tomorrow.” 996<br />
Joseph Johnson: “About half an hour before day, a woman 997 came <strong>in</strong> full gallop to one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> videts [videttes],<br />
who conducted her to Colonel [Elijah] Clarke. She told him to be <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess, ei<strong>the</strong>r to fight or fly, as <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy would be upon him, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y were strong. Every man was <strong>in</strong> an <strong>in</strong>stant up <strong>and</strong> prepared, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
entered our camp <strong>in</strong> full charge. They were firmly met, h<strong>and</strong> to h<strong>and</strong>; it was so dark, that it was hard to<br />
dist<strong>in</strong>guish our friends from our enemies. The battle was warm for fifteen or twenty m<strong>in</strong>utes, when <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
gave way, <strong>and</strong> were pursued nearly a mile. We returned to <strong>the</strong> battle ground, took <strong>of</strong>f all <strong>the</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong><br />
retreated by <strong>the</strong> iron works towards North Carol<strong>in</strong>a.<br />
“In this affair, <strong>the</strong> British lost twenty-eight <strong>of</strong> Dunlap’s [Dunlop] dragoons, who were left dead on <strong>the</strong> field,<br />
besides six or seven tory volunteers, who were with him, <strong>and</strong> several who fell <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> road, upon <strong>the</strong>ir retreat.<br />
Clarke had four killed <strong>and</strong> twenty-three wounded, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m with <strong>the</strong> broad sword. Major Smith, <strong>of</strong> Georgia,<br />
a brave, <strong>in</strong>telligent <strong>and</strong> active <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> Clarke’s regiment, was killed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> pursuit by a rifle ball. Colonel<br />
Clarke received a severe wound on <strong>the</strong> head. Colonel [Charles] Robertson -- a volunteer -- Capta<strong>in</strong> Clark, <strong>and</strong><br />
several o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers, were wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same way. Capta<strong>in</strong> Dunlap <strong>com</strong>menced <strong>the</strong> attack; he had sixty well<br />
equipped [sic] dragoons <strong>and</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty volunteer mounted riflemen. About two miles below <strong>the</strong><br />
battle-ground, Dunlap, <strong>in</strong> his retreat, was met by Ferguson; <strong>the</strong>ir jo<strong>in</strong>t forces, nearly all tories, amounted to<br />
between four <strong>and</strong> six hundred. They advanced to Berwick’s Iron Works; one or two <strong>of</strong> our wounded were left<br />
<strong>the</strong>re, <strong>and</strong> fell <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong>ir h<strong>and</strong>s. They were well treated by Colonel Ferguson, <strong>and</strong> were left <strong>the</strong>ir by him. Clarke<br />
<strong>and</strong> his little b<strong>and</strong> returned to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a for rest <strong>and</strong> refreshment; <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> this enterprise hav<strong>in</strong>g been<br />
performed without one regular meal, <strong>and</strong> without regular feed for <strong>the</strong>ir horses.” 998<br />
13 July. [skirmish] Gowen’s Old Fort (Spartanburg or Greenville County, S.C.) Col. John Jones <strong>and</strong> his 35 men,<br />
mostly from Georgia, pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong>f as tories surprised a sleep<strong>in</strong>g loyalist force <strong>of</strong> 40 militia near <strong>the</strong> old<br />
Blackstock Road on <strong>the</strong> South Pacelot River. That <strong>the</strong> loyalists were caught asleep has led some scholars to<br />
surmise that <strong>the</strong>y occupied Gowen’s Fort at <strong>the</strong> time; a work orig<strong>in</strong>ally erected for protection aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong><br />
Cherokees. In any event, with 21 <strong>of</strong> his party, Jones awoke <strong>the</strong> camp, kill<strong>in</strong>g 1, wound<strong>in</strong>g 3, <strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g 32<br />
prisoners (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>re wounded) who were paroled. They also confiscated <strong>the</strong> loyalist’s best horses <strong>and</strong><br />
guns; damag<strong>in</strong>g those weapons he could not take. The next day (<strong>the</strong> 14 th ), <strong>the</strong> Georgians united with Col. Charles<br />
McDowell’s 300 men at Earle’s Ford on <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Pacelot River. 999<br />
13 July. Allaire: “Thursday, 13 th ...We left Capt. Frost’s about six o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g; forded Tyger river,<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ued our march twelve miles to Sugar creek. Here we found two hundred militia encamped at W<strong>of</strong>ford’s old<br />
field, Fair Forest, under <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Majors [Daniel] Plummer <strong>and</strong> Gibbes [Zacharias Gibbs]. The Rebels, we<br />
hear, are collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> force at <strong>the</strong> Catawba Nation <strong>and</strong> Broad river.”<br />
13 July. “A Return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> First <strong>and</strong> Second Draughts [<strong>of</strong> N.C. militia] from Salisbury District who have jo<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s Brigade” <strong>of</strong> this date, <strong>and</strong> signed by Brig. Gen. Henry William Harr<strong>in</strong>gton, gives a total <strong>of</strong> 334<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> privates (with this number <strong>in</strong> turn itemized <strong>in</strong>to different ranks <strong>and</strong> sub categories.) See CNC14 p.<br />
874 <strong>and</strong> 21 July, Colson’s Mill.<br />
14 July. Allaire: “Friday, 14 th . Lay encamped at Fair Forest. Every hour news from different parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country<br />
<strong>of</strong> Rebel parties do<strong>in</strong>g mischief. Light Infantry <strong>of</strong> Gen. Brown’s corps [Lieut. Col Thomas Brown, <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
Rangers] jo<strong>in</strong>ed us at twelve o’clock at night.”<br />
14 July. Cornwallis, at Charlestown, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “I have <strong>the</strong> satisfaction to assure your Excellency, that <strong>the</strong><br />
numbers <strong>and</strong> dispositions <strong>of</strong> our militia, equal my most sangu<strong>in</strong>e expectations. But still I must confess, that <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
want <strong>of</strong> subord<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>and</strong> confidence <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>mselves, will make a considerable regular force always necessary for<br />
<strong>the</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce, until North Carol<strong>in</strong>a is perfectly reduced. It will be needless to attempt to take any<br />
considerable number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia with us, when we advance. They can only be looked upon as<br />
light troops, <strong>and</strong> we shall f<strong>in</strong>d friends enough <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> next prov<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same quality; <strong>and</strong> we must not<br />
undertake to supply too many useless mouths.” 1000<br />
15 July. [skirmish] Broad River (County uncerta<strong>in</strong>, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a) In a letter to de Kalb <strong>of</strong> 17 July, Sumter<br />
reported “On Saturday last [<strong>the</strong> 15 th ] I sent a party over Broad River, who broke up an encampment <strong>of</strong> Tories<br />
that were form<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re, to Secoure [sic] a passway over <strong>the</strong> River. They did <strong>the</strong>m but Little damage, except<br />
that <strong>of</strong> Tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir post, which was <strong>of</strong> consequence to <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> not easy to be ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed by me, as <strong>the</strong><br />
Tories are Very numerous <strong>in</strong> that quarter <strong>and</strong> are supported by British.” 1001<br />
15 July (also given as 14 or 16 July) [skirmish] Earle’s Ford, also McDowell’s Camp (Polk County, N.C.) Col. John<br />
Jones with some 35 Georgia <strong>and</strong> S.C. whigs, <strong>and</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g his Gowen’s Old Fort attack (see 13 July), retreated<br />
996 SCP1 pp. 254-255.<br />
997 This apparently was Mrs. Dillard, a wife <strong>of</strong> Capt. Dillard, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whig <strong>of</strong>ficers, though some tradition gave credit for<br />
relay<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> message to Mrs. John Thomas, Sr.<br />
998 JTR pp. 517-518.<br />
999 SCP1 pp. 251, 253, DKM p. 79-80, MSC1 pp. 612-613, LCR pp. 115-117, RBG p. 234.<br />
1000 COC p. 13-14, SCP1 p. 167.<br />
1001 BGC p. 62, SDR pp. 134-135.<br />
197
east <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed Col. Charles McDowell, who had 300 to 400 men <strong>in</strong> a camp situated on <strong>the</strong> North Pacelot River<br />
(most likely on <strong>the</strong> south bank.)<br />
In meantime, issu<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce’s Fort (which was occupied by Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Innes with roughly 400<br />
loyalists), Maj. James Dunlop (also Dunlap), along with 14 Prov<strong>in</strong>cials <strong>and</strong> 60 royal militia under Col. Ambrose<br />
MiIlls -- all mounted <strong>and</strong> seek<strong>in</strong>g revenge for <strong>the</strong> Gowen’s Old Fort -- caught up at night with Jones close by<br />
McDowell’s camp. Fight<strong>in</strong>g ensued <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> whigs lost 8 killed <strong>and</strong> 30 wounded. Ano<strong>the</strong>r version states 2 <strong>of</strong><br />
Jones’ men were killed <strong>and</strong> 6 wounded. Among <strong>the</strong> wounded was Col. Jones; whose <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n devolved on<br />
John Freeman. Freeman fell back, <strong>and</strong> was supported by Major S<strong>in</strong>gleton, Capt. Edward Hampton 1002 <strong>of</strong><br />
McDowell’s force; till f<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> McDowell’s corps was engaged. Dunlop was subsequently chased<br />
back to Pr<strong>in</strong>ce’s Fort. Loyalist losses were two killed, 2 wounded, <strong>and</strong> one captured. 1003<br />
Allaire: “Saturday, 15 th ...Capt. Dunlap [Dunlop] made an attack upon <strong>the</strong> Rebels; drove <strong>the</strong>m from <strong>the</strong>ir ground,<br />
took one prisoner, who <strong>in</strong>formed him that <strong>the</strong> Rebels were four hundred strong. Upon this <strong>in</strong>formation Dunlop<br />
thought proper to retreat, as his number was only fourteen American Volunteers <strong>and</strong> sixty militia. We lost two<br />
killed, a sergeant <strong>and</strong> private wounded, <strong>and</strong> one prisoner. The loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebels is uncerta<strong>in</strong>-reports are, twenty<br />
or thirty killed. Upon this news arriv<strong>in</strong>g, Capt. [Abraham?] DePeyster ordered <strong>the</strong> American Volunteers <strong>and</strong><br />
militia to get <strong>in</strong> motion to support Dunlop. Capt. Frederick DePeyster, with one hundred militia men, marched<br />
twelve miles to McElwa<strong>in</strong>’s creek, where <strong>the</strong>y met Dunlap.”<br />
Rev. James Hodge Saye (draw<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> rem<strong>in</strong>iscences <strong>of</strong> Maj. Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong>): “It is now our purpose to<br />
exhibit some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> events connected with Ferguson’s movements from <strong>the</strong> time he came <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Fairforest<br />
congregation until he went <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> measure <strong>of</strong> resistance <strong>of</strong>fered by <strong>the</strong> Whig population to<br />
his movements <strong>in</strong> what is now Union <strong>and</strong> Spartanburg Districts <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a.<br />
“In order to ac<strong>com</strong>plish this object we must go back <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> order <strong>of</strong> time <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>troduce new actors upon <strong>the</strong><br />
stage. The first check given to Ferguson was by Gen. [actually Col.] Charles McDowell <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. No<br />
allusion is made to this transaction by any historian <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. The only account <strong>of</strong> it <strong>in</strong> any published<br />
document is found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Gazetteer <strong>of</strong> Tennessee, by East<strong>in</strong> Morris, <strong>and</strong> is as follows: ‘The American forces<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Col. McDowell were attacked by Ferguson near Enoree River, aided by a re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> Tories<br />
<strong>and</strong> regulars. The battle was severely fought, but ended <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> defeat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British, who retreated, leav<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> dead <strong>and</strong> more than 200 prisoners. The prisoners equaled one-third <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American<br />
forces.’ This statement is made <strong>in</strong> such general terms as might possibly apply to <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Musgrove’s Mill,<br />
already described, but <strong>the</strong> writer has evidence <strong>of</strong> a private nature that it was a previous affair <strong>and</strong> probably<br />
occurred <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month <strong>of</strong> July. Capt. James Thompson <strong>of</strong> Madison County, Ga., stated to <strong>the</strong> writer that he<br />
belonged to <strong>the</strong> army <strong>of</strong> Gen. McDowell.<br />
“While this army was <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> ly<strong>in</strong>g near <strong>the</strong> home <strong>of</strong> Col. [Edward or else Andrew?] Hampton it was<br />
surprised by <strong>the</strong> British, but held its ground <strong>and</strong> drove <strong>the</strong> British from <strong>the</strong> field. Capt. Thompson was not <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
ma<strong>in</strong> action. His capta<strong>in</strong>, Joseph McDowell, had been ordered to reconnoiter, but failed to f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> British.<br />
While engaged <strong>in</strong> search<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong>y came <strong>and</strong> attacked <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army. He returned just as <strong>the</strong> British<br />
were retir<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> conflict, <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>y had taken a number <strong>of</strong> prisoners, he rallied his men <strong>and</strong> as<br />
many o<strong>the</strong>rs as would follow him, pursued <strong>the</strong> British, retook his friends <strong>and</strong> made a large number <strong>of</strong> prisoners.<br />
Liv<strong>in</strong>g witnesses have stated to <strong>the</strong> writer that Col. Hampton’s residence was on <strong>the</strong> Enoree River not far from<br />
Ford’s Bridge. After this engagement Gen. McDowell retired toward North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> took post near Cherokee<br />
Ford on Broad River.” 1004<br />
16 July (also given as 17 July). [skirmish] Pr<strong>in</strong>ce’s Fort, (Spartanburg, S.C.) After his raid on Jones’ men at<br />
McDowell’s camp (see 15 July), Dunlop withdrew to Innes’ base at Pr<strong>in</strong>ce’s Fort, seven miles northwest <strong>of</strong><br />
present day Spartanburg. Before daybreak <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g (<strong>the</strong> 16 th ), Jones’ rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g men under Freeman,<br />
<strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> McDowell’s under Capta<strong>in</strong> Edward Hampton, all mounted <strong>and</strong> toge<strong>the</strong>r number<strong>in</strong>g 52, went <strong>in</strong><br />
pursuit <strong>of</strong> Dunlop <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> two hours caught up with him not far from Pr<strong>in</strong>ce’s Fort. Historian L<strong>and</strong>rum suspects<br />
Dunlop was overtaken by Hampton because Dunlop was caught rest<strong>in</strong>g en route to Innes. 8 <strong>of</strong> his men were killed<br />
on <strong>the</strong> first fire; follow<strong>in</strong>g which <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g loyalists under him were routed, <strong>and</strong> a number more killed <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded. This, <strong>of</strong> course, is <strong>the</strong> whig version <strong>of</strong> what transpired; such that it is well to bear <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d <strong>in</strong> this <strong>and</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r like <strong>in</strong>stances that it is likely <strong>the</strong> loyalists would have given a different account <strong>of</strong> exactly what took<br />
place. 1005<br />
16 July. De Kalb, at “Camp on Deep River,” to General Gates: “I was honored with your letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 8 th on <strong>the</strong><br />
13 th , but <strong>the</strong> Express went away without call<strong>in</strong>g on me; he was gone before <strong>the</strong> letter was delivered to me.<br />
“I am happy by your arrival, for I have struggled with a good many difficulties for Provisions ever s<strong>in</strong>ce I arrived<br />
<strong>in</strong> this State; <strong>and</strong>, although I have put <strong>the</strong> troops on short allowance <strong>of</strong> bread, we cannot get even that; no<br />
stores laid <strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> no disposition made <strong>of</strong> any, but what I have done by military authority; no assistance from <strong>the</strong><br />
legislative or Executive power, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> greatest unwill<strong>in</strong>gness <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> people to part with anyth<strong>in</strong>g. Of all this I<br />
will give you a more particular account at your arrival. The design I had to move near <strong>the</strong> Enemy, to drive <strong>the</strong>m<br />
from Peedee river a plentiful Country, has been defeated by <strong>the</strong> impossibility <strong>of</strong> subsist<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> Road, <strong>and</strong> no<br />
immediate supplies to be depended on <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first <strong>in</strong>stant <strong>of</strong> a difficult march. I will prepare exact Returns,<br />
1002 Some accounts, possibly (or not) <strong>in</strong> error, give him as Andrew Hampton, ra<strong>the</strong>r than Edward. McCrady speaks <strong>of</strong> Edward as<br />
one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hampton bro<strong>the</strong>rs (along with Wade, Henry, <strong>and</strong> Richard) <strong>and</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r adds that <strong>in</strong> October 1780 he was killed by<br />
William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham at or near Fair Forest Creek, S.C. See MSC1 p. 615n.<br />
1003 SCP1 pp. 211, 253-255, DKM p. 79-80, MSC1 pp. 613-615, RBG p. 234, SCAR vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 12-16.<br />
1004 SJM, LCR pp. 118-124. Respect<strong>in</strong>g Cherokee Ford, see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/cherokeefordsc.htm<br />
1005 DKM pp. 81-83, LCR pp. 124-127, RBG p. 234.<br />
198
towards <strong>the</strong> time I shall have <strong>the</strong> pleasure <strong>of</strong> see<strong>in</strong>g you, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regular Troops <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Department; but I could<br />
hardly depend on any but <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware Regiments <strong>of</strong> my Division with a small number <strong>of</strong><br />
Artillerymen <strong>and</strong> Col. Arm<strong>and</strong>’s Legion, <strong>and</strong> all those very much reduced by Sickness, Discharge <strong>and</strong> Desertion.<br />
This <strong>in</strong>duced me to leave three pieces <strong>of</strong> Artry. [Artillery] at Roanoke river, <strong>and</strong> to send s<strong>in</strong>ce 6 to Hillsborough,<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g kept eight, which I thought sufficient for so small an army.<br />
“I am to move towards Coxe’s mill [Wilcox’s Iron Works], higher up on Deep River, where I am to be jo<strong>in</strong>ed by<br />
<strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia under M[aj]. G[en]. [Richard] Caswell, <strong>of</strong> about 1,200; <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Militia are still at<br />
Hillsborough, as you will be <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>the</strong>re. You may also have met with a small party <strong>of</strong> Col. Buford’s rema<strong>in</strong>s. I<br />
wanted to keep <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, but lack<strong>in</strong>g Arms <strong>and</strong> Cloth<strong>in</strong>g, he <strong>in</strong>sisted on march<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong><br />
promised me he would jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> July. I have not heard from him s<strong>in</strong>ce. Coln. [William] Wash<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
<strong>and</strong> Coln. [Anthony Walton] White’s regiments <strong>of</strong> horse are at Halifax [N.C.], it is said, unfit for service. I have<br />
wrote to <strong>the</strong>m both several times to know <strong>the</strong>ir situation, but could not obta<strong>in</strong> an answer as yet. There were<br />
two troops <strong>of</strong> V. [Virg<strong>in</strong>ia] light Horse under Major [John] Nelson, <strong>in</strong> so bad order <strong>in</strong> respect to horses want<strong>in</strong>g<br />
saddles <strong>and</strong> every article <strong>of</strong> accoutrement that I have sent <strong>the</strong>m to Halifax to refit <strong>and</strong> recruit.<br />
“Colonel White has 25 <strong>of</strong> his Light Horse left at Hillsborough; <strong>the</strong>y might serve you for an escort, if you ordered<br />
one from Camp to meet you. Let me be <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>the</strong>re<strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong> time. You will f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> Army <strong>in</strong> a few days at or near<br />
Coxe’s mill; your shortest road will be by L<strong>in</strong>dsey’s mill, Col. Thaxton <strong>and</strong> Rocky river. Your waggons, if you have<br />
any, would go better by Chatham Court house; your Quarters will be marked near camp.” 1006<br />
17 July. On this date Sumter, at “Camp Catawba River,” wrote Maj. Gen. de Kalb [with orig<strong>in</strong>al spell<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
capitalization <strong>and</strong> punctuation here reta<strong>in</strong>ed mostly without correction, except with regard to some place<br />
names.]: “Hav<strong>in</strong>g been well <strong>in</strong>formed that you are March<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> Reliefe <strong>of</strong> this Country, I th<strong>in</strong>k it my Duty to<br />
give you <strong>the</strong> Earliest Inteligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>and</strong> force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy, toge<strong>the</strong>r with such o<strong>the</strong>r th<strong>in</strong>gs as<br />
appear <strong>the</strong> Most Interest<strong>in</strong>g. From <strong>the</strong> best accounts <strong>the</strong> Number <strong>of</strong> British Are as follows, vize. [sic]: at George<br />
Town, 250; C. Town, 800; Beauford [Beaufort], 12; Savanah, <strong>in</strong> georgia, 300; Agusta [Augusta], 500; Sennica<br />
[Seneca] Fort, 70; N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, 250; fair forest, 30; Rockey [Rocky] Mount, 200; Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, 280 foot, 70<br />
Dragoons; Camden & its Vic<strong>in</strong>ity, 700; Cheraw’s said to be 600; Total, 3,482. 1007 This Number I Conceive to be<br />
equal to <strong>the</strong> Whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Brettish force, Provided every man fit for Duty was brought toge<strong>the</strong>r from <strong>the</strong> Defrent<br />
[different] posts, Which, if attempted, Coud not Posably [possibly] be effected en less than twelve or fifteen<br />
days’ time, as to <strong>the</strong>ir Tory or Militia Force, Noth<strong>in</strong>g Certa<strong>in</strong> Can be Said, that Depend<strong>in</strong>g Solely upon<br />
Cir<strong>com</strong>stances, <strong>and</strong> is a Matter <strong>of</strong> a Very Serious nature to this Country <strong>and</strong> Indeed to <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ent, for if <strong>the</strong>y<br />
are pemitted to Retreat slowly to Charles Town, or have an opportunity <strong>of</strong> Collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>and</strong> imbody<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> militia, who <strong>the</strong>y Compell [sic] to do Duty, I say if <strong>the</strong>y are suffered to do this <strong>the</strong>y will by that means add<br />
above ten thous<strong>and</strong> men to <strong>the</strong>ir army -- <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>reby be <strong>com</strong>e so strong as Not only to Keep possession <strong>of</strong><br />
Charles Town, but also a Great part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State besides, <strong>and</strong> to Obviate this evil your excellency will, I hope,<br />
pardon me for <strong>the</strong> freedom I take <strong>in</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g my op<strong>in</strong>ion, <strong>the</strong> Method I Shoud purpose to Prevent this Junction <strong>and</strong><br />
accumilation <strong>of</strong> force, Woud be to Detach a Body <strong>of</strong> Light Troops to take post upon <strong>the</strong> South Side <strong>of</strong> Santee<br />
River, at Neilson’s [Nelson’s] <strong>and</strong> Marigaultes [Manigault’s] Ferries, this woud effectually Cut <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Retreat to<br />
Towns <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>reby prevent <strong>the</strong>m from forc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Militia to retreat with <strong>the</strong>m, or from <strong>the</strong>re Ge<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
ge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> Forces, <strong>and</strong> also from Strip<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Country <strong>of</strong> all its Resources, Which <strong>the</strong>y are with <strong>the</strong> Greatest<br />
Diligence Do<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> if Not Shortly Pervented Will Leave it <strong>in</strong> a Situation Not Acceptable for Giv<strong>in</strong>g Scarce any<br />
Support to an army.<br />
“When it is Considered how Vastly Weak <strong>the</strong> enemy is by be<strong>in</strong>g so Detached <strong>in</strong> Small parties, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Impossibility <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g collected <strong>in</strong> a Short Time, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> certa<strong>in</strong>ty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g much anoyed if that Shoud<br />
be attempted, Leaves No Room to Doubt but that one thous<strong>and</strong> or fifteen hundred Troops Might, With <strong>the</strong><br />
Greatest propriety, Take Post at <strong>the</strong> place before mentioned, <strong>and</strong> woud unfailable answer <strong>the</strong> end Designed, Not<br />
only by pervent<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m from forc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong>ir Service <strong>and</strong> Carr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f all <strong>the</strong> Horses, stock <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
provisions that <strong>the</strong> country <strong>of</strong>fers, But woud Render <strong>the</strong>ir own Retreat exceed<strong>in</strong>g Difficult, if not impossible, as<br />
it Coud be effected only by <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> Georgia, <strong>the</strong> Distresses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> people <strong>of</strong> this country have been for Some<br />
Time past almost beyond Conception, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>re<strong>in</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State <strong>the</strong>y have Now Some Respite, I hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Collected a party <strong>of</strong> men, attacked <strong>and</strong> Dispersed <strong>the</strong> enemy, So As to Cleare two Regiments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong> Most<br />
Considerable Scirmish [Huck’s Defeat, see 12 July] Happened on Wednesday Morn<strong>in</strong>g. The enemy’s loss, Kild<br />
upon <strong>the</strong> Spot, was one Col., one Capt. & Twelve o<strong>the</strong>rs; one Majr., one Lt. & Twenty-Seven o<strong>the</strong>rs taken<br />
prisoners, S<strong>in</strong>ce Which <strong>the</strong> Number found Dead amounts to Twenty-one; <strong>the</strong> Loss very considerable among <strong>the</strong><br />
Dragoons. I had about one hundred <strong>and</strong> thirty men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action, <strong>the</strong> enemy twice that Number, Seventy <strong>of</strong><br />
which were Brittesh [sic]. We Released a Number <strong>of</strong> our friends, who were fast bound with Cords <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rways<br />
Treated with Great Severity. On Saturday last I sent a party over Broad River, who Broke up an encampment <strong>of</strong><br />
Tories that were form<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re, to Secoure [sic] a passway over <strong>the</strong> River. They did <strong>the</strong>m but Little Damage,<br />
except that <strong>of</strong> Tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir post, which was <strong>of</strong> Consequence to <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> not easy to be ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed by me, as<br />
<strong>the</strong> Tories are Very numerous <strong>in</strong> that quarter <strong>and</strong> are Supported by Brittish. I am destitute <strong>of</strong> almost every<br />
Requsite for war; but, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, Can Counteract some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Designs untill your army arives, which I<br />
have <strong>the</strong> Greatest hopes will be soon, if Not Disagreeable, shoud be exceed<strong>in</strong>gly obliged by hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Route <strong>of</strong><br />
1006 CNC14 pp. 503-504. Gates letter here helps to refute his supposed gross <strong>in</strong>difference to <strong>the</strong> value <strong>of</strong> cavalry that is alleged<br />
by Henry Lee; see LMS pp. 171-172, 191-192.<br />
1007 That is 3,482 divided <strong>in</strong>to: Georgetown 250; Charlestown 800; Beaufort 12; Savannah 300; Augusta 500; Seneca Fort 70;<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six 250; Fair Forest 30; Rocky Mount 200; Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock 280 foot 70 dragoons; Camden <strong>and</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity 700; <strong>and</strong> Cheraws 600.<br />
199
your army for this few days to Come, as I might <strong>the</strong>reby be <strong>the</strong> better <strong>in</strong>abled to act aGa<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> enemy With a<br />
probability <strong>of</strong> success.” 1008<br />
Mid July. Despite de Kalb’s protest<strong>in</strong>g his do<strong>in</strong>g so, Col. Abraham Buford, <strong>and</strong> what was left <strong>of</strong> his Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, temporarily returned to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia due to lack <strong>of</strong> cloth<strong>in</strong>g, equipment <strong>and</strong> supplies. Gates, at<br />
Hillsborough, <strong>the</strong>n summoned Buford back. None<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong> latter was not able to return south until after <strong>the</strong><br />
battle at Camden on 16 August. His dilator<strong>in</strong>ess, although seem<strong>in</strong>gly <strong>in</strong>subord<strong>in</strong>ate, was probably excusable s<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
Greene almost ended up hav<strong>in</strong>g to send some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se same men home for be<strong>in</strong>g unclo<strong>the</strong>d <strong>and</strong> unequipped<br />
when he arrived to take <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> December (see 20 January 1781.)<br />
Gates, at Hillsborough, wrote to Buford on 20 July 1780: “In a Letter from Baron de Kalb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 16 th Instant is <strong>the</strong><br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g Paragraph, ‘You may have met with a small Detachment <strong>of</strong> Colo Buford’s Rema<strong>in</strong>s. I wanted to keep<br />
<strong>the</strong>m with <strong>the</strong> Army, but want<strong>in</strong>g Arms <strong>and</strong> Cloath<strong>in</strong>g [sic], he <strong>in</strong>sisted on march<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong><br />
promised me he would jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> July. I have not heard from him s<strong>in</strong>ce.’ In <strong>the</strong> Difficulty <strong>of</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Arms <strong>and</strong> Cloath<strong>in</strong>g I can f<strong>in</strong>d an Excuse for your Delay hi<strong>the</strong>rto. Those Articles, I cannot but suppose are by this<br />
Time furnished; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> that belief, must convey my orders, that you jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Army under my Comm<strong>and</strong> as early<br />
as possible. But should any accident have arisen to prevent your Supplies, you will make such urgent application<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Executive Authority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State, as <strong>the</strong> Necessity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Case so clearly dem<strong>and</strong>s -- <strong>and</strong> when prepared,<br />
lose not a Moment <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g forward. I can add Noth<strong>in</strong>g upon <strong>the</strong> Subject <strong>of</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g your Men, <strong>in</strong> your passage<br />
hi<strong>the</strong>r, which your own Judgment will not suggest.”<br />
19 July. De Kalb arrived at Holl<strong>in</strong>sworth’s Farm on <strong>the</strong> Deep River. 1009<br />
19 July. Gates, at Hillsborough, wrote to Gov, Thomas Jefferson: “When I had <strong>the</strong> Honor <strong>of</strong> see<strong>in</strong>g your<br />
Excellency at Richmond, I was taught to look forward to much Difficulty <strong>and</strong> a perplexed Department -- yet I<br />
cannot but pr<strong>of</strong>ess that <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Course <strong>of</strong> a long <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten critical Service, It has never hi<strong>the</strong>rto fallen to my Lot<br />
to witness a Scene <strong>of</strong> such multiplied <strong>and</strong> encreas<strong>in</strong>g [sic] Wants as my present <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> exhibits -- <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Militia voted by your State -- only 1438 are now upon <strong>the</strong> Ground, Commissioned <strong>and</strong> Non Commissioned Officers<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded, & those not so <strong>com</strong>pletely supplied as I ei<strong>the</strong>r wished or expected -- The Arms were yesterday<br />
distributed among <strong>the</strong>m; a few out <strong>of</strong> repair, -- but too many without Cartridge Boxes; <strong>and</strong> all destitute <strong>of</strong><br />
Bayonet Belts; which I need scarcely tell your Excellency is <strong>the</strong> certa<strong>in</strong> Loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bayonet -- They are deficient<br />
also <strong>in</strong> Hatchets or light Axes; this article you will f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> List <strong>of</strong> Military Stores, <strong>and</strong> one that be<strong>com</strong>es<br />
doubly necessary from <strong>the</strong> Face <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country <strong>in</strong> which we shall act -- These Defects are however but trifl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
when <strong>com</strong>pared to <strong>the</strong> Weightier Considerations <strong>of</strong> Arms, Ammunition <strong>and</strong> Provision. This State is unhappily but<br />
too much at a Loss for <strong>the</strong> First -- The Casualties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Campaign may render Issues necessary to <strong>the</strong> regular<br />
Troops, <strong>and</strong> such Volunteer Corps as I may f<strong>in</strong>d it expedient <strong>and</strong> practicable to embody -- this leads me to press<br />
yr [your] Excellency that, not only such Arms <strong>and</strong> Ammunition as you may allot us from <strong>the</strong> State Stores, but all<br />
Supplies from <strong>the</strong> Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong>, may meet with as immediate a Passage <strong>in</strong>to this State as possible -- Upon <strong>the</strong><br />
Subject <strong>of</strong> Provisions -- my Reports must be still less Satisfactory -- An <strong>of</strong>ficer just from <strong>the</strong> Baron’s Head<br />
Quarters has assured me that <strong>the</strong>re are <strong>of</strong>ten Intervals <strong>of</strong> 24 Hours -- <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> Army without Dist<strong>in</strong>ction are<br />
obliged to feed upon such Green Vegetables as <strong>the</strong>y can f<strong>in</strong>d, hav<strong>in</strong>g nei<strong>the</strong>r Animal Food or Corn. -- So frequent<br />
<strong>and</strong> total a Want must eventually break up our Camp; should not <strong>the</strong> Evil be hastily remedied. This Scarcity has<br />
unfortunately arose from several Causes, one <strong>of</strong> which can alone be corrected. The Scarcity <strong>of</strong> Crops for <strong>the</strong> Last<br />
year. The Disaffection <strong>of</strong> many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Inhabitants; <strong>and</strong> a want <strong>of</strong> Œconomy [sic] <strong>and</strong> Management -- The Supplies<br />
have been precariously obta<strong>in</strong>d [sic] by Detachments from <strong>the</strong> Army -- whose misapplied Violence <strong>in</strong> some<br />
Instances must affect any future purchases. -- I have this Day made a Representation <strong>of</strong> our Wants <strong>in</strong> this <strong>and</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r respects to Governor [Abner] Nash -- General Huger has taken charge <strong>of</strong> my Dispatch, <strong>and</strong> will Personally<br />
urge such Steps to be taken by <strong>the</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> this State, as <strong>in</strong> conjunction with those I cannot but hope for from<br />
your Excellency -- may soon restore our Affairs, <strong>and</strong> enable me to prosecute my own Wishes <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Intentions<br />
<strong>of</strong> Congress.” 1010<br />
20 July. Gates, at Hillsborough, wrote Lieut. Col. Anthony White (at Richmond, VA.), <strong>of</strong> White’s 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
Light Dragoons wait<strong>in</strong>g to be refit: “By this Time <strong>the</strong> Issue <strong>of</strong> your application to <strong>the</strong> Governor <strong>and</strong> Council <strong>of</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia must be determ<strong>in</strong>ed. I hope favorably to your Wishes <strong>and</strong> m<strong>in</strong>e. I look up to <strong>the</strong> Cavalry for many<br />
services, <strong>in</strong> a Campaign, which from our domestic Management as well as <strong>the</strong> supposed energetic operations <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Enemy, must be a Campaign <strong>of</strong> much hazard <strong>and</strong> some enterprise on our part. The Practicability however <strong>of</strong><br />
mount<strong>in</strong>g all your Dragoons, is I fear questionable; <strong>and</strong> upon an <strong>in</strong>quiry <strong>in</strong>to our Forces, I am led to confirm <strong>the</strong><br />
Order which I presented to you at Richmond, for <strong>the</strong> Direction <strong>of</strong> your Conduct -- that it may not be mistaken, I<br />
th<strong>in</strong>k proper, to repeat my Intentions; that upon mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> necessary Representation to Governor Jefferson, <strong>of</strong><br />
your wants -- you will arm <strong>the</strong> Detachment lately at Petersburgh, <strong>and</strong> march <strong>the</strong> whole from <strong>the</strong>nce to Hallifax<br />
[Halifax, N.C.]; leav<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>telligent <strong>in</strong>dustrious <strong>of</strong>ficer to stimulate <strong>the</strong> State Agents <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Purchases. This<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer will from Time to Time <strong>com</strong>municate <strong>the</strong>ir progress to you; <strong>and</strong> should <strong>the</strong>y succeed <strong>in</strong> procur<strong>in</strong>g any<br />
considerable Number at <strong>the</strong> End <strong>of</strong> a Month or Six Weeks, he may br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m forward to <strong>the</strong> Corps; -- with such<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r additional supplies as may be obta<strong>in</strong>ed from <strong>the</strong> Government. -- After mount<strong>in</strong>g such Number <strong>of</strong> both<br />
Regiments at Hallifax as <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> your Horses <strong>and</strong> Accoutrements will admit, you will proceed immediately to<br />
my Head Quarters, with such also as must action on Foot (be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Residue <strong>of</strong> both Regiments) -- An Officer<br />
1008 CNC14 pp. 505-507.<br />
1009 KJO p. 10.<br />
1010 GAH pp. 285-286.<br />
200
with a small party, taken from those least fit to go on, must rema<strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong> Horses to be left -- who will<br />
occasionally Report <strong>the</strong>ir state to you; <strong>and</strong> answer <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r important Papers <strong>of</strong> quicken<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Passage <strong>of</strong> your<br />
Supplies from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. -- Mr. Long DQM Genl [Deputy Quarter Master General] shall have orders to afford you any<br />
assistance <strong>in</strong> his L<strong>in</strong>e, to render your March easy <strong>and</strong> Expeditious.<br />
“P.S. If from a scarcity <strong>of</strong> Army at Richmond you cannot be provided <strong>the</strong>re -- some steps shall be taken to<br />
furnish you at this place.” 1011<br />
On July 22 nd , Maj. Richard Call, <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s 3rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Dragoons stationed at Halifax, N.C., wrote to<br />
Gates: “I was a few days s<strong>in</strong>ce honored with your <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s P. Q. Mr. Neal, & agreeable to your directions now<br />
send <strong>the</strong> most accurate State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st & 3d Regts. Dragoons I could possibly make out <strong>in</strong> our present<br />
dismembered situation. The misadventures <strong>of</strong> this Campaign have so disconcerted us that it is hardly <strong>in</strong> my<br />
power to <strong>in</strong>form you when or what number <strong>of</strong> men will be <strong>in</strong> Read<strong>in</strong>ess to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army. It will depend greatly<br />
on <strong>the</strong> success <strong>of</strong> Colns. White & Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, who are now <strong>in</strong> Virga. [Virg<strong>in</strong>ia], endeavor<strong>in</strong>g to procure horses,<br />
arms, &c., tho do not th<strong>in</strong>k anyth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a respectable party can be equipped <strong>in</strong> less than six weeks. Many <strong>of</strong><br />
those men who have horses are deficient <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r essential appo<strong>in</strong>tments, most <strong>of</strong> which want repairs.<br />
“There is plenty <strong>of</strong> forage at present <strong>in</strong> this state if <strong>the</strong> horses thrive a little, but from <strong>the</strong>ir hav<strong>in</strong>g been<br />
reduced very low it will require some time & care to get <strong>the</strong>m fit for <strong>the</strong> field aga<strong>in</strong>.<br />
“Every artificer that can be got is employed <strong>and</strong> kept constantly at work.” 1012<br />
20 July. A considerable body <strong>of</strong> N.C. militia, (ostensibly) under Brig. Gen. Isaac Gregory <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> preparation to<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forc<strong>in</strong>g Gates, assembled at Anson Court House. 1013<br />
20 July. [ambush] Flat Rock. (Kershaw County, S.C.) Brig. Gen. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford marched down <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong><br />
directed Maj. William Richardson Davie to prevent <strong>the</strong> loyalists from forag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Waxhaws. Davie<br />
with his own corps <strong>of</strong> cavalry, <strong>and</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forced with some South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia under Major [possibly Robert]<br />
Crawford, 35 warriors <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba tribe <strong>of</strong> Indians under <strong>the</strong>ir Chief General Newriver, 1014 <strong>and</strong> some<br />
Mecklenburg militia under Lieut. Col. William Hagg<strong>in</strong>s [Higg<strong>in</strong>s, or also given as Heagg<strong>in</strong>s, Hugg<strong>in</strong>s], <strong>the</strong>n posted<br />
himself 18 miles from Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> Waxhaws Creek. From this location, he engaged <strong>in</strong><br />
frequent skirmishes with loyalists forag<strong>in</strong>g (or plunder<strong>in</strong>g, depend<strong>in</strong>g on how one viewed it) <strong>and</strong> which latter<br />
ended up be<strong>in</strong>g driven back <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> British l<strong>in</strong>es at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock as a result. At <strong>the</strong> time, <strong>the</strong> British at Hang<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Rock needed to collect supplies on a daily basis, but, because <strong>of</strong> Davie, subsequently could not do so <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
direction <strong>of</strong> Waxhaws. It <strong>the</strong>n became necessary for <strong>the</strong>m to draw supplies from Camden <strong>in</strong>stead. After<br />
prepar<strong>in</strong>g an ambush on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 20 th , Davie, with a portion <strong>of</strong> his dragoons <strong>and</strong> militia <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed,<br />
under Capt. Petit <strong>and</strong>, as well, Col. William Polk (who was present as an <strong>in</strong>dependent volunteer), <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
afternoon <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 21 st , about five miles below Hang<strong>in</strong>g rock, captured one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se supply convoys from Camden;<br />
which conta<strong>in</strong>ed liquor <strong>and</strong> cloth<strong>in</strong>g. The wagons were destroyed <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> captured wagoners <strong>and</strong> escort were<br />
mounted on <strong>the</strong> horses which had been seized <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> raid. 1015<br />
21 July. [raid] Colson’s Mill, also Colston’s Mill, 1016 <strong>and</strong> Coulson’s Mill (Stanly County, N.C.) Approximately 400<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia under Lieut. Col. William Lee Davidson, <strong>and</strong> detached by Brig. Gen. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford at<br />
Salisbury, attacked <strong>and</strong> dispersed 200 loyalists encamped at Colson’s [Colston’s] Mill close by <strong>the</strong> confluence <strong>of</strong><br />
Rocky <strong>and</strong> Peedee Rivers. The loyalists lost 3 killed 4 or 5 wounded, <strong>and</strong> 10 captured. Davidson had two<br />
wounded, himself <strong>in</strong>cluded (<strong>and</strong> as such personally went home to recuperate, <strong>and</strong> thus was not himself with<br />
Ru<strong>the</strong>rford at Camden.) He subsequently reunited with Ru<strong>the</strong>rford, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter <strong>com</strong>menced his march to jo<strong>in</strong><br />
Gates. The significance <strong>of</strong> Colson’s Mill lies <strong>in</strong> its be<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first victories aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> N.C. loyalists<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston <strong>and</strong> to that extent bolstered <strong>and</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forced <strong>the</strong> benefit ga<strong>in</strong>ed by Ramseur’s Mill<br />
<strong>in</strong> help<strong>in</strong>g to w<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state over to <strong>the</strong> American cause. 1017<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> Henry Connelly <strong>of</strong> Guilford County, N.C.: “(N)ews arrived that General L<strong>in</strong>coln was<br />
overtaken at Charlestown, <strong>and</strong> all were taken prisoners. General [William Lee] Davidson now raised several<br />
hundred men, <strong>and</strong> Colonel [Hugh] Brevard had several skirmishes with <strong>the</strong> Loyalists, <strong>in</strong> which this applicant <strong>and</strong><br />
his <strong>com</strong>pany actively participated at Colson’s Mills. About this time at a place <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> western part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state<br />
[N.C.] <strong>the</strong> Tories had collected to a great number <strong>and</strong> we marched aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> (met <strong>the</strong>m) at Colson’s<br />
Mills. This was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month <strong>of</strong> May 1780, as well as this applicant recollects. He recollects well that it was just<br />
before or about <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Gates’ defeat at Camden.”<br />
On 23 July, Maj. Thomas Blount, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. L<strong>in</strong>e, on 23 July 1780 reported to Gov. Abner Nash: “Lieut. Col.<br />
Williams, Lieut. [Col.] Davidson <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental L<strong>in</strong>e, with a Detachment <strong>of</strong> one hundred & sixty Light Horse<br />
from Brig. Genl. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s Brigade, on <strong>the</strong> 21 st Inst. made <strong>the</strong> third attack on about 500 or 600 tories,<br />
Comm<strong>and</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>famous Sam Bryan, near Colston on P.D., killed three or four, took Forty, & put <strong>the</strong><br />
rema<strong>in</strong>der to flight with more precipitation than we fled from Bryar Creek [sic]; none halted until <strong>the</strong>y reached<br />
<strong>the</strong> Enemy’s next Post at <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws, where <strong>the</strong>y threw <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> utmost confusion <strong>and</strong><br />
Consternation. Their whole time s<strong>in</strong>ce has been employed <strong>in</strong> construct<strong>in</strong>g Fortifications for <strong>the</strong>ir safety. Colo.<br />
1011 GAH pp. 286-287.<br />
1012 CNC14 pp. 507-508.<br />
1013 SNC p. 62.<br />
1014 The Catawba were newly returned to <strong>the</strong>ir homes after remov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir families to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>in</strong> early June. SDR p.100.<br />
1015 DRS pp. 8-10, LMS p. 169, SNC pp. 65-66, MSC1 p. 621, RBG p. 235, SDR pp. 136-137.<br />
1016 The correct name is Colston’s, but <strong>the</strong> engagement is known <strong>in</strong> histories more familiarly as “Colson’s.”<br />
1017 LMS p. 586, GAM1 p. 189, SDR p.138.<br />
201
Davidson was wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Body, ’tis feared mortally; two Privates were also slightly wounded, but not a man<br />
killed. To Davidson’s misfortune may probably be attributed <strong>the</strong>ir escape.” 1018<br />
21 July. Allaire: “Friday, 21 st . Col. Balfour, with <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry from N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, jo<strong>in</strong>ed us -- we still rema<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
at <strong>the</strong> [Fair Forest] Ford.”<br />
22 July. [skirmish] Beaver Creek Ford. (Lancaster County, S.C.) In <strong>the</strong> early hours <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 22 nd , Davie was<br />
return<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> successful surprise at Flat Rock (see 20 July.) His advance guard under Capt. Petit <strong>and</strong> Col.<br />
William Polk, <strong>the</strong> latter with some dragoons escort<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> prisoners, <strong>the</strong>n was itself ambushed near <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong><br />
branch <strong>of</strong> Beaver Creek by some unidentified loyalists (possibly some prov<strong>in</strong>cials.) The <strong>in</strong>itial fire threw back <strong>in</strong><br />
confusion, <strong>and</strong> killed many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners who had been placed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> lead <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> column. Very possibly some<br />
<strong>of</strong> Davie’s men, ei<strong>the</strong>r because <strong>the</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners underst<strong>and</strong>ably attempted escape, or else it was<br />
assumed <strong>the</strong>y would or might escape, fired <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> unarmed captives. Unable to regroup <strong>and</strong> fight back, <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans retreated; hav<strong>in</strong>g lost 2 wounded, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Capt. Petit, <strong>and</strong> 1 killed; <strong>the</strong> casualties fall<strong>in</strong>g mostly<br />
among <strong>the</strong> prisoners. Total British losses <strong>in</strong> this <strong>and</strong> Flat Rock action are estimated at 40, which <strong>in</strong>cludes<br />
prisoners taken. The specific spot <strong>of</strong> this encounter is not known, but s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> creek beg<strong>in</strong>s at a po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
correspond<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> road between Camden <strong>and</strong> Waxhaws, it is <strong>in</strong>ferred that this is where <strong>the</strong> action<br />
occurred, hence <strong>the</strong> Lancaster County designation. 1019<br />
22 July. Allaire: “Saturday, 22d. The Light Infantry, American Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> three hundred militia, got <strong>in</strong><br />
motion at seven o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g; made a forced march <strong>of</strong> twenty-five miles to Lawson’s Fork to surprise a<br />
party <strong>of</strong> Rebels, who, we were <strong>in</strong>formed, lay <strong>the</strong>re. We arrived at James Wood’s plantation at six o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g; greatly disappo<strong>in</strong>ted at f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g no Rebels here. We were <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>the</strong>y were at Green river-twenty-five<br />
miles far<strong>the</strong>r.”<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Chesney: “I <strong>the</strong>n jo<strong>in</strong>ed Colonel [Nisbet] Balfour <strong>and</strong> was <strong>in</strong> an affair at James Wood’s house above<br />
<strong>the</strong> Iron-Works on Pacolet but not f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> opposition <strong>the</strong>re that we expected, returned aga<strong>in</strong> to Fair Forest;<br />
Col. Balfour <strong>the</strong>n returned to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, <strong>and</strong> Major Ferguson succeeded to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> under <strong>the</strong> title <strong>of</strong><br />
Colonel <strong>and</strong> Inspector General <strong>of</strong> Militia.” 1020<br />
22 July. Gates, at Hillsborough, to Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia: “Provisions <strong>and</strong> carriages<br />
sufficient for <strong>the</strong> Troops under your Comm<strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g prepared, you will at Day break on Monday Morn<strong>in</strong>g next,<br />
march from your present Encampment, by <strong>the</strong> most convenient Route for Cox’s Mills, <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong>nce to <strong>the</strong><br />
Gr<strong>and</strong> Camp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Army. You will proceed by easy Stages, so as not to fatigue your Troops. Upon your<br />
last Halt previous to your jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Army, you will dispatch your Quarter Master to me, to receive Directions,<br />
where <strong>the</strong> Troops under your Comm<strong>and</strong> are to encamp. Confident that you will preserve <strong>the</strong> utmost Order <strong>and</strong><br />
Regularity upon your March, practic<strong>in</strong>g your Militia <strong>in</strong> that strict Discipl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong> same as is necessary <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Face<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy, I forbear to trouble you with more pernicious Consequences, than suffer<strong>in</strong>g with Impunity any<br />
wanton Depredations, on <strong>the</strong> Inhabitants, our Friends <strong>and</strong> Fellow Citizens, that you will severely punish all who<br />
<strong>com</strong>mit any outrages <strong>of</strong> that Sort.” 1021<br />
23 July. Allaire: “Sunday, 23d. Got <strong>in</strong> motion at one o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> countermarched to our old<br />
ground, Fair Forest Ford.”<br />
24 July. The two battalions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt., under Maj. Archibald McArthur, which had hi<strong>the</strong>rto occupied<br />
Cheraw, had be<strong>com</strong>e so “exceed<strong>in</strong>gly Sickly” that <strong>the</strong>y removed at this time to <strong>the</strong> east branch <strong>of</strong> Lynches<br />
Creek. A little over 100 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment, under Lord Nairne, were still too ill be shifted, however, <strong>and</strong> were left<br />
at Cheraws along with some loyal militia to guard <strong>the</strong>m. See Hunt’s Bluff, 26 July. By this time, Gates was still<br />
on Deep River <strong>and</strong> Ru<strong>the</strong>rford had advanced no fur<strong>the</strong>r than Rocky River (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>.) 1022<br />
25 July. Gates assumed <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army from de Kalb at or Coxe’s (i.e., Wilcox’s) Mill on Deep River. A<br />
few days before, de Kalb had been augmented by Arm<strong>and</strong>’s Legion with about 60 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 60 cavalry. 1023<br />
25 July. Cornwallis issued a proclamation forbidd<strong>in</strong>g sale <strong>of</strong> property <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a without royal license <strong>and</strong><br />
or permission. See RSC2 pp. 445-447.<br />
25 July. Allaire: “Tuesday, 25 th . Col. Balfour with <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry got <strong>in</strong> motion at two o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
<strong>and</strong> marched towards N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six.” 1024<br />
25 July. Col. Charles McDowell, bivouacked at Cherokee Ford on <strong>the</strong> Broad River, had earlier dispatched a<br />
request to Col. Isaac Shelby <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. John Sevier for men to assist aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> encroachments <strong>of</strong> Ferguson<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists out <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Sevier, at that time too occupied <strong>in</strong> protect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> local settlements to <strong>com</strong>e<br />
himself, sent a regiment <strong>of</strong> his men (mounted) under Major Charles Robertson; <strong>the</strong>se <strong>the</strong>n jo<strong>in</strong>ed McDowell. On<br />
1018 CNC15 pp. 6-7.<br />
1019 DRS pp. 8-10, RBG p. 235, MSC1 pp. 621-623.<br />
1020 CDI.<br />
1021 GAH p. 290.<br />
1022 CNC15 pp. 258-262, RCC pp. 52-53, SCP1 p. 364, GHC pp. 315-316, SNC p. 92.<br />
1023 WNA, MLW4A p. 169, RNC p. 241.<br />
1024 BRG p. 138.<br />
202
25 July, a few days after Robertson’s arrival <strong>in</strong> McDowell’s camp, Shelby (who had to travel a greater distance)<br />
added to <strong>the</strong>ir number ano<strong>the</strong>r 200 to 250 mounted riflemen from <strong>the</strong> Holston <strong>and</strong> Watauga-Nolachucky<br />
settlements (<strong>in</strong> modern east Tennessee.) 1025<br />
Mid to Late July. [raid] Hammond’s Raid (Edgefield County, S.C.) About roughly <strong>in</strong> this same period, Col. Elijah<br />
Clark <strong>and</strong> his Georgians <strong>of</strong> Wilkes County were aga<strong>in</strong> assembl<strong>in</strong>g. Mounted, <strong>the</strong>y crossed over <strong>in</strong>to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
<strong>and</strong> proceeded north along <strong>the</strong> foot <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s. Somewhere <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> march, <strong>the</strong>y were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Col. John<br />
Jones <strong>and</strong> his men, <strong>and</strong> afterwards Capta<strong>in</strong> James McCall <strong>and</strong> Capt. Moses Liddle with some additional twenty<br />
mounted men from <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six area. McCall <strong>and</strong> Liddle, <strong>in</strong>cidentally, had earlier served <strong>in</strong> Pickens’ regiment.<br />
The group <strong>the</strong>n moved to jo<strong>in</strong> Sumter. Sumter, for unknown reason, asked that those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m who were will<strong>in</strong>g<br />
should re<strong>in</strong>force McDowell <strong>in</strong>stead. Among those from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a who also attached <strong>the</strong>mselves to Clark was<br />
Capt. Samuel Hammond, from Edgefield County, S.C. Hammond; who along with Bennett Crafton, had ga<strong>the</strong>red<br />
a force <strong>of</strong> 76 men for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir way <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Even so, about half withdrew before<br />
<strong>the</strong> expedition got started, <strong>and</strong> attempted <strong>in</strong>stead to rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> hid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Georgia; except for Jones who with his<br />
party <strong>of</strong> 35 cont<strong>in</strong>ued on to McDowell <strong>in</strong>stead (see 11 July.)<br />
Despite <strong>the</strong>ir efforts at concealment, some <strong>of</strong> Clark’s men who stayed <strong>in</strong> Georgia (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Crafton) were<br />
captured by <strong>the</strong> British shortly afterward. Hammond <strong>and</strong> some 32 that had rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>n packed up <strong>and</strong> sought<br />
safe egress from <strong>the</strong> region by maneuver<strong>in</strong>g toward <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s. Along <strong>the</strong> way, he received a tip<br />
from a local, on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> which <strong>in</strong>formation he <strong>the</strong>n surprised <strong>and</strong> routed a party <strong>of</strong> 70 to 80 loyalists; <strong>and</strong><br />
who lost 4 killed, <strong>and</strong> 11 captured (but which were released on parole); with many muskets taken. They <strong>the</strong>n<br />
went on, <strong>and</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Saluda <strong>and</strong> Bush Rivers met up with ano<strong>the</strong>r detachment <strong>of</strong> 70 to 80 <strong>of</strong> Clark’s men<br />
under Capt. (later Col.) Edward Hampton. The two groups <strong>the</strong>n united with Clark’s ma<strong>in</strong> body just <strong>the</strong>n <strong>and</strong> by<br />
this time mak<strong>in</strong>g its way north, br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g Clark’s force to a total <strong>of</strong> over 200 men. Clark <strong>the</strong>n subsequently fell <strong>in</strong><br />
with Col. Charles McDowell, as did o<strong>the</strong>r whig refugees, at <strong>the</strong> Cherokee Ford encampment. 1026<br />
Mid to Late July. The larger part <strong>of</strong> a formerly whig but now “loyal” militia regiment (i.e., <strong>the</strong> Upper Saluda<br />
District Regt.), organized from <strong>the</strong> Saluda River area, <strong>and</strong> nom<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by a Col. Ma<strong>the</strong>w Floyd, now<br />
re-armed <strong>and</strong> accoutered by <strong>the</strong> British were marched by <strong>the</strong>ir second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, “one [Lieut. Col. John]<br />
Lisle,” 1027 <strong>of</strong>f to jo<strong>in</strong> Col. Andrew Neal[e] (<strong>the</strong> regiment’s previous whig <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er), <strong>and</strong> who was with Sumter<br />
on <strong>the</strong> Catawba, tak<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong> new arms <strong>and</strong> supplies, <strong>and</strong> subsequently fight<strong>in</strong>g under Neal at Rocky<br />
Mount on 30 July. Scogg<strong>in</strong>s notes that Andrew Neale did not, as Tarleton remarks, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Whig militia <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Tyger <strong>and</strong> Enoree River region. That area fell with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> conf<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Spartan <strong>and</strong> Dutch Fork Districts<br />
under colonels John Thomas, Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on, <strong>and</strong> James Lisle (as dist<strong>in</strong>ct from John.) The unit’s defection,<br />
underst<strong>and</strong>ably embarrass<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> British, was reported by Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> a letter to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>of</strong> 6 August 1780.<br />
Although perhaps <strong>the</strong> most conspicuous <strong>in</strong>stance where <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south <strong>in</strong>curred harm as a result<br />
“loyalist” unreliability <strong>and</strong> treachery, it was by no means <strong>the</strong> only such or related occurrence <strong>the</strong>y<br />
encountered. 1028<br />
26 July (also possibly 25 July or 1 August). [ambush] Hunt’s Bluff, also Mars Bluff (Darl<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Marlboro<br />
counties, S.C.) Because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> new threat from Gates’ army, <strong>in</strong> late July <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt. at Cheraws was ordered<br />
to fall back. They consequently began tak<strong>in</strong>g up a position on <strong>the</strong> east branch <strong>of</strong> Lynches Creek (modern Lynches<br />
River) with Maj. Archibald McArthur, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 71 st , relocat<strong>in</strong>g to that position on <strong>the</strong> 24 th leav<strong>in</strong>g 100-106<br />
sick <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st (<strong>the</strong>se last under Lord Nairne) at Cheraws to <strong>the</strong> care <strong>of</strong> Col. Robert Mills 1029 <strong>and</strong> some local<br />
loyalist militia; who were <strong>the</strong>n to escort <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>valids to Georgetown. Two days later <strong>the</strong>se same “loyalists” (not<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Mills himself) reportedly mut<strong>in</strong>ied, <strong>and</strong> took <strong>the</strong> 100 odd sick <strong>and</strong> a h<strong>and</strong>ful <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Lieut.<br />
Col. James Cassells <strong>and</strong> Robert Gray, as prisoners to Gates’ army.<br />
Bass alternatively states that <strong>the</strong> Peedee borne flotilla headed for Georgetown but was ambushed <strong>and</strong> taken by<br />
Col. John Erv<strong>in</strong> near Mars Bluff, Mills; with a few loyalists hav<strong>in</strong>g made <strong>the</strong>ir escape.<br />
Ripley, even yet on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, relates that Maj. Tristram Thomas <strong>and</strong> with a force <strong>of</strong> whig militia waylaid<br />
<strong>the</strong> group as it was <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g down river, at a location n<strong>in</strong>e miles southwest <strong>of</strong> modern Bennettsville. Us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
“quaker cannon” ruse, suggested by Capt. James Gillespie, he required <strong>the</strong>m to surrender. In a follow-up<br />
encounter, Thomas captured a supply detachment on its way up <strong>the</strong> Peedee River from Georgetown to Cheraws.<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Gregg describes <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>cident similarly, <strong>and</strong> while he doesn’t <strong>in</strong>sist that Mills’ men proactively aided<br />
<strong>the</strong> whigs, he does suggest that some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lead<strong>in</strong>g loyal militia men may have had a “secret underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g”<br />
with <strong>the</strong>m. 1030<br />
Cornwallis wrote to Germa<strong>in</strong> on 20 August 1780: “Our Cheraw Militia, hav<strong>in</strong>g seized & bound <strong>the</strong>ir field <strong>of</strong>ficers,<br />
attacked & took some boats on <strong>the</strong> Pedee [Peedee] <strong>in</strong> which Majr McArthur was send<strong>in</strong>g near one hundred <strong>of</strong> his<br />
sick to Georgetown. I was greatly alarmed for a small detachment which I had sent under Majr Wemys[s] to<br />
1025 DKM p. 84, MSC1 pp. 632, 635-640.<br />
1026 SCP1 pp. 257-258, DKM p. 85, John A. Chapman’s A History <strong>of</strong> Edgefield County, S.C.<br />
1027 Cornwallis to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, 6 August: “Lieutenant. Colonel. Lisle, who had been Paroled to <strong>the</strong> Isl<strong>and</strong>s, exchanged on his arrival <strong>in</strong><br />
Charlestown his Parole for a Certificate <strong>of</strong> his be<strong>in</strong>g a good Subject, returned to <strong>the</strong> Country <strong>and</strong> carried <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> whole Battalion<br />
to jo<strong>in</strong> General Sumpter at Catauba [Catawba],” CNC15 pp. 258-262.<br />
1028 AR80 p. 231, TCS p. 93, 126, SAW2 pp. 200-201, 223, MLW4A p. 169, MSC1 pp. 619n-620n, SDR p. 129.<br />
1029 Ripley says William Henry Mills. A <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> had been <strong>in</strong>tended for William Henry Mills as head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cheraw Royal militia,<br />
but ow<strong>in</strong>g to his <strong>in</strong>capacity <strong>in</strong> that role <strong>and</strong> too few recruits, <strong>the</strong> task later devolved on <strong>the</strong> far more capable Robert Gray <strong>and</strong><br />
who was <strong>com</strong>missioned a Lieutenanty Colonel.<br />
1030 SCP1 pp. 177, 319-323, RSC2 pp. 139-140, SAW2 pp. 200-201, TCS pp. 127-128, SAW2 p. 201, JLG1 pp. 292-293, GHC pp. 315-<br />
317, MSC1 pp. 645-647, BSF pp. 34-35, RBG pp. 80-81.<br />
203
educe <strong>the</strong> people <strong>of</strong> Georgetown to some order, & for my water <strong>com</strong>munication on <strong>the</strong> Santee, on which at that<br />
time a large quantity <strong>of</strong> Rum, Salt, Arms, & Military Stores were mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> boats up to Camden.” SCP2 p. 7.<br />
Gregg: “On <strong>the</strong> day that <strong>the</strong> British rel<strong>in</strong>quished <strong>the</strong>ir post at Cheraw, <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants, distressed by <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
previous depredations <strong>and</strong> disgusted with <strong>the</strong>ir conduct, took up arms. Preparatory to his departure, McArthur<br />
had made an arrangement for transport<strong>in</strong>g a number <strong>of</strong> his sick, with <strong>the</strong> captured negroes, by boats to<br />
Georgetown. They were to be under <strong>the</strong> care <strong>of</strong> Lord Nairne, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole under <strong>the</strong> new-made British colonel,<br />
William Henry Mills, with a military escort, <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> a portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country who had taken<br />
<strong>the</strong> oath <strong>of</strong> allegiance.<br />
“Hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> projected expedition down <strong>the</strong> river, a party <strong>of</strong> neighbour<strong>in</strong>g Whigs, under <strong>the</strong> lead <strong>of</strong> James<br />
Gillespie, collected at Bed<strong>in</strong>gfield, a short distance from Cheraw, <strong>and</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ed to ga<strong>the</strong>r a larger force <strong>and</strong><br />
surprise <strong>the</strong> enemy. As <strong>the</strong>y went on <strong>the</strong>ir numbers <strong>in</strong>creased, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> was assigned to Major Tristram<br />
Thomas. In <strong>the</strong> meantime, with <strong>the</strong> departure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boats, McArthur <strong>com</strong>menced his retreat towards Black<br />
Creek.” 1031<br />
On 31 July, R.D. Speight, at “Camp Ancrums’ Plantation, S. Carol<strong>in</strong>a, 4 Miles above <strong>the</strong> Cheraws,” wrote to Gov.<br />
Nash: “We arrived here last Night after many disagreeable <strong>and</strong> fatigu<strong>in</strong>g marches, hav<strong>in</strong>g gone so far up <strong>the</strong><br />
Country as to cross <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> at Moore’s Ferry. The Enemy, Immediately upon hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> surprise at<br />
Colston’s [see 21 July], left Anson Court House, & <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> Body Decamped from <strong>the</strong> Cheraws on 23 Inst. Their<br />
<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to this part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country has been <strong>of</strong> great service, for tho’ numbers went <strong>of</strong> with <strong>the</strong>m, yet those<br />
that rema<strong>in</strong>ed, hav<strong>in</strong>g Experienced <strong>the</strong> Cruelties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British, are now will<strong>in</strong>g to fight. A Capt. [Tristram]<br />
Thomas, with 25 Militia (all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m hav<strong>in</strong>g taken <strong>the</strong> oath <strong>of</strong> Allegiance) under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, marched down to<br />
a narrow part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> River, <strong>and</strong> took a boat go<strong>in</strong>g to Georgetown with most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plunder & 102 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st<br />
Regiment part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m sick. 1032 It is reported here that <strong>the</strong> Enemy have left Camden, but no Certa<strong>in</strong>ty <strong>of</strong> it.<br />
Their nearest party to us are about 500 on L<strong>in</strong>che’s [Lynches] Creek; what <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>tentions may be I can’t say,<br />
but Imag<strong>in</strong>e when we form a Junction with <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e & proceed to <strong>the</strong> Southward <strong>the</strong>y will retire to<br />
CharlesTown.” 1033<br />
27 July. After first ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g all available men at Coxe’s Mill on <strong>the</strong> Deep River, Gates’ army marched through<br />
<strong>the</strong> barrens on <strong>the</strong>ir way to Mask’s ferry on <strong>the</strong> Peedee River. 1034<br />
Otho Williams: “All were <strong>in</strong> motion, however, early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 27 th <strong>of</strong> July, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> general [Gates]<br />
took <strong>the</strong> route over Buffalo Ford, lead<strong>in</strong>g towards <strong>the</strong> enemy’s advanced post on Lynch’s Creek, on <strong>the</strong> road to<br />
Camden, leav<strong>in</strong>g two brass field-pieces <strong>and</strong> some baggage for want <strong>of</strong> horses. Colonel [Otho] Williams,<br />
presum<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> friendship <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> general, ventured to expostulate with him upon <strong>the</strong> seem<strong>in</strong>g precipitate <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>considerate step he was tak<strong>in</strong>g. He represented that <strong>the</strong> country through which he was about to march was by<br />
nature barren, abound<strong>in</strong>g with s<strong>and</strong>y pla<strong>in</strong>s, <strong>in</strong>tersected by swamps, <strong>and</strong> very th<strong>in</strong>ly <strong>in</strong>habited; that <strong>the</strong> little<br />
provisions <strong>and</strong> forage which were produced on <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong> its few small streams were exhausted, or taken away<br />
by <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> hordes <strong>of</strong> b<strong>and</strong>itti (called tories) which had retired from what <strong>the</strong>y called <strong>the</strong><br />
persecution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebels, <strong>and</strong> who would certa<strong>in</strong>ly distress his army, small as it was, by remov<strong>in</strong>g what little<br />
might rema<strong>in</strong> out <strong>of</strong> his way. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> colonel represented that a route about north west would<br />
cross <strong>the</strong> Peedee River some where about where it loses <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> would lead to <strong>the</strong> little town<br />
<strong>of</strong> Salisbury <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> midst <strong>of</strong> a fertile country <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>habited by a people zealous <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> cause <strong>of</strong> America. That <strong>the</strong><br />
most active <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligent <strong>of</strong>ficers had contemplated this route with pleasure, not only as it promised a more<br />
plentiful supply <strong>of</strong> provisions, but because <strong>the</strong> sick, <strong>the</strong> women <strong>and</strong> children, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> wounded, <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong><br />
disaster, might have an asylum provided for <strong>the</strong>m at Salisbury or Charlotte, where <strong>the</strong>y would rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
security, because <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> counties <strong>of</strong> Mecklenburgh <strong>and</strong> Roan [Rowan], <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong>se villages st<strong>and</strong>,<br />
were staunch friends. The idea <strong>of</strong> establish<strong>in</strong>g a laboratory for <strong>the</strong> repair <strong>of</strong> arms at a secure place was also<br />
suggested as necessary -- <strong>the</strong> security <strong>of</strong> convoys <strong>of</strong> stores from <strong>the</strong> northward, by <strong>the</strong> upper route -- <strong>the</strong><br />
advantage <strong>of</strong> turn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s out-posts even by a circuitous route -- that <strong>of</strong> approach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> most<br />
considerable <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se posts [Camden] with <strong>the</strong> River Wateree on our right, <strong>and</strong> our friends on our backs -- <strong>and</strong><br />
some o<strong>the</strong>r considerations were suggested. And, that <strong>the</strong>y might <strong>the</strong> more forcibly impress <strong>the</strong> general’s m<strong>in</strong>d, a<br />
short note was presented to him, concisely <strong>in</strong>timat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>and</strong> referr<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> best <strong>in</strong>formed<br />
gentlemen under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. General Gates said he would confer with <strong>the</strong> general <strong>of</strong>ficers when <strong>the</strong> troops<br />
should halt at noon. Whe<strong>the</strong>r any conference took place or not, <strong>the</strong> writer don’t know. After a short halt at<br />
noon, when <strong>the</strong> men were refreshed upon <strong>the</strong> scraps <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir knapsacks, <strong>the</strong> march was resumed. The country<br />
exceeded <strong>the</strong> representation that had been made <strong>of</strong> it -- scarcely had it emerged from a state <strong>of</strong> sterile nature -<br />
- <strong>the</strong> few rude attempts at improvement that were to be found were most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m ab<strong>and</strong>oned by <strong>the</strong> owners<br />
<strong>and</strong> plundered by <strong>the</strong> neighbours. Every one, <strong>in</strong> this uncivilized part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, was fly<strong>in</strong>g from his home<br />
<strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> parties under adventurers who pretended to yield <strong>the</strong>m protection until <strong>the</strong> British army should<br />
appear -- which <strong>the</strong>y seemed confidently to expect. The distresses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiery daily <strong>in</strong>creased -- <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
told that <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee River were extremely fertile -- <strong>and</strong> so <strong>in</strong>deed <strong>the</strong>y were; but <strong>the</strong> preced<strong>in</strong>g<br />
crop <strong>of</strong> corn (<strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal article <strong>of</strong> produce) was exhausted, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> new gra<strong>in</strong>, although luxuriant <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
was unfit for use. Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiery, urged by necessity, plucked <strong>the</strong> green ears <strong>and</strong> boiled <strong>the</strong>m with <strong>the</strong><br />
lean beef, which was collected <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods, made for <strong>the</strong>mselves a repast, not unpalatable to be sure, but<br />
1031 GHC pp. 315-316.<br />
1032 Regard<strong>in</strong>g 102 or 103 prisoners taken, see CNC15 p. 63.<br />
1033 CNC15 pp. 9-10.<br />
1034 SAW2 pp. 204-205, MLW4A p. 171, WNA.<br />
204
which was attended with pa<strong>in</strong>ful effects. Green peaches also were substituted for bread <strong>and</strong> had similar<br />
consequences.” 1035<br />
Gates, from “Headquarters,” wrote Brig. Gen. Griffith Ru<strong>the</strong>rford on this date: “Major General Baron de Kalb<br />
has acqua<strong>in</strong>ted me that he has for some Days expected <strong>the</strong> Return <strong>of</strong> Fifteen Waggons, that were sent to Cross<br />
Creek about twelve Days ago. They Were loaded with Rum, Salt, <strong>and</strong> Corn; I wish to see those wagons or to know<br />
<strong>the</strong> Reason <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Delay. I cannot express <strong>the</strong> Anxiety I feel for <strong>the</strong> Want <strong>of</strong> a proper Supply <strong>of</strong> Flour -- I wish<br />
you would exert yourself, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terest every Servant, <strong>and</strong> every good Whig, <strong>and</strong> Friend <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Public, to stra<strong>in</strong><br />
every Nerve to supply us. -- A Letter I have this moment received from Major Genl [Richard] Caswell <strong>in</strong>forms me,<br />
that <strong>the</strong> Cry for Bread <strong>in</strong> his camp is full a loud as m<strong>in</strong>e. I am confident your anxiety to serve your Country will<br />
lead you to do all that is possible to supply <strong>the</strong> Army.” 1036<br />
28 July. Leav<strong>in</strong>g camp at Old Nation Ford <strong>in</strong> anticipation <strong>of</strong> launch<strong>in</strong>g forays aga<strong>in</strong>st Rocky Mount <strong>and</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Rock, Sumter deployed towards L<strong>and</strong>’s Ford on <strong>the</strong> Catawba. When he arrived, he was met by Maj. Davie <strong>and</strong><br />
Davie’s state cavalry <strong>and</strong> N.C. militia, as well as o<strong>the</strong>r militia from Mecklenburg, Rowan <strong>and</strong> Waxhaws. About<br />
<strong>the</strong> same time, Capt. John McClure (with Sumter) was elected Colonel <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment from <strong>the</strong> upper District<br />
ly<strong>in</strong>g between <strong>the</strong> Broad <strong>and</strong> Catawba Rivers; while Colonels Andrew Neale <strong>and</strong> William Hill were put <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reformed New Acquisition militia regiment, <strong>and</strong> Col. William Bratton, also from New<br />
Acquisition, put at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> a small battalion <strong>of</strong> volunteers from Be<strong>the</strong>sda, Beersheba <strong>and</strong> Bullock’s Creek<br />
congregations. 1037<br />
29 July. Rawdon learned that Lieut. Col. Thomas Patt<strong>in</strong>son, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales regt., was drunk on duty<br />
while <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> post at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock. He shortly <strong>the</strong>reafter replaced <strong>the</strong> latter with Maj. John Carden<br />
(also <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Volunteers.) 1038<br />
29 July. Gates, at “Camp Kimborough,” to Maj. Gen. Richard Caswell: “Your favor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 26 th from Moor’s [sic]<br />
Ferry I received <strong>the</strong> 27 th <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g at Sp<strong>in</strong>ks’s 12 Miles West <strong>of</strong> Deep River. -- The 28 th I marchd [sic] to<br />
Cotton[’]s <strong>and</strong> this morn<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong>nce here. -- I now dispatch <strong>the</strong> Bearer to know where you <strong>and</strong> General<br />
Ru<strong>the</strong>rford are at present encamped, <strong>and</strong> if you are at Colston’s [aka Colson’s] as I conceive you must be f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />
from your Letter to General de Kalb dated 23d July last (which however I did not receive until <strong>the</strong> 25 th at 4 P.M.)<br />
that you were marched from <strong>the</strong> Cross Roads; I immediately put <strong>the</strong> Troops <strong>in</strong> motion from Deep River, resolve<br />
to support you, <strong>and</strong> Genl Ru<strong>the</strong>rford so did not wait for nor expect your obey<strong>in</strong>g my summons to <strong>com</strong>e to Cox’s<br />
Mill. -- Yesterday a Deserter from <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regiment arrived <strong>in</strong> my Camp at Cotton[’]s; he assures me <strong>the</strong> Enemy<br />
evacuated <strong>the</strong> Cheraws, <strong>and</strong> all <strong>the</strong>ir outposts, quite to Camden, on Sunday Night last. -- This is also confirmed<br />
by several o<strong>the</strong>rs. -- Whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> movements you have been mak<strong>in</strong>g toward Peedee; has occasioned <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s<br />
Assembl<strong>in</strong>g at Camden, or Intelligence <strong>the</strong>y have received from Sea, is uncerta<strong>in</strong>. -- Be that as it may, it is our<br />
Bus<strong>in</strong>ess to act as if <strong>the</strong> former alone was <strong>the</strong> Cause. I <strong>the</strong>refore request <strong>the</strong> Favour you will send me all <strong>the</strong><br />
Intelligence <strong>in</strong> your power <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis’ Designs <strong>and</strong> your op<strong>in</strong>ion what <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Circumstance, it is best for<br />
us to do. My Horses are so jaded <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Artillery <strong>and</strong> Baggage so far beh<strong>in</strong>d, that it will be impossible for <strong>the</strong><br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e to march before Monday morn<strong>in</strong>g 3 o’clock. -- General [Edward] Stevens <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia<br />
arrived only yesterday at Deep River. I cannot expect he will be here before Tuesday -- he was even <strong>the</strong>n<br />
distressed for Flour.<br />
“This General, Genl de Kalb has been <strong>the</strong> means <strong>in</strong> some Degree <strong>of</strong> reliev<strong>in</strong>g, by a Supply he had taken Measures<br />
to procure from <strong>the</strong> Moravians. 1039 This supply is also extended to <strong>the</strong> Troops here, or I know not how we should<br />
have been able to march forward -- so clean Genl Ru<strong>the</strong>rford[’]s Troops <strong>and</strong> yours have swept this part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Country. -- Lord Cornwallis’s collect<strong>in</strong>g his Troops <strong>in</strong> One Body is perhaps a good Reason to us for do<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
same, but this Depends upon <strong>the</strong> Intelligence we may get, <strong>and</strong> many Circumstances that it is not necessary to<br />
particularize <strong>in</strong> a Letter.” 1040<br />
30 July. Gates, at “Camp Kimborough” on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pee Dee, to Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia: “Capta<strong>in</strong> Paschke acqua<strong>in</strong>ts me, has been able to supply you with Flour, upon your Arrival at<br />
Coxe’s [Mill]; I am sorry you wanted it, as I was <strong>in</strong> Hopes that you would have been able to have brought with<br />
you from Hillsborough eight Days Allowance, besides what was necessary for <strong>the</strong> March <strong>the</strong>re, but s<strong>in</strong>ce it will no<br />
better be, I request you will march on with <strong>the</strong> most convenient Expedition. -- The Desart [sic] affords Noth<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
<strong>the</strong>refore <strong>the</strong> sooner we get through it <strong>the</strong> better. -- By Deserters from <strong>the</strong> Enemy, Prisoners who have escaped<br />
from <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> Inhabitants who have <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong>to my Camp to receive Pardon for <strong>the</strong>ir Crimes; <strong>and</strong> ask protection<br />
from <strong>the</strong> power that prevails; I am <strong>in</strong>formed that <strong>the</strong> Enemy retreated precipitately from Anson Court House,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cheraws, last Sunday Night -- <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>the</strong>re<strong>of</strong> I shall March with all possible Haste, <strong>and</strong> Endeavor<br />
1035 WNA.<br />
1036 GAH p. 292.<br />
1037 SDR p. 140.<br />
1038 Letter from Lord Rawdon at Camden to Earl Cornwallis, 31 July 1780, PRO. 30/11/2, SCP1 p. 222.<br />
1039 The strategically important Moravian settlements <strong>in</strong> western North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, at Salem, Bethabara, <strong>and</strong> Bethania, generally<br />
kept alo<strong>of</strong> from <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> were normally granted a neutrality denied most o<strong>the</strong>rs. Though some historians describe <strong>the</strong><br />
Moravians as tend<strong>in</strong>g toward <strong>the</strong> British sides, <strong>the</strong>ir records would seem to show <strong>the</strong> opposite to be as much if not more true.<br />
This said, whig soldiers seek<strong>in</strong>g to too freely feed <strong>and</strong> supply <strong>the</strong>mselves by way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> congregations’ hold<strong>in</strong>gs antagonized some<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brethren to <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> switch<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m from neutral to a more loyalist stance or outlook. For more, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g details on<br />
<strong>the</strong> American <strong>and</strong> British armies’ sojourns <strong>and</strong> requisitions made upon <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>munity, see CNS2 pp. 31-38 <strong>and</strong> FRM generally.<br />
1040 GAH pp. 292-293.<br />
205
all <strong>in</strong> my Power to push Lord Cornwallis <strong>in</strong>to Charles Town -- Sure <strong>of</strong> your Support <strong>in</strong> every Effort to defeat <strong>the</strong><br />
Enemy.” 1041<br />
The same day from Kimborough, Gates wrote Maj. Gen. Caswell: “I am honored by <strong>the</strong> Receipt <strong>of</strong> yours by Genl<br />
[Henry William] Harr<strong>in</strong>gton dated Yesterday from Anson Court House, I am happy your Sentiments so perfectly<br />
agree with m<strong>in</strong>e; that a speedy Junction <strong>of</strong> our Whole Force should be directly affected; <strong>and</strong> it adds to my<br />
satisfaction, that you have ordered General Ru<strong>the</strong>rford immediately to jo<strong>in</strong> you at Ancram’s [Ancrum’s]<br />
Plantation. The Congress, <strong>the</strong> So States, <strong>and</strong> Genl Wash<strong>in</strong>gton do earnestly wish that no more Capital Misfortunes<br />
may befall us to <strong>the</strong> Southward, to prevent that, I shall march by <strong>the</strong> direct Route to Anderson[’]s <strong>and</strong> hope<br />
<strong>the</strong>re to fall <strong>in</strong> with you <strong>and</strong> General Ru<strong>the</strong>rford. General Stevens with <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Militia shall have Orders to<br />
follow me forthwith, <strong>and</strong> I desire you will <strong>in</strong>stantly send to Genl [John] Butler (whose Route I am unacqua<strong>in</strong>ted<br />
with) to march by <strong>the</strong> shortest Road to Anderson[’]s. -- General Harr<strong>in</strong>gton (with whom I have great Pleasure <strong>in</strong><br />
be<strong>in</strong>g acqua<strong>in</strong>ted) is <strong>in</strong> Sentiment with me <strong>in</strong> this Determ<strong>in</strong>ation; <strong>and</strong> will at my Request relate to you <strong>the</strong><br />
Conversation we have had upon <strong>the</strong> Subject.” 1042<br />
30 July. Cornwallis, at Charlestown, to Maj. James Wemyss, at Georgetown: “I received this morn<strong>in</strong>g your Letter<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 28 th which gave me very great Concern. I cannot conceive how McArthur could have been so <strong>of</strong>f his guard<br />
about his Sick. I dare say Coll [William Henry] Mills has ra<strong>the</strong>r seen th<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> blackest light, however <strong>the</strong>re<br />
can be no hopes <strong>of</strong> Peace & Quiet untill [sic] we can advance; Nor can you <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> present Situation <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs do<br />
any good towards form<strong>in</strong>g a Militia at George town: I cannot <strong>the</strong>refore approve <strong>of</strong> your mak<strong>in</strong>g any longer Stay<br />
<strong>the</strong>re. Your <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g directly back here would certa<strong>in</strong>ly be disgraceful, & for a time at least would be attended<br />
with <strong>the</strong> worst <strong>of</strong> Consequences <strong>in</strong> that part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country, it would likewise endanger our water<br />
Communication with Camden; on which our whole preparation for act<strong>in</strong>g depends. I <strong>the</strong>refore th<strong>in</strong>k that you<br />
should march with much Secrecy from George town, & take your Route up <strong>the</strong> Black River. If you could surprise<br />
any Rebel Militia it would have <strong>the</strong> best effect if not I should hope you & Coll Mills might assemble a part <strong>of</strong> his<br />
Militia, & with <strong>the</strong>ir assistance seize & br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most violent & dangerous people <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> country.<br />
The be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir persons would be <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> greatest Services to our Friends. I should <strong>the</strong>n wish that<br />
you moved up <strong>the</strong> Black River, keep<strong>in</strong>g it on your right, & took post for a few days at <strong>the</strong> Bridge or Ferry, I am<br />
not sure which it is, that is <strong>the</strong> nearest to Gaillard’s house; who will probably be able to assist you with<br />
Intelligence & some Militia. He will likewise be able to <strong>in</strong>form you <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Horses at Cooke’s, & how<br />
far <strong>the</strong> Navigation is secure. I am well aware that you must not stay long <strong>in</strong> a place; especially on <strong>the</strong> Black River<br />
which is a very sickly Country. But I would have you keep mov<strong>in</strong>g by short & easy Marches, pay<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> greatest<br />
attention <strong>the</strong> whole time to gett<strong>in</strong>g Intelligence & guard<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>st a Surprise; untill [sic] you arrive at <strong>the</strong> High<br />
Hills <strong>of</strong> Santee, where I would have you take post on any convenient spot you may chuse [sic]. I have written to<br />
Lord Rawdon to send some Prov<strong>in</strong>cials to meet you <strong>the</strong>re & to order a part <strong>of</strong> Coll Moore’s Militia to be<br />
embodied, & put <strong>the</strong>mselves under your <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>: I shall order <strong>the</strong> Rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d to jo<strong>in</strong> you <strong>the</strong>re; &<br />
when we are ready to move you shall jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Army. You will regulate your march by what you hear <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Country, & by <strong>the</strong> State <strong>of</strong> our boats on Santee, which are <strong>of</strong> such consequence to us that we must wish a great<br />
deal for <strong>the</strong>ir preservation: It is entirely ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> perverseness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> elements that <strong>the</strong> Galley & Sloop are<br />
not at George town. They went from hence long s<strong>in</strong>ce. Ten days at least. I cannot th<strong>in</strong>k that you will be<br />
distressed for flour or Rice, Cattle you will get <strong>in</strong> plenty: Rum will be <strong>the</strong> difficulty; If you cannot get any at<br />
George town, & hear noth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sloop, <strong>of</strong> whose Arrival I despair whilst this Wea<strong>the</strong>r lasts, you must send a<br />
trusty Express to Gaillard at Murray’s [Murry’s] Ferry, & <strong>in</strong>close [sic] [an] order to <strong>the</strong> Commissary at Cooke’s<br />
L<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g to deliver a Puncheon <strong>of</strong> Rum for <strong>the</strong> Use <strong>of</strong> your detachment. Gaillard will forward your order thi<strong>the</strong>r &<br />
get <strong>the</strong> Rum down at Murray’s Ferry, from whence he can send it to you, when you are posted on <strong>the</strong> nearest<br />
part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Black River to that Ferry. Harrison’s new Corps [S.C. Rangers] is reported to me to be nearly<br />
<strong>com</strong>pleat [sic], <strong>the</strong>y have been <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country about L<strong>in</strong>che’s [Lynches] Creek, & I should apprehend must have<br />
kept <strong>the</strong> Militia quiet <strong>in</strong> those parts: They are ordered to Camden to receive Arms & Cloath<strong>in</strong>g [sic], but I do not<br />
believe <strong>the</strong>y are moved yet.<br />
“You must be sensible that <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> execution <strong>of</strong> this plan, much must be left to your discretion, you must act<br />
from circumstances & Intelligence, you must even if necessary pass <strong>the</strong> Santee, but I would not have you do that<br />
unless you are well conv<strong>in</strong>ced that your danger is imm<strong>in</strong>ent. At all evens I must re<strong>com</strong>mend it to you to put a<br />
good face on th<strong>in</strong>gs & talk big. Threaten <strong>the</strong> plunderers with <strong>the</strong> most severe Retaliation, promise<br />
<strong>in</strong>demnification, as far as possible, to our friends out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Effects, & try to give Spirits to our cause. You have<br />
only Militia to oppose you, who are <strong>of</strong>ten dar<strong>in</strong>g & troublesome <strong>in</strong> attack, always timid & panick [sic] Struck<br />
when attacked. I should <strong>the</strong>refore on all occasions <strong>in</strong> your situation act <strong>of</strong>fensively; & if any part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m no<br />
matter how numerous take post with<strong>in</strong> a possibility <strong>of</strong> a Night’s March from you; let <strong>the</strong>ir position be what it<br />
will, it will be safest to attack <strong>the</strong>m. Let me hear from you when you leave George town & as <strong>of</strong>ten as possible<br />
afterwards, & leave <strong>the</strong> best advice to <strong>the</strong> Galley & Sloop <strong>in</strong> case <strong>the</strong>y do not get to George town before you go.<br />
It will probably be to <strong>com</strong>e back aga<strong>in</strong>.<br />
“Give out that you expect great Re<strong>in</strong>forcements from hence, that a thous<strong>and</strong> Men are to jo<strong>in</strong> you to march to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Pedee [Peedee], & are already on <strong>the</strong>ir way. That we can now spare <strong>the</strong>m on account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Arrival <strong>of</strong> some<br />
troops from Savannah, & some that came <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> last Fleet from New York; to save your credit some Invalids are<br />
arrived from <strong>the</strong>nce, & a Hessian Regt from Georgia.”<br />
[P.S.] “From what I recollect <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country between B. River & Santee, I doubt whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>re is a cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />
Road on <strong>the</strong> West bank <strong>of</strong> B. [Black] River. If not, you underst<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> general Idea <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Move be<strong>in</strong>g to cover<br />
1041 GAH p. 294.<br />
1042 GAH p. 295.<br />
206
<strong>the</strong> Santee, you may certa<strong>in</strong>ly take post for a few days on <strong>the</strong> passage <strong>of</strong> it that I mentioned; & if you cannot<br />
march on <strong>the</strong> West Bank <strong>of</strong> it you will pursue whatever Route you th<strong>in</strong>k most eligible & agreeable to <strong>the</strong><br />
considerations & best suited to <strong>the</strong> purposes which I have so fully expla<strong>in</strong>ed.” 1043<br />
30 July (also 26 <strong>and</strong> 29 July.) [surrender] Fort Anderson, also Thicketty Fort. (Spartanburg County, S.C.) Whig<br />
militia under Colonel Charles McDowell, Col. Edward Hampton, Col. Isaac Shelby, Col. Elijah Clark, Major Charles<br />
Robertson <strong>of</strong> Sevier’s regiment (with some <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s men <strong>in</strong> addition) moved from Cherokee Ford with about<br />
600 men to attack Fort Anderson, also known as Thicketty (also Thickette) Fort, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Loyalist Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
Patrick Moore. The fort was situated about ten miles sou<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> Cowpens. The loyalist garrison <strong>of</strong> 93 militia<br />
plus one British sergeant-major surrendered, without fir<strong>in</strong>g a shot, on <strong>the</strong> condition <strong>the</strong>y be granted parole;<br />
which terms were readily acceded to by <strong>the</strong> backcountry leaders. Among <strong>the</strong> items taken <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> capitulation<br />
were 150 or 250 st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> arms (sources differ.) McDowell <strong>and</strong> his men <strong>the</strong>n retired to <strong>the</strong>ir camp at Cherokee<br />
Ford. 1044<br />
Chesney: “Shortly afterwards he marched to Thicketty Creek, encamped <strong>and</strong> requested me to carry an express<br />
to Capta<strong>in</strong> Patrick Moore, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant at Anderson’s fort, with a particular private message to him to hold<br />
<strong>the</strong> fort till <strong>the</strong> last m<strong>in</strong>ute. Before I could return, <strong>the</strong> army had decamped about midnight <strong>and</strong> retreated<br />
towards Capta<strong>in</strong> Lewis Bobo’s on Tyger River, where I jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> we got an account that Col. McDole<br />
[Charles McDowell] had, without opposition, reduced Anderson’s fort <strong>and</strong> made <strong>the</strong>m prisoners, Moore hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
shamefully surrendered it thus disappo<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g Ferguson’s scheme <strong>of</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Americans to battle whilst<br />
attack<strong>in</strong>g it.” 1045<br />
Isaac Shelby: “Very shortly after this acquisition <strong>of</strong> force, General McDowell detached Col. Shelby & Lieut. Col.<br />
Elijah Clarke with six hundred men to attack <strong>and</strong> carry a British post on Thicketty garrisoned pr<strong>in</strong>cipally by<br />
Tories & <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Capt. Patrick Moore 1046 -- The American detachment consisted <strong>of</strong> six hundred men who<br />
appeared before <strong>the</strong> British garrison & <strong>in</strong>stantly surrounded it on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 22 nd July, 1780, 1047 just at<br />
day light. Capt. William Cocke, 1048 was sent <strong>in</strong> with a flag by Col. Shelby to dem<strong>and</strong> a surrender <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Garrison.<br />
Capt. Moore at first refused to surrender, but on be<strong>in</strong>g warned by Capt. Cocke <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> consequences <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
garrison be<strong>in</strong>g stormed by <strong>the</strong> Americans he surrendered although his post was made doubly strong by abbetees<br />
[abbatis] well constructed around it. Our men took one hundred prisoners <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy & two hundred st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
arms that were all charged with bullets & buck shot. This surrender was a fortunate event as <strong>the</strong> place was<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g an attack from double our force <strong>of</strong> small arms.” 1049<br />
Saye (draw<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> rem<strong>in</strong>iscences <strong>of</strong> Major Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong>): “The next expedition aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> enemy was set<br />
on foot at <strong>the</strong> camp <strong>of</strong> Gen. [Charles] McDowell at Cherokee Ford. It was directed aga<strong>in</strong>st a fort north <strong>of</strong> Pacolet<br />
River, on <strong>the</strong> waters <strong>of</strong> Goucher Creek. This was a strong position, well fortified <strong>and</strong> abundantly supplied with<br />
<strong>the</strong> munitions <strong>of</strong> war. It had been for some time a place or resort for <strong>the</strong> predatory b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Tories who had<br />
been robb<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Whig families <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> adjacent parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. It was under <strong>the</strong> immediate <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
that dist<strong>in</strong>guished Tory chiefta<strong>in</strong>, Col. Patrick Moore.<br />
“This fort was <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> McDowell’s position <strong>and</strong> lay between him <strong>and</strong> Ferguson’s camp <strong>and</strong> was perhaps<br />
regarded as an outpost <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle. To take this place Cols. Shelby, Clarke <strong>and</strong> Sevier were detached with a<br />
squadron <strong>of</strong> 600 men.<br />
“With characteristic <strong>in</strong>trepidity <strong>the</strong>se <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers appeared suddenly before this fortress, threw <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>in</strong>es<br />
around it <strong>and</strong> dem<strong>and</strong>ed its surrender. The second summons was obeyed. Moore surrendered 100 men, with 250<br />
st<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> arms loaded with ball <strong>and</strong> buckshot <strong>and</strong> so arranged at <strong>the</strong> portholes as to have repulsed double <strong>the</strong><br />
number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American detachment.” 1050<br />
30 July (also given as 1 August). [battle] ROCKY MOUNT, <strong>and</strong> contemporaneous attack on Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock<br />
(Lancaster County, S.C.) On <strong>the</strong> last (or second to last) <strong>of</strong> July, Col. Thomas Sumter with 200 to 300 South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a refugees, <strong>and</strong> Col. Robert Irw<strong>in</strong> (also Irv<strong>in</strong>) with 300 Mecklenburg militia, rendezvoused at Davie’s camp<br />
on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> Waxhaw’s Creek. It was decided that Sumter, Neale, Irw<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> Bratton, with <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
force <strong>of</strong> about 500-600 men, 1051 would assault Rocky Mount on <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree. Davie, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>terim, with about 40 militia cavalry <strong>and</strong> mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry, was to make a diversionary raid on Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock<br />
about fifteen miles eastward.<br />
Tarleton speaks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fortifications at Rocky Mount as consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> two log houses <strong>and</strong> a loop hole build<strong>in</strong>g<br />
surround by a “strong” abbatis; on an elevation which was clear all around. Bass, by contrast, describes <strong>the</strong><br />
1043 PRO. 30/11/78/61-64, SCP1 p. 320.<br />
1044 DKM p. 88, MSC1 pp. 634-635, LCR pp. 129-134.<br />
1045 CDI.<br />
1046 William T. Graves: “Moore was a native <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>of</strong> Irish decent. Settl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, he became a Tory <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong><br />
died <strong>in</strong> 1781.”<br />
1047 William T. Graves: “Shelby’s date for this engagement is <strong>in</strong>correct. The attack on Fort Anderson on Thicketty Creek near<br />
Spartanburg, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a occurred on July 30, 1780. Col. Charles McDowell, Col. Andrew Hampton, <strong>and</strong> Major Charles<br />
Robertson (Col. Sevier’s second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>), along with Shelby, were <strong>the</strong> patriot <strong>of</strong>ficers present at this engagement.” This<br />
said, <strong>the</strong> Hampton <strong>in</strong> question would more likely have been Edward ra<strong>the</strong>r than Andrew as Graves states; though I have yet to<br />
confirm this.<br />
1048 William T. Graves: “William Cocke (1748-1828), one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> Sevier’s regiment.”<br />
1049 SRW.<br />
1050 SJM.<br />
1051 McCrady gives Sumter’s force as 380, apparently <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia. Tarleton says Sumter had 900. Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> his<br />
letter to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>of</strong> Aug. 6 th speaks <strong>of</strong> 1,200. TCS pp. 93-93, CNC15 pp. 258-262, MSC2 p. 746.<br />
207
uild<strong>in</strong>gs as a great house with a shed. Defend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> post was Lieut. Col. George Turnbull with a force <strong>of</strong> 300;<br />
about half <strong>of</strong> which were some New York Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r some loyalist militia. Sumter tried to<br />
surprise him but his approach detected by some loyalists <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> alarm given. The subsequent attack began <strong>the</strong>n<br />
about 6 a.m., <strong>and</strong> lasted some eight hours. Sumter’s men made a few tries at assail<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> post while keep<strong>in</strong>g up<br />
a heavy fire. But without cannon to dislodge <strong>the</strong> defenders, little could be effected. 1052 The whigs at one po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
sought to set <strong>the</strong> great house aflame, but a sudden ra<strong>in</strong> storm came up <strong>and</strong> put out <strong>the</strong> fire. Hav<strong>in</strong>g run out <strong>of</strong><br />
lead by this time as well, Sumter retreated some six miles northward, but was not able to cross Rocky Ford as<br />
<strong>in</strong>tended because <strong>the</strong> storm had caused flood<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re. In <strong>the</strong> meantime, 300 prov<strong>in</strong>cial troops marched <strong>in</strong> from<br />
Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock to re<strong>in</strong>force Turnbull who <strong>the</strong>n briefly attempted to pursue Sumter. The latter, however, marched<br />
on unh<strong>in</strong>dered to L<strong>and</strong>’s Ford on <strong>the</strong> Catawba. Ripley, none<strong>the</strong>less, states: “Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> withdrawal, <strong>the</strong> Patriots<br />
met two parties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy march<strong>in</strong>g to re<strong>in</strong>force <strong>the</strong> post. In <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g skirmish, Sumter lost 20 men but is<br />
said to have killed 60 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>and</strong> captured a few o<strong>the</strong>rs.” Among <strong>the</strong> American losses was Col. Andrew<br />
Neale, considered a leader <strong>of</strong> great promise, <strong>and</strong> who was killed dur<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> assaults on <strong>the</strong> fortified<br />
dwell<strong>in</strong>gs. Historian Henry Carr<strong>in</strong>gton states Sumter’s losses as thirteen men killed or wounded. Tarleton gives<br />
British losses <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong>ficer killed, one wounded, <strong>and</strong> about 10 killed or wounded. Though Sumter had failed, <strong>the</strong><br />
action served as useful tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g for many <strong>of</strong> his men.<br />
The same day, Davie, with Capt. Flenchau (Davie refers to him as Flenniken), 40 dragoons <strong>and</strong> 40 riflemen, on<br />
approach<strong>in</strong>g Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock learned <strong>of</strong> three <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> mounted loyalist riflemen 1053 return<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> camp<br />
<strong>the</strong>re. An ambush was laid, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalist militia were attacked from front <strong>and</strong> flank. Because Davie’s<br />
dragoons could not take prisoners, many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> surrounded loyalists were, as Davie himself c<strong>and</strong>idly admits,<br />
“literally cut to pieces.” 60 horses were taken, with accoutrements, as well as 100 muskets <strong>and</strong> rifles. The<br />
Prov<strong>in</strong>cials at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock itself came too late to rescue <strong>the</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong> Davie was able to retire without<br />
loss. 1054<br />
Tarleton: “Hav<strong>in</strong>g ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> necessary <strong>in</strong>formation, he [Sumter] directed his efforts aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> corps at Rocky<br />
mount. Near <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> July he passed Broad river, at Blair’s ford, with about n<strong>in</strong>e hundred men, <strong>and</strong> advanced<br />
upon Turnbull, whose force was <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty prov<strong>in</strong>cials, <strong>and</strong> as many militia. The<br />
defences <strong>of</strong> Rocky mount consisted <strong>of</strong> two log houses, a loop-holed build<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> an abbatis; placed upon an<br />
em<strong>in</strong>ence, which <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbour<strong>in</strong>g [sic] country. Colonel Sumpter hav<strong>in</strong>g no cannon to<br />
destroy <strong>the</strong> abbatis or <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>gs, selected some <strong>of</strong> his bravest followers, to remove <strong>the</strong> former, <strong>and</strong> to<br />
endeavour [sic] to set fire to <strong>the</strong> latter, whilst his people, under cover <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> trees <strong>and</strong> rocks, on <strong>the</strong> declivity <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>, ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed a heavy fire upon <strong>the</strong> garrison. After three attacks, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> last <strong>of</strong> which some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
forlorn hope penetrated with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> abbatis, <strong>the</strong> American <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er retreated with loss <strong>and</strong> precipitation. In<br />
<strong>the</strong> gallant defence <strong>of</strong> this post, Lieutenant-colonel Turnbull had one <strong>of</strong>ficer killed, one wounded, <strong>and</strong> about ten<br />
men killed <strong>and</strong> wounded.” 1055<br />
Rawdon, on 31 July at Camden, to Cornwallis: “…Before I set out, a Countryman mentioned that <strong>the</strong>re had been<br />
fir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g near Rocky Mount. I exam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Man, <strong>and</strong> from his account it appeared to me that <strong>the</strong>re<br />
was no room to suppose that it had been more than that some Patrols <strong>of</strong> Turnbull’s had fallen <strong>in</strong> with a<br />
plunder<strong>in</strong>g party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy; several <strong>of</strong> which Turnbull had mentioned to have <strong>com</strong>e very near his post. I<br />
thought it sufficient to order an <strong>of</strong>ficer with a party <strong>of</strong> Dragoons to patrol to <strong>the</strong> River: had I set out for Camden.<br />
When I got with<strong>in</strong> four miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, I met an Express who <strong>in</strong>formed me that two Dragoons were arrived<br />
who had escaped from Rocky Mount; which Post had been surrounded <strong>and</strong> assaulted at Day Break by a great body<br />
<strong>of</strong> Rebels. I took every step which this tardy <strong>in</strong>telligence admitted; but my precautions were happily<br />
superfluous. I have just received a detail <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> affairs from Turnbull; <strong>and</strong>, through <strong>the</strong> modesty <strong>of</strong> his recital, I<br />
can observe that <strong>the</strong> circumstances were much to <strong>the</strong> Honour <strong>of</strong> his vigilance <strong>and</strong> firmness. As his account was<br />
very hastily written, I th<strong>in</strong>k it best only to send an abstract <strong>of</strong> it. His Dragoons hav<strong>in</strong>g been saddled all night,<br />
were soon after Day-break ordered out to grass; but <strong>the</strong>y had scarcely passed an abbatis which surrounded <strong>the</strong><br />
Post, when <strong>the</strong>y fell <strong>in</strong> with three large Columns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebels by whom <strong>the</strong>y were fired upon <strong>and</strong> dispersed.<br />
The New York Volunteers, who were as usual at <strong>the</strong> hour st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>ir arms, were immediately thrown <strong>in</strong>to<br />
some Log Houses constructed for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> defence; <strong>and</strong> some Militia ab<strong>and</strong>on<strong>in</strong>g a Redoubt which <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were appo<strong>in</strong>ted to garrison, likewise ran <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Houses. The Rebels advanced to <strong>the</strong> Assault; but were speedily<br />
driven back to a more respectful distance: They kept possession however <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Redoubt, from which, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
cover <strong>of</strong> Rocks, Trees, etc, <strong>the</strong>y cont<strong>in</strong>ued to fire for a long time. At length, Sumpter, (for it was his Corps <strong>of</strong><br />
Militia that made <strong>the</strong> attack) summoned Turnbull to surrender; giv<strong>in</strong>g him Ten m<strong>in</strong>utes only to consider <strong>of</strong> it:<br />
The proposal was rejected; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> attack was repeated with as little success as at first. Sumpter cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />
before <strong>the</strong> Post till three <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon: I suppose to cover <strong>the</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f his killed <strong>and</strong> wounded; for, ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> truce, or by means <strong>of</strong> a volley which from <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Redoubt was not flanked, <strong>the</strong>y carried <strong>of</strong>f all<br />
who fell, except<strong>in</strong>g three dead <strong>and</strong> one wounded who lay too near <strong>the</strong> Post. Turnbull <strong>the</strong>refore cannot ascerta<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Enemy’s loss; but imag<strong>in</strong>es it to have been pretty severe; A Colonel Neal is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dead; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
wounded man says that a Colonel Bratten [William Bratton] was likewise killed [this report was mistaken.] At<br />
five, Turnbull sent out two Dragoons to reconnoitre; who brought back <strong>in</strong>telligence that <strong>the</strong>y saw a large body <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Enemy on an Isl<strong>and</strong> at half a mile’s distance; I suspect this to have been a part <strong>of</strong> our Militia; for I th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong><br />
1052 Col. William Hill’s version, where men with <strong>in</strong>cendiaries crept up while under fire, is probably <strong>the</strong> correct one, as opposed to<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g’s; that mentions a hay cart be<strong>in</strong>g set alight <strong>and</strong> which was <strong>the</strong>n sent roll<strong>in</strong>g up aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> structure.<br />
1053 Probably number<strong>in</strong>g 120 Ripley estimates.<br />
1054 RSC2 pp. 136-137, SCP1 pp. 176, 180, 182, 184, 188, 223, SAW2 pp. 224-225, TCS pp. 93-94, MMS2 p. 219, LMS pp. 176-177,<br />
DRS p. 11-12, CSS pp. 1122-1123, HMS p. 12-13, LFB2 pp. 453-454, CBA p. 507, SNC pp. 66-67, MSC1 pp. 623-625, MSC2 p. 746,<br />
FWI pp. 172-173, WAR2 p. 709, BGC pp. 63-67, RBG p. 64.<br />
1055 TCS p. 94.<br />
208
Corps at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock must have been alarmed long before that time, <strong>and</strong> have attempted, accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
<strong>in</strong>structions, to susta<strong>in</strong> Colonel Turnbull. I do not despair yet, <strong>of</strong> hear<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> Enemy have suffered <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
retreat. I enclose to your Lordship a copy (not <strong>in</strong> file) <strong>of</strong> Turnbull’s loss <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action. Many <strong>of</strong> those returned<br />
Miss<strong>in</strong>g, have <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong> here. Had a s<strong>in</strong>gle Man <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m fled to Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock (which be<strong>in</strong>g only a third part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
distance was much more natural for <strong>the</strong>m) I might <strong>in</strong> little more than an hour after receiv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence<br />
have crossed <strong>the</strong> Catawba above <strong>the</strong> Rebels with Sixty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion Cavalry <strong>and</strong> [Samuel] Bryan’s Refugees who<br />
are all well mounted. Advanc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> that manner upon an Enemy dispirited by repulse <strong>and</strong> ignorant <strong>of</strong> my<br />
numbers, I should have gone to sure Victory; which circumstances would have made both creditable <strong>and</strong> useful,<br />
although <strong>the</strong>re might have been but little real merit <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> success. I shall not however rep<strong>in</strong>e at want <strong>of</strong><br />
fortune, so long as I am conscious that I have acted from cool deliberation, <strong>and</strong> that I have not omitted any <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> arrangements which my situation required. I should have held myself highly blameable [sic] had I gone to<br />
Rocky Mount upon vague <strong>in</strong>telligence; <strong>the</strong>reby absent<strong>in</strong>g myself ano<strong>the</strong>r day from Camden, whilst <strong>the</strong> Enemy<br />
might have broken <strong>in</strong> upon my Right.<br />
“I will make no o<strong>the</strong>r excuse for exceed<strong>in</strong>g my two sheets <strong>of</strong> Paper, than that I th<strong>in</strong>k it better to risqué tir<strong>in</strong>g<br />
your Lordship a little, than to leave anyth<strong>in</strong>g unsaid which can tend to give your m<strong>in</strong>d satisfaction respect<strong>in</strong>g this<br />
part <strong>of</strong> your Comm<strong>and</strong>. Colonel Rugeley will have <strong>in</strong>formed your Lordship that a party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy had pillaged<br />
our Waggons [sic] between this <strong>and</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock: That party was <strong>in</strong>tercepted by a Capta<strong>in</strong> Cole <strong>of</strong> our Militia,<br />
who, with half <strong>the</strong>ir numbers routed <strong>the</strong>m, kill<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> wound<strong>in</strong>g several. The same night a party <strong>of</strong> Colonel<br />
Bryan’s routed two different Scout<strong>in</strong>g parties, close to <strong>the</strong> Rebel Camp; kill<strong>in</strong>g some, <strong>and</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f a few<br />
prisoners. These little successes have put <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> spirits. K<strong>in</strong>loch [David K<strong>in</strong>lock] <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock for<br />
<strong>the</strong> present; but I propose br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g Turnbull with his Regiment thi<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> send<strong>in</strong>g Carden (who is recover<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales’s to Rocky Mount. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford is at Waxhaw. Loose parties <strong>of</strong> Militia, under <strong>the</strong> direction<br />
<strong>of</strong> a Colonel [Thomas] Wade, on Rocky River at Pedee.” 1056<br />
Richard W<strong>in</strong>n: “[Maj. John] Owens, who was a major <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal Militia, reported that Col. Turnbull<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed at Rocky Mount <strong>and</strong> had about 300 men <strong>and</strong> was posted <strong>in</strong> a strong blockhouse, two stories high,<br />
properly prepared for defence, with abattis. This <strong>in</strong>formation I got about <strong>the</strong> 20 th July. Gen’l Sumter was still <strong>in</strong><br />
No. Carol<strong>in</strong>a. On my <strong>com</strong>municat<strong>in</strong>g this <strong>in</strong>formation to him, he returned to <strong>the</strong> State <strong>and</strong> marched with his<br />
force to L<strong>and</strong>sford [L<strong>and</strong>’s Ford] on <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> Catawba River, 18 miles above <strong>the</strong> Mount. Here a council<br />
was held by <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ally it was determ<strong>in</strong>ed to make an attack on Rocky Mount on Sunday, 31 st July.<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>gly, we left our encampment <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g before <strong>and</strong> marched all night <strong>and</strong> at day was ready for action;<br />
<strong>and</strong> should have <strong>com</strong>pletely surprised <strong>the</strong> place had it not been for a Tory colonel by <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> Black, with<br />
about 100 Tory militia, from Broad River to re<strong>in</strong>force <strong>the</strong> Mount. They, gett<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> place late, encamped out<br />
with <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> go<strong>in</strong>g on early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g. These people we had no knowledge <strong>of</strong> until we were among<br />
<strong>the</strong>m. W<strong>in</strong>n, be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> advance, gave <strong>the</strong>m a fire <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y run <strong>and</strong> left many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir horses <strong>and</strong> cloath<strong>in</strong>g [sic].<br />
This gave <strong>the</strong> alarm to <strong>the</strong> Mount. However, <strong>in</strong> a few m<strong>in</strong>uits [sic] <strong>the</strong> place was attacked. Colonels W<strong>in</strong>n <strong>and</strong><br />
Neil [Andrew Neale], marched up <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> abbattis [sic] <strong>and</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>ed a heavy fire for some time from <strong>the</strong><br />
blockhouse, which was returned. Here Col. Neil [Andrew Neal] was killed, Col. [Richard] W<strong>in</strong>n, be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a clear<br />
old field <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g his men much exposed, ordered a retirement for a small distance. In <strong>the</strong> meantime, Cols.<br />
[William] Bratton, [Edward] Lacey <strong>and</strong> [William] Hill attached <strong>the</strong> enemy to <strong>the</strong> right, but Gen’l Sumter, f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />
that noth<strong>in</strong>g could be done, thought it best to refresh his men for a short time <strong>and</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> attack from<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r quarter by march<strong>in</strong>g round <strong>the</strong> place. And under <strong>the</strong> cover <strong>of</strong> large rocks he got with his whole <strong>in</strong> about<br />
50 yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> blockhouse.<br />
“From this po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>the</strong> enemy was prevented from fire<strong>in</strong>g [sic] on us as <strong>the</strong>y dare not <strong>com</strong>e to <strong>the</strong>ir port holes. It<br />
was here Gen’l Sumter directed Col. W<strong>in</strong>n to dem<strong>and</strong> a surrender <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> place:<br />
“Summons.-31 st July, 1780<br />
“Sir: I am directed by Gen’l Sumter to dem<strong>and</strong> a surrender <strong>of</strong> Rocky Mount. <strong>the</strong>refore, you will surrender this<br />
place with <strong>the</strong> men, &c., under your <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, which will be considered as prisoners <strong>of</strong> war.<br />
R. W<strong>in</strong>n.<br />
“To this, Col. Turnbull required that hostilities should cease for one hour for consideration. Granted. Meantime,<br />
returned <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g answer:<br />
“Sir: I have considered your summons <strong>and</strong> return for answer, that duty <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>in</strong>duce me to defend this<br />
place to <strong>the</strong> last extremity.<br />
-- Turnbull, Colo. Comm<strong>and</strong>’t<br />
“In consequence <strong>of</strong> this, Sumter <strong>com</strong>menced a heavy fire on <strong>the</strong> house, hav<strong>in</strong>g noth<strong>in</strong>g but small arms, which<br />
could make little or no impression on <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, this place would shortly fall <strong>in</strong>to our h<strong>and</strong>s,<br />
as <strong>the</strong> house could have been easily set on fire had it not been for <strong>the</strong> powerful ra<strong>in</strong>s that fell one after ano<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
As we had failed <strong>in</strong> all our efforts to reduce <strong>the</strong> place, Gen’l Sumter <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g retreated about 8 miles on<br />
<strong>the</strong> road lead<strong>in</strong>g to L<strong>and</strong>sford. The ra<strong>in</strong>s cont<strong>in</strong>ued to fall <strong>in</strong> great abundance...<br />
“The day after <strong>the</strong> battle at Rocky Mount Col. Harthorn [Hawthorn] was sent with a flag to bury Col. Neil<br />
[Andrew Neale]. He says that from <strong>the</strong> best <strong>in</strong>formation he could ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s loss, killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, was<br />
twelve or fourteen men. We had one man wounded: Col. Neil was killed.” 1057<br />
1056 Rawdon to Cornwallis, 31 July 1780, PRO. 30/11/2, SCP1 p. 222.<br />
1057 WNO, part I, pp. 207-210.<br />
209
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> Thomas Reagan <strong>of</strong> Newberry County: “The next morn<strong>in</strong>g this applicant with Sumpter[’]s<br />
forces about sunrise moved down <strong>the</strong> River towards <strong>the</strong> British Camp & arrived <strong>the</strong>re about 24 hours after <strong>the</strong>y<br />
started. They lay about one mile & a half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>the</strong> succeed<strong>in</strong>g night <strong>and</strong> came with<strong>in</strong> gunshot distance<br />
(nei<strong>the</strong>r side hav<strong>in</strong>g cannon) about 8 o’clock Sumpters forces immediately attacked <strong>the</strong> British who lay <strong>in</strong> a large<br />
log house at a place called ‘Rocky Mount‘ on <strong>the</strong> Catabaw [sic] -- The <strong>in</strong>gagement [sic] lasted till near 11 o’clock<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fore noon when <strong>the</strong> troops under Sumpter drew <strong>of</strong>f, leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> log house.<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g this <strong>in</strong>gagment [sic] Sumpter[’]s party were protected by <strong>the</strong> woods <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> huge rocks situated near <strong>the</strong><br />
log house consequently but few were killed <strong>of</strong> his men -- This applicant th<strong>in</strong>ks <strong>the</strong>re were killed <strong>and</strong> miss<strong>in</strong>g<br />
about 14 or 15 men <strong>and</strong> among <strong>the</strong> killed were Col. Lee -- Capt. Jones <strong>and</strong> Capt. Burns who was shot <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Eye<br />
& fell close by this applicant who took an active part <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>gagement. Our forces were marched back to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
old Camp<strong>in</strong>g ground <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>camped [sic] for <strong>the</strong> night -- The forgo<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers named as belong<strong>in</strong>g to Sumpters<br />
force except one Maj. Hea<strong>the</strong>r who carried a flag to <strong>the</strong> British <strong>the</strong> next day to get permission to bury <strong>the</strong> dead,<br />
are all now recollected. This applicant left Sumpters forces <strong>the</strong> third day after his jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m & with his six<br />
<strong>com</strong>panions returned to Newbury County <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>pany.”<br />
31 July. Cornwallis, at Charlestown, to Maj. James Wemyss (at Georgetown): “Lt Coll [sic] Tarleton is go<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
Camden with a detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion & sets out this Even<strong>in</strong>g. I have directed him to pass at Lenew’s<br />
[Lenud’s] Ferry, & proceed up <strong>the</strong> Santee. He is <strong>in</strong>formed fully <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> those parts & will take<br />
any Steps <strong>in</strong> his power to contribute to <strong>the</strong> Security <strong>of</strong> your movement & to <strong>in</strong>timidate <strong>the</strong> Enemy. You will take<br />
Care to represent this detachment <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most formidable Light.<br />
“I shall order <strong>the</strong> Rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd Regt: to march on <strong>the</strong> 5 th or 6 th from hence, & shall direct <strong>the</strong><br />
Comm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g Officer to rema<strong>in</strong> at Nelson’s Ferry, on this Side [south side] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> River, untill he hears from you.<br />
The violent & cont<strong>in</strong>ued Storm prevented my send<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Officer <strong>of</strong>f last night. I hope <strong>the</strong> Boat will be able to<br />
get over this day.” 1058 As per <strong>the</strong>se remarks, a detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d, under Capt. John McK<strong>in</strong>non, ended up<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g left by Wemyss to guard Nelson’s Ferry by 8 Aug., SCP1 p. 366. See also 5 August, Tarleton to Cornwallis.<br />
31 July. “Memor<strong>and</strong>um concern<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> number <strong>and</strong> location <strong>of</strong> British troops” dated July 31 st , author unknown:<br />
“Force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy<br />
31 July, 1780. Foot.<br />
At Charles Town. -- Gen. Patterson 500<br />
Georgetown 250<br />
Beaufort 12<br />
Augusta 500<br />
Seneca Fort 70<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six 250<br />
Fair Forest 30<br />
Rockey Mount 200<br />
Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock___70 Dragoons & 250<br />
Camden & its Vic<strong>in</strong>ity.—Lord Cornwallis 700<br />
<strong>the</strong> Cheraws.—Lord Rawdon 600<br />
Savanah, <strong>in</strong> Georgia 300<br />
In all 3,482<br />
“Force <strong>and</strong> Disposition <strong>of</strong> British Troops <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Middle <strong>of</strong> June Last –- At <strong>and</strong> Near Camden.<br />
23d Rgt. British. 300<br />
33d “ “ British. 300<br />
71st “ “ 2 Batns. [sic] British. 400<br />
2d Rawdon’s Irish Volrs. Raised <strong>in</strong> America 300<br />
New Jersey “ “ Raised <strong>in</strong> America 150<br />
No. Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists Raised <strong>in</strong> America 150<br />
So. [Carol<strong>in</strong>a] “ “ Raised <strong>in</strong> America 100<br />
Cavalry 200<br />
Br. Legion.<br />
Infantry 100<br />
[<strong>in</strong> all] 2000<br />
“So. West <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Congaree River.<br />
1 st Infantry under Major Graham. British 120<br />
Brown’s Corps. [K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers] American 200<br />
Ferguson’s “ “ American 180<br />
[<strong>in</strong> all] 500<br />
“Garrison <strong>of</strong> Chas. Town supposed to be 6 or 700.” 1059<br />
1058 PRO. 30/11/78/61-64, SCP1 p. 320.<br />
1059 CNC14 pp. 516-517. See also 17 July entry, Sumter to de Kalb (also at CNC14 pp. 505-507), <strong>and</strong> from which ostensibly some<br />
<strong>of</strong> this same <strong>in</strong>formation is taken.<br />
210
The follow<strong>in</strong>g is a separate <strong>in</strong>tellignce report from 11 August.<br />
“Exam<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> Elias Langham, Sergt. <strong>of</strong> Artill’y, from <strong>the</strong> British Camp at Camden <strong>the</strong> 11 th [August] Inst.”<br />
“The Strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy, as near as he cou’d learn at that time, was, <strong>in</strong> Expectives:<br />
“Regulars, 23 Regt., about 400<br />
Regulars, 33 Regt., about 300<br />
Regulars, 71 Regt. 300<br />
Ld. Roden’s [Rawdon’s] Corps [i.e., <strong>the</strong> Vols. <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>] 350<br />
British Legion 420<br />
[total] 1,770<br />
Harrison’s N. Levies [Royal N.C. Regt.] 250<br />
Brion’s [Samuel Bryan’s N.C. Vols.] & <strong>the</strong> Militia 345<br />
[total] 2,365<br />
“The Fortifications <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy are on this Side <strong>of</strong> Town [Camden] & not extensive, conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g six six-pounders;<br />
<strong>the</strong> flanks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> works are open, no morasses or o<strong>the</strong>r impediments obstruct<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> troops <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong><br />
Town. There are no boats at <strong>the</strong> ferry more than three <strong>com</strong>mon scows; <strong>the</strong> troops are sickly, numbers suppos’d<br />
about six hundred. There was no Qr. [Quarter] Masters, Comm’y [Commissary] or Military Stores remov’d from<br />
Camden previous to his leav<strong>in</strong>g that place. ’Twas reported that Lord Corn Wallace was near with a<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> Hessians, said to be at <strong>the</strong> Congree.” 1060<br />
Late July. In response to a call by Gates for all Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers to turn out, Col. Francis Marion <strong>and</strong> some 20<br />
to 28 followers arrived at his camp. In an <strong>of</strong>t quoted or paraphrased passage, Otho Williams writes: “Colonel<br />
Marion, a gentleman <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, had been with <strong>the</strong> army a few days, attended by a very few followers,<br />
dist<strong>in</strong>guished by small black lea<strong>the</strong>r caps <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> wretchedness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir attire; <strong>the</strong>ir number did not exceed<br />
twenty men <strong>and</strong> boys, some white, some black, <strong>and</strong> all mounted, but most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m miserably equipped; <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
appearance was <strong>in</strong> fact so burlesque that it was with much difficulty <strong>the</strong> diversion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regular soldiery was<br />
restra<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> general himself was glad <strong>of</strong> an opportunity <strong>of</strong> detach<strong>in</strong>g Colonel Marion, at his<br />
own <strong>in</strong>stance, towards <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terior <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, with orders to watch <strong>the</strong> motions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>and</strong> furnish<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence.” A few days prior to Camden, probably August 14 th , Marion <strong>the</strong>n left Gates <strong>and</strong> returned to <strong>the</strong><br />
Santee area for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> destroy<strong>in</strong>g boats <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rwise <strong>in</strong>terfer<strong>in</strong>g with both British l<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>munication <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir possible routes <strong>of</strong> retreat. 1061<br />
Late July. Sometime <strong>in</strong> July <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>to August, Maj. John James with some Williamsburg, S.C. militia, occupied<br />
Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon’s Ferry on Lynches River; while post<strong>in</strong>g Capt. William McCottry with a force <strong>of</strong> riflemen <strong>in</strong><br />
Indiantown. The two groups toge<strong>the</strong>r totaled some 500. By 17 August, Marion had be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se same. 1062<br />
McCrady: “About this time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> news <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> Gates; a public meet<strong>in</strong>g was held [<strong>in</strong> Williamsburg],<br />
<strong>and</strong> it was unanimously resolved to take up arms <strong>in</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir country. Major James was chosen leader,<br />
<strong>and</strong> four <strong>com</strong>panies were formed under <strong>the</strong>ir former capta<strong>in</strong>s: William McCottry, Henry Mouzon, John James (<strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Lake), <strong>and</strong> John McCauley [McCrady states “John McCauley“ but he apparently means James.] Mouzon’s<br />
<strong>com</strong>pany had been organized before. It consisted <strong>of</strong> seventy-five men previous to <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charlestown…<strong>the</strong>se<br />
four <strong>com</strong>panies mustered about four hundred men. Two more <strong>com</strong>panies, Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon’s <strong>and</strong> Thornly’s, were<br />
added under major Hugh Giles <strong>of</strong> Peedee…<br />
“The Whigs [<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee] were not idle, however, while await<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir new <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er<br />
[Marion.] They captured Gaskens <strong>and</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers appo<strong>in</strong>ted over <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> took post under Major<br />
James at <strong>the</strong> pass <strong>of</strong> Lynch’s Creek, at Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon’s Ferry, four miles above it junction with <strong>the</strong> Great Peedee<br />
between <strong>the</strong> present counties <strong>of</strong> Williamsburg <strong>and</strong> Marion. The Tories on Lynch’s Creek <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood <strong>of</strong><br />
McCallam’s ferry, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, had about this time been giv<strong>in</strong>g great trouble. Mat<strong>the</strong>w Bradley, Thomas<br />
Bradley, <strong>and</strong> John Roberts, respectable citizens, were killed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own homes. The murderers were headed by<br />
<strong>the</strong> two Harrisons [John <strong>and</strong> Samuel <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> S.C. Rangers] before mentioned. Capta<strong>in</strong> McCottry was now posted <strong>in</strong><br />
advance <strong>of</strong> Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon’s Ferry, at Indian Town, <strong>in</strong> what is now Williamsburg County. Colonel Tarleton, hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
learned <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Williamsburg meet<strong>in</strong>g, cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> country advanced at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> seventy mounted militia <strong>and</strong><br />
cavalry to surprise Major James. McCottry, receiv<strong>in</strong>g notice <strong>of</strong> this movement, sent back for re<strong>in</strong>forcement, but<br />
immediately marched his <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> about fifty mounted men to give him battle. Tarleton, who had reached<br />
K<strong>in</strong>gston about dark on <strong>the</strong> 6 th <strong>of</strong> august, learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> McCottry’s advance, through <strong>the</strong> wife <strong>of</strong> Hamilton, whose<br />
report <strong>in</strong>creased McCottry’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, however, to five hundred men, retired at midnight. McCottry with his<br />
little b<strong>and</strong> pursued <strong>the</strong> great British cavalry leader, but failed to overtake him. In this march Tarleton burned<br />
<strong>the</strong> settlement <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> [Henry] Mouzon…fourteen build<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> all <strong>and</strong> posted thirty miles from K<strong>in</strong>gstree to<br />
Salem.” 1063<br />
Late July (<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g months). By this approximate date, sickness had <strong>in</strong>capacitated much <strong>of</strong><br />
Cornwallis’ army. Sometime <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month, Balfour had <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>ed that <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six garrison was “turn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
1060 CNC14 pp. 552-553.<br />
1061 WNA, BSF pp. 36-37, 40.<br />
1062 JFM pp. 17-19, MSC1 pp. 649-650, BSF pp. 35-36, 38.<br />
1063 MSC1 pp. 649-650.<br />
211
sickly fast.” At Camden, 859 men, most from <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt., were <strong>in</strong>valids <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town at time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle; <strong>in</strong><br />
fact many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment had actually perished from disease while earlier posted at Cheraws. In early August,<br />
Maj. James Weymss, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 63 rd Regt., reported from Georgetown that “with<strong>in</strong> three days men had<br />
died <strong>of</strong> putrid fevers [Typhus.] 4 sgts <strong>and</strong> 28 men are now ill.” How devastat<strong>in</strong>g an impact illness had on <strong>the</strong><br />
British war effort <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South is exam<strong>in</strong>ed at length <strong>in</strong> “The Medical Dimension <strong>in</strong> Cornwallis’s Army, 1780–1781”<br />
by Paul E. Kopperman, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical Review, Oct. 2012. 1064<br />
Late July(?) [ambush] Crawford’s Servant (Anson County, N.C.)<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Gregg: “Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> struggle on <strong>the</strong> Pedee Gen. [Henry William] Harr<strong>in</strong>gton sent a detachment <strong>of</strong><br />
Whigs to Anson County <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> a negro. He was <strong>the</strong> property <strong>of</strong> Michael Crawford, <strong>of</strong> Anson, had been <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
service <strong>of</strong> Col. [John] Donaldson, <strong>and</strong> was exchanged for one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> general’s servants. Shortly before <strong>the</strong>y<br />
reached <strong>the</strong> river <strong>the</strong> Whigs were surprised by a party <strong>of</strong> Tories, who lay <strong>in</strong> ambush ; <strong>and</strong> upon <strong>the</strong> first fire were<br />
dispersed. The negro was taken <strong>of</strong>f by <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>and</strong> lost. The Whigs soon rallied, <strong>and</strong> returned boldly to <strong>the</strong><br />
conflict.<br />
“The Tories, satisfied with <strong>the</strong>ir booty, retreated after a brief skirmish. They were pursued, <strong>and</strong> a riderless<br />
horse, with a bloody saddle, was captured. Of <strong>the</strong> Whigs, one named Curtis was killed, <strong>and</strong> Daniel Hicks<br />
wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> thigh, from which, however, he afterwards recovered. After <strong>the</strong> war Crawford brought a suit<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st Gen. Harr<strong>in</strong>gton for <strong>the</strong> negro, but recovered noth<strong>in</strong>g.” Gregg is not quite clear as to <strong>the</strong> date <strong>of</strong> this<br />
occurrence <strong>and</strong> it may have taken place weeks or even months later than July 1780. 1065<br />
1064 WCO p. 245, Cornwallis to Balfour, 13 Sept. 1780, PRO. 30/11/80, ff. 20-21, <strong>and</strong> PRO. 30/11/63, ff. 17-18, SCP3 pp. 456-457,<br />
MLW4A p. 175, GHC p. 319, MSC1 pp. 706-707.<br />
1065 GHC p. 321.<br />
212
AUGUST 1780<br />
August. Throughout much <strong>of</strong> 1780, <strong>and</strong> to some extent <strong>in</strong>to 1781, <strong>the</strong>re was pronounced loyalist sympathy <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
northwestern counties <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> southwestern Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. With<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter state, this <strong>in</strong>cluded<br />
Botetourt, Bedford, Henry, Montgomery, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, Pittsylvania counties, <strong>and</strong> possibly Culpepper as well, as<br />
locales conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g majorities or else large m<strong>in</strong>orities <strong>of</strong> royal adherents -- bear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d that <strong>the</strong> population<br />
sizes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se <strong>in</strong>dividual areas was relatively small. After Ramseur’s Mill <strong>and</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> most <strong>of</strong> this pro-<br />
British support was largely suppressed, yet it was an ongo<strong>in</strong>g task keep<strong>in</strong>g it down. The term Lynch law <strong>com</strong>es<br />
from Col. Charles Lynch <strong>of</strong> Bedford County, Va.; whom was not overly concerned with due process when it came<br />
to punish<strong>in</strong>g “presumed” loyalists <strong>of</strong>fenders <strong>of</strong> murder, house burn<strong>in</strong>g, loot<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> horse steal<strong>in</strong>g. In his pension<br />
statement, Richard Medlock <strong>of</strong> Burke County, N.C. stated: “Hav<strong>in</strong>g dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> different periods served eighteen<br />
months <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most gloomy <strong>and</strong> difficult period <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>, declarant states that <strong>in</strong> that part <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> State where he lived [i.e., <strong>the</strong> upper end <strong>of</strong> Burke County, N.C.], <strong>the</strong> militia (at least those who were true<br />
Whigs) were almost cont<strong>in</strong>uously on duty <strong>in</strong> order to protect <strong>the</strong> settlements from <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>cursions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
<strong>and</strong> [<strong>com</strong>pared to <strong>the</strong> Indians] none were more troublesome than <strong>the</strong> Tories who were numerous <strong>in</strong> that section<br />
<strong>of</strong> country.” In Montgomery County alone more than half or more <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> population were loyalists. Col. William<br />
Preston, who was from Montgomery County, VA. <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> aid <strong>of</strong> Holston <strong>and</strong> Watauga-Nolachucky<br />
settlements <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia leaders (civil <strong>and</strong> military), led <strong>the</strong> local confrontation aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>m. In mid July, he<br />
sent <strong>in</strong>structions to Capt. Isaac Taylor to disarm <strong>the</strong> Tories on New River <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> modern day Aust<strong>in</strong>ville<br />
<strong>in</strong> Wy<strong>the</strong> County, VA. Trouble cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>in</strong>to August, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a letter <strong>of</strong> August 8 th , Col. Walter Crockett 1066 wrote<br />
to Preston say<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> response to a murder <strong>and</strong> some horse steal<strong>in</strong>g, he was march<strong>in</strong>g with 250 men aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong><br />
New River tories. He fur<strong>the</strong>r advised Preston to send a party aga<strong>in</strong>st Flower gap. Later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month, <strong>the</strong>re was<br />
fear that <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Holston River area, now aided by those from <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> River Valley <strong>in</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, would seize <strong>the</strong> Chiswell lead m<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong> F<strong>in</strong>castle County; which were essential to <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
army’s munitions supply. There be<strong>in</strong>g many loyalists <strong>in</strong> his own county, or at least a reluctance <strong>in</strong> Montgomery to<br />
assist <strong>the</strong> whigs, Preston sent Col. William Campbell to put down <strong>the</strong> threat; which Campbell managed<br />
successfully to do. 1067<br />
Draper: “200 Tories <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New river region, with<strong>in</strong> what is now Grayson County, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> Ashe County,<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, had risen <strong>in</strong> arms, with some British <strong>of</strong>ficers aid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m with a view <strong>of</strong> seiz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Lead M<strong>in</strong>es<br />
near present Wy<strong>the</strong>ville; when Colonel [William] Campbell, by order <strong>of</strong> Colonel Preston, took <strong>the</strong> field on August<br />
at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> forty or fifty men, <strong>and</strong> scoured that wild <strong>and</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>ous country; <strong>and</strong> at a<br />
place known, as <strong>the</strong> Big Glades, or Round Meadows, approach<strong>in</strong>g a large body <strong>of</strong> Tories, <strong>the</strong> latter under cover <strong>of</strong><br />
a thick fog, fled, dispers<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> every direction, <strong>and</strong> hid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s, los<strong>in</strong>g only one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
number <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir flight...Colonel Campbell <strong>the</strong>n marched to <strong>the</strong> old Moravian town <strong>of</strong> Bethabara, <strong>in</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, where he made head-quarters for some time, send<strong>in</strong>g out detachments <strong>in</strong> quest <strong>of</strong> Tory b<strong>and</strong>s -- one<br />
penetrat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to Guilford County, surprised <strong>and</strong> dispersed two <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> Tories at night, <strong>and</strong> captured<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> Nathan Read, on e <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir leaders <strong>and</strong> seventeen o<strong>the</strong>rs...Ano<strong>the</strong>r party <strong>of</strong> Tories was dispersed above<br />
<strong>the</strong> Shallow Ford <strong>of</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>. Return<strong>in</strong>g from this expedition, Colonel Campbell led four hundred brave riflemen<br />
from Wash<strong>in</strong>gton County to meet Ferguson’s Rangers <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> united Tories <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as...” 1068 See also 1<br />
September.<br />
Preston wrote to Col. William Campbell on 24 August 1780: “I have ordered <strong>the</strong> Montgomery troops to assemble<br />
at <strong>the</strong> lead m<strong>in</strong>es as soon as possible. As you are to take <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole, you will please to give<br />
orders to <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers accord<strong>in</strong>gly, who, with <strong>the</strong> soldiers, are hereby strictly <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed to obey such orders as<br />
<strong>the</strong>y may receive from you on this tour <strong>of</strong> duty. You may cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>the</strong>m on this service as long as you judge it<br />
absolutely necessary for <strong>the</strong> safety <strong>of</strong> this <strong>and</strong> our sister State <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. I wish you every success <strong>in</strong><br />
suppress<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternal enemies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state.” 1069<br />
August. Sometime by end <strong>of</strong> this month, Col Abel Kolb <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a group <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, about 100<br />
“good men,” <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Long Bluff area on <strong>the</strong> Upper Peedee River, primarily for defense aga<strong>in</strong>st local “Tories.”<br />
They subsequently served under <strong>the</strong> formal directives <strong>of</strong> Brig. Gen. Henry William Harr<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> later, Francis<br />
Marion. 1070<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Gregg: “George M’Call [McCall] <strong>and</strong> four youthful <strong>com</strong>panions, upon hear<strong>in</strong>g that Gates had crossed<br />
<strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>, started up <strong>the</strong> river to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army <strong>and</strong> take part <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> expected conflict at Camden. They had<br />
proceeded but a short distance, when <strong>in</strong>telligence reached <strong>the</strong>m that Col. [Hugh] Giles was rais<strong>in</strong>g a volunteer<br />
force below to swell <strong>the</strong> columns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er. Hasten<strong>in</strong>g back, <strong>the</strong>y found <strong>the</strong> colonel with his<br />
1066 Lieut. Col. Walter Crockett (c.1730s-1811) from <strong>the</strong> Montgomery County militia. He was also a representative for<br />
Montgomery County <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia House <strong>of</strong> Delegates (1777–1779 <strong>and</strong> 1789), <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> 1788 was at <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia’s convention to<br />
ratify <strong>the</strong> U.S. Constitution; be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> clerk <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> court <strong>of</strong> Wy<strong>the</strong> County <strong>in</strong> 1790. John Crockett, <strong>the</strong> fa<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> Davy (<strong>of</strong><br />
Alamo fame), was a whig private at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to a present day Crockett descendant, <strong>and</strong> based on<br />
genealogical records, Walter (1732-1817), paraphrased here (<strong>and</strong> possibly as well Hugh Crocket, who later became prom<strong>in</strong>ent <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Guilford Court House campaign), more than likely were John’s cous<strong>in</strong>s or uncles.<br />
1067 GDH3 p. 137, CNC14 pp. 626-627, DKM p. 171. For more <strong>in</strong> depth coverage <strong>of</strong> this topic see Patricia Givens Johnson’s William<br />
Preston <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Allegheny Patriots (Walpa Publish<strong>in</strong>g, 1976), <strong>and</strong> The Revolution <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, 1775-1783, by John E. Selby (The<br />
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1988.)<br />
1068 DKM pp. 387-388.<br />
1069 GDH3 p. 137.<br />
1070 CNC14 p. 580.<br />
213
party at Giles’s Bluff, some distance below on <strong>the</strong> Pedee. They rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> that locality two weeks or more, <strong>and</strong><br />
were jo<strong>in</strong>ed dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> time by Colonel Marion with an additional force. Hav<strong>in</strong>g collected a few old field-pieces,<br />
Marion crossed <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>menced a redoubt. While engaged upon this work, where a temporary st<strong>and</strong><br />
was <strong>in</strong>tended to be made, <strong>the</strong> news reached <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong> Gates’s defeat. As a consequence, <strong>the</strong> plan <strong>of</strong> operations<br />
previously agreed upon was broken up; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> brilliant career <strong>in</strong> which he was to be<strong>com</strong>e so dist<strong>in</strong>guished as a<br />
partisan leader, already successfully <strong>com</strong>menced; now opened <strong>in</strong> larger outl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> bloodier prospect upon<br />
Marion. With <strong>the</strong> force hastily collected <strong>and</strong> now under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, a few sallies were made aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Tories<br />
<strong>in</strong> Williamsburg <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> region east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pedee. Col. Giles received orders to march with such a volunteer<br />
force as would ac<strong>com</strong>pany him, to Long Bluff, <strong>the</strong>re to jo<strong>in</strong> Col. [Abel] Kolb, for a retreat <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, or<br />
any o<strong>the</strong>r movement which <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> events might determ<strong>in</strong>e. The result was, that Col. Kolb rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
neighbourhood <strong>of</strong> Long Bluff, for <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lives <strong>and</strong> property <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>the</strong>re aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong><br />
Tories. Young M’Call, who met Col. Marion for <strong>the</strong> first time on <strong>the</strong> occasion alluded to, was so deeply impressed<br />
with his superior military sagacity, that he determ<strong>in</strong>ed to jo<strong>in</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> share <strong>the</strong> fortunes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> future<br />
with him to <strong>the</strong> close <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. Col. Hicks had gone with his family to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> active <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> forces on <strong>the</strong> Pedee to Lieut.-Col. Kolb, a position which <strong>the</strong> latter appears to have reta<strong>in</strong>ed until his death,<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g spr<strong>in</strong>g.” 1071<br />
1 August. The <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed N.C. militia brigades, under overall <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Maj. Gen. Richard Caswell, assembled<br />
at Cheraw Hill: with those from <strong>the</strong> western portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state present under Ru<strong>the</strong>rford; those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> east<br />
under Brig. Gen. Isaac Gregory, <strong>and</strong> those from <strong>the</strong> mid region under Brig. Gen. John Butler. 1072 Two letters, one<br />
<strong>of</strong> 31 July <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r 5 August, to Gov. Abner Nash <strong>in</strong> which Caswell reports his specific troop movements <strong>of</strong><br />
this time are at CNC15 pp. 19-20.<br />
1 August. Richard W<strong>in</strong>n: “August 1 st , Col. W<strong>in</strong>n with 100 men returned to Rocky Mount <strong>and</strong> fell down below on<br />
<strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> road lead<strong>in</strong>g to Camden; fell <strong>in</strong> with a body <strong>of</strong> Tories be shortly dispersed, mak<strong>in</strong>g several prisoners<br />
<strong>and</strong> releas<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> our men, one or two <strong>of</strong> which was to be hung <strong>the</strong> next day at <strong>the</strong> Mount; <strong>the</strong>n returned to<br />
camp.” 1073<br />
2 August. Richard W<strong>in</strong>n: “On Tuesday, <strong>the</strong> 2 nd <strong>of</strong> August, Rocky Mount got a re<strong>in</strong>forcement from Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock <strong>of</strong><br />
eight hundred men <strong>and</strong> two field pieces. Gen’l Sumter could not move from his encampment until <strong>the</strong> 3 rd on<br />
account <strong>of</strong> high water <strong>in</strong> Rocky Creek. This day at eleven o’clock he crossed <strong>the</strong> creek <strong>and</strong> halted. The men<br />
turned out <strong>the</strong>ir horses <strong>and</strong> scattered about <strong>in</strong> search <strong>of</strong> roast<strong>in</strong>g ears <strong>and</strong> green peaches, for this <strong>in</strong> fact was <strong>the</strong><br />
most we could get to eat. In this situation, <strong>the</strong> first th<strong>in</strong>g we knew <strong>the</strong> enemy to <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> eight or n<strong>in</strong>e<br />
hundred men <strong>and</strong> two pieces <strong>of</strong> artillery was <strong>in</strong> a mile <strong>of</strong> our rear. Col. W<strong>in</strong>n immediately called out for one<br />
hundred men <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers that could first get <strong>the</strong>ir horses to jo<strong>in</strong> him with <strong>in</strong>tention to hang on <strong>the</strong> enemy until<br />
Gen’l Sumter could move <strong>of</strong>f. Col. W<strong>in</strong>n halt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>of</strong>ten gave time for <strong>the</strong> General to make his retreat<br />
good.<br />
“Col. W<strong>in</strong>n kept two men ahead <strong>of</strong> him to watch <strong>and</strong> give notice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s motions. One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se men was<br />
a Capt. Coleman from Midway <strong>in</strong> Georgia, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r by <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> Stroud <strong>of</strong> this place. These two men<br />
ventured too near <strong>the</strong> British; both were made prisoners, stript [sic] naked <strong>and</strong> immediately hung up by <strong>the</strong> side<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> road. Col. W<strong>in</strong>n, f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy on retreat back to <strong>the</strong> Mount, persued [sic] without delay. Gen’l<br />
Sumter at night took possession <strong>of</strong> his old encampment near L<strong>and</strong>sford…<br />
“In f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcement sent from Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock still at Rocky Mount, it was f<strong>in</strong>ally determ<strong>in</strong>ed by Gen’l<br />
Sumter <strong>and</strong> Col. W<strong>in</strong>n to attack <strong>the</strong> British at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, Sumter be<strong>in</strong>g re<strong>in</strong>forced by Maj’r [William R.] Davie<br />
from Meckl<strong>in</strong>burgh [Mecklenburg] <strong>in</strong> No. Carol<strong>in</strong>a with two troops <strong>of</strong> horse.” 1074<br />
3 August. Heavy ra<strong>in</strong>s hav<strong>in</strong>g previously delayed his baggage <strong>and</strong> artillery, Gates crossed <strong>the</strong> Peedee at Mask’s<br />
Ferry <strong>and</strong> was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Lieut. Col. Charles Porterfield with 300 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Troops. Porterfield orig<strong>in</strong>ally had<br />
entered South Carol<strong>in</strong>a sometime by mid to late May as a re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>in</strong>tended for Charlestown. But arriv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
after <strong>the</strong> city’s fall, he rema<strong>in</strong>ed just above <strong>the</strong> North <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a border. 1075 Brig. Gen. William<br />
Harr<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>of</strong> Cumberl<strong>and</strong> County, N.C.; who with his North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia from his own <strong>and</strong> adjacent counties<br />
(probably no more than a few hundred) had been en route to (if not actually with) Gates for a short while, but<br />
<strong>the</strong>n went <strong>in</strong>stead, by this time, to Cross Creek to protect Gates aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> loyalists emanat<strong>in</strong>g from that area<br />
(see letter from Gates to him, 6 April.) 1076<br />
Meanwhile, Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens, with <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia, was on his way to l<strong>in</strong>k up with Gates’ army,<br />
but was halted 50 miles <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter’s rear at Buffalo Creek for lack <strong>of</strong> provisions; while Maj. Gen. Richard<br />
Caswell cont<strong>in</strong>ued at his position at Cheraws (south <strong>of</strong> Gates <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals.) 1077<br />
Gates, at <strong>the</strong> “West Side [<strong>of</strong>] Mask’s Ferry,” wrote to Maj. Gen. Richard Caswell: “I should have been glad to<br />
have received a L<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> Answer to <strong>the</strong> Letter I wrote you by General [Henry William] Harr<strong>in</strong>gton, to have been<br />
certa<strong>in</strong> that you would meet me at Anderson’s it would have relieved my M<strong>in</strong>d from many anxieties; -- as it is I<br />
suffer every Distress for want <strong>of</strong> Provisions, <strong>and</strong> know not if I can expect any Relief where I am go<strong>in</strong>g; from you -<br />
1071 GHC pp. 326-327.<br />
1072 SNC p. 83.<br />
1073 WNO, part I, p. 209.<br />
1074 WNO, part I, pp. 209-210.<br />
1075 On July 14, Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> a letter makes mention <strong>of</strong> a report <strong>of</strong> Porterfield be<strong>in</strong>g at that time <strong>in</strong> Salisbury. SCP1 p. 168.<br />
1076 GHC pp. 330-331. For a 5 Sept. 1780 return <strong>of</strong> Harr<strong>in</strong>gton’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> some 423 men; though 232 <strong>of</strong> which only were fit for<br />
duty, at Forks Creek (near Cross Creek), see CNC15 p. 73.<br />
1077 WNA<br />
214
- General [Griffith] Ru<strong>the</strong>rford 1078 <strong>and</strong> your Comm<strong>and</strong> have gleaned <strong>the</strong> Country on both Sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> River; <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Militia stick <strong>in</strong> my Rear, <strong>and</strong> devour all that <strong>com</strong>es forward. -- This is a Mode <strong>of</strong> conduct<strong>in</strong>g <strong>War</strong> I am<br />
a stranger to -- The Whole should support <strong>and</strong> susta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Whole, or <strong>the</strong> Parts will soon go to Decay -- General<br />
Caswell’s Zeal for <strong>the</strong> Public Service will <strong>in</strong>duce him to consider my Situation, <strong>and</strong> be explicit <strong>in</strong> acqua<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g me<br />
how far <strong>in</strong> my present Distress I can depend upon him. I conclude General Ru<strong>the</strong>rford has obeyed your Order,<br />
<strong>and</strong> that he is now with you. -- The heavy Ra<strong>in</strong>s s<strong>in</strong>ce General Harr<strong>in</strong>gton left me has delayed us so much that<br />
<strong>the</strong> Artillery Stores & Baggage will only be on this side <strong>the</strong> Ferry by 9 o’clock this Morn<strong>in</strong>g, when I shall <strong>in</strong>stantly<br />
march (<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> firm expectation <strong>of</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g you <strong>the</strong>re) to Anderson’s -- I also earnestly expect from you a supply <strong>of</strong><br />
Provisions.” 1079<br />
Kirkwood: “Augst. 3 rd . Marched to Thompson’s Creek The l<strong>in</strong>e at this place divides North & South Carol<strong>in</strong>a…18<br />
[miles].” 1080<br />
McCrady: “Lord Rawdon [at Camden], on <strong>the</strong> first rumor <strong>of</strong> an advanc<strong>in</strong>g American army, called on <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> near Camden to take up arms aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>se approach<strong>in</strong>g countrymen, <strong>and</strong> conf<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> jail<br />
those who refused. In <strong>the</strong> midst <strong>of</strong> summer upward <strong>of</strong> 160 persons were shut up <strong>in</strong> a small prison, <strong>and</strong> 20 or 30 <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m, citizens <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most respectable character, were loaded with irons. Mr. James Bradley, Mr. Stro<strong>the</strong>r,<br />
Colonel Few, Mr. Kershaw, Capta<strong>in</strong> Boyk<strong>in</strong>, Colonel Alex<strong>and</strong>er, Mr. Irv<strong>in</strong>, Mr. W<strong>in</strong>n, Colonel Hunter, <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
John Chestnut were among those subject to <strong>the</strong>se <strong>in</strong>dignities. The last <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se gentlemen, though taken <strong>in</strong><br />
Charlestown, <strong>and</strong> entitled, <strong>the</strong>refore, to <strong>the</strong> security <strong>of</strong> his person <strong>and</strong> property by solemn capitulation, was<br />
despoiled <strong>of</strong> $5000 worth <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>digo <strong>and</strong> cha<strong>in</strong>ed to <strong>the</strong> floor for a considerable time, on <strong>the</strong> charge, by one <strong>of</strong> his<br />
slaves, that he was correspond<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> Americans.” 1081<br />
4 August. Gates issued a proclamation, extoll<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> exhort<strong>in</strong>g support for <strong>the</strong> American cause, denounc<strong>in</strong>g<br />
British policy <strong>of</strong> forced allegiance to <strong>the</strong> Crown on American citizens, <strong>and</strong> threaten<strong>in</strong>g punishments for those<br />
found guilty <strong>of</strong> plunder<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> loot<strong>in</strong>g. 1082 For <strong>the</strong> full text, see RSC2 pp. 449-451.<br />
5 August. Otho Williams: “On <strong>the</strong> 5 th day <strong>of</strong> August, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon, General Gates received a letter, <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g<br />
him that General Caswell meditated an attack upon a fortified post <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy on Lynch’s [or Lynches] Creek,<br />
about fourteen miles from <strong>the</strong> militia [i.e., Caswell’s] encampment...<strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g, orders were issued for<br />
<strong>the</strong> army to march with <strong>the</strong> utmost expedition to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia.” Caswell feared an attack from <strong>the</strong> post.<br />
Gates not trust<strong>in</strong>g Caswell’s <strong>com</strong>petence sought to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia under his own <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. The<br />
two forces jo<strong>in</strong>ed on 7 August. 1083<br />
5 August. In <strong>the</strong> latter part <strong>of</strong> July, <strong>the</strong> bulk <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Volunteers under Maj. John Carden, along<br />
with some loyalist militia, advanced towards Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock <strong>in</strong> part to “awe <strong>the</strong> disaffected,” hav<strong>in</strong>g first stopped<br />
at Rocky Mount. On August 5 th , <strong>the</strong>y cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong>ir march, <strong>and</strong> arrived at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock at nightfall; by which<br />
time Carden assumed <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> that post. Apparently th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g his position safe for <strong>the</strong> time be<strong>in</strong>g, he had<br />
neglected to send out proper patrols to guard aga<strong>in</strong>st surprise. Earlier <strong>the</strong> same day, <strong>and</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
cooperation on <strong>the</strong> attack at Rocky Mount (30 July), Sumter <strong>and</strong> Davie reunited at L<strong>and</strong>’s Ford on <strong>the</strong> Catawba<br />
River <strong>in</strong> preparation <strong>and</strong> consultation for a prospective assault on Carden. 1084<br />
5 August. Tarleton, at Lenud’s Ferry, to Cornwallis: “I have <strong>the</strong> Honor to <strong>in</strong>form you <strong>of</strong> my reach<strong>in</strong>g this Place<br />
this Morn[<strong>in</strong>]g. The <strong>in</strong>cessant Ra<strong>in</strong>s hav<strong>in</strong>g raised <strong>the</strong> Water & destroyed <strong>the</strong> small Bridges rendered <strong>the</strong> Journey I<br />
th<strong>in</strong>k tedious --<br />
“Col. [John Com<strong>in</strong>g] Ball is here, his militia are not numerous -- He will I believe be able to furnish me with<br />
about 25 young Men to assist <strong>in</strong> allay<strong>in</strong>g this Convocation near Black River & <strong>in</strong>termediate to Lenew’s [Lenud’s] &<br />
Murray’s [Murry’s] Ferrys. They likewise will be able to po<strong>in</strong>t out <strong>the</strong> Instruments <strong>of</strong> Disaffection.<br />
“I cannot ascerta<strong>in</strong> whe<strong>the</strong>r Major Wemyss is marched from George Town -- I shall if possible <strong>com</strong>municate with<br />
him, for that purpose I shall dispatch a Ms. [message] to him this afternoon.<br />
“The Country My Lord, I found scared. I praised <strong>the</strong> Militia tho’ not large for <strong>the</strong>ir celerity <strong>in</strong> turn<strong>in</strong>g out. They<br />
talked <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy cross<strong>in</strong>g to this side <strong>the</strong> Santee -- <strong>the</strong>ir Fears multiplied <strong>the</strong>ir Dangers -- A Man is just <strong>com</strong>e<br />
<strong>in</strong> who <strong>in</strong>forms me that <strong>the</strong>y lye <strong>in</strong> Bodies <strong>of</strong> 30 & 40 -- many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Insurgents hav<strong>in</strong>g taken Certificates <strong>and</strong><br />
Paroles don’t deserve Lenity -- none shall <strong>the</strong>y experience --<br />
“I have promised <strong>the</strong> young men who chuse [sic] to assist me <strong>in</strong> this Expedition <strong>the</strong> Plunder <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Leaders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Faction -- If <strong>War</strong>fare allows me I shall give <strong>the</strong>se Disturbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peace no Quarter; If Humanity obliges I spare<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir Lives: I shall convey <strong>the</strong>m close Prisoners to Camden -- For a confiscation must take place <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir effects. I<br />
must discrim<strong>in</strong>ate with Severity --<br />
“I cross <strong>the</strong> Ferry to morrow my Lord, & make use <strong>of</strong> every Exertion & Precaution <strong>in</strong> my Power -- I send all my<br />
Baggage to Nelsons under <strong>the</strong> Escort <strong>of</strong> [?] Militia on this side.” 1085<br />
5-6 August. Gates’ army camped at Anderson’s Plantation on Deep River. 1086<br />
1078 Ru<strong>the</strong>rford was with Caswell’s army by this time.<br />
1079 GAH pp. 295-296.<br />
1080 KJO p. 10.<br />
1081 MSC1 pp. 618-619.<br />
1082 TCS p. 140, MSC1 p. 662.<br />
1083 WNA.<br />
1084 DRS p. 13, History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales American Regiment, Onl<strong>in</strong>e Institute <strong>of</strong> Advanced Loyalist Studies.<br />
1085 PRO. 30/11/63/19-21, SCP1 p. 365.<br />
215
6 August. Cornwallis, at Charlestown, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “The Wheat harvest <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a is now over, but <strong>the</strong><br />
wea<strong>the</strong>r is still excessively hot; <strong>and</strong> notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g our utmost exertions, a great part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rum, Salt,<br />
Cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> necessaries for <strong>the</strong> Soldiers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Arms for <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cials & Ammunition for <strong>the</strong> Troops are not<br />
very far advanced on <strong>the</strong>ir way to Camden. However, if no material <strong>in</strong>terruption happens, this bus<strong>in</strong>ess will be<br />
nearly ac<strong>com</strong>plished <strong>in</strong> a fortnight or three Weeks. It may be doubted by some whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> Invasion <strong>of</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a may be a prudent measure, but I am conv<strong>in</strong>ced it is a necessary one, <strong>and</strong> that if we do not Attack that<br />
Prov<strong>in</strong>ce we must give up both South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia & retire with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Walls <strong>of</strong> Charles town. Our<br />
assurances <strong>of</strong> Attachment from our poor distressed Friends <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a are as strong as ever, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
patience & fortitude with which those unhappy People bear <strong>the</strong> most oppressive <strong>and</strong> cruel Tyranny that was ever<br />
exercised over any Country deserves our greatest admiration. The Highl<strong>and</strong>ers have <strong>of</strong>fered to form a Regiment<br />
as soon as we enter <strong>the</strong> Country, & have desired that [N.C.] Governor [Josiah] Mart<strong>in</strong> may be <strong>the</strong>ir Chief. I have<br />
consented, with <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Colonel Comm<strong>and</strong>ant. The Men, <strong>the</strong>y assure us, are already engaged…<br />
“As Major [James] Graham’s Corps grew very weak, <strong>and</strong> was very unequally <strong>com</strong>posed, some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
16 th be<strong>in</strong>g totally unfit for Light Infantry, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Major himself not <strong>in</strong> a good state <strong>of</strong> health, I thought it best to<br />
break up that [i.e., Graham’s] Corps. The 71 st I shall send to <strong>the</strong>ir Regiment, except as many as will <strong>com</strong>pleat<br />
[sic] those already with Tarleton to a Troop <strong>of</strong> 70. The Prov<strong>in</strong>cials will likewise jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir respective Corps, & <strong>the</strong><br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 16 th , consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> about 60 men, will be attached to <strong>the</strong> Field Artillery, except 17 or 18, who<br />
are represented to me to be active young men, <strong>and</strong> whom I tend at present to lend to Tarleton.<br />
“I propose tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g Corps with me <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a: 23d, 33d, 63d, 71 st , Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>,<br />
Hamilton’s [Royal N.C. Regt.], Harrison’s new raised Legion Cavalry & Infantry, & North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Refugees [North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers]. I <strong>in</strong>tend to leave on <strong>the</strong> Frontiers from Pedee [Peedee] to Waxhaw, to aw <strong>the</strong> disaffected,<br />
who, I am sorry to say, are still very numerous <strong>in</strong> that Country, & to prevent any Insurrections <strong>in</strong> our rear, <strong>the</strong> N.<br />
York Volunteers & Brown’s Corps [K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers], & some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Camden district, who are<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Colonel. [Henry] Rugeley, a very active & spirited man. I shall place Ferguson’s Corps & some<br />
Militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six district, which Colonel. Balfour assures me have got <strong>in</strong>to very tolerable order, ow<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
<strong>the</strong> great assiduity <strong>of</strong> Ferguson, on <strong>the</strong> borders <strong>of</strong> Tryon County, with directions for him to advance with a part<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> secure <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> our March. Lieut. Colonel Cruger, who Comm<strong>and</strong>s at N<strong>in</strong>ety-<br />
Six, will have his own Corps, Innes’s [sic], & <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>of</strong> that district to preserve that<br />
Frontier, which requires great attention, & where <strong>the</strong>re are many disaffected & many constantly <strong>in</strong> Arms. [Isaac]<br />
Allen’s Corps [S.C. Royalists], <strong>and</strong> for a time <strong>the</strong> Florida Rangers [i.e., K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers], are stationed at Augusta,<br />
under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Colonel [Isaac] Allen, He be<strong>in</strong>g, by all Accounts, a much properer [sic] Man than<br />
Colonel. [Thomas] Brown to trust with <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s. Besides, <strong>the</strong> latter will have sufficient bus<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Indian<br />
department.<br />
“Poor [George] Hanger is always will<strong>in</strong>g to do his best, but he did not th<strong>in</strong>k that he should be very useful <strong>in</strong><br />
collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> lists, fix<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Officers & establish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> different districts, <strong>and</strong> as he found that<br />
<strong>the</strong> Attempt would take him up many Months, & would be entirely a civil employment, He beg’d [sic] that he<br />
might act as a Volunteer Major <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s Cavalry. As Tarleton seemed to wish it very much, I have given my<br />
consent until your pleasure shall be known.<br />
“Major Stuart is ra<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>conveniently placed with <strong>the</strong> 63d Regiment, <strong>and</strong> as He <strong>and</strong> Major [James] Wemys[s] are<br />
not on very good terms, & <strong>the</strong> Regiment be<strong>in</strong>g jo<strong>in</strong>ed with o<strong>the</strong>r Troops would occasion a constant change <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> from one to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r, which would be prejudicial to <strong>the</strong> Regiment <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> service, I have given him<br />
leave to go to New York, where, he tells me, he was appo<strong>in</strong>ted to rema<strong>in</strong> as Major <strong>of</strong> Brigade before <strong>the</strong> sail<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Expedition. Major [James] Graham has no fur<strong>the</strong>r duty to deta<strong>in</strong> him here, his Corps be<strong>in</strong>g dissolved. I beg<br />
leave to assure Your Excellency that He has served with Zeal <strong>and</strong> Attention. I forgot to apologize to You for<br />
lett<strong>in</strong>g Lieut. Colonel McDonald go to New York to Solicit leave to go home. His bus<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>in</strong> Europe seemed<br />
press<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> I did not see any convenience <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>’s devolv<strong>in</strong>g upon Major [Archibald] McArthur, who is<br />
an excellent Officer.” 1087<br />
6 August. [battle] HANGING ROCK (Kershaw-Lancaster County border, S.C.) After mak<strong>in</strong>g plans <strong>and</strong> arrangements<br />
on <strong>the</strong> 5 th , Sumter with 300 -- mostly mounted, men (under Col. William Hill, Maj. Richard W<strong>in</strong>n, Capt. Edward<br />
Lacey, <strong>and</strong> Capt. John McClure) <strong>and</strong> about 500 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a men (largely Mecklenburg militia under Col.<br />
Robert Irw<strong>in</strong> (which <strong>in</strong>cluded some 80 cavalry <strong>and</strong> mounted militia 1088 under Maj. William Richardson Davie), for<br />
a total <strong>of</strong> some 800 -- moved to attack <strong>the</strong> British post at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to W<strong>in</strong>n, Davie’s men were<br />
under his (W<strong>in</strong>n’s) <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>; though Davie <strong>in</strong> his own record <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle makes no <strong>in</strong>dication <strong>of</strong> this -– possibly<br />
because he might have argued that such wasn’t <strong>the</strong> case to beg<strong>in</strong> with. Sumter did not yet have formal rank as<br />
Brigadier General, yet was selected <strong>the</strong> senior <strong>of</strong>ficer among <strong>the</strong> group -– <strong>and</strong> even though <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians<br />
present were almost twice as numerous as <strong>the</strong>ir immediate sou<strong>the</strong>rn brethren.<br />
Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock itself, an “open camp” located <strong>in</strong> a settlement, was occupied by Maj. John Carden with 500<br />
prov<strong>in</strong>cials, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 160 <strong>of</strong> British Legion, under Capt. Kenneth McCulloch <strong>and</strong> Capt. John Rousselet, a<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment, 1089 a detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers, <strong>and</strong> Carden’s own<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales American Volunteers, posted <strong>in</strong> some houses, plus at least two cannon. A separate force <strong>of</strong> Col.<br />
Samuel Bryan’s regiment <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers, a militia/prov<strong>in</strong>cial regiment, <strong>and</strong> some o<strong>the</strong>r loyalists,<br />
1086 See http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/deepcreek.htm<br />
1087 CNC15 pp. 258-262, RCC pp. 52-53, SCP1 p. 177, SCP1 p. 175.<br />
1088 William Hill’s figure. HMS pp. 12-13.<br />
1089 The Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt. probably arrived with Carden on <strong>the</strong> 6 th . How <strong>and</strong> when <strong>the</strong> detachment <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers<br />
came to Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock rema<strong>in</strong>s to be determ<strong>in</strong>ed (at least by this writer), but <strong>the</strong>y may have ac<strong>com</strong>panied Carden, if not <strong>the</strong>re<br />
earlier than this. Lieut. Col. Thomas Brown, <strong>the</strong>ir head, was not present.<br />
216
total<strong>in</strong>g about 700 to 900 were at a position near some woods separated from Carden’s encampment by a creek<br />
with a steep rav<strong>in</strong>e. Sumter decided on a plan <strong>of</strong> attack<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> camp <strong>in</strong> three mounted detachments. Davie, on<br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong> proposed leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> horses beh<strong>in</strong>d before mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir approach, “urg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> confusion<br />
consequent on dismount<strong>in</strong>g under fire[,] <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> certa<strong>in</strong>ty <strong>of</strong> los<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> suddenness <strong>and</strong> certa<strong>in</strong>ty <strong>of</strong> attack.” He<br />
was, however, overruled.<br />
The American <strong>and</strong> British versions <strong>of</strong> what happened deviate not a little, hence <strong>the</strong> extensive quotations given<br />
below. The <strong>in</strong>itial assault was made early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g where W<strong>in</strong>n’s <strong>and</strong> Davie’s men <strong>com</strong>pletely routed<br />
Bryan’s corps. Capt. McCulloch’s <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Legion, after present<strong>in</strong>g a volley, was also routed by<br />
Sumter’s riflemen; with McCulloch himself killed <strong>and</strong> which possibly accounts for <strong>the</strong>ir flight. The Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong><br />
Wales Regt. also came under heavy fire <strong>and</strong> suffered very severe casualties; <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Carden who was badly<br />
wounded. The K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers <strong>the</strong>n came up, <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g cleverly deployed <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> some woods, checked<br />
<strong>the</strong> rebel assault with a surprise crossfire. This allowed <strong>the</strong> British to draw up <strong>in</strong>to a hollow square <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> center<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cleared ground; while fur<strong>the</strong>r protect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves with a three-pounder which had been left by some <strong>of</strong><br />
Rugeley’s Camden militia. 1090 Accord<strong>in</strong>g to ano<strong>the</strong>r account, at some po<strong>in</strong>t, Capt. Rousselet <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry, led a gallant charge <strong>and</strong> also forced Sumter’s men back <strong>and</strong> it was this that permitted <strong>the</strong> British to<br />
form up <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> square. S<strong>in</strong>ce Carden was wounded, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> devolved on Capt. Rousselet. 40 mounted Legion<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry, 1091 under Capt. Charles McDonald <strong>and</strong> Capt. Patrick Stewart, on <strong>the</strong>ir way to Camden from Rocky<br />
Mount, rode to <strong>the</strong> scene after <strong>the</strong>y heard shoot<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> distance. These along with some <strong>of</strong> Hamilton’s N.C.<br />
prov<strong>in</strong>cials (<strong>and</strong> after array<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves to appear as if greater <strong>in</strong> number than <strong>the</strong>y actually were) charged<br />
Sumter’s militia. Although <strong>in</strong>itially much successful, <strong>the</strong>y were, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, driven back by a countercharge<br />
from Davie’s dragoons. While <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> British force held up <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> square, many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whig units lost<br />
order <strong>and</strong> began loot<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> camp; not a few be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>toxicated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> process by avail<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
British rum. Sumter, hav<strong>in</strong>g run out <strong>of</strong> ammunition, <strong>and</strong> by this time f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g Rousselet’s position too strong to<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r assault, took his men, now “loaded with plunder,” <strong>and</strong> retreated.<br />
The battle was <strong>in</strong>terpreted by both sides as a victory for <strong>the</strong>mselves: <strong>the</strong> British because <strong>the</strong>y had fought <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans; <strong>the</strong> Americans because <strong>the</strong>y had captured <strong>the</strong> British stores, took many prisoners, <strong>and</strong> withdrew <strong>in</strong><br />
safety. The action lasted three to four hours, with many men fa<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g from heat <strong>and</strong> drought. Sumter reported<br />
British losses at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock as 250 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> that he also took 70 prisoners, with himself los<strong>in</strong>g<br />
20 killed, 40 wounded, 10 miss<strong>in</strong>g. Capt. John McClure, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most active <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>trepid partisan leaders <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> summer <strong>of</strong> 1780, was mortally wounded; Col. Hill <strong>and</strong> Maj. W<strong>in</strong>n were also wounded but not seriously.<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to William Hill <strong>in</strong> his memoirs, Sumter <strong>in</strong>curred 40 killed <strong>and</strong> 3 wounded. Tarleton states that <strong>the</strong><br />
British Legion, alone, suffered 22 killed, upwards <strong>of</strong> 30 wounded, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> Americans left 100 dead on <strong>the</strong><br />
battlefield. As well as Capt. McCulloch, <strong>the</strong> Legion also lost Lieut. Ralph Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to a Loyalist<br />
source, <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Regt., out <strong>of</strong> 181 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men present, 93 were killed, wounded or miss<strong>in</strong>g. The<br />
same source says <strong>the</strong> Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians lost 50 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men. Allaire records <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers<br />
suffer<strong>in</strong>g over 100 lost, mostly <strong>of</strong> this number taken prisoner. Though not so catastrophic as those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalists, Davie’s corps did endure significant losses. Boatner gives Carden’s figures as 192 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded;<br />
Sumter’s were 12 killed <strong>and</strong> 41 wounded. The extreme heat only aggravated <strong>the</strong> suffer<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wounded <strong>of</strong><br />
both sides.<br />
Follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> battle, Rawdon at Camden sent <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt., under Major Mecan, from Rugeley’s to Hang<strong>in</strong>g<br />
rock. This permitted Bryan time <strong>and</strong> room to collect his dispersed force. A historian for <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales<br />
Volunteers ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>s that many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British prisoners lost at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock were recovered after <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong><br />
Camden. 1092<br />
Davie: “[Sumter’s] right <strong>and</strong> center divisions fell toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> left upon <strong>the</strong> Tory encampment: -- <strong>the</strong>se<br />
devoted people [<strong>the</strong> Tories] were briskly attacked both <strong>in</strong> front & flank <strong>and</strong> soon routed with great slaughter; as<br />
<strong>the</strong> Americans pressed on <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories who fled toward <strong>the</strong> center encampment <strong>the</strong>y received a fire<br />
from 160 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion <strong>and</strong> some <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> [John] Hamilton’s Regiment [i.e., Royal N.C. Regt.] posted<br />
beh<strong>in</strong>d a fence, but <strong>the</strong>ir impetuosity was not checked a moment by this unexpected discharge, <strong>the</strong>y rushed<br />
forward, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion Infantry immediately broke <strong>and</strong> m<strong>in</strong>gled <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> flight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Loyalists, yield<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
camp without ano<strong>the</strong>r struggle to <strong>the</strong> Militia; at this moment a part <strong>of</strong> Col. Browns [Thomas Brown’s] regiment<br />
[i.e., K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers] had nearly changed <strong>the</strong> fate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day, <strong>the</strong>y passed by a bold <strong>and</strong> skilful maneuvre [sic]<br />
<strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> wood between <strong>the</strong> center & Tory encampment, drew up unperceived, <strong>and</strong> poured a Heavy fire on <strong>the</strong><br />
Militia form<strong>in</strong>g, from <strong>the</strong> disorder <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pursuit, on <strong>the</strong> flank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> encampment; <strong>the</strong>se brave men took<br />
<strong>in</strong>st<strong>in</strong>ctively to <strong>the</strong> trees <strong>and</strong> bush heaps <strong>and</strong> returned <strong>the</strong> fire with deadly effect, <strong>in</strong> a few m<strong>in</strong>utes <strong>the</strong>re was<br />
not a British <strong>of</strong>ficer st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, one half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment had fallen, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs on be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>fered quarters<br />
threw down <strong>the</strong>ir arms; <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British l<strong>in</strong>e who had also made a movement to <strong>the</strong>ir right now<br />
retreated hastily toward <strong>the</strong>ir former position <strong>and</strong> drew up <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> center <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cleared grounds <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> form <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Hollow Square. The rout <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se different corps <strong>the</strong> pursuit & plunder <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> camps had thrown <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans <strong>in</strong>to great confusion, <strong>the</strong> utmost exertions were made by Col. Sumter & <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers to carry <strong>the</strong><br />
men on to attack <strong>the</strong> British square, about 200 Infantry with Davie’s dragoons were collected <strong>and</strong> formed on <strong>the</strong><br />
marg<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods, <strong>and</strong> a heavy but <strong>in</strong>effectual fire was <strong>com</strong>menced on <strong>the</strong> british [sic] troops, about 3 or 400<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion Infantry Hamilton[’]s regt [Royal N.C. Regt.] with a large body <strong>of</strong> Tories,<br />
1090 As accounts do not mention it, <strong>the</strong> cannon was apparently not actually used; possibly due to its be<strong>in</strong>g separated from <strong>the</strong><br />
ammunition <strong>and</strong> which was ostensibly captured by <strong>the</strong> rebels.<br />
1091 Tarleton’s number. Davie speaks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m as cavalry, so some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se may have been present also.<br />
1092 RCC p. 555, TCS pp. 94-96, 100, GHA3 pp. 427-428, SAW2 pp. 202-204, MST p. 26, HRS pp. 28-30, DRS pp. 13-16, LMS pp.177-<br />
178, 188, HMS pp. 12-13, SNC pp. 69-74, FWI pp. 172-173, MSC1 pp. 625-631, WAR2 pp. 709-711, BGC pp. 68-73, RBG p. 87, BEA<br />
pp. 486-487, History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales American Regt., Onl<strong>in</strong>e Institute <strong>of</strong> Advanced Loyalist Studies, SCAR vol. 2, no.8, pp.<br />
24-27.<br />
217
were observed rally<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> form<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> edge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods on <strong>the</strong> opposite side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British camp under<br />
cover <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> trees, <strong>and</strong> charged <strong>the</strong>m with his <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> Dragoons, <strong>the</strong>se people under <strong>the</strong> impressions <strong>of</strong><br />
defeat were all routed <strong>and</strong> dispersed <strong>in</strong> a few m<strong>in</strong>utes by this h<strong>and</strong>ful <strong>of</strong> men. The distance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> square from<br />
<strong>the</strong> woods <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> constant fire <strong>of</strong> two pieces <strong>of</strong> field artillery prevented <strong>the</strong> militia from mak<strong>in</strong>g any<br />
considerable impression on <strong>the</strong> British troops; so that upon Major Davie’s return it was agreed to plunder <strong>the</strong><br />
encampments <strong>and</strong> retire; as this party was return<strong>in</strong>g toward <strong>the</strong> center encampment some British Legion Cavalry<br />
appeared drawn up on <strong>the</strong> Camden road, with a countenance as if <strong>the</strong>y meant to keep <strong>the</strong>ir position but on<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g charged by <strong>the</strong> dragoons <strong>of</strong> Davie’s corps <strong>the</strong>y all took <strong>the</strong> woods <strong>in</strong> flight & one only was cut down. A<br />
retreat was by this time absolutely necessary -- The <strong>com</strong>missary stores were taken <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> center encampment,<br />
<strong>and</strong> numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men were already <strong>in</strong>ebriated, <strong>the</strong> greatest part were loaded with plunder <strong>and</strong> those <strong>in</strong> a<br />
condition to fight had exhausted <strong>the</strong>ir ammunition, about an Hour was employed <strong>in</strong> plunder<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> camp, tak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> paroles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> prepar<strong>in</strong>g litters for <strong>the</strong> wounded; all this was transacted with<strong>in</strong> full view<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army who <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> meantime consoled <strong>the</strong>mselves with some military music & an <strong>in</strong>terlude <strong>of</strong> 3<br />
cheers for K<strong>in</strong>g George which was immediately answered by 3 cheers <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hero <strong>of</strong> American Liberty<br />
[presumably George Wash<strong>in</strong>gton]; <strong>the</strong> militia at length got <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> march <strong>in</strong> three columns, Davie’s corps<br />
cover<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir rear, but as <strong>the</strong>y were loaded with plunder, encumbered with <strong>the</strong>ir wounded friends, <strong>and</strong> many <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>toxicated, it is easy to conceive that this retreat could not be performed accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> rules <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
most approved military tactics, However under all <strong>the</strong>se disadvantages <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong>f unmolested along <strong>the</strong> front<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy about 1 O’clock.” 1093<br />
Lee: “Our loss was not ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed, from <strong>the</strong> usual <strong>in</strong>attention to returns prevalent among militia <strong>of</strong>ficers; <strong>and</strong><br />
many <strong>of</strong> our wounded were immediately carried home from <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> battle. The corps <strong>of</strong> Davie suffered<br />
most. Capta<strong>in</strong> [John] McClure <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Reed <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, were killed; Colonel<br />
[William] Hill, Major Richard W<strong>in</strong>n <strong>and</strong> Lieutenant Crawford, were wounded as were Capta<strong>in</strong> Craighead,<br />
Lieutenant Flenchau, <strong>and</strong> Ensign McClure <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. The British loss exceeded ours. Capta<strong>in</strong> McCullock<br />
[Kenneth McCulloch], who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> legion <strong>in</strong>fantry with much personal honor, two <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> twenty<br />
men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same corps, were killed <strong>and</strong> nearly forty wounded. Many <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men <strong>of</strong> Brown’s regiment were<br />
also killed <strong>and</strong> wounded <strong>and</strong> some taken.” 1094<br />
Allaire: “Thursday, 10 th …By <strong>the</strong> express heard that Sumter had attacked Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock <strong>the</strong> 6 th <strong>in</strong>stant. The North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>ians were first attacked; <strong>the</strong>y gave way. Brown’s corps [<strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers] came up, but were obliged<br />
to give way. The Legion Cavalry came <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebels’ rear, <strong>and</strong> soon ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> day. Brown’s corps suffered much<br />
-- three <strong>of</strong>ficers killed, <strong>and</strong> three wounded-an hundred men taken prisoners.”<br />
Tarleton: “Colonel Sumpter crossed Broad river, <strong>and</strong> retired to his former camp <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba settlement;<br />
where, re<strong>in</strong>forc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> numbers he had lost at Rocky mount, he was soon <strong>in</strong> a condition to project o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
operations. This active partizan was thoroughly sensible, that <strong>the</strong> m<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>of</strong> men are <strong>in</strong>fluenced by enterprise<br />
[sic], <strong>and</strong> that to keep undiscipl<strong>in</strong>ed people toge<strong>the</strong>r, it is necessary to employ <strong>the</strong>m. For this purpose, he aga<strong>in</strong><br />
surveyed <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British posts upon <strong>the</strong> frontier, <strong>and</strong> on m<strong>in</strong>ute exam<strong>in</strong>ation he deemed Hang<strong>in</strong>g rock<br />
<strong>the</strong> most vulnerable: He hastened his preparations for <strong>the</strong> attack, because a detachment <strong>of</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> mounted<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry had been ordered from that place to re<strong>in</strong>force Rocky mount. On <strong>the</strong> 6 th <strong>of</strong> August, at seven o’clock <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, he approached <strong>the</strong> flank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> post, which was entrusted to <strong>the</strong> North-Carol<strong>in</strong>a refugees, under<br />
<strong>the</strong> orders <strong>of</strong> Colonel [Samuel] Bryan. This loyalist, with his undiscipl<strong>in</strong>ed people, though opposed by troops<br />
equally undiscipl<strong>in</strong>ed, soon retreated from his ground, <strong>and</strong> Colonel Sumpter directed <strong>the</strong> weight <strong>of</strong> his attack<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> legion <strong>in</strong>fantry, which resisted his efforts with great coolness <strong>and</strong> bravery. The example <strong>of</strong> courage<br />
exhibited by one hundred <strong>and</strong> sixty men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion, who charged <strong>the</strong> Americans twice with fixed bayonets, to<br />
save <strong>the</strong>ir three pounder, made a detachment <strong>of</strong> Colonel [Thomas] Brown’s regiment [K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers] recover<br />
from <strong>the</strong> consternation <strong>in</strong>to which <strong>the</strong>y had been thrown by <strong>the</strong> flight <strong>of</strong> Colonel Bryan, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y now jo<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir endeavours [sic] to defend <strong>the</strong> British encampment. Colonel Sumpter still persevered <strong>in</strong> his attack, <strong>and</strong><br />
very probably would have succeeded, if a stratagem employed by Capta<strong>in</strong>s [Patrick] Stewart <strong>and</strong> [Charles]<br />
M’Donald, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British legion, had not disconcerted his operations. These <strong>of</strong>ficers, with forty mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry,<br />
were return<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same morn<strong>in</strong>g from Rocky mount, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> route heard <strong>the</strong> cannon <strong>and</strong> musketry at<br />
Hang<strong>in</strong>g rock; on a nearer approach to <strong>the</strong>ir post, <strong>the</strong>y judiciously left <strong>the</strong> Rocky mount, <strong>and</strong> made a circuit to<br />
get <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> Camden road, to re<strong>in</strong>force <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>panions: When <strong>the</strong>y arrived <strong>in</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans, <strong>the</strong><br />
bugle horn was directed to sound <strong>the</strong> charge, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiers were ordered to extend <strong>the</strong>ir files, <strong>in</strong> order to<br />
look like a formidable detachment. This unexpected appearance deranged <strong>the</strong> American <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, <strong>and</strong> threw<br />
his corps <strong>in</strong>to a state <strong>of</strong> confusion, which produced a general retreat. Capta<strong>in</strong> [Kenneth] M’Cullock, who<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion <strong>in</strong>fantry with so much dist<strong>in</strong>ction, was killed, with two o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> twenty men:<br />
Upwards <strong>of</strong> thirty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same corps were wounded. The detachment <strong>of</strong> Colonel [Thomas] Brown’s regiment had,<br />
likewise, some <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> a few taken prisoners. Colonel Bryan’s North-Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
refugees were greatly dispersed, but did not suffer considerably by <strong>the</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. About one hundred<br />
dead <strong>and</strong> wounded Americans were left on <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> battle. Colonel Sumpter rallied his men not far from<br />
Hang<strong>in</strong>g rock, <strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong> fell back to <strong>the</strong> Catawba settlement, to collect more men from <strong>the</strong> Wacsaws<br />
[Waxhaws], <strong>and</strong> to receive refugees, who flocked from all parts <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. The repulses he had susta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
1093 DRS pp. 14-15.<br />
1094 LMS p. 178.<br />
218
did not discourage him, or <strong>in</strong>jure his cause: The loss <strong>of</strong> men was easily supplied, <strong>and</strong> his reputation for activity<br />
<strong>and</strong> courage was fully established by his late enterpriz<strong>in</strong>g [sic] conduct.” 1095<br />
MacKenzie: “In our author’s [Tarleton’s] description <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, <strong>the</strong> partiality which he<br />
enterta<strong>in</strong>s for his own corps is evident; <strong>the</strong> gallantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> a detachment with which he was not<br />
immediately connected, is consigned to oblivion. This assertion is justified by his silence on <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong><br />
Lieutenant Brown <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians, who fell <strong>in</strong> a desperate charge, which <strong>the</strong> crisis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action<br />
rendered <strong>in</strong>evitable; <strong>and</strong> besides him, not less than seventy men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same regiment were killed <strong>and</strong> wounded,<br />
<strong>of</strong> which, however, no mention is made, as it would appear a participation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> credit ascribed to <strong>the</strong> legion.<br />
To <strong>the</strong> names already specified, those <strong>of</strong> many American Loyalists might have been added; men, whose <strong>in</strong>tegrity<br />
was <strong>in</strong>corruptible, undismayed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> hour <strong>of</strong> danger, who sacrificed <strong>the</strong>ir private <strong>in</strong>terest to publick good, <strong>and</strong><br />
who, though <strong>the</strong>y knew that <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternal peace <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir families was destroyed, by <strong>the</strong> ravages <strong>of</strong> relentless war,<br />
fought <strong>and</strong> bled with manly spirit; ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>ir allegiance to <strong>the</strong>ir latest moments, <strong>and</strong> ev<strong>in</strong>ced a probity <strong>of</strong><br />
m<strong>in</strong>d under every reverse <strong>of</strong> fortune, which must endear <strong>the</strong>m to posterity.” 1096<br />
Hanger: “Colonel Bryant’s [Samuel Bryan’s] militia were attacked by General Sumpter, were beat, <strong>and</strong> driven<br />
out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> field -- <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians [<strong>the</strong> Royal N.C. Regt.] suffered nearly <strong>the</strong> same fate. The loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales’s regiment susta<strong>in</strong>ed was heavy; that corps, both <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men, were nearly destroyed. The<br />
British legion were <strong>the</strong>n attacked by <strong>the</strong> whole American force. Capta<strong>in</strong> M’Cullock, before <strong>the</strong> attack became<br />
general, was mortally wounded: <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion devolved on Capta<strong>in</strong> [John] Rousselet. He charged<br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy; repulsed, <strong>and</strong> drove <strong>the</strong>m. This <strong>of</strong>ficer, possess<strong>in</strong>g happily not only valour, but also good conduct,<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed with it, <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> permitted his victorious troops <strong>in</strong> a broken <strong>and</strong> irregular manner to pursue <strong>the</strong> enemy,<br />
(which <strong>in</strong> cases I could mention, has proved fatal, where British valour [sic], <strong>in</strong>toxicated with a momentary<br />
success, has lost sight <strong>of</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>e, regularity <strong>and</strong> order; which neglect <strong>of</strong> regularity may <strong>in</strong> future wars, if not<br />
corrected, be more severely felt) halted, conv<strong>in</strong>ced <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advantage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ground he had been attacked upon,<br />
he marched back <strong>and</strong> took possession <strong>of</strong> it aga<strong>in</strong>. Sumpter renewed <strong>the</strong> attack; he was aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong> beat <strong>of</strong>f,<br />
charged, <strong>and</strong> pursued, but with regularity. These operations <strong>of</strong> a gallant few, gave time for a few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
scattered troops to rally <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion, which <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment under Capta<strong>in</strong>s [Charles]<br />
M’Donald <strong>and</strong> [Patrick] Stewart, &c. &c. as related by Colonel Tarleton, obliged General Sumpter to quit <strong>the</strong><br />
field, <strong>and</strong> desist from any fur<strong>the</strong>r attack on that post.” 1097<br />
Richard W<strong>in</strong>n: “On Saturday <strong>the</strong> 6 th <strong>of</strong> August, crossed at L<strong>and</strong>sford, Catawba River; marched all night; about<br />
two hours <strong>of</strong> daylight halted for <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> two spyes [sic] sent <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> enemies’ camp. Those men shortly<br />
arrived <strong>and</strong> reported <strong>the</strong>y left <strong>the</strong> British camp at <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> night <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir force did not exceed 300<br />
men <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>ir re<strong>in</strong>forcement sent to Rocky Mount had not returned. Here a disposition was made <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
men, 500 <strong>in</strong> number, 200 without guns. Col. W<strong>in</strong>n, supported by Maj’r Davie’s horse, was to br<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> attack<br />
on <strong>the</strong> British; <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men was divided <strong>in</strong>to four parts <strong>and</strong>, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Colonels [Edward] Lacey,<br />
[William] Bratton, [William] Hill, <strong>and</strong> I th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r colonel was Harthorn [James Hawthorn] or M<strong>of</strong>fet [John<br />
M<strong>of</strong>fit] -- say both, <strong>in</strong> this order. We marched up <strong>and</strong> dismounted, <strong>and</strong> left <strong>the</strong> men without arms to care for <strong>the</strong><br />
horses, but if we drove <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>the</strong>y were to follow us <strong>and</strong> take <strong>the</strong> arms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> wounded <strong>and</strong> to<br />
jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir respective <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s, which was obeyed. It was now fully light, near sunrise. At this place we took<br />
two Tories. They <strong>in</strong>formed us that <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements sent to Rocky Mount had returned between twelve <strong>and</strong><br />
one at night; <strong>and</strong> on this, Gen’l Sumter <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong>ficers be<strong>in</strong>g present, a council was held for a few m<strong>in</strong>uets<br />
[sic]. The <strong>of</strong>ficers divided, some for fight<strong>in</strong>g, o<strong>the</strong>rs for retreat<strong>in</strong>g. As no <strong>of</strong>ficer was will<strong>in</strong>g to be outdone by<br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>in</strong> bravery, <strong>the</strong> action immediately <strong>com</strong>menced.<br />
“Gen’l Sumter with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body wheeled to <strong>the</strong> left, Col. W<strong>in</strong>n with his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> to <strong>the</strong> right to attack <strong>the</strong><br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Whales [Wales] Regiment; but his pilot, not know<strong>in</strong>g where Col. Brian’s [Samuel Bryan‘s] Regiment<br />
[i.e., <strong>the</strong> N.C. Volunteers] was posted which was <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> about 500 men, W<strong>in</strong>n with his party was with<strong>in</strong><br />
thirty steps <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m before <strong>the</strong>y was discovered by Maj’r Davie who was <strong>in</strong> front. He was ordered to move on<br />
<strong>and</strong> make room for <strong>the</strong> foot. Here we received a most tremendious [sic] fire from Brian. The enemy, be<strong>in</strong>g on<br />
<strong>the</strong> top <strong>of</strong> a high hill, overshot us; <strong>and</strong>, before <strong>the</strong>y could load aga<strong>in</strong>, W<strong>in</strong>n’s party was ordered to put up <strong>the</strong><br />
Indian hollo 1098 <strong>and</strong> rush up <strong>the</strong> hill before <strong>the</strong>y discharged <strong>the</strong>ir prices. This took place <strong>in</strong> an <strong>in</strong>stant. At <strong>the</strong><br />
same time <strong>the</strong> horse was ordered to charge. Brian’s men gave way immediately, after suffer<strong>in</strong>g much damage <strong>in</strong><br />
killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g so heavy a fire from <strong>the</strong> enemy, here we lost but one man killed <strong>and</strong> two<br />
wounded. By this time Gen’l Sumter got to <strong>the</strong> ground he ment [sic] to take, <strong>and</strong> as Brian’s men went by him he<br />
gave <strong>the</strong>m a severe fire. I have been well <strong>in</strong>formed that many were so frightened <strong>the</strong>y never stopt [sic] until<br />
<strong>the</strong>y got <strong>in</strong>to Georgia. To return, W<strong>in</strong>n as soon as Brian gave way marched with his party to <strong>the</strong> British camp<br />
which we found <strong>in</strong> an open old field about half a mile from where Brian was posted. The British immediately<br />
<strong>com</strong>menced fire<strong>in</strong>g [sic] from beh<strong>in</strong>d some bush tents. W<strong>in</strong>n’s men, accord<strong>in</strong>g to custom, set up <strong>the</strong> Indian hallo,<br />
rushed <strong>and</strong> fired on <strong>the</strong>ir enemy as <strong>the</strong>y went, with bullets <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir mouths <strong>and</strong> powder <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir pockets, <strong>and</strong> to<br />
load as <strong>the</strong>y run up but by no means to take a tree even where trees was. The British at this place, f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g such<br />
a charge made on <strong>the</strong>m, retreated leav<strong>in</strong>g beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m field pieces. This time W<strong>in</strong>n, hear<strong>in</strong>g a considerable<br />
fire<strong>in</strong>g [sic] to his left, repaired to <strong>the</strong> place as quick as possible <strong>and</strong> came immediately on <strong>the</strong> back <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
British, who a party <strong>of</strong> our own men were <strong>in</strong> action with. I directly ordered my men to <strong>com</strong>mence fire<strong>in</strong>g as<br />
1095 TCS pp. 94-96.<br />
1096 MST p. 26.<br />
1097 HRS pp. 28-30.<br />
1098 Predecessor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “rebel yell,” <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> turn probably derived from an Indian battle cry.<br />
219
usual. The British, between two fires, gave way. Here I was an eye witness to <strong>the</strong> British tak<strong>in</strong>g trees to defend<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves. On hear<strong>in</strong>g severe fire<strong>in</strong>g to my right, I ordered my men to repair to <strong>the</strong> place; this was a short time<br />
before <strong>the</strong> action. Endeed [sic] here Col. W<strong>in</strong>n received a most dangerous would, but never quit <strong>the</strong> field until<br />
Gen’l Sumter had ga<strong>the</strong>red his men. And for victory three cheers was given by <strong>the</strong> true friends <strong>of</strong> America. This<br />
action <strong>com</strong>menced about <strong>the</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sun Sunday, August seventh, <strong>and</strong> lasted until n<strong>in</strong>e o’clock. The<br />
British force <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Tories was, from <strong>the</strong> best <strong>in</strong>formation, about 1400; <strong>the</strong>ir loss, <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Whail’s<br />
[Wales] Regiment almost destroyed, <strong>the</strong> Tories totally defeated with a great loss <strong>of</strong> killed, wounded <strong>and</strong><br />
prisoners, besides a vast quantity <strong>of</strong> arms &c., <strong>and</strong> 300 horses. The loss on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> Gen’l Sumter was 40 killed<br />
<strong>and</strong> wounded. The American <strong>and</strong> British flags was hoisted on <strong>the</strong> 8 th for each to bury <strong>the</strong>ir dead <strong>and</strong> take <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong><br />
wounded.” 1099<br />
6 August. Gates, at <strong>the</strong> “West Side [<strong>of</strong>] Mask’s Ferry [on <strong>the</strong> Peedee River],” wrote to Brig. Gen. Henry William<br />
Harr<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia on this date: “I am to desire that you will forthwith proceed to Peedee<br />
<strong>and</strong> take such a position for your Head Quarters as may be most convenient for <strong>the</strong> execut<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Service you are<br />
<strong>in</strong>tended by <strong>the</strong>se Instructions to perform. That be<strong>in</strong>g done you will acqua<strong>in</strong>t all <strong>the</strong> Colonels or Officers<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g Regiments <strong>of</strong> Militia that I have appo<strong>in</strong>ted you to be <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g General <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Militia upon both side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> River Peedee, from Cheraw District, to <strong>the</strong> District at <strong>the</strong> Mouth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> said River<br />
both <strong>in</strong>clusive. You will call out such Proportions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> said militia only as are necessary for immediate Service,<br />
not more than One half at a Time (but this is not to be understood to preclude you from accept<strong>in</strong>g any<br />
Volunteers that may <strong>of</strong>fer to serve). You have likewise <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> Vacancy from any cause full Power <strong>and</strong><br />
Authority from me: to Grant Brevet Commission to any person capable <strong>of</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> a Regimt [sic] <strong>of</strong><br />
Militia: -- to direct <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> my Name authorize him <strong>in</strong> like manner to fill up vacant Commissions <strong>in</strong> His Corps. --<br />
When you have collected <strong>and</strong> organized a Body <strong>of</strong> Militia fit for a General Officers <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, you will make your<br />
Returns <strong>and</strong> Report to me <strong>in</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> I shall <strong>the</strong>reupon give Orders <strong>and</strong> Directions for <strong>the</strong> particular Service,<br />
which <strong>the</strong> Public Interest renders it necessary you should perform.” 1100<br />
Harr<strong>in</strong>gton, with his North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, had been headed toward (or else actually left) Gates a few days<br />
before, <strong>and</strong> was probably at Cross Creek (specifically Forks Creek near Cross Creek) by this time; <strong>and</strong> for a<br />
period Marion (<strong>and</strong> also Abel Kolb <strong>and</strong> Thomas Brown) looked to him as superior when not <strong>in</strong> direct consultation<br />
with Gates. Although considerably delayed (such that he had to be ordered aga<strong>in</strong> by Gates a month later), as per<br />
<strong>the</strong>se <strong>in</strong>structions, he did, ultimately move by late October to <strong>the</strong> Cheraw District. Thereafter he operated<br />
primarily <strong>in</strong> upper Peedee <strong>and</strong> Cheraw areas. Initially Harr<strong>in</strong>gton kept those headquarters near Cheraw itself,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n later at Haley’s Ferry. He cont<strong>in</strong>ued to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> this district until about mid-December 1780, when<br />
(with Marion by <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> dom<strong>in</strong>ant <strong>com</strong>missioned general <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region), he moved up state <strong>and</strong> shortly<br />
<strong>the</strong>reafter <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed at Grassy Creek on <strong>the</strong> Roanoke River.<br />
6-10 August. [capture] Megert’s Swamp, also Black River (Williamsburg County, S.C.) Hav<strong>in</strong>g been laid up <strong>in</strong><br />
Charlestown with fever, Tarleton recovered by <strong>the</strong> early part <strong>of</strong> August. Collect<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> dragoons he could<br />
f<strong>in</strong>d, he headed north to jo<strong>in</strong> Rawdon. Maj. Hanger, who had lately been appo<strong>in</strong>ted to <strong>the</strong> British Legion cavalry,<br />
ac<strong>com</strong>panied him. With 30 dragoons <strong>and</strong> 40 mounted militia assembled, he crossed Lenud’s Ferry on August 6 th .<br />
Along <strong>the</strong> way, near <strong>the</strong> Black River, he disguised himself as an advance party <strong>of</strong> Gates’ army, <strong>and</strong> as a result<br />
tricked <strong>in</strong>to capture some Whig militia under Bradley; not unlike <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> manner that Henry Lee later fooled Pyle<br />
(see 24 February 1781.) Tarleton <strong>the</strong>n took <strong>the</strong>m as prisoners to Camden. There he found <strong>the</strong> Legion cavalry<br />
nearly decimated by constant patrols <strong>and</strong> detachments. Collect<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m as were fit for duty, on 10 August<br />
he re<strong>in</strong>forced Rawdon at Lynches Creek (also spoken <strong>of</strong> as Lynches River.) Bass records that Tarleton passed<br />
through <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gstree area ra<strong>the</strong>r quickly to avoid ambush by <strong>the</strong> local whig militia, <strong>and</strong> makes no reference to<br />
Bradley’s capture. It should be noted, however, that <strong>the</strong> British, though <strong>the</strong>y tried, never succeeded <strong>in</strong> us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
K<strong>in</strong>gstree (Francis Marion’s country) as a means <strong>of</strong> connect<strong>in</strong>g Camden with Georgetown <strong>and</strong> Nelson’s ferry, <strong>and</strong><br />
only sent forces to that area if <strong>the</strong>y were specifically designated for action <strong>the</strong>re. 1101<br />
7 August. Gates’ army rendezvoused with <strong>the</strong> 2,100 N.C. militia under Caswell at “<strong>the</strong> Cross Roads, about fifteen<br />
miles east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s post, on Lynch’s Creek” <strong>in</strong> what is now Chesterfield County. 1102<br />
Gates, at “Camp at Little Black Creek,” wrote to Brig. Gen. Harr<strong>in</strong>gton on this date: “Hav<strong>in</strong>g yesterday delivered<br />
you your Public Orders; <strong>in</strong> respect to your Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Management <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia on both sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> River<br />
Peedee: -- I am now to request your particular attention to an Enterprise <strong>of</strong> much Utility to <strong>the</strong> United States,<br />
<strong>and</strong> great Glory to yourself: -- it is no less Sir, than <strong>the</strong> Surprise <strong>and</strong> Conquest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Post at<br />
George Town. -- You have <strong>the</strong>refore my orders <strong>and</strong> Directions to proceed <strong>in</strong> that important Bus<strong>in</strong>ess, most<br />
rapidly; though at <strong>the</strong> same Time apparently, as if your o<strong>the</strong>r Comm<strong>and</strong>; was <strong>the</strong> sole Reason <strong>of</strong> your be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
detached. -- Let your First Object be, to select from <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>and</strong> Troops under your Comm<strong>and</strong> -- a Chosen<br />
B<strong>and</strong>, fit to execute <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tended Service. -- Secondly be vigilant to procure every possible Information, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Garrison at that Post, <strong>the</strong>ir works, <strong>the</strong>ir weak Side &c. When <strong>the</strong>se are obta<strong>in</strong>ed, you<br />
will determ<strong>in</strong>e your Plan <strong>of</strong> Attack; which I re<strong>com</strong>mend to you (if no unforeseen circumstances prevent) at half<br />
an Hour before Daybreak. When you have subdued <strong>the</strong> Garrison, you will if possible, secure <strong>the</strong> Magaz<strong>in</strong>e for <strong>the</strong><br />
Use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Troops <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Department -- You will send <strong>the</strong> Prisoners <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal<br />
Army to Richmond <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, under a proper Escort <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>of</strong> South <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a to Newbern.<br />
1099 WNO, part I, pp. 210-212.<br />
1100 GAH p. 299.<br />
1101 TCS pp. 100-101, MSC1 pp. 648-651, BSF pp. 37-38.<br />
1102 WNA, MLW4A pp. 171-172, MSC1 p. 663, RNC p. 242, SCP1 p. 179.<br />
220
“Repos<strong>in</strong>g especial Confidence <strong>in</strong> your Courage, Experience <strong>and</strong> Wisdom, I rely that all your natural <strong>and</strong> acquired<br />
talents will be exerted to obta<strong>in</strong> success <strong>in</strong> a Conquest, that must redound so much to your Honor <strong>and</strong> prove <strong>in</strong><br />
its Consequences so beneficial to <strong>the</strong> United States. -- I must likewise re<strong>com</strong>mend to your particular attention<br />
<strong>the</strong> Situation <strong>of</strong> those unfortunate Men who have been obliged to take <strong>the</strong> Oath <strong>of</strong> allegiance to <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>n<br />
prevail<strong>in</strong>g Power <strong>of</strong> Great Brita<strong>in</strong> -- to whom you will be pleased to follow <strong>the</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> Conduct laid down <strong>in</strong> my<br />
Letter <strong>of</strong> Instructions to <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers Comm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g Militia Regiments <strong>in</strong> this State. -- In a firm Belief that you will<br />
do everyth<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> best <strong>of</strong>ficer can do to obta<strong>in</strong> success.” 1103<br />
Maj. Thomas P<strong>in</strong>ckney, Gates’ Aide, at “Head Quarters near Anderson’s Creek Cross Roads,” to Sumter: “After a<br />
rapid March <strong>of</strong> Forty Miles <strong>in</strong> two Days, we have arrived with<strong>in</strong> Fourteen Miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Post at Lynch’s [or<br />
Lynches] Creek, but <strong>the</strong>y have prudently thought proper to decamp last night for Camden. We here formd [sic] a<br />
junction with Major Genl [Richard] Caswell whose numerous Division is well found well armd [sic] <strong>and</strong> accoutred<br />
[sic] <strong>and</strong> eager for Action. -- Upon <strong>the</strong> Whole we form an army fully sufficient to drive our late <strong>in</strong>sult<strong>in</strong>g Foes to<br />
Charles Town, without <strong>the</strong> considerable Re<strong>in</strong>forcements which are <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g up. -- General Gates (who now<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s <strong>in</strong> chief <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Department) desires to be particularly acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with your Situation, <strong>and</strong><br />
any Late Intelligence you may have collected. He would <strong>the</strong>refore be glad if you would send him a Confidential<br />
Officer, well <strong>in</strong>structed upon <strong>the</strong> necessary Po<strong>in</strong>ts, immediately -- if you should not be able to spare an Officer,<br />
you will be pleased to write fully, but so as to be calculated for accidents -- The State <strong>of</strong> Provisions <strong>in</strong> your<br />
neighborhood, should be particularly attended to, <strong>and</strong> Intelligence concern<strong>in</strong>g it, immediately sent.” 1104<br />
8 August. Gates, at “Camp Lynch’s Creek,” to Col. Charles Porterfield: “Sir, You will be pleased to proceed<br />
immediately on <strong>the</strong> Rout which <strong>the</strong> Enemy have taken, with <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Troops, <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry <strong>of</strong> General<br />
Caswell’s Division, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Detachment <strong>of</strong> Cavalry which is ordered to jo<strong>in</strong> you, under your Comm<strong>and</strong>. Your<br />
object will be to hang upon <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Rear; to harass <strong>the</strong>m as much as lies <strong>in</strong> your Power, <strong>and</strong> to take every<br />
Advantage which Circumstances may <strong>of</strong>fer. -- I place so entire a Confidence <strong>in</strong> your Military Abilities, Prudence<br />
<strong>and</strong> Courage, that I leave <strong>the</strong> conduct <strong>of</strong> your operations altoge<strong>the</strong>r to your own Discretion, not doubt<strong>in</strong>g that<br />
you will distress <strong>the</strong> Enemy as much as lies <strong>in</strong> your Power; without hazard<strong>in</strong>g too much <strong>the</strong> Troops under your<br />
Comm<strong>and</strong>. I shall order a Body <strong>of</strong> 600 men to march early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g to support your Detachment. -- A<br />
Deserter who is lately <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong>, gives Intelligence that <strong>the</strong> Enemy halted this Morn<strong>in</strong>g on an Em<strong>in</strong>ence four miles<br />
beyond Little Lynch’s Creek; where <strong>the</strong>y purpose to rema<strong>in</strong> till <strong>the</strong> cool <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Even<strong>in</strong>g.” 1105<br />
8 August, also given as 7 August. [battle] Second Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g, also W<strong>of</strong>ford’s Iron Works, Buff<strong>in</strong>gton, Green<br />
Spr<strong>in</strong>g, Green’s Spr<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> Peach Orchard. (Spartanburg County S.C.) Col. Charles McDowell, who was camped<br />
at Cherokee Ford with not more than a thous<strong>and</strong> men (accord<strong>in</strong>g to Draper), had sent out an advance force <strong>of</strong> an<br />
estimated 600 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m mounted under Colonel Isaac Shelby, Col. Elijah Clark, <strong>and</strong> Col. William Graham to keep<br />
watch on <strong>and</strong> check <strong>the</strong> forag<strong>in</strong>g parties <strong>of</strong> Ferguson; who is thought to have had 400-600 accord<strong>in</strong>g to one<br />
account, <strong>and</strong> 1,500-1,800 men accord<strong>in</strong>g to Draper. Ferguson, for his part, saw <strong>the</strong> rebels as be<strong>in</strong>g motivated by<br />
plunder.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 7 August, Shelby, Clark <strong>and</strong> Graham, expect<strong>in</strong>g a direct attack, retreated from <strong>the</strong>ir bivouac<br />
two miles west <strong>of</strong> Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g to an area near W<strong>of</strong>ford’s Iron Works a few miles north, <strong>and</strong> on Lawson’s Fork <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Pacelot. On <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 8 th , Ferguson’s vanguard <strong>of</strong> 114 dragoons <strong>and</strong> mounted loyalists under Maj.<br />
James Dunlop attacked, but, outnumbered was beaten back with some loss. When Ferguson came up with his<br />
ma<strong>in</strong> body, however, Clark, Shelby <strong>and</strong> Graham’s men were <strong>com</strong>pelled to make a hasty withdrawal. Ferguson<br />
<strong>the</strong>n pursued some four or five miles, yet when <strong>and</strong> after he found <strong>the</strong> backcountry men had posted <strong>the</strong>mselves<br />
on some high ground called, he called <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> attack <strong>and</strong> withdrew. Much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle took on <strong>the</strong> form <strong>of</strong> a<br />
runn<strong>in</strong>g engagement, <strong>and</strong> some versions speak <strong>of</strong> two separate but closely related skirmishes go<strong>in</strong>g on<br />
simultaneously. The number <strong>of</strong> men <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> casualties <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle is not clear; <strong>the</strong>re be<strong>in</strong>g different<br />
versions <strong>of</strong> each <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from both sides. None<strong>the</strong>less, it would seem on <strong>the</strong> surface fair to say that Dunlop <strong>and</strong><br />
Ferguson outnumbered Shelby, Clark <strong>and</strong> Graham, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> losses for both sides were about <strong>the</strong> same except that<br />
<strong>the</strong> Americans took more prisoners. Draper presents <strong>and</strong> exam<strong>in</strong>es <strong>the</strong> various versions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle at<br />
considerable length <strong>in</strong> his K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> Its Heroes. As with a number <strong>of</strong> facts about <strong>the</strong> battle, <strong>the</strong> given<br />
number <strong>of</strong> casualties differ. Shelby, cited <strong>in</strong> Draper, reported 20 British were taken <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 2 <strong>of</strong>ficers. Ripley<br />
states <strong>the</strong> British lost 8 to 34 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g reference to two separate reports says Shelby,<br />
Clark <strong>and</strong> Graham lost ei<strong>the</strong>r 3 killed <strong>and</strong> 21 wounded, or else 21 killed to 50 wounded, preferr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> lower<br />
figure. Allaire gives <strong>the</strong> loyalist losses as 20 to 30 killed, <strong>and</strong> 3 captured. The Rebel loss was not certa<strong>in</strong>, but as<br />
many as 22 were wounded <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g, Col. Clark. 1106 Ferguson’s own account here follows.<br />
1103 GAH pp.299-300. In light <strong>of</strong> later events <strong>the</strong>re, Gates proposal to seize Georgetown with militia perhaps sounds strange.<br />
However, at this time it must have been must perhaps have been at least somewhat feasible for <strong>in</strong> a letter to Maj. Gen. Leslie <strong>of</strong><br />
24 Oct. 1780, Rawdon (act<strong>in</strong>g for Cornwallis at that time) wrote: “This hour <strong>the</strong> majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> that tract<br />
between <strong>the</strong> Pedee <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee are <strong>in</strong> arms aga<strong>in</strong>st us; <strong>and</strong> when we last heard from Charles-town [i.e., Balfour], <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
<strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> George-town, from which <strong>the</strong>y had dislodged our militia.” Tarleton similarly believed Gates should have made<br />
more <strong>of</strong> an effort to underm<strong>in</strong>e Cornwallis’ <strong>com</strong>munications with Charlestown <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r posts before risk<strong>in</strong>g a direct<br />
engagement with <strong>the</strong> British, TCS p. 109. Also worth not<strong>in</strong>g, Sumter at <strong>the</strong> time supported Gates idea <strong>of</strong> cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f British l<strong>in</strong>e<br />
<strong>of</strong> retreat from <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>munications to Camden. SDR p. 134.<br />
1104 GAH p. 300.<br />
1105 GAH pp. 300-301. One can’t help but th<strong>in</strong>k Gates was be<strong>in</strong>g not a little fantastic m<strong>in</strong>ded <strong>in</strong> this <strong>in</strong>stance, to expect<br />
Porterfield, with <strong>in</strong>fantry no less, to harass <strong>the</strong> enemy’s rear.<br />
1106 HMP, SJM, MHG pp. 313-314, JTR pp.422-423, 516-518, DKM pp. 92-102, SNC pp. 76-78, MSC1 pp. 635-640, LCR pp. 135-146,<br />
RBG p. 76, BRG p. 139.<br />
221
Ferguson, on 9 Aug. at “Philip Fords on Fair Forest,” to Cornwallis:<br />
“…By <strong>the</strong> arra<strong>in</strong>gement [sic] settled with Colonel Balfour, 700 militia with my detachment were to have been<br />
upon Pacelot, <strong>and</strong> 500 under Major Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham upon Broad River to scower <strong>the</strong> country from<br />
plunder<strong>in</strong>g partys, one <strong>of</strong> which consist<strong>in</strong>g with about 300 men was about Gilberton, <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r under<br />
Sumpter on Catawba which was supposed to be kept <strong>in</strong> awe by our post on Rocky Mount.<br />
“But Major Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham hav<strong>in</strong>g thought proper <strong>of</strong> his own accord to make an excursion towards<br />
Catawba with 800 <strong>of</strong> our party, mostly on foot, after some runaway rebel horse men <strong>and</strong> afterwards to<br />
dismiss his militia <strong>and</strong> send <strong>the</strong>m 60 or 70 miles home, aga<strong>in</strong>st Colonel Balfour’s <strong>in</strong>tentions, without orders or<br />
leave, <strong>in</strong> place <strong>of</strong> 1,200 militia <strong>the</strong>re were only 500 (<strong>of</strong> whom 100 without arms) at a time when <strong>the</strong> rebels<br />
around Gilberton, hav<strong>in</strong>g f<strong>in</strong>ish’d <strong>the</strong>re [sic] wheat harvest <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g re<strong>in</strong>forced by several partys from<br />
Georgia <strong>and</strong> some hundred men from <strong>the</strong> Western Waters, were prepar<strong>in</strong>g to advance <strong>in</strong> force <strong>and</strong> act <strong>in</strong><br />
concert with Sumpter, <strong>of</strong> whose <strong>of</strong>fensive preparations <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> our right we had also an account whilst<br />
we could not weaken ourselves to watch him by patroles <strong>in</strong> our rear on Broad River fords.<br />
“At that time I was advanced to Thicketty north <strong>of</strong> Pacelot <strong>in</strong> order to awe <strong>the</strong> plunder<strong>in</strong>g partys, subsist<br />
beyond our secure resources <strong>and</strong> impose upon <strong>the</strong> rebels, when I got at <strong>the</strong> same time undoubted<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> a body <strong>of</strong> 800 rebels call<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves 1,200 to McNight’s upon North Pacelot<br />
to turn our left, <strong>and</strong> a move <strong>of</strong> Sumpter’s down from Catabaw <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> my right, which made t<br />
necessary to fall back a little <strong>in</strong> order to cover <strong>the</strong> country, enable our militia to assemble <strong>in</strong> our rear, <strong>and</strong><br />
prevent<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rebels from gett<strong>in</strong>g between us <strong>and</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. I <strong>the</strong>refore threw <strong>the</strong> Tyger <strong>in</strong> our front <strong>and</strong><br />
employed myself to encourage <strong>the</strong> rebels, improve <strong>the</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> confidence <strong>of</strong> our militia, <strong>and</strong> so<br />
mask’d <strong>the</strong> fords as to be able, when an opportunity <strong>of</strong>fer’d, to make a march by surprise upon ei<strong>the</strong>r flank<br />
under bl<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river.<br />
“On Sunday <strong>the</strong> 6 th <strong>in</strong>stant, be<strong>in</strong>g satisfyed [sic] that noth<strong>in</strong>g could <strong>in</strong> 49 hours penetrate on <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Broad River, <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> account that 400 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebels were at Ford’s Mill upon Tyger River <strong>and</strong> were to<br />
be jo<strong>in</strong>’d that day by <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body said to consist <strong>of</strong> 1,200 (among whom <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong>dustriously reported that<br />
<strong>the</strong>re were some hundreds <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals), I march’d all night with 700 men to surprise <strong>the</strong>m, but <strong>the</strong><br />
militia broke <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> march <strong>and</strong> we could not arrive <strong>in</strong> time, <strong>and</strong> at any rate <strong>the</strong> rebel party had, it<br />
seems, fallen back that even<strong>in</strong>g 7 miles without any knowledge <strong>of</strong> our advance <strong>in</strong> order to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir ma<strong>in</strong><br />
body. We <strong>the</strong>refore rema<strong>in</strong>’d aback all day, mask’d by <strong>the</strong> river, march’d all Monday night, <strong>and</strong> on Tuesday<br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g enter’d <strong>the</strong> rebel camp an hour before day, but unfortunately some <strong>in</strong>telligence had alarm’d <strong>the</strong>m<br />
<strong>and</strong> for <strong>the</strong> first time <strong>the</strong>ir horses were tyed [sic] <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir mencollected; <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> our guns happen<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
go <strong>of</strong>f a mile from <strong>the</strong>ir camp, <strong>the</strong>y push’d <strong>of</strong>f half an hour befor [sic] we came on <strong>the</strong>ir ground. As our men<br />
<strong>and</strong> horses were totally over<strong>com</strong>e by two successive nights’ marches, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebels fresh <strong>and</strong> well mounted,<br />
it was <strong>in</strong> va<strong>in</strong> to follow. I <strong>the</strong>refore contented myself with detach<strong>in</strong>g our mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry to <strong>the</strong> amount <strong>of</strong><br />
15 with <strong>the</strong> least fatigued [sic] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia horse after some waggons said to be follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir rear. The<br />
rebels had avail’d <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong> a rav<strong>in</strong>[e] to dress an ambush, <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>temperate ardour <strong>of</strong> our<br />
mounted <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> gallant fellows <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia, as well as from <strong>the</strong> backwardness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
militia, Capta<strong>in</strong> Dunlap found himself under a necessity <strong>of</strong> attack<strong>in</strong>g 300 men with 40, one half <strong>of</strong> whom are<br />
kill’d <strong>and</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebels as many, <strong>and</strong> half a dozen <strong>of</strong> prisoners on each side. Major Smith <strong>and</strong><br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> Potts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebels, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>missary lay dead on <strong>the</strong> field; Colonel Graham is dangerously<br />
wounded. Colonel Clark, I am assured, was mortally wounded <strong>and</strong> ab<strong>and</strong>on’d two miles from <strong>the</strong> field by <strong>the</strong><br />
rebels. Capta<strong>in</strong> Dunlap is slightly wounded on our side, <strong>and</strong> Ensign McFarl<strong>in</strong> taken fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> heart <strong>of</strong> a<br />
crowd <strong>of</strong> rebels, who upon <strong>the</strong>ir approach fled before <strong>the</strong>m over Pacelot, <strong>and</strong> s<strong>in</strong>ce, I underst<strong>and</strong>, over Broad<br />
River, <strong>the</strong>ir numbers not exceed<strong>in</strong>g 700 hav<strong>in</strong>g gone home with plunder…” 1107<br />
Allaire: “Tuesday, 8 th . Learn<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> Rebel wagons were three miles <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> us at Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g, Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
Dunlap [Dunlop], with fourteen mounted men, <strong>and</strong> a hundred <strong>and</strong> thirty militia, were dispatched to take <strong>the</strong><br />
wagons. He met three Rebels <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to reconnoitre [sic] our camp; he pursued, took two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m -- <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
escaped, giv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Rebels <strong>the</strong> alarm. In pursuit <strong>of</strong> this man, Dunlap <strong>and</strong> his party rushed <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> centre <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Rebel camp, where <strong>the</strong>y lay <strong>in</strong> ambush, before he was aware <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir presence. A skirmish ensued, <strong>in</strong> which<br />
Dunlap got slightly wounded, <strong>and</strong> had between twenty <strong>and</strong> thirty killed <strong>and</strong> wounded -- Ensign McFarl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
one private taken prisoners. The Rebel loss is uncerta<strong>in</strong>. A Maj. Smith, Capt. Potts, <strong>and</strong> two privates, were left<br />
dead on <strong>the</strong> field. Col. Clark, Johnson, <strong>and</strong> twenty privates were seen wounded. We pursued <strong>the</strong>m five miles to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Iron Works, but were not able to overtake <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong>y be<strong>in</strong>g all mounted. We countermarched five miles to<br />
Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> halted to refresh dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> heat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day. At six <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, marched <strong>and</strong> took a height<br />
near <strong>the</strong> ground <strong>the</strong> Rebels left.”<br />
Saye (with Major Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong>): “Previous to this (that is, <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> Musgrove’s Mill), <strong>in</strong> July, a battle was<br />
fought at <strong>the</strong> Green Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, near Berwick’s Iron Works, by Col. Clarke [Elijah Clark] <strong>of</strong> Georgia, with 168 men.<br />
The enemy, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 150 volunteer mounted riflemen <strong>and</strong> sixty well equipped dragoons, were defeated with<br />
<strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> twenty-eight killed on <strong>the</strong> spot <strong>and</strong> several wounded. Clarke had four killed <strong>and</strong> twenty-three<br />
wounded, all with <strong>the</strong> broadsword. Major Smith <strong>of</strong> Georgia, a brave, <strong>in</strong>telligent <strong>and</strong> active <strong>of</strong>ficer, was killed,<br />
Col. Clarke was severely wounded, Col. [Charles] Robertson, a volunteer; Capt. Clarke, <strong>and</strong> several o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers were also wounded.<br />
“Mr. Mills is probably mistaken <strong>in</strong> his statement that Col. Clarke was wounded <strong>in</strong> this battle; he was too soon <strong>in</strong><br />
service aga<strong>in</strong>. Besides, Mr. Sherwood, <strong>in</strong> his Gazetteer <strong>of</strong> Georgia, states that Col. Clarke was wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Battle <strong>of</strong> Musgrove’s Mill some three weeks subsequent to this. We have a more detailed account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle at<br />
1107 SCP1 pp. 301-303.<br />
222
<strong>the</strong> Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Magnolia Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> 1842, which is understood to be from <strong>the</strong> pen <strong>of</strong> a dist<strong>in</strong>guished<br />
citizen <strong>of</strong> Greenville District. It is as follows:<br />
“‘Col. Clarke <strong>of</strong> Georgia, well known <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution as a bold, active <strong>and</strong> useful <strong>of</strong>ficer, was on his<br />
march <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a with a regiment <strong>of</strong> refugee Whigs for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> American Army <strong>the</strong>n<br />
expected from <strong>the</strong> north. The news <strong>of</strong> his march reached <strong>the</strong> ears <strong>of</strong> Col. Ferguson, who immediately<br />
despatched [sic] Major Dunlop <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Army with a detachment <strong>of</strong> troops consist<strong>in</strong>g pr<strong>in</strong>cipally <strong>of</strong> Tories<br />
for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>tercept<strong>in</strong>g Col. Clarke <strong>and</strong> his regiment <strong>of</strong> militia. The colonel, not expect<strong>in</strong>g an attack<br />
from <strong>the</strong> enemy, had encamped for <strong>the</strong> night two or three miles from <strong>the</strong> Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g, when he was alarmed by<br />
<strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a gun by one <strong>of</strong> Major Dunlop’s soldiers. It is said that this soldier, whose name is not at present<br />
remembered, was a Tory who felt some <strong>com</strong>punctious visit<strong>in</strong>gs [sic] at <strong>the</strong> idea <strong>of</strong> surpris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> captur<strong>in</strong>g his<br />
countrymen <strong>and</strong> took this opportunity <strong>of</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> an approach<strong>in</strong>g enemy. He pretended,<br />
however, that his gun went <strong>of</strong>f accidently [sic], <strong>and</strong> he was not suspected <strong>of</strong> treachery. Col. Clarke immediately<br />
decamped <strong>and</strong> marched to <strong>the</strong> Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g, where he passed <strong>the</strong> night undisturbed. Mr. Dunlop, not th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g it<br />
prudent to pursue <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night, took possession <strong>of</strong> Col. Clarke’s encampment <strong>and</strong> waited for <strong>the</strong><br />
day.<br />
“‘Josiah Culbertson, noted <strong>in</strong> Spartanburg for his desperate <strong>and</strong> dar<strong>in</strong>g courage, had left <strong>the</strong> American camp<br />
that even<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> return<strong>in</strong>g home, two or three miles distant, to spend <strong>the</strong> night. He came back<br />
about daylight, expect<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>of</strong> course, to f<strong>in</strong>d Col. Clarke <strong>and</strong> his regiment. But as he rode <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> camp he<br />
observed that <strong>the</strong> army seemed to present a different appearance from what it did <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g before, but<br />
never<strong>the</strong>less rode on to where he expected to f<strong>in</strong>d Col. Clarke before he became conscious that he was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
midst <strong>of</strong> an enemy’s camp. With extraord<strong>in</strong>ary coolness <strong>and</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d, he <strong>the</strong>n leisurely turned around<br />
<strong>and</strong> rode very slowly out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> encampment with his trusty rifle ly<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> pommel <strong>of</strong> his saddle. As he passed<br />
along he saw <strong>the</strong> dragoons catch<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir horses, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r preparations be<strong>in</strong>g made to strike up <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong><br />
march.<br />
“‘When out <strong>of</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British he put spurs to his horse <strong>and</strong> went <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction he supposed Clarke had<br />
gone. While <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s camp he had doubtless been taken for a Tory who was a little ahead <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>in</strong><br />
his preparations for march<strong>in</strong>g. He overtook Col. Clarke <strong>and</strong> found him <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess for <strong>the</strong> attack <strong>of</strong> Major<br />
Dunlop. In a short time, too, that <strong>of</strong>ficer made his appearance <strong>and</strong> a warm engagement ensued. The British <strong>and</strong><br />
Tories were repulsed with considerable loss. The Americans susta<strong>in</strong>ed very little <strong>in</strong>jury. Major Dunlop hastily fled<br />
<strong>the</strong> country <strong>and</strong> Col. Clarke resumed his march toward North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Dur<strong>in</strong>g this engagement Culbertson was<br />
met by a dragoon some distance from <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> battle who imperiously dem<strong>and</strong>ed his surrender, which<br />
Culbertson replied to with his rifle <strong>and</strong> felled <strong>the</strong> dragoon from his horse.<br />
“‘The next day when <strong>the</strong> dead were buried this dragoon was thrown <strong>in</strong>to a hole near where he lay <strong>and</strong> was<br />
covered with earth. He had some peaches <strong>in</strong> his pocket when buried, from which a peach tree came up <strong>and</strong> was<br />
known to bear peaches for years afterward. His grave is yet to be seen, but <strong>the</strong> tree has long s<strong>in</strong>ce disappeared.’<br />
“[Here Saye discusses Fort Anderson or Thicketty Fort, see 30 July]…The effective force <strong>of</strong> Col. Ferguson at this<br />
time amounted to more than 2,500 men, <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> British <strong>and</strong> Tories. [Col. Charles] McDowell’s force was too<br />
small to meet his antagonist <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field with any prospect <strong>of</strong> success. He <strong>the</strong>refore deemed it expedient to<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> his position at <strong>the</strong> Cherokee Ford, guard aga<strong>in</strong>st surprise <strong>and</strong> harass his adversary <strong>in</strong> hope <strong>of</strong> soon<br />
acquir<strong>in</strong>g a force sufficient to expel him from <strong>the</strong> country. He had under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men<br />
possess<strong>in</strong>g peculiar qualifications for ac<strong>com</strong>plish<strong>in</strong>g such a task, <strong>and</strong> by no means averse to dar<strong>in</strong>g enterprise.<br />
“Accord<strong>in</strong>gly, soon after <strong>the</strong> return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> party from <strong>the</strong> capture <strong>of</strong> Moore, Shelby <strong>and</strong> Clarke were aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
field at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> 600 mounted rifle men, with a view <strong>of</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g beyond Pacolet River for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong><br />
cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> forag<strong>in</strong>g parties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. They crossed that stream near where <strong>the</strong> Roll<strong>in</strong>g Mill Place now is<br />
<strong>and</strong> sent out patrol parties to give <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>and</strong> watch his movements. Ferguson soon<br />
penetrated <strong>the</strong> designs <strong>of</strong> his adversaries <strong>and</strong> set his army <strong>in</strong> motion to drive <strong>the</strong>m from <strong>the</strong> country. Major<br />
Dunlop advanced to Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Ferguson with his whole force was but a few miles <strong>in</strong> his rear. Shelby’s<br />
force occupied a position near <strong>the</strong> present site <strong>of</strong> Biv<strong>in</strong>gsville. Various attempts were made to fall upon <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans by surprise, but <strong>the</strong>se schemes were baffled.<br />
“About four miles from <strong>the</strong> present site <strong>of</strong> Spartanburg Court House on <strong>the</strong> road to Union is an old plantation<br />
known as Thompson’s Old Place. It is an elevated tract <strong>of</strong> country ly<strong>in</strong>g between <strong>the</strong> tributaries <strong>of</strong> Fairforest on<br />
<strong>the</strong> one side <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Lawson’s Fork on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r. Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g was about a mile distant on <strong>the</strong> Fairforest side,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Shelby’s position not much fur<strong>the</strong>r on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r. A road lead<strong>in</strong>g from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a to Georgia by way <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Cherokee Ford on Broad River passed through this place <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n by or near Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g. A person pass<strong>in</strong>g<br />
at <strong>the</strong> present time from <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Union toward Spartanburg Court House crosses this ancient highway at<br />
Thompson’s old residence.<br />
“After pass<strong>in</strong>g this, by look<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> left, <strong>the</strong> eye rests upon a parcel <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> extend<strong>in</strong>g down a hollow, which<br />
was cleared <strong>and</strong> planted <strong>in</strong> fruit trees prior to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>. Beyond this hollow, just where <strong>the</strong> road<br />
now enters a body <strong>of</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>the</strong>re is yet some traces <strong>of</strong> a former human habitation. In this orchard two<br />
patrol parties met from adverse armies. The party from Dunlop’s camp were <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> orchard ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g peaches;<br />
<strong>the</strong> Liberty Party fired on <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> drove <strong>the</strong>m from <strong>the</strong> place. In turn <strong>the</strong>y entered <strong>the</strong> orchard, but <strong>the</strong> report<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir guns brought out a strong detachment from Shelby. The Capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> patrol, when he saw <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
approach<strong>in</strong>g, drew up his men under cover <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fence along <strong>the</strong> ridge, just where <strong>the</strong> old field <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
woodl<strong>and</strong> now meet, <strong>and</strong> where <strong>the</strong> traces <strong>of</strong> an old place <strong>of</strong> residence are now barely visible. Here he awaited<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir approach. The onset was furious, but vigorously met. The conflict was ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed aga<strong>in</strong>st fearful odds until<br />
<strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements from Shelby’s camp. The scales now turned <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> assailants fell back. The whole<br />
force <strong>of</strong> Shelby <strong>and</strong> Clarke were soon <strong>in</strong> battle array, confronted by <strong>the</strong> whole British advance, number<strong>in</strong>g 600 or<br />
700 men.<br />
223
“The onset was renewed with redoubled fury. Here it was that Clarke astonished Shelby by <strong>the</strong> energy <strong>and</strong><br />
adroitness with which he dealt his blows. Shelby <strong>of</strong>ten said he stopped <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> midst <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> engagement to see<br />
Clarke fight. The Liberty Men drove back <strong>the</strong>ir foes, when <strong>the</strong> whole British Army came up. A retreat was now a<br />
matter <strong>of</strong> necessity as well as sound policy. Shelby <strong>and</strong> Clarke had taken fifty prisoners, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m British <strong>and</strong><br />
some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong>ficers. These Ferguson was extremely anxious to retake, <strong>and</strong> his antagonists by no means will<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to lose. Hence <strong>the</strong> pursuit was pressed for miles with great vigor <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> retreat managed so skillfully as to<br />
render <strong>the</strong> great superiority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> royal army <strong>of</strong> no avail. A k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> runn<strong>in</strong>g fight was ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed for five miles,<br />
until <strong>the</strong> prisoners were entirely out <strong>of</strong> reach.<br />
“The writer cannot close this account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battles at Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g without a few remarks. The reader who has<br />
followed him through <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> his narrative has noticed that he has described three conflicts at or near that<br />
place. The first is conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> account given <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Thomas family. This is stated upon <strong>the</strong> authority <strong>of</strong><br />
Major McJunk<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> was probably <strong>the</strong> last <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> order <strong>of</strong> time. The second occurred when Col. Clarke was<br />
retreat<strong>in</strong>g from Georgia with his regiment <strong>of</strong> refugee militia. This is here described <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> language <strong>of</strong> Mills, <strong>the</strong><br />
author <strong>of</strong> A Statistics <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> a writer <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Magnolia for 1842.<br />
“The third took place between <strong>the</strong> forces <strong>of</strong> Clarke <strong>and</strong> Shelby <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed, perhaps two weeks subsequent to <strong>the</strong><br />
first. The biography <strong>of</strong> Shelby cited above <strong>and</strong> local tradition is <strong>the</strong> authority upon which I have relied <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
statement given. I have no reason to doubt that statements from local traditions <strong>in</strong> regard to <strong>the</strong>se engagements<br />
are extremely liable to error <strong>and</strong> confusion. This is especially <strong>the</strong> case from <strong>the</strong> fact that few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> citizens <strong>in</strong><br />
that section were present. The Whigs were from neighbor<strong>in</strong>g states <strong>and</strong> probably strangers to <strong>the</strong> neighborhood,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> three conflicts occurr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same vic<strong>in</strong>ity, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same summer, <strong>the</strong> traditions would be<strong>com</strong>e<br />
blended <strong>and</strong> confused. This is actually <strong>the</strong> case. One man will tell you <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight which <strong>com</strong>menced at <strong>the</strong><br />
orchard <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n go back to <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> tell about that affair.” 1108<br />
Chesney: “On <strong>the</strong> 9 th August I was appo<strong>in</strong>ted Capt. <strong>and</strong> assistant Adjutant General to <strong>the</strong> different battalions<br />
under Col. Ferguson; <strong>and</strong> same day we attacked <strong>the</strong> enemy at <strong>the</strong> Iron works <strong>and</strong> defeated <strong>the</strong>m with little<br />
trouble to ourselves <strong>and</strong> a good deal <strong>of</strong> loss to <strong>the</strong> Americans, <strong>in</strong> whose h<strong>and</strong>s I found some <strong>of</strong> our men prisoners,<br />
whom I released.” 1109<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “While Ferguson was <strong>in</strong> Spartanburg District, on his way toward Gilbertown, a detachment <strong>of</strong> his little<br />
army had a severe skirmish with Colonel Clark <strong>and</strong> his men at Greene’s [sic] Spr<strong>in</strong>g. Clark <strong>and</strong> his <strong>com</strong>pany, some<br />
two hundred <strong>in</strong> number, had stopped at <strong>the</strong> plantation <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Dillard, who was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong>, after<br />
partak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> refreshments, proceeded to Greene’s Spr<strong>in</strong>g. The same even<strong>in</strong>g Ferguson arrived at Dillard’s, whose<br />
wife soon learned, from <strong>the</strong> conversation <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> his men, that <strong>the</strong>y knew where Clark was encamped, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>tended to surprise him that night. She hastily prepared supper for Ferguson <strong>and</strong> his men, <strong>and</strong> while <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
eat<strong>in</strong>g she stole from <strong>the</strong> room, bridled a young horse, <strong>and</strong>, without a saddle, rode to <strong>the</strong> encampment <strong>of</strong> Clark,<br />
<strong>and</strong> warned him <strong>of</strong> impend<strong>in</strong>g danger. In an <strong>in</strong>stant every man was at his post, prepared for <strong>the</strong> enemy. Very<br />
soon Colonel Dunlap [Dunlop], with two hundred picked mounted men, sent by Ferguson, fell upon <strong>the</strong> camp <strong>of</strong><br />
Clark. Day had not yet dawned, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy were greatly surprised <strong>and</strong> disconcerted when <strong>the</strong>y found <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans fully prepared to meet <strong>the</strong>m. For fifteen m<strong>in</strong>utes <strong>the</strong> conflict raged desperately <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> gloom, when<br />
<strong>the</strong> Tories were repulsed with great slaughter, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> survivors hastened back to Ferguson’s camp.” 1110<br />
8 August. Major James Wemyss left Georgetown with a mounted detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd Regt., <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong><br />
sick <strong>and</strong> convalescents, <strong>and</strong> arrived at Sumter’s plantation on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee at Nelson’s Ferry; on<br />
his way, ultimately, to Camden; while leav<strong>in</strong>g a detachment under Capt. John McK<strong>in</strong>non reman<strong>in</strong>g to guard <strong>the</strong><br />
Nelson’s. Careful to avoid encounter<strong>in</strong>g Maj. John James, with some 500 rebel militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area, he rema<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
at Sumter’s for a few days, writ<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis on <strong>the</strong> 11 th : “The [loyalist] militia from St. James <strong>and</strong> St. Johns<br />
who were with Col. Tarleton returned yesterday <strong>and</strong> found everyth<strong>in</strong>g quiet on <strong>the</strong> road to Camden.” 1111<br />
9 August. Rawdon advanced to a position on <strong>the</strong> west branch <strong>of</strong> Big Lynches Creek, fourteen miles from Camden.<br />
Ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g him were <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt., <strong>the</strong> 33 rd Regt., <strong>the</strong> 1 st Battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt., <strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong><br />
Irel<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment, 40 dragoons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion <strong>and</strong> 4 cannon; while a hospital, <strong>the</strong><br />
baggage, <strong>and</strong> stores, were left under a weak guard at Camden. At <strong>the</strong> same time, he ordered Cruger at N<strong>in</strong>ety<br />
Six to send him <strong>the</strong> four <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> light Infantry under Capt. Charles Campbell. Carden <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock<br />
garrison meanwhile had evacuated that post <strong>and</strong> returned to Camden. The British Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry under Capt.<br />
Patrick Stewart, <strong>and</strong> a detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers which had been posted at Rugeley’s were ordered to<br />
Lynches creek. A guide led Stewart to <strong>the</strong> outpost <strong>of</strong> Gates’ army where Stewart discovered his mistake <strong>in</strong> just<br />
<strong>the</strong> nick <strong>of</strong> time; with Arm<strong>and</strong>’s cavalry <strong>and</strong> Porterfield pursu<strong>in</strong>g him till he reached Rawdon at Lynches.<br />
Turnbull <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> force at Rocky Mount made up <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers were also <strong>the</strong>reafter removed to<br />
Camden. 1112<br />
Moultrie: “Lord Rawdon on <strong>the</strong> report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American army [under de Kalb] approach<strong>in</strong>g, ordered all <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>habitants, <strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> about Camden, to take up arms <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British troops, <strong>and</strong> all those who refused were<br />
conf<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> a jail, upwards <strong>of</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> sixty persons were imprisoned; twenty or thirty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most<br />
respectable citizens were put <strong>in</strong> irons, <strong>in</strong> close conf<strong>in</strong>ement.” 1113<br />
1108 SJM.<br />
1109 CDI.<br />
1110 LFB2 p. 424.<br />
1111 SCP1 p. 366, BSF p. 38.<br />
1112 Cornwallis to German, 21 August, 1780, TCS pp. 99-100, 128, SCP1. p. 264, SAW2 pp. 204-205, BSF p. 38.<br />
1113 MMS p. 217.<br />
224
Rawdon, <strong>in</strong> a letter to Colonel McMahon from Don<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>of</strong> 19 Jan. 1801, wrote: “Tho’ Ld. Cornwallis had not<br />
thought it probable that <strong>the</strong> attack would be made upon South Carol<strong>in</strong>a till <strong>the</strong> violent heat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> summer<br />
should be passed, I had suspected that Gates might calculate on our <strong>in</strong>ability to withst<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> climate<br />
(especially as it was known that we were very sickly) & might <strong>the</strong>n make a speedier effort…Camden had from<br />
<strong>the</strong> first day appeared to me an objectionable station for <strong>the</strong> army. It was a false position to <strong>the</strong> country, & <strong>in</strong><br />
itself <strong>in</strong>defensible beyond any ground that I ever saw.<br />
“Of distances, I must speak loosely. I suppose <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t where <strong>the</strong> road crosses <strong>the</strong> east branch <strong>of</strong> Lynche’s<br />
[Lynches] Creek to be thirty miles from Camden; <strong>the</strong> post at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, thirty-five. There was a ready<br />
<strong>com</strong>munication between <strong>the</strong> two by a road <strong>of</strong> about twelve miles. My object <strong>in</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g this forward position was<br />
to retard <strong>the</strong> progress <strong>of</strong> Gates till Ld. Cornwallis should collect force from o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>ce, or to<br />
reduce <strong>the</strong> enemy to hazard an action where my peculiar advantages <strong>of</strong> situation would <strong>com</strong>pensate for my<br />
disparity <strong>in</strong> numbers. I had 1100 men with me, all regulars <strong>and</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>cials; <strong>the</strong> detachment at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock<br />
consisted <strong>of</strong> 400 prov<strong>in</strong>cials & 800 militia.” 1114<br />
Stedman: “In order to stop <strong>the</strong>ir progress, lord Rawdon moved forward, with <strong>the</strong> force under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at<br />
Camden, <strong>and</strong> took a strong position about fourteen miles <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> it, upon <strong>the</strong> west branch <strong>of</strong> Lynche’s<br />
[Lynches] Creek. General Gates advanced on <strong>the</strong> opposite side; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> two armies cont<strong>in</strong>ued for several days<br />
opposed to each o<strong>the</strong>r, with <strong>the</strong> creek only <strong>in</strong>terven<strong>in</strong>g between <strong>the</strong>ir advanced parties. While <strong>the</strong> opposite<br />
armies lay <strong>in</strong> this situation, orders were sent to lieutenant-colonel Cruger to forward with all haste to Camden<br />
<strong>the</strong> four <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> light-<strong>in</strong>fantry stationed at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence be<strong>in</strong>g received <strong>of</strong> a movement<br />
made by <strong>the</strong> Americans towards <strong>the</strong>ir right, orders were sent to <strong>the</strong> British <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g at Rugeley’s<br />
Mills, to evacuate his post, which was exposed on account <strong>of</strong> its advanced situation, <strong>and</strong>, after send<strong>in</strong>g part <strong>of</strong><br />
his detachment to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, to retire with <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> Camden. By <strong>the</strong> evacuation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> post at Rugeley’s<br />
Mills <strong>the</strong> road lead<strong>in</strong>g from Waxhaws to Camden was left unguarded; <strong>and</strong> lord Rawdon, fear<strong>in</strong>g that general<br />
Gates might attempt to pass him by this road, <strong>and</strong> get <strong>in</strong>to his rear, found it necessary to fall back from<br />
Lynche’s Creek, nearer to Camden, <strong>and</strong> took a new position at Logtown. By this time almost all <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants<br />
between Black River <strong>and</strong> Pedee had openly revolted <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Americans; <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r quarters, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
seemed disposed to follow <strong>the</strong> example, whenever it could be done with security.”<br />
10 August. McCrady: “After <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> 2 nd Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, Ferguson sent his wounded to Musgrove’s Mills on <strong>the</strong><br />
south side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enoree River, <strong>in</strong> what is now Laurens County, <strong>and</strong> fell back to Culbertson’s plantation on Fair<br />
Forest. There on <strong>the</strong> 10 th [August] he received an express from Colonel Turnbull tell<strong>in</strong>g him <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s attack<br />
on Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock on <strong>the</strong> 6 th with orders to jo<strong>in</strong> Turnbull, who had <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> meanwhile been ordered by Rawdon to<br />
evacuate Rocky Mount <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong> Ferguson at his camp on Little River. Upon receipt, Ferguson set out <strong>and</strong><br />
march<strong>in</strong>g east across present Union County, cross<strong>in</strong>g T<strong>in</strong>ker’s Creek <strong>and</strong> Tyger River, <strong>and</strong> ford<strong>in</strong>g Broad river at<br />
Lyle’s Ford, rest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Mobley’s friendly settlement <strong>in</strong> what is now Fairfield County –- push<strong>in</strong>g on, he marched to<br />
Col. W<strong>in</strong>n’s plantation about eight miles west <strong>of</strong> W<strong>in</strong>nsboro, where he halted <strong>and</strong> lay await<strong>in</strong>g news <strong>of</strong><br />
Camden.” 1115<br />
Allaire: “Friday 11 th . [Ferguson’s corps with some loyalist militia] Got <strong>in</strong> motion at six o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Marched ten miles to Maj. [Zacharias] Gibbs’ plantation; lay all night.”<br />
10 August. On <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 10 th , Cornwallis left Charlestown to take <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field at<br />
Camden. 1116<br />
10 August. Allaire (with Ferguson’s detachment): “Thursday, 10 th . Sent <strong>the</strong> wounded to Musgrove’s Mills, Enoree<br />
river, to be attended by Dr. Ross. We marched about seven miles to Culbertson’s plantation, on Fair Forest.<br />
Express arrived from Col. [George] Turnbull [<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers] at Rocky Mount, with orders to jo<strong>in</strong><br />
him…”<br />
10 August. Marion arrived back from his <strong>in</strong>terview with Gates to beg<strong>in</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> already ga<strong>the</strong>red<br />
Williamsburg, S.C. militia (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lower Peedee region) under Maj. John James. Although a stranger to <strong>the</strong><br />
Williamsburg <strong>and</strong> lower Peedee militia, he was formally elected, succeed<strong>in</strong>g Hugh Horry, as <strong>the</strong>ir leader on 17<br />
August. 1117<br />
McCrady: “About this time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> news <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> Gates; a public meet<strong>in</strong>g was held [<strong>in</strong> Williamsburg],<br />
<strong>and</strong> it was unanimously resolved to take up arms <strong>in</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir country. Major James was chosen leader,<br />
<strong>and</strong> four <strong>com</strong>panies were formed under <strong>the</strong>ir former capta<strong>in</strong>s: William McCottry, Henry Mouzon, John James (<strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Lake), <strong>and</strong> John [or ra<strong>the</strong>r James?] McCauley. Mouzon’s <strong>com</strong>pany had been organized before. It consisted <strong>of</strong><br />
seventy-five men previous to <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charlestown…<strong>the</strong>se four <strong>com</strong>panies mustered about four hundred men.<br />
Two more <strong>com</strong>panies, Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon’s <strong>and</strong> Thornly’s, were added under major Hugh Giles <strong>of</strong> Peedee…<br />
“In <strong>the</strong> meantime Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Horry arrived <strong>in</strong> Georgetown with a small party. He decl<strong>in</strong>ed for some<br />
time <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> over Major [John] James, to which his rank entitled him; but upon assum<strong>in</strong>g it, he, on all<br />
occasions animated <strong>the</strong> men by his gallantry <strong>and</strong> persever<strong>in</strong>g patriotism.<br />
1114 ACG pp. 193-194.<br />
1115 MSC1 p. 686.<br />
1116 SAW2 pp. 205-211.<br />
1117 MMS2 p. 224, MSC1 pp. 651-652, MSC2 pp. 82-83.<br />
225
“On <strong>the</strong> 10 th <strong>of</strong> August Marion arrived at <strong>the</strong> post <strong>of</strong> Lynch’s Creek, <strong>and</strong> took <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> party <strong>the</strong>re <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> large extent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country on <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee. He was ac<strong>com</strong>panied by Major Peter Horry, Major<br />
John V<strong>and</strong>erhorst, Capta<strong>in</strong>s Lewis Ogier, <strong>and</strong> James Theus, <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> John Milton <strong>of</strong> Georgia.” 1118<br />
11 August. On <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> Gates, Rawdon left his position at Little Lynches Creek <strong>and</strong> advanced speedily<br />
toward Camden. 1119<br />
12 August. Cornwallis stopped at Nelson’s Ferry, on his way to Camden, <strong>and</strong> met with Maj. Wemyss <strong>the</strong>re whose<br />
“small” detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd Regiment <strong>the</strong>n followed Cornwallis’ column. 1120<br />
12 August. Turnbull received orders to remove <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers <strong>and</strong> garrison at Rocky Mount to Camden,<br />
which he subsequently did.<br />
Allaire, entry for 15 August: “Col. Turnbull had orders <strong>the</strong> twelfth to retreat from Rocky Mount, <strong>and</strong> act as he<br />
saw proper-to get to Camden if he could. Sumter appeared with cannon at Rocky Mount, about twelve hours<br />
after Col. Turnbull left it, <strong>in</strong> order to make a second trial for <strong>the</strong> post. He found not so harsh a reception as his<br />
first attempt.”<br />
12 August. Taken from “State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six,” 1121 by Lieut. Col. John Harris Cruger, <strong>of</strong> this date:<br />
Detachment, 1 st Batt. Genl De Lancey’s: 12 (Sergeants), 2 (Drummers), 91 (Rank <strong>and</strong> File)<br />
3 rd Batt. Sk<strong>in</strong>ner’s (N.J. Volunteers): 3 (S), 1 (D), 37, (R&F)<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists: 17 (S), 5 (D), 190 (R&F)<br />
TOTAL: 32 (S), 8 (D), 318 (R&F)<br />
The above <strong>of</strong> course does not <strong>in</strong>clude Royal militia who were present or o<strong>the</strong>rwise available.<br />
12 August. Sumter, at “Camp L<strong>and</strong>s foard, Catauba River,” to Maj. Thomas P<strong>in</strong>ckney (with orig<strong>in</strong>al spell<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
etc.): “By accounts Just Received from N<strong>in</strong>ty Six, Col. Ennis [Innes] did Not March to Take post at <strong>the</strong> High Falls<br />
<strong>of</strong> Santee, as was expected. He is Still at his Station. Col. Cruger Comm’ds; his force about five hundred men,<br />
one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty at Agusta [Augusta], none at <strong>the</strong> Congrees [Congarees]; Weak <strong>in</strong> Town <strong>and</strong> very Seekly<br />
[sickly]; a Strong post Just to <strong>the</strong> wesward <strong>of</strong> me, Cols. Farguerson’s [Ferguson’s] & Cun<strong>in</strong>gham’s [Robert?<br />
Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham’s], Rockymount, four hundred; place much streng<strong>the</strong>ned. Our fieldpiece <strong>and</strong> our houtozer are Now<br />
mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Neighbourhood <strong>of</strong> this Post; Camden altoge<strong>the</strong>r Defenseless, without <strong>the</strong> Troops have Retreat to<br />
it, Which I judge is Not <strong>the</strong> Case. They are busy <strong>in</strong> prepar<strong>in</strong>g Works at <strong>the</strong> Saw mill, <strong>and</strong> woud prove an<br />
advantageous post if <strong>the</strong>re was No Way <strong>of</strong> Go<strong>in</strong>g Round; but if <strong>the</strong>y th<strong>in</strong>k to Make a St<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re, it will prove an<br />
excelent Trap for <strong>the</strong>m, as <strong>the</strong> General Can[’]t fail <strong>of</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g a proper Description <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country about Camden.<br />
I am Cleare <strong>the</strong>y mean to Make no great opposisseon at that place; <strong>the</strong>se preperations are meare amusements by<br />
which <strong>the</strong>y expect to ga<strong>in</strong> time to Remove <strong>the</strong>ir Sick & Wounded, Which are Very Numerous. They have also<br />
Considerable Stores; three Large Boats has Just Come up <strong>in</strong> Which are a quantity <strong>of</strong> Salt, Rum & Sugar,<br />
Cloath<strong>in</strong>g, &c. But should <strong>the</strong> Excelency, Gen’l Gates, <strong>the</strong>nk proper to Send a Party over p<strong>in</strong>etree Creek to fall <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir Rear, ei<strong>the</strong>r at <strong>the</strong> Creek or at <strong>the</strong> highills or Nielson’s [Nelson’s] ferrey, it Woud Totally Ruen [sic] <strong>the</strong>m,<br />
as Noth<strong>in</strong>g is more Certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>n that <strong>the</strong>ir Retreat woud be Rendered exceed<strong>in</strong>gly precareous, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Necessary<br />
Supplies for <strong>the</strong>ir army imposible to be had; <strong>the</strong> way <strong>the</strong>y Woud have to move to Save <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>and</strong> if <strong>the</strong>se<br />
Large Convairs [convoys] <strong>of</strong> provision, Which are Now entended for Charles Town, Were Cut <strong>of</strong>, that place Could<br />
by no Means hold out but a few days if besiejed [sic]. There is Noth<strong>in</strong>g to fear from below. They Cant Spare men<br />
from Town; <strong>the</strong> only force we have to oppose is What <strong>the</strong>y Raise <strong>in</strong> this State. The Chief <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia<br />
Downwards are our friends, Readyer to do <strong>the</strong>ir Duty <strong>the</strong>n ever, Notwitst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se are <strong>in</strong> arms<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st us. The Methods Taken to ablije [oblige] <strong>the</strong>m to bare arms are <strong>in</strong>tolerable. Two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia Who had<br />
lately Jo<strong>in</strong>d me Were Taken a few days ago, Carried to Rockymount <strong>and</strong> immedeately hanged. Noth<strong>in</strong>g less <strong>the</strong>n<br />
Iron<strong>in</strong>g Serves for any Who Disobey. I have Just Got a Re<strong>in</strong>forcement from <strong>the</strong> Congress [Congarees] <strong>of</strong> about<br />
forty, many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first people <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Qr [Quarter], also some few from <strong>the</strong> Wateree, <strong>the</strong> Whole Country Wish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
for an oppertunity to Jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army. I have had posters Some Distance below Rockeymount [Rocky Mount], have<br />
Secoured Cheefe [chief?] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> provisions <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fork, but by Cover<strong>in</strong>g So much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country I have Worn Down<br />
my horses Very much; am Very Desireous <strong>of</strong> Tak<strong>in</strong>g post <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dutch fork, a part that abounds <strong>in</strong> provision, from<br />
Whence <strong>the</strong>y beg<strong>in</strong> to Carrey Supplies to N<strong>in</strong>ty Six.” 1122<br />
12 August. [skirmish] Brown’s Creek, also Meador’s Plantation (Union County, S.C.) Chesney: “On <strong>the</strong> 9 th August<br />
was appo<strong>in</strong>ted capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> Militia <strong>and</strong> Adjutant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> different battalions under <strong>the</strong> Brave major Ferguson <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
71 st Regiment Inspector General <strong>of</strong> Militia. I was with him <strong>in</strong> all his marches, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> same day, August <strong>the</strong><br />
9 th , we attacked <strong>the</strong> enemy at <strong>the</strong> Iron Works <strong>and</strong> defeated <strong>the</strong>m with little trouble to ourselves <strong>and</strong> a great loss<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>in</strong> whose h<strong>and</strong>s I found some <strong>of</strong> our men prisoners whom I released. August 12 th . Our next rout<br />
was down towards <strong>the</strong> Fish Dam Ford on Broad River, where <strong>the</strong>re was a fight near <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> Brown’s Creek<br />
with [Andrew] Neale’s militia, 1123 when we made many prisoners, amongst <strong>the</strong> rest Esau Smith who had taken me<br />
so recently; after this we crossed that river <strong>and</strong> formed a junction with troops under <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Colonel<br />
Turnbull, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia under Colonel Phillips’ <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g received au<strong>the</strong>ntic accounts that Sumpter had cut <strong>of</strong>f<br />
1118 MSC1 pp. 651-652.<br />
1119 WNA, MSC1 pp. 664-667.<br />
1120 SCP1 p. 179, BSF p. 39.<br />
1121 SCP1 p. 262.<br />
1122 CNC14 pp. 553-554.<br />
1123 Neale himself had been killed at Rocky Mount on June 30 th , or as historian Patrick Kelley believes three days afterward.<br />
226
our retreat to Lord Cornwallis’s Army at Camden, we had it <strong>in</strong> contemplation to cross Broad River <strong>and</strong> retreat to<br />
Charlestown; at this time <strong>the</strong> half-way men, (as those not hearty <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> cause were called), left us; we <strong>the</strong>n<br />
marched, August 16 th , to <strong>the</strong> rebel Colonel W<strong>in</strong>n’s, <strong>and</strong> encamped <strong>the</strong>re wait<strong>in</strong>g for more au<strong>the</strong>ntic<br />
accounts.” 1124<br />
12 August. Allaire: “Saturday, 12 th . Got <strong>in</strong> motion at seven o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> marched seven miles to a<br />
Rebel Capt. Stripl<strong>in</strong>g’s plantation. He has taken protection, <strong>and</strong> as yet has not broken his promise. A Maj.<br />
[James] Ru<strong>the</strong>rford (Brig. Gen. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s son) came with a flag; <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> our rear,<br />
without giv<strong>in</strong>g signal by drum or trumpet, was deta<strong>in</strong>ed all night, <strong>and</strong> threatened with imprisonment.”<br />
13 August. Allaire: “Sunday, 13 th . Got <strong>in</strong> motion at five o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> marched n<strong>in</strong>e miles to T<strong>in</strong>ker<br />
creek. At seven <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g got <strong>in</strong> motion <strong>and</strong> marched five miles to Smith’s Mills, on Swift’s creek. Here we<br />
lay all night.”<br />
13 August. Cornwallis arrived <strong>and</strong> took <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army at Camden. The same day four light Infantry<br />
<strong>com</strong>panies arrived from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six (see 9 Aug.) Upon <strong>the</strong> request <strong>of</strong> Tarleton, Cornwallis assembled all horses <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> army <strong>and</strong> selected <strong>the</strong> best for <strong>the</strong> British Legion cavalry. 1125 For a detailed return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops at Camden<br />
on this date, see SCP1 pp. 233-234.<br />
13 August. Key loyalist leaders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> upcountry or <strong>the</strong>ir representatives convened at Fair Forest Shoal <strong>in</strong><br />
Br<strong>and</strong>on’s settlement. Most <strong>the</strong> tory leaders <strong>the</strong>mselves were actually away, but those present or represented<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded: <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, Col. Ambrose Mills; <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a: Col. Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, Maj. Zacharias<br />
Gibbs, Col. Moses Kirkl<strong>and</strong>, Col. Daniel Clary, Col. Richard K<strong>in</strong>g, Col. Daniel Plummer, Lieut. Col. John Phillips. It<br />
was agreed that loyalists who jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> rebel cause were to be seen as worse than rebels, <strong>and</strong> would be subject<br />
to <strong>the</strong> most rigorous censure <strong>and</strong> punishment. 1126<br />
13 August. Gates marched his army to Rugeley’s Mill (or Clermont, <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> Rugeley’s estate); where 700<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia under Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens arrived also. When Sumter learned Gates was at Rugeley’s, he<br />
moved from L<strong>and</strong>’s Ford on <strong>the</strong> Catawba towards <strong>the</strong> army. By August 13 th Col. Charles Myddleton from <strong>the</strong><br />
lower Congaree, <strong>and</strong> Col. Thomas Taylor with militia from Congarees had jo<strong>in</strong>ed forces with him. Also Col. Henry<br />
Hampton was on <strong>the</strong> march from Broad River with his riflemen. Sumter suggested to Gates an attack aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
Wateree or Camden Ferry; to which <strong>the</strong> latter concurred. Gates <strong>the</strong>n dispatched 100 Maryl<strong>and</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, 300<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia <strong>and</strong> 2 cannon, under Col. Thomas Woolford, to assist his operations <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> hope, if<br />
possible, <strong>of</strong> acquir<strong>in</strong>g much needed provisions for <strong>the</strong> army. 1127<br />
14 August. A sizeable convoy <strong>of</strong> British wagons from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six advanced on <strong>the</strong> route from McCord’s Ferry on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Congaree River to Camden. McCord’s Ferry was located on <strong>the</strong> Congaree River, just northwest <strong>of</strong> Thompson’s<br />
Plantation <strong>and</strong> Belleville.<br />
14 August. Sumter, on <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree River, received re<strong>in</strong>forcements, under Lieut. Col. Thomas<br />
Woolford, which Gates had sent on August 13 th . McCrady criticizes this move on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> Gates <strong>in</strong>asmuch as it<br />
only weakened <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army’s strength at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden on <strong>the</strong> 16 th . 1128<br />
15 August. Allaire: “Tuesday, 15 th . Got <strong>in</strong> motion at seven o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g. Marched two miles to Lisle’s<br />
Ford; forded Broad river-proceeded seven miles to a Mr. Coleman’s <strong>in</strong> Mobley’s settlement; halted dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
heat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day. Got <strong>in</strong> motion at seven o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g; marched two miles to <strong>the</strong> camp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New York<br />
Volunteers, where we got <strong>in</strong>telligence that Gen. Gates lay with<strong>in</strong> three miles <strong>of</strong> Camden, with an army <strong>of</strong> seven<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> men…”<br />
15 August (also given as 16 August). [skirmish] Cary’s Fort, also Carey’s Fort, Wateree Ferry. (Kershaw County,<br />
S.C.) Sumter with 700 militia, that is 300 to 400 <strong>of</strong> own plus 300 N.C. militia as well, <strong>and</strong> Col Thomas Woolford’s<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> 100 Maryl<strong>and</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, along with 2 brass three pounders, surprised <strong>and</strong> took Ft. Cary, a<br />
redoubt just south <strong>of</strong> Camden <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> west bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree Ferry; <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Col. James Cary, a<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a loyalist. In <strong>the</strong> same operation, Col. Thomas Taylor attacked <strong>and</strong> captured a convoy conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
arms, cloth<strong>in</strong>g, corn, rum <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r stores, a number <strong>of</strong> sick, on its way to <strong>the</strong> redoubt from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six; which<br />
were be<strong>in</strong>g escorted by about 50 light <strong>in</strong>fantry; many <strong>of</strong> whom <strong>the</strong>mselves were <strong>in</strong>valids from fever or related<br />
sickness. Seven loyalists were killed, <strong>and</strong> all toge<strong>the</strong>r Sumter <strong>and</strong> his men took 70 British soldiers, 150 loyalists,<br />
some horses, 44 wagons loaded with supplies, a drove <strong>of</strong> three hundred cattle <strong>and</strong> a flock <strong>of</strong> sheep. They <strong>the</strong>n<br />
made a hasty retreat up <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree River. Bass, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, asserts that Taylor both<br />
surprised <strong>the</strong> fort <strong>and</strong> captured <strong>the</strong> convoy. 1129<br />
From <strong>the</strong> Wateree Ferry on this same day, Sumter wrote Gates (with orig<strong>in</strong>al spell<strong>in</strong>g etc.): “Have just time to<br />
<strong>in</strong>form you that Earley this morn’g I Took possession <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong> pass Ways over <strong>the</strong> Wateree River, from Elkenses<br />
1124 CDI, ONB2 p. 246, http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/brownscreek.htm<br />
1125 Cornwallis to Germa<strong>in</strong>, 12 August, 1780, TCS p. 103, SCP1. p. 264.<br />
1126 DKM pp. 142-143, MSC1 pp. 711-712.<br />
1127 KJO p. 11, WNA, GHA3 p. 433, MLW4A pp. 171-172, CBA p. 511, BGC p. 78.<br />
1128 MSC1 p 671.<br />
1129 RSC2 p. 146, TCS p. 102, WNA, MLW4A pp. 186-187, LMS pp. 187-188, JLG1 pp. 296, 299-300, MSC1 pp. 667-668, BGC pp. 78-<br />
79, RBG p. 96.<br />
227
foard [Elk<strong>in</strong>s’ Ford] to Mr. Whitecar’s ferrey [Whitaker’s Ferry], five Miles below Camden. The enemy had Guards<br />
at many Difrent places upon <strong>the</strong> River, all <strong>of</strong> Which Was Evacuated Last Night or this Morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guards<br />
order’d <strong>in</strong>to Camden, Except those at <strong>the</strong> Wateree Ferry, Which was Cont<strong>in</strong>ued upon both Sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> River, one<br />
<strong>of</strong> Which, that upon <strong>the</strong> West Side, Was Surprised by a party <strong>of</strong> my men, Who Kild [sic] Seven & Took about<br />
thirty prisoners, among Which Was Col. [James] Cary, <strong>the</strong>ir Comm<strong>and</strong>er, toge<strong>the</strong>r With thirty odd Waggons<br />
loaded with Corn Rum &c., also a Number <strong>of</strong> horses. The Boates are all upon <strong>the</strong> oppisite side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> River; <strong>the</strong><br />
Ground upon this Side [is] Very bad. The enemy Keeps up a Constant fier [sic], but I have Received No Damage<br />
Yet. I <strong>in</strong>tend to keep possession if I Can untill I am honoured with your Excelencies far<strong>the</strong>r Comm<strong>and</strong>s. I should<br />
Not have been So precepitate <strong>in</strong> my movements, But forsaw <strong>the</strong> excessive Disadvantage that Wou[l]d Result from<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Communication open, Whereby <strong>the</strong>y Was Constantly Receiv<strong>in</strong>g both men <strong>and</strong> provisions. The<br />
Number <strong>of</strong> Troops, Regulars I mean, Do Not exceed Twelve hundred, <strong>and</strong> Not as Many as one thous<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Militia Who are Generally Sickly <strong>and</strong> Much Disperited [sic]. There is a Re<strong>in</strong>forcement Said to be upon <strong>the</strong> Way<br />
from Town, will a[r]rive <strong>in</strong> Two Days; The Number about five hundred. As Soon as possible will give you a More<br />
perticuler [sic] ac’t [account] <strong>of</strong> What is pass<strong>in</strong>g…[P.S. I have <strong>the</strong> pleasure to <strong>in</strong>form your excellency, that I have<br />
this <strong>in</strong>stant made about seventy prisoners, all British, six waggons, baggage, &c. just from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six; many <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> prisoners are sick.]” 1130<br />
15 August. Gates gave orders to have <strong>the</strong> sick, extra artillery, heavy baggage <strong>and</strong> such quarter-masters stores<br />
not immediately wanted sent, under guard, to Waxhaws. 1131 In <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g he left Rugeley’s <strong>and</strong> marched<br />
toward Camden, not aware that Cornwallis was immediately advanc<strong>in</strong>g toward him. 1132 His orderly book entry for<br />
<strong>the</strong> day reads as follows:<br />
“CAMP CLERMONT,<br />
“15 th August 1780<br />
“Parole, Berkely. Countersigns, Williamsburgh, Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton.<br />
Of <strong>the</strong> Day To-morrow, B. G. RUTHERFORD, Lt. Colo [John Eager] HOWARD, B. M. LEWIS.<br />
“One pound Flour <strong>and</strong> one Gill <strong>of</strong> Molasses is to be immediately issued to every Officer <strong>and</strong> Soldier <strong>in</strong> Camp.<br />
“A Return <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong> Sick unable to march to be delivered at <strong>the</strong> Orderly Tent at 3 o’clock this Day.<br />
“General [Edward] Stevens with such <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Militia just arrived, to encamp <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Field South West <strong>of</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Division.<br />
“AFTER GENERAL ORDERS<br />
“The Sick <strong>the</strong> Extra Artillery Stores, <strong>the</strong> heavy Baggage <strong>and</strong> such Quarter Master[’]s Stores as are not<br />
immediately wanted to march this Even<strong>in</strong>g under Guard for Waxhaws, to this order, <strong>the</strong> General requests <strong>the</strong><br />
Brigadiers General to see those under <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> pay <strong>the</strong> most exact <strong>and</strong> Scrupulous Obedience.<br />
“Lieut Colonel [Elias] Edmonds, with <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Guns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Park, will take post <strong>and</strong> March with <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
Brigade under General Stevens. He will direct, as any Deficiency happens <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Artillery affixed to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
Brigades, to supply it immediately -- His Military Staff <strong>and</strong> a proportion <strong>of</strong> his Officers with Forty <strong>of</strong> his men, are<br />
to attend him <strong>and</strong> awaite [sic] his Orders.<br />
“The Troops will be ready to march precisely at 10 o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g order -- viz, Colonel Arm<strong>and</strong>s Cavalry<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Colonel Arm<strong>and</strong> -- Colonel Porterfield’s Lt Inf[ant]ry [Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Troops] upon <strong>the</strong> Right Flank<br />
<strong>of</strong> Colonel Arm<strong>and</strong> [Arm<strong>and</strong>’s Legion] <strong>in</strong> Indian File, Two Hundred Yards from <strong>the</strong> Road -- Major [John]<br />
Armstrong’s Light Infantry <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Same order <strong>of</strong> Colonel Porterfield’s upon <strong>the</strong> left Flank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion. Advance<br />
Guard <strong>of</strong> Fort <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advanced Picquets [sic] -- First Brigade <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> -- Second Brigade <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong><br />
-- Division <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a -- Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Division -- Rear Guard -- Volunteer Cavalry upon <strong>the</strong> Flanks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Baggage equally divided. In this Order <strong>the</strong> Troops will proceed <strong>and</strong> thus March this night. In case you attack <strong>the</strong><br />
Enemy’s Cavalry <strong>in</strong> Front, <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry upon each Flank, will <strong>in</strong>stantly march up, <strong>and</strong> give <strong>and</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>the</strong><br />
most gall<strong>in</strong>g Fire upon <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Horse -- this will enable Colonel [Charles] Arm<strong>and</strong> not only to support <strong>the</strong><br />
Shock <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Charge, but f<strong>in</strong>ally to rout <strong>the</strong>m -- The Colonel will <strong>the</strong>refore consider <strong>the</strong> Order to st<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Attack <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Calvary be <strong>the</strong>ir Numbers what <strong>the</strong>y may, as positive. -- General Stevens will<br />
immediately order, one Capta<strong>in</strong>, two Lieutenants, one Ensign, three Sergeants, one Drum <strong>and</strong> sixty Rank <strong>and</strong> File<br />
to jo<strong>in</strong> Colo Porterfield[’]s Infantry. These men are to be taken from <strong>the</strong> most experienced woodsmen every way<br />
fitted for <strong>the</strong> Service. General [Richard] Caswell will likewise Compleat [sic] Major [John] Armstrong’s [N.C.] Lt<br />
Infantry to <strong>the</strong>ir Orig<strong>in</strong>al Number. 1133 These must be immediately marched to <strong>the</strong> advance Post <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army. The<br />
Troops will observe <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>oundest Silence upon <strong>the</strong> March, <strong>and</strong> any Soldier who <strong>of</strong>fers to fire without <strong>the</strong><br />
Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficer must be <strong>in</strong>stantly put to Death -- When <strong>the</strong> ground will admit <strong>of</strong> it, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> near<br />
approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy may render it necessary -- <strong>the</strong> army will, when ordered, March <strong>in</strong> Columns -- The<br />
Artillery at <strong>the</strong> Head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir respective Brigades, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Baggage <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rear -- <strong>the</strong> Guard <strong>of</strong> Heavy Baggage<br />
will be <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Officers <strong>and</strong> Soldiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Artillery one Capta<strong>in</strong> two Subalterns, four<br />
Sergeants, one Drum <strong>and</strong> sixty Rank <strong>and</strong> File. And no person whatever is to presume to send any o<strong>the</strong>r Soldiers<br />
upon that Service. All Batmen waiters &c who are Soldiers taken from <strong>the</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e are forthwith to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
Regiments <strong>and</strong> act with <strong>the</strong>ir Masters while <strong>the</strong>y are upon Duty. The Tents <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole Army to be struck at<br />
Tatoo.” 1134<br />
1130 CNC14 p. 550. The State <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a from which this is derived gives <strong>the</strong> date <strong>of</strong> this letter as be<strong>in</strong>g from 10<br />
August, but this is presumably a later copy error. The postscript, <strong>in</strong>cidentally, <strong>com</strong>es from a separate transcription that I very<br />
unfortunately have lost <strong>the</strong> citation for. After weigh<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> matter, I decided, however, to reta<strong>in</strong> it if <strong>in</strong> future I once more<br />
<strong>com</strong>e across this secondary source.<br />
1131 The order, however, for reasons unknown was not carried out.<br />
1132 WNA, MLW4A pp. 173-175 JLG1 p. 301.<br />
1133 These apparently were N.C. light <strong>in</strong>fantry under Maj. John Armstrong.<br />
1134 GAH pp. 319-20.<br />
228
15-16 August. [skirmish] Saunders’ Creek, also Gum Swamp (Kershaw County, S.C.) At 10 p.m., Cornwallis issued<br />
forth from Camden on <strong>the</strong> road toward Rugeley’s -- with <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt., <strong>the</strong> 33 rd Regt., <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt., <strong>the</strong> Light<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt., <strong>the</strong> British Legion, <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Volunteers (i.e., Bryan’s refugees), 6 field pieces (4 pieces <strong>of</strong> cannon went with ma<strong>in</strong> body, two <strong>in</strong> reserve) <strong>and</strong><br />
some pioneers. A few supply wagons followed beh<strong>in</strong>d, guarded by <strong>the</strong> Legion dragoons. The coolness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> night<br />
made march<strong>in</strong>g at such a late hour preferable to <strong>the</strong> torrid heat <strong>of</strong> daytime. Left <strong>in</strong> charge at Camden was Maj.<br />
Archibald McArthur; who had with him a small body <strong>of</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>cials, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> remnants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales<br />
Volunteers, some loyalist militia, <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> convalescents <strong>and</strong> sufferers <strong>of</strong> malaria from <strong>the</strong> regular army,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g many such who were from his own 71 st Regt. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Stedman <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se sick <strong>in</strong> Camden<br />
numbered 800. A portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd Regt., under Maj. James Wemyss, which had been supplied with horses at<br />
Charlestown had also been sent thi<strong>the</strong>r to re<strong>in</strong>force <strong>the</strong> garrison. Although <strong>the</strong> harvest was nearly over, <strong>the</strong><br />
magaz<strong>in</strong>es at Camden were not ready. As a result, Cornwallis was <strong>in</strong> no position to hold out aga<strong>in</strong>st a possible<br />
siege; 1135 hence <strong>the</strong> need to take action. About 2 am, some seven miles from Camden, his forward troops, under<br />
Webster, <strong>and</strong> Gates’ advanced guard, to <strong>the</strong>ir mutual surprise, stumbled <strong>in</strong>to each o<strong>the</strong>r near Saunders Creek.<br />
After some brief fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> which most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans, except such as Porterfield’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ians, were repulsed<br />
<strong>in</strong> disorder. Gates <strong>the</strong>n withdrew, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> two armies made preparations for battle on <strong>the</strong> morrow. It was at<br />
Saunders Creek, says Otho Williams, not at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden itself (as one would naturally assume), that<br />
Porterfield actually received his mortal wound. 1136<br />
Cornwallis to Germa<strong>in</strong>, 21 August 1780: “I had now my option to make, ei<strong>the</strong>r to retire or attempt <strong>the</strong> enemy;<br />
for <strong>the</strong> position at Camden was a bad one to be attacked <strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> by General Sumpter’s advanc<strong>in</strong>g down <strong>the</strong><br />
Wateree, my supplies must have failed me <strong>in</strong> a few days.” 1137<br />
Lee: “[Cornwallis] found his army very much enfeebled; eight hundred be<strong>in</strong>g sick, his effective strength was<br />
reduced to somewhat less than two thous<strong>and</strong> three hundred men, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g militia <strong>and</strong> Bryan’s corps, which<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r amounted to seven hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty men.” 1138<br />
Tarleton: “[Webster] <strong>com</strong>posed his advance guard <strong>of</strong> twenty legion cavalry, <strong>and</strong> as many mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry,<br />
supported by four <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> followed by <strong>the</strong> 23d <strong>and</strong> 33d regiments <strong>of</strong> foot.” 1139<br />
Stedman: “Cornwallis began his march towards Rugeley’s Mills, at ten <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fifteenth <strong>of</strong> August,<br />
<strong>com</strong>mitt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> Camden to major McArthur, with some prov<strong>in</strong>cials, militia, convalescents <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
army, <strong>and</strong> a detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sixty-third regiment, which was expected to arrive dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night. The army<br />
marched <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g order: The front division, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by lieutenant-colonel Webster, consisted <strong>of</strong> four<br />
<strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> light-<strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> twenty-third <strong>and</strong> thirty-third regiments, preceded by twenty cavalry, <strong>and</strong> as<br />
many mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion, as an advanced guard. The center division consisted <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> volunteers <strong>of</strong><br />
Irel<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> legion <strong>in</strong>fantry, Hamilton’s North Carol<strong>in</strong>a regiment, <strong>and</strong> colonel Bryan’s refugees, under <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> lord Rawdon. And <strong>the</strong> two battalions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> seventy-first regiment followed as a reserve; <strong>the</strong><br />
dragoons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion form<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rear-guard. It is not a little s<strong>in</strong>gular that <strong>the</strong> same night, nearly about <strong>the</strong><br />
same time, <strong>and</strong> with a similar <strong>in</strong>tention, general Gates should have left his encampment at Rugeley’s Mills, <strong>and</strong><br />
moved forward towards Camden. Both armies march<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> same road, <strong>in</strong> opposite directions, <strong>the</strong>ir advanced<br />
guards met <strong>and</strong> fired upon each o<strong>the</strong>r about two <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g. Some prisoners were made on both sides; <strong>and</strong><br />
from <strong>the</strong>se <strong>the</strong> respective <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers became acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong> movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r: Both armies<br />
halted <strong>and</strong> were formed; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g soon afterwards ceased as if by mutual consent.” 1140<br />
John Robert Shaw: “Hav<strong>in</strong>g received <strong>in</strong>telligence that general Gates had encamped <strong>in</strong> a bad situation, Lord<br />
Cornwallis mustered his troops <strong>and</strong> harangued <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> words nearly to this effect. ‘Now my brave soldiers, now<br />
an opportunity is <strong>of</strong>fered for display<strong>in</strong>g your valor, <strong>and</strong> susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> glory <strong>of</strong> British arms; -- all you who are<br />
will<strong>in</strong>g to face your enemies; -- all you who are ambitious <strong>of</strong> military fame st<strong>and</strong> forward; for <strong>the</strong>re are eight or<br />
ten to one <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>st [us]; let <strong>the</strong> men who cannot bear <strong>the</strong> smell <strong>of</strong> gunpowder st<strong>and</strong> back <strong>and</strong> all you who<br />
are determ<strong>in</strong>ed to conquer or die turn out.’ Accord<strong>in</strong>gly we all turned out except a few who were left to guard<br />
<strong>the</strong> sick <strong>and</strong> military stores. We marched out <strong>of</strong> Camden about 10 o’clock at night, August 15, 1780; it be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> our general to surprise <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong> his quarters at Ruggles [Rugeley’s]. But <strong>in</strong> this we were<br />
disappo<strong>in</strong>ted, for Gen. Gates had set out about <strong>the</strong> same hour, <strong>in</strong> hopes to surprise us at Camden. We came up<br />
with <strong>the</strong>ir advanced party about seven miles from Camden, when <strong>the</strong> light troops <strong>and</strong> guards advanced on each<br />
side necessarily engaged each o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> dark. In this bl<strong>in</strong>d encounter, <strong>the</strong> American cavalry be<strong>in</strong>g driven back<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> van, occasioned some disorder <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir ranks; <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g thus repelled <strong>the</strong>m, we were eager for a general<br />
engagement; but Lord Cornwallis f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy were on bad ground, was unwill<strong>in</strong>g to hazard <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> dark <strong>the</strong><br />
advantages which <strong>the</strong>ir situation would afford him <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> light.” 1141<br />
1135 Camden did not have supplies large enough to withst<strong>and</strong> a siege, <strong>and</strong> whose l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>munications with Charlestown were<br />
threatened by Sumter <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r rebel militia.<br />
1136 RCC p. 554, TCS p. 104, GHA3 pp. 436-438, SAW2 pp. 205-208, WNA, CSS pp. 1129-1130, MLW4A pp. 176-177, LMS p. 180,<br />
FWI p. 173.<br />
1137 SCP2 p. 11.<br />
1138 LMS p. 180.<br />
1139 TCS p. 104.<br />
1140 SAW2 pp. 207-208.<br />
1141 From John Robert Shaw: An Autobiography <strong>of</strong> Thirty Years, 1777-1807, edited by Oressa Teagarden. Chapter 2, pp. 30-32.<br />
229
16 August. [battle] CAMDEN, also Gates’ Defeat, Gum Swamp, P<strong>in</strong>e Tree (Kershaw County, S.C.) Sometime after<br />
dawn, Cornwallis approached to attack Gates’ army. Although <strong>the</strong> Americans outnumbered <strong>the</strong> British at least<br />
two to one, most <strong>of</strong> Gates‘ troops were badly equipped <strong>and</strong> poorly organized militia; with many sick from<br />
recently subsist<strong>in</strong>g on a diet <strong>of</strong> green corn, green peaches, <strong>and</strong> molasses. In spite <strong>of</strong> this <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> newlyformed<br />
army’s short<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>gs, Brig. Gen. Stevens <strong>in</strong> council with Gates assumed a st<strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> British was<br />
necessary; to which Gates <strong>and</strong> all or most <strong>of</strong> his staff his concurred; even though De Kalb privately had taken it<br />
for granted that Gates should avoid battle <strong>in</strong>stead. The engagement <strong>com</strong>menced with an American prob<strong>in</strong>g<br />
approach by <strong>the</strong>ir left w<strong>in</strong>g led on by a party <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental light troops. “Brig. Gen. Edward] Stevens, however,<br />
exhort<strong>in</strong>g his soldiers [<strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia] to rely on <strong>the</strong> bayonet, advanced with his accustomed <strong>in</strong>trepidity.<br />
Lieutenant-Colonel Otho Williams, adjutant-general, preceded him with a b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> volunteers, <strong>in</strong> order to <strong>in</strong>vite<br />
<strong>the</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy before <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>in</strong> reach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia, that experience <strong>of</strong> its <strong>in</strong>efficacy might encourage<br />
<strong>the</strong> latter to do <strong>the</strong>ir duty.” 1142 As American skirmishers under Williams cont<strong>in</strong>ued mov<strong>in</strong>g, Webster, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
Cornwallis’ right, ra<strong>the</strong>r than fire, as <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>in</strong>vited, advanced <strong>in</strong>stead to attack with <strong>the</strong> bayonet. In a<br />
mere matter <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>utes, <strong>the</strong> British managed to effectively route Gates’ entire left flank; <strong>the</strong> vast bulk <strong>of</strong> which<br />
was <strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> militia. 1143 The Delaware <strong>and</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals under de Kalb on <strong>the</strong> American right, not<br />
quite aware <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> disaster on <strong>the</strong>ir left, put up a courageous fight; at one po<strong>in</strong>t even driv<strong>in</strong>g back <strong>the</strong> troops<br />
under Rawdon immediately <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. Never<strong>the</strong>less, it was just a matter <strong>of</strong> time before <strong>the</strong>y were flanked<br />
by <strong>the</strong> British light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 23 rd Regiment, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n taken <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> flank by a detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Legion<br />
cavalry under Hanger; while Tarleton with rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion cavalry “<strong>com</strong>pleted <strong>the</strong>ir confusion.” What<br />
Delaware <strong>and</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> troops who were not killed, seriously wounded or taken prisoner retreated toward<br />
Rugeley’s. De Kalb, who throughout <strong>the</strong> action bravely led <strong>the</strong>se Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, reportedly received as many as<br />
eleven bullet, sword, <strong>and</strong> bayonet wounds; from which he died a few days later. When <strong>the</strong> militia had fled,<br />
Gates tried a few times to rally <strong>the</strong>m but without success. He <strong>the</strong>n ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong> field himself, before <strong>the</strong><br />
battle had quite ended, <strong>and</strong> made toward Charlotte; his later explanation for his own precipitous flight was to<br />
facilitate <strong>the</strong> re-group<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army. The British cavalry pursued <strong>the</strong> Americans to Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock or about<br />
twenty-two miles distance from <strong>the</strong> battlefield.<br />
Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong> defeat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Americans, had achieved one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most remarkable <strong>and</strong> significant British victories<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. It emboldened <strong>the</strong> loyalists, particularly those <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> Lynches <strong>and</strong> Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek (<strong>in</strong><br />
nor<strong>the</strong>ast S.C., <strong>and</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>ast N.C.), 1144 <strong>and</strong> no doubt later served as <strong>in</strong>spiration for Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> his troops at<br />
Guilford Court House (15 March 1781.)<br />
Camden also had its more than usual dark side; though <strong>the</strong>re is some question as to its extent. 1145 Follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
fight<strong>in</strong>g, states Ramsay, “(Cornwallis) ordered <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most positive manner “that every militia man, who had<br />
borne arms with <strong>the</strong> British, <strong>and</strong> afterwards jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Americans, should be put to death.” 1146 Not long after<br />
this, several <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>in</strong> Camden <strong>and</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r south at Augusta were hanged <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se orders.<br />
Otho Williams states <strong>the</strong>se executions were done without trial. How many actually lost <strong>the</strong>ir lives <strong>in</strong> this manner<br />
is difficult to ascerta<strong>in</strong>. 1147 Sometime <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, Cornwallis ordered Turnbull, with <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers<br />
<strong>and</strong> Ferguson’s corps, who were at Little River, to proceed <strong>in</strong>stantly after Sumter. 1148 These latter orders,<br />
however, were shortly after counterm<strong>and</strong>ed; as Tarleton, who was sent on <strong>the</strong> same mission <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
actually did catch up with Sumter with<strong>in</strong> two days. 1149<br />
BRITISH FORCES AT CAMDEN 1150<br />
Key: Rank <strong>and</strong> File/with Officers, with NCOs, supernumeraries, musicians or full total effectives. O<strong>the</strong>rwise<br />
troop strength given is Rank <strong>and</strong> File total.<br />
Lieut. Gen. Charles Lord Cornwallis<br />
* Webster’s Division<br />
23d regiment: 261/292, Lieut. Col. James Webster<br />
33d regiment: 209/238, “ “ “ “<br />
Light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>com</strong>panies: 129/148, Capt. Charles Campbell<br />
1142 LMS p. 183.<br />
1143 John Eager Howard: “In justice to <strong>the</strong>se troops [i.e., <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia] it ought to be stated that <strong>the</strong> heat was so<br />
oppressive <strong>the</strong>y could not march <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day. <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>refore <strong>the</strong>y had for several nights made forced marches to <strong>com</strong>e up with us,<br />
which broke <strong>the</strong> spirits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men.” LMS p. 191n, <strong>and</strong> Tarleton: “[Gates’] second error was mov<strong>in</strong>g an army, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> young<br />
corps <strong>and</strong> undiscipl<strong>in</strong>ed militia, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night: A manoeuvre always to be avoided with troops <strong>of</strong> that description, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
neighbourhood <strong>of</strong> an enterpris<strong>in</strong>g enemy; <strong>and</strong> only to be hazarded, when regiments are perfectly <strong>of</strong>ficered, <strong>and</strong> well tra<strong>in</strong>ed.”<br />
TCS p. 109.<br />
1144 Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek is now named Lumber River.<br />
1145 Greene <strong>in</strong> a letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>t to Cornwallis listed three -- Richard Tucker, Samuel Andrews, John Miles -- as be<strong>in</strong>g hung<br />
right after Camden, SCP3 p. 407, SCP2 pp. 19-20, MLW4A pp. 319-320, JLG2 pp. 466-471.<br />
1146 SCP2 pp. 19-20.<br />
1147 RCC p. 58, RSC2 pp. 155-160 with copy <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ order on p. 157, MMS2 pp. 239-241, MSC1 pp. 709-711.<br />
1148 Turnbull may have already separated from Ferguson <strong>and</strong> started his move toward Camden where he soon arrived.<br />
1149 Cornwallis to Germa<strong>in</strong> 9 October 1781, SCP2 pp. 16-20, CNC14 pp. 552-553, CNC15 pp. 49-56, 60, 65, 166-170, 383-384,<br />
CNC22 pp. 523-524, ATR80b pp. 267-280, 335-337, AR80 pp. 231-234, RSC2 pp. 145-154, TCS pp. 103-110, 134, 156-157, GHA3<br />
pp. 430-447, SAW2 pp. 205-218, MLW4A pp. 173-186, 319-320, LMS pp. 32-33, 179-186, 193-194, JLG1 pp. 293-302, 494-498,<br />
JLG2 pp. 466-471, DRR pp. 193-194, 215-216, DSK vol. 11, issue 3 pp. 146-148, issue 4 pp. 231-235, issue 5 pp. 281-287, issue 6<br />
pp. 370-375), LFB2 pp. 465-469, SNC pp. 85-98, FWI pp. 173-176, MSC1 pp. 671-683, WAR2 pp. 722-730, BGD pp. 95-100, SCAR<br />
vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 3-4.<br />
1150 RCC p. 56, TCS p. 136-137, SCP1 pp. 233-234.<br />
230
* Reserve<br />
71 st Regt., Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er McDonald<br />
1 st Battalion, 71 st Regt.: 114/144, Lieut. Archibald Campbell<br />
2d Battalion, 71 st Regt.: 94/110<br />
* Rawdon’s Division<br />
Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a regiment: 233/267, Lieut. Col. John Hamilton<br />
Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>: 253/303, Col. Francis Lord Rawdon<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers [militia]: 300/322, Lieut. Col. Samuel Bryan<br />
British Legion: 157/180 cavalry, 106/126 <strong>in</strong>fantry, Lieut. Col. Banastre Tarleton<br />
The British Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry, under Capt. Patrick Stewart, formed part <strong>of</strong> Rawdon’s Division; while its cavalry<br />
under Tarleton was deployed near <strong>the</strong> Reserve with discretion to act as opportunity arose.<br />
Royal artillery: 15/19, Lieut. John McLeod<br />
Additional men from <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e regiments: 128 (matrosses)<br />
4 six-pounders, 2 three-pounders<br />
Pioneers: 23/28, Lieut. Henry Haldane<br />
Cornwallis’ strength, from “Return <strong>of</strong> Troops under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant-General Earl Cornwallis”:<br />
1 colonel, 4 lieutenant colonels, 3 mjors,31 capta<strong>in</strong>s, 46 lieutenants, 23 ensigns, 6 adjutants, 2 quarter masters,<br />
3 surgeons, 3 mates, 133 serjeants, 40 drummers, 1944 rank <strong>and</strong> file.<br />
Total m<strong>in</strong>us surgeons, quarter masters <strong>and</strong> [surgeon’s] mates: 2,231.<br />
AMERICAN FORCES AT CAMDEN<br />
Major General Horatio Gates<br />
Major General Johannes de Kalb, second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
CONTINENTAL AND STATE TROOPS<br />
Brig. Gen. William Smallwood<br />
* 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigade (Consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st , 3 rd , 5 th <strong>and</strong> 7 th Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiments)<br />
1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt., Lieut. Col. Peter Adams<br />
3 rd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt., Lieut. Col. Nathaniel Ramsey<br />
5 th Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt., Col. William Richardson<br />
7 th Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt., Col. John Gunby<br />
Total for <strong>the</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigade: 300-400 Rank <strong>and</strong> File<br />
Brig. Gen. Mordecai Gist<br />
* 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigade (Consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Delaware Regt. <strong>and</strong> he 2 nd , 4 th <strong>and</strong> 6 th Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiments)<br />
Delaware Regt., Lieut. Col. David (Joseph) Vaughan<br />
2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt, Lieut. Col. John Eager Howard<br />
4 th Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt., Col. Josiah Carvel Hall<br />
6 th Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt., Lieut. Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Ford 1151<br />
Total for <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong>: 300-400 Rank <strong>and</strong> File<br />
TOTAL for <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed 1 st <strong>and</strong> 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigade: 1,052/781<br />
* N.C. Light Infantry, Maj. John Armstrong 1152<br />
* Arm<strong>and</strong>’s Legion: 60 cavalry, 60 <strong>in</strong>fantry, Col. Charles Arm<strong>and</strong><br />
* 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Artillery [Virg<strong>in</strong>ia]: 100, Capt. Anthony S<strong>in</strong>gleton, 1153 7 six-pounders.<br />
* Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Troops,<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Garrison regiment [act<strong>in</strong>g as light <strong>in</strong>fantry]: 100, Lieut. Col. Charles Porterfield<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Cavalry Regiment, Maj. John Nelson 1154<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Artillery, Lieut. Col. Elias Edmonds<br />
1151 While one would th<strong>in</strong>k Col. Otho Williams, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 6 th Regt., would have <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed that unit at Camden, it would seem he<br />
was act<strong>in</strong>g as an aide to Gates <strong>in</strong>stead; though accord<strong>in</strong>g to his Narrative he was evidently <strong>and</strong> even so present with his unit<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g at least some part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle. In support <strong>of</strong> this <strong>in</strong>terpretation, Fred Anderson Berg, <strong>in</strong> his Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army Units, has<br />
Ford <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 6 th at Camden.<br />
1152 See Gates’ orders for 15 August.<br />
1153 Col. Charles Harrison who would o<strong>the</strong>rwise have <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> artillery was suffer<strong>in</strong>g from a broken a leg bone at <strong>the</strong> time<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> an accident <strong>in</strong> which a horse kicked him.<br />
1154 FWV p. 853-854.<br />
231
MILITIA 1155<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia<br />
Maj. Gen. Richard Caswell<br />
* Butler’s Brigade: 600, Brig. Gen. John Butler<br />
* Gregory’s Brigade: 600, Brig. Gen. Isaac Gregory<br />
* Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s Brigade: 600, Brig. Gen. Griffith Ru<strong>the</strong>rford<br />
These <strong>in</strong>cluded men from <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g North Carol<strong>in</strong>a counties: Frankl<strong>in</strong>, Halifax, Chatham, L<strong>in</strong>coln, Cabarrus,<br />
Anson, Rowan, Wilkes, Cumberl<strong>and</strong>, Bute, Craven, Surry, Guilford, Caswell, Wake, Orange, Mecklenburg,<br />
Northhampton, Jones.<br />
* Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Militia Brigade: 700, Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens<br />
These <strong>in</strong>cluded men from <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g Virg<strong>in</strong>ia counties: Bedford, Amherst, D<strong>in</strong>widdie, James City County,<br />
Louisa, Amelia, Spotsylvania, Henry, Pittsylvania, Charlotte, Lunenberg, Goochl<strong>and</strong>, Chesterfield, Carol<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
Northumberl<strong>and</strong>, Montgomery, Culpepper.<br />
One troop <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a volunteer mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry: 70, Maj. Thomas P<strong>in</strong>ckney<br />
TOTAL AMERICAN STRENGTH: 3,052/4,100 1156<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Ramsay, Gates army prior to Camden was 3663, <strong>of</strong> which 900 were Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>in</strong>fantry, 70 cavalry<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest militia. 1157<br />
CASULATIES AND CAPTURES<br />
BRITISH<br />
“Return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> killed, wounded, <strong>and</strong> miss<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant-general Earl<br />
Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle fought near Camden, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, on <strong>the</strong> 16 th <strong>of</strong> August, 1780.<br />
Total. 1 capta<strong>in</strong>, 1 lieutenant, 2 serjeants, 64 rank <strong>and</strong> file, killed; 2 lieutenant colonels, 3 capta<strong>in</strong>s, 8<br />
lieutenants, 5 ensigns, 13 serjeants, 1 drummer, 213 rank <strong>and</strong> file, wounded; 2 serjeants, 9 rank <strong>and</strong> file,<br />
miss<strong>in</strong>g.”<br />
Total British Casualties: 324 (68 killed, 245 wounded, 11 miss<strong>in</strong>g.) 1158<br />
AMERICAN<br />
Tarleton: Americans lost 2,070 men (70 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> 2,000 rank <strong>and</strong> file.) 1159<br />
Stedman: “Between eight <strong>and</strong> n<strong>in</strong>e hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy were killed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> pursuit, <strong>and</strong><br />
about one thous<strong>and</strong> made prisoners, many <strong>of</strong> whom were wounded.”<br />
Otho Williams gives <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed losses for <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>of</strong> killed, wounded, <strong>and</strong> miss<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> both Camden<br />
<strong>and</strong> Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek, as 872, or 711 Rank <strong>and</strong> File. 1160<br />
Ramsay: “Two hundred <strong>and</strong> n<strong>in</strong>ety American wounded prisoners were carried <strong>in</strong>to Camden, after this action, <strong>of</strong><br />
this number 206 were cont<strong>in</strong>entals, 82, were North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, <strong>and</strong> 2 were Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia.” 1161<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “The exact loss susta<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> engagement on <strong>the</strong> sixteenth, <strong>and</strong> Sumter’s surprise<br />
on <strong>the</strong> eighteenth, was never ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed. The estimated loss was as follows: exclusive <strong>of</strong> De Kalb <strong>and</strong> General<br />
Ru<strong>the</strong>rford, four lieutenant colonels, three majors, fourteen capta<strong>in</strong>s, four capta<strong>in</strong> lieutenants, sixteen<br />
lieutenants, three ensigns, four staff, seventy-eight subalterns, <strong>and</strong> six hundred <strong>and</strong> four rank <strong>and</strong> file. They also<br />
lost eight field-pieces, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r artillery, more than two hundred baggage wagons, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> greater part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
baggage. That <strong>of</strong> Gates <strong>and</strong> De Kalb, with all <strong>the</strong>ir papers, was saved. The loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British was severe. Gates<br />
estimated that more than five hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy were killed <strong>and</strong> wounded; Stedman says <strong>the</strong> British loss was<br />
three hundred less than <strong>the</strong> Americans. A great many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fugitive militia were murdered <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir flight. Armed<br />
parties <strong>of</strong> Tories, alarmed at <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans, were march<strong>in</strong>g to jo<strong>in</strong> Gates. When <strong>the</strong>y heard <strong>of</strong><br />
his defeat, <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong>humanly pursued <strong>the</strong> fly<strong>in</strong>g Americans, <strong>and</strong> butchered a large number <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> swamps <strong>and</strong> p<strong>in</strong>e<br />
barrens.” 1162<br />
<strong>War</strong>d: Of American losses <strong>the</strong>re is no accurate report, however he gives as estimate 650 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals killed or<br />
captured, <strong>the</strong> wounded fall<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. About 100 N.C. Militia were killed or wounded <strong>and</strong><br />
300 men captured. Only three Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia were wounded. 1163<br />
1155 These totals are approximations <strong>and</strong> are tentatively given as Rank <strong>and</strong> File.<br />
1156 WNA, LSY pp. 290-291, DRS p. 34.<br />
1157 RSC2 p. 146.<br />
1158 TCS pp. 137-139.<br />
1159 TCS p. 109.<br />
1160 JLG1 p. 302<br />
1161 RHA2 p. 492.<br />
1162 LFB2 p. 468n.<br />
1163 WDC p. 354. First return <strong>of</strong> Delawares after Camden, <strong>and</strong> made at Hillsborough <strong>in</strong> Sept. listed 297 <strong>of</strong> all ranks, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 18<br />
who had deserted. Of <strong>the</strong>se 103 were marked miss<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> action (at Camden.)<br />
232
American losses as given by Rank<strong>in</strong>: 800-900 killed, 1,000 prisoners, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were 162 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals killed, 12<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia killed, 3 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia killed, 63 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia killed. 1164<br />
American <strong>of</strong>ficer casualties <strong>of</strong> note: 1165<br />
Maj. Gen. de Kalb mortally wounded.<br />
Brig. Gen. Griffith Ru<strong>the</strong>rford wounded <strong>and</strong> taken prisoner.<br />
Brig. Gen. Isaac Gregory wounded twice, taken prisoner.<br />
Maj. Thomas P<strong>in</strong>ckney, leg shattered by musket ball <strong>and</strong> taken prisoner.<br />
American cannons, muskets, wagons <strong>and</strong> stores captured:<br />
“Return <strong>of</strong> ordnance <strong>and</strong> military stores taken by <strong>the</strong> army under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant-general Earl<br />
Cornwallis, at <strong>the</strong> battle fought near Camden, <strong>the</strong> 16th <strong>of</strong> August, 1780”:<br />
Brass guns: Six pounders, 4; three pounders, 2; two pounders, 2. Total, 8.<br />
Iron guns: Three pounder, 1; two pounder, 1; swivels, 3; Total, 5.<br />
Ammunition wagons covered 22, 2 travel<strong>in</strong>g forges, fixed ammunition for six pounders, 160, same for three<br />
pounders, 520, st<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> arms, 2000, musket cartridges, 80,000. 1166<br />
Tarleton summarizes <strong>the</strong> captures as 20 ammunition wagons, 150 carriages conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g baggage, stores, camp<br />
equipage. 1167<br />
In a document <strong>of</strong> 11 May 1785, dated K<strong>in</strong>ston, Richard Caswell attested: “This Certifies that William Blount Esq.<br />
late paymaster -- General <strong>of</strong> Militia <strong>of</strong> this state exhibited his account <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Comptrollers Office, upon oath,<br />
whereby it appears that he charged for £300,000 paper dollar money lost on <strong>the</strong> 16 th <strong>of</strong> August 1780. Which at<br />
175 for 1 (be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rate at which <strong>the</strong> Money was charged him <strong>in</strong> his former account settled <strong>in</strong> this <strong>of</strong>fice)<br />
amounts to £1714.5.4 For his service <strong>in</strong> Congress 2 months at £80 per month...<strong>and</strong> for <strong>the</strong> amount <strong>of</strong> Major<br />
General Caswell’s supplementary account...” From a private autograph collection.<br />
Davie: “General Gates had jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> army but a few days which time was employed <strong>in</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ual marches, he<br />
was entirely unacqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong> character <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers or <strong>the</strong> merits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> different corps which<br />
<strong>com</strong>posed his army, <strong>and</strong> was ignorant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir numbers, hav<strong>in</strong>g never received a return untill [sic] after <strong>the</strong><br />
orders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 15 th were issued, <strong>the</strong> regular troops wanted rest <strong>and</strong> refreshment, <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia wanted<br />
arrangement <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ord<strong>in</strong>ary preparation for a battle was <strong>in</strong>tirely [sic] neglected among <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>in</strong> Ru<strong>the</strong>rford[’]s<br />
Brigade <strong>the</strong>re was scarce a cartridge made up, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir arms were generally <strong>in</strong> bad order; <strong>the</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong><br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ual march<strong>in</strong>g & exposure. A man must have had more than ord<strong>in</strong>ary good fortune to avoid a defeat under<br />
so many unfortunate circumstances.” 1168<br />
Allaire (with Ferguson’s detachment): “Saturday, 19 th . Lay at W<strong>in</strong>n’s plantation. An express arrived from Camden<br />
with <strong>the</strong> agreeable news <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis’ attack<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> totally defeat<strong>in</strong>g Gates’ army on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
16 th ; twelve hundred were killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, left on <strong>the</strong> field; <strong>and</strong> one thous<strong>and</strong> prisoners, eight brass field<br />
pieces taken, be<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> Rebels had <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field, several st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> colors, all <strong>the</strong>ir ammunition wagons, a<br />
hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty wagons <strong>of</strong> baggage, provisions, <strong>and</strong> stores <strong>of</strong> different k<strong>in</strong>ds. All this with <strong>the</strong> trifl<strong>in</strong>g loss on<br />
our side <strong>of</strong> not more than ten <strong>of</strong>ficers killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> two or three hundred non-<strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficers<br />
<strong>and</strong> privates…”<br />
Otho Williams: “…Every corps was broken <strong>and</strong> dispersed; even <strong>the</strong> boggs [sic] <strong>and</strong> brush, which <strong>in</strong> some measure<br />
served to screen <strong>the</strong>m from <strong>the</strong>ir furious pursuers, separated <strong>the</strong>m from one ano<strong>the</strong>r. Major Anderson was <strong>the</strong><br />
only <strong>of</strong>ficer who fortunately rallied, as he retreated, a few men <strong>of</strong> different <strong>com</strong>panies, <strong>and</strong> whose prudence<br />
<strong>and</strong> firmness afforded protection to those who jo<strong>in</strong>ed his party on <strong>the</strong> rout. Colonel Gunby, Lieutenant Colonel<br />
Howard, Capta<strong>in</strong> Kirkwood, <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> [Henry] Dobson, with a few o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> fifty or sixty men,<br />
formed a junction on <strong>the</strong> rout, <strong>and</strong> proceeded toge<strong>the</strong>r. The general order for mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> heavy baggage,<br />
&c., to Waxaws was not put <strong>in</strong> execution, as directed to be done on <strong>the</strong> preced<strong>in</strong>g even<strong>in</strong>g. The whole <strong>of</strong> it,<br />
consequently, fell <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, as well as all that which followed <strong>the</strong> army except <strong>the</strong> waggons<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Generals Gates <strong>and</strong> De Kalb; which, be<strong>in</strong>g furnished with <strong>the</strong> stoutest horses, fortunately escaped under<br />
<strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> a small quarter guard. O<strong>the</strong>r waggons also had got out <strong>of</strong> danger from <strong>the</strong> enemy; but <strong>the</strong> cries<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> women <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> consternation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fly<strong>in</strong>g troops so alarmed some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
waggoners that <strong>the</strong>y cut out <strong>the</strong>ir teams <strong>and</strong>, tak<strong>in</strong>g each a horse, left <strong>the</strong> rest for <strong>the</strong> next that should <strong>com</strong>e.<br />
O<strong>the</strong>rs were obliged to give up <strong>the</strong>ir horses to assist <strong>in</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole road, for many<br />
miles, was strewed with signals <strong>of</strong> distress, confusion <strong>and</strong> dismay…” 1169<br />
Lee: “Major Davie hastened to <strong>the</strong> general rendezvous at Rugeley’s mill. On <strong>the</strong> fifteenth, arriv<strong>in</strong>g after Gates<br />
had moved, he followed <strong>the</strong> army; <strong>and</strong> march<strong>in</strong>g all night, met <strong>the</strong> first part <strong>of</strong> our troops about four miles from<br />
<strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> battle...he cont<strong>in</strong>ued to advance...[<strong>and</strong> learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Gates’ defeat]...<strong>in</strong>stantly dispatched Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
1164 RNC p. 244.<br />
1165 Lieut. Col. Charles Porterfield had received his mortal wound <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> brief encounter <strong>the</strong> night before, <strong>and</strong> yet managed to<br />
participate <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden itself. WNA.<br />
1166 TCS pp. 139-140.<br />
1167 TCS p. 109.<br />
1168 DRS p. 18.<br />
1169 WNA.<br />
233
Mart<strong>in</strong>, attended by two dragoons, to <strong>in</strong>form Sumter <strong>of</strong> this afflict<strong>in</strong>g event; to urge him to take care <strong>of</strong> his corps<br />
by immediate retreat, <strong>and</strong> to request him to repair to Charlotte, whi<strong>the</strong>r himself meant to proceed, <strong>and</strong><br />
assemble...On <strong>the</strong> night follow<strong>in</strong>g, Capta<strong>in</strong> Mart<strong>in</strong> reached Sumter who immediately decamped with his prisoners<br />
<strong>and</strong> booty.” 1170<br />
Stedman: “They [<strong>the</strong> militia] ran at first like a torrent, <strong>and</strong> afterwards spread through <strong>the</strong> woods <strong>in</strong> every<br />
direction. Lord Rawdon began <strong>the</strong> action on <strong>the</strong> left with no less vigour [sic] <strong>and</strong> spirit than Webster had done on<br />
<strong>the</strong> right; but here, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> center, aga<strong>in</strong>st part <strong>of</strong> Webster’s division, <strong>the</strong> contest was more obst<strong>in</strong>ately<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> Americans, whole artillery did considerable execution. Their left flank was, however, exposed<br />
by <strong>the</strong> flight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> light-<strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> twenty-third regiment, who had been opposed to <strong>the</strong><br />
fugitives, <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> pursu<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m, wheeled to <strong>the</strong> left <strong>and</strong> came upon <strong>the</strong> flank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>entals, who, after<br />
a brave resistance for near three quarters <strong>of</strong> an hour, were thrown <strong>in</strong>to total confusion, <strong>and</strong> forced to give way<br />
<strong>in</strong> all quarters. Their rout was <strong>com</strong>pleted by <strong>the</strong> cavalry, who cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong> pursuit to Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, twenty-two<br />
miles from <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> action… [After <strong>the</strong> battle] Instant death was aga<strong>in</strong> denounced aga<strong>in</strong>st those who, hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
taken protections from <strong>the</strong> British government, should afterwards jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy; <strong>and</strong>, to impress <strong>the</strong>m with an<br />
idea that this punishment would be hereafter rigorously <strong>in</strong>flicted, some few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most hardened <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia,<br />
who had been taken <strong>in</strong> general Gates’s [sic] army with arms <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir h<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> protections <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir pockets,<br />
were actually executed. But perfidy, it seems, was not conf<strong>in</strong>ed to <strong>the</strong> lower ranks <strong>of</strong> men: By letters found<br />
upon some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> general Gates’s army, it was discovered that even persons <strong>of</strong> superior rank,<br />
prisoners upon parole <strong>in</strong> Charlestown, had held an improper correspondence with <strong>the</strong>ir friends <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. In<br />
consequence <strong>of</strong> this discovery, those persons, <strong>and</strong> some o<strong>the</strong>rs, aga<strong>in</strong>st whom <strong>the</strong>re were strong circumstances<br />
<strong>of</strong> suspicion, were at first put on board <strong>the</strong> prison-ships, <strong>and</strong> afterwards sent to St. August<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>in</strong> East Florida,<br />
where paroles were aga<strong>in</strong> allowed to <strong>the</strong>m but under such restrictions as <strong>the</strong>ir recent conduct rendered<br />
necessary.” 1171<br />
Tarleton: “After this last effort <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>entals, rout <strong>and</strong> slaughter ensued <strong>in</strong> every quarter. Brigadiergeneral<br />
[Mordecai] Gist moved <strong>of</strong>f with about one hundred cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>in</strong> a body, by wad<strong>in</strong>g through <strong>the</strong> swamp<br />
on <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American position, where <strong>the</strong> British cavalry could not follow; this was <strong>the</strong> only party that<br />
retreated <strong>in</strong> a <strong>com</strong>pact state from <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> battle. The cont<strong>in</strong>entals, <strong>the</strong> state troops, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia,<br />
ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong>ir arms, <strong>the</strong>ir colours, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir cannon, to seek protection <strong>in</strong> flight, or to obta<strong>in</strong> it from <strong>the</strong><br />
clemency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> conquerors. As soon as <strong>the</strong> rout <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans became general, <strong>the</strong> legion dragoons<br />
advanced with great rapidity towards Rugeley’s mills: On <strong>the</strong> road, General Ru<strong>the</strong>rford, with many o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers<br />
<strong>and</strong> men, were made prisoners. The charge <strong>and</strong> pursuit hav<strong>in</strong>g greatly dispersed <strong>the</strong> British, a halt was ordered<br />
on <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> creek, <strong>in</strong> order to collect a sufficient body to dislodge Colonel Arm<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> his corps,<br />
who, toge<strong>the</strong>r with several <strong>of</strong>ficers, were employed <strong>in</strong> rally<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> militia at that pass, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> send<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong><br />
American baggage. The quick junction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> scattered cavalry counteracted <strong>the</strong> designs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy: Colonel<br />
Arm<strong>and</strong>’s dragoons <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia displayed a good countenance, but were soon borne down by <strong>the</strong> rapid charge<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion: The chase aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>menced, <strong>and</strong> did not term<strong>in</strong>ate till <strong>the</strong> Americans were dispersed, <strong>and</strong> fatigue<br />
overpowered <strong>the</strong> exertions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British. In a pursuit <strong>of</strong> twenty-two miles, many prisoners <strong>of</strong> all ranks, twenty<br />
ammunition waggons, one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty carriages, conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> baggage, stores, <strong>and</strong> camp equipage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
American army, fell <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> victors.” 1172<br />
Historian John H. Wheeler reproduc<strong>in</strong>g witness Humphrey Hunter’s account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> capture <strong>of</strong> De Kalb: “[I] saw<br />
<strong>the</strong> Baron, without suite or aid, <strong>and</strong> without manifest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> design <strong>of</strong> his movements, gallop<strong>in</strong>g down <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
He was soon descried by <strong>the</strong> enemy, who, clapp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir h<strong>and</strong>s on <strong>the</strong>ir shoulders, <strong>in</strong> reference to his epaulettes,<br />
exclaimed, ‘a general, a rebel general!’ Immediately, a man on horseback (not Tarleton) met him <strong>and</strong><br />
dem<strong>and</strong>ed his sword. The Baron reluctantly presented <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>le towards him, say<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> French: ‘Etes-vous un<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficier, monsieur?’ (‘Are you an <strong>of</strong>ficer, sir?’) His antagonist, not underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> language, with an oath,<br />
more sternly dem<strong>and</strong>ed his sword. The Baron <strong>the</strong>n, not underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g him perfectly, with all possible speed rode<br />
on, disda<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to surrender to any but an <strong>of</strong>ficer.<br />
“The cry ‘a rebel general’ sounded along <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e. The musketeers immediately, by platoons, fired up him. He<br />
proceeded about twenty-five rods, when he fell from his horse mortally wounded. Soon afterwards he was raised<br />
to his feet, <strong>and</strong> striped <strong>of</strong> his hat, coat <strong>and</strong> neck-cloth, <strong>and</strong> placed with his h<strong>and</strong>s rest<strong>in</strong>g on a wagon. His body<br />
was found upon exam<strong>in</strong>ation to have been pierced with seven musket balls. Whilst st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> this position, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> blood stream<strong>in</strong>g through his shirt, Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> his suite rode up. Be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed that <strong>the</strong> wounded man<br />
was Baron de Kalb, he addressed him, say<strong>in</strong>g: ‘I am sorry, sir to see you, not sorry that you are vanquished, but<br />
sorry to see you so badly wounded.’ Hav<strong>in</strong>g given orders to an <strong>of</strong>ficer to adm<strong>in</strong>ister to <strong>the</strong> wants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Baron,<br />
<strong>the</strong> British general rode on to secure <strong>the</strong> results <strong>of</strong> his victory.” 1173<br />
Robert Gray: “Lord Cornwallis made some sever examples <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolters, a measure which was be<strong>com</strong>e<br />
absolutely necessary to deter o<strong>the</strong>rs from <strong>the</strong> same conduct, as many <strong>of</strong> those who had taken up arms aga<strong>in</strong> had<br />
never had <strong>the</strong> smallest cause <strong>of</strong> Compla<strong>in</strong>t, but had been treated with every mark <strong>of</strong> attention & respect by <strong>the</strong><br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s <strong>of</strong>ficers. A universal panic seized <strong>the</strong> rebels after <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden <strong>and</strong> had Lord Cornwallis had a<br />
sufficient army to have marched <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a & have established posts <strong>in</strong> his rear at convenient places to<br />
1170 LMS p. 188.<br />
1171 SAW2 pp. 209-210, 214.<br />
1172 TCS pp. 107-108.<br />
1173 WNC p. 154.<br />
234
preserve his <strong>com</strong>munication with South Carol<strong>in</strong>a & to prevent <strong>the</strong> rebels from assembl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> arms after he had<br />
passed along [sic] North Carol<strong>in</strong>a would have fallen without a struggle, but <strong>the</strong> smallness <strong>of</strong> his numbers soon<br />
turned <strong>the</strong> tide aga<strong>in</strong>st him.” 1174<br />
16 August. After <strong>the</strong> action near W<strong>of</strong>ford’s Iron Works, Col. Charles McDowell transferred his camp from<br />
Cherokee Ford on <strong>the</strong> Broad River to Smith’s Ford downriver; <strong>and</strong> where on <strong>the</strong> 16 th , Col. James Williams, with a<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia force <strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> men under Col. Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on, Col. James Steen, <strong>and</strong> Major Joseph<br />
McJunk<strong>in</strong>, jo<strong>in</strong>ed him. 1175<br />
About that same time, <strong>the</strong> term <strong>of</strong> expiration for Shelby’s men was near<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> it was decided to attack <strong>the</strong><br />
200 loyalists reported at Musgrove’s Mill on <strong>the</strong> Enoree River, some forty miles from Smith’s Ford. Shelby <strong>and</strong><br />
Clark were chosen as leaders <strong>of</strong> a force, which <strong>in</strong>cluded Williams <strong>and</strong> his men; some North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia under<br />
Major Joseph McDowell; Clark’s Georgians <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians under Capta<strong>in</strong> James McCall <strong>and</strong> Capt. Samuel<br />
Hammond; <strong>and</strong>, <strong>of</strong> course, those under Shelby. Draper speaks <strong>of</strong> Clark <strong>and</strong> Shelby as <strong>the</strong> force’s ma<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers. However, show<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ten as Draper does <strong>in</strong> his work a certa<strong>in</strong> antipathy towards Williams (evidently<br />
based on his read<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> William Hill’s memoirs), it is probable that Williams, <strong>the</strong> highest-rank<strong>in</strong>g South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
leader <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight, had equal <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> status <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> expedition as Clark <strong>and</strong> Shelby. Indeed, Ramsay assumes<br />
him to have been <strong>the</strong> leader <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Musgrove’s expedition. 1176<br />
Mid to late August. Just follow<strong>in</strong>g Camden, Col. John Fisher, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Orangeburgh militia, erected <strong>the</strong><br />
small fort at Orangeburgh. 1177<br />
17 August. Upon learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> debacle at Camden by way <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> Davie’s <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> with Turnbull <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
N.Y. Volunteers reportedly on <strong>the</strong> march <strong>in</strong> pursuit, Sumter made camp at Rocky Mount on his way northward. 1178<br />
Early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g this same day, Tarleton left Cornwallis to go after him with 350 British Legion <strong>and</strong> one<br />
artillery piece. En route he captured 20 Cont<strong>in</strong>ental stragglers left over from <strong>the</strong> Camden battle. His scouts <strong>the</strong>n<br />
soon learned <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s location. He <strong>the</strong>n crossed to <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree with his men, while<br />
swimm<strong>in</strong>g his horses, at a ferry fac<strong>in</strong>g Rocky Mount. “After <strong>the</strong> passage was effected,” says Tarleton, “a patrole<br />
[sic] <strong>of</strong> legion dragoons was directed to proceed a few miles to <strong>the</strong> westward, to <strong>in</strong>quire after Turnbull <strong>and</strong><br />
Ferguson; but no <strong>in</strong>telligence was obta<strong>in</strong>ed.” He cont<strong>in</strong>ued push<strong>in</strong>g north. By <strong>the</strong> afternoon, however, his men<br />
were sorely fatigued by <strong>the</strong> long march <strong>and</strong> swelter<strong>in</strong>g heat. So by mid-day he took with him 100 dragoons <strong>and</strong><br />
60 mounted Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry to push ahead, leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> his force to follow up as <strong>the</strong>y could. For his<br />
part, Sumter reached Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18 th , <strong>and</strong> feel<strong>in</strong>g himself safe, camped <strong>the</strong>re. 1179<br />
17 August. Based on his credentials as a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2 nd South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment, ra<strong>the</strong>r than any<br />
formal state appo<strong>in</strong>tment, Col. Francis Marion was elected by local [militia] leaders <strong>and</strong> took <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Williamsburg militia, under Maj. John James, at Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon’s Ferry. At <strong>the</strong> same time, he directed Peter Horry<br />
to lead <strong>the</strong> militia on <strong>the</strong> lower Santee, already under Capta<strong>in</strong>s Bonneau, Mitchell, <strong>and</strong> Benson, with orders to<br />
destroy all boats from lower ferry on <strong>the</strong> Santee to Lenud’s Ferry <strong>and</strong> to prevent anyone cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> river <strong>in</strong><br />
that region. As Stedman himself states, Marion was most responsible for stirr<strong>in</strong>g up rebellion <strong>in</strong> Peedee region.<br />
See also 10 August. 1180<br />
17 August. The pr<strong>in</strong>cipal part <strong>of</strong> British army fell back to Camden while Cornwallis with <strong>the</strong> light Infantry, <strong>the</strong><br />
Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt. moved forward toward Rugeley’s.<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “[Cornwallis, after Camden,] immediately dispatched messengers <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a with directions to<br />
<strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s friends to take arms, <strong>and</strong> promised that he would march thi<strong>the</strong>r without loss <strong>of</strong> time to <strong>the</strong>ir support,<br />
his <strong>in</strong>tention be<strong>in</strong>g, as he tells me <strong>in</strong> his letter <strong>of</strong> 23d <strong>of</strong> August, to endeavor to get as soon as possible to<br />
Hillsborough, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re assemble <strong>and</strong> try to arrange <strong>the</strong> friends who were <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to arm <strong>in</strong> our favor, <strong>and</strong> so<br />
form a very large magaz<strong>in</strong>e for <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter <strong>of</strong> flour <strong>and</strong> meal from <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> rum, salt, etcs., from<br />
Cross Creek -- <strong>in</strong> short to engage <strong>in</strong> solid operations <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m.” 1181<br />
Cornwallis to German on August 21 st wrote: “On <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th , I dispatched proper people <strong>in</strong>to North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, with directions to our friends <strong>the</strong>re to take arms <strong>and</strong> assemble immediately, <strong>and</strong> to seize <strong>the</strong> most<br />
violent people, <strong>and</strong> all military stores <strong>and</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>es belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> rebels, <strong>and</strong> to <strong>in</strong>tercept all stragglers from<br />
<strong>the</strong> routed army; <strong>and</strong> I have promised to march without loss <strong>of</strong> time to <strong>the</strong>ir support. Some necessary supplies<br />
for <strong>the</strong> army are now on <strong>the</strong>ir way from Charles town, <strong>and</strong> I hope that <strong>the</strong>ir arrival will enable me to move <strong>in</strong> a<br />
few days.” 1182<br />
1174 GWC p. 142.<br />
1175 Smith’s Ford, on <strong>the</strong> Broad River, was about eleven to twelve miles south-sou<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>; Cherokee Ford was<br />
about <strong>the</strong> same distance also from K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> but east-sou<strong>the</strong>ast.<br />
1176 RSC2 pp. 137-138, DKM p. 103-104.<br />
1177 SCP2 p. 329, SFR p. 416n.<br />
1178 M.F. Treacy speaks <strong>of</strong> Sumter escap<strong>in</strong>g Turnbull thanks to Davie’s timely warn<strong>in</strong>g; for fur<strong>the</strong>r, see LMS p. 188, DRS pp. 19-20,<br />
TPY p. 41.<br />
1179 TCS pp. 111-113, BGC p. 82.<br />
1180 SAW2 pp. 226-227, MMS2 p. 224, MSC1 pp. 649-652, MSC2 pp. 82-83, BSF p. 41.<br />
1181 CAR p. 225.<br />
1182 COC p. 21, SCP2 p. 11.<br />
235
17 August. In <strong>the</strong> aftermath <strong>of</strong> Camden, at least 60-100 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals under Colonels Gunby <strong>and</strong> Howard, Maj.<br />
Archibald Anderson, <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong>s Henry Dobson <strong>and</strong> Robert Kirkwood preserved a <strong>com</strong>pact body dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
retreat, <strong>and</strong> subsequently collected at Charlotte. Arm<strong>and</strong>’s Legion was also <strong>in</strong>tact, but had lost few men dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> engagement. There was a small amount <strong>of</strong> provisions <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town; which, with <strong>the</strong> aid <strong>of</strong> Charlotte<br />
<strong>in</strong>habitants, made it possible to refresh <strong>the</strong> men. The Catawba Indian tribe, <strong>and</strong> who were allied with <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans both aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cherokees, retreated with <strong>the</strong> American army to Charlotte. 1183<br />
Otho Williams: “General Gates <strong>and</strong> [Richard] Caswell arrived at Charlotte on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action. The ensu<strong>in</strong>g<br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g presented noth<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>m but <strong>and</strong> open village, with but few <strong>in</strong>habitants, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> a<br />
temporary hospital, conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a few maimed soldiers <strong>of</strong> Colonel Buford’s unfortunate corps, which had been cut<br />
to pieces on <strong>the</strong> retreat, after <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong> Charlestown.<br />
“General Caswell was requested to rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>re, to encourage <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, who were to<br />
rendezvous <strong>the</strong>re <strong>in</strong> three days, (as it was first <strong>in</strong>tended) to countenance <strong>the</strong> reassembl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American<br />
army. General Gates perceived no effectual succour [sic] short <strong>of</strong> Hillsborough, where <strong>the</strong> general assembly <strong>of</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a were about to convene; thi<strong>the</strong>r he repaired, with all possible expedition; <strong>and</strong> was followed <strong>the</strong><br />
next day by General Caswell, who despaired <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia; probably because he thought that<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir first object, <strong>the</strong> army, was annihilated.<br />
“On <strong>the</strong> two days succeed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fatal action, Brigadier General Gist, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> second brigade <strong>of</strong><br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong> troops, previous to its misfortune at Charlotte, arrived with only two or three attendants, who had<br />
fallen <strong>in</strong>to his route. Several field <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> many <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e also, arrived similarly circumstanced;<br />
<strong>and</strong>, although not more than about a dozen men <strong>of</strong> different corps arrived <strong>in</strong> irregular squads, from time to<br />
time, not less than one hundred <strong>in</strong>fantry were collected <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> village with<strong>in</strong> that time; besides Arm<strong>and</strong>’s<br />
cavalry, which was very little reduced; <strong>and</strong> a small corps <strong>of</strong> mounted militia, which retired from <strong>the</strong> Waxsaw<br />
[sic] settlement, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Major Davy [Davie], an enterpris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> gallant young man, who had<br />
been rais<strong>in</strong>g volunteer cavalry, to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army.<br />
“Very few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fugitive militia resorted to this place.<br />
“Fortunately, <strong>the</strong>re was small supply <strong>of</strong> provision <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town -- <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants did all <strong>the</strong>y could to refresh both<br />
men <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers -- <strong>and</strong>, by <strong>the</strong> provident care <strong>of</strong> Colonel [Josiah Carvel] Hall, <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>, a quantity <strong>of</strong> flour<br />
was sent back on <strong>the</strong> route <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> retreat<strong>in</strong>g troops.” 1184<br />
Gov. Abner Nash <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a wrote to <strong>the</strong> state’s delegates, on 23 August 1780: “General [Edward] Stevens<br />
writes to General Gates, that he has collected between seven <strong>and</strong> eight hundred <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia <strong>and</strong> state<br />
troops. General [Richard] Caswell made a st<strong>and</strong> at Charlotte near <strong>the</strong> boundary l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> called <strong>in</strong> upwards <strong>of</strong><br />
1000 fresh men. These he added to Col. Sumpter’s party <strong>of</strong> about seven hundred (i.e., 700 as numbered prior to<br />
Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek), <strong>and</strong> gave him <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole.”<br />
Davie: “You will observe <strong>in</strong> a latter from Govr [Abner] Nash to <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Delegates dated 23d <strong>of</strong> Aug.<br />
80. He says that ‘General [Richard] Caswell made a st<strong>and</strong> at Charlotte <strong>and</strong> called <strong>in</strong> upwards <strong>of</strong> a thous<strong>and</strong> fresh<br />
men that he added <strong>the</strong>se to Sumpter[’]s party <strong>of</strong> about seven hundred <strong>and</strong> gave him <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole<br />
while he [Caswell] came on to <strong>the</strong> Assembly.’ This you know is a damnable lie, Caswell did not stay to collect<br />
one man-<strong>and</strong> followed Genl Gates before Gist, Smallwood <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong> Town...Genl<br />
Gates <strong>in</strong> his letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 30 th repeats this falsehood.” 1185<br />
Ramsay: “A few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia were halted at Hillsborough, but <strong>in</strong> a little time <strong>the</strong>ir tour <strong>of</strong> service was<br />
out, <strong>and</strong> all who had not deserted were discharged.” 1186<br />
17 August. Encumbered with capture <strong>and</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r stra<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> heat, Sumter paused <strong>and</strong> halted at Rocky Mount<br />
on his march northward to elude <strong>the</strong> British.<br />
17-18 August. A number <strong>of</strong> pension statements <strong>and</strong> declarations refer to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia units on <strong>the</strong>ir way<br />
to jo<strong>in</strong> Gates’ army, but after hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Camden, ei<strong>the</strong>r rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, or else retreated <strong>the</strong>re.<br />
Jacob Little <strong>of</strong> Pitt County, N.C.: “I volunteered as a private <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militiea [sic] on <strong>the</strong> 10 August 1780 -- for<br />
three months <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> County <strong>of</strong> Pitt, State <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a under Capt. John Hodges <strong>and</strong> was marched to jo<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army to go aga<strong>in</strong>st Lord Cornwallis but Gen’l Gates defea[t] [text miss<strong>in</strong>g] Camp [text miss<strong>in</strong>g] So.<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a disappo<strong>in</strong>ted us -- we jo<strong>in</strong>ed col. [Benjam<strong>in</strong>] Seawell’s Regiment at Ramseys Mill on Deep River…all<br />
marched to <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> (l<strong>in</strong>e miss<strong>in</strong>g) very troublesome to our Army We suffer [for want] <strong>of</strong> provisions…”<br />
Jesse Harrison <strong>of</strong> Halifax County, N.C.: “(J)o<strong>in</strong>ed a volunteer <strong>com</strong>pany under Lockheart who went to <strong>the</strong><br />
assistance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army under General Gates a short time before <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden, was after <strong>the</strong> dispursion<br />
[sic] <strong>of</strong> Gates[’] army regularly discharged from service <strong>in</strong> Halifax County, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a…”<br />
William Rose <strong>of</strong> Granville County, N.C.:”(W)e staid here some little time -- <strong>the</strong>nce we marched to Salisbery<br />
[Salisbury] -- <strong>the</strong>nce down to Pedee [Peedee] River, <strong>the</strong>nce on <strong>the</strong> road to jo<strong>in</strong> General Gates we were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by<br />
General John Butler <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> about 7 miles <strong>of</strong> Camden we heard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> defeat <strong>of</strong> General Gates at that place <strong>and</strong><br />
1183 WNA, RSC2 pp. 152-153, TCS p. 149.<br />
1184 WNA.<br />
1185 DRS p. 20.<br />
1186 RSC2 p. 151.<br />
236
we retreated back to Hillsborough -- <strong>the</strong>n we staid a short time -- <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Sept 1780 <strong>and</strong> as well as I remember we<br />
marched <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton.”<br />
18 August. Hav<strong>in</strong>g collected additional men, Marion moved to Lenud’s Ferry to assist Horry <strong>in</strong> destroy<strong>in</strong>g boats <strong>in</strong><br />
what proved <strong>the</strong>ir not <strong>in</strong>effective efforts to <strong>in</strong>terdict <strong>the</strong> British supply route to Camden. 1187<br />
18 Aug. [raid-battle] FISHING CREEK, 1188 also Sumter’s Defeat, Catawba Fords (Chester County, S.C.) On <strong>the</strong><br />
night <strong>of</strong> 17 th , Sumter, had encamped at Rocky Mount with about 100 Maryl<strong>and</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> 700 North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, learned <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s approach. March<strong>in</strong>g at daybreak on <strong>the</strong> 18 th , he<br />
retreated along <strong>the</strong> west bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree; <strong>the</strong>n paused about noon on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek.<br />
Believ<strong>in</strong>g himself secure for <strong>the</strong> moment, he <strong>the</strong>n pitched camp; where he <strong>and</strong> his men <strong>in</strong>dulged a needed rest<br />
from <strong>the</strong> hot sun <strong>and</strong> lengthy march. Under normal circumstances, this might not have been so rash. But on this<br />
occasion, Tarleton was after him, <strong>and</strong> managed to utterly confound <strong>and</strong> startle his camp. An advanced American<br />
picket had fired his gun <strong>in</strong> alarm when Tarleton approached, but <strong>the</strong> shot was ignored, <strong>and</strong> was thought to be<br />
only one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia idly shoot<strong>in</strong>g cattle. In consequence, Tarleton with 100 Legion dragoons <strong>and</strong> 60 mounted<br />
Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry rushed on; kill<strong>in</strong>g, wound<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans prisoner. Sumter, meanwhile,<br />
had been asleep under a wagon <strong>and</strong> only just barely escaped be<strong>in</strong>g taken himself. Of his force he lost around 150<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men killed or wounded. As well, Lieut. Col. Thomas Woolford (also wounded), 9 <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> 100<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals were taken prisoner, as were about 200 militia. A rema<strong>in</strong>der managed to flee. At <strong>the</strong> cost <strong>of</strong> one<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer sla<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> 15 killed or wounded, Tarleton managed to release <strong>the</strong> prisoners <strong>and</strong> wagons captured from<br />
Cary’s Fort; while tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> two brass three-pounders Gates had loaned Sumter. Tarleton states <strong>the</strong> Americans<br />
lost 150 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g cont<strong>in</strong>entals), 110 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> over 200 militia were captured, plus<br />
2 brass three-pounders (which Tarleton later had with him at Cowpens), 2 ammo wagons, 1000 st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> arms, 44<br />
carriages loaded with rum, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r stores. 1189 His own casualties were 16 men killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong><br />
addition, 20 horses killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. Officers Myddleton, Lacey, Taylor, <strong>and</strong> Henry Hampton, were among<br />
those taken prisoner, but got away, as did a number <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s men, on Tarleton’s return march to<br />
Camden. A week later, Sumter had already regrouped <strong>and</strong> re-organized what rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> his followers. 1190<br />
Tarleton: “When Tarleton arrived at Fish<strong>in</strong>g creek at twelve o’clock, he found <strong>the</strong> greatest part <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
overpowered by fatigue; <strong>the</strong> corps could no longer be moved forwards <strong>in</strong> a <strong>com</strong>pact <strong>and</strong> servicable [sic] state:<br />
He <strong>the</strong>refore determ<strong>in</strong>ed to separate <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry most able to bear far<strong>the</strong>r hardship, to follow <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy, whilst <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der, with <strong>the</strong> three pounder, took post on an advantageous piece <strong>of</strong> ground, <strong>in</strong> order to<br />
refresh <strong>the</strong>mselves, <strong>and</strong> cover <strong>the</strong> retreat <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> accident.<br />
“The number selected to cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>the</strong> pursuit did not exceed one hundred legion dragoons <strong>and</strong> sixty foot<br />
soldiers: The light <strong>in</strong>fantry furnished a great proportion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter. This detachment moved forwards with<br />
great circumspection: No <strong>in</strong>telligence, except <strong>the</strong> recent tracks upon <strong>the</strong> road, occurred for five miles. Two <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy’s vedettes [sic], who were concealed beh<strong>in</strong>d some bushes, fired upon <strong>the</strong> advanced guard as it<br />
entered a valley <strong>and</strong> killed a dragoon <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion: A circumstance which irritated <strong>the</strong> foremost <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>rades<br />
to such a degree, that <strong>the</strong>y dispatched <strong>the</strong> two Americans with <strong>the</strong>ir sabres before Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton<br />
could <strong>in</strong>terpose, or any <strong>in</strong>formation be obta<strong>in</strong>ed respect<strong>in</strong>g Colonel Sumpter. A serjeant [sic] <strong>and</strong> four men <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> British legion soon afterwards approached <strong>the</strong> summit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbour<strong>in</strong>g [sic] em<strong>in</strong>ence, where <strong>in</strong>stantly<br />
halt<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>y crouched upon <strong>the</strong>ir horses, <strong>and</strong> made a signal to <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer. Tarleton rode forward<br />
to <strong>the</strong> advanced guard, <strong>and</strong> pla<strong>in</strong>ly discovered over <strong>the</strong> crest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hill <strong>the</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American camp,<br />
perfectly quiet <strong>and</strong> not <strong>the</strong> least alarmed by <strong>the</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> vedettes [videttes.] The decision, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
preparation for <strong>the</strong> attack, were momentary. The cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry were formed <strong>in</strong>to one l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong>, giv<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
general shout, advanced to <strong>the</strong> charge. The arms <strong>and</strong> artillery <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> [Maryl<strong>and</strong>] cont<strong>in</strong>entals were secured<br />
before <strong>the</strong> men could be assembled: Universal consternation immediately ensued throughout <strong>the</strong> camp; some<br />
opposition was, however, made from beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> wagons [sic], <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia. The numbers, <strong>and</strong><br />
extensive encampment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, occasioned several conflicts before <strong>the</strong> action was decided. At length, <strong>the</strong><br />
release <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regulars <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyal militia, who were conf<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans, enabled<br />
Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton to stop <strong>the</strong> slaughter, <strong>and</strong> place guards over <strong>the</strong> prisoners.<br />
“The pursuit could not with propriety be pushed very far, <strong>the</strong> quantity <strong>of</strong> prisoners upon <strong>the</strong> spot dem<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
immediate attention <strong>of</strong> great part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light troops. Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton lost no time <strong>in</strong> send<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong><br />
detachment left at Fish<strong>in</strong>g creek, th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g this additional force necessary to repulse any attempt <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
might make to rescue <strong>the</strong>ir friends. All <strong>the</strong> men he could assemble were likewise wanted to give assistance to<br />
<strong>the</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> to take charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners; <strong>the</strong> troops who had ga<strong>in</strong>ed this action hav<strong>in</strong>g a just claim to<br />
some relaxation, <strong>in</strong> order to refresh <strong>the</strong>mselves after <strong>the</strong>ir late vigorous exertions.<br />
“Capta<strong>in</strong> Charles Campbell [<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt.], who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, was unfortunately killed near<br />
<strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> affair. His death cannot be mentioned without regret. He was a young <strong>of</strong>ficer, whose conduct <strong>and</strong><br />
abilities afforded <strong>the</strong> most flatter<strong>in</strong>g prospect that he would be an honour to his country. The loss, o<strong>the</strong>rwise,<br />
1187 BSF p. 42.<br />
1188 The area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g is understood today to be mostly underwater due to a reservoir project.<br />
1189 At Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek, Sumter’s servant had hid certificates <strong>and</strong> cash Rutledge had given him, which Sumter later recovered. On<br />
26 Aug., Sumter bought 4,200 dollars worth <strong>of</strong> l<strong>in</strong>en cloth for saddle blankets. BCG p. 185.<br />
1190 CNC22 pp. 523-524, AR80 p. 234, RCC p. 56, RSC2 p. 153, TCS pp. 112-115, 134-135, 149, GHA3 pp. 447-448, SAW2 pp. 211-<br />
213, MLW4A pp. 187-188, DRS pp. 18-21, LMS pp. 188-190, WNO, part I, SJM, JLG1 pp. 299-300, DSK vol. 11, issue 6 p. 371, LFB2<br />
p. 454, FWI pp. 177-178, MSC1 pp. 681-684, WAR2 pp. 733-734, BGD pp. 100-103, BGC pp. 82-85, BRG p. 175, SCAR vol. 2, no.8,<br />
pp. 20-23.<br />
237
on <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British was <strong>in</strong>considerable; fifteen non-<strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men, <strong>and</strong> twenty horses,<br />
were killed <strong>and</strong> wounded.” 1191<br />
Davie: “Major Davie about an hour after Genl Gates passed him despatched [sic] a confidential <strong>of</strong>ficer to give<br />
him <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> misfortunes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers reached his Camp <strong>the</strong> same even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Colo<br />
Sumpter with his Detachment consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 100 regr [regular] <strong>in</strong>fantry a <strong>com</strong>py [<strong>com</strong>pany] <strong>of</strong> Artillery 2 brass<br />
pieces & 700 militia began to retreat along <strong>the</strong> West bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river to ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Upper Country <strong>and</strong> avoid <strong>the</strong><br />
fate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> Army; on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th May encamped at Rocky Mount, at this place Colo Sumpter<br />
received advice that <strong>the</strong> British Legion had reached <strong>the</strong> opposite bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree river <strong>the</strong>n called <strong>the</strong><br />
Catawba <strong>and</strong> already occupied <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>and</strong> fords. He marched aga<strong>in</strong> at day break -- <strong>and</strong> about 12 ‘Oclock <strong>the</strong><br />
detachment halted hav<strong>in</strong>g passed Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek <strong>and</strong> ga<strong>in</strong>ed an open ridge on <strong>the</strong> No side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> creek, <strong>the</strong><br />
Detachment halted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> march, <strong>the</strong> rear guard consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> militia were posted at <strong>the</strong> Creek, <strong>the</strong><br />
prisoners <strong>and</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> baggage were with <strong>the</strong> advance guard, <strong>the</strong> troops were permitted to stack <strong>the</strong>ir arms<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>dulge <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> rest or refreshment, several strolled to a neighbor<strong>in</strong>g plantation, some went to <strong>the</strong><br />
river to ba<strong>the</strong>, <strong>and</strong> numbers sought <strong>in</strong> sleep some refuge from <strong>the</strong>ir fatigue, <strong>in</strong> this unguarded <strong>and</strong> critical<br />
moment, Colo Tarleton approached <strong>the</strong> American Camp.<br />
“The disposition for <strong>the</strong> attack was simple <strong>and</strong> made <strong>in</strong> a moment, <strong>the</strong> Cavalry consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 100, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> light<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry about 60 were formed <strong>in</strong> a s<strong>in</strong>gle l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g a general shout advanced to <strong>the</strong> charge The arms <strong>and</strong><br />
artillery <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>entals were immediately <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, as <strong>the</strong> men started from <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
slumbers <strong>the</strong>y were cut down, a general panic ensued no regular opposition was made; <strong>and</strong> all that could<br />
escape, sought <strong>the</strong>ir safety <strong>in</strong> immediate flight, <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> guard jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> fugitives <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners were<br />
<strong>in</strong>stantly released.<br />
“This Victory cost <strong>the</strong> British very little, Capt [Charles] Campbell killed, <strong>and</strong> 15 privates killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. The<br />
Americans lost 150 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> privates killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, 10 Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>fs 100 soldrs [sic], a large no.<br />
[number] <strong>of</strong> mila [militia] <strong>of</strong>ficers & 200 privates were made prisoners, The Artillery, 1000 st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> arms, 46<br />
waggons loaded with valuable stores fell also <strong>in</strong> to <strong>the</strong> British possession.<br />
“In this action Colo Tarlton [sic] had <strong>the</strong> merit <strong>of</strong> audacity <strong>and</strong> good fortune but <strong>the</strong> glory <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enterprise was<br />
sta<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> unfeel<strong>in</strong>g barbarity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion [British Legion] who cont<strong>in</strong>ued to hack <strong>and</strong> maim <strong>the</strong> militia long<br />
after <strong>the</strong>y had surrendered, scarce a man was wounded until he considered himself a prisoner, <strong>and</strong> had deprived<br />
himself <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> means <strong>of</strong> defence. Numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were old grey headed-men, who had turned out to<br />
encourage & animate <strong>the</strong> younger citizens, but <strong>the</strong>ir hoary honors were not respected by <strong>the</strong> British saber [sic].<br />
“Colo Tarlton with only 160 men, presented himself before <strong>the</strong> American camp, without ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>formation, or a<br />
moments reflection proceeded to charge <strong>the</strong>m, had <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer taken any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ord<strong>in</strong>ary<br />
precautions to resist an attack, Tarlton must have suffered severly [sic] for this boyish Temerity; <strong>the</strong> conflict<br />
was noth<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g was entirely on one side, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> slaughter among <strong>the</strong> defenceless [sic].<br />
“Colo Sumpter recd <strong>in</strong>formation that <strong>the</strong> British Legion crossed near Rocky-Mount that morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were hang<strong>in</strong>g on his rear, <strong>and</strong> yet marched only 8 miles before he halted & strangely neglected <strong>the</strong> necessary<br />
precautions to prevent a surprise <strong>and</strong> every means to resist an attack -- The Detachment was halted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e<br />
<strong>of</strong> march upon an open ridge, no advantage was taken <strong>of</strong> waggons, <strong>the</strong> rear guard was posted so near that it was<br />
not dist<strong>in</strong>guished by <strong>the</strong> enemy from <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body; <strong>the</strong> whole security <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army rested upon two videttes<br />
whose fire was disregarded or not heard by a slumber<strong>in</strong>g camp; if a halt was absolutely necessary after a march<br />
<strong>of</strong> only 8 miles, a position should have been taken most unfavorable to <strong>the</strong> action <strong>of</strong> Cavalry, <strong>the</strong> army should<br />
have been posted or formed <strong>in</strong> order <strong>of</strong> battle, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> waggons so disposed as to have covered <strong>the</strong> troops from<br />
<strong>the</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> British Cavalry, <strong>the</strong>se precautions dictated by <strong>com</strong>mon practice <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon prudence would have<br />
enabled him to have repelled five times <strong>the</strong> Enemys [sic] force.<br />
“If a proper patrole [sic] had been sent down <strong>the</strong> road towards <strong>the</strong> Enemy, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear guard had been<br />
sufficiently strong & posted at <strong>the</strong> usual distance, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> men had been ordered to rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> Camp near <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
arms, Colo Sumpter might have been beaten, but he would not have been surprised; or have yielded eight<br />
hundred men <strong>and</strong> two pieces <strong>of</strong> artillery as easy prey to 160 light troops: The listless <strong>and</strong> slumber<strong>in</strong>g security <strong>in</strong><br />
which this Detachment were caught at Mid-day under <strong>the</strong> eye <strong>of</strong> an enterpris<strong>in</strong>g enemy admits <strong>of</strong> nei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
apology nor explanation -- Colo Sumpter who was asleep under a waggon when <strong>the</strong> action <strong>com</strong>menced,<br />
fortunately made his escape amidst <strong>the</strong> general confusion <strong>and</strong> reached Major Davie’s camp at Charlotte two days<br />
afterwards without a s<strong>in</strong>gle follower.” 1192<br />
Saye (with Major Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong>): “It has been previously stated that Col. [James] Williams met Col. Sumter a<br />
few days after <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, that a part <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s force united with Williams <strong>and</strong> were led by<br />
him to Musgrove’s Mill <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>nce fell back toward North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Sumter immediately went down <strong>the</strong> Catawba<br />
River <strong>in</strong> obedience to <strong>the</strong> requisition <strong>of</strong> Gen. Gates. The latter seems never to have enterta<strong>in</strong>ed a doubt <strong>of</strong><br />
ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a <strong>com</strong>plete victory over <strong>the</strong> British Army at Camden. And <strong>in</strong> order to cut <strong>of</strong>f every facility for <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
retreat to ward Charlestown he dispatched a small force under Col. Marion to destroy <strong>the</strong> boats on <strong>the</strong> river<br />
below that place. At <strong>the</strong> same time he ordered Sumter to perform a similar service near <strong>the</strong> village; also to<br />
prevent <strong>the</strong>ir supplies from reach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British camp. These dar<strong>in</strong>g partisans did <strong>the</strong> duties assigned <strong>the</strong>m with<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir accustomed <strong>in</strong>trepidity. Sumter, <strong>in</strong> addition to <strong>the</strong> work <strong>of</strong> destruction <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terception, attacked <strong>and</strong><br />
defeated Col. Carey [James Cary] at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> a strong body <strong>of</strong> Loyalists, captured forag<strong>in</strong>g parties, &c., until<br />
he had <strong>in</strong> his possession forty wagons well loaded with military stores <strong>and</strong> 300 prisoners.<br />
1191 TCS pp. 113-115.<br />
1192 DRS pp. 19-20.<br />
238
“While engaged <strong>in</strong> this manner he received <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> defeat <strong>of</strong> Gen. Gates <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> dispersal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
army under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. He made a forced march for several days up <strong>the</strong> river to get out <strong>of</strong> strik<strong>in</strong>g distance <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> British Army. At length, hav<strong>in</strong>g reached <strong>the</strong> bank <strong>of</strong> Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek, on <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba, he<br />
halted to allow his men to refresh. Here, as is generally known, he was overtaken, surprised, <strong>and</strong> his force<br />
dispersed by Col. Tarleton <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Army. The way <strong>in</strong> which this surprise was ac<strong>com</strong>plished so <strong>com</strong>pletely<br />
was as follows:<br />
“The writer is <strong>in</strong>debted for this <strong>in</strong>formation to <strong>the</strong> late William Ashe <strong>of</strong> Frankl<strong>in</strong> County, Ga., who was at <strong>the</strong><br />
time with Sumter. Mr. Ashe stated that <strong>the</strong> army was almost worn out with fatigue <strong>and</strong> watch<strong>in</strong>g when <strong>the</strong>y<br />
stopped on <strong>the</strong> bank <strong>of</strong> Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek. It was near noon <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat excessive. Sumter had received no<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> retreat <strong>com</strong>menced <strong>and</strong> thought <strong>the</strong>y might enjoy repose without danger.<br />
No great attention was paid to order, but a guard was placed at some distance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear.<br />
“The wearied soldiers had leave to prepare food <strong>and</strong> take rest for several hours before resum<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir march. It<br />
happened that two Tory women passed <strong>the</strong> place soon after Sumter halted <strong>and</strong> went on <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction whence<br />
Sumter had <strong>com</strong>e. They had passed <strong>the</strong> rear guard about half a mile when <strong>the</strong>y met Tarleton’s force. They gave<br />
Tarleton precise <strong>in</strong>formation as to Sumter’s position <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> arrangement <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs connected with his army.<br />
They also <strong>in</strong>formed him <strong>of</strong> a way by which he could leave <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> road <strong>and</strong> fall <strong>in</strong>to a road lead<strong>in</strong>g to Sumter’s<br />
position at right angles to <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> road. This way was taken by <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> hence came upon wholly<br />
unexpected. The guard placed <strong>in</strong> that direction was small <strong>and</strong> near <strong>the</strong> army. No alarm was given until <strong>the</strong> whole<br />
squadron was dash<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>in</strong> full view. ‘Here,’ said <strong>the</strong> late Samuel Morrow <strong>of</strong> Spartanburg District, S. C., ‘I<br />
seized my gun <strong>and</strong> shot a Capt. [Charles] Campbell <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British light horse. I looked around me <strong>and</strong> saw<br />
Sumter’s men runn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> every direction. I snatched up ano<strong>the</strong>r gun <strong>and</strong> saw Col. [William] Bratton rally<strong>in</strong>g on a<br />
little em<strong>in</strong>ence near me. I jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> little b<strong>and</strong> that stood with him, fired aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> man at whom I took<br />
aim dropped. By this time <strong>the</strong> British were passed us <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> those retir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> we saw no chance <strong>and</strong> our<br />
escape.’<br />
“Mr. Ashe also stated that he was st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g near Col. Sumter when <strong>the</strong> attack began. Sumter was sitt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
shade <strong>of</strong> a wagon shav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> operation was about half f<strong>in</strong>ished. When <strong>the</strong> colonel saw <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
around, he cut a rope with which a horse was tied to a wagon, dropped his razor, mounted <strong>the</strong> horse <strong>and</strong> made<br />
his escape without saddle or bridle. Mr. Ashe also stated that he cut a horse loose <strong>and</strong> mounted without any<br />
means <strong>of</strong> guid<strong>in</strong>g him except his gun. His horse plunged <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> thicket extend<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> stream <strong>and</strong> ly<strong>in</strong>g<br />
between it <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> road. He rode some distance at a gallop when he was knocked <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> horse by a piece <strong>of</strong><br />
project<strong>in</strong>g timber <strong>and</strong> lay for some time <strong>in</strong> a state <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>sensibility. When he recovered from <strong>the</strong> shock he heard<br />
<strong>the</strong> noise <strong>of</strong> battle <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> road near him <strong>and</strong> escaped on foot.” 1193<br />
Joseph Johnson: “On this occasion [Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek], both <strong>the</strong> Taylors [Thomas <strong>and</strong> his bro<strong>the</strong>r James] were<br />
captured, <strong>and</strong> Colonel [Thomas] Taylor wounded, but not dangerously. They were marched <strong>of</strong>f to Camden,<br />
guarded by a detachment <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s dragoons, but effected <strong>the</strong>ir escape before <strong>the</strong>y arrived at that post.<br />
Colonel Taylor smeared <strong>the</strong> blood from his wound over his h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> face, that <strong>the</strong> British, suppos<strong>in</strong>g him<br />
disabled, might not watch him. He managed to get next to his bro<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> when an opportunity <strong>of</strong>fered, on<br />
pass<strong>in</strong>g a thicket, he pushed Capta<strong>in</strong> Taylor out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> covert, <strong>and</strong> immediately jumped after him. A<br />
few pistol balls were fired at <strong>the</strong>m, but both effected <strong>the</strong>ir escape. If his bro<strong>the</strong>r had been taken to Camden at<br />
that time, captured at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>pany, after hav<strong>in</strong>g broken his parole, <strong>the</strong> British would certa<strong>in</strong>ly have<br />
hanged him.” 1194<br />
18-20 August. Smallwood, with his aides <strong>and</strong> a few o<strong>the</strong>r soldiers mounted, arrived at Charlotte <strong>the</strong> 18 th ; where<br />
remnants <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals from Camden were ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>and</strong> which f<strong>in</strong>ally amounted to 770 Maryl<strong>and</strong>, 175<br />
Delaware troops <strong>and</strong> 50 Virg<strong>in</strong>ians. Smallwood <strong>the</strong>n directed <strong>the</strong>ir march towards Salisbury; which <strong>the</strong>y reached<br />
on <strong>the</strong> 21 st . The army was ac<strong>com</strong>panied by refugees; <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> whole tribe <strong>of</strong> Catawba Indians who numbered<br />
about 350, among which were 60 <strong>in</strong>differently armed warriors. Arm<strong>and</strong>’s Legion by this time had already<br />
retreated to Hillsborough where Gates was try<strong>in</strong>g to put th<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> order. Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>terim, deployed at Hillsborough to reform <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia. 1195<br />
19 August (also given as 18 August). [battle] MUSGROVE’S MILL (Union <strong>and</strong> Laurens County border, S.C.) On 17<br />
August, Col. Elijah Clark, Col. Isaac Shelby <strong>and</strong> Col. James Williams with 200 (or accord<strong>in</strong>g to McJunk<strong>in</strong> 700 1196 )<br />
mounted men (from Georgia, <strong>the</strong> over-mounta<strong>in</strong> settlements, <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a respectively) rode from Col.<br />
Charles McDowell’s camp on Smith’s Ford to assail <strong>the</strong> loyalists ga<strong>the</strong>red at Musgrove’s Mill on <strong>the</strong> Enoree<br />
River. 1197 S.C. Historian L<strong>and</strong>rum, <strong>and</strong> who <strong>of</strong> all subsequent historians gives probably <strong>the</strong> most reliable <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>formed account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action, states: “There were several reasons why it was preferred to attack this force <strong>of</strong><br />
Loyalists at Musgrove’s Mill to Ferguson’s forces, which lay between Musgrove’s Mill <strong>and</strong> Smith’s Ford. In <strong>the</strong> first<br />
place <strong>the</strong> Loyalists were less tra<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>ed than <strong>the</strong> regular British forces, <strong>and</strong> it would be easier to<br />
over<strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong>se than Ferguson’s forces, which were <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> some good fight<strong>in</strong>g material. In <strong>the</strong> second<br />
place, if this ford<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> Enoree could be successfully carried <strong>the</strong> way would be open to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, where a<br />
British garrison was stationed <strong>and</strong> which might be stormed <strong>and</strong> captured. It was rumored also <strong>in</strong> McDowell’s<br />
1193 SJM.<br />
1194 JTR pp. 537-538. Although Johnson adds a few extra details, this same anecdote was orig<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> substance first related<br />
<strong>in</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>t at GAR1 p. 286n. Garden <strong>the</strong>re mentions also that <strong>the</strong> British cavalrymen escort<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Taylors were <strong>in</strong>toxicated.<br />
1195 RSC2 pp. 152-153, GHA3 p.448-450, SAW2 pp. 232-233, WNA, MLW4A pp. 188-189, RNC p. 245.<br />
1196 SJM, GJW p. 32.<br />
1197 A rare <strong>and</strong> helpful map <strong>of</strong> Musgrove’s Mill is conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> L<strong>and</strong>rum as an <strong>in</strong>sert, see LCR p. 152-153.<br />
239
camp that a military chest was be<strong>in</strong>g conveyed from N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six via Musgrove’s Mill to Ferguson’s camp, <strong>and</strong> to<br />
<strong>in</strong>tercept <strong>and</strong> capture this was a matter <strong>of</strong> great importance to <strong>the</strong> American troops.” 1198<br />
On <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>n <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18 th , some <strong>of</strong> Clark, Shelby, <strong>and</strong> Williams’ men skirmished an outly<strong>in</strong>g party <strong>of</strong><br />
loyalists at Musgrove’s, <strong>in</strong> which both sides suffered some wounded, with one loyalist be<strong>in</strong>g killed. The fir<strong>in</strong>g<br />
alerted Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Innes <strong>and</strong> Major Thomas Fraser who were stay<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Musgrove’s residence<br />
nearby. Hi<strong>the</strong>rto unknown to <strong>the</strong> rebel back-countrymen was that <strong>the</strong> loyalist militia (<strong>the</strong>ir orig<strong>in</strong>al target) had<br />
been re<strong>in</strong>forced <strong>the</strong> previous night from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six with 200 Prov<strong>in</strong>cials under Innes, <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r 100 loyalists<br />
recruits <strong>in</strong>tended for Ferguson. Innes’ re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>in</strong>cluded a detachment <strong>of</strong> New Jersey Volunteers under<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> Peter Campbell, 1199 a <strong>com</strong>pany from 1 st Bttn. Delancey, under Capta<strong>in</strong> James Kerr, 1200 plus 100 mounted<br />
men <strong>of</strong> Innes’ own South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists (technically a Prov<strong>in</strong>cial regiment, but which <strong>the</strong> British higher<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at that time tended to view as green militia.) Some accounts, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Samuel Hammond’s, speak <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers also be<strong>in</strong>g present, but this seems unlikely (though not impossible.) The <strong>in</strong>itial garrison<br />
at <strong>the</strong> mill was under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Maj. Thomas Fraser <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists. With Fraser also were<br />
Capt. Abraham De Peyster <strong>of</strong> Ferguson’s corps, <strong>and</strong> Capt. David Fann<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> Col. Daniel Clary, 1201 head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalists <strong>of</strong> that region. Ano<strong>the</strong>r hundred, apparently all or mostly loyalist militia, were out patroll<strong>in</strong>g. In<br />
addition, Maj. Patrick Ferguson with a sizable force was not many miles away to <strong>the</strong> east. The rebel’s presence<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g known, a council was immediately held by Innes <strong>and</strong> Fraser. Ra<strong>the</strong>r than wait for <strong>the</strong> patrol <strong>of</strong> 100<br />
mounted tories who had gone out a short while earlier on patrol, it was decided to have at <strong>the</strong> rebels<br />
immediately; who meanwhile had moved to a wooded ridge about a half mile across (<strong>the</strong> forded) stream from<br />
<strong>the</strong> mill. Innes left 100 <strong>of</strong> his men (apparently <strong>the</strong> recruits for Ferguson) to guard his camp, <strong>and</strong> advanced with<br />
<strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der. 1202<br />
While await<strong>in</strong>g Innes, Shelby <strong>and</strong> Clark’s men built an impromptu redoubt <strong>in</strong> some thirty m<strong>in</strong>utes. Then Capt.<br />
Shadrack Inman led a party <strong>of</strong> 25 men to lure Innes’ force <strong>in</strong>to an ambush. The ruse, which Inman himself had<br />
proposed, worked (although Inman himself was felled); <strong>and</strong> Innes’ forward ranks underwent a wi<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g fire,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some marksman quality rifle-shoot<strong>in</strong>g. The Prov<strong>in</strong>cials <strong>and</strong> loyalists reformed <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n attempted to<br />
storm <strong>the</strong> backcountry men with <strong>the</strong> bayonet, <strong>and</strong> almost succeeded, but most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Innes,<br />
himself, were wounded at <strong>the</strong> critical moment. Disorder set <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong>ir ranks <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y fled.<br />
Receiv<strong>in</strong>g word <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> defeat at Camden (see 16 August), <strong>the</strong> Whigs <strong>the</strong>n mounted <strong>and</strong> headed nor<strong>the</strong>ast toward<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Prisoners were distributed one for each three Americans who alternated rid<strong>in</strong>g double with <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy. Each captive was forced to carry his rifle or musket, with <strong>the</strong> fl<strong>in</strong>t removed so that it could not fire.<br />
They eschewed <strong>the</strong> roads <strong>and</strong>, mov<strong>in</strong>g with unpaus<strong>in</strong>g celerity, were thus able to atta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> security <strong>of</strong><br />
McDowell’s camp at Smith’s Ford.<br />
The action as a whole, from <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> Innes to <strong>the</strong> retreat <strong>of</strong> his forces to <strong>the</strong> Mill lasted about an hour,<br />
or an hour <strong>and</strong> a half accord<strong>in</strong>g to Shelby. Draper states <strong>the</strong> British losses as 63 killed, 90 wounded, 70 prisoners.<br />
The back-country men lost 4 killed <strong>and</strong> 8 or 9 wounded. Much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> disparity <strong>in</strong> losses is attributed to <strong>the</strong><br />
Prov<strong>in</strong>cials <strong>and</strong> Loyalist over shoot<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir targets. In <strong>the</strong> wake <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle, Clark, Shelby <strong>and</strong> Williams<br />
withdrew <strong>in</strong> a northwesterly direction, travel<strong>in</strong>g 60 miles, to re-jo<strong>in</strong> McDowell (<strong>the</strong>re with about 200) at Smith’s<br />
Ford. In <strong>the</strong>ir flight, <strong>the</strong>y came with<strong>in</strong> five miles <strong>of</strong> Ferguson, <strong>and</strong> who pursued but was unable to catch up with<br />
<strong>the</strong>m.<br />
The prisoners taken at Musgrove’s were soon after marched to Hillsborough. Clark with his men, later (see 20<br />
August) separated from Williams <strong>and</strong> Shelby <strong>and</strong> retired to Georgia; secret<strong>in</strong>g himself <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods <strong>of</strong> Wilkes<br />
County; where he was supplied with food by friends <strong>and</strong> neighbors. Shelby, meanwhile, returned to <strong>the</strong> Holston<br />
<strong>and</strong> Watauga-Nolachucky settlements, <strong>the</strong> term <strong>of</strong> his men’s service hav<strong>in</strong>g expired.<br />
Accounts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> numbers <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>and</strong> casualty estimates <strong>of</strong> forces at Musgrove’s Mill differ. Col. James<br />
Williams, cited <strong>in</strong> Draper, gave <strong>the</strong> Whigs strength as 200, <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al Loyalists at <strong>the</strong> mill at 200, who were<br />
<strong>the</strong>n re<strong>in</strong>forced by 300. The Whigs lost 3-4 killed <strong>and</strong> 7 or 8 wounded; while <strong>the</strong> loyalists lost 63 killed, 90<br />
wounded with 70 be<strong>in</strong>g taken prisoners. Among <strong>the</strong> loyalists sla<strong>in</strong> was a Capta<strong>in</strong> Hawsey who had dist<strong>in</strong>guished<br />
himself by mak<strong>in</strong>g signal efforts to encourage <strong>and</strong> rally <strong>the</strong>m; with his loss at <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> a whig riflemen<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g disheartened <strong>the</strong> tories only fur<strong>the</strong>r. 1203 Major James Sevier reported <strong>the</strong> Whig’s strength as 250, as<br />
learned from participants. Maj. Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong> gave Clark, Shelby <strong>and</strong> Williams’ force at about 150, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
British who participated as 300. Ripley calculates <strong>the</strong> Patriots as number<strong>in</strong>g from 250 to 700, Tories 200 to<br />
1,300, preferr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> lower figure <strong>in</strong> each case. Although underst<strong>and</strong>ably much is made <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “Overmounta<strong>in</strong>”<br />
or frontier militia ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g to stop Ferguson at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, it is <strong>of</strong>ten forgotten that <strong>the</strong>y actually made<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir first appearance to stop <strong>the</strong> British at Fort Anderson (or Thicketty Fort, 30 July), Second Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong><br />
Musgrove’s Mill. 1204<br />
Allaire (with Ferguson): “Saturday, 19 th . Lay at W<strong>in</strong>n’s plantation…[Allaire here speaks about Camden]…We<br />
received orders to pursue Sumter, he hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> only rema<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> what <strong>the</strong> Rebels can call a corps <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>se parts<br />
at present. At six o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g our wagons were ordered forward that we might pursue Sumter with<br />
1198 LCR pp. 147-148.<br />
1199 Also mentioned as <strong>of</strong>ficer<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> N.J. Volunteers at this engagement are lieutenants William Chew <strong>and</strong> John Champ.<br />
1200 Spoken <strong>of</strong> as Innes’ second <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>and</strong> upon whom <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists devolved after Innes was severely wounded.<br />
1201 Clary’s militia regiment represented <strong>the</strong> area north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Saluda River, <strong>in</strong> present day Newberry county.<br />
1202 Williams after battle report gives <strong>the</strong> American number as 200 <strong>and</strong> which marched on 17 th August <strong>in</strong> order to attack 200<br />
tories. But on night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18 th , <strong>the</strong> Tories were re<strong>in</strong>forced by Innes with 200 regular troops <strong>and</strong> 100 more tories. William T.<br />
Graves, while cit<strong>in</strong>g McJunk<strong>in</strong>’s figure <strong>of</strong> 700 for <strong>the</strong> whigs, gives <strong>the</strong> loyalist strength as 1,000-1,200. GJW p. 32.<br />
1203 Not perhaps unlike how Capt. Beatty’s fall <strong>in</strong>duced a confusion <strong>and</strong> panic among <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals at Hobkirk’s Hill .<br />
1204 ATR81a p. 87, RSC2 pp. 137-138,SCP2 p. 170, GHA3 p. 449, MMS2 p. 220, MST p. 25, SRW, HMP, MHG pp. 477-479, HMS pp.<br />
24-27, FNA pp. 12-13, SJM, LFB2 pp. 444-445, JTR pp. 487-488, 519-522, HGS pp. 578-580, DKM p. 104-122, SNC pp. 78-81, MSC1<br />
pp. 686-698, LCR pp. 147-166, BGC pp. 76-77, RBG pp. 99-102, BRG p. 177, GJW pp. 32-36, SCAR vol. 3, no.1, pp 28-37.<br />
240
vigor. At seven we got <strong>in</strong> motion. That very moment an express arrived from Col. Innes, who was on his way<br />
from N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six to jo<strong>in</strong> us, <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g us that he had been attacked by a body <strong>of</strong> Rebels at Musgrove’s Mills on<br />
Enoree river; that himself, <strong>and</strong> Major [Thomas] Fraser <strong>of</strong> his regiment, were wounded, as were Capt. Peter<br />
Campbell [N.J. Volunteers], Lieuts. Chew <strong>and</strong> Camp [Kemp?], <strong>of</strong> Col. [Isaac] Allen’s regiment. He wished for<br />
support as many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia had left him. This, to our great mortification, altered <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> our march. At<br />
eleven at night, we got <strong>in</strong> motion; marched all night; forded Broad river at sun-ris<strong>in</strong>g.”<br />
Chesney: “...[W]e received an express that <strong>the</strong> rebels had defeated Col. Ennis [Alex<strong>and</strong>er Innes] at Enoree<br />
[Musgrove’s Mill]; this occasioned a rapid march that way. The ma<strong>in</strong> body hav<strong>in</strong>g crossed <strong>the</strong> Enoree, I was left<br />
beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rearguard <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g attacked <strong>in</strong> that situation [20 August] we ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed our ground<br />
until <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body recrossed to our support; <strong>the</strong> Americans retreated [21 August] after suffer<strong>in</strong>g some loss.” 1205<br />
Samuel Hammond (who at <strong>the</strong> time was a capta<strong>in</strong> with James Williams’ force): “We marched twenty or twentyfive<br />
miles on <strong>the</strong> 16 th , halted, fed <strong>and</strong> refreshed for an hour, <strong>and</strong> after dark set out on our march aga<strong>in</strong>. In <strong>the</strong><br />
course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> night Colonel [William] Bratton turned <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> march, <strong>in</strong>tend<strong>in</strong>g to pass through his own<br />
neighborhood <strong>and</strong> to fall <strong>in</strong> with us before day. This was <strong>in</strong>judicious <strong>in</strong> every po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> view, for it afforded more<br />
than a double chance to <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>of</strong> ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> our approach <strong>and</strong> a probability <strong>of</strong> our not fall<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
with <strong>the</strong>m or <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir aid<strong>in</strong>g us <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> affair; <strong>and</strong> this proved to be <strong>the</strong> case, for <strong>the</strong>y did not rejo<strong>in</strong> us until <strong>the</strong><br />
affair was over. General [Charles] McDowell advanced a few miles, but decl<strong>in</strong>ed jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enterprise. Our<br />
march was silently <strong>and</strong> skillfully conducted <strong>and</strong> we arrived near <strong>the</strong> post about day.<br />
“We had one capta<strong>in</strong> -- S. Inman [Shadrack Inman] -- a brave man <strong>and</strong> a good <strong>of</strong>ficer, with four men killed <strong>and</strong><br />
eleven men wounded. The British lost Major [Thomas] Fraser [wounded but not killed], <strong>and</strong> eighty-five men<br />
killed; Capta<strong>in</strong> Innis [Alex<strong>and</strong>er Innes] <strong>and</strong> several o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers wounded, <strong>the</strong> number not known. One capta<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> regulars, two capta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> tories, <strong>and</strong> seventy-three privates -- mostly York volunteers [presumably, <strong>in</strong> this<br />
<strong>in</strong>stance, actually New Jersey Volunteers] -- were taken prisoners…Our [<strong>the</strong> whig’s] numbers cont<strong>in</strong>ued to<br />
<strong>in</strong>crease from that time, <strong>and</strong> all seemed to have more confidence <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>mselves.” 1206<br />
Isaac Shelby: “General [Charles] McDowell cont<strong>in</strong>ued to maneuver on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> Broad River, not be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
force to attempt an attack upon Ferguson camp, until <strong>the</strong> 18 th <strong>of</strong> August at which time he received <strong>in</strong>formation<br />
that five hundred Tories were encamped at Musgrove’s Mill on <strong>the</strong> Bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enoree River. Colonel Shelby &<br />
Lieut. Col. Clarke [Elijah Clark] were aga<strong>in</strong> selected by General [Charles] McDowell to head <strong>the</strong> detachment<br />
dest<strong>in</strong>ed to cut up that party <strong>of</strong> Tories. McDowell’s camp was <strong>the</strong>n at Smith’s ford <strong>of</strong> Broad River forty miles or<br />
upwards from <strong>the</strong> Tories encamped at Musgrove’s -- Major Ferguson lay about half way with all his force <strong>and</strong> only<br />
two or three miles from <strong>the</strong> route our party had to travel. They <strong>com</strong>menced <strong>the</strong>ir March from Smith[’]s ford at<br />
sun about one hour high on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18 th <strong>of</strong> August, 1780, with seven hundred picked men well<br />
mounted, amongst whom were several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> McDowell’s Army who volunteered <strong>the</strong>ir services<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Col. Jno. Williams [James Williams] <strong>and</strong> his followers mak<strong>in</strong>g all toge<strong>the</strong>r a force <strong>of</strong><br />
between seven <strong>and</strong> eight hundred picked men -- They traveled through <strong>the</strong> woods until dark, <strong>the</strong>n took <strong>the</strong> road,<br />
<strong>and</strong> traveled fast all <strong>the</strong> night great part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> way <strong>in</strong> canter, never stopped even to let <strong>the</strong>ir horses dr<strong>in</strong>k, &<br />
arrived with<strong>in</strong> half a mile <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy camp just at break <strong>of</strong> day, where <strong>the</strong>y were met by a strong patrol party<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g out to reconnoiter -- a sharp fire <strong>com</strong>menced <strong>in</strong> which several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy fell & <strong>the</strong>y<br />
gave back to <strong>the</strong>ir camp; at this juncture a country man who lived <strong>in</strong> sight came up & <strong>in</strong>formed Colonel Shelby<br />
that <strong>the</strong> enemy had been strongly re<strong>in</strong>forced <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g before with six hundred regular troops, from N<strong>in</strong>ety-<br />
Six, <strong>the</strong> queens American regiment from New York <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Col. [Alex<strong>and</strong>er] Innes 1207 -- The Americans<br />
after a hard travel all night <strong>of</strong> forty miles or upwards were too much broke down to retreat, <strong>the</strong>y prepared for a<br />
battle as fast as possible, by mak<strong>in</strong>g a breast works <strong>of</strong> logs <strong>and</strong> brush which <strong>the</strong>y <strong>com</strong>pleted <strong>in</strong> half an hour,<br />
when <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s whole force appeared <strong>in</strong> full view, <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>in</strong>es lay across <strong>the</strong> road upwards <strong>of</strong> half a mile <strong>in</strong><br />
length, a small party under Capt. Shadrack Inman had been sent on to scrimmage with <strong>the</strong> Enemy as soon as<br />
<strong>the</strong>y crossed <strong>the</strong> river (for <strong>the</strong>ir Camp was on <strong>the</strong> south side at Musgrove’s plantation) -- Capt. Inman had orders<br />
to give way as <strong>the</strong> enemy advanced -- when <strong>the</strong>y came with<strong>in</strong> 70 yards <strong>of</strong> our breast works, a heavy &<br />
destructive fire <strong>com</strong>menced upon <strong>the</strong>m. The action was b1oody & obst<strong>in</strong>ate for upwards <strong>of</strong> an hour <strong>and</strong> a half.<br />
The Enemy had gotten with<strong>in</strong> a few yards <strong>of</strong> our works: at that juncture Colonel Innes who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy was badly wounded <strong>and</strong> carried back, <strong>and</strong> every o<strong>the</strong>r regular <strong>of</strong>ficer except one Lieutenant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
was ei<strong>the</strong>r killed or wounded when <strong>the</strong> enemy began to give way, just at that moment also Capt. Hawsey an<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> considerable dist<strong>in</strong>ction among <strong>the</strong> Tories was shot down near our l<strong>in</strong>es while mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> greatest<br />
efforts to animate his men. The Tories upon <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Capt. Hawsey broke <strong>in</strong> great confusion, <strong>the</strong> slaughter<br />
from <strong>the</strong>nce to <strong>the</strong> Enoree River about half a mile was very great, dead men lay thick on <strong>the</strong> ground over which<br />
our men pursued <strong>the</strong> enemy -- In this pursuit Capt. Inman was killed while press<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy close <strong>in</strong> his rear --<br />
great merit was due to Capt. Inman for <strong>the</strong> manner <strong>in</strong> which he brought on <strong>the</strong> action-- <strong>and</strong> to which <strong>the</strong> success<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day was greatly to be attributed. This action was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hardest ever fought <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States with<br />
small arms. The smoke was so thick as to hide a man at <strong>the</strong> distance <strong>of</strong> twenty yards -- Our men took two<br />
hundred prisoners dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> action, <strong>and</strong> would have improved <strong>the</strong> victory to great advantage, <strong>the</strong>ir object was<br />
to be <strong>in</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six that night distant 25 or 30 miles <strong>and</strong> weak <strong>and</strong> defenseless. But just after <strong>the</strong> close <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
action an express arrived from General McDowell [Col. Charles McDowell] with a letter to him from Governor 1208<br />
1205 CDI.<br />
1206 JTR pp. 519-522.<br />
1207 Innes actually <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists; though some New Jersey Volunteers were present at <strong>the</strong> battle.<br />
1208 Caswell had previously been governor <strong>of</strong> N.C. but at this time, <strong>of</strong> course, was now serv<strong>in</strong>g as Maj. Gen. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia.<br />
241
[Richard] Caswell <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> defeat on <strong>the</strong> 16 th <strong>of</strong> our Gr<strong>and</strong> Army under General Gates near Camden. In<br />
this situation to secure a safe retreat was a most difficult task our small party broke down with fatigue two<br />
hundred British prisoners <strong>in</strong> charge, upwards <strong>of</strong> forty miles advance <strong>of</strong> General McDowell who retreated<br />
immediately <strong>and</strong> dispersed upon <strong>the</strong> receipt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> news <strong>of</strong> Gates’s defeat -- Ferguson with 3000 men almost<br />
directly <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir rear. It required all <strong>the</strong> Vigilance <strong>and</strong> exertion which human nature was capable <strong>of</strong> to avoid<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g cut to pieces by Ferguson’s light parties -- it was known to Col. Shelby that he had a body <strong>of</strong> dragoons <strong>and</strong><br />
mounted men. That would endeavor to <strong>in</strong>tercept him which caused him to bear up towards <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s. The<br />
enemy pursued as was expected fifty or sixty miles until <strong>the</strong>ir horses broke down <strong>and</strong> could follow no fur<strong>the</strong>r --<br />
It is to be remarked that dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> upwards <strong>of</strong> forty miles <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> retreat <strong>of</strong> fifty or sixty, <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans never stopped to eat, but made use <strong>of</strong> peaches <strong>and</strong> green corn for <strong>the</strong>ir support. The excessive<br />
fatigue to which <strong>the</strong>y were subjected for two nights <strong>and</strong> two days effectually broke down every <strong>of</strong>ficer on our<br />
side that <strong>the</strong>ir faces & eyes swelled <strong>and</strong> became bloated <strong>in</strong> appearance as scarcely to be able to see.” 1209<br />
Saye (with Maj. Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong>): “On this march Sumter was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Col. James Williams, <strong>and</strong> also received<br />
<strong>in</strong>structions from Gen. Gates to cooperate with him <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> contemplated attack on <strong>the</strong> British forces at Camden.<br />
Williams preferred a return toward N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six to a march down <strong>the</strong> Wateree, took that direction. Such <strong>of</strong><br />
Sumter’s force as desired it jo<strong>in</strong>ed Williams. Among <strong>the</strong>se were Steen <strong>and</strong> McJunk<strong>in</strong>.<br />
“Col. Williams, hav<strong>in</strong>g separated from Sumter, turned his face toward <strong>the</strong> British post at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. He was<br />
probably <strong>in</strong>duced to take this course from several considerations. He resided but a short distance from that<br />
place, <strong>and</strong> his friends were suffer<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> dom<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Tories. Gen. [Charles] McDowell had<br />
advanced with a considerable force <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state.<br />
“The Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Army under Gates was advanc<strong>in</strong>g toward Camden. The recent spirited conflicts <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Sumter had been engaged had rek<strong>in</strong>dled <strong>the</strong> spirit <strong>of</strong> liberty <strong>and</strong> taught <strong>the</strong> militia that it was<br />
possible for <strong>the</strong>m to conquer a foe superior to <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> number <strong>and</strong> equipment.<br />
“Williams, <strong>the</strong>refore, crossed <strong>the</strong> Catawba <strong>and</strong> took post near Smith’s Ford on Broad River. Gen. McDowell lay at<br />
<strong>the</strong> Cherokee Ford, a few miles above, on <strong>the</strong> same river. The latter detached a part <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> under<br />
Cols. Shelby <strong>and</strong> Clark to unite with Williams for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> surpris<strong>in</strong>g a body <strong>of</strong> 500 or 600 Loyalists who<br />
were understood to have taken post at Musgrove’s Mill, Enoree River, forty miles distant. This arrangement was<br />
<strong>com</strong>pleted Aug. 18. Just before sundown this <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed force, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> about 700 horsemen, crossed at<br />
Smith’s Ford. They kept through woods until after dark. They also turned <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> route to avoid <strong>the</strong> army <strong>of</strong> Col.<br />
Ferguson, which lay <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir way. Through <strong>the</strong> whole night <strong>the</strong>y pressed forward, <strong>of</strong>ten at a gallop, <strong>and</strong> at dawn<br />
<strong>of</strong> day met a strong patrol party half a mile from <strong>the</strong> enemy’s camp. With this a skirmish ensued, but it soon<br />
gave way <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>municated <strong>the</strong> alarm to <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body. Just at this time a man resid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>munity<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>municated <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence that <strong>the</strong> Tories had been re<strong>in</strong>forced by a body <strong>of</strong> 500 or 600<br />
British troops under <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. Innis [Innes]. To attack, under <strong>the</strong> circumstances, seemed imprudent; to<br />
escape, impossible. It was <strong>the</strong>refore determ<strong>in</strong>ed to wear out <strong>the</strong> day as safely as possible <strong>and</strong> use <strong>the</strong> darkness<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g night <strong>in</strong> effect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir retreat. A breastwork <strong>of</strong> old logs <strong>and</strong> brush was hastily constructed.<br />
Parties were thrown out to watch <strong>the</strong> movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy.<br />
“It was soon ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed that <strong>the</strong> enemy were formed near <strong>the</strong> ford <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river with <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
battle. A correspond<strong>in</strong>g preparation took place among <strong>the</strong> Whigs. The <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Williams was placed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
center [sic]. That <strong>of</strong> Shelby on <strong>the</strong> right <strong>and</strong> that <strong>of</strong> Clark on <strong>the</strong> left. At his own request Capt. Inman was sent<br />
forward with a party to skirmish with <strong>the</strong> enemy as <strong>the</strong>y advanced. A flank<strong>in</strong>g party <strong>of</strong> twenty-four men under<br />
<strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Josiah Culbertson was sent out from Shelby’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. Inman met <strong>the</strong> enemy at <strong>the</strong> moment<br />
<strong>the</strong>y began to peep forward <strong>and</strong> gave <strong>the</strong>m a hot reception. The word <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> passed along <strong>the</strong> American<br />
l<strong>in</strong>e, ‘Reserve your fire until you can see <strong>the</strong> whites <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir eyes!’ Meanwhile, Inman’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> gradually fell<br />
back from place to place until <strong>the</strong> enemy made a general charge under <strong>the</strong> impression that <strong>the</strong>y were driv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body before <strong>the</strong>m. Inman passed <strong>the</strong> American l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> Tories were<br />
rush<strong>in</strong>g forward <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> utmost confusion with<strong>in</strong> seventy yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir foes. A stream <strong>of</strong> fire revealed <strong>the</strong> hidden<br />
battalions <strong>of</strong> liberty. The British sank down <strong>in</strong> great numbers, <strong>the</strong> survivors recoiled, rallied <strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong> pressed<br />
forward, but <strong>the</strong> fire from <strong>the</strong> American l<strong>in</strong>e cont<strong>in</strong>ued with little abatement for one hour to th<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir ranks,<br />
while <strong>the</strong>ir own produced little effect.<br />
“Culbertson’s party, under cover <strong>of</strong> trees, was pour<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a deadly fire upon <strong>the</strong> flank <strong>and</strong> rear. Innis <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
leaders were shot down <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> royal forces fell back <strong>in</strong> consternation. Capt. Inman immediately<br />
rallied a party <strong>and</strong> pursued <strong>the</strong> fugitives to <strong>the</strong> river, but this onset proved fatal to <strong>the</strong> gallant Inman. In this<br />
engagement <strong>the</strong> royal force exceeded that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans by at least 300. The British lost sixty-three killed<br />
<strong>and</strong> 160 wounded <strong>and</strong> prisoners. The American loss was four killed <strong>and</strong> n<strong>in</strong>e wounded.<br />
“The Whigs were greatly exhilarated by <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> this conflict. They mounted <strong>the</strong>ir horses with <strong>the</strong><br />
determ<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six that night. At this moment an express arrived from Gen. McDowell. Shelby<br />
received a letter from Gen. McDowell, <strong>in</strong>clos<strong>in</strong>g one for himself from Gov. Caswell dated on <strong>the</strong> battleground<br />
where Gates’s defeat occurred, giv<strong>in</strong>g an account <strong>of</strong> that disastrous engagement. McDowell advised Shelby <strong>and</strong><br />
his <strong>com</strong>panions to provide for <strong>the</strong>ir own safety. This <strong>in</strong>telligence led to a change <strong>of</strong> operations. It was necessary<br />
to avoid Ferguson’s army, which lay between <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> McDowell. And <strong>the</strong>re was a strong probability that<br />
Ferguson would lose no time <strong>in</strong> pursu<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
“They, <strong>the</strong>refore, turned <strong>the</strong>ir faces toward <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> order to make good <strong>the</strong>ir retreat<br />
<strong>and</strong> secure <strong>the</strong> results <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir victory. Their march was cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong> balance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day, through <strong>the</strong> night <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> next day without stopp<strong>in</strong>g to take any o<strong>the</strong>r refreshment than dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> brooks by <strong>the</strong> way, pull<strong>in</strong>g<br />
green corn from <strong>the</strong> fields near <strong>the</strong>ir road <strong>and</strong> eat<strong>in</strong>g it raw. Ferguson pursued, but found <strong>the</strong> backwoods men<br />
1209 SRW.<br />
242
too fleet to be overtaken. The writer remembers hav<strong>in</strong>g heard <strong>the</strong> late Major John Alex<strong>and</strong>er, who died <strong>in</strong><br />
Lawrenceville, Ga., May, 1820, speak <strong>of</strong> this march. He stated that he was without food for nearly four days.<br />
When his engagements permitted <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> opportunity <strong>of</strong>fered he pulled some corn <strong>and</strong> ate it raw <strong>and</strong> found it<br />
delicious. Major Alex<strong>and</strong>er’s residence at <strong>the</strong> time was at <strong>the</strong> fork <strong>of</strong> Tyger River, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nazareth congregation,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> retreat<strong>in</strong>g army passed through this congregation <strong>and</strong> up <strong>the</strong> North Tyger. The panic which followed<br />
Gates’s defeat <strong>in</strong>duced McDowell’s army to disperse, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> leaders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heroes <strong>of</strong> Musgrove’s Mill, hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
kept toge<strong>the</strong>r for several days after <strong>the</strong> battle separated, each to obey his own impulses <strong>in</strong> rous<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> spirits <strong>of</strong><br />
his countrymen to resistance <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> afford<strong>in</strong>g protection to <strong>the</strong>ir friends from <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>sults <strong>of</strong> a triumphant<br />
<strong>in</strong>vader.<br />
“…The writer has been told by Richard Thompson <strong>of</strong> Fairforest that he passed through <strong>the</strong> battleground at<br />
Musgrove’s a few days after it occurred. He was <strong>the</strong>n a lad <strong>of</strong> twelve or fourteen, <strong>and</strong> go<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany with his<br />
mo<strong>the</strong>r to visit his fa<strong>the</strong>r, John Thompson, who was a prisoner with <strong>the</strong> British at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. He stated that<br />
<strong>the</strong>re were marks <strong>of</strong> battle for two miles along <strong>the</strong> road on <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> that he made this<br />
observation <strong>in</strong> regard to <strong>the</strong> shoot<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> different parties: The marks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> balls shot by <strong>the</strong> Whigs on <strong>the</strong><br />
trees were generally from three to five feet above <strong>the</strong> ground, while <strong>the</strong>ir antagonists had generally shot<br />
entirely above <strong>the</strong> heads <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Whigs.<br />
“On his arrival at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six he learned from his fa<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r prisoners <strong>of</strong> his acqua<strong>in</strong>tance that <strong>the</strong> fugitives<br />
from <strong>the</strong> battle had reported that <strong>the</strong> Whigs amounted to 5,000; that <strong>the</strong> garrison was <strong>in</strong> such a state <strong>of</strong><br />
consternation that <strong>the</strong>y would probably have fled if <strong>the</strong> Whigs had showed <strong>the</strong>mselves. He fur<strong>the</strong>r remarked that<br />
<strong>the</strong> prisoners at that garrison were treated <strong>in</strong> a barbarous manner. They were crowded <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> jail,<br />
notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> warmth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> season; food <strong>of</strong> an unpalatable <strong>and</strong> unhealthy k<strong>in</strong>d alone was furnished <strong>and</strong><br />
very <strong>in</strong>adequate <strong>in</strong> quantity. There was no attention to <strong>the</strong> cleanl<strong>in</strong>ess. Col. [William] Thompson was h<strong>and</strong>cuffed<br />
<strong>in</strong> addition to o<strong>the</strong>r hardships unbe<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g his rank as an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong> his st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g as a citizen. Mr. Thompson was<br />
released about <strong>the</strong> first <strong>of</strong> November, got home to his family <strong>and</strong> died Christmas <strong>of</strong> disease contracted dur<strong>in</strong>g his<br />
imprisonment.” 1210<br />
L<strong>and</strong>rum: “The British <strong>and</strong> Tories before <strong>the</strong>ir f<strong>in</strong>al rout fought bravely. Their dragoons lately raised <strong>and</strong> poorly<br />
discipl<strong>in</strong>ed behaved with be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g gallantry, fight<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> left under Colonel Innes. They all exhibited more or<br />
less <strong>the</strong> tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>y had received from Ferguson, who has already been represented as a superior tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
master.” 1211<br />
20 August. Clark, Shelby <strong>and</strong> James Williams re-united with Col. Charles McDowell’s force which was <strong>the</strong>n itself<br />
retreat<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> considerably dim<strong>in</strong>ished <strong>in</strong> numbers. It was decided to call out additional men from South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> over <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s to resist Ferguson. Despite this, <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> service for Col.<br />
Shelby’s <strong>and</strong> Maj. Charles Robertson’s riflemen <strong>of</strong> Holston <strong>and</strong> Watauga-Nolachucky hav<strong>in</strong>g expired, that force<br />
returned home. The prisoners taken at Musgrove’s were escorted by Clark; who, after an unspecified distance,<br />
turned <strong>the</strong>m over to Col. James Williams <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Samuel Hammond; who <strong>in</strong> turn marched <strong>the</strong>m to<br />
Hillsborough. Clark <strong>and</strong> his men <strong>the</strong>reafter went <strong>in</strong>to hid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Georgia. When Williams arrived at Hillsborough<br />
with news <strong>of</strong> Musgrove’s Mill, he was given a <strong>com</strong>mission as Brigadier General <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia by<br />
Gov. John Rutledge who was <strong>in</strong> Hillsborough at that time. Meanwhile, Col Charles McDowell <strong>and</strong> Col. Andrew<br />
Hampton, leav<strong>in</strong>g Smith’s Ford on <strong>the</strong> Broad River, stayed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Gilbertown area with no more than 200 men,<br />
<strong>the</strong> rest hav<strong>in</strong>g simply went home at this juncture. It was understood that Ferguson would attempt to go after<br />
<strong>the</strong> abundant cattle around Gilbertown; which was one reason for <strong>the</strong> militia’s cont<strong>in</strong>ued presence <strong>the</strong>re. 1212<br />
21 August (also given as 20 August). [ambush] Great Savannah, also Nelson’s ferry, (Clarendon County, S.C.) On<br />
<strong>the</strong> 20 th , Col. Francis Marion, Major Hugh Horry (Col. Peter Horry was not present) <strong>and</strong> 150 men at Santee<br />
Swamp, moved towards Sumter’s Plantation on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> Nelson’s Ferry (on <strong>the</strong> Santee.) Past midnight<br />
(thus mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> action take place on <strong>the</strong> 21 st ), <strong>the</strong>y ambushed a convoy <strong>of</strong> prisoners taken at Camden that had<br />
stopped for <strong>the</strong> night at a house along <strong>the</strong> road <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> process, freed 147 Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. The loyalists had been mostly asleep with <strong>the</strong>ir arms stacked <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> front yard. Marion killed or<br />
captured 22 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 38 man British force; which consisted <strong>of</strong> soldiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd <strong>and</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Regiments,<br />
<strong>the</strong> latter under Capt. John Roberts, plus some loyalist militia <strong>and</strong> two Tory guides. Marion lost one killed, <strong>and</strong><br />
one wounded. Of those released, 85 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American prisoners reportedly refused to accept <strong>the</strong>ir liberation, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>stead cont<strong>in</strong>ued to Charlestown as prisoners: ei<strong>the</strong>r disgusted with <strong>the</strong>ir leadership at Camden or else simply<br />
weary <strong>of</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g. 1213 Marion <strong>the</strong>n took <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> those released, along with <strong>the</strong> prisoners, arms, <strong>and</strong><br />
accoutrements <strong>the</strong>y had taken, towards K<strong>in</strong>gstree. On <strong>the</strong> 26 th , he crossed Lynches River at Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon’s ferry.<br />
The Cont<strong>in</strong>entals who had <strong>com</strong>e with him subsequently moved up towards Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> most were ultimately<br />
re-united with <strong>the</strong>ir units. Col. Otho Williams wrote Gov. John Rutledge on October 6 th : “Of <strong>the</strong> 150 men retaken<br />
by Marion only about 60 rejo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>ir corps 1214 -- some were sick but most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m just departed.” 1215<br />
1210 SJM.<br />
1211 LCR p. 156.<br />
1212 DKM p. 118-119. For a sketch <strong>of</strong> Andrew Hampton, see DKM pp. 474-475.<br />
1213 Yet Christopher <strong>War</strong>d <strong>in</strong> his Delaware Cont<strong>in</strong>entals asserts that much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Delaware regiment returned to <strong>the</strong>ir unit<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g be<strong>in</strong>g captured at Camden, <strong>and</strong> presumably a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were such as had been liberated at Great Savannah. The<br />
number <strong>the</strong>n which cont<strong>in</strong>ued on as prisoners may be exaggerated, or else perhaps misunderstood as soldiers, still loyal, yet who<br />
simply refused to rema<strong>in</strong> with Marion. See WDC pp. 354-356.<br />
1214 Those troops that returned met up with Lieut. Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Ford at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. WNA, JLG2 p. 87n.<br />
1215 ATR81a p. 87, SCP2 p. 172, SCV1 pp. 261-264, GDH2 pp. 11-12, WNA, GHA3 p. 454-455, MLW4A pp. 318-319, MMS2 pp. 224-<br />
225, JFM pp. 19-20, MSC1 pp. 699-700, BSF p. 44-46, BGC pp. 88-89, RBG p. 103.<br />
243
Col. James Read, at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton on Sept. 12 th , wrote to Brig. Gen. Sumner: “Col. Marion retook one hundred <strong>and</strong><br />
forty seven soldiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware l<strong>in</strong>e, fifty seven <strong>of</strong> whom have arrived <strong>in</strong> town [Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton]<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>mitted to my care.” 1216<br />
On 29 August, from Camden, Cornwallis reported to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “The Number <strong>of</strong> Prisoners was a great<br />
Inconvenience to us here [at Camden], <strong>in</strong> a small Village so crowded <strong>and</strong> so sickly. I was afraid that <strong>the</strong> close<br />
place <strong>in</strong> which we were obliged to conf<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong>m might produce some pestilential Fever dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> excessive hot<br />
Wea<strong>the</strong>r. I <strong>the</strong>refore sent <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong>f as early as possible, by Divisions <strong>of</strong> 150 each, under <strong>the</strong> Escort <strong>of</strong> 38 Men,<br />
about two thirds <strong>of</strong> which were <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d & Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales’s Regiments, <strong>the</strong> rest Militia. In order to<br />
cover <strong>the</strong>ir March, altho’ I did not apprehend much danger, I posted Major Wemyss with a Part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d at <strong>the</strong><br />
high Hills <strong>of</strong> Santee, <strong>and</strong> I sent Lieu[t.] Colonel Tarleton with a Detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion, & Lieut 1 Colonel<br />
Hamilton’s Corps & some Militia to Ratcliffe’s Bridge on L<strong>in</strong>ches [Lynches] Creek, which I thought would<br />
effectually awe <strong>the</strong> lower Country. The Disaffection however <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country East <strong>of</strong> Santee is so great, that <strong>the</strong><br />
Account <strong>of</strong> our Victory could not penetrate <strong>in</strong>to it any person dar<strong>in</strong>g to speak <strong>of</strong> it be<strong>in</strong>g threatened with <strong>in</strong>stant<br />
Death. And so great was <strong>the</strong> Ignorance <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong>se People were kept, that on <strong>the</strong> Night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23d a Party <strong>of</strong><br />
about 200 mounted Militia under Colonel Marion went to Murray’s Ferry, where <strong>the</strong>y passed some Men <strong>in</strong> Canoes,<br />
drove away our Militia Guard, <strong>and</strong> destroyed <strong>the</strong> Ferry Boats to prevent our mak<strong>in</strong>g our Escape from General<br />
Gates over <strong>the</strong> Santee. On <strong>the</strong> 24 th <strong>the</strong>y were proceed<strong>in</strong>g to do <strong>the</strong> Same at Nelson’s Ferry, when <strong>the</strong>y heard <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> March <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first Division <strong>of</strong> Prisoners, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>y were to halt that Night at Sumpter[’]s House (which<br />
halt<strong>in</strong>g place was not very well chosen by <strong>the</strong> Qr Mr [Quarter Master] General).<br />
“The Ensign <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Escort contrived to get over to <strong>the</strong> Enemy, <strong>and</strong> conducted <strong>the</strong>m to <strong>the</strong> Attack.<br />
The Consequence <strong>of</strong> which was that our Escort was taken <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Prisoners released. By this Time some Patroles<br />
<strong>of</strong> Lieu[t.] Colonel Tarleton’s to K<strong>in</strong>gstree Bridge on Black River had spread <strong>the</strong> Alarm <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Rear, <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
perfectly conv<strong>in</strong>ced by <strong>the</strong> Prisoners <strong>of</strong> General Gates’s total Defeat; <strong>the</strong>y retired with great Precipitation to<br />
George Town. The greatest Part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Escort escaped from <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> above eighty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Prisoners, all<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals ei<strong>the</strong>r English or Irish, declared <strong>the</strong>ir Determ<strong>in</strong>ation to proceed to Charlestown. I am assured that<br />
not more than twelve <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Escort, <strong>and</strong> forty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Prisoners were carried <strong>of</strong>f by <strong>the</strong> Enemy. I believe that<br />
Cap[t.] Roberts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Escort, did his Duty perfectly well, & was not to blame <strong>in</strong> any<br />
Respect.” 1217<br />
Marion, from Lynches Creek, on 27 August wrote to Col. Peter Horry: “I am sorry to acqua<strong>in</strong>t you that Gen.<br />
Gates is defeated with great loss; he was obliged to retreat to Charlotte, which obliges me also to retreat. You<br />
will without delay retreat with what men you can get, to Briton’s [Britton’s] neck, where I have encamped. It is<br />
necessary to obta<strong>in</strong> ammunition, arms <strong>and</strong> accoutrements, <strong>and</strong> as many horses as you can get; also stores from<br />
Georgetown, which you will send if possible up <strong>the</strong> river to Briton’s [Britton’s] neck. On <strong>the</strong> 20 th <strong>in</strong>st. I attacked<br />
a guard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d <strong>and</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales’ regiment, with a number <strong>of</strong> tories, at <strong>the</strong> Great Savannah, near Nelson’s<br />
ferry. Killed <strong>and</strong> took twenty-two regulars, <strong>and</strong> two tories prisoners, <strong>and</strong> retook one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e; one waggon <strong>and</strong> a drum; one capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> a subaltern were also captured. Our<br />
loss is one killed, <strong>and</strong> Capt. [Lemuel] Benson is slightly wounded on <strong>the</strong> head.” 1218<br />
21 August. Smallwood <strong>and</strong> remnants <strong>of</strong> Gates’ army reached Salisbury. On receiv<strong>in</strong>g word <strong>the</strong> British had retired<br />
from Camden, he reta<strong>in</strong>ed about 150 effective men with him, <strong>and</strong> sent <strong>the</strong> rest, some 50 or 60, along with <strong>the</strong><br />
Waxhaws <strong>and</strong> Catawba refugees to Hillsborough. About this same time, <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> Mecklenburg <strong>and</strong> Waxhaws,<br />
on <strong>the</strong>ir own <strong>in</strong>itiative, started assembl<strong>in</strong>g at Charlotte under Major Anderson <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e. Smallwood<br />
subsequently received orders from Gates to br<strong>in</strong>g his men with him to Hillsborough; which <strong>the</strong> latter did, go<strong>in</strong>g<br />
by way <strong>of</strong> Guilford. At Guilford <strong>the</strong>re were plenty <strong>of</strong> provisions <strong>and</strong> so he halted his men for refreshment <strong>the</strong>re,<br />
arriv<strong>in</strong>g at Hillsborough by August 24 th . 1219<br />
Kirkwood: [Portion <strong>of</strong> Kirkwood’s Journal entry after <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden]: “I can give no account <strong>of</strong> our<br />
Marches on <strong>the</strong> Retreat untill [sic] we came to Salisbury [sic] which we arrived at on <strong>the</strong> 21 st .” 1220<br />
22 August. <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Moravians (Salem) “Toward noon Colonel [John] Armstrong 1221 <strong>and</strong> his bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> Major<br />
arrived. They had been <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle, <strong>and</strong> through <strong>the</strong>m we heard that Brigadier [Griffith] Ru<strong>the</strong>rford was taken<br />
prisoner. An attempt will be made to ga<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> scattered troops, <strong>and</strong> half <strong>the</strong> militia are to be called out. The<br />
people are <strong>in</strong> extreme fright because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> English…” 1222<br />
22 August. Gates, at Hillsborough,” to Maj. Gen. Richard Caswell: “Upon my Arrival at Charlotte <strong>the</strong> Night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
16 th Instant, I reflected <strong>the</strong>re were nei<strong>the</strong>r Army Ammunition or Intrench<strong>in</strong>g [sic] Tools, <strong>and</strong> that to th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>of</strong><br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g that post without <strong>the</strong>se was risqu<strong>in</strong>g [sic] a Second Loss perhaps greater than <strong>the</strong> First. I <strong>the</strong>refore<br />
resolved to proceed directly hi<strong>the</strong>r, to give Orders for assembl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Troops on <strong>the</strong> March from<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, to direct <strong>the</strong> Three Corps <strong>of</strong> Horse at X Creek [Cross Creek] to cover <strong>the</strong> stores &c <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>and</strong> to urge<br />
<strong>the</strong> Resources <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to be drawn forth for our Support. I also have forwarded some Volunteer Horse towards<br />
1216 CNC14 p. 771.<br />
1217 SCP2 p. 41, SCV1 pp. 261-264, BSF p. 44.<br />
1218 JFM p. 83.<br />
1219 WNA, GHA3 p. 450, MLW4A pp. 188-189.<br />
1220 KJO p. 11.<br />
1221 This apparently is a reference to Maj. John Armstrong <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. L<strong>in</strong>e who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed that state’s light <strong>in</strong>fantry at<br />
Camden. His be<strong>in</strong>g given as colonel here may reflect his rank with respect to <strong>the</strong> militia, but this is only a surmise on my part.<br />
1222 FRM p. 1560.<br />
244
P. D. <strong>and</strong> upon o<strong>the</strong>r Roads Westward, to succour [sic] our People <strong>and</strong> Waggons [sic] retir<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> Enemy.<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> Richmond <strong>in</strong>formed me last night you had halted at Charlotte, <strong>and</strong> was assembl<strong>in</strong>g Militia <strong>the</strong>re. I may<br />
be mistaken but with all deference to your op<strong>in</strong>ions I th<strong>in</strong>k Salisbury a better Position; as it br<strong>in</strong>gs our Force, <strong>and</strong><br />
that what we hope to collect, more with<strong>in</strong> support<strong>in</strong>g Distance <strong>of</strong> each o<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> certa<strong>in</strong>ly covers <strong>the</strong> Country<br />
more effectually. Now should <strong>the</strong> Enemy march out with a superior force to Charlotte, want<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> proper Means<br />
<strong>of</strong> Defence [sic], you must be obliged to retire, which I hope you will <strong>the</strong>n be able to do towards Salisbury. I<br />
hope Colonel Sumpter is yet on <strong>the</strong> West Side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree, as I am confident he gives <strong>the</strong> Enemy <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>itely<br />
more jealously by rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re, than he can possibly do by jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g you, for <strong>in</strong> that Case <strong>the</strong>y would have only<br />
one Object to attend to.” 1223<br />
23 August. In addition to 80 new cases <strong>of</strong> fever, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g many <strong>of</strong>ficers, Cornwallis had many wounded to attend<br />
to, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Americans, that rema<strong>in</strong>ed from <strong>the</strong> Camden battle.<br />
Cornwallis, at Camden, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton on this date: “Our [army’s] sickness is great <strong>and</strong> truly alarm<strong>in</strong>g…It is difficult<br />
to form a plan <strong>of</strong> operations, which must depend so much on circumstances; but it at present appears to me,<br />
that I should endeavor to get as soon as possible to Hillsborough, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re assemble <strong>and</strong> try to arrange <strong>the</strong><br />
friends who are <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to arm <strong>in</strong> our favor, <strong>and</strong> endeavor to form a very large magaz<strong>in</strong>e for <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter <strong>of</strong> flour<br />
<strong>and</strong> meal from <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> rum, salt, &c., from Cross Creek, which I underst<strong>and</strong> to be about eighty<br />
miles’ carriage. But all this will depend on <strong>the</strong> operations which your Excellency may th<strong>in</strong>k proper to pursue <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Chesapeak[e], which appears to me, next to <strong>the</strong> security <strong>of</strong> New York, to be one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most important<br />
objects <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war.” 1224<br />
24 August. Smallwood reached Hillsborough. 1225<br />
25 August (also given as 4 September) 1226 [skirmish] Blue Savannah, also Port’s Ferry (Marion County, S.C.)<br />
Marion, <strong>and</strong> Maj. John James, with (accord<strong>in</strong>g to Marion) 52 mounted men dispersed Maj. Micajah Ganey <strong>and</strong><br />
Capt. Jesse Barfield who had 200 to 250 loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir camp on <strong>the</strong> Little Peedee River. Ganey <strong>and</strong> Barfield<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves had <strong>in</strong>tended to assail Marion <strong>the</strong> next day. Along with Ganey was a small detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd<br />
Regt., Ganey’s own force had 45; 30 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were killed or wounded; while Ganey himself <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> his<br />
force were dispersed. The same day, Capt. Jesse Barfield with 200 loyalists (<strong>and</strong> possibly <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> this number<br />
a small detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd Regiment) sought to waylay Marion, but was himself ambushed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> attempt<br />
near Blue Savannah on Britton’s Neck; where Marion had retreated after his attack on Ganey. Barfield’s men<br />
<strong>the</strong>n fled <strong>in</strong>to Little Peedee Swamp. Marion lost four men wounded, two horses killed. The next day, <strong>the</strong> 5 th ,<br />
about 60 volunteers jo<strong>in</strong>ed Marion, br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g his force strength up to about 110. On <strong>the</strong> 7 th, , he proceeded to<br />
fortify Port’s Ferry, on <strong>the</strong> eastern bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee, hav<strong>in</strong>g with him for that purpose two small field pieces.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> time, Wemyss was still <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gstree with roughly 270-300 men, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
63 rd many <strong>of</strong> whom were beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g to fall ill, <strong>and</strong> awaited re<strong>in</strong>forcements from Camden; see 27 Aug. 1227<br />
On 15 September, from “White Marsh Bladen County,” Marion reported to Gates: “I wrought [wrote] you by Mr.<br />
Simons <strong>the</strong> 29 th Augt (pr Express,) who is not yet returned. I have not been able to learn any th<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> your<br />
Situation, which has very much Disparited <strong>the</strong> friends to America. I have sent <strong>the</strong> Prisoners I took <strong>the</strong> 25 th , Augt.<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> later has left me, & my Situation grow<strong>in</strong>g more Critical, I could<br />
not possible harm <strong>the</strong>m any longer. 1228<br />
“On <strong>the</strong> 3d Inst: I had Advice that upwards <strong>of</strong> two hundred Toreys <strong>in</strong>tended to Attack me <strong>the</strong> next day, I<br />
immediately marched with 53 men, which is all I could get. On <strong>the</strong> 4 th <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g I surprised a party <strong>of</strong> 45<br />
men, which I mistook for <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body. I kill’d <strong>and</strong> wounded all but 15 which Escaped. I <strong>the</strong>n marched<br />
immediately to attack <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body, which I meet about 3 miles <strong>in</strong> full march towards me. I Directly Attackt<br />
<strong>the</strong>m & put <strong>the</strong>m to flight (though <strong>the</strong>y had 200 men) & got <strong>in</strong> to an Impassible Swamp to all but Toreys. I had<br />
one man wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first action, & 3 <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Second, & two horses killed. f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g it impossible to <strong>com</strong>e at<br />
<strong>the</strong>m, I returned to Camp. The next day I was <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>the</strong>y all Disperst. On <strong>the</strong> 5 th I was Jo<strong>in</strong>ed by about 60<br />
men; I <strong>the</strong>n throughed np a small redoubt, to secure my camp from be<strong>in</strong>g surprised by <strong>the</strong> toreys should <strong>the</strong>y<br />
aga<strong>in</strong> collect; on <strong>the</strong> 7 th I crossed P. D. [Peedee], & Lynches creek with one hundred men, & Left 50 to secure<br />
my camp & <strong>the</strong> river, to attack a party <strong>of</strong> regulars & militia s[ai]d to be 150, which was <strong>in</strong> Williamsbourgh<br />
township, a Burn<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> houses <strong>of</strong> those men who had Jo<strong>in</strong>d me. When I had got to Indian town Capt. [John]<br />
James, who I had sent to reconetre <strong>the</strong> Enemy meet me; he had taken a prisoner belong<strong>in</strong>g to Colo. Ferguson<br />
riffle regt., by whom I learnt that <strong>the</strong>y was 200 British & a number <strong>of</strong> Toreys, & that Majr. Whimes [Wemyss]<br />
with 200 more was to Jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m that night. They was seen after Dark on <strong>the</strong>ir march, & by an Orderly book<br />
taken with an Officer’s baggage with <strong>the</strong> above prisoner I found <strong>the</strong>ir Intention was to remove me & proceed to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Cheraws. I also had Intelligence that 200 men post regulars, had arrived <strong>in</strong> Georgetown from Santee, which<br />
Oblige me to return to my camp, which I did that Day On <strong>the</strong> 8 th I had Intelligence that <strong>the</strong>y Majr. Whimes had<br />
Crossed Lynches Creek, Come on my front, & those In Georgtown had crossed Black river & Whaney [Euhaney<br />
River] to fall on my rear. The Toreys which I had Lately Disperst was collect<strong>in</strong>g on my right, which woud<br />
Compleatly surround me & cut <strong>of</strong> my retreat, which Oblige me to retreat to this place with 60 men <strong>the</strong> rest Left<br />
1223 GAH pp. 304-305<br />
1224 RCC p. 57, SCP2 p. 15.<br />
1225 KJO p. 11, MLW4A pp. 188-189.<br />
1226 August date given by James <strong>and</strong> Ripley.<br />
1227 CNC14 pp. 616-618, MMS2 pp. 224-230, JFM pp. 18-19, MSC2 p. 744, BSF pp. 49-51, RBG p. 235.<br />
1228 Does he mean “arm” or “harm?” If <strong>the</strong> latter, perhaps Marion’s curt strictness was one reason for <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals refus<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to rema<strong>in</strong> with him.<br />
245
me to see after <strong>the</strong>ir family, which had <strong>the</strong>ir houses burnt; <strong>the</strong>y have Burnt a Number <strong>of</strong> houses on Black river,<br />
Lynches Creek & Wallaman [Waccamaw?] I shall rema<strong>in</strong> here until I hear from you or I have an Oppertunity <strong>of</strong><br />
Do<strong>in</strong>g someth<strong>in</strong>g.” 1229<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “He [Marion] was dressed <strong>in</strong> a close round bodied crimson jacket, <strong>of</strong> a coarse texture,<br />
<strong>and</strong> wore a lea<strong>the</strong>r cap, part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> uniform <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second regiment, with a silver crescent <strong>in</strong> front, <strong>in</strong>scribed<br />
with <strong>the</strong> words, ‘Liberty or death.’ He was ac<strong>com</strong>panied by his friend Col. Peter Horry, <strong>and</strong> some o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> second or third day after his arrival, General Marion ordered his men to mount white cockades, to<br />
dist<strong>in</strong>guish <strong>the</strong>mselves from <strong>the</strong> tories, <strong>and</strong> crossed <strong>the</strong> Pedee, at Port’s ferry, to disperse a large body <strong>of</strong> tories,<br />
under Major Ganey, stationed on Britton’s neck, between great <strong>and</strong> little Pedee. He surprised <strong>the</strong>m at dawn <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, killed one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir capta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> several privates, <strong>and</strong> had two men wounded. Major James was<br />
detached at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> a volunteer troop <strong>of</strong> horse, to attack <strong>the</strong>ir horse; he came up with <strong>the</strong>m, charged, <strong>and</strong><br />
drove <strong>the</strong>m before him. In this affair, Major James s<strong>in</strong>gled out Major Ganey, (as he supposed) as <strong>the</strong> object <strong>of</strong><br />
his s<strong>in</strong>gle attack. At his approach Ganey fled, <strong>and</strong> he pursued him closely, <strong>and</strong> nearly with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> reach <strong>of</strong> his<br />
sword, for half a mile; when beh<strong>in</strong>d a thicket, he came upon a party <strong>of</strong> tories, who had rallied. Not at all<br />
<strong>in</strong>timidated, but with great presence <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d, Major James called out, ‘Come on my boys! -- Here <strong>the</strong>y are! --<br />
Here <strong>the</strong>y are!’ And <strong>the</strong> whole body <strong>of</strong> tories broke aga<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> rushed <strong>in</strong>to little Pedee swamp.<br />
“Ano<strong>the</strong>r party <strong>of</strong> tories lay higher up <strong>the</strong> river, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Capt. Barefield [Barfield]; who had been<br />
a soldier <strong>in</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a regiments. These stood to <strong>the</strong>ir ranks, so well, <strong>and</strong> appeared to be so<br />
resolute, that Gen. Marion did not wish to expose his men, by an attack on equal terms; he <strong>the</strong>refore feigned a<br />
retreat, <strong>and</strong> led <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to an ambuscade, near <strong>the</strong> Blue Savannah, where <strong>the</strong>y were defeated. This was <strong>the</strong> first<br />
manoeuvre <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>d, for which he afterwards became so conspicuous.” 1230<br />
26 August. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Salem congregation): “This morn<strong>in</strong>g Col. [John] Armstrong <strong>and</strong> Mr.<br />
Sheppard <strong>and</strong> Mr. Commans [Cumm<strong>in</strong>gs] arrived, on <strong>the</strong>ir way to Hillsborough. The first-named told Br. Bagge<br />
confidentially that men were speak<strong>in</strong>g angrily aga<strong>in</strong>st us as Tories, from whom an upris<strong>in</strong>g might be expected<br />
from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, who were known to deal sharply with such people. He promised to give <strong>the</strong> necessary orders for<br />
our protection, for he did not consider us Tories.” 1231<br />
27 Aug. Hav<strong>in</strong>g been summoned by Cornwallis, Ferguson by himself, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from his camp at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough,<br />
arrived Camden, evidently, to confer with his lordship. By September he had returned to his men, <strong>and</strong>, as per<br />
Cornwallis’ <strong>in</strong>structions, he prepared for an advance <strong>in</strong>to Tryon county to raise loyalists <strong>and</strong> cow <strong>the</strong> rebels.<br />
SCP2 p. 172.<br />
27 August. On this date, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a legislators <strong>in</strong> captivity, namely, lieutenant governor Christopher<br />
Gadsden, speaker Thomas Farr, Thomas Ferguson, Anthony Toomer, Alex<strong>and</strong>er Moultrie, Jacob Read, Richard<br />
Hutson, Edward Blake, Edward Rutledge [one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> signers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Declaration <strong>of</strong> Independence], Isaac Holmes,<br />
Richard Lush<strong>in</strong>gton, Peter Timothy, John Edwards, Hugh Rutledge, John Floyd, William Price, Thomas Savage,<br />
Thomas Heyward [ano<strong>the</strong>r signer], Arthur Middleton [ano<strong>the</strong>r signer], William-Hazel Gibbs, Edward McCrady, Dr.<br />
David Ramsay [<strong>the</strong> post-war historian], John Todd, George Flagg, Peter Fayssoux, Josiah Smith, John Parker,<br />
John Sansam, John-Ernet Poyas, John Budd, John Loveday, Thomas S<strong>in</strong>gleton, Edward North, Joseph Atk<strong>in</strong>son<br />
<strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs suspected by Cornwallis <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>cit<strong>in</strong>g or assist<strong>in</strong>g rebellion <strong>in</strong> Charlestown were arrested, <strong>and</strong> not long<br />
afterward sent <strong>in</strong> conf<strong>in</strong>ement to St. August<strong>in</strong>e, Florida. Some American writers, such as Ramsay, later protested<br />
that <strong>the</strong>y were made prisoner without any trial or hear<strong>in</strong>g. 1232<br />
27 August. [ambush] K<strong>in</strong>gstree (Williamsburg County, S.C.) With<strong>in</strong> days <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ambush at Nelson’s Ferry, Marion<br />
moved to <strong>in</strong>tercept <strong>and</strong> or else obstruct <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> Maj. James Wemyss, <strong>the</strong> latter on his way from <strong>the</strong><br />
High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee (south <strong>of</strong> Camden) to <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gstree area. With <strong>the</strong> latter were his own 63 rd Regt. total<strong>in</strong>g<br />
about 300 (one account says 500.) Upon hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>cident at Nelson’s Ferry, Cornwallis had ordered him<br />
from Camden to search for <strong>and</strong> dispose <strong>of</strong> Marion. Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd , however, by this time were weak from<br />
malaria. 1233 In support <strong>of</strong> Wemyss <strong>the</strong>n, Cornwallis sent Maj. John Harrison’s Prov<strong>in</strong>cials (<strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Rangers) <strong>and</strong> Bryan’s North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Refugees. As well, Lieut. Col. John Hamilton <strong>and</strong> 100 men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt. were dispatched to Radcliffe’s Bridge. 1234 While <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area, Wemyss burnt houses <strong>and</strong><br />
confiscated horses from <strong>the</strong> rebels. Marion, for his part, ordered Maj. John James to scout ahead. In a night<br />
attack, James subsequently crept up on Wemyss’ stragglers, captur<strong>in</strong>g 30 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy; <strong>the</strong>n beat a swift<br />
retreat. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to McCrady’s numbers, Marion had 150, lost 30 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded; Wemyss had 300 <strong>of</strong> which<br />
15 were killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> 15 taken prisoner. James later rejo<strong>in</strong>ed Marionl; who <strong>the</strong>n fell back to Port’s<br />
Ferry.<br />
The next day (<strong>the</strong> 28 th ) Marion disb<strong>and</strong>ed his men, <strong>and</strong> with a small group <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men temporarily went<br />
up to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Bass <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>gly makes no reference to such a (relatively) large scale ambush, yet does<br />
mention a soldier captured from Wemyss’ column by James’ men; from whom Marion obta<strong>in</strong>ed important<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation. Also Bass gives <strong>the</strong> date for this occurrence as <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> 7 September, ra<strong>the</strong>r than 27 August.<br />
1229 CNC14 pp. 616-618.<br />
1230 JFM pp. 18-19, MSC1 p. 652.<br />
1231 FRM p. 1561.<br />
1232 SCP2 pp. 43, 77-78, SCP3 pp. 15-20, 76, RSC2 pp. 458-459, TCS p. 185, CNC15 pp. 391-397, LFB2 p. 562n.<br />
1233 SCP2 p. 82.<br />
1234 Radcliffe’s Bridge was about 21 miles east <strong>of</strong> Camden, near modern Bishopville.<br />
246
Like Bass, Ripley believes that ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> ambush as described by William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James (John James’ son) never<br />
took place, or else <strong>the</strong> reported capture was much exaggerated. 1235<br />
On 28 August, Cornwallis wrote to Wemyss “I should advise your sweep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> country entirely from K<strong>in</strong>gstree<br />
Bridge to Pedee, <strong>and</strong> return<strong>in</strong>g by <strong>the</strong> Cheraws. I would have you disarm <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most rigid manner, all Persons<br />
who cannot be depended on <strong>and</strong> punish <strong>the</strong> concealement <strong>of</strong> Arms <strong>and</strong> ammunition with total demolition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
plantation.” 1236<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “By <strong>the</strong> exertions <strong>of</strong> Gen. Marion <strong>and</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>the</strong> spirits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> droop<strong>in</strong>g militia began<br />
to revive. But about <strong>the</strong> 27 th day <strong>of</strong> August, when, hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> only one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty men, he<br />
heard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> Major Wemyss, above K<strong>in</strong>gstree, at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d regiment, <strong>and</strong> a body <strong>of</strong> tories,<br />
under Maj. Harrison.<br />
“Maj. James was <strong>in</strong>stantly dispatched [sic], at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> volunteers, with orders to reconnoiter<br />
[sic], <strong>and</strong> count <strong>the</strong>m. Col. Peter Horry was called <strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> general crossed Lynch’s creek, <strong>and</strong> advanced to<br />
give battle. The night after Maj. James received his orders, <strong>the</strong> moon shone brightly, <strong>and</strong> by hid<strong>in</strong>g himself <strong>in</strong> a<br />
thicket, close to <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> march, he formed a good estimate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. As <strong>the</strong>ir rear guard<br />
passed, he burst from his hid<strong>in</strong>g place, <strong>and</strong> took some prisoners. On <strong>the</strong> same night, about an hour before day,<br />
Marion met <strong>the</strong> major half a mile from his plantation. The <strong>of</strong>ficers immediately dismounted, <strong>and</strong> retired to<br />
consult, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> men sat on <strong>the</strong>ir horses <strong>in</strong> a state <strong>of</strong> anxious suspense. The conference was long <strong>and</strong> animated.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> it, an order was given to direct <strong>the</strong> march back to Lynch’s [Lynches] creek, <strong>and</strong> no sooner was it<br />
given than a hollow groan might have been heard along <strong>the</strong> whole l<strong>in</strong>e. A bitter cup had now been m<strong>in</strong>gled for<br />
<strong>the</strong> people <strong>of</strong> Williamsburgh <strong>and</strong> Pedee; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y were doomed to dra<strong>in</strong> it to <strong>the</strong> dregs: but <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> end it proved<br />
a salutary medic<strong>in</strong>e. Maj. James reported <strong>the</strong> British force to be double that <strong>of</strong> Marion’s; <strong>and</strong> Ganey’s party <strong>of</strong><br />
tories <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear, had always been estimated at five hundred men. In such a crisis, a retreat was deemed<br />
prudent.” 1237<br />
28 August. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Salem congregation): “…We hear that a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> light-horse,<br />
under Capta<strong>in</strong> Caldwell, are on a Tory hunt <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood. They have beaten several men, <strong>and</strong> threatened<br />
Br. Ste<strong>in</strong>er, claim<strong>in</strong>g that he had spoken aga<strong>in</strong>st Liberty. May <strong>the</strong> Lord mercifully turn this aside from us.” 1238<br />
29 August. Cornwallis, at Camden, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “Major Wemyss is go<strong>in</strong>g with a Detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d Regiment<br />
mounted, -- some Refugees, Prov<strong>in</strong>cials & Militia to disarm <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most rigid Manner <strong>the</strong> Country between Santee<br />
& Pedee, <strong>and</strong> to punish severely all those who submitted or pretended to live peaceably under His Majesty’s<br />
Government s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> Reduction <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, <strong>and</strong> have jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> this second Revolt. And I ordered him to<br />
hang up all those Militia Men who were concerned <strong>in</strong> seiz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir Officers <strong>and</strong> captur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Sick <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st<br />
Regiment. I have myself ordered several Militia Men to be executed, who had voluntarily enrolled <strong>the</strong>mselves<br />
<strong>and</strong> borne Arms with us, <strong>and</strong> afterwards revolted to <strong>the</strong> Enemy…<br />
“I hope to be able to move my first division <strong>in</strong> eight or n<strong>in</strong>e days <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a by Charlotte-town <strong>and</strong><br />
Salisbury; <strong>the</strong> second will follow <strong>in</strong> about ten days after, with convalescents <strong>and</strong> Stores. I shall leave <strong>the</strong> New<br />
York volunteers <strong>and</strong> Innes’s corps [South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists] to take care <strong>of</strong> this place until <strong>the</strong> sick <strong>and</strong> stores<br />
can be removed. Our sickness at present is ra<strong>the</strong>r at a st<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> recoveries nearly keep<strong>in</strong>g pace with <strong>the</strong> fall<strong>in</strong>g<br />
down. I dread <strong>the</strong> convalescents not be<strong>in</strong>g able to march; but it is very tempt<strong>in</strong>g to try it, as a move <strong>of</strong> forty or<br />
fifty miles would put us <strong>in</strong>to a much better climate.<br />
“Ferguson is to move <strong>in</strong>to Tryon County with some militia, whom he says he is sure he can depend upon for do<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir duty <strong>and</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g well; but I am sorry to say that his own experience as well as that <strong>of</strong> every o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficer<br />
is totally aga<strong>in</strong>st him.<br />
“I most s<strong>in</strong>cerely hope that noth<strong>in</strong>g can happen to prevent your Excellency’s <strong>in</strong>tended diversion <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Chesapeak[e]. If unfortunately any unforeseen cause should make it impossible, I should hope that you will see<br />
<strong>the</strong> absolute necessity <strong>of</strong> add<strong>in</strong>g some force to <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as.” 1239<br />
Tarleton: “[I]n order to keep alive <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, Major Ferguson’s corps <strong>of</strong> rangers, <strong>and</strong><br />
about one thous<strong>and</strong> loyal militia, were advanced to <strong>the</strong> western borders, to hold <strong>com</strong>munication with <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> Tryon county till <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops under Earl Cornwallis were <strong>in</strong> condition to advance.” 1240<br />
29 August. Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens marched from Hillsborough on his way back to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia with what was left<br />
<strong>of</strong> his militia.<br />
Gates, at Hillsborough, wrote to Governor Jefferson on 30 August, 1780: “General Stevens <strong>in</strong>forms me he has<br />
wrote frequently s<strong>in</strong>ce our unfortunate Defeat to your Exclly [Excellency] -- he marched from hence yesterday,<br />
with what rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> your Militia (about 400) <strong>the</strong>y are to be stationed for a Time at Guildford Court House.<br />
Four Hundred deserted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> last two Days <strong>the</strong>y were here -- <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> General is apprehensive, he shall very<br />
soon be left by many <strong>of</strong> those that went with him from hence…”<br />
29 August. Davie, at Charlotte, to Maj. Gen. Richard Caswell: “The enemy’s fall<strong>in</strong>g immediately back to Camden<br />
<strong>and</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g no fur<strong>the</strong>r advantage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir victory laid me under no necessity <strong>of</strong> retreat<strong>in</strong>g fur<strong>the</strong>r than this. I<br />
1235 CNC14 pp. 624-625, RHA2 pp. 497-498, JFM p. 23, MSC1 pp. 700-701, MSC2 p. 746, BSF pp. 52-55, RBG pp.103-104.<br />
1236 SCP2 p. 208, BGC p. 89.<br />
1237 JFM p. 23.<br />
1238 FRM p. 1561.<br />
1239 COC pp. 21-22, SCP2 p. 41, 210, SCV1 pp. 261-264. Regard<strong>in</strong>g Ferguson, see also Cornwallis to Balfour, 3 July 1780.<br />
1240 TCS p. 156.<br />
247
kept out small parties <strong>of</strong> horse to cover <strong>the</strong> country <strong>and</strong> furnish us with regular <strong>in</strong>telligence. The number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
militia <strong>in</strong> camp have been so fluctuat<strong>in</strong>g that noth<strong>in</strong>g could be done. Last Saturday, with some difficulty, a<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> one hundred horse was made up. I proceeded with <strong>the</strong>m over <strong>the</strong> country as far as three miles<br />
below <strong>the</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock.<br />
“The Tory militia have returned to <strong>the</strong>ir plantations, but none <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m appeared. They have robbed a few<br />
houses <strong>and</strong> take every opportunity <strong>of</strong> enforc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir design <strong>of</strong> plunder<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> country <strong>and</strong> murder<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
Whiggish <strong>in</strong>habitants.<br />
“The North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia are now reduced to 300 <strong>in</strong> number, <strong>and</strong> those are deta<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> enemy’s solemnly<br />
engag<strong>in</strong>g to march <strong>in</strong>to this State between <strong>the</strong> first <strong>and</strong> tenth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> next month.<br />
“The arrangements <strong>the</strong> enemy are mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> number <strong>in</strong>dicate a disposition <strong>of</strong> this k<strong>in</strong>d. They are <strong>in</strong>dustriously<br />
mount<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>fantry on <strong>the</strong> captured horses, refresh<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> shoe<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion. This looks like<br />
a Bush Country trip. Gett<strong>in</strong>g barrels made to carry provisions. Have sent <strong>of</strong>f some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir baggage to Charleston,<br />
conscious, I suppose, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty <strong>of</strong> human affairs; but Monday, Tuesday <strong>and</strong> Wednesday marched <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong><br />
prisoners to garrisons. It is said one party was released by <strong>the</strong> militia near Sumter. Two women who left Camden<br />
on Sunday told me it was publicly spoken <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>re as a fact. Last Friday <strong>the</strong>y called <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir outpost from<br />
Rugeley’s. Colonel Turnbull has also discharged his militia on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side <strong>the</strong> Catawba <strong>and</strong> marched with <strong>the</strong><br />
regular troops <strong>in</strong>to Camden.<br />
“All <strong>the</strong> recruits raised <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> District <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a were furloughed till <strong>the</strong> 6 th<br />
or 7 th <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> next month, when <strong>the</strong>y are to rendezvous at Camden. Our old friend, Mr. B. B. Boote, is<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> prisoners, <strong>and</strong> Mr. Kerr, who left Salisbury with him, is assistant.<br />
“They talk <strong>of</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements from town, but God knows whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y are serious or not. The militia <strong>in</strong> lump are<br />
quite <strong>in</strong>considerable; frightened, too, <strong>and</strong> irresolute -- one day <strong>in</strong> camp, ano<strong>the</strong>r away to save <strong>the</strong>ir property --<br />
so that one-half will undoubtedly vanish upon <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. The counties <strong>of</strong> Rowan <strong>and</strong><br />
Mecklenburg are rich <strong>in</strong> provisions <strong>and</strong> strong <strong>in</strong> men, staunch, numerous <strong>and</strong> spirited, if <strong>the</strong>y were only<br />
managed to take <strong>the</strong> field by timely assistance.<br />
“These are <strong>the</strong> facts, as near as I can collect <strong>the</strong>m, respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy’s conduct <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> this<br />
distressed country. A small body <strong>of</strong> regulars with a few militia, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>se counties would still keep <strong>the</strong> enemy at<br />
bay. Our poor wounded <strong>in</strong> body are <strong>in</strong> a most wretched situation. Col. Inbyson told me General Ru<strong>the</strong>rford had<br />
no surgeon but himself, <strong>and</strong> that many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m had never been dressed. Someth<strong>in</strong>g should be done for <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
’Tis cruel.<br />
“Capta<strong>in</strong> Marneal, <strong>of</strong> Hamilton’s regiment, who came up with Col. Inbyson till he met with my party, mentioned<br />
<strong>the</strong> legion’s return<strong>in</strong>g last Monday from captur<strong>in</strong>g some provision wagons, on <strong>the</strong>ir way, he said, to Nelson[’]s<br />
Ferry.” 1241<br />
30 August. On this date, New York Volunteers, under Lieut. Col. George Turnbull, some survivors <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong><br />
Wales’ Regiment (that had <strong>in</strong>curred heavy losses at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, 6 August), <strong>and</strong> some loyalist militia from<br />
Camden under Col. John Phillips were ordered to Rocky Mount to patrol <strong>the</strong> area. Not encounter<strong>in</strong>g any<br />
resistance, Turnbull returned to Camden. 1242<br />
30 August. Gates, at Hillsborough, to General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “My public Letter to Congress has surely been<br />
transmitted to yr Exclly [your Excellency] -- S<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>n, I have been able to collect au<strong>the</strong>ntic Returns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
killed wounded <strong>and</strong> miss<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Officers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e, Artillerist <strong>and</strong> those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion under<br />
Colo[nel] Arm<strong>and</strong>. They are <strong>in</strong>closed [sic]. The Militia broke early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Day, <strong>and</strong> Scattered <strong>in</strong> so many<br />
Directions upon <strong>the</strong>ir Retreat, that very few have fallen <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> H<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy. -- By <strong>the</strong> Firmness <strong>and</strong><br />
Bravery <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Troops <strong>the</strong> victory is far from Bloodless on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Foe; -- <strong>the</strong>y hav<strong>in</strong>g upward<br />
<strong>of</strong> 500 men with <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> proportion killd [sic] <strong>and</strong> wounded. I do not th<strong>in</strong>k L[or]d Cornwallis will be able to<br />
reap any advantage <strong>of</strong> consequence from his Victory. -- as this State seems animated to re-<strong>in</strong>state <strong>and</strong> support<br />
<strong>the</strong> Army. Virg<strong>in</strong>ia I am confident, will not be less patriotic -- <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>t Exertions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two States, <strong>the</strong>re<br />
is good Reason to hope, that should <strong>the</strong> Events <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Campaign be prosperous to your Excellency; all South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a might be aga<strong>in</strong> recovered. Ld Cornwallis rema<strong>in</strong>ed with his Army at Camden, when I received <strong>the</strong> last<br />
accounts from <strong>the</strong>nce; -- I am canton<strong>in</strong>g ours at Salisbury, Guilford, Hillsborough <strong>and</strong> Cross Creek. The<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>and</strong> Artillerists, with <strong>the</strong> General Hospital, will be here. The Cavalry near Cross Creek <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Militia to <strong>the</strong> westward. This is absolutely necessary, as we have no Magaz<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> Provisions, <strong>and</strong> are only<br />
supplied from H<strong>and</strong> to Mouth -- Two Days after <strong>the</strong> Action <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 16 th ulto -- Fortune seems determ<strong>in</strong>ed to<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ue to distress us -- for Colonel Sumpter, hav<strong>in</strong>g marched near Forty Miles up <strong>the</strong> River Wateree, halted<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Waggons <strong>and</strong> Prisoners he had taken [on] <strong>the</strong> 15 th . By some Indiscretion <strong>the</strong> men were surprised cut <strong>of</strong>f<br />
from <strong>the</strong>ir arms -- <strong>the</strong> whole routed, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Waggons <strong>and</strong> Prisoners retaken.<br />
“What encouragement <strong>the</strong> numerous Disaffected <strong>in</strong> this State may give Lord Cornwallis to advance fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Country; I cannot yet say. Colonel Sumpter s<strong>in</strong>ce his Surprise <strong>and</strong> Defeat upon <strong>the</strong> West Side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree,<br />
has re<strong>in</strong>stated <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>creased his Corps to upward <strong>of</strong> 1000 men. I have directed him to cont<strong>in</strong>ue to harass <strong>the</strong><br />
Enemy upon that Side. Lord Cornwallis will <strong>the</strong>refore be cautious how he makes any considerable movement to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Eastward, while this Corps rema<strong>in</strong>s upon his Left Flank -- <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ma<strong>in</strong> Army is <strong>in</strong> a manner cantoned on his<br />
Front. Anxious for <strong>the</strong> Public Good I shall cont<strong>in</strong>ue my unwearied Endeavors to stop <strong>the</strong> Progress <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy --<br />
to re<strong>in</strong>state our affairs -- to re<strong>com</strong>mence an Offensive <strong>War</strong>, <strong>and</strong> recover all our Losses <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn States.<br />
But if be<strong>in</strong>g unfortunate is solely a Reason sufficient for remov<strong>in</strong>g me from Comm<strong>and</strong> I shall most cheerfully<br />
submit to <strong>the</strong> Orders <strong>of</strong> Congress; <strong>and</strong> resign an <strong>of</strong>fice few Generals would be anxious to possess -- <strong>and</strong> where<br />
1241 CNC22 pp. 776-777, SNC p. 101.<br />
1242 “Memor<strong>and</strong>um Book <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> John Money,” 30 August 1780. Cornwallis Papers, PRO. 30/11/3, folios 88–109.<br />
248
<strong>the</strong> utmost skill <strong>and</strong> Fortitude is so subject to be baffled by <strong>the</strong> difficulties which must for a Time, surround, <strong>the</strong><br />
Chief <strong>in</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong> here.<br />
“That your Excellency may meet with no such Difficulties -- that your Road to Fame <strong>and</strong> Fortune may be smooth<br />
<strong>and</strong> easy is <strong>the</strong> S<strong>in</strong>cere wish <strong>of</strong> &c &c.” 1243<br />
1243 GAH pp. 308-309.<br />
249
SEPTEMBER 1780<br />
September. Chesney: “We encamped for some time <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood <strong>of</strong> Enoree, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n up to Fair Forest.<br />
Some particular bus<strong>in</strong>ess hav<strong>in</strong>g called Col. Ferguson to Camden, Capt. [Abraham] Depeyster who succeeded him<br />
to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> [September, 1780] marched us up <strong>the</strong> [W<strong>of</strong>ford’s] Iron Works <strong>and</strong> I obta<strong>in</strong>ed leave to see my<br />
home <strong>and</strong> family whi<strong>the</strong>r I went for about two hours <strong>and</strong> sent orders for those who had shamefully ab<strong>and</strong>oned us<br />
some time ago to jo<strong>in</strong> us at <strong>the</strong> Iron-Works <strong>in</strong> order to do three months duty <strong>in</strong> or on <strong>the</strong> borders <strong>of</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> returned to <strong>the</strong> camp that night; we cont<strong>in</strong>ued some time at <strong>the</strong> Iron works <strong>and</strong> whilst <strong>the</strong>re a<br />
party <strong>of</strong> Loyalists with whom I was, defeated Col. Brannan [Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on], destroyed some <strong>of</strong> his party <strong>and</strong><br />
scattered <strong>the</strong> rest. I was present also at a small affair at Fair Forest, <strong>the</strong> particulars <strong>of</strong> which, as well as<br />
numerous o<strong>the</strong>r skirmishes hav<strong>in</strong>g escaped my memory, scarcely a day passed without some fight<strong>in</strong>g.” 1244<br />
September. The North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Legislature passed <strong>the</strong> act for establish<strong>in</strong>g a Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong> 1245 with ultimate<br />
power <strong>and</strong> authority to call out <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>and</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>t its <strong>of</strong>ficers. Davie sardonically observed: “Noth<strong>in</strong>g can be<br />
more ridiculous than <strong>the</strong> manner this board was filled. Alex<strong>and</strong>er <strong>the</strong> Little [Alex<strong>and</strong>er Mart<strong>in</strong>] be<strong>in</strong>g a <strong>War</strong>rior <strong>of</strong><br />
great fame, was placed at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> board –- [John] Penn who was only fit to amuse children, <strong>and</strong><br />
O[r<strong>and</strong>ates]. Davis who knew noth<strong>in</strong>g but <strong>the</strong> game <strong>of</strong> Whist <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Board.” 1246<br />
Abner Nash, who ironically first proposed <strong>the</strong> Board, later came to loggerheads aga<strong>in</strong>st it for encroach<strong>in</strong>g on his<br />
own authority as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> chief. This -- <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> earlier (<strong>and</strong> unconstitutional) appo<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Caswell, by <strong>the</strong><br />
N.C. assembly <strong>in</strong> April 1780, to be supreme head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state militia –- caused Nash’s dissatisfaction; lead<strong>in</strong>g<br />
ultimately, <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed with health reasons, to his resignation as Governor <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781 (be<strong>in</strong>g replaced<br />
<strong>and</strong> succeeded by Thomas Burke <strong>in</strong> late June 1781.) To appease Nash, <strong>the</strong> assembly had formally abolished <strong>the</strong><br />
Board <strong>in</strong> January 1781, while <strong>of</strong>fer<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> its place a not so dissimilar “Council Extraord<strong>in</strong>ary” -– but to be headed<br />
this time by Nash himself (made effective on Nash’s cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> next term <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>fice.) Despite <strong>the</strong>se<br />
concessions, Nash still resigned; though it seems very probable his problem with tuberculosis (<strong>and</strong> from which he<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ally expired <strong>in</strong> 1786) was <strong>the</strong> more determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g factor <strong>in</strong> actually decl<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g re-election. 1247<br />
As a sample <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Board <strong>in</strong> action, <strong>the</strong> below is a missive from <strong>the</strong>m to Brig. Gen. Sumner <strong>of</strong> 15 September:<br />
“Our assembly hav<strong>in</strong>g established a Board <strong>of</strong> war <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>vested <strong>the</strong>m with extensive powers, we are, as members<br />
<strong>of</strong> that Board, to <strong>in</strong>form you that requisitions for supplies <strong>of</strong> all k<strong>in</strong>ds & returns, etc., will be made to us. You<br />
will do your utmost to repel <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>and</strong> cover <strong>and</strong> protect <strong>the</strong> western part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State. We shall push<br />
forward to your assistance all <strong>the</strong> force that can be spared. Almost 200 men (on horses) will certa<strong>in</strong>ly arrive to<br />
your aid by <strong>the</strong> 25 th <strong>in</strong>st.<br />
“Gen. Butler <strong>in</strong> a few days will go forward with his men.<br />
“200 horse under Col. [Thomas] Taylor [<strong>of</strong> N.C.] started yesterday, <strong>and</strong> will proceed through Chatham <strong>and</strong> form<br />
a junction with Gen. Harr<strong>in</strong>gton. Gen. Gregory will collect <strong>and</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>r his scattered brigade.<br />
“We have wrote to Col. [Thomas] Polk to do his utmost respect<strong>in</strong>g supplies <strong>of</strong> provisions for <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>in</strong> your<br />
quarter. Gen. [Richard] Caswell hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>the</strong> assembly that he could not conveniently immediately take<br />
<strong>the</strong> field, it was thought advisable to request Gen. Smallwood to take <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> our militia. If he does not<br />
accept, <strong>the</strong> whole force <strong>of</strong> our state will be under your immediate direction <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>.” 1248<br />
September. [skirmish] Graham’s Fort (Clevel<strong>and</strong> County, N.C.) Col. William Graham, with only three men,<br />
repulsed a gang <strong>of</strong> some reportedly 23 maraud<strong>in</strong>g tories at his home “Graham’s Fort.” 1249<br />
September. [skirmish] Rouse’s Ferry (Dillon County, S.C.) 1250<br />
September. [skirmish] Peedee Swamp, also “Capt. Galv<strong>in</strong> Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon Captures Loyalists” (Georgetown County,<br />
S.C.) See JFM p. 32 <strong>and</strong> http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/peedeesw.htm<br />
September, possibly June or late September. 1251 [skirmish] Stallions, also Stallion’s, Stall<strong>in</strong>g’s, Br<strong>and</strong>on’s Camp<br />
(York County, S.C.) Col. Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on <strong>and</strong> Capt. Andrew Love, with a force <strong>of</strong> 50, surprised <strong>and</strong> surrounded a<br />
body <strong>of</strong> loyalists hold<strong>in</strong>g up at <strong>the</strong> Stallions (or Stall<strong>in</strong>g’s) home. Br<strong>and</strong>on had one wounded; <strong>the</strong> loyalists had two<br />
killed, four wounded, <strong>and</strong> twenty-eight taken captured. Mrs. Stallions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> residence, <strong>and</strong> wife <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalists, was accidentally killed by a stray ball. The date for this action is unclear, <strong>and</strong> previously has been<br />
given as 12 July. Historian Michael Scogg<strong>in</strong>’s categorically dismisses <strong>the</strong> mid July date as (among o<strong>the</strong>r reasons)<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g erroneously derived from Rev. James Hodge Saye’s not entirely reliable Memoirs <strong>of</strong> Major Joseph<br />
McJunk<strong>in</strong>. Moreover, a number <strong>of</strong> participants at <strong>the</strong> Stallions action were present at Huck’s Defeat on that<br />
date. 1252<br />
1244 CDI.<br />
1245 Perhaps <strong>in</strong> emulation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Congress’ Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong>.<br />
1246 DRS p. 34.<br />
1247 SNC pp. 268-269. Schenck observes that North Carol<strong>in</strong>a was probably act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> imitation to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a’s <strong>in</strong>vest<strong>in</strong>g Gov.<br />
Rutledge with emergency war <strong>and</strong> dictatorial powers. Noteworthy <strong>in</strong> light <strong>of</strong> this is that Virg<strong>in</strong>ia under Thomas Jefferson took no<br />
such measure though herself also subject to imm<strong>in</strong>ent <strong>and</strong> present <strong>in</strong>vasion.<br />
1248 CNC14 p. 771.<br />
1249 DKM p. 145.<br />
1250 LSC p. 9.<br />
1251 Lips<strong>com</strong>b gives <strong>the</strong> action at Stall<strong>in</strong>g’s as tak<strong>in</strong>g place <strong>in</strong> June. LSC p. 7.<br />
1252 SJM, MSC1 p. 601, RBG p. 74, BRG pp. 104-105, SCAR vol. 2, no.10, pp. 10-16.<br />
250
Thomas Young: “We had received Intelligence <strong>of</strong> a party <strong>of</strong> Tories, <strong>the</strong>n stationed at Stallions; a detachment <strong>of</strong><br />
about fifty Whigs under Col. [Thomas] Br<strong>and</strong>on, moved to attack <strong>the</strong>m. Before we arrived at <strong>the</strong> house <strong>in</strong> which<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were fortified, we were divided <strong>in</strong>to two parties. Capt. [Andrew] Love with a party <strong>of</strong> sixteen -- <strong>of</strong> whom I<br />
was one -- marched to attack <strong>the</strong> front, while Col. Br<strong>and</strong>on, with <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der, made a circuit to <strong>in</strong>tercept<br />
those who should attempt to escape, <strong>and</strong> also to attack <strong>the</strong> rear. Mrs. Stallions was a sister <strong>of</strong> Capt [Andrew]<br />
Love, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> her bro<strong>the</strong>r she ran out, <strong>and</strong> begged him not to fire upon <strong>the</strong> house. He told her it<br />
was too late now, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>ir only chance for safety was to surrender. She ran back to <strong>the</strong> house <strong>and</strong> sprang<br />
upon <strong>the</strong> door step, which was pretty high. At this moment, <strong>the</strong> house was attacked <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear by Col.<br />
Br<strong>and</strong>on’s party, <strong>and</strong> Mrs. Stallions was killed by a ball shot through <strong>the</strong> opposite door. At <strong>the</strong> same moment<br />
with Br<strong>and</strong>on’s attack, our party raised a shout <strong>and</strong> rushed forward. We fired several rounds, which were briskly<br />
returned. It was not long, however, before <strong>the</strong> Tories ran up a flag, first upon <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> a gun, but as that did<br />
not look exactly peaceful, a ball was put through <strong>the</strong> fellow’s arm, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a few moments it was raised on a ramrod,<br />
<strong>and</strong> we ceased fir<strong>in</strong>g...We had but one wounded, William Kennedy, who was shot by my side. I was<br />
attempt<strong>in</strong>g to fire <strong>in</strong> at <strong>the</strong> door <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> house, when I saw two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories In <strong>the</strong> act <strong>of</strong> shoot<strong>in</strong>g at myself <strong>and</strong><br />
Kennedy. I sprang aside <strong>and</strong> escaped, call<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> same time to my <strong>com</strong>panion, but he was shot (while mov<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
through <strong>the</strong> wrist <strong>and</strong> thigh...The loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories was two killed, four wounded, <strong>and</strong> twenty-eight prisoners<br />
whom we sent to Charlotte, N. C. After <strong>the</strong> fight, Love <strong>and</strong> Stallions met <strong>and</strong> shed bitter tears; Stallions was<br />
dismissed on parole to bury his wife <strong>and</strong> arrange his affairs.” 1253<br />
Early September. Start<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> September <strong>and</strong> through <strong>in</strong>to mid-November, Cruger worked to improve <strong>the</strong><br />
relatively sparse fortifications at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six; which earlier had consisted <strong>of</strong> little more than a s<strong>in</strong>gle stockade<br />
<strong>and</strong> or a sheltered parapet. At <strong>the</strong> time, it had had two light guns, <strong>and</strong> Cruger asked Cornwallis for more, <strong>and</strong> an<br />
eng<strong>in</strong>eer to assist him. See 23 November regard<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis’ reply. 1254<br />
Early September. While Caswell (despite Camden) cont<strong>in</strong>ued as nom<strong>in</strong>al head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia, Brig. Gen.<br />
Jethro Sumner, a North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer, accepted <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia <strong>in</strong><br />
Hillsborough, <strong>and</strong> which he <strong>the</strong>n sought to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> assemble at Ramsey’s Mill. Initially, <strong>the</strong>re were some<br />
900-1000 <strong>the</strong>re at this time, most badly clo<strong>the</strong>d <strong>and</strong> equipped. 60 or 70 who were too ill to march he left at<br />
Chatham Court House. Due to <strong>the</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> a proper <strong>com</strong>missary <strong>and</strong> orderly collection system, about <strong>the</strong> a third<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men were kept regularly thresh<strong>in</strong>g wheat or forag<strong>in</strong>g to keep <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> supply. William Lee Davidson,<br />
also a N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer (<strong>and</strong> just recover<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> wound he’d received at Colson’s Mill, 21 July) , was<br />
appo<strong>in</strong>ted Brigadier General to replace Griffith Ru<strong>the</strong>rford (taken at Camden), <strong>and</strong> to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Salisbury<br />
militia. He subsequently emerged <strong>in</strong> Rowan County with 20 privates fit for duty, <strong>and</strong> who hailed from <strong>the</strong><br />
Charlotte area; as well as Guilford, Caswell, <strong>and</strong> Orange counties. With <strong>the</strong>se Davidson began form<strong>in</strong>g his<br />
brigade while camped on McAlp<strong>in</strong>e’s Creek, some eight miles south <strong>of</strong> Charlotte.<br />
Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia, contrary to orders, deserted <strong>the</strong>ir units, <strong>and</strong> went home to fight resurgent loyalists;<br />
whom had been emboldened by Cornwallis’ victory at Camden. O<strong>the</strong>rs left to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> partisans <strong>and</strong> militia <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> west just <strong>the</strong>n assembl<strong>in</strong>g an all volunteer force aga<strong>in</strong>st Ferguson. At one po<strong>in</strong>t dur<strong>in</strong>g this same period,<br />
Sumner sent a force <strong>of</strong> 300 to stop some N.C. loyalists on <strong>the</strong>ir way to jo<strong>in</strong> up with <strong>the</strong> British. With what men<br />
he had rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, he made arrangements, under orders from Nash, to remove to Salisbury. 1255<br />
A return <strong>of</strong> 3 Sept., abstracted here, gives Sumner’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at Ramsey’s Mill as:<br />
R&F fit for duty/dragoons<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals under Capt. [Edward] Yarborough……..14/0<br />
Col. Jarvis…………………………………………………….………. 216/0<br />
Col. [Benjam<strong>in</strong>] Seawell…………………………………..…. 449/15<br />
Col. Exum…………………………………………………………..…..84/0<br />
Volunteers-Maj. Gorham…………………………….…………..53/18<br />
Capt.Tutledge [Rutledge?]…………………………………….….1/7<br />
GRAND TOTAL………………………………….……….816 rank <strong>and</strong> file fit for duty/40 dragoons 1256<br />
A similar return for <strong>the</strong> force under Brig. Gen. Harr<strong>in</strong>gton at Forks Creek, N.C., near Cross Creek, <strong>and</strong> dated 5<br />
Sept. reports him as hav<strong>in</strong>g 423 total (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> supernumeraries) <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se 232 fit for duty. 1257<br />
Extract <strong>of</strong> a Sept. 3 rd letter from Brig. Gen. Sumner, “Camp at Ramsey’s Mill,” to Gates: “I arrived here almost<br />
six <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2 nd <strong>in</strong>st. <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> camp<strong>in</strong>g ground were disadvantagious upon be<strong>in</strong>g attacked -- arms<br />
<strong>in</strong> bad order. Nearly one-third <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiers are employed <strong>in</strong> beat<strong>in</strong>g out wheat at different farms, for <strong>the</strong><br />
subsistence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> camp -- not a beef secured -- Mr. Molett hav<strong>in</strong>g drove <strong>of</strong>f nearly 300, without <strong>the</strong> modesty <strong>of</strong><br />
leav<strong>in</strong>g one. A number <strong>of</strong> gentlemen volunteers have formed, but few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m armed.” 1258<br />
On <strong>the</strong> 4 th , Gov. Nash wrote Sumner: “The longer you stay at Ramsey’s [Mill on Deep River] <strong>the</strong> faster you will<br />
get set <strong>the</strong>re. I desire <strong>of</strong> you by all means to march [to Salisbury] immediately. The country abounds <strong>in</strong> cattle,<br />
1253 JTR pp. 446-454, SCAR vol. 1, no. 3.<br />
1254 SCP2 pp. 179, 224, LMS p. 358, MSC2 p. 279, CON p. 21.<br />
1255 SNC p. 100, RNC pp. 247-248.<br />
1256 CNC15 p. 74.<br />
1257 CNC15 p. 73.<br />
1258 CNC14 p. 770. The Moravian <strong>Record</strong>s mention Sumner’s men forag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir area about this time, FRM 1562.<br />
251
<strong>and</strong> you must get <strong>the</strong>m under <strong>the</strong> militia law if <strong>the</strong>y cannot be had o<strong>the</strong>rwise; <strong>and</strong> as for bread <strong>the</strong>re is no st<strong>in</strong>t<br />
at Salisbury, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> cornfields, if <strong>the</strong>re be no o<strong>the</strong>r recourse, must supply necessities.”<br />
“The Western Counties are now high spirited, <strong>and</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>the</strong>re wear a good countenance; 500 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regulars<br />
will be here <strong>in</strong> a day or two, <strong>and</strong> noth<strong>in</strong>g is want<strong>in</strong>g but <strong>the</strong> countenance <strong>of</strong> your brigade to give life <strong>and</strong> spirit to<br />
our affairs; so let me beg <strong>of</strong> you, sir, to march on, surmount<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> despis<strong>in</strong>g all difficulties. Appo<strong>in</strong>t a<br />
<strong>com</strong>missary yourself.” 1259<br />
Early September. Brig. Gen James Paterson hav<strong>in</strong>g fallen ill, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Charlestown went to Lieut. Col. Nisbet<br />
Balfour. The former <strong>the</strong>n left Charlestown <strong>in</strong> early September; with Balfour (probably <strong>in</strong> late August) hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
been recalled from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six to act <strong>in</strong> his place. 1260 Shortly after assum<strong>in</strong>g charge, he sent Maj. James Moncrief,<br />
<strong>and</strong> a battalion <strong>of</strong> 7 th Regt. <strong>and</strong> some recruits for <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cials to help fortify Georgetown, but which were<br />
subsequently marched from <strong>the</strong>re to Camden. Before mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 7 th <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> recruits to Georgetown, Balfour had<br />
issued a call to <strong>the</strong> Loyalist militia along <strong>the</strong> Peedee to <strong>com</strong>e out; while order<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> militia regiments <strong>of</strong> Col.<br />
John Com<strong>in</strong>g Ball (from St. James Parish) <strong>and</strong> Col. John Wigfall (from St. Stephens) to Georgetown.<br />
When Moncrief arrived at Georgetown, he suggested to Cornwallis <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g deployment: 100 militia under<br />
Lieut. Col. James Cassells at Georgetown, 50 at Wragg’s Ferry, 50 at Potato Ferry, <strong>and</strong> 300 regular troops at<br />
K<strong>in</strong>gstree. Whe<strong>the</strong>r this full plan was ever carried out is not clear. However, Moncrief did send Col. Ball <strong>and</strong> Col.<br />
Wigfall to <strong>the</strong> Williamsburg area: Ball with 46 men to Shepherd’s Ferry on Black M<strong>in</strong>go Creek, <strong>and</strong> Wigfall with 50<br />
men to Black River Church; while Cassells rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Georgetown with <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> that district. 1261<br />
Early September. [skirmishes] Kolb Versus <strong>the</strong> Tories (Anson County, N.C.) On 12 September, Brig. Gen.<br />
Harr<strong>in</strong>gton, at Cross Creek, wrote to Gates: “Colo. [Abel] Kolb has aga<strong>in</strong> defeated <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>in</strong> two Skirmishes <strong>in</strong><br />
Anson County. In <strong>the</strong> first He killed Capta<strong>in</strong>s Jno. Douglass & Abraham Bellew (<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pocket <strong>of</strong> this last was<br />
found a Commission from Lord Cornwallis, <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong> enclosed is a copy,) <strong>and</strong> one Private was found on <strong>the</strong><br />
ground & 5 more wounded <strong>in</strong> such a manner that He (Colo. Kolb) writes that <strong>the</strong>y will not trouble him aga<strong>in</strong>: <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> second he wounded several & dispersed <strong>the</strong>m; a ball passed thro’ <strong>the</strong> Colonel’s cloaths. He had one <strong>of</strong> his<br />
men wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> gro<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r by a buck shot <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mouth. He has from 80 to 100 good, resolute Men<br />
with him, who I am <strong>in</strong> hopes will st<strong>and</strong> by him until we march to Peedee.” 1262<br />
1 September. Col. Elijah Clark collected men <strong>in</strong> Wilkes <strong>and</strong> Richmond Counties, GA. for an attempt on fortified<br />
Augusta; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> conjunction with Lieut. Col. James McCall <strong>in</strong>cit<strong>in</strong>g resistance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six south <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Saluda. A few days later when McCall had 80 men, he marched to Soap Creek <strong>in</strong> Georgia, forty miles<br />
northwest <strong>of</strong> Augusta; where Clark met him with 350. 1263<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “About <strong>the</strong> first <strong>of</strong> September [1780.], Colonel Elijah Clark, a brave partisan <strong>of</strong> Wilkes County, Georgia,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Lieutenant-colonel M’Call, made efforts to raise a sufficient force to capture <strong>the</strong> fort at Augusta, <strong>and</strong> drive<br />
<strong>the</strong> British from <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terior <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state to <strong>the</strong> sea-coast. These were <strong>the</strong> brave partisans who fought at <strong>the</strong><br />
Cowpens a few months later. Clark recruited <strong>in</strong> his own County, <strong>and</strong> M’Call went to <strong>the</strong> district <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six <strong>and</strong><br />
applied to Colonel Pickens for aid. He wanted five hundred men, but procured only eighty. With <strong>the</strong>se he<br />
marched to Soap Creek, forty miles northwest <strong>of</strong> Augusta, where he was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Clark, with three hundred <strong>and</strong><br />
fifty men.” 1264<br />
1 September. As <strong>of</strong> this date, Cornwallis had made his defensive arrangements for South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong>, despite<br />
his own expressed misgiv<strong>in</strong>gs (see Cornwallis to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, 29 Aug.), had directed Col. Ferguson to rouse <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalists <strong>in</strong> Tryon County <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rwise keep <strong>in</strong> check <strong>and</strong> defeat <strong>the</strong> rebels on <strong>the</strong> frontier. Ferguson had only<br />
110 regulars, <strong>in</strong> addition to a few hundred loyalist militia, but did have an ample supply <strong>of</strong> arms <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
military stores. His movements were at first rapid; endeavor<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>tercept <strong>the</strong> retreat <strong>of</strong> Col. Charles McDowell<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> over-mounta<strong>in</strong> men who were harass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> upper settlement <strong>of</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Fail<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
this, he afterwards moved slowly, <strong>and</strong> frequently halted to collect all <strong>the</strong> loyalists he could persuade to fall <strong>in</strong><br />
with him. By <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> September, he had passed Broad River <strong>and</strong> encamped at Gilbertown, hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>creased<br />
his overall force (mostly militia) to upwards <strong>of</strong> 1,000 men.<br />
Allaire: “Friday, September 1 st . Still rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Culbertson’s. Maj. Ferguson [who by himself <strong>and</strong> ostensibly<br />
with some staff had left W<strong>in</strong>nsborough <strong>and</strong> gone on a personal visit to Cornwallis at Camden <strong>in</strong> late August]<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed us aga<strong>in</strong> from Camden with <strong>the</strong> disagreeable news that we were to be separated from <strong>the</strong> army, <strong>and</strong> act<br />
on <strong>the</strong> frontiers with <strong>the</strong> militia.”<br />
Draper: “It was <strong>the</strong> plan <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis to lead his army from Charlotte to Salisbury, <strong>the</strong>re to form a junction with<br />
Ferguson’s corps; <strong>and</strong> prelim<strong>in</strong>ary to <strong>the</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>vasion <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to <strong>in</strong>cite <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Indians not only to <strong>in</strong>vade <strong>the</strong> Holston <strong>and</strong> Watagua settlements, but proceed, if possible, as high up <strong>in</strong> South-<br />
West Virg<strong>in</strong>ia as Chiswell’s M<strong>in</strong>es, <strong>and</strong> destroy <strong>the</strong> works <strong>and</strong> stores at that place, where large quantities <strong>of</strong> lead<br />
were produced for <strong>the</strong> supply <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American armies. And as <strong>the</strong> destruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> M<strong>in</strong>es <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir product was<br />
a capital object with <strong>the</strong> British, <strong>the</strong> Tories high up New river, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Elad M<strong>in</strong>es, had also been<br />
1259 CNC14 pp. 770-771. On Sept. 10, Sumner at “Camp at Down<strong>in</strong>gs” wrote Nash say<strong>in</strong>g he expected to be <strong>in</strong> Salisbury by<br />
Wednesday (i.e., <strong>the</strong> 13 th .) See CNC15 pp. 78-79.<br />
1260 SCP1 pp. 171, 250, 334. Technically Westerhagen was next <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e to succeed Paterson, but Cornwallis wanted Balfour as<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>in</strong> Charleston.<br />
1261 TCS pp. 157-158, CBA p. 518, BSF pp. 52, 62.<br />
1262 CNC14 pp. 609-610.<br />
1263 MHG p. 482.<br />
1264 LFB2 p. 509.<br />
252
encouraged to make an attempt <strong>in</strong> that direction. Col. [William] Campbell had been diligently engaged, for<br />
several weeks [<strong>in</strong> September 1780] with a part <strong>of</strong> his regiment, <strong>in</strong> suppress<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Tory <strong>in</strong>surrection, <strong>and</strong> had just<br />
returned from that service when Col. Shelby’s letter [ask<strong>in</strong>g him to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> effort aga<strong>in</strong>st Ferguson]<br />
arrived.” 1265<br />
3 September. By this date, Lieut. Col. James Cassells <strong>and</strong> Robert Gray, who had both been captured at Hunt’s<br />
Bluff (26 Sept.), had made <strong>the</strong>ir escape <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed Wemyss at <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee, SCP1 p. 323, SCP2<br />
pp. 26, 73.<br />
5 September. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Salem Congregation): “…There is much distress <strong>in</strong> Bethabara, for<br />
300 soldiers from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia are <strong>the</strong>re, who have camped <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> orchard, where <strong>the</strong>y do as <strong>the</strong>y please.” 1266<br />
5 September. Hav<strong>in</strong>g confiscated some horses from whig planters <strong>of</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> Santee, Wemyss was able to<br />
mount his 63 rd Regiment <strong>and</strong> Harrison’s Prov<strong>in</strong>cials, <strong>and</strong> by Sept. 5 th had <strong>com</strong>menced a raid<strong>in</strong>g expedition to get<br />
Marion. Many disgruntled farmers <strong>the</strong>n jo<strong>in</strong>ed Marion after los<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir horses to him. Wemyss subsequently<br />
arrived at K<strong>in</strong>gstree; where he was later re<strong>in</strong>forced with a detachment <strong>of</strong> Hamilton’s Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
troops, 50 New York Volunteers under Capt. Fredrick De Peyster, <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r 50 militia. Shortly afterwards,<br />
however, he directed <strong>the</strong> detachment <strong>of</strong> N. Y. Volunteers back to <strong>the</strong> High Hills to cover <strong>the</strong> temporary post<br />
<strong>the</strong>re.<br />
By <strong>the</strong>n Wemyss possessed a force <strong>of</strong> over 400 (m<strong>in</strong>us <strong>the</strong> N.Y. Volunteers.) In addition, he had Col. John Com<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Ball’s <strong>and</strong> Col. John Wigfall’s loyalist militia at Georgetown which would br<strong>in</strong>g his numbers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> wider area to<br />
800. Fur<strong>the</strong>r, Ganey <strong>in</strong> a short while was aga<strong>in</strong> mobiliz<strong>in</strong>g his militia. With th<strong>in</strong>gs so <strong>in</strong> place <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> an effort to<br />
suppress rebel sympathy, Wemyss proceeded to destroy fifty houses <strong>and</strong> plantations stretch<strong>in</strong>g from K<strong>in</strong>gstree to<br />
Cheraw; follow<strong>in</strong>g which he <strong>and</strong> Harrison took post at Cheraw. 1267<br />
6 September. Governor Abner Nash elevated Maj. Davie to colonel <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong> cavalry. Davie <strong>the</strong>n, along<br />
with his own mounted troop, posted himself at New Providence, fourteen miles below Charlotte, with two small<br />
<strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> riflemen under Maj. George Davidson. 1268<br />
6-7 September. Cornwallis, at Camden, made plans to move his army to Waxhaws <strong>in</strong> two separate divisions;<br />
while <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> meantime wait<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> 71 st to fully recuperate; which <strong>the</strong>y did by mid-September, SCP2 pp. 71,<br />
233-234. See 8 Sept.<br />
7 September. On <strong>the</strong> 7 th , Ferguson set up his base <strong>of</strong> operations at Gilbertown (<strong>in</strong> present day Ru<strong>the</strong>rford<br />
County, N.C.), but withdrew on <strong>the</strong> 10 th <strong>in</strong> an effort to help conta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> catch Colonel Elijah Clark who was<br />
lead<strong>in</strong>g a force aga<strong>in</strong>st Augusta. Yet, on <strong>the</strong> 10 th , before he left to fall back for this purpose, he paroled rebel<br />
Samuel Phillips with a message for <strong>the</strong> nearby Blue Ridge mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>munities tell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to “desist from<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir opposition to <strong>the</strong> British arms, <strong>and</strong> take protection under his st<strong>and</strong>ard” or “he would march his army over<br />
<strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s, hang <strong>the</strong>ir leaders, <strong>and</strong> lay <strong>the</strong>ir country waste with fire <strong>and</strong> sword.” After reced<strong>in</strong>g from<br />
Gilbertown, his numbers were augmented by 500 loyal N.C. militia from Tryon county. 1269<br />
Allaire: “Thursday, 7 th . Got <strong>in</strong> motion at seven o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g; crossed Buck creek, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> division l<strong>in</strong>e<br />
<strong>of</strong> South <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a; marched six miles far<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> halted. Maj. Ferguson, with about fifty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
American Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> three hundred militia, got <strong>in</strong> motion at six o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> marched to<br />
Gilbertown <strong>in</strong> order to surprise a party <strong>of</strong> Rebels that we heard were <strong>the</strong>re. Capt. [Abraham] DePeyster <strong>and</strong> I<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed on <strong>the</strong> ground we took <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, with <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Volunteers <strong>and</strong> militia.<br />
“Friday, 8 th . Got <strong>in</strong> motion at eight <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> marched six miles to Broad river, <strong>and</strong> took a height<br />
where we halted, <strong>and</strong> waited orders from Maj. Ferguson.<br />
“Saturday, 9 th . Rema<strong>in</strong>ed on <strong>the</strong> ground; received <strong>in</strong>telligence from Maj. Ferguson to keep our post. He was<br />
return<strong>in</strong>g to keep a good lookout, as <strong>the</strong> Georgians were <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g towards us.”<br />
Chesney: “Col. Ferguson hav<strong>in</strong>g resumed <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g himself pretty strong he marched us to <strong>the</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> encamped. A dissatisfaction prevailed at this moment amongst <strong>the</strong> Militia founded on<br />
General Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s h<strong>and</strong>-bill which required every man hav<strong>in</strong>g but three children, <strong>and</strong> every s<strong>in</strong>gle man to do six<br />
months duty out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir prov<strong>in</strong>ce when required, this appeared like <strong>com</strong>pulsion, <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> act<strong>in</strong>g voluntarily as<br />
<strong>the</strong>y conceived <strong>the</strong>y were do<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>in</strong> consequence ready to give up <strong>the</strong> cause; but ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong><br />
exertions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers a great part <strong>of</strong> which I attribute to myself, <strong>the</strong> tumult was happily appeased, <strong>and</strong><br />
same night we marched with all <strong>the</strong> horse <strong>and</strong> some foot past Gilbert’s town [Gilbertown] towards Col Grimes,<br />
who was rais<strong>in</strong>g a body <strong>of</strong> rebels to oppose us; whom we succeeded <strong>in</strong> dispers<strong>in</strong>g, tak<strong>in</strong>g many prisoners, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>n jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> foot at Gilbert’s town <strong>and</strong> encamped <strong>the</strong>re for some time; send<strong>in</strong>g away <strong>the</strong> old men to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
houses, <strong>and</strong> several <strong>of</strong>ficers to raise men to supply <strong>the</strong>ir places <strong>and</strong> streng<strong>the</strong>n us.”<br />
7 September. Judge John Williams, at Granville, N.C., to Gov. Nash: “Col. Buford’s Troops, abt. [about] 300, as<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers say, very well armed, passed ths yesterday, <strong>and</strong> I presume will be at Hillsborough this week.” 1270<br />
1265 DKM p. 171.<br />
1266 FRM p. 1563.<br />
1267 RCC p. 58, MSC1 p. 747-749, BSF pp. 51-55, 58, BGD p. 105.<br />
1268 SNC p. 104.<br />
1269 SCP2 pp. 148-158, LSL p. 139.<br />
1270 CNC15 p. 77.<br />
253
7-8 September. Leav<strong>in</strong>g 50 men to guard Port’s Ferry, Marion marched with 100 men to Indiantown. But after<br />
learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> forces under Wemyss, Ball, Wigfall, <strong>and</strong> Ganey now reportedly maneuver<strong>in</strong>g directly aga<strong>in</strong>st him,<br />
he retired to Port’s Ferry; dismantled <strong>the</strong> fort <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>and</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r withdrew, tak<strong>in</strong>g him with him <strong>the</strong> ferry’s two<br />
cannon. In <strong>the</strong> days which followed, he crossed <strong>the</strong> Little Peedee River; <strong>the</strong>n, <strong>in</strong> what perhaps seems like an<br />
overly hurried expedient, spiked <strong>the</strong> cannon <strong>and</strong> ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> swamp. He <strong>the</strong>n proceeded<br />
precipitately to Amis’ Mill on <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong> Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek 1271 where he halted. After send<strong>in</strong>g out Maj. John<br />
James on a scout<strong>in</strong>g mission, he <strong>the</strong>n took his force to <strong>the</strong> Great White Marsh, on <strong>the</strong> south branch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Waccamaw River, (located <strong>in</strong> present day Columbus County, N.C.) <strong>and</strong> went <strong>in</strong>to hid<strong>in</strong>g. While <strong>the</strong>re he kept <strong>in</strong><br />
contact with Brig. Gen. Harr<strong>in</strong>gton at Cross Creek. Not a few <strong>of</strong> his men at this time were afflicted with malaria<br />
<strong>and</strong> ague, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Col. Peter Horry. 1272<br />
Marion, from White Marsh <strong>in</strong> Bladen County, N.C., wrote Gates on15 September 1780: “On <strong>the</strong> 7 th I crossed PD<br />
[Peedee River] & Lynches Creek with one hundred men, & left 50 to secure my camp & <strong>the</strong> river; to attack a<br />
party <strong>of</strong> regulars <strong>and</strong> militia s[ai]d to be 150, which was <strong>in</strong> Williamsburg township, a burn<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> houses <strong>of</strong><br />
those men who jo<strong>in</strong>ed me, when I had got to Indian Town Capt. James [Major John James’ son] who I sent to<br />
reconoitre [sic] <strong>the</strong> Enemy met me, he had taken a prisoner belong<strong>in</strong>g to Ferguson’s rifle regt. by whom I<br />
learned <strong>the</strong>y was 200 British <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> Torys <strong>and</strong> that Majr. Whimes [Wemyss] with 200 more was to jo<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m that night; <strong>the</strong>y was seen after dark on <strong>the</strong>ir march, & by an orderly book taken with an <strong>of</strong>ficer’s baggage<br />
with <strong>the</strong> above prisoner, I found <strong>the</strong>ir Intentions was to remove me <strong>and</strong> proceed to <strong>the</strong> Cheraws; I also had<br />
Intelligence that 200 men just regulars arrived from Georgetown from Santee, which oblige[d] me to return to<br />
my camp which I did that Day. On <strong>the</strong> 8 th I had Intelligence that Maj. Whimes had crossed Black River & Uhaney<br />
[Euhaney] 1273 to fall on my rear, <strong>the</strong> Torys which I lately Dispert [dispersed, i.e., Barfield’s <strong>and</strong> or Ganey’s men]<br />
was collect<strong>in</strong>g on my right, which would Compleatly [sic] surround me & cut <strong>of</strong>f my retreat, which Oblige me to<br />
retreat to this place [White Marsh Swamp] with 60 men, <strong>the</strong> rest left me to see after <strong>the</strong>ir family which had<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir houses burnt...” 1274<br />
8 September. Arm<strong>and</strong>’s Legion was sent from Hillsborough to forage <strong>and</strong> make cantonments <strong>in</strong> <strong>War</strong>ren County,<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, “from whence,” states Otho Williams, “Arm<strong>and</strong> went to Philadelphia <strong>and</strong> never returned.”<br />
Although he did not <strong>com</strong>e back to Greene, Arm<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> his men were later with Lafayette <strong>in</strong> late April <strong>of</strong> 1781;<br />
Arm<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terim hav<strong>in</strong>g been on a trip to France to seek<strong>in</strong>g supplies <strong>and</strong> support. 1275<br />
8 September (or 7 September). Cornwallis, with his ma<strong>in</strong> army, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “7 th , 23d, 33d, <strong>and</strong> 71 st<br />
regiments <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>the</strong> volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, Hamilton’s corps (Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt.), Bryan’s refugees<br />
(North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers), four pieces <strong>of</strong> cannon, about fifty waggons, <strong>and</strong> a detachment <strong>of</strong> cavalry,” launched<br />
his first <strong>in</strong>vasion <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, march<strong>in</strong>g from Camden to Waxhaws; where he yet wanted to make fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
preparatory arrangements before enter<strong>in</strong>g North Carol<strong>in</strong>a proper, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g await<strong>in</strong>g necessary supplies <strong>and</strong><br />
form<strong>in</strong>g small magaz<strong>in</strong>es. At <strong>the</strong> same time, he left <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers, under Turnbull, at Camden, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 63d Regiment under Maj. James Wemyss with <strong>the</strong> 63 d <strong>and</strong> Harrison’s Corps at Cheraw. On <strong>the</strong> march with<br />
Cornwallis, Tarleton became very ill, <strong>and</strong> for at least two weeks he lay at White’s Mill very sick with yellow<br />
fever. 1276<br />
8 September. Gov. Abner Nash authorized Col., now Brig. Gen., 1277 James Williams (from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a) to raise<br />
100 horsemen <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a after Williams brought news <strong>of</strong> Musgrove’s. These made up largest portion <strong>of</strong><br />
Williams’ K<strong>in</strong>gs Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se came from Caswell county; though some were from Rowan<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> S.C. border where his lieutenant, Capt. Samuel Hammond recruited. 1278<br />
From an attachment to Samuel Hammond’s pension application-marked “A”:<br />
“Call to Arms: Beef, Bread & Potatoes<br />
“Higg<strong>in</strong>s’ Plantation 23 rd Sept. 1780<br />
“The undersigned has just returned from Hillsborough to this neighborhood. While <strong>the</strong>re he obta<strong>in</strong>ed an order on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Companies <strong>and</strong> Quartermasters upon this frontier for supplies <strong>of</strong> provisions <strong>and</strong> forage for such <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
1271 This description <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> location <strong>of</strong> Amis Mill is taken from Bass’ Swamp Fox. However, researchers John Robertson <strong>and</strong> Ben<br />
Borroughs have raised a question as to whe<strong>the</strong>r Bass is correct. Burroughs suggests Horry County, S.C. as a more likely site <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Mill, <strong>and</strong> Robertson suspects as well that it lay north (ra<strong>the</strong>r than south) <strong>of</strong> Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek. Archeologist Steve Smith goes<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> mentions <strong>the</strong> mill may actually have la<strong>in</strong> on <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state border.<br />
1272 BSF pp. 53, 55, 61-62.<br />
1273 Marion-Dillon County historian Jo Church Dickerson states: “Yauhannah/Euhaney/etc is a small creek, a tributary <strong>of</strong> Great<br />
Peedee River. It was also a ferry <strong>and</strong> site <strong>of</strong> an early Indian trad<strong>in</strong>g post on lower Great Peedee River (just a little NE <strong>of</strong> Black<br />
River/Black M<strong>in</strong>go) where Hwy 701 now crosses <strong>the</strong> river. Snow’s Isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Britton’s Neck were just a little NW <strong>of</strong> Yauhannah. I<br />
would guess he means here [Marion <strong>in</strong> about quoted extract] that Wemyss crossed <strong>the</strong> Black River head<strong>in</strong>g north, <strong>the</strong>n crossed<br />
<strong>the</strong> Peedee at Yuhaney Ferry. There is a town shown on modern maps as Yauhannah, just a little distance down Hwy 701 from<br />
<strong>the</strong> ferry cross<strong>in</strong>g, but <strong>in</strong> 1780 <strong>the</strong> ferry was known as Yuhaney or Euhanie.”<br />
1274 BSF pp. 60-61. Somewhere on 12-15 Sept.,Wemyss reportedly burned a church not far from Indiantown; for more on this see:<br />
http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/<strong>in</strong>diantown.htm<br />
1275 WNA. Although Arm<strong>and</strong>’s Legion did not return to rejo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army, it did later serve <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia with Lafayette <strong>and</strong><br />
at Yorktown.<br />
1276 TCS p. 158, SCP2 p. 71, LMS pp. 194-195, JLG1 p. 304, BGC p. 86.<br />
1277 See 20 August.<br />
1278 GDH3 p. 138, SNC pp. 143-145, BGC p. 77, GJW pp. 38-39.<br />
254
patriotic Citizens <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a & Georgia as might be embodied for actual services <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed that<br />
<strong>the</strong>re is a number <strong>of</strong> you, rest<strong>in</strong>g with patriotic friends <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Two adjo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Counties no doubt anxiously look<strong>in</strong>g<br />
for an opportunity to embody for <strong>the</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> duty, but without <strong>the</strong> power or means <strong>of</strong> support<strong>in</strong>g<br />
yourselves or your horses from you own resources I have thought your wishes would be forwarded by <strong>the</strong><br />
Establish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a Camp at a rally<strong>in</strong>g rendezvous at a convenient place for your assemblage, <strong>and</strong> to be ready when<br />
occasion might <strong>of</strong>fer to give our aid for <strong>the</strong> recovery <strong>of</strong> Our County.<br />
“I have with this view formed a Camp at Higg<strong>in</strong>s’ Plantation a few miles from Capt. Brannon’s Tavern, near <strong>the</strong><br />
road lead<strong>in</strong>g westwardly to Torrence’s Crossroads, where we will be supplied with <strong>the</strong> needful. I am justified <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> expectation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> a powerful support shortly <strong>and</strong> that we may return toward home with a strong<br />
army. Let us be prepared to do our part, our little force will be important if Comb<strong>in</strong>ed possess<strong>in</strong>g as we do a<br />
better knowledge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> County <strong>and</strong> its resources. Now is <strong>the</strong> time to show ourselves <strong>and</strong> I <strong>in</strong>vite you, both<br />
Officers & soldiers to obey <strong>the</strong> call: I here assure you that I shall cheerfully surrender <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong><br />
Cooperate.” 1279<br />
10 September. At this time, Smallwood had 700 Maryl<strong>and</strong> (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Delaware) troops at Hillsborough with as<br />
many as 200 Cont<strong>in</strong>ental recruits recently arrived from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. About all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia, none<strong>the</strong>less,<br />
had gone home except for Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens at Guilford with some 120 men. 1,200 N.C. militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
second draft went to Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner’s brigade now dest<strong>in</strong>ed for Salisbury (<strong>and</strong> which <strong>in</strong>itially had been<br />
at Ramsey’s Mill.) In a letter to Willie Jones <strong>of</strong> this state, Gov. Abner Nash fur<strong>the</strong>r reported that <strong>the</strong> State <strong>of</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a was <strong>in</strong> want <strong>of</strong> wagons, horses, magaz<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> provisions, arms, ammunition, tents, blankets, <strong>and</strong><br />
“a great portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terior part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country [is] aga<strong>in</strong>st us”…“our zeal <strong>and</strong> spirit rises with our<br />
difficulties, drafts are nearly at an end, our men yield to <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> times <strong>and</strong> turn out to service with<br />
will<strong>in</strong>g hearts. We are blessed with plentiful crops, <strong>and</strong>, with proper laws, resources may easily be drawn forth<br />
for <strong>the</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country.” 1280<br />
12 September. [skirmish] Cane Creek 1281 (McDowell County, N.C.) Ferguson led a group <strong>of</strong> his men <strong>in</strong> an attempt<br />
to vanquish Col. Charles McDowell’s force <strong>of</strong> about 160 to 200 men before resum<strong>in</strong>g his trek south to conta<strong>in</strong><br />
Clark mov<strong>in</strong>g on Augusta. McDowell, however, at Bedford Hill <strong>and</strong> Cane’s Creek, a few miles southwest <strong>of</strong><br />
Quaker Meadows, set an ambush. Recover<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> back-country men’s first fire, Ferguson launched a<br />
counterattack under Maj. Dunlop which drove <strong>the</strong>m back <strong>in</strong> retreat. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Draper, <strong>the</strong> latter, though<br />
outnumbered at least more than two to one, even so, regrouped <strong>and</strong>, mounted as <strong>the</strong>y were, cont<strong>in</strong>ued fir<strong>in</strong>g at<br />
Ferguson’s retir<strong>in</strong>g column for a distance <strong>the</strong>n went on <strong>the</strong>ir way unmolested to Gilbertown; <strong>the</strong>re <strong>the</strong>y paused<br />
for spell before return<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> Watauga settlement. One account has 200 <strong>of</strong> McDowell’s men go<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
Gilbertown; <strong>the</strong> rest (about a 100 or more) immediately head<strong>in</strong>g over <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s (for a total <strong>of</strong> 300+.)<br />
Alternatively, he had only 160, with approximately 40 hav<strong>in</strong>g been dispersed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action; to Gilbertown <strong>and</strong> to<br />
Watauga respectively. McDowell lost 1 killed, 1 wounded, plus 17 prisoners <strong>and</strong> 17 to 20 lbs <strong>of</strong> powder. Ferguson<br />
lost 2 wounded, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Dunlop who after be<strong>in</strong>g sent to a nearby home to recuperate, ultimately made his way<br />
back as an <strong>in</strong>valid to N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. 1282<br />
A short while after <strong>the</strong> action, McDowell later proposed <strong>the</strong> whigs rema<strong>in</strong> at Gilbertown <strong>and</strong> submit to British<br />
protection, as a means, though only temporary, <strong>of</strong> protect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> local cattle from fall<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to British h<strong>and</strong>s.<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers agreed <strong>and</strong> took protection <strong>in</strong> order to save <strong>the</strong> cattle; though <strong>the</strong>ir motives for do<strong>in</strong>g so<br />
were later impugned. O<strong>the</strong>rs made efforts to have <strong>the</strong> cattle driven <strong>in</strong>to or over <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s for concealment.<br />
Theodore Roosevelt, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, very persuasively discounts Draper’s <strong>in</strong>terpretation <strong>of</strong> Cane Creek as a<br />
whig st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>f or victory, <strong>and</strong> bluntly pronounces it a defeat. 1283<br />
Allaire: “Tuesday, 12 th . Maj. Ferguson, with forty American Volunteers <strong>and</strong> one hundred militia, got <strong>in</strong> motion at<br />
two o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> marched fourteen miles through <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s to <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> Cane creek, <strong>in</strong><br />
Burke County, <strong>in</strong> order to surprise a party <strong>of</strong> Rebels we heard lay <strong>the</strong>re. Unfortunately for us, <strong>the</strong>y had by some<br />
means got <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> our <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> which, Mr. McDowell, with three hundred <strong>in</strong>famous<br />
villa<strong>in</strong>s like himself, thought it highly necessary to remove <strong>the</strong>ir quarters. However, we were lucky enough to<br />
take a different route from what <strong>the</strong>y expected, <strong>and</strong> met <strong>the</strong>m on <strong>the</strong>ir way, <strong>and</strong> to appearance one would have<br />
thought <strong>the</strong>y meant s<strong>in</strong>cerely to fight us, as <strong>the</strong>y drew up on an em<strong>in</strong>ence for action. On our approach <strong>the</strong>y fired<br />
<strong>and</strong> gave way. We totally routed <strong>the</strong>m, killed one private, wounded a Capt. White, took seventeen prisoners,<br />
twelve horses, all <strong>the</strong>ir ammunition, which was only twenty pounds <strong>of</strong> powder, after which we marched to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
encampment, <strong>and</strong> found it ab<strong>and</strong>oned by those Congress heroes. Our loss was two wounded <strong>and</strong> one killed.<br />
Among <strong>the</strong> wounded was Capt. Dunlop, who received two slight wounds. After <strong>the</strong> skirmish we returned to one<br />
Allen’s to refresh ourselves. We got <strong>in</strong> motion about four o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon, <strong>and</strong> countermarched about<br />
six miles to a Rebel Mr. Jones’, where we halted all night.”<br />
1279 HMP.<br />
1280 SNC pp. 100-101.<br />
1281 Although Draper speaks <strong>of</strong> it as be<strong>in</strong>g not far from Cowan’s Ford, Boatner, underst<strong>and</strong>ably, notes that <strong>the</strong> precise location <strong>of</strong><br />
Cane Creek is not clear. Even so, Daniel Barefoot, it his very useful Tour<strong>in</strong>g North Carol<strong>in</strong>a’s <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> site, pp. 233-<br />
234, directs those seek<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> site: “…(P)roceed north on U.S. 64 for 6.9 miles to S.R. 1700. On October 3, 1780, <strong>the</strong><br />
Overmounta<strong>in</strong> Men camped beneath Marl<strong>in</strong>’s Knob beside Cane Creek, which parallels U.S. 64 on its route north <strong>in</strong>to McDowell<br />
County….Cont<strong>in</strong>ue north on U.S. 64. After 1.3 miles, you will cross <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> south eastern corner <strong>of</strong> McDowell County. It is<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r 1.4 miles to a series <strong>of</strong> bridges over Cane Creek. A state historical marker notes that <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> Cane Creek took place<br />
here.”<br />
1282 By March 1781, Dunlop had recovered <strong>and</strong> returned to <strong>the</strong> field only to be later murdered by a vengeful whig who surprised him.<br />
1283 CNC14 pp. 614-615, SCP2 pp. 148-149, DKM pp. 147-150, MSC1 pp. 755-756, RWW2 p. 251n, BEA pp. 180-181.<br />
255
Chesney: “Colonel Ferguson soon after got <strong>in</strong>telligence that Col McDole [Charles McDowell] was encamped on<br />
Ca<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> Silver Creeks; on which we marched towards <strong>the</strong> enemy, crossed <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g Creek 23 times, found <strong>the</strong><br />
rebel party strongly posted towards <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> it near <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s. We attacked <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>stantly <strong>and</strong> after a<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>ed resistance defeated <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> made many prisoners. The rest fled towards Turkey Cove <strong>in</strong> order to<br />
cross <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> get to Holste<strong>in</strong>. On this occasion I <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a division, [September, 1780] <strong>and</strong> took<br />
<strong>the</strong> person prisoner who was keeper <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> records <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> County, which I sent to my fa<strong>the</strong>r’s as a place <strong>of</strong><br />
safety. We <strong>the</strong>n fortified Colonel Walker’s house as a protection to <strong>the</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> proceeded <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> rebels to <strong>the</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> Catawba River, send<strong>in</strong>g out detachments to scour <strong>the</strong> country <strong>and</strong><br />
search <strong>the</strong> caves. A fight happened <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood between a detachment <strong>of</strong> ours <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans who<br />
were posted on a broken hill not accessible to Cavalry, which obliged us to dismount <strong>and</strong> leave our horses<br />
beh<strong>in</strong>d. Whilst employed <strong>in</strong> dislodg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Americans ano<strong>the</strong>r party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m got round <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>and</strong> took <strong>the</strong><br />
horses, m<strong>in</strong>e amongst <strong>the</strong> rest; but it was returned by <strong>the</strong> person who was my prisoner <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> last affair; about a<br />
week before he had been released, as was usual at this time with prisoners. At this period <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
men jo<strong>in</strong>ed us fast.” 1284<br />
12-18 September. [siege] First Siege <strong>of</strong> Augusta, also McKay’s Trad<strong>in</strong>g Post, Relief <strong>of</strong> Augusta (Richmond County,<br />
GA.) Sometime about September 12 th , Col. Elijah Clark <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. James McCall called <strong>in</strong> a jo<strong>in</strong>t corps <strong>of</strong><br />
Backwoodsman, some 400 to 700, 1285 depend<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> account, <strong>in</strong> upper Georgia. With <strong>the</strong>se <strong>the</strong>y proceeded <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> British held Augusta (for a contemporary descriptions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> defenses <strong>of</strong> which, see SCP1 pp.<br />
238-239.) On <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> September 14 th , Clark halted not far outside <strong>the</strong> town <strong>and</strong> formed his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>to<br />
three divisions: <strong>the</strong> right <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by McCall; <strong>the</strong> left under Major Samuel Taylor; center under Clark himself.<br />
Com<strong>in</strong>g from a sou<strong>the</strong>asterly direction, <strong>the</strong> center column approached <strong>the</strong> town by <strong>the</strong> middle road; with <strong>the</strong><br />
right <strong>and</strong> left columns by <strong>the</strong> lower <strong>and</strong> upper roads respectively; that is at Augusta’s eastern (Taylor) <strong>and</strong><br />
western (McCall) extremities. Near Hawk’s Creek on <strong>the</strong> west side, Major Taylor fell <strong>in</strong> with an Indian camp: <strong>the</strong><br />
latter kept up a fire <strong>the</strong>n retreated toward <strong>the</strong>ir British allies. Taylor pressed on to try to get possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
McKay trad<strong>in</strong>g house, or “White House” (also referred to <strong>in</strong> some text as “Seymour’s white house”),<strong>and</strong> situated<br />
about eighty yards from <strong>the</strong> Savannah River.<br />
While await<strong>in</strong>g Brown (<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> British forces) at <strong>the</strong> house, Capt. Andrew Johnston, an <strong>of</strong>ficer with <strong>the</strong><br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers, <strong>and</strong> some Creek Indians drove Taylor back. A few Indians took cover <strong>in</strong> nearby woods <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong><br />
rivers bank <strong>and</strong> which afforded <strong>the</strong>m some protection. 1286 The <strong>com</strong>motion at <strong>the</strong> trad<strong>in</strong>g post was Lieut. Col.<br />
Thomas Brown’s (at nearby Fort Grierson) first <strong>in</strong>timation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans presence. Lieut. Col. Grierson <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>n afterward himself with most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> his K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers <strong>the</strong>n went to re<strong>in</strong>force Johnston. In<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir result<strong>in</strong>g absence, Clark’s center <strong>and</strong> right <strong>the</strong>n subsequently took Fort Grierson, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some cannon<br />
<strong>the</strong>re, <strong>and</strong> Fort Cornwallis as well, with little or no resistance. The latter work was <strong>in</strong> an unf<strong>in</strong>ished state <strong>and</strong><br />
conta<strong>in</strong>ed sick <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>valids <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New Jersey Volunteers, under Major Robert Drummond (or<br />
Drumond.) 1287 Fort Cornwallis’ 70 prisoners <strong>and</strong> all <strong>the</strong> Indian presents were put under a guard, <strong>and</strong> Clark<br />
marched with <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der to assist Taylor’s assault on <strong>the</strong> trad<strong>in</strong>g post. Fight<strong>in</strong>g around <strong>the</strong> latter persisted<br />
well on till about 11 o’clock <strong>in</strong>to even<strong>in</strong>g. Approach<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> Garden Hill, not far distant, Brown<br />
attacked. Though he lost a three pounder, he was able to force back Taylor <strong>and</strong> Clark’s men. He <strong>the</strong>n used <strong>the</strong><br />
ensu<strong>in</strong>g lull to re<strong>in</strong>force Johnston’s force while shor<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> house’s defenses, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g cutt<strong>in</strong>g loopholes to<br />
fire through.<br />
The next morn<strong>in</strong>g Clark brought up <strong>the</strong> 2 pieces <strong>of</strong> artillery, a six <strong>and</strong> four pounder from Ft. Grierson, but <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
carriages were not made for field service; <strong>and</strong> which rendered <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong> negligible effect. The fire was kept up all<br />
day but with little effect <strong>in</strong> dislodg<strong>in</strong>g Brown. Then Capt. William Mart<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> S.C., who was Clark’s only artillery<br />
expert, was sla<strong>in</strong>; with <strong>the</strong> guns as a result be<strong>in</strong>g rendered even more useless.<br />
About <strong>the</strong> same time that Clark was known to be assail<strong>in</strong>g Augusta, Brown had sent Sir Patrick Houstoun to<br />
Cruger at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six seek<strong>in</strong>g succor for <strong>the</strong> besieged. Houstoun arrived <strong>the</strong> next day (<strong>the</strong> 15 th ); <strong>and</strong> Cruger <strong>the</strong>n<br />
moved to relieve Brown, leav<strong>in</strong>g beh<strong>in</strong>d 100 militia under Lieut. Col. Moses Kirkl<strong>and</strong> to guard N<strong>in</strong>ety Six.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> 17 th Col. Clark sent Brown a summons, but this was rejected. The same night, Clark’s spies <strong>in</strong>formed him<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> Cruger with a cont<strong>in</strong>gent <strong>of</strong> some 500, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 1 st Battalion, DeLancey’s Regiment; <strong>the</strong><br />
3 rd Battalion, New Jersey Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> some militia. Many <strong>of</strong> Clark’s men had gone to visit <strong>the</strong>ir friends <strong>and</strong><br />
families <strong>in</strong> Burke County from whom <strong>the</strong>y had long been absent; o<strong>the</strong>rs who had been motivated by plunder had<br />
decamped laden with goods; hence Clark’s force was weakened, not to mention runn<strong>in</strong>g low on ammunition.<br />
About 8 o’clock on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18 th , Cruger appeared on <strong>the</strong> opposite side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> Clark was<br />
obliged to raise <strong>the</strong> siege. About 10’oclock that morn<strong>in</strong>g he withdrew, hav<strong>in</strong>g susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> 60 killed <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded; among <strong>the</strong> killed were Charles Jourd<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> Capt. Mart<strong>in</strong>. In <strong>the</strong> immediate follow-up, Cruger took<br />
some 29 prisoners <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> previously lost cannon.<br />
Such <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans as were badly wounded were left beh<strong>in</strong>d, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Capt. Ashby <strong>and</strong> 28 o<strong>the</strong>rs. Georgia<br />
historian Hugh McCall avers that <strong>the</strong>se were subsequently disposed <strong>of</strong> under sangu<strong>in</strong>ary order <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis.<br />
Ashby <strong>and</strong> 12 wounded were hung from Brown’s staircase, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir bodies delivered up to Indians who scalped,<br />
1284 CDI.<br />
1285 Edward Cash<strong>in</strong>, Brown’s Biographer, <strong>and</strong> cit<strong>in</strong>g Joshua Burnett, gives Clark 600 mounted men. He also states that 1,000 Creek<br />
Indians would have jo<strong>in</strong>ed Brown at Augusta; while Clark was on his way <strong>the</strong>re, but <strong>the</strong> death <strong>of</strong> a chief David Taitt caused <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
withdrawal. 250, none<strong>the</strong>less, cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong> journey to Augusta CKR pp. 114-115.<br />
1286 Notes Brown a “great part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Indians behaved with order <strong>and</strong> bravery,” WHG pp. 607-609.<br />
1287 “A Return <strong>of</strong> killed wounded miss<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> prisoners <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3d Batt. New Jersey Volunteers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Action with <strong>the</strong> Rebels at<br />
Augusta, 14 th . September 1780, Killed- 1 Rank & File, Wounded -- 1 Sergeant, 5 Rank & File, Miss<strong>in</strong>g- 1 Rank & File, Prisoners -- 1<br />
Major, 1 Lieutenant, 1 Surgeon, 16 Rank & File. Isaac Allen Lt. Col. Comm<strong>and</strong>t.” Cornwallis Papers, PRO. 30/11/103, folio 4.<br />
(courtesy <strong>of</strong> Onl<strong>in</strong>e Institute for Advanced Loyalist studies.)<br />
256
mangled <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n threw <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to river. O<strong>the</strong>r prisoners were reported as be<strong>in</strong>g delivered up alive to<br />
Indians <strong>and</strong> were reportedly scalped, tortured, <strong>the</strong>n thrown <strong>in</strong>to a fire. States McCall: “The record <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
transactions is now before <strong>the</strong> author, from <strong>the</strong> pens <strong>of</strong> British <strong>of</strong>ficers who were present, who exult<strong>in</strong>gly<br />
<strong>com</strong>municated it to <strong>the</strong>ir friends, who exult<strong>in</strong>gly <strong>com</strong>municated it to <strong>the</strong>ir friends <strong>in</strong> Savannah, Charlestown, <strong>and</strong><br />
London, where it st<strong>and</strong>s upon record <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> papers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day.” 1288 In addition, Brown, under orders from Cruger,<br />
dispatched raid<strong>in</strong>g parties through <strong>the</strong> area that had not submitted <strong>and</strong> burned 100 plantations or settlements <strong>of</strong><br />
those who attacked Augusta. Numerous relatives <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebels who had participated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege were rounded<br />
up <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>carcerated. 1289<br />
The British losses <strong>of</strong> 70, <strong>and</strong> which fell mostly among <strong>the</strong> Indians, McCall fur<strong>the</strong>r notes were announced <strong>in</strong><br />
Brown’s <strong>of</strong>ficial letter, published <strong>in</strong> Charlestown, but cannot now be stated with correctness. Among <strong>the</strong> sla<strong>in</strong><br />
was Capt. Andrew Johnston <strong>and</strong> ensign Silcox <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gs Rangers.<br />
Tarleton states that Clark lost <strong>in</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> wounded as “near a sixth <strong>the</strong>ir number.”<br />
Brown’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> consisted <strong>of</strong> 250 men <strong>of</strong> several corps, but mostly K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers, 250 Creek <strong>and</strong> 50 Cherokee<br />
Indians mak<strong>in</strong>g a total <strong>of</strong> 500 to 550. Adds McCall, if Brown had not been surprised his numbers alone would have<br />
been sufficient to have defeated his adversaries.<br />
After rais<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege, Clark retreated to Little River (on <strong>the</strong> Savannah), <strong>and</strong> his men dispersed <strong>in</strong>to small<br />
parties. About <strong>the</strong> last <strong>of</strong> September, <strong>the</strong> distressed rema<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Clark’s regiment met at <strong>the</strong> place appo<strong>in</strong>ted,<br />
when he was ready to move. With 300 men, plus 400 women <strong>and</strong> children, <strong>and</strong> five days subsistence, he<br />
<strong>com</strong>menced a march <strong>of</strong> near two hundred miles toward <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s. On <strong>the</strong> 11 th day <strong>of</strong> October <strong>the</strong>y reached<br />
Watauga <strong>and</strong> Nolachucky rivers <strong>in</strong> a starved <strong>and</strong> worn out state. Cruger for a time tried to follow Clark, but<br />
f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g himself too far from his base, gave up <strong>the</strong> chase. He <strong>the</strong>n got <strong>the</strong> idea <strong>of</strong> send<strong>in</strong>g Ferguson after Clark.<br />
This effort to f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>and</strong> get Clark on both Cruger <strong>and</strong> Ferguson’s part was among <strong>the</strong> first <strong>of</strong> a series <strong>of</strong> pivotal<br />
events which lead up directly to <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. 1290<br />
After <strong>the</strong> close call at Augusta, says Coleman, a bill was passed by Gov. James Wright that “allowed <strong>the</strong> draft<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong> slaves to work on <strong>the</strong> defenses <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> arm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Negroes <strong>in</strong> time <strong>of</strong> extreme danger. The entire militia<br />
system was tightened. Wright immediately ordered out some 400 Negroes to work on <strong>the</strong> defenses <strong>of</strong><br />
Savannah.” 1291<br />
Letter from Lieut. William Stevenson, with Ferguson at Gilbertown, to Lieut. Col. Barton, Staten Isl<strong>and</strong>, New<br />
York, dated 25 September 1780: “…The rebels rose <strong>in</strong> Georgia, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 12 th <strong>in</strong>stant attacked Colonel Brown <strong>in</strong><br />
Augusta. He be<strong>in</strong>g very weak was obliged to leave <strong>the</strong> town, <strong>and</strong> take shelter <strong>in</strong> a fort where he had his stores<br />
for <strong>the</strong> Indians; but on <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> Colonel Cruger from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, <strong>and</strong> a body <strong>of</strong> Indians accidently [sic]<br />
<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g down, <strong>the</strong> rebels fled, <strong>and</strong> Colonel Brown sally<strong>in</strong>g out, <strong>the</strong>y killed <strong>and</strong> took several hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
Major Ferguson has just received a letter from Col. Cruger, who <strong>in</strong>forms him that he has fallen <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong> rebels<br />
<strong>and</strong> taken most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir plunder, killed a great number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, hanged Several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants, <strong>and</strong> has a<br />
great many more to hang; he likewise retook several brass field pieces…” 1292<br />
Allaire: “Sunday, 24 th …Received <strong>in</strong>telligence from Col. Cruger, that he had marched from N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six to Augusta,<br />
to <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> Col. Brown, who was besieged by six hundred Rebels, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. Clark.<br />
Fortunately for Col. Brown, <strong>the</strong> Cherokee Indians, for whom he is agent, were <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to Augusta for <strong>the</strong>ir yearly<br />
presents. They met <strong>the</strong> Rebels just as <strong>the</strong>y were go<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> town, which obliged <strong>the</strong>m to fight. The Rebels<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g too numerous, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Indians unacqua<strong>in</strong>ted with field fight<strong>in</strong>g, were obliged to make <strong>the</strong> best <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
way to a fort on one flank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, where Col. Brown had retired to. He made a very gallant defence for five<br />
days, two <strong>of</strong> which he was without bread or water. On Col. Cruger’s approach, <strong>the</strong> Rebels moved <strong>of</strong>f with <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
plunder, <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y had a tolerable share. Col. Cruger arrived time enough to retake <strong>the</strong> cannon which <strong>the</strong>y<br />
had taken from Brown, <strong>and</strong> about thirty prisoners.”<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “With this <strong>in</strong>adequate force [accord<strong>in</strong>g to Loss<strong>in</strong>g 430 men] <strong>the</strong>y [Clark <strong>and</strong> McCall] marched toward<br />
Augusta. So secret <strong>and</strong> rapid were <strong>the</strong>ir movements, that <strong>the</strong>y reached <strong>the</strong> outposts before <strong>the</strong> garrison was<br />
apprised <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir approach [Sept. 14, 1780.] The right was <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by [James] M’Call, <strong>the</strong> left by Major<br />
Samuel Taylor, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> center by Clarke. The divisions approached <strong>the</strong> town separately. Near Hawk’s Creek, on<br />
<strong>the</strong> west, Taylor fell <strong>in</strong> with an Indian camp, <strong>and</strong> a skirmish ensued. The Indians retreated toward <strong>the</strong> town, <strong>and</strong><br />
Taylor pressed forward to get possession <strong>of</strong> a strong trad<strong>in</strong>g station called <strong>the</strong> White House, a mile <strong>and</strong> a half<br />
west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town. The Indians reached it first, <strong>and</strong> were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers, under Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
1288 MHG pp. 486-487.<br />
1289 McCall says fur<strong>the</strong>r that British detachments were sent to seize upon such persons as had partaken <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege, or were<br />
friendly to <strong>the</strong> rebels. One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se parties was under Lieut. Kemp <strong>and</strong> overtook <strong>and</strong> surprised Col. John Jones <strong>and</strong> 5 o<strong>the</strong>rs at a<br />
house on Beech Isl<strong>and</strong> below Augusta. James Goldwire was killed <strong>and</strong> Jones <strong>and</strong> 2 o<strong>the</strong>rs wounded, <strong>the</strong>y else succeeded <strong>in</strong><br />
repell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>vaders <strong>and</strong> retreated to swamps. However, <strong>the</strong>ir place <strong>of</strong> concealment was discovered <strong>and</strong> Jones captured <strong>and</strong> made<br />
prisoner. Relatives <strong>of</strong> those whigs who had participated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege were arrested <strong>and</strong> crowded <strong>in</strong>to prisons. “(B)y <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>clemency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> season, <strong>the</strong> small pox, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>human treatment, very few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m survived to greet <strong>the</strong>ir friends <strong>in</strong> freedom,<br />
upon <strong>the</strong> re-conquest <strong>of</strong> t by <strong>the</strong> American troops.” Those considered to have actually taken part <strong>in</strong> siege were hanged without<br />
trial. Although Brown was blamed, his biographer, Edward Cash<strong>in</strong>, argues that he was simply act<strong>in</strong>g under orders from Cruger,<br />
<strong>and</strong> it was Cruger who actually prompted <strong>the</strong> retaliation <strong>and</strong> persecutions. MHG p. 488.<br />
1290 ATR81a pp. 28-30, RSC2 p. 179, SCP2 pp. 155-156, 186-194, TCS pp. 161-163, GHA3 pp. 460-461, SAW2 pp. 219-220, MMS2<br />
pp. 238-241, MLW4A pp. 322-323, LMS pp. 198-200, MHG pp. 485-491, WHG pp. 607-609, JLG1 p. 311n, LFB2 pp. 509-510, DKM p.<br />
200, MSC1 pp. 733-739, CGA pp. 134, BEA pp. 49-50, CKR pp. 115-120, SCAR vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 1-15.<br />
1291 CGA p. 139.<br />
1292 State Historical Society <strong>of</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong>, Draper Manuscript Collection, Sumter Papers, 4VV268-269. (courtesy <strong>of</strong> Onl<strong>in</strong>e Institute<br />
for Advanced Loyalist studies.)<br />
257
Johnson [Andrew Johnston]. Ignorant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r parties, Browne <strong>and</strong> Grierson went to <strong>the</strong> aid <strong>of</strong><br />
Johnson <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Indians. While absent, <strong>the</strong> few men left <strong>in</strong> garrison were surprised by Clarke <strong>and</strong> M’Call, <strong>and</strong><br />
Forts Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> Grierson fell <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong>ir h<strong>and</strong>s. A guard was left to take charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners <strong>and</strong> effects<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort, <strong>and</strong> Clark, with <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der, hastened to <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> Taylor. Browne <strong>and</strong> Grierson,<br />
perceiv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir peril, took shelter <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> White House. The Americans tried <strong>in</strong> va<strong>in</strong> to dislodge <strong>the</strong>m. A desultory<br />
fire was kept up from eleven o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g until dark, when hostilities ceased. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night <strong>the</strong><br />
besieged cast up a slight breast-work around <strong>the</strong> house, made loop-holes <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g for musketry, <strong>and</strong> thus<br />
materially streng<strong>the</strong>ned <strong>the</strong>ir position. Early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g [Sept. 15.], Clarke ordered two field-pieces to be<br />
brought from Grierson’s redoubt, to be placed <strong>in</strong> a position to cannonade <strong>the</strong> White House. They were <strong>of</strong> little<br />
service, for Capta<strong>in</strong> Mart<strong>in</strong>, <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>the</strong> only artillerist among <strong>the</strong> besiegers, was killed soon after <strong>the</strong><br />
pieces were brought to bear upon <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
“No impression was made upon <strong>the</strong> enemy dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fifteenth. On that morn<strong>in</strong>g, before daylight, <strong>the</strong> Americans<br />
drove a body <strong>of</strong> Indians from <strong>the</strong> river bank, <strong>and</strong> thus cut <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> supply <strong>of</strong> water for those <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> house. Colonel<br />
Browne <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs had been severely wounded, <strong>and</strong> now suffered great agony from thirst. On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
fifteenth, fifty Cherokee Indians, well armed, crossed <strong>the</strong> river to re-enforce Browne, but were soon repulsed.<br />
Little was done on <strong>the</strong> sixteenth, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> seventeenth Clark summoned Browne to surrender. He promptly<br />
refused; for, hav<strong>in</strong>g sent a messenger to Colonel Cruger at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g when <strong>the</strong> Americans<br />
appeared before Augusta, Browne confidently expected relief from that quarter. Nor was he disappo<strong>in</strong>ted. On<br />
<strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> seventeenth, Clarke’s scouts <strong>in</strong>formed him <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> Colonel Cruger with five hundred<br />
British regulars <strong>and</strong> Loyalists, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighteenth this force appeared upon <strong>the</strong> opposite side<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river. Clarke’s little army was greatly dim<strong>in</strong>ished by <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> men who had been killed <strong>and</strong> wounded,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> desertion <strong>of</strong> many with plunder found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> forts. At ten o’clock he raised <strong>the</strong> siege, <strong>and</strong> departed<br />
toward <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s. The American loss on this occasion was about sixty killed <strong>and</strong> wounded; that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
British is not known. Twenty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Indians were killed. Capta<strong>in</strong> Ashby <strong>and</strong> twenty-eight o<strong>the</strong>rs were made<br />
prisoners. Upon <strong>the</strong>se Brown <strong>and</strong> his Indian allies glutted <strong>the</strong>ir thirst for revenge. Capta<strong>in</strong> Ashby <strong>and</strong> twelve <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> wounded were hanged upon <strong>the</strong> stair-way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> White House, so that <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant might have <strong>the</strong><br />
satisfaction <strong>of</strong> see<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir suffer<strong>in</strong>gs. O<strong>the</strong>rs were given up to <strong>the</strong> Indians to torture, scalp, <strong>and</strong> slay.” 1293<br />
Memorial <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col. John Harris Cruger: “In June 1780 Lord Cornwallis Comm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn District<br />
ordered your Memorialist with his Battn. <strong>and</strong> three o<strong>the</strong>r Regts. to take post so as to Cover <strong>the</strong> frontiers <strong>of</strong><br />
Georgia <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a which he did with such good effect, as to establish <strong>the</strong> tranquility <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country this<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ued untill [sic] Sepr. [Sept.] follow<strong>in</strong>g when a Body <strong>of</strong> Rebells [sic] consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> between 1000 <strong>and</strong> 1200<br />
Men <strong>com</strong>posed Chiefly <strong>of</strong> fugitives from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia made a descent from <strong>the</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong><br />
attacked Augusta 130 miles above Savannah <strong>and</strong> 55 from your Memorialists post <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. The Critical<br />
Situation <strong>of</strong> that time not only <strong>of</strong> Augusta but <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole prov<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Georgia, <strong>the</strong> rapid movements for its<br />
relief <strong>the</strong> rais<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Siege <strong>of</strong> Augusta as well as driv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Enemy totally out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Georgia by a<br />
pursuit <strong>of</strong> 60 Miles <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> which good order <strong>and</strong> Government were once more established <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
prov<strong>in</strong>ce as a Circumstance which can be fully expla<strong>in</strong>ed by his Excellency Sir James Wright <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Govr.<br />
[John] Graham <strong>and</strong> for your Memorialist[’]s Conduct at that time he begs leave to refer to two Letters from Earl<br />
Cornwallis herewith delivered. That <strong>in</strong> order to derive proper advantages form this successful replusion [sic] <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Rebels your Memorialist used frequent endeavours [sic] to conciliate <strong>the</strong> m<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Inhabitants by<br />
personally go<strong>in</strong>g through <strong>the</strong> Country <strong>and</strong> so far reconciled <strong>the</strong> disaffected that with <strong>the</strong> greatest approbation <strong>of</strong><br />
all Description <strong>of</strong> people Commissions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> peace were issued out to pr<strong>in</strong>cipal persons throughout <strong>the</strong> Country,<br />
who cont<strong>in</strong>ued to Act under <strong>the</strong>m untill <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> Genl. Green[e] with a numerous Army <strong>in</strong> April 1781.” 1294<br />
Lieut. Gov. John Graham was sent <strong>in</strong>to Ceded L<strong>and</strong>s (Wilkes County) to <strong>in</strong>vestigate <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>the</strong>re. He<br />
reported 255 men were loyal <strong>and</strong> formed a militia regt, under Col. Thomas Waters. Twice as many o<strong>the</strong>rs were<br />
disaffected. Of <strong>the</strong>se 140 had left with Clark, 42 sent down to Charlestown as prisoners by Graham, 21 were held<br />
hostage for good behavior <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>and</strong> 49 were “notorious active rebels lay<strong>in</strong>g out.” 1295<br />
14 September. Allaire: “Thursday, 14 th . Lay still at Col. Walker’s. The poor, deluded people <strong>of</strong> this Prov<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
beg<strong>in</strong> to be sensible <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir error, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong> very fast. Maj. Ferguson, with thirty American Volunteers, <strong>and</strong><br />
three hundred militia, got <strong>in</strong> motion at six o’clock, <strong>and</strong> marched to <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> Cane creek, <strong>and</strong> halted at one<br />
Wilson’s.” As Lee succ<strong>in</strong>ctly puts it: “The pr<strong>in</strong>cipal object <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> expedition [<strong>of</strong> Ferguson] was to excite <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalists, <strong>in</strong> that quarter, to rebel openly <strong>and</strong> unite with <strong>the</strong> British army.” 1296<br />
14 September. Brig. Gen. Davidson, at “Camp Maccapp<strong>in</strong>’s Creek,” wrote Gates: “I am now encamped 8 miles<br />
South <strong>of</strong> Charlotte, my number consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 400, m<strong>in</strong>ute men from Rowan <strong>and</strong> Mecklenburg counties, none from<br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r counties be<strong>in</strong>g yet arived. The enemy are at Wax Haw creek, 20. miles distant. Lords Cornwallance<br />
[Cornwallis] <strong>and</strong> Rodd<strong>in</strong> [Rawdon] are both with <strong>the</strong>m. Their number, by <strong>the</strong> best <strong>in</strong>telligence, about 1,000.<br />
They are busied thresh<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> flour<strong>in</strong>g wheat, collect<strong>in</strong>g cattle, sheep, butter, &c. I do not learn <strong>the</strong>y have any<br />
artillery. Col. Ferguson <strong>and</strong> his party, which by <strong>com</strong>mon report consists <strong>of</strong> 1,200, are troublesome[e] to <strong>the</strong><br />
westward. I cannot f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>y have yet entered this State, except some who have <strong>com</strong>mitted some depredations<br />
on <strong>the</strong> west end <strong>of</strong> Ru<strong>the</strong>rford county.<br />
1293 LFB2 pp. 509-510.<br />
1294 Dated 9 February 9, 1784, PRO., Audit Office, Class 12, Volume 20, folios 142-145.<br />
1295 CKR pp. 121-122.<br />
1296 LMS p. 198.<br />
258
“Lest <strong>the</strong>y should advance I have sent Col. Lock to Rowan to embody <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> his regiment to jo<strong>in</strong> Col.<br />
Macdowell, who lies <strong>in</strong> Burke [County] with about 400, by <strong>the</strong> best accounts. Col. Paisley [John Peasley <strong>of</strong><br />
Guilford County] jo<strong>in</strong>s me to morrow with near 200. Gen. Sumner with his bregade [sic] is expected to be at<br />
Salisbury this even<strong>in</strong>g. Gen. Sumpter lies 13 miles to my right with 200, his number daily <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g. Our troops<br />
are <strong>in</strong> high spirits, <strong>and</strong> seem determ<strong>in</strong>ed to st<strong>and</strong> out to <strong>the</strong> last extremity ra<strong>the</strong>r than submit to <strong>the</strong> fate <strong>of</strong> So.<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a.<br />
“P. S. The greater part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rowan regiment have not yet jo<strong>in</strong>ed me on account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> frequent alarms from<br />
Ferguson’s party, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> tories on <strong>the</strong> North <strong>and</strong> West <strong>of</strong> that county.” 1297<br />
Mid September. Cornwallis was encamped at <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws settlement. Bryan’s refugees, 4 pieces <strong>of</strong> cannon, 50<br />
wagons <strong>and</strong> a detachment <strong>of</strong> cavalry marched by Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock toward <strong>the</strong> Catawba settlement; while <strong>the</strong> British<br />
Legion with a three pounder crossed <strong>the</strong> Wateree, <strong>and</strong> moved up <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river. Scarcity <strong>of</strong> forage <strong>in</strong><br />
Waxhaws was cause <strong>of</strong> this division <strong>of</strong> forces.<br />
Around this same time, Colonel Hector MacNeil was embody<strong>in</strong>g some loyalist <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek area <strong>of</strong><br />
(sou<strong>the</strong>ast) North Carol<strong>in</strong>a; while Ganey’s loyalists had collected at Catfish Creek along Little Peedee, <strong>and</strong><br />
Barfield’s between Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Little Peedee.<br />
Mid September. Although it was orig<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>in</strong>tended that N<strong>in</strong>ety Six loyalist, Col. Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham would<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> a Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Regiment, Cornwallis decided to cancel <strong>the</strong> plan s<strong>in</strong>ce it would draw too many <strong>of</strong>ficers<br />
away from <strong>the</strong> militia. Instead, about this time he made Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham Brigadier General <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six militia.<br />
The actual date <strong>of</strong> his be<strong>in</strong>g paid at that rank is October 1 st . 1298<br />
16 September. Col. Abraham Buford, return<strong>in</strong>g from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, with remnants <strong>of</strong> his Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, <strong>and</strong><br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g been re<strong>in</strong>forced by 200 additional raw recruits, <strong>in</strong> ragged condition, reached Gates <strong>in</strong> Hillsborough. By<br />
<strong>the</strong> 18 th , 50 rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Troops, under Capt. Thomas Drew (previously under Porterfield), also<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed Gates <strong>and</strong> were <strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. The Virg<strong>in</strong>ia troops with Gates <strong>the</strong>n totaled<br />
some 300 all toge<strong>the</strong>r. By mid September, what was left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigades at Camden were formed <strong>in</strong>to<br />
one <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed “Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment” under Col. Otho Williams <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. John Eager Howard, <strong>and</strong> organized<br />
<strong>in</strong>to two battalions. The two battalions were <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Major Archibald Anderson <strong>and</strong> Major John Hardman.<br />
Prior to Camden, <strong>the</strong> two Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigades stood thus: Three Colonels, four lieutenant colonels, five majors,<br />
thirty-eight capta<strong>in</strong>s, fifty subalterns, twenty-four staff <strong>of</strong>ficers, eighty-five non <strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficers, sixtytwo<br />
musicians, <strong>and</strong> seven hundred <strong>and</strong> eighty-one rank <strong>and</strong> file. “The number,” writes Williams, “which were<br />
killed, captured, <strong>and</strong> miss<strong>in</strong>g [at Camden], s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> last muster could not with any accuracy, be ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed.<br />
The aggregate was, three lieutenant colonels, two majors, fifteen capta<strong>in</strong>s, thirteen subalterns, two staff<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers, fifty-two non-<strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficers, thirty-four musicians, <strong>and</strong> seven hundred <strong>and</strong> eleven rank <strong>and</strong> file.<br />
These, at least a great majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se, <strong>and</strong> all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m for aught I know, fell <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field, or <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy, on <strong>the</strong> fatal 16 th <strong>of</strong> August. It is extremely probable, that <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> killed much exceeded <strong>the</strong><br />
number taken prisoner. The Delaware regiment be<strong>in</strong>g mustered, <strong>the</strong> return stood thus: Four capta<strong>in</strong>s, seven<br />
subalterns, three staff <strong>of</strong>ficers, n<strong>in</strong>eteen non-<strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficers, eleven musicians, <strong>and</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong><br />
forty five rank <strong>and</strong> file, <strong>in</strong> actual service, &c. &c. &c. Eleven <strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> thirty-six privates <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Delaware regiment fell <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy.” Added to Gates’ force were some men belong<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
Harrison’s corps <strong>of</strong> artillery, now <strong>of</strong>ficered by Capt. Anthony S<strong>in</strong>gleton, Harrison hav<strong>in</strong>g returned to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. 1299<br />
Two brass cannon which Gates at left beh<strong>in</strong>d for want <strong>of</strong> horses on his march to Camden were retrieved <strong>and</strong><br />
brought to <strong>the</strong> army collect<strong>in</strong>g at Hillsborough; while a few iron pieces were ga<strong>the</strong>red from o<strong>the</strong>r locations to<br />
form a small park at Hillsborough. About this same time a shipment <strong>of</strong> clo<strong>the</strong>s was delivered to Gates’ troops<br />
supplied by <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, but tents <strong>the</strong>y had none <strong>and</strong> blankets few. 1300<br />
Lee: “Hav<strong>in</strong>g collected <strong>the</strong> shattered rema<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> his [Gates’] army at Hillsborough, <strong>in</strong> pursuance <strong>of</strong> a regulation<br />
established by <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> chief, <strong>the</strong> broken l<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware regiments were<br />
<strong>com</strong>pressed <strong>in</strong>to one regiment, <strong>and</strong> placed under Colonel Williams <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>. The <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> cavalry had not<br />
been very successful <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir efforts, for but four <strong>com</strong>plete troops could be formed from <strong>the</strong> relics <strong>of</strong> Bl<strong>and</strong>’s,<br />
Moylan’s <strong>and</strong> Baylor’s regiments, when united with <strong>the</strong> new recruits. These were embodied <strong>and</strong> placed<br />
under...Lieutenant Colonel William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton...The supernumerary <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> cavalry, were dispatched to <strong>the</strong>ir respective States, for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> recruit<strong>in</strong>g. Brigadier Gist, who had so<br />
nobly seconded De Kalb...was charged with <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> this service, <strong>the</strong>re be<strong>in</strong>g no <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> for him with<br />
<strong>the</strong> army, <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> its reduced state. General Smallwood was reta<strong>in</strong>ed as second to Gates...About <strong>the</strong><br />
same time, <strong>the</strong> recruits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia l<strong>in</strong>e reached Hillsborough; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> Harrison’s<br />
artillery also jo<strong>in</strong>ed our army. The union <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ses several corps gave to General Gates about one thous<strong>and</strong> four<br />
hundred Cont<strong>in</strong>entals...” 1301<br />
16 September. Cornwallis issued a proclamation concern<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> sequestration <strong>of</strong> Rebel estates, <strong>and</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>ted<br />
John Cruden to oversee <strong>the</strong>ir adm<strong>in</strong>istration. Cruden as <strong>com</strong>missioner was to pay a fourth part <strong>of</strong> annual produce<br />
<strong>of</strong> any plantation for <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wife <strong>and</strong> children <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> former owner, or a sixth part to a childless<br />
wife. For various reasons, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g rebels destroy<strong>in</strong>g crops <strong>and</strong> produce, <strong>and</strong> some <strong>in</strong>ternal graft, his efforts to<br />
1297 CNC14 pp. 615-616.<br />
1298 SCP2 p. 73, LSL pp. 152-153.<br />
1299 Harrison had broken his leg <strong>and</strong> removed to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia for rest. He rejo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene by March 4 th 1781. NGP7 p. 25.<br />
1300 CNC15 pp. 65-66, WNA, JLG1 pp. 312-314, SNC p. 184.<br />
1301 LMS p. 208.<br />
259
make <strong>the</strong> plantation hold<strong>in</strong>gs lucrative for <strong>the</strong> army ultimately failed, <strong>and</strong> he ended up spend<strong>in</strong>g more to keep<br />
<strong>the</strong> farms go<strong>in</strong>g than what could be taken <strong>in</strong> as pr<strong>of</strong>it. 1302<br />
Tarleton: “The estates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> violent absentees were seized, <strong>and</strong> placed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>missioners, who<br />
were vested with power to sell <strong>the</strong> produce, which, with <strong>the</strong> stock <strong>of</strong> cattle <strong>and</strong> horses found upon <strong>the</strong>m, was<br />
appropriated to <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, upon <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>missaries giv<strong>in</strong>g receipts to <strong>the</strong> trustees for <strong>the</strong> different<br />
articles <strong>the</strong>y received. The friends to <strong>the</strong> British cause, who had been driven out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, on proper<br />
application, had <strong>the</strong>ir property, or what rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> it, restored. The havoc made by <strong>the</strong> Americans, dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir banishment, <strong>of</strong>ten defeated this <strong>in</strong>tention. Encouragement was given to trade, by allow<strong>in</strong>g merchants to<br />
convey to Charles town a variety <strong>of</strong> manufactures which had been long wanted throughout all <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
prov<strong>in</strong>ces, <strong>and</strong> permitt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to receive payment <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> produce <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. Commissioners were<br />
appo<strong>in</strong>ted to arrange <strong>the</strong> differences which subsisted <strong>in</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a concern<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> negroes. It is here necessary to<br />
observe, that all <strong>the</strong> negroes, men, women, <strong>and</strong> children, upon <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> any detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
troops, thought <strong>the</strong>mselves absolved from all respect to <strong>the</strong>ir American masters, <strong>and</strong> entirely released from<br />
servitude: Influenced by this idea, <strong>the</strong>y quitted <strong>the</strong> plantations, <strong>and</strong> followed <strong>the</strong> army; which behaviour caused<br />
neglect <strong>of</strong> cultivation, proved detrimental to <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops, <strong>and</strong> occasioned cont<strong>in</strong>ual disputes about<br />
property <strong>of</strong> this description: In a short time <strong>the</strong> attention <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>missioners produced arrangements equally<br />
useful to <strong>the</strong> military <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants.” 1303<br />
David Ramsay: “When <strong>the</strong> British took possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>the</strong>y considered <strong>the</strong>mselves as hav<strong>in</strong>g a right to<br />
seize on <strong>the</strong> property <strong>of</strong> rebels. Their <strong>com</strong>missaries <strong>and</strong> quartermasters took provisions, <strong>and</strong> all o<strong>the</strong>r th<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
wanted by <strong>the</strong> army where-ever <strong>the</strong>y were to be found. Though th<strong>in</strong>gs taken this way were charged to <strong>the</strong><br />
British government, yet very few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> persons from whom <strong>the</strong>y were taken ever received any satisfaction.<br />
After <strong>the</strong> state had generally submitted, <strong>the</strong> same practice was cont<strong>in</strong>ued. The rapacity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon men,<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>digence <strong>and</strong> avarice <strong>of</strong> many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ga<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>missaries <strong>and</strong> quarter masters, all<br />
concurred to forbid any check on this lucrative mode <strong>of</strong> secur<strong>in</strong>g supplies. They found it much more pr<strong>of</strong>itable to<br />
look on <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>of</strong> rebels, whose property was forfeited, than as reclaimed subjects, who<br />
were re<strong>in</strong>stated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> government. When <strong>the</strong>y applied <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter character to claim <strong>the</strong>ir rights,<br />
<strong>and</strong> to remonstrate aga<strong>in</strong>st British depredations, <strong>the</strong>y much <strong>of</strong>tener received <strong>in</strong>sults <strong>the</strong>n redress. People who<br />
had received this k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> treatment, <strong>and</strong> who believed that allegiance <strong>and</strong> protection were reciprocal, soon<br />
conceived <strong>the</strong>mselves released from <strong>the</strong>ir late engagements, <strong>and</strong> at full liberty to rejo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans.” 1304<br />
17 September. Brig. Gen. Harr<strong>in</strong>gton, at Cross Creek, to Gates: “The Party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy detached from<br />
Cambden [sic] for George Town passed through Indian Town, between Black River & Lynches Creek, last Sunday<br />
& crossed Peedee at Britton[’]s ferry on Tuesday; <strong>the</strong>y recrossed <strong>the</strong> River <strong>the</strong> same Even<strong>in</strong>g, & plunder, burn &<br />
destroy every th<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir way. They are about 400, & are <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Major Weyms. [Major] Capta<strong>in</strong> [John]<br />
James <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Town Regiment fell <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong> rear, took 3 or 4 Servants & Some Baggage, amongst <strong>the</strong> last an<br />
Orderly Book <strong>of</strong> a Capt. Lieut. [James] Depeyster’s, where<strong>in</strong> was an Order for <strong>the</strong>m to go to <strong>the</strong> Cheraws, as I<br />
am told by Col. Giles & o<strong>the</strong>rs who have seen it, tho’ one Gentleman says <strong>the</strong> Order was for 90 only, to be<br />
detached from Cambden [sic] to <strong>the</strong> Cheraws, but Imag<strong>in</strong>e Colo. Marion sent a more particular account by <strong>the</strong><br />
same conveyance, as he was near <strong>the</strong> Scene & saw <strong>the</strong> Book. Upon <strong>the</strong> whole, I am <strong>in</strong>duced to believe <strong>the</strong>y have<br />
retreated, or are about to retreat to <strong>the</strong> Sea Coast, <strong>and</strong> that Weyms’s manoevers were only to secure <strong>the</strong><br />
passage down Santee River.” 1305<br />
18 September. Davidson, not far south <strong>of</strong> Charlotte, to Sumner: “The news <strong>of</strong> your <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g forward <strong>in</strong> such force<br />
gave a surpris<strong>in</strong>g spirit to <strong>the</strong> people <strong>of</strong> this county [Mecklenburg], but a report has taken place that Gen. Gates<br />
has directed you to retire over <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>. Should that be <strong>the</strong> case, I dread <strong>the</strong> consequences. I need not tell<br />
you <strong>the</strong> dreadful effects <strong>of</strong> Gen. Gates’s retreat to Hillsborough. The effects <strong>of</strong> it are, <strong>in</strong> my op<strong>in</strong>ion, worse than<br />
those <strong>of</strong> his defeat. It has frightened <strong>the</strong> ignorant <strong>in</strong>to despair, be<strong>in</strong>g left without cover or support to defend<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> whole force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. No people have a better claim to protection than <strong>the</strong> people<br />
<strong>of</strong> this county. They have fought bravely <strong>and</strong> bled freely. I mention <strong>the</strong>se th<strong>in</strong>gs, as I have reason to fear that my<br />
m<strong>in</strong>ute troops will disperse, should <strong>the</strong>y not be treated agreeably to <strong>the</strong>ir expectations. The enemy cont<strong>in</strong>ue at<br />
Waxhaw Creek, <strong>and</strong> are almost 900, <strong>and</strong> one third tories. The cavalry are <strong>in</strong>considerable.” 1306<br />
18 September: Balfour wrote to Charlestown loyalist, Col. Robert Ball<strong>in</strong>gall: “You are hereby required to take<br />
under your Comm<strong>and</strong> & jo<strong>in</strong> to your Regiment <strong>of</strong> Militia, <strong>the</strong> Inhabitants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Parishes <strong>of</strong> St. Georges, St.<br />
James’s, Goose Creek, <strong>and</strong> St. Andrew[’]s <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g James’s Isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> you are to take charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>of</strong><br />
said Parishes <strong>and</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong>m accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> Instructions I have already given you.” 1307<br />
18 September. Follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> skirmish at Cane Creek (12 Sept.), Col. Charles McDowell <strong>and</strong> Col. Andrew<br />
Hampton’s force <strong>of</strong> 160 men, mostly North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, arrived at <strong>the</strong> Watauga settlement. 1308<br />
1302 ATR81a pp. 25-28, AR81 p. 51, SCP2 pp. 320-328, RSC2 pp. 169-173, TCS pp. 89-90, 121-126, 157, 186-191, GHA3 p. 454,<br />
SAW2 p. 214, WCO p. 143; see also ATR81b pp. 189-190.<br />
1303 TCS pp. 89-90.<br />
1304 RSC2 pp. 140-141.<br />
1305 CNC14 pp. 624-625.<br />
1306 CNC14 p. 773.<br />
1307 New York State Library, AT 7003, Miscellaneous Manuscripts, Box 2, Item No. 154. (Onl<strong>in</strong>e Institute for Advanced Loyalist<br />
Studies.)<br />
1308 DKM p. 170.<br />
260
18 September. Col. William Preston, from “Bottetourt Court House,” VA. to Col. Mart<strong>in</strong> Armstrong, Surry County,<br />
N.C.: “This hour I was favoured with Your Letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 12 th <strong>in</strong>stant, which was forwarded to me by Colo. [Hugh?<br />
or Walter?] Crockett, who lives 90 miles from hence, by Express. The <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g distresses <strong>of</strong> our friends to <strong>the</strong><br />
Southward give me <strong>the</strong> deepest concern; would to God I had power equal to my <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>in</strong> any measure to<br />
alleviate <strong>the</strong>m. I have not a doubt but what <strong>the</strong>y suffer now, unless Providence <strong>in</strong>terposes, we must mostly<br />
experience even amongst our Mounta<strong>in</strong>s.<br />
“Before Colo. [William] Campbell returned, a plan was laid by <strong>the</strong> Officers <strong>in</strong> Montgomery to raise 500 or even<br />
1,000 choice Riflemen <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> counties <strong>of</strong> Augusta, Rockbridge, Botetourt, Montgomery & Wash<strong>in</strong>gton (amongst<br />
whom are to be 150 Light Horse tolerably equipp’d to act as a body <strong>of</strong> Light <strong>in</strong>fantry under <strong>the</strong> immediate<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Genl. Gates, to Rendezvous at <strong>the</strong> Moravian town <strong>the</strong> 15 <strong>of</strong> October, & to cont<strong>in</strong>ue three months on<br />
duty from that time, unless sooner discharged. This Scheme I sent to <strong>the</strong> Government by Congress, & expect an<br />
answer <strong>in</strong> Eight days, & perhaps sooner. I also applied to <strong>the</strong> several County-Lieutenants & exhorted <strong>the</strong>m to put<br />
<strong>the</strong> Bus<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>in</strong> motion amongst <strong>the</strong>ir respective Militias, that preparations might be mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mean time, &<br />
that when Orders arrive from <strong>the</strong> Executive <strong>the</strong> Troops might be ready to march. How far <strong>the</strong> proposals may be<br />
adopted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> several Counties I can’t positively say: but I have many reasons to believe that <strong>the</strong>y will meet<br />
with all due encouragement, <strong>and</strong> that each County will exert itself on this alarm<strong>in</strong>g occasion; nor have I a<br />
rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g doubt but that our Government will most cheerfully adopt <strong>the</strong>se measures...” 1309<br />
19 September. Cornwallis, at “Camp at Waxhaw,” to Lord Germa<strong>in</strong>: “I had <strong>the</strong> honour to <strong>in</strong>form your lordship <strong>in</strong><br />
my letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 21 st <strong>of</strong> August, that I had dispatched proper people <strong>in</strong>to North-Carol<strong>in</strong>a to exhort our friends <strong>in</strong><br />
that prov<strong>in</strong>ce to take arms, to seize military stores, <strong>and</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> to <strong>in</strong>tercept all stragglers<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> routed army.<br />
“Some parties <strong>of</strong> our friends, who had embodied <strong>the</strong>mselves near <strong>the</strong> Pedée [Peedee], disarmed several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy’s stragglers. But <strong>the</strong> lead<strong>in</strong>g persons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Loyalists were so undecided <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir councils, that <strong>the</strong>y lost<br />
<strong>the</strong> critical time <strong>of</strong> avail<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong> our success; <strong>and</strong> even suffered General Gates to pass to Hillsborough<br />
with a guard <strong>of</strong> six men only. They cont<strong>in</strong>ue however to give me <strong>the</strong> strongest assurances <strong>of</strong> support, when His<br />
Majesty’s troops shall have penetrated <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terior parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce. The patience <strong>and</strong> fortitude with<br />
which <strong>the</strong>y endure <strong>the</strong> most cruel torments, <strong>and</strong> suffer <strong>the</strong> most violent oppressions that a country ever<br />
laboured [sic] under, conv<strong>in</strong>ce me that <strong>the</strong>y are s<strong>in</strong>cere, at least as far as <strong>the</strong>ir affection, to <strong>the</strong> cause <strong>of</strong> Great-<br />
Brita<strong>in</strong>.” 1310<br />
19 September. Sumner to Gates: “I arrived here last even<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> my encamp<strong>in</strong>g ground is almost ½ mile <strong>in</strong> front<br />
<strong>of</strong> Salisbury <strong>and</strong> a little to <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> road lead<strong>in</strong>g to Charlotte.” 1311<br />
20 September. Allaire: “Thursday, 20 th . Got <strong>in</strong> motion at five o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> marched six miles to<br />
Fair Forest Ford, where we halted <strong>and</strong> lay all night.”<br />
Chesney: “I was present also at a small affair at Fair Forest, <strong>the</strong> particulars <strong>of</strong> which, as well as numerous o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
skirmishes hav<strong>in</strong>g escaped my memory, scarcely a day passed without some fight<strong>in</strong>g.” 1312<br />
20 September. Cornwallis, at “Camp at Waxhaw,” to Major Richard Engl<strong>and</strong>, Deputy Quartermaster General at<br />
Camden: “I f<strong>in</strong>d it difficult to decide immediately about <strong>the</strong> Waggons. I have desired Balfour to send up more<br />
Rum <strong>and</strong> Salt for <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops at Camden; & I should wish to carry with us every drop <strong>of</strong> Rum that is now<br />
<strong>the</strong>re, if we can get conveyance for it. Of <strong>the</strong> quantity, you will be able to judge; & will proportion <strong>the</strong><br />
Carriages accord<strong>in</strong>gly: But <strong>the</strong> difficult po<strong>in</strong>t to ascerta<strong>in</strong>, is <strong>the</strong> conveyance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sick. We have now above 120<br />
here, & <strong>the</strong>y are daily <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g: The 71 st will add considerably to that list. The disposal <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong>se Sick, will<br />
be a matter very naturally to be considered; but whe<strong>the</strong>r we move <strong>the</strong>m forward, or send <strong>the</strong>m back, waggons<br />
will be equally necessary. I th<strong>in</strong>k at present, <strong>of</strong> fix<strong>in</strong>g a Post under Wemyss at Charlottetown; if I f<strong>in</strong>d that it can<br />
be supplied with Provisions. Tarleton was to have gone thi<strong>the</strong>r, to have ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed that po<strong>in</strong>t; but<br />
unfortunately he is exceed<strong>in</strong>gly ill at White’s on Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek: He cannot be removed; & I am obliged to leave<br />
his Corps <strong>the</strong>re, for his protection. Should <strong>the</strong> Post at Charlotte be found practicable, that will be <strong>the</strong> best place<br />
for <strong>the</strong> sick <strong>of</strong> whose recovery with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>se six weeks or two months we have any hopes. They will soon be<strong>com</strong>e<br />
a considerable addition <strong>of</strong> strength to Wemyss; & may afterwards, very possibly, be brought up to <strong>the</strong> Army.<br />
“Make my best <strong>com</strong>pliments to Col. Turnbull, who I hope is recover<strong>in</strong>g; & tell him, that when Major [Thomas]<br />
P<strong>in</strong>ckney is able to travel, I will allow him to pass fourteen days at his Wife’s Fa<strong>the</strong>r’s at <strong>the</strong> Congarees: He must<br />
<strong>the</strong>n jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Field Officers on Parole, who are at Orangeburgh unless o<strong>the</strong>rwise disposed <strong>of</strong> by Col.<br />
Balfour, & report his do<strong>in</strong>g so to <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>ant.<br />
“Colonel Cruger <strong>in</strong>formed me <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ceded L<strong>and</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Georgia, & has marched with his whole force;<br />
which, by <strong>the</strong> bye, is not very great: Ferguson, who has made ra<strong>the</strong>r a successful expedition to <strong>the</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s<br />
above Gilbertown, has, I hope, stopped some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebel Parties who were go<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Georgia Insurgents. I most s<strong>in</strong>cerely hope that Col. Cruger will be able to settled that bus<strong>in</strong>ess without oblig<strong>in</strong>g<br />
me to detach; which will be very <strong>in</strong>convenient.<br />
1309 CNC14 pp. 626-627.<br />
1310 COC p. 30 (date given as <strong>the</strong> 18 th ), SCP2 p. 36.<br />
1311 CNC14 p. 773.<br />
1312 CDI.<br />
261
“Pray talk over <strong>the</strong> arrangement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> [Surgeon’s] Mates & Medic<strong>in</strong>es very fully with Hill: We certa<strong>in</strong>ly must<br />
take a great stock <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter with us; & a very considerable quantity must be left at Charlottetown, if it<br />
should be found expedient to establish <strong>the</strong> Post I talk <strong>of</strong>. You may depend on my not leav<strong>in</strong>g you beh<strong>in</strong>d.” 1313<br />
20 September. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>in</strong> New York, to Cornwallis: “I have always thought operation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak[e] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
greatest importance, <strong>and</strong> have <strong>of</strong>ten mentione d to [Vice] Admiral [Marriot] Arbuthnot <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
diversion <strong>in</strong> your Lordship’s favour <strong>in</strong> that quarter; but have not been able till now to obta<strong>in</strong> a convoy for this<br />
purpose.<br />
“Your Lordship will receive <strong>in</strong>closed [sic] a sketch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>structions I <strong>in</strong>tend to give to Major-general<br />
[Alex<strong>and</strong>er] Leslie, who will <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> expedition; which will give a general idea <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> design <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> move.<br />
But if your Lordship should wish any particular co-operation from that armament, General Leslie will <strong>of</strong> course<br />
consider himself under your Lordship’s orders, <strong>and</strong> pay every obedience <strong>the</strong>reto.<br />
“I have <strong>the</strong> honour to <strong>in</strong>close <strong>the</strong> copy <strong>of</strong> a letter I wrote to Lord George Germa<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> his Lordship’s answer,<br />
respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> option Lord Rawdon had made <strong>in</strong> favour <strong>of</strong> his prov<strong>in</strong>cial rank. And I am happy <strong>in</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g it <strong>in</strong> my<br />
power to <strong>com</strong>municate to his Lordship <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s pleasure that he should still reta<strong>in</strong> his rank <strong>of</strong> Lieutenantcolonel<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, which I beg leave to take this opportunity <strong>of</strong> do<strong>in</strong>g through your Lordship.” 1314<br />
20 September. Gov. John Rutledge, at Hillsborough, to <strong>the</strong> Delegates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a assembly: “I th<strong>in</strong>k it<br />
is beyond a Doubt, that at least, 7 Men, <strong>of</strong> those who have declared <strong>the</strong>mselves British Subjects & taken up Arms<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Enemy, & who had afterward jo<strong>in</strong>ed our Party, have been hanged, & that <strong>the</strong> Houses <strong>of</strong> sev[era]l. who<br />
had left ’em, have been burnt, upon a presumption, I suppose, that <strong>the</strong>y had <strong>com</strong>e over to us -- On <strong>the</strong> 15th<br />
Inst., Colo. Sumpter lay, with abt. 200 Men, to <strong>the</strong> Westwd. <strong>of</strong> Catawba, Genl. [William Lee] Davidson was with<br />
abt. 400 Militia, below Charlotte, & Genl. Sumner, with, (it is said,) ab[ou]t. 800 more, that day reached<br />
Salisbury where he halted, to get Pouches made for his Men, & this is all Our force that I can f<strong>in</strong>d to be actually<br />
embodied & <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Field, except <strong>the</strong> little Party under Marion; & a few at Cross Creek, under Colo. Harr<strong>in</strong>gton --<br />
not a man from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia is <strong>in</strong> this State, except abt. 250 Contls. under Beaufort [Buford], & abt. 60 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia,<br />
who ran away from <strong>the</strong> action wth Cornwallis, & who have been lately brot. to Hillsborough, nor can we hear<br />
<strong>of</strong>any be<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> March from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia -- Genl. Gates rec[eive]d. a Letter, from Govr. Jefferson, dated <strong>the</strong> 12 th<br />
Inst. but he does not mention anyth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18 Months Men who were expected from <strong>the</strong>nce -- The 2000 Militia<br />
who, it is said, are to <strong>com</strong>e from that State (<strong>in</strong> addition to <strong>the</strong>se) I am told will not rendesvous till <strong>the</strong> 25th. <strong>of</strong><br />
next Month -- I wish an apprehension that Portsmouth will be Cl<strong>in</strong>ton[’]s object, may not retard <strong>the</strong> March <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Forces -- Genl. Gates says <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals at Hillsborough (who do not exceed 900) cant. march, until<br />
<strong>the</strong>y are furnished, with Shoes, Shirts, overalls, & Blankets, & until Magaz<strong>in</strong>es are established to <strong>the</strong> Westward --<br />
If so, I fear it will be a very considerable Time before <strong>the</strong>y stir -- for, where <strong>the</strong>se Supplies are to <strong>com</strong>e from, or<br />
when <strong>the</strong>y will be procured I cant. guess -- as yet, not a s<strong>in</strong>gle Hide is obta<strong>in</strong>ed for mak<strong>in</strong>g Shoes—Genl.<br />
Smallwood, to whom <strong>the</strong> Legislature <strong>of</strong> this State <strong>of</strong>fer’d <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> its Militia, will go, <strong>in</strong> 2 or 3 days, to<br />
Salisbury, to take that Comm<strong>and</strong> -- The Governor has ordered 4800 Men <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Field, but, what Number will<br />
actually get <strong>the</strong>re, it is impossible, at present to say, However, Men are assembl<strong>in</strong>g daily -- The Horse are to<br />
serve for 2 months <strong>the</strong> Foot for -- but, all that Genl. Smallwood can do, for a while, will be, to endeavour to<br />
harrass <strong>the</strong> enemy’s Parties, to cut <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong>ir Convoys, <strong>and</strong> perhaps, now & <strong>the</strong>n, break up an outpost. Still, I fear<br />
<strong>the</strong> Militia will get diecouraged, & tired <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess, unless supported by Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Troops: However, if <strong>the</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ians w[oul]d. really send on <strong>the</strong> Men whom <strong>the</strong>y have promised, & <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals were equipped, &<br />
marched to <strong>the</strong> Westward, & <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>of</strong> this State wd. also turn out spiritedly, I hope, by <strong>the</strong> Exertions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
good People <strong>of</strong> So. Carol<strong>in</strong>a, Lord Cornwallis’ mad Career wd. be soon checked -- But alas! when may we really,<br />
& reasonably, expect that all <strong>the</strong>se th<strong>in</strong>gs will <strong>com</strong>e to pass, <strong>and</strong>, untill <strong>the</strong>y do, what must be <strong>the</strong> Suffer<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong><br />
our Friends <strong>in</strong> that unhappy State -- I have seen Colo. Ja[me]s. Williams whose affair [Musgrove’s Mill] with Innis<br />
(not killed, as you have heard, but recover<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> his wound,) was truly brilliant -- He is gone on with a<br />
Determ<strong>in</strong>ation to dist<strong>in</strong>guish himself as a Partisan, & I believe he will -- I have put, both him & Sumpter, (each<br />
<strong>of</strong> whom may be <strong>of</strong> service but <strong>the</strong>y will never agree) under Genl. Smallwood’s Comm<strong>and</strong> -- I wait, with <strong>the</strong><br />
utmost Impatience, to hear what is <strong>in</strong>tended to be done for our Country, by Genl. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, with <strong>the</strong> aid <strong>of</strong><br />
our Ally [France] -- …Under <strong>the</strong> first Impression <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis’s Letter & Conduct, I had thought <strong>of</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to him, & <strong>of</strong> threaten<strong>in</strong>g Retaliation, on <strong>the</strong> Property <strong>of</strong> those who are avowedly his Friends: However, I have as<br />
yet, decl<strong>in</strong>ed it, because, he probably wd: disregard a Threat which we c[oul]d. not, for <strong>the</strong> present, execute to<br />
any great degree, & because, I hope <strong>the</strong> Property <strong>of</strong> his Friends <strong>in</strong> So. Carol<strong>in</strong>a will, <strong>in</strong> Time be applied to a<br />
better purpose -- But, I trust, that Congress will, immediately take Some proper Measure on this po<strong>in</strong>t. None<br />
occurs to me so proper, as <strong>the</strong> Burn<strong>in</strong>g Towns or Houses <strong>in</strong> G. Brita<strong>in</strong> -- why Dr. Frankl<strong>in</strong> prevented as is said<br />
[John] Paul Jones’s so do<strong>in</strong>g, I cant. conceive, but, I am sure, noth<strong>in</strong>g wd. so effectually put a stop to <strong>the</strong><br />
Enemy’s cruelties, <strong>in</strong> this respect, as Retaliation <strong>and</strong>, Seriously, I wish, & shall expect, -- that some th<strong>in</strong>g more<br />
than Threats may now take Place—It is Time to conv<strong>in</strong>ce our Enemies that we dare to retaliate -– Arm<strong>and</strong>’s<br />
Corps, much reduced, are gone to <strong>War</strong>ren to recruit -- while Wash<strong>in</strong>gton & Nellson are at Halifax not above 25 <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir Men well enough for duty -- 150 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Troops were retaken by Marion on <strong>the</strong>ir way to C. Town,<br />
but 70 <strong>of</strong> ’em went to <strong>the</strong> Enemy <strong>in</strong> Town & <strong>the</strong> rest have never jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Army -- it is supposed <strong>the</strong>y are<br />
stroll<strong>in</strong>g abt. <strong>the</strong> Country, or gone Hom -- The Enemy’s pr<strong>in</strong>cipal Posts are at <strong>the</strong> Waxaws, & to <strong>the</strong> Westward <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Catawba -- <strong>the</strong>y had sent some detachmts. to repossess N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six <strong>and</strong> Pedee -- <strong>the</strong>ir force at Camden not<br />
considerable.” 1315<br />
1313 PRO. 30/11/80/31-32.<br />
1314 COC pp. 22-23, SCP2 p. 48.<br />
1315 The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVII, Oct., 1916, pp. 136-139.<br />
262
20-21 September. [raid-skirmish] Wahab’s Plantation, also <strong>and</strong> more accurately Wauchope’s Plantation (Union<br />
County, 1316 S.C.) When about September 8 th Cornwallis moved with his army to Waxhaws, it was on <strong>the</strong> same<br />
ground occupied by Davie <strong>in</strong> June <strong>and</strong> July 1780; located on <strong>the</strong> S.C.-N.C. border. It was a rich country but one<br />
much devastated by warfare <strong>and</strong> neglect; many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plantations be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>pletely deserted, <strong>and</strong> a large<br />
number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants killed, captured or made refugees.<br />
Davie himself meanwhile had <strong>of</strong> late been appo<strong>in</strong>ted Col. Comm<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong> all cavalry <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a by Gov.<br />
Nash. With 70 dragoons <strong>and</strong> two <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> riflemen <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Maj. George Davidson, he deployed<br />
twenty-five miles above <strong>the</strong> British camp, <strong>and</strong> fourteen miles south <strong>of</strong> Charlotte. The 71 st Regt. was posted<br />
about a half mile <strong>in</strong> Cornwallis’ rear; with Cornwallis ma<strong>in</strong> force on <strong>the</strong> north bank <strong>of</strong> Waxhaws Creek. To <strong>the</strong><br />
east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st were some loyalist light troops <strong>and</strong> militia; who had been spread<strong>in</strong>g “havoc <strong>and</strong> destruction.”<br />
Davie f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g out about <strong>the</strong>se, “formed a design to attack <strong>the</strong>m.” Early morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 20 September he circled<br />
Cornwallis position, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> east. 1317 But f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> loyalist had moved a few days before, he cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />
scout<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> found <strong>the</strong>m at Wahab’s plantation; a location that lay below <strong>the</strong> camp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st . It is not clear<br />
who <strong>the</strong>se loyalists were, but references which suggest that horsemen were present among <strong>the</strong>ir ranks make it<br />
probable that <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong>cluded Harrison’s Prov<strong>in</strong>cials. On <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 21 st , Davie surprised <strong>and</strong> routed <strong>the</strong>m;<br />
though he could not follow this up as be<strong>in</strong>g too risky. At one po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g, some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists were<br />
surrounded, but <strong>the</strong> whigs were unable to take prisoners due to <strong>the</strong> proximity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st . Davie did, however,<br />
capture some arms (120 st<strong>and</strong>) <strong>and</strong> 96 horses, <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong>se horses Maj. Davidson’s riflemen were mounted.<br />
The British suffered 15 to 20 killed, <strong>and</strong> 40 wounded; while only one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans was wounded.<br />
The late arriv<strong>in</strong>g British, <strong>in</strong> retaliation, burned Capt. James Wahab’s [i.e., Wauchope’s] home; 1318 who himself<br />
had acted as a guide for Davie. That same afternoon Davie returned to his camp, hav<strong>in</strong>g performed a march <strong>of</strong><br />
sixty miles <strong>in</strong> twenty-four hours. 1319<br />
Davie: “Generals [Jethro] Sumner <strong>and</strong> [William Lee] Davidson had arrived that day [<strong>the</strong> 21 st ] at camp [south <strong>of</strong><br />
Charlotte] with <strong>the</strong>ir brigades <strong>of</strong> militia[,] both <strong>of</strong> which However did not amount to one thous<strong>and</strong> men all on<br />
short enlistments, illy armed <strong>and</strong> dim<strong>in</strong>ish<strong>in</strong>g every day. These with Davie’s corps were <strong>the</strong> whole assembled<br />
force at that time opposed to <strong>the</strong> enemy.” 1320<br />
Brig. Gen. William Lee Davidson, on possibly Sept. 24 (<strong>the</strong> date <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> letter is not clear) <strong>and</strong> at “Camp, 8 miles<br />
South <strong>of</strong> Charlotte,” wrote Gates: “I have <strong>the</strong> pleasure to enform you that Colo. Davie, with a Detachment <strong>of</strong><br />
Horse <strong>and</strong> Light Infantry from my Brigade, <strong>com</strong>pleatly surprized a party <strong>of</strong> Tories on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 20 th<br />
Sept., two miles <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British encampment. Killed, 12; on <strong>the</strong> ground, wounded, by our best<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence, about 60, <strong>and</strong> brought <strong>of</strong>f our prisoner, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Colo. made good his retreat with 50 Horses, as<br />
many saddles, 13 guns, &c. Lord Cornwalliss [sic] cont<strong>in</strong>ues at <strong>the</strong> Waxsaw [Waxhaws] Creek, collect<strong>in</strong>g<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcements from <strong>the</strong> Militia, fatten<strong>in</strong>g his Horse, <strong>and</strong> Carry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f every article valuable to our Army. His<br />
present strength is about 1,200, with one piece <strong>of</strong> Artillery -- perhaps near one-half <strong>of</strong> his number Tories. Colo.<br />
Trumbull [Turnbull], on <strong>the</strong> west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> River, has about 700, chiefly new recruits <strong>in</strong> uniform, <strong>and</strong> is now <strong>in</strong><br />
fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek Neighbourhood. Colo. Ferguson, with about 800 Tories, has advanced to Gilbert[’]s Town [Gilbert<br />
Town], <strong>and</strong> a Detachment from him has penegrated as far as Burk[e] Court House, with which Colo. Mc’dowul<br />
[McDowell] Skirmished with about two Hundred men, but gave ground <strong>and</strong> retreated, I am enformed, over <strong>the</strong><br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong>s [See “Cane Creek” action 12 September]. Genl. Sumner has jo<strong>in</strong>ed me. Genl. Sumpter has Collected<br />
about 400 <strong>of</strong> his Dispersed Troops, <strong>and</strong> lies 15 miles on our right on <strong>the</strong> Bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> River. I have ordered<br />
Collonels [sic] Amstrong, Clevel<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> [Francis] Lock to unite <strong>the</strong>ir forces aga<strong>in</strong>st Furguson, <strong>and</strong> if possible stop<br />
his progress. The establishment <strong>of</strong> a post at Maskes [Mask’s] ferry appears well Calculated to make a Diverte<br />
[diversion] <strong>and</strong> give relief to <strong>the</strong> Western parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State. Inclosed you have a Coppy <strong>of</strong> a proclamation, which<br />
Colo. Furguson has taken grate pa<strong>in</strong>s to Circulate.” 1321<br />
21 September. Cornwallis, at Camp at Waxhaws, to Balfour: “I <strong>in</strong>formed you <strong>in</strong> my last letter that Tarleton was<br />
gone toward Charlotte, but I soon after heard that <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g marched, he was very dangerously ill. I<br />
have been very uneasy about him until this morn<strong>in</strong>g; his Fever has not <strong>in</strong>termitted <strong>and</strong> I hope he is<br />
safe...Tarleton’s Illness is <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> greatest Inconvenience to me at present, as I not only lose his Services, but <strong>the</strong><br />
whole Corps must rema<strong>in</strong> quite useless <strong>in</strong> order to protect him.” 1322 On <strong>the</strong> 22 nd , he dispatched Major McArthur<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st regiment to protect Tarleton <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r ill 1323 <strong>and</strong> convalescent at Blair’s Mill. Then, plac<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Major George Hanger <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Legion, he ordered Hanger to cross <strong>the</strong> Catawba at Blair’s ferry<br />
<strong>and</strong> form <strong>the</strong> advance guard for <strong>the</strong> march on Charlotte -– <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> send<strong>in</strong>g him to aid Ferguson. 1324<br />
21 September. Brig. Gen. William Lee Davidson with a body <strong>of</strong> N.C. militia was posted at Phifer’s, some seven<br />
miles distant from Charlotte. 1325<br />
1316 Some sources, such as McCrady, suggest Lancaster county, but recent scholarship <strong>in</strong>dicates Union to be <strong>the</strong> area <strong>in</strong> question.<br />
1317 Lee says from Cornwallis’ left, or from <strong>the</strong> west, which Davie po<strong>in</strong>ts out is <strong>in</strong>correct.<br />
1318 His actual name was spelled “Wauchope.” DRS. p. 55n.<br />
1319 SCP2 p. 355, LMS pp. 195-196, DRS pp. 21-23, CSS pp. 1137-1138, SNC p. 104-112, MSC1 pp. 742-743.<br />
1320 DRS pp. 21-23, LMS p. 195.<br />
1321 CNC14 614-615.<br />
1322 SCP2 pp. 45, 88, BGD p. 106.<br />
1323 May soldiers relapsed <strong>in</strong>to illness on <strong>the</strong> march <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. SAW2 p. 215.<br />
1324 SCP2 p. 288, BGD p. 106.<br />
1325 CNC15 p. 80.<br />
263
21 September. At Cheraw, Wemyss, as part <strong>of</strong> an effort to punish <strong>the</strong> rebels, hanged Adam Cusack; viewed by<br />
Wemyss as a s<strong>in</strong>gulalrly notorious <strong>of</strong>fender; which execution, along with slay<strong>in</strong>gs at Waxhaws, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> hang<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
after <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g at Camden <strong>and</strong> Augusta, was construed by <strong>the</strong> whigs as one more signal to retaliate, similarly<br />
<strong>and</strong> with little or no due process, aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> tories. 1326<br />
22 September. Cornwallis, at “Camp at Waxhaw,” to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “If noth<strong>in</strong>g material happens to obstruct my plan<br />
<strong>of</strong> operations, I mean, as soon as Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton can be removed, to proceed with <strong>the</strong> twentythird,<br />
thirty-third, volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Legion, to Charlotte-town, <strong>and</strong> leave <strong>the</strong> seventy-first here until<br />
<strong>the</strong> sick can be brought on to us. I <strong>the</strong>n mean to make some redoubts <strong>and</strong> establish a fixed post at that place,<br />
<strong>and</strong> give <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> it to Major Wimys [i.e., Wemyss], whose regiment [<strong>the</strong> 63 d ] is so totally demolished by<br />
sickness, that it will not be fit for actual service for some months. To that place I shall br<strong>in</strong>g up all <strong>the</strong> sick from<br />
Camden, who have any chance <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g serviceable before Christmas, <strong>and</strong> trust to opportunities for <strong>the</strong>ir jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> army.<br />
“The post at Charlotte-town will be a great security to all this frontier <strong>of</strong> South-Carol<strong>in</strong>a, which, even if we were<br />
possessed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> greatest part <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, would be liable to be <strong>in</strong>fested by parties, who have retired<br />
with <strong>the</strong>ir effects over <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> mean to take every opportunity <strong>of</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g on a predatory war, <strong>and</strong> it<br />
will, I hope, prevent <strong>in</strong>surrections <strong>in</strong> this country, which is very disaffected. I <strong>the</strong>n th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>of</strong> mov<strong>in</strong>g on my<br />
pr<strong>in</strong>cipal force to Salisbury, which will open this country sufficiently for us to see what assistance we may really<br />
expect from our friends <strong>in</strong> North-Carol<strong>in</strong>a; <strong>and</strong> will give us a free <strong>com</strong>munication with <strong>the</strong> Highl<strong>and</strong>ers, on whom<br />
my greatest dependence is placed.” 1327<br />
22 September. Hav<strong>in</strong>g been one <strong>of</strong> those who had received Ferguson’s ultimatum (see 7 September), Col. Isaac<br />
Shelby, 1328 after conferr<strong>in</strong>g with Col. John Sevier, urged a proposal to Col Arthur Campbell, Shelby’s county<br />
superior, to organize a force to <strong>com</strong>bat <strong>the</strong> Scottish Major. Campbell agreed <strong>and</strong> on 22 September, messages<br />
were sent out to various leaders <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, western North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. 1329 At <strong>the</strong> same time,<br />
September 25 th (which see) was set as a date when <strong>the</strong> militia from <strong>the</strong> over-mounta<strong>in</strong> settlements were to meet<br />
at Sycamore Shoals on <strong>the</strong> Watauga River. Half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton County, N.C. (Sevier’s) were called<br />
out for <strong>the</strong> expedition; while <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der were to rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> guard <strong>the</strong> frontier from <strong>the</strong> Indians. Those from<br />
Sullivan County (i.e., Shelby’s) all ac<strong>com</strong>panied <strong>the</strong> expedition. 1330<br />
23 September. Allaire: “Saturday, 23d. Got <strong>in</strong> motion at n<strong>in</strong>e o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g; marched three miles to<br />
Gilbertown; took up our ground on a height about half a mile from <strong>the</strong> town. This town conta<strong>in</strong>s one dwell<strong>in</strong>g<br />
house, one barn, a blacksmith’s shop, <strong>and</strong> some out-houses.”<br />
23 September. Cornwallis, at Waxhaws, to Ferguson: “I have just received yours <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 19 th , <strong>and</strong> last night had<br />
<strong>the</strong> satisfaction to hear from Lieutenant-colonel Cruger, that he had arrived <strong>in</strong> time to save Browne [Thomas<br />
Brown], <strong>and</strong> retaken <strong>the</strong> guns, <strong>and</strong> totally routed <strong>the</strong> enemy [at Augusta], who had retired with great<br />
precipitation; that <strong>the</strong> Indians had pursued <strong>and</strong> scalped many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. I have no objections to your mak<strong>in</strong>g any<br />
allowance to <strong>the</strong> militia you th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong>y deserve; but had ra<strong>the</strong>r it called gratuity than pay, even if it amounts to<br />
<strong>the</strong> same sum. Tarleton is better, <strong>and</strong> was moved to-day <strong>in</strong> a litter; his illness [<strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sentence is<br />
footnoted as hav<strong>in</strong>g been <strong>in</strong> cipher, <strong>and</strong> is left blank]. I shall [<strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sentence was also <strong>in</strong> cipher <strong>and</strong> left<br />
blank].<br />
“I heard a report that a Major Davie, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s a corps <strong>of</strong> about eighty horse militia, had marched aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
you. You will know whe<strong>the</strong>r this is true before this can possibly reach you.<br />
“P. S. As soon as I have consumed <strong>the</strong> provisions <strong>in</strong> this settlement [Charlotte], I shall march with as much<br />
expedition as possible to Cross creek. I am told <strong>the</strong> climate will be healthy <strong>the</strong>re by <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> next month.”<br />
This same day Ferguson had written him <strong>in</strong> turn: “A doubt does not rema<strong>in</strong> with regard to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence I sent<br />
your lordship: They are s<strong>in</strong>ce jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Clark <strong>and</strong> Sumpter, <strong>of</strong> course are be<strong>com</strong>e an object <strong>of</strong> some<br />
consequence. Happily <strong>the</strong>ir leaders are obliged to feed <strong>the</strong>ir followers with such hopes, <strong>and</strong> so to flatter <strong>the</strong>m<br />
with accounts <strong>of</strong> our weakness <strong>and</strong> fear, that, if necessary, I should hope for success aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>m myself; but,<br />
numbers <strong>com</strong>pared, that must be doubtful. I am on my march towards you by a road lead<strong>in</strong>g from Cherokee ford,<br />
north <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s mounta<strong>in</strong>. Three or four hundred good soldiers, part dragoons, would f<strong>in</strong>ish <strong>the</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess.<br />
Someth<strong>in</strong>g must be done soon. This is <strong>the</strong>ir last push <strong>in</strong> this quarter, &c.” 1331<br />
23 September. Cornwallis, at “Waxhaw,” to Balfour: “I send letters to go to New York by <strong>the</strong> first opportunity,<br />
<strong>and</strong> an additional letter to Lord George Germa<strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong> account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> success <strong>of</strong> Cruger’s expedition & <strong>the</strong><br />
relief <strong>of</strong> Augusta. You will receive a copy <strong>of</strong> it <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> duplicates <strong>of</strong> my Letters to Lord George Germa<strong>in</strong> which<br />
you will get copied, <strong>and</strong> forward those I send you by <strong>the</strong> first opportunity after <strong>the</strong> sail<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hydra. --<br />
Tarleton is vastly better, I got him conveyed this day to Blair[’]s Mill on <strong>the</strong> East side <strong>of</strong> Catawba, <strong>and</strong> his Corps<br />
1326 SCP2 p. 215, 215n, SCP3 pp. 162-163, 407, RSC2 pp. 156, 188-189, WDJ, GHA3 p. 471, GHA4 p. 29, <strong>and</strong> GHC pp. 266-267,<br />
300, 302-307, 332.<br />
1327 COC pp. 29-30, SCP2 p. 44, SAW2 p. 215.<br />
1328 Shelby was from <strong>the</strong> Holston settlement <strong>in</strong> Sullivan County, N.C.; while Sevier, south <strong>of</strong> him, was from <strong>the</strong> adjacent Watauga<br />
<strong>and</strong> Nolachucky settlement <strong>in</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton County, N.C.<br />
1329 Virg<strong>in</strong>ians, such as William Campbell, were prompt <strong>in</strong> jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> expedition because <strong>the</strong>y feared Ferguson’s presence would<br />
stir <strong>the</strong> already emboldened tories <strong>of</strong> southwest Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Militia In The <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> (1913) by Joseph T.<br />
McAllister, p.8.<br />
1330 DKM pp. 170-171.<br />
1331 TCS pp. 192-193, SCP2 p. 156.<br />
264
will pass this even<strong>in</strong>g: This illness has been truly unfortunate, it has prevented our demolish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Militia whilst<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were assembl<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> has given time to <strong>the</strong> Enemy to drive away Cattle <strong>and</strong> carry <strong>of</strong>f Provisions: However<br />
we are fortunate to save him <strong>and</strong> get <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> his Corps, which could not leave Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek until he was well<br />
enough to be removed, <strong>and</strong> for which I was very uneasy, as <strong>the</strong>re was no <strong>of</strong>ficer with <strong>the</strong>m capable <strong>of</strong><br />
Comm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m; K<strong>in</strong>loch [K<strong>in</strong>lock] arrived this even<strong>in</strong>g, but he is still very ill, <strong>and</strong> I am sure he will be laid up<br />
<strong>in</strong> three days. I will trouble you to <strong>in</strong>close [sic] a Copy <strong>of</strong> my Sixth <strong>and</strong> last Proclamation to <strong>the</strong> Admiral<br />
[Arbuthnot], <strong>and</strong> one to <strong>the</strong> General <strong>and</strong> Him when you send <strong>of</strong>f my duplicates. -- A Rebel Officer who came <strong>in</strong><br />
yesterday with necessaries for <strong>the</strong> Prisoners, & [Monys?]: -- agreed that no action had happened to <strong>the</strong><br />
Northward, nor any th<strong>in</strong>g at all material except an unsuccessful Attack on Paulus Hook by General [Anthony]<br />
Wayne.<br />
“I shall probably March to Charlottetown tomorrow even<strong>in</strong>g or <strong>the</strong> next day <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Morn<strong>in</strong>g. I flatter myself our<br />
<strong>com</strong>munication will still be pretty safe, I shall however put every material Paragraph <strong>in</strong>to Cypher; I will send you<br />
a copy <strong>of</strong> Ferguson’s which is easier to write, but I believe easier to make out, both may be made use <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong> one<br />
letter, putt<strong>in</strong>g B <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> front <strong>of</strong> yours, & F <strong>of</strong> his. It will probably be a fortnight before I shall be able to leave<br />
Charlottetown, I have heard noth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> ei<strong>the</strong>r Wemys[s] or Moncrief, & I dread hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir sickness; I wish I<br />
could say that we found any material amendment. The 71 st will rema<strong>in</strong> here until <strong>the</strong> 2d division are ready to<br />
March, unless I should have any particular reason for warn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m forward. -- I apprehend it will be necessary<br />
for me to send someth<strong>in</strong>g to 96, <strong>and</strong> to erect some better Works <strong>the</strong>re <strong>and</strong> at Augusta. Innes’s Corps [S.C.<br />
Royalists] has only 160 duty men. -- From <strong>the</strong> gross misbehaviour <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>of</strong> this Prov<strong>in</strong>ce I <strong>in</strong>tend <strong>in</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a to try rais<strong>in</strong>g Corps only, I wish I had tryed [sic] it more at first here. I should wish all <strong>the</strong> serviceable<br />
Arms that could possibly be spared to be sent <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> S<strong>and</strong>wich, as that article will be <strong>the</strong> most difficult to<br />
transport by L<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> will be much wanted, as our friends are every where rigidly disarmed <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. -<br />
- I have <strong>in</strong>closed [sic] a copy <strong>of</strong> my Proclamation to Lord George Germa<strong>in</strong>, but I must beg you will send a pr<strong>in</strong>ted<br />
one with my duplicates. Our sickness cont<strong>in</strong>ues much <strong>the</strong> same, very few die.” 1332<br />
23 September. Col. Francis Lock to Sumner: “I have ordered all <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> Rowan to jo<strong>in</strong> me at Sherril’s<br />
[Sherrald’s] ford, where I was ordered by Brig. Gen. Davidson to take post <strong>and</strong> send him all <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence I<br />
could <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>and</strong> movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. I have not <strong>in</strong> camp more than sixty men, <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong> first<br />
accounts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>the</strong>y are 800, <strong>and</strong> some say 1,500, strong, ly<strong>in</strong>g at Burke [County] Court House <strong>and</strong><br />
Greenlefe’s [sic]. Lead we are <strong>in</strong> want <strong>of</strong>; Col. Armstrong was to have sent on a quantity. If you have any part <strong>of</strong><br />
your army you could spare to our assistance, I th<strong>in</strong>k we could drive <strong>the</strong> enemy out <strong>of</strong> our State. I have not any<br />
expectation <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g much stronger, as <strong>the</strong> torries are <strong>com</strong>mitt<strong>in</strong>g robberies <strong>in</strong> all parts <strong>of</strong> our county.” 1333<br />
24 September. Allaire: “Sunday, 24 th . Five hundred subjects came <strong>in</strong> [to ei<strong>the</strong>r volunteer or show <strong>the</strong>ir support],<br />
also a number <strong>of</strong> ladies…”<br />
24 September. Marion <strong>and</strong> his men came out from <strong>the</strong>ir concealed camp at White Marsh Swamp, <strong>and</strong> moved to<br />
K<strong>in</strong>gston; which <strong>the</strong>y atta<strong>in</strong>ed on <strong>the</strong> 25 th . 1334<br />
24 September. Cornwallis left Waxhaws; which had be<strong>com</strong>e exhausted <strong>of</strong> provisions, <strong>and</strong> began his march toward<br />
Charlotte.<br />
24-25 September. Col. William Campbell, Col. Isaac Shelby, Lieut. Col. John Sevier <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir men ga<strong>the</strong>red at<br />
Sycamore Shoals. Col. Charles McDowell had already been <strong>the</strong>re with his 160 men mostly from Burke <strong>and</strong><br />
Ru<strong>the</strong>rford counties. Col. Arthur Campbell brought ano<strong>the</strong>r two hundred, but himself returned to Holston to<br />
oversee <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> that settlement. Most <strong>of</strong> those present were mounted <strong>and</strong> armed with Dickert long rifles<br />
(later <strong>com</strong>monly, though erroneously, called “Deckard” rifles. 1335 ) About this same time, Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong><br />
Cleavl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers from Wilkes <strong>and</strong> Surry counties were call<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> men <strong>in</strong> those districts. The<br />
congregat<strong>in</strong>g force at Quaker meadows all told <strong>the</strong>n consisted <strong>of</strong>: 200 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia rifles under Campbell, 240 <strong>of</strong><br />
Shelby’s Regt., 240 <strong>of</strong> Sevier’s Regt., approximately 150 to 160 with McDowell, 200 more VA. militia were<br />
brought by Campbell’s bro<strong>the</strong>r. Later Col. Benj. Cleavl<strong>and</strong> would jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m with 350 men. As well, Sumter’s men<br />
under Hill <strong>and</strong> Lacey were camped with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Salisbury, while Clark was flee<strong>in</strong>g north <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
direction follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> failed siege at Augusta. 1336<br />
Isaac Shelby: “The Americans once more <strong>in</strong> pursuance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir plan which <strong>the</strong>y had concerted on <strong>the</strong> Western<br />
waters began to collect on Doe River <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> edge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s that separates <strong>the</strong> Eastern from <strong>the</strong> Western<br />
waters about <strong>the</strong> 24 th <strong>of</strong> September, 1780 -- at which place Colonel Shelby, Colonel Sevier & Colonel Campbell<br />
with <strong>the</strong>ir regiments <strong>and</strong> General McDowell with his followers rendezvoused, but previous to <strong>the</strong>ir march from<br />
Doe River it was discovered that a certa<strong>in</strong> Crawford 1337 <strong>and</strong> one or two o<strong>the</strong>rs had deserted to <strong>the</strong> enemy -- They<br />
proceeded however on <strong>the</strong>ir proposed route to <strong>the</strong> top <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yellow Mounta<strong>in</strong> -- but here it was determ<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> a<br />
council <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers as useless to attempt to surprise Major Ferguson, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y concluded to file <strong>of</strong>f to <strong>the</strong> left --<br />
through mounta<strong>in</strong>s almost impassable, get <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s front <strong>and</strong> act as circumstances might enable <strong>the</strong>m to<br />
do -- fortunately on <strong>the</strong> first day <strong>the</strong>y got clear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s on <strong>the</strong> east side -- They fell <strong>in</strong> with Colonel<br />
1332 PRO. 30/11/80/39-40, SCP2 p. 89.<br />
1333 CNC14 pp. 774-775, SCP2 p. 237.<br />
1334 BSF p. 63.<br />
1335 These were manufactured <strong>in</strong> Pennsylvania. See BEA pp. 329-330.<br />
1336 DKM p. 175, MSC1 739-740, 759-763.<br />
1337 William T. Graves: “James Crawford, who along with Samuel Chambers, deserted <strong>the</strong> patriot forces on or about September<br />
27, 1780. They were members <strong>of</strong> Sevier’s troops. The patriots feared that <strong>the</strong>se men would betray <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>tentions to Ferguson.”<br />
265
Clevel<strong>and</strong> [Benjam<strong>in</strong> Cleavl<strong>and</strong>], an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> great zeal <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> cause <strong>of</strong> liberty, with 400 men, who had<br />
embodied <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Counties <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, with a view to jo<strong>in</strong> any o<strong>the</strong>r American party that might<br />
be collected to oppose <strong>the</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy -- The next day <strong>the</strong>y fell <strong>in</strong> with Colonel John Williams [James<br />
Williams] <strong>and</strong> sundry o<strong>the</strong>r field <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> dist<strong>in</strong>ction from So. Carol<strong>in</strong>a, with <strong>the</strong>ir followers who has also<br />
advanced with a view to jo<strong>in</strong> any Americans collected to oppose <strong>the</strong> Enemy, hav<strong>in</strong>g all toge<strong>the</strong>r about four<br />
hundred men -- The whole <strong>the</strong>n moved on towards Gilbert Town 1338 where it was expected Ferguson’s Army lay --<br />
It was now discovered that <strong>the</strong> American Army thus accidentally collected without a head, was a mere confused<br />
mass, <strong>in</strong>capable <strong>of</strong> perform<strong>in</strong>g any great military achievement. The <strong>of</strong>ficers Comm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g regiments assembled<br />
<strong>and</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ed that a Comm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer was expedient, but <strong>the</strong> Senior <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army was unpopular <strong>and</strong><br />
as <strong>the</strong> campaign was a volunteer scheme it was discovered that those who had <strong>the</strong> right to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> would not<br />
be chosen -- It was determ<strong>in</strong>ed to send for General Morgan, or General [William Lee] Davidson, to take <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> General Charles McDowell proposed to undertake this mission <strong>and</strong> actually set out <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong><br />
one <strong>of</strong> those Generals -- Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir sitt<strong>in</strong>g it was proposed that until General Morgan or General Davidson<br />
arrived that <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>com</strong>pos<strong>in</strong>g that board should meet once a day & determ<strong>in</strong>e upon <strong>the</strong> movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
army -- this be<strong>in</strong>g agreed to, it was also proposed <strong>and</strong> agreed to that Col. [William] Campbell should be<br />
appo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day to execute <strong>the</strong> plans adopted by <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>ants <strong>of</strong> regiments.” 1339<br />
25 September. Hav<strong>in</strong>g received reports <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ advance, Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner with his N.C. militia<br />
had earlier left his position at New Providence <strong>and</strong> marched to Charlotte. After collect<strong>in</strong>g what stores <strong>and</strong><br />
provisions he could, he <strong>the</strong>n retired to Salisbury, leav<strong>in</strong>g Col. Davie to cover his withdrawal. 1340<br />
Lee: “Four days after <strong>the</strong> affair at Wahab’s, <strong>the</strong> British general put his army <strong>in</strong> motion, tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Steel Creek<br />
road to Charlotte. This be<strong>in</strong>g announced to General Sumner by his light parties, he decamped from [New]<br />
Providence <strong>and</strong> retired on <strong>the</strong> nearest road to Salisbury, leav<strong>in</strong>g Colonel Davie, with his corps, streng<strong>the</strong>ned by a<br />
few volunteers under Major [Joseph] Graham, to observe <strong>the</strong> movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. Hover<strong>in</strong>g around <strong>the</strong><br />
British army, Colonel Davie took several prisoners dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> reached Charlotte about<br />
midnight.” 1341<br />
26 September. Colonels William Campbell’s, Charles McDowell’s, Shelby’s <strong>and</strong> Sevier’s men began <strong>the</strong>ir march<br />
from Sycamore Shoals. They had taken some cattle with <strong>the</strong>m; so that on <strong>the</strong> 27 th <strong>the</strong>y spent much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day<br />
slaughter<strong>in</strong>g a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se <strong>and</strong> feed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> men. Hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> this way disencumbered <strong>the</strong>ir march, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
proceed to through <strong>the</strong> gap between Yellow <strong>and</strong> Roan Mounta<strong>in</strong>s. 1342<br />
26 September. [skirmish] Bigger’s Ferry (York County, S.C.) 1343<br />
Richard W<strong>in</strong>n: “Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g this, [Camden <strong>and</strong> Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek] Gen’l Sumter forms a camp just below Biggers<br />
Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Catawba River <strong>and</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>s to collect his men. A convention <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> people is called. Colo. W<strong>in</strong>n, <strong>the</strong><br />
president, advertised for <strong>the</strong> people to meet <strong>in</strong> convention <strong>in</strong> Gen’l Sumter’s camp, on <strong>the</strong> 26 th <strong>of</strong> September,<br />
1780. On <strong>the</strong> day before, Colo. W<strong>in</strong>n arrives at <strong>the</strong> camp to preside <strong>in</strong> convention. At this time Gen’l Sumter lay<br />
with about one thous<strong>and</strong> men below Charlotte on McAlp<strong>in</strong>’s Creek. Colo. W<strong>in</strong>n had not been <strong>in</strong> camp more than<br />
one hour when he received an express from Gen’l [Jethro] Sumner that Cornwallis with <strong>the</strong> British army was fast<br />
advanc<strong>in</strong>g towards Charlotte <strong>and</strong> that he [Sumner] had begun to retreat before him. Gen’l Sumter not be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
present, it was natural for W<strong>in</strong>n to conclude <strong>the</strong> camp was <strong>in</strong> great danger <strong>and</strong> immediately ordered that <strong>the</strong><br />
men should cross <strong>the</strong> river, which toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> baggage wagons was by sundown <strong>com</strong>pleted <strong>and</strong> strong<br />
guards placed at <strong>the</strong> ferry <strong>and</strong> ford. W<strong>in</strong>n sent an express to Gen’l Sumter notify<strong>in</strong>g him what was done, but as<br />
<strong>the</strong> Gen’l was unwell he did not <strong>com</strong>e to camp until <strong>the</strong> next day. The morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 26 th before sunrise, Colo.<br />
Tarleton with <strong>the</strong> British horse, each hav<strong>in</strong>g a British <strong>in</strong>fantryman beh<strong>in</strong>d him, surrounded <strong>the</strong> round we left <strong>the</strong><br />
even<strong>in</strong>g before. Had this precaution not been taken, I leave <strong>the</strong> world to judge what would have been <strong>the</strong><br />
consequences. Here we were, <strong>the</strong> British on one side <strong>the</strong> river, we on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r. The people came <strong>in</strong> agreeable<br />
to <strong>the</strong> advertisement <strong>and</strong> met; Colo. W<strong>in</strong>n took <strong>the</strong> chair. After tak<strong>in</strong>g several weighty matters <strong>in</strong> consideration,<br />
it was unanimously decreed that Colonels W<strong>in</strong>n, [John] Thomas [Jr.] <strong>and</strong> Capt. Henry Hampton should without<br />
delay proceed on to Hillsborough <strong>and</strong> use <strong>the</strong>ir best means with <strong>the</strong> Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong>, Governor John Rutledge <strong>and</strong><br />
Gen’l Gates <strong>in</strong> procur<strong>in</strong>g arms, ammunition, camp utensils <strong>and</strong> cloath<strong>in</strong>g, &c., <strong>in</strong> order to enable us more fully to<br />
prosecute <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>and</strong> urgency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dem<strong>and</strong>, not a s<strong>in</strong>gle<br />
article could be obta<strong>in</strong>ed. Gen’l Sumter be<strong>in</strong>g present, Govern Rutledge confirmed <strong>the</strong> General <strong>in</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>;<br />
<strong>and</strong> we returned immediately to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, where <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> meantime Colo. Lacey had been left <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Lacey be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed that Maj’r Ferguson with a large party <strong>of</strong> men was on <strong>the</strong>ir march for Charlotte to jo<strong>in</strong> Ld.<br />
Cornwallis, was determ<strong>in</strong>ed to give him battle, tho not hav<strong>in</strong>g more than 300 men. But on approach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy he found...(See Gordon’s or Ramsay’s History) <strong>in</strong> this action. I am well <strong>in</strong>formed that no men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> world<br />
could behave more brave than <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians, which was <strong>the</strong> case with <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men from o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
quarters. I was well <strong>in</strong>formed that after Ferguson had taken his encamp<strong>in</strong>g place many <strong>of</strong> his Tories said, ‘we<br />
have got to <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s ground at last <strong>and</strong> for <strong>the</strong> honor <strong>of</strong> our K<strong>in</strong>g we will support it or die <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> attempt.’<br />
Some time after <strong>the</strong> fight, Colo. W<strong>in</strong>n took a view <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> see<strong>in</strong>g which party had<br />
1338 Modern day Ru<strong>the</strong>rfordton, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a.<br />
1339 SRW.<br />
1340 DRS p. 24, LMS p. 196, RNC p. 249.<br />
1341 LMS p. 196.<br />
1342 DKM p. 177.<br />
1343 WNO, part II, pp. 1-2, HMS pp. 17-1, BGC p. 88, SCAR vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 15-16.<br />
266
<strong>the</strong> advantage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ground. The British <strong>of</strong>ficer had made <strong>the</strong> same mistake <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> selection <strong>of</strong> his encampment<br />
as Colo. Brian [Bryan] had done at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock.” 1344<br />
26 September. [skirmish] Charlotte (Mecklenburg County, N.C.) On <strong>the</strong> 24 th Davie’s patrols had learned<br />
Cornwallis was <strong>in</strong> motion on <strong>the</strong> Steele Creek road head<strong>in</strong>g towards Charlotte. Sumner <strong>and</strong> Davidson, meanwhile,<br />
left Charlotte, <strong>and</strong> retreated on Phifer’s road march<strong>in</strong>g towards Salisbury. Davie with 150-200 dragoons <strong>and</strong><br />
mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry, with some volunteers under Maj. Joseph Graham, skirmished <strong>in</strong> Cornwallis’ front, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong><br />
night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 25 th captured some prisoners. By midnight, he had taken post at Charlotte, 7 miles distant from<br />
where Cornwallis camped that night, be<strong>in</strong>g re<strong>in</strong>forced dur<strong>in</strong>g night with 14 whig volunteers.<br />
The next morn<strong>in</strong>g, British light troops, with British Legion under Major George Hanger, <strong>and</strong> followed up by<br />
Cornwallis’ entire army, advanced on Davie’s position. Hanger’s cavalry was ambushed by riflemen as <strong>the</strong>y<br />
passed by some houses, <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>n charged by Davie’s cavalry, were driven back <strong>in</strong> disorder. British light<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> Legion light <strong>in</strong>fantry, pressed forward, <strong>and</strong> Davie withdrew. Hanger’s cavalry regrouped <strong>and</strong><br />
charged <strong>in</strong> column aga<strong>in</strong> but also aga<strong>in</strong> received fire from <strong>the</strong> militia; which hurled <strong>the</strong>m back <strong>in</strong> confusion. Even<br />
so, <strong>the</strong> British Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry, which Cornwallis had re<strong>in</strong>forced with Webster’s 23 rd Regt., began to turn Davie’s<br />
flank, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans were <strong>com</strong>pelled to pull back <strong>and</strong> withdraw. The British followed <strong>the</strong>m with caution for<br />
some miles, <strong>and</strong> when <strong>the</strong> cavalry at last tried once more to charge Davie’s rear guard, <strong>the</strong>y were aga<strong>in</strong><br />
repulsed. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Davie he had 5 killed, 6 wounded, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Maj. Graham. The British lost 44 killed <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded, Hanger be<strong>in</strong>g among <strong>the</strong> wounded. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Tarleton, 14 British were wounded <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Hanger.<br />
Sumner, presumably from <strong>in</strong>formation derived from Davie, states <strong>the</strong> British lost 22 killed <strong>and</strong> “many<br />
wounded.” 1345 At last, with <strong>the</strong> Americans f<strong>in</strong>ally withdrawn, Cornwallis with <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> his troops moved <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
occupied <strong>the</strong> town. Meanwhile, Maj. George Davidson removed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g to Phifer’s Plantation, some<br />
twenty miles from Charlotte; while Davie posted himself beh<strong>in</strong>d Rocky River, 1346 sixteen miles from Charlotte,<br />
<strong>and</strong> four miles anterior to Davidson. Cornwallis, for his part, subsequently made Blair’s Mill <strong>in</strong> Charlotte his<br />
headquarters. 1347<br />
On <strong>the</strong> same date <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> engagment, Brig. Gen. William Lee Davidson, at “Capt. Phipher’s” [also spelled<br />
Phifer’s], wrote Gates: “This day at 11 o’clock <strong>the</strong> Enemy march’d <strong>in</strong>to Charlotte <strong>in</strong> force. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> best<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation, Col. Davie skirmished with <strong>the</strong>m at that place, <strong>and</strong> for several hours s<strong>in</strong>ce, retreat<strong>in</strong>g, as pr.<br />
Express. About two he was re<strong>in</strong>forced by about 300 cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, but no <strong>in</strong>telligence s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>y jo<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
him. He is directed to cont<strong>in</strong>ue skirmish<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong>m to cover our retreat. The Inhabitants are fly<strong>in</strong>g before us<br />
<strong>in</strong> consternation, <strong>and</strong> except we are soon re<strong>in</strong>forced <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> must <strong>in</strong>evitably fall a prey to<br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy. Rowan is able to give us very little assistance, on account <strong>of</strong> Col. Ferguson’s movements to <strong>the</strong><br />
West-<strong>War</strong>d.” 1348<br />
Tarleton: “On <strong>the</strong> 22d, Earl Cornwallis directed <strong>the</strong> British legion <strong>and</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry to cross <strong>the</strong> Catawba at<br />
Blair’s ford, <strong>in</strong> order to form <strong>the</strong> advanced guard, for <strong>the</strong> immediate possession <strong>of</strong> Charlotte town. The junction<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light troops had been prevented for a few days, by a violent fever which had attacked Lieutenant-colonel<br />
Tarleton, <strong>and</strong> which yet disabled him from hold<strong>in</strong>g his situation when his regiment moved forwards. Several<br />
convalescent men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army hav<strong>in</strong>g relapsed, <strong>the</strong> 71 st , under M’Arthur [McArthur], was left near Blair’s mill<br />
[located halfway between Camden <strong>and</strong> Charlotte], to afford protection to <strong>the</strong> sick, to cover <strong>the</strong> mills <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
neighbourhood, <strong>and</strong> to hold <strong>com</strong>munication with Camden, till <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> additional supplies. Earl<br />
Cornwallis moved forwards as soon as <strong>the</strong> legion under Major Hanger jo<strong>in</strong>ed him. A party <strong>of</strong> militia fired at <strong>the</strong><br />
advanced dragoons <strong>and</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry as <strong>the</strong>y entered <strong>the</strong> town, <strong>and</strong> a more considerable body appeared drawn<br />
up near <strong>the</strong> court house. The conduct <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans created suspicion on <strong>the</strong> British: An ambuscade was<br />
apprehended by <strong>the</strong> light troops, who moved forwards for some time with great circumspection: A charge <strong>of</strong><br />
cavalry, under Major Hanger, dissipated this ill-grounded jealousy, <strong>and</strong> totally dispersed <strong>the</strong> militia. The pursuit<br />
lasted some time, <strong>and</strong> about thirty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy were killed <strong>and</strong> taken. The K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops did not <strong>com</strong>e out <strong>of</strong><br />
this skirmish unhurt: Major Hanger <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong>s Campbell <strong>and</strong> M’Donald were wounded, <strong>and</strong> twelve non<strong>com</strong>missioned<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men were killed <strong>and</strong> wounded.” 1349<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> Henry Connelly, <strong>of</strong> Guilford County, N.C.: “At <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis to<br />
Charlotte, under Colonel Davie <strong>the</strong> troops posted <strong>the</strong>mselves to meet <strong>the</strong> enemy. On <strong>the</strong> enemy’s approach <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>panies <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by this applicant received <strong>the</strong> first onset from Tarleton’s Cavalry [<strong>the</strong> British Legion],<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g became general on <strong>the</strong> left w<strong>in</strong>g. The troops were <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Colonel Davie <strong>in</strong> person, <strong>and</strong> for<br />
three times we succeeded <strong>in</strong> repuls<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy. At length we had to yield to superior numbers. In this battle<br />
we had many men killed, several from under this applicant.” 1350<br />
Joseph Graham: “…[I]t was discovered <strong>the</strong> Enemy were was with<strong>in</strong> 35 or 40 miles <strong>of</strong> Charlotte. When <strong>the</strong> militia<br />
was ordered out en masse, this deponent jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m. From <strong>the</strong> experience he had previously ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> military<br />
1344 WNO, part II, pp. 1-2.<br />
1345 CNC15 pp. 89-90.<br />
1346 Joseph Graham elsewhere speaks <strong>of</strong> Rocky River as a western tributary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> which traverses from west to east<br />
<strong>the</strong> modern county <strong>of</strong> Cabarrus. SNC pp. 261-262.<br />
1347 CNC14 p. 780, CNC15 pp. 83, 89-90, The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVII, Oct., 1916, p. 139,<br />
SCP2 p. 240, TCS pp. 158-159, GHA3 p. 462, SAW2 p. 216, HRS pp. 55-59, DRS pp. 24-26, LMS pp. 196-197, SNC pp. 106-116,<br />
MSC1 pp. 744-745, RNC p. 250.<br />
1348 CNC15 pp. 83.<br />
1349 TCS pp. 158-159.<br />
1350 No. W8188.<br />
267
duties, he was appo<strong>in</strong>ted Adjutant to <strong>the</strong> Mecklenburg Regiment. Because that county was a frontier & <strong>the</strong>re<br />
was no o<strong>the</strong>r force to protect it, a part <strong>of</strong> said regiment & sometimes all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment was kept <strong>in</strong> service<br />
most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> summer & this deponent with <strong>the</strong>m. The Foot under Genl. Wm L. Davidson encamped South east <strong>of</strong><br />
Charlotte & <strong>the</strong> Horse under Col. Davie detachments patrolled <strong>the</strong> country as far as Waxhaw (?) <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
patrolled <strong>the</strong> adjo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Counties <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> west who were disaffected. On <strong>the</strong> 25 th <strong>of</strong> Sept, we heard that <strong>the</strong> whole<br />
British Army was on <strong>the</strong> March from Camden. General Davidson immediately decamped & marched up <strong>the</strong> Road<br />
towards Salisbury. Davidson ordered this Deponent to Charlotte to jo<strong>in</strong> Col. Davie & to take <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> such <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants as should collect <strong>the</strong>re. On <strong>the</strong> news <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy, 50 odd collected. In <strong>the</strong><br />
disposition Col. Davie made for resistance as <strong>the</strong> Enemy entered <strong>the</strong> village, this deponent <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
Reserve <strong>and</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Retreat by molest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy for 4 miles. Their whole Cavalry & a<br />
Battalion <strong>of</strong> Infantry which followed at last charged us when Col. Davie was not <strong>in</strong> support<strong>in</strong>g distance <strong>and</strong> this<br />
Deponent Received n<strong>in</strong>e wounds (<strong>the</strong> scars <strong>of</strong> which this Court Testify are visible at this time). He was left on<br />
<strong>the</strong> ground <strong>and</strong> afterwards taken to <strong>the</strong> Hospital & it was upwards <strong>of</strong> 2 months before his wounds were healed.<br />
After he recovered, <strong>the</strong> Enemy was said to be <strong>in</strong> W<strong>in</strong>nsborough, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. The tour <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia which had<br />
been <strong>in</strong> service under Genl. Davidson & Col. Davie was up. Genl. Davidson some time <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month <strong>of</strong> December<br />
stated to this deponent that it was <strong>the</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> General Greene <strong>the</strong> Enemy would aga<strong>in</strong> advance <strong>in</strong>to North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a as soon as a re<strong>in</strong>forcement & some stores on <strong>the</strong>ir way from Charleston arrived & that a call must aga<strong>in</strong><br />
be made for ano<strong>the</strong>r draft. General Greene wanted a first Cavalry <strong>and</strong>, as Col. Davy [Davie] was now Greene’s<br />
<strong>com</strong>missary, Greene did not expect Davie’s unit to fulfill this need. Greene said to deponent that if deponent<br />
would raise a Company or more he should be entitled to such rank as <strong>the</strong> numbers would justify. As<br />
encouragement each man who would f<strong>in</strong>d his own horse & equipment & serve at that time for six weeks, it<br />
should st<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> place <strong>of</strong> a tour <strong>of</strong> duty <strong>of</strong> three months, <strong>the</strong> time required by Law. This deponent <strong>the</strong>refore set<br />
out among <strong>the</strong> Youth <strong>of</strong> his acqua<strong>in</strong>tance & <strong>in</strong> 2 or 3 weeks had raised upwards <strong>of</strong> 50 men. The pr<strong>in</strong>cipal<br />
difficulty <strong>in</strong> recruit<strong>in</strong>g was <strong>in</strong> provid<strong>in</strong>g Arms. The recruits generally had rifles & carried machetes <strong>in</strong> a small<br />
boot tied to a strap fastened beside <strong>the</strong> right stirrup lea<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n run through <strong>the</strong>ir shot bag belt so that <strong>the</strong><br />
lock came directly under <strong>the</strong> right arm. Near half <strong>the</strong> swords were made by blacksmiths. Those who had a pistol<br />
had it slung by a strap <strong>the</strong> size <strong>of</strong> a bridle run hung down on <strong>the</strong> left side over <strong>the</strong> sword which was hung higher<br />
than <strong>the</strong> modern way <strong>of</strong> wear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m so not to entangle <strong>the</strong>ir legs when act<strong>in</strong>g on foot. Their equipment was<br />
not splendid but it was <strong>the</strong> best that could be provided at that time <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> such men, ultimately as<br />
serviceable as that which looked much f<strong>in</strong>er. They had at all times all <strong>the</strong>ir arms with <strong>the</strong>m whe<strong>the</strong>r on foot or<br />
horse back <strong>and</strong> could move <strong>in</strong>dividually or collectively as circumstances might require without depend<strong>in</strong>g on<br />
<strong>com</strong>missary Quartermasters.” 1351<br />
Hanger: “I acknowledge that I was guilty <strong>of</strong> an error <strong>in</strong> judgment, <strong>in</strong> enter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> town at all with <strong>the</strong> cavalry,<br />
before I had previously searched it well with <strong>in</strong>fantry, after <strong>the</strong> precaution Earl Cornwallis had given me.<br />
“But when I risked so few lives <strong>in</strong> draw<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fire from <strong>the</strong> enemy, I trust that, <strong>in</strong> some measure, palliate <strong>the</strong><br />
fault. None but <strong>the</strong> advanced guard were with me till most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy had given <strong>the</strong>ir fire.<br />
“A part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>in</strong> reserve, whe<strong>the</strong>r from perceiv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy planted beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> houses, <strong>and</strong> imag<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were impervious to my view, (which <strong>the</strong>y were, until I was considerably advanced <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> town), or for<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r reasons best known to <strong>the</strong>mselves, at this advantageous <strong>in</strong>stant <strong>of</strong> time did not advance. My <strong>in</strong>tent <strong>of</strong><br />
charg<strong>in</strong>g through <strong>the</strong> town, after hav<strong>in</strong>g drawn <strong>the</strong> enemy’s fire, now became too late <strong>and</strong> too dangerous; <strong>and</strong> I<br />
was happy to draw <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>of</strong>f as quick as I could, <strong>and</strong> with so trifl<strong>in</strong>g a loss.<br />
“The Stricturist [Roderick MacKenzie] says, ‘Lord Cornwallis be<strong>in</strong>g dissatisfied, ordered <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry to<br />
dislodge <strong>the</strong> enemy.’<br />
“This I positively deny -- <strong>the</strong> truth st<strong>and</strong>s thus:<br />
“We had a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion <strong>in</strong>fantry mounted on <strong>in</strong>ferior horses, to enable <strong>the</strong>m to march with <strong>the</strong> cavalry,<br />
ready to dismount <strong>and</strong> support <strong>the</strong> dragoons. These <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own accord, very properly had dismounted,<br />
<strong>and</strong> formed before <strong>the</strong> cavalry were near out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town. I ordered <strong>the</strong>m to take possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> houses to <strong>the</strong><br />
right, which was executed before <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion <strong>in</strong>fantry, came up, who<br />
were left beh<strong>in</strong>d with Earl Cornwallis to march at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> his column.<br />
“I appeal for <strong>the</strong> truth <strong>of</strong> this assertion to Capta<strong>in</strong> Campbell, who, as <strong>the</strong>ir senior Capta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m,<br />
came runn<strong>in</strong>g up to me, when our dismounted <strong>in</strong>fantry had advanced, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a most friendly manner <strong>in</strong>treated<br />
me not to impute any blame to him, for not runn<strong>in</strong>g up with <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>and</strong> legion <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
<strong>in</strong>stantly on <strong>the</strong> first hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g; for Earl Cornwallis had ordered him to keep <strong>the</strong>m with his Lordship.<br />
At this moment Earl Cornwallis appeared <strong>in</strong> sight, hav<strong>in</strong>g been but a very short distance beh<strong>in</strong>d with <strong>the</strong> army,<br />
<strong>and</strong> ordered <strong>the</strong> whole to halt. The enemy had by this time all quitted <strong>the</strong> town for <strong>the</strong> woods <strong>and</strong> swamps close<br />
beh<strong>in</strong>d it. The whole light troops now advanced. You will please to recollect, Capta<strong>in</strong> Campbell, whose name I<br />
have just mentioned, was not wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, but above half an hour afterwards, <strong>and</strong> full one mile fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
one.<br />
“It was a trifl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>significant skirmish, which no person but <strong>the</strong> malevolent Stricturist [Roderick MacKenzie]<br />
(happy at all times to detract from public or private honour) would have attempted to have made <strong>of</strong> such<br />
magnitude, or even have ever mentioned.<br />
“It would have been but liberal <strong>and</strong> just <strong>in</strong> you to have related <strong>the</strong> conduct <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry that whole day; <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
afternoon, as well as <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g. These troops, whom you say, nei<strong>the</strong>r my <strong>in</strong>treaties [sic], nor <strong>the</strong> exertions <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers, could <strong>in</strong>duce to face <strong>the</strong> American militia, were left unsupported <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, under my<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, by Earl Cornwallis’s express orders, when he took post at Charlotte Town, <strong>and</strong> left me to engage a<br />
corps <strong>of</strong> state horse <strong>and</strong> mounted crackers that had been very troublesome <strong>the</strong> whole day, perpetually<br />
1351 GPS, SNC pp. 106.<br />
268
skirmish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> harass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> front <strong>of</strong> our l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> march. This service <strong>the</strong>y performed with spirit, alacrity, <strong>and</strong><br />
success. We had not moved on above one mile <strong>in</strong> search <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> foe, when we fell <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong>m, attacked <strong>the</strong>m<br />
<strong>in</strong>stantly whilst <strong>the</strong>y were attempt<strong>in</strong>g to form, dispersed <strong>the</strong>m with some loss, <strong>and</strong> drove <strong>the</strong>m for six miles,<br />
forc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m even through <strong>the</strong> very pickets <strong>of</strong> a numerous corps <strong>of</strong> militia, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by General Sumner; who,<br />
suppos<strong>in</strong>g a large part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army to be near at h<strong>and</strong>, broke up his camp, <strong>and</strong> marched that even<strong>in</strong>g sixteen<br />
miles. Lord Rawdon is well acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong> truth <strong>of</strong> my statement <strong>of</strong> this affair. Let <strong>the</strong> whole army judge,<br />
whe<strong>the</strong>r it was liberal, honourable, or just, thus to suppress one part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> conduct <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry on that day,<br />
which certa<strong>in</strong>ly ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m some credit; <strong>and</strong> whe<strong>the</strong>r it does not manifest <strong>the</strong> extreme <strong>of</strong> rancour <strong>and</strong> malice,<br />
thus to dwell upon, <strong>and</strong> give an air <strong>of</strong> considerable consequence to a trifl<strong>in</strong>g skirmish <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, not worthy<br />
to be mentioned, or even thought <strong>of</strong> after it was over, by an <strong>of</strong>ficer acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with active service.” 1352<br />
Stedman: “…<strong>the</strong> whole British army was actually kept at bay, for some m<strong>in</strong>utes, by a few mounted Americans,<br />
not exceed<strong>in</strong>g twenty <strong>in</strong> number.” 1353<br />
27 September. Sumner <strong>and</strong> Davidson cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong>ir retreat from Cornwallis mov<strong>in</strong>g north beyond <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>.<br />
The day after <strong>the</strong> action at Charlotte, Davie for his part withdrew to Salisbury; where he was re<strong>in</strong>forced by Col.<br />
John Taylor’s regiment from Granville which raised <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> his corps to 300 mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> a few<br />
dragoons. He <strong>the</strong>n returned to <strong>the</strong> outskirts <strong>of</strong> Charlotte. There his men acted <strong>in</strong> detachments <strong>in</strong> an effort to<br />
catch or conf<strong>in</strong>e with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town <strong>the</strong> enemy’s forag<strong>in</strong>g parties; while tak<strong>in</strong>g pa<strong>in</strong>s to avoid a general<br />
engagement. They were assisted <strong>in</strong> this by <strong>the</strong>ir close <strong>and</strong> thorough knowledge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> countryside, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
frequent support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants. In <strong>the</strong> weeks follow<strong>in</strong>g “no party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy ventured out without be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
attacked, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten retired with considerable loss.” As well, <strong>com</strong>munications with Camden were frequently<br />
<strong>in</strong>terdicted, <strong>and</strong> dispatch riders taken. 1354<br />
27 September. Ferguson left Gilbertown, <strong>and</strong> reached James Step’s place <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Green River region, with <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> catch<strong>in</strong>g Col. Elijah Clark’s <strong>and</strong> his Georgians <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians who were retreat<strong>in</strong>g from<br />
Augusta. 1355<br />
28 September. The Frontier militia (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>n North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia) under William Campbell, Charles<br />
McDowell, Sevier, <strong>and</strong> Shelby reached Ca<strong>the</strong>y’s or Cathoo’s plantation at <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> Grassy Creek where <strong>the</strong>y<br />
camped for <strong>the</strong> night. 1356<br />
28 September (also possibly 9 October -– though this last date may be a second action.) [skirmish] Polk’s Mill<br />
(Mecklenburg County, N.C.) As part <strong>of</strong> his effort to keep his army well supplied, Cornwallis occupied several<br />
local mills <strong>and</strong> farms around Charlotte, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Polk’s Mill (owned by Col. Thomas Polk.) On 28 September,<br />
Capt. (later Major) Joseph Dickson, 1357 soon to be present at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> 120 mounted militia with rifles<br />
surprised <strong>the</strong> British <strong>the</strong>re. Dickson captured a British sent<strong>in</strong>el <strong>and</strong> 8 loyalist militia men; while Lieut Stephen<br />
Guyon <strong>and</strong> about 20-30 soldiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt. barricaded <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> a loop-holed stockade. 1358 There, out<br />
numbered four or six to one, <strong>the</strong>y successfully fended <strong>of</strong>f Dickson <strong>and</strong> his party. Dickson lost 1 killed <strong>and</strong> 1<br />
wounded. Later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, 50 whig militiamen came to Polk’s plantation <strong>and</strong> made <strong>of</strong>f with 50 horses. 1359<br />
Brig. Gen. William Lee Davidson, at “Rocky River, Sunday 2 o’clock,” <strong>in</strong> a letter <strong>of</strong> 8 October wrote to Brig. Gen.<br />
Jethro Sumner: “I have <strong>the</strong> pleasure to <strong>in</strong>close to you a large packet <strong>of</strong> Dispatches taken yesterday at McCalpeon<br />
[McAlp<strong>in</strong>e’s] Creek, on <strong>the</strong> way to Cambden [sic], by a Small party <strong>of</strong> My Brigade. A Detachment <strong>of</strong> one Hundred<br />
& Twenty Horses under Rutledge & Dixson [Dickson] all most surrounded Charlotte yesterday, attacked a<br />
pickquet at Colo. Polk’s Mill, <strong>and</strong> at a certa<strong>in</strong> Mr. Elliott’s Brought <strong>of</strong> a Sentry <strong>of</strong> 8 Tories, whom are now on<br />
<strong>the</strong>re way to you. A Small Party <strong>of</strong> Riflemen brought <strong>of</strong> 50 Horses from <strong>the</strong> Tories at Colo. Polk’s plantation last<br />
night. P.S. Dickson lost one man & Kild [sic] one, <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong>ficer is wounded.” 1360<br />
Joseph Graham: “A [British] guard <strong>of</strong> fifty men were stationed at Polk’s Mill (now Wilson’s), <strong>in</strong> two miles <strong>of</strong><br />
Charlotte, which was kept gr<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g night <strong>and</strong> day for <strong>the</strong> army. On <strong>the</strong> 28 th <strong>of</strong> September, Major Dickson set out<br />
from Colonel Davie with sixty men, made a circuit around Charlotte, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g charged on this post.<br />
The garrison was vigilant, threw itself <strong>in</strong>to a log house on <strong>the</strong> hill above <strong>the</strong> mill, <strong>and</strong> had loop-holes <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
daub<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> ch<strong>in</strong>ks to fire through. Major Dickson was repulsed, with <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> one man killed <strong>and</strong> several<br />
1352 HRS pp. 55-59.<br />
1353 SAW2 p. 216.<br />
1354 DRS p. 26.<br />
1355 MSC1 739-740.<br />
1356 DKM p. 179.<br />
1357 Some scholars speculate that it was or may have been Col. Henry Dixon (who had eluded capture at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden)<br />
that led <strong>the</strong> Polk’s Mill raid; ra<strong>the</strong>r than Capt. Joseph Dickson as is stated here; <strong>and</strong> this surmise based on Dickson’s be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
present at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> (7 Oct.) <strong>and</strong> which might suggest his be<strong>in</strong>g outside <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Charlotte at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong> raid took<br />
place. However, James Jones, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mecklenburg militia, speaks <strong>in</strong> his pension application <strong>of</strong> participat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a raid on Polk’s<br />
Mill under Capta<strong>in</strong>s “Hart” <strong>and</strong> “Dixon.” That Jones refers to “Dixon” as a Capta<strong>in</strong> would seem to <strong>in</strong>dicate he is speak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
Joseph Dickson <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> (Col.) Henry Dixon. My thanks to researcher James H. Williams, “Fifer, Cobbler <strong>and</strong> Bookb<strong>in</strong>der,” both<br />
for br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g this matter to my attention <strong>and</strong> provid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> letter from Davidson to Sumner used <strong>in</strong> this entry.<br />
1358 It was not unusual for farms situated near or on <strong>the</strong> frontier to conta<strong>in</strong> a stockade or o<strong>the</strong>r small fort to protect aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
possible Indian attacks. Some would rema<strong>in</strong> st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g years after any real threat had passed.<br />
1359 TCS pp. 160-161, SAW2 p. 216, MST pp. 54-55, HRS pp. 68-69, GAM2 p. 258.<br />
1360 ATR81a p. 159, CNC14 p. 679.<br />
269
horses wounded. Before <strong>the</strong> enemy got <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> house, two were wounded, but after that <strong>the</strong>y were secure, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> assailants, much exposed, withdrew.” 1361<br />
Tarleton: “The forag<strong>in</strong>g parties were every day harassed by <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants, who did not rema<strong>in</strong> at home, to<br />
receive payment for <strong>the</strong> produce <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir plantations, but generally fired from covert places, to annoy <strong>the</strong><br />
British detachments. Ineffectual attempts were made upon convoys <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Camden, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>termediate<br />
post at Blair’s mill; but <strong>in</strong>dividuals with expresses were frequently murdered. An attack was directed aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong><br />
picket at Polk’s mill, two miles from <strong>the</strong> town: The Americans were gallantly received by Lieutenant Guyon, <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 23d regiment; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> his party from a loop-holed build<strong>in</strong>g adjo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> mill, repulsed <strong>the</strong> assailants.<br />
Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> different checks <strong>and</strong> losses susta<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> district, <strong>the</strong>y cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
hostilities with unwearied perseverance; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British troops were so effectually blockaded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir present<br />
position, that very few, out <strong>of</strong> a great number <strong>of</strong> messengers, could reach Charlotte town <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
October, to give <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> Ferguson’s situation.” 1362<br />
MacKenzie: “Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> above remarks [<strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s] are <strong>in</strong>admissible. No disastrous event, <strong>in</strong>ferior to that<br />
which befell Ferguson, could possibly have given effect to <strong>the</strong> exertions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>in</strong>imical to <strong>the</strong> British<br />
government around Charlottetown; <strong>the</strong>ir whole [rebel] force, though directed aga<strong>in</strong>st a detachment consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
thirty men, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant Guyon <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23d regiment, was repulsed with disgrace...” 1363<br />
Hanger: [after quot<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> above from MacKenzie, <strong>and</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>com</strong>ments on <strong>the</strong> roads around Charlotte]<br />
“Though Lieutenant Guyon, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23d regiment, much to his credit, repulsed a very superior force, with only<br />
thirty men, this was a particular <strong>in</strong>stance; for, <strong>in</strong> fact, <strong>the</strong> forag<strong>in</strong>g parties were attacked by <strong>the</strong> enemy so<br />
frequently, that it became necessary never to send a small detachment on that service. Colonel Tarleton, just<br />
<strong>the</strong>n recovered from a violent attack <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> yellow fever, judged it necessary to go <strong>in</strong> person, <strong>and</strong> with his whole<br />
corps, or above two-thirds, when he had not detachments from <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army. I will aver, that when<br />
collect<strong>in</strong>g forage, I myself have seen situations near that town, where <strong>the</strong> woods were so <strong>in</strong>tricate, <strong>and</strong> so thick<br />
with underwood, (which is not <strong>com</strong>mon <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn parts <strong>of</strong> America) that it was totally impossible to see<br />
our videtts [sic], or our centries [sic] from <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> boy. In one <strong>in</strong>stance particularly, whe<strong>the</strong>r Lieutenant<br />
Oldfield, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Quartermaster General’s department, was wounded; <strong>the</strong> enemy, under cover <strong>of</strong> impervious<br />
thickets, impenetrable to any troops except those well acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong> private paths, approached so near to<br />
<strong>the</strong> whole l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong>fantry, as to give <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong>ir fire before ever <strong>the</strong>y were perceived. Charlotte<br />
Town itself, one side most particularly, where <strong>the</strong> light <strong>and</strong> legion <strong>in</strong>fantry camp lay, was enveloped with<br />
woods...” 1364<br />
28-29 September. [skirmish] Black M<strong>in</strong>go Creek, also Shepherd’s Ferry (Georgetown <strong>and</strong> Williamsburg County<br />
border, S.C.) Marion left K<strong>in</strong>gston <strong>and</strong> rode with his men to Port’s Ferry. From <strong>the</strong>re <strong>the</strong>y moved to<br />
Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon’s Ferry on Lynches, <strong>and</strong>, after a 30 mile ride, were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Major John James, <strong>and</strong> 10 men, <strong>and</strong><br />
some additional militia. States McCrady, Marion might have waited to be re<strong>in</strong>forced but “f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g his men<br />
unanimous for battle, he gratified <strong>the</strong>ir wishes.” That even<strong>in</strong>g just before midnight, hav<strong>in</strong>g gone ano<strong>the</strong>r 12<br />
miles, <strong>the</strong>y stealthily approached Col. John Com<strong>in</strong>g Ball’s camp at Black M<strong>in</strong>go. Ball with reportedly over 150<br />
loyalist militia was camped around Shepherd’s ferry on <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong> Black M<strong>in</strong>go creek. A sent<strong>in</strong>el’s gun only<br />
just alerted Ball <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir approach yet who was ready with a volley that <strong>the</strong>n wounded or killed a number <strong>of</strong><br />
Marion’s <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men just <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> midst <strong>of</strong> dismount<strong>in</strong>g. Never<strong>the</strong>less, flank<strong>in</strong>g detachments under John<br />
James <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Waites took Ball’s men by surprise, <strong>and</strong> routed <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> an action that had lasted fifteen<br />
m<strong>in</strong>utes. Although Marion’s orig<strong>in</strong>al force is also given by some sources as 150 also, <strong>the</strong> two oppos<strong>in</strong>g forces<br />
<strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed, i.e., those who actually fought <strong>and</strong> took part, probably did not number much over 100 men. Marion<br />
had two men killed, one <strong>the</strong>m a Capta<strong>in</strong> George Logan, <strong>and</strong> six wounded. Capta<strong>in</strong> Henry Mouzon, who had been<br />
one <strong>of</strong> Marion’s most important <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers up to that time, <strong>and</strong> Lieutenant John Scott were so badly hurt <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were forced to retire from <strong>the</strong> ranks. Ball lost three dead <strong>and</strong> thirteen wounded or prisoners, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> his<br />
force was effectively dispersed.<br />
Marion captured a very useful supply <strong>of</strong> horses, gun, ammunition <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r baggage, <strong>and</strong> five <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed his brigade. One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> horses taken was Ball’s own, a very f<strong>in</strong>e mount, which Marion appropriated to<br />
himself <strong>and</strong> named “Ball.” Col. Ball himself ceased serv<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> British not long afterward. Many <strong>of</strong> Marion’s<br />
force dispersed after <strong>the</strong> engagement to see to bus<strong>in</strong>ess at home. Marion <strong>the</strong>n with Col. Giles, Major Hugh Horry,<br />
Major K<strong>in</strong>g, Capta<strong>in</strong> Waites, Capta<strong>in</strong> Milton, <strong>and</strong> about twelve more, made <strong>the</strong>ir way later that morn<strong>in</strong>g (<strong>the</strong><br />
29 th ), by way <strong>of</strong> Britton’s Ferry, to Amis’ Mill, where <strong>the</strong>y rema<strong>in</strong>ed camped for about two weeks. O’Kelley<br />
states that Marion lost 2 killed <strong>and</strong> 8 wounded, Ball 3 killed, 1 wounded, 1 taken prisoner. O<strong>the</strong>rs give Marion’s<br />
losses as high as 10-50; Ball’s as 20-60. 1365<br />
On 4 October, Marion, at Amis’ Mill on Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek, S.C., reported to Gates: “I set out from <strong>the</strong> White marsh<br />
a Sunday even<strong>in</strong>g & took a tour to K<strong>in</strong>gston; from <strong>the</strong>nce I turned & crossed Little Pede [Peedee] at Woodberry’s<br />
& made a force march a Cross big P. D. to Black m<strong>in</strong>go, where was a guard <strong>of</strong> forty Seven men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>of</strong><br />
St. James, Santee & St. Stephen[’]s, Comm<strong>and</strong>ed by Captn. Cumm<strong>in</strong> Ball [John Com<strong>in</strong>g Ball], which I<br />
1361 GAM2 p. 258.<br />
1362 TCS pp. 160-161.<br />
1363 MST pp. 54-55.<br />
1364 HRS pp. 68-69.<br />
1365 CNC14 pp. 665-666, SCP2 pp. 113, 118, MMS2 pp. 224-230, JFM p. 24, MSC1 pp. 749-750, MSC2 p. 746, BSF p. 66-67, RBG pp.<br />
104-105, ONB2 pp. 316-318. For more on <strong>the</strong> locations <strong>and</strong> movements surround<strong>in</strong>g this engagement, see<br />
http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/blackm<strong>in</strong>go.htm<br />
270
immediately attackt about 12 OC: P. M., <strong>the</strong> 28 th Sept. They had <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> our <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g & Drew, up near a<br />
Swamp, & recd. our fire with<strong>in</strong> thirty Yards, which <strong>the</strong>y returned twice, & <strong>the</strong>n took <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong>ir swamp. We killed<br />
three Dead on <strong>the</strong> Spot, & wounded & took thirteen prisoners. My Loss was Captn. Logan <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals &<br />
one private killed, one Captn. & one Lt. & Six privates wounded. I have s<strong>in</strong>ce heard that several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir men has<br />
been found Dead & wd. <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Swamp <strong>and</strong> adjo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g woods. All <strong>the</strong>ir horses <strong>and</strong> Baggage fell <strong>in</strong> our h<strong>and</strong>s. It was<br />
my Intention to broke up ano<strong>the</strong>r Guard at Black river Church <strong>of</strong> fifty men, but so many <strong>of</strong> my followers was so<br />
Desirous to see <strong>the</strong>ir wifes & family, which have been burnt out, that I found it Necessary to retreat <strong>the</strong> next<br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g across Big P. D. at Britton’s ferry to this Place, & have Delivered Col. [Thomas] Brown N<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
prisoners taken at B. M<strong>in</strong>go & three <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d Regt. taken at <strong>the</strong> Great Savanna some time ago, which I paroled<br />
to a house on Account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g Sick & <strong>in</strong>capable <strong>of</strong> march<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
“The prisoners taken are men <strong>of</strong> family & fortune, which I hope may be a Check to <strong>the</strong> militia tak<strong>in</strong>g arms<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st us. I must beg that those men who have Cross before <strong>the</strong>ir names <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong> List may be shew’d as<br />
much favor as possible, as <strong>the</strong>y had showed <strong>the</strong>mselves, before this Last Action, to be Good Men. I would not<br />
Give <strong>the</strong>m Paroles, as I thought it would be Acknowledg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to be British Subjects, <strong>and</strong> woud give my<br />
followers Great Discontent, for <strong>the</strong> British Imprison all those who are our frie’ds & have hanged one Cusey<br />
[Adam Cusack] for Brak<strong>in</strong>g his Parole. I am Sorry to Acqua<strong>in</strong>t you that Captn. Murphy’s [Maurice Murfee’s] Party<br />
have burnt a Great Number <strong>of</strong> houses on Little Peedee, & <strong>in</strong>tend to go on <strong>in</strong> that Abom<strong>in</strong>able work, which I am<br />
Apprehensive may be Laid to me; but, I assure you, <strong>the</strong>re is not one house Burnt by my Orders, or by any <strong>of</strong> my<br />
People. It is what I detest to Distress poor Women & Children.” 1366<br />
29 September. Sumner, at “Camp at <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> Ford,” wrote Gates, that he “had detached Davie <strong>and</strong> Col.<br />
Taylor [Thomas Taylor <strong>of</strong> N.C.] with 200 Horse to Phyfer’s Mill & <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Vic<strong>in</strong>ity, to rema<strong>in</strong> & from <strong>the</strong>nce to<br />
reconnoitre, & if possible to prevent <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s plunder<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants, & to ga<strong>in</strong> what <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>the</strong>y<br />
could <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir strength & designs, & to <strong>com</strong>municate <strong>the</strong>m immediately to me...” 1367<br />
About this same time, though <strong>the</strong> specific date is unknown, he also wrote to Brig. Gen. Butler: “I am sorry you<br />
are so badly fixed as to retard your mov<strong>in</strong>g on. Cols. Davie <strong>and</strong> Taylor, with about 300 horse, are <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity<br />
<strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Fifer’s [Phyfer’s]. A large number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants from Mecklenburg <strong>and</strong> Rowan Counties have<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m. Capta<strong>in</strong> Hart last even<strong>in</strong>g brought <strong>in</strong>to camp fifteen prisoners, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m Col. Roberts or<br />
Robenson, from <strong>the</strong> hollows <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>, (a very villa<strong>in</strong>,) with several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> more active <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tory gang,<br />
<strong>and</strong> five <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British dragoons. I fear that Major Ferguson will move down <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> to cover Cornwallis’<br />
cross<strong>in</strong>g.” 1368<br />
Pension statement from 1833 <strong>of</strong> John Booth, from Marion Disrict, S.C.: “…That Some time <strong>the</strong>n elapsed [after<br />
<strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charlestown] without any organization when Genl Francis Marion with a few men formed a<br />
Rendezvous at Port[’]s Ferry on Pee Dee river <strong>in</strong> Marion District (<strong>the</strong>n George Town District) at that place he<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed Genl Marion who had about an hundred men under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, There were also several <strong>of</strong>ficers with<br />
him- <strong>the</strong>y marched to Elizabeth City No Ca at which place <strong>the</strong>y rema<strong>in</strong>ed about one month when <strong>the</strong>y returned<br />
to <strong>the</strong> White Marsh where <strong>the</strong>y rema<strong>in</strong>ed perhaps two or three weeks <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong>nce <strong>the</strong>y were marched to<br />
Raft Swamp <strong>and</strong> while <strong>the</strong>re Genl Marion dispatched Shadrach & John (?) <strong>and</strong> one McDaniel (a red headed<br />
Scotchman who was afterward killed at Wateree) to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a -- <strong>the</strong>y soon returned <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment<br />
marched to, <strong>and</strong> did attack a body <strong>of</strong> Tories under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> one [John Com<strong>in</strong>g] Ball -- while on <strong>the</strong> march<br />
<strong>the</strong>y crossed <strong>the</strong> Pee Dee river at Brittons ferry -- <strong>the</strong>y stopped at <strong>the</strong> Ferry until late <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Even<strong>in</strong>g when <strong>the</strong>y<br />
marched <strong>and</strong> reached Black-M<strong>in</strong>go Creek some time <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night -- that when <strong>the</strong>y reached <strong>the</strong> bridge <strong>the</strong>y<br />
spread <strong>the</strong>ir blankets on <strong>the</strong> bridge <strong>and</strong> led <strong>the</strong>ir horses across on <strong>the</strong> blankets -- <strong>the</strong> Tories were below -- <strong>the</strong>y<br />
had an engagement <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> Tories were defeated <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> deponant was <strong>the</strong>re Shot <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Belly -- his<br />
cartouch hav<strong>in</strong>g changed <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bullet or he would have been Killed. Marion with some upwards <strong>of</strong><br />
100 men immediately retreated to <strong>the</strong> white marsh <strong>in</strong> No Car <strong>and</strong> stayed to recruit for about a fortnight to<br />
recruit when <strong>the</strong> detachment returned to So Ca -- Captn Joseph Graves <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed deponant dur<strong>in</strong>g all this<br />
time. There was a party <strong>of</strong> Tories <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fork <strong>of</strong> Black river -– Marion[’]s detachment about this time was greatly<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased <strong>the</strong>y marched <strong>and</strong> attacked <strong>and</strong> defeated <strong>the</strong> Tories under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. T<strong>in</strong>es [Tynes] -- Captn<br />
Melton <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed deponant[’]s <strong>com</strong>pany -- Thornly was major -- Baxter was Colonel <strong>of</strong> one Regimt -- Major J.<br />
James <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed ano<strong>the</strong>r Battn [Battalion] <strong>and</strong> th<strong>in</strong>ks Giles Commd. <strong>the</strong> Regiment -- it might have been Col.<br />
Peter Horry or Col. Murphy <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Brigade <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Marion…” 1369<br />
29 September. The Frontier <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia under William Campbell, Charles McDowell, Sevier, <strong>and</strong> Shelby<br />
passed through Gillespie’s Gap <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Blue Ridge Mounta<strong>in</strong>s; <strong>the</strong>n camped for <strong>the</strong> night <strong>in</strong> two separate divisions:<br />
Campbell’s go<strong>in</strong>g to Gillespie’s <strong>and</strong> W<strong>of</strong>ford’s “Fort” (an old defense structure aga<strong>in</strong>st Indian attacks) at Turkey<br />
Cove; <strong>the</strong> rest went to North Cove, on <strong>the</strong> North Fork <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba. 1370<br />
30 September. After regroup<strong>in</strong>g, Campbell, C. McDowell, Sevier, <strong>and</strong> Shelby marched to Quaker Meadows <strong>in</strong><br />
Burke County, N.C., where <strong>the</strong>y camped. Here <strong>the</strong> same day, <strong>the</strong>y were re<strong>in</strong>forced by 350 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia<br />
from Surry <strong>and</strong> Wilkes counties under Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Cleavl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Maj. Joseph W<strong>in</strong>ston. Prior to receiv<strong>in</strong>g word<br />
1366 CNC14 pp. 665-666.<br />
1367 CNC15 pp. 89-90.<br />
1368 CNC14 p. 780.<br />
1369 W 25258, transcribed by Sam West.<br />
1370 DKM pp. 179-180.<br />
271
to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> expedition, Cleavl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> W<strong>in</strong>ston’s men had been suppress<strong>in</strong>g loyalist movements <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
respective districts. 1371<br />
30 September. Ferguson, bivouacked at Step’s place <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Green River Region, <strong>and</strong> called <strong>in</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalists he had furloughed, after be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed by two deserters from Sevier’s regiment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> over-mounta<strong>in</strong><br />
men <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to attack him. The same day he wrote Cornwallis ask<strong>in</strong>g for re<strong>in</strong>forcements. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g,<br />
because his messengers were delayed by whigs who <strong>in</strong>tercepted <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong> dispatch did not reach Cornwallis till<br />
7 October, <strong>the</strong> day <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. 1372<br />
Late September. Brig. Gen. William Smallwood, to <strong>the</strong> chagr<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner who o<strong>the</strong>rwise stood<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> post himself, 1373 was appo<strong>in</strong>ted by <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a to formally replace Richard<br />
Caswell as head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia. Col. Otho Williams <strong>the</strong>n succeeded Smallwood as <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigade; with Lieut. Col. John Eager Howard act<strong>in</strong>g as Williams’ second. About or before this<br />
time <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> brigade, as per <strong>in</strong>structions from Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, was consolidated <strong>in</strong>to two regiments, or<br />
more accurately battalions, s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>se were not formal regiments, though ever afterwards <strong>the</strong>y were referred<br />
to as regiments. They were made up as follows:<br />
1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt.: (Comprised <strong>of</strong> men from <strong>the</strong> 1 st , 3 rd , 5 th , 7 th, MD Regiments), Maj. Archibald Anderson<br />
2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt. (Comprised <strong>of</strong> men from <strong>the</strong> 2 nd , 4 th , 6 th , MD. Regts., plus <strong>the</strong> Delaware Regt.), Maj. Henry<br />
Hardman 1374<br />
Late September. Col. Maurice Murfee with a forced <strong>of</strong> mounted men from S<strong>and</strong>y Bluff on <strong>the</strong> Little Peedee, <strong>and</strong><br />
on his own <strong>in</strong>itiative, raided loyalists settlements <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Little Peedee area, <strong>in</strong> retaliation for <strong>the</strong> same be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
done to whigs by Wemyss <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs earlier <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month. 1375<br />
Late September. On 31 August, Lieut. Col. Anthony White had written Gates stat<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> light dragoons (1 st<br />
<strong>and</strong> 3 rd ) would rejo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army as soon as <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>ferior swords could be replaced. In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> September,<br />
men <strong>of</strong> White <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry began arriv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Gates’ camp at Hillsborough (f<strong>in</strong>ally all do<strong>in</strong>g so by 2<br />
October), but <strong>in</strong> small detachments as <strong>the</strong>y became equipped <strong>and</strong> remounted <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. By month’s end,<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton assumed field <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> both regiments; s<strong>in</strong>ce White was sick with fever. One observer described<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> as 90 men mounted on unshod horses <strong>and</strong> us<strong>in</strong>g rawhide bridles, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
dragoons were ill <strong>in</strong> Halifax, N.C. In early October, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton was f<strong>in</strong>ally given <strong>of</strong>ficial <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed cavalry regiments, after which White left for Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> subsequently Philadelphia.” 1376<br />
Late September. In June 1780 Congress had ordered Daniel Morgan back <strong>in</strong>to service, yet because <strong>of</strong> lack <strong>of</strong><br />
promotion, he had deliberately ignored <strong>the</strong>m. 1377 However, Gates petitioned for his obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a Brigadier’s<br />
<strong>com</strong>mission; which Morgan <strong>the</strong>n received after <strong>the</strong> battle at Camden. Leav<strong>in</strong>g his home “Saratoga” near Boyce,<br />
Clarke County, VA., he subsequently left to jo<strong>in</strong> Gates at Hillsborough, appear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re <strong>in</strong> late Sept. 1378<br />
1371 DKM p. 184.<br />
1372 DKM pp. 199-201.<br />
1373 CNC14 pp. 787-778.<br />
1374 WNA, GHA3 pp. 459-460, MLW4A pp. 333-334, WAR2 p. 733, RNC p. 255.<br />
1375 BSF pp. 68-70.<br />
1376 The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVII, Oct., 1916, p. 140, GHA3 p. 461, HWW p. 66.<br />
1377 And not without good reason. Although Morgan as much as anyone had practically won <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Saratoga, James<br />
Wilk<strong>in</strong>son had been made a Brigadier for merely br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g news <strong>of</strong> that victory from Gates to Congress.<br />
1378 WDC p. 357, GDM p. 235, HDM p. 107.<br />
272
OCTOBER 1780<br />
October. Lieut. Col. George Turnbull <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at Camden had “<strong>com</strong>menced <strong>and</strong> almost <strong>com</strong>pleted some<br />
redoubts” <strong>the</strong>re. Lieut. Col. John Harris Cruger meanwhile, with some 400 Prov<strong>in</strong>cials <strong>and</strong> some loyalist as a<br />
garrison, cont<strong>in</strong>ued erect<strong>in</strong>g fortifications at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. 1379<br />
Tarleton: “Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> move <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed upon <strong>the</strong> frontier, <strong>and</strong> with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
prov<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, had been attentive to <strong>the</strong> security <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir respective <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s. Lieutenant-colonel<br />
Turnbull, with <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> labour <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>cials <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> negroes, had<br />
<strong>com</strong>menced, <strong>and</strong> almost <strong>com</strong>pleted, some redoubts at Camden, which would greatly remedy <strong>the</strong> badness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
position. Works were likewise constructed at Thompson’s house, 1380 <strong>and</strong> at Nelson’s ferry, to secure <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>munications with Charles town. Lieutenant-colonel Cruger had made use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same precautions at N<strong>in</strong>ety-<br />
Six; <strong>the</strong> defences at that place were <strong>in</strong> great forwardness, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> post was <strong>in</strong> a tenable state. The troops at<br />
George town, s<strong>in</strong>ce a late attempt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans, had been employed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same manner, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
assisted by an armed naval force. Great alterations were made <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fortifications <strong>of</strong> Charles town; <strong>the</strong> old<br />
works were nearly thrown down, <strong>and</strong> Major Moncrieffe [James Moncrief] demonstrated his knowledge <strong>and</strong><br />
judgement <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> projected improvements.” 1381<br />
October: Sometime <strong>in</strong> October, <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong> removed Richard Caswell as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
general <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia; award<strong>in</strong>g that position to Brig. Gen. William Smallwood (<strong>and</strong> who was<br />
delayed for a time <strong>in</strong> Hillsborough with Gates before assum<strong>in</strong>g leadership.) Simultaneously, a small number <strong>of</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals were placed by Gates under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> also. Caswell as a result <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dismissal<br />
h<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> his <strong>com</strong>mission; although he later returned to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> early 1781. For <strong>the</strong>ir part, Sumner <strong>and</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r N.C. <strong>of</strong>ficers as well resigned <strong>the</strong>ir militia <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s at what <strong>the</strong>y felt was poor treatment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m by <strong>the</strong><br />
Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong>, <strong>and</strong> directed <strong>the</strong>ir energies to re-establish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> state’s Cont<strong>in</strong>ental L<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
While he did take charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m for a while, Smallwood by late December went north <strong>in</strong>stead, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> position<br />
was <strong>the</strong>n passed on to Brig. Gen. William Lee Davidson. 1382<br />
October. A list made by <strong>in</strong> November 1780 1383 by Royal Lieut. Gov. John Graham <strong>of</strong> Georgia, reported some<br />
“723” males from Wilkes County area, divided <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g groups:<br />
255 loyal men were formed <strong>in</strong>to a militia regiment<br />
140 (as rebels) departed <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce to go north with Elijah Clark<br />
This left about 169 <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area, from whom 21 hostages were carried to Savannah, 42 sent to Charlestown, 57 <strong>of</strong><br />
unknown character, 49 notorious rebels. 1384<br />
Early October. Before <strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, Capt. David Fann<strong>in</strong>g, with fourteen men under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>,<br />
was go<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rounds <strong>and</strong> send<strong>in</strong>g notice to soldiers on leave to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir regiments; <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> which he<br />
met Ferguson five days before <strong>the</strong> battle at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> (7 October). “The Rebels after that [K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong>], began to be numerous <strong>and</strong> troublesome; <strong>and</strong> little or no regulation amongst us, I made <strong>the</strong> best <strong>of</strong><br />
my way to Deep River, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, where I rema<strong>in</strong>ed until <strong>the</strong> month <strong>of</strong> February, 1781.” 1385<br />
Early October. Cornwallis transferred Wemyss <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd Regt., <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment from<br />
Cheraw to Camden. Harrison’s Corps (<strong>the</strong> S.C. Rangers) reduced to about 50 men, was <strong>the</strong>n left at Cheraw;<br />
which Cornwallis re<strong>in</strong>forced with 80 mounted men (probably militia) <strong>in</strong> order to keep <strong>in</strong> check <strong>the</strong> whig<br />
resistance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee area. Also, after Col. William Henry Mills had resigned his <strong>com</strong>mission as head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Cheraw militia, Cornwallis appo<strong>in</strong>ted Col. Robert Gray <strong>in</strong> his stead. 1386<br />
Early October. While <strong>in</strong> Charlotte, though a h<strong>and</strong>ful did <strong>com</strong>e out to show support, Cornwallis’ troops regularly<br />
encountered resistance from locals <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants from outly<strong>in</strong>g areas. 1387<br />
Tarleton: “Charlotte possessed a number <strong>of</strong> good mills, but was a hot bed <strong>of</strong> rebel activity, plantations <strong>in</strong><br />
neighborhood were small <strong>and</strong> uncultivated, roads narrow, <strong>and</strong> area covered thickly with woods. Dispatch riders<br />
were <strong>of</strong>ten way laid to <strong>and</strong> from Camden Mecklenburg <strong>and</strong> Rowan were <strong>the</strong> most hostile counties <strong>in</strong> America…<br />
“In <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> October it was <strong>in</strong>tended to send a corps from Charlotte town, under <strong>the</strong> orders <strong>of</strong><br />
Lieutenant-colonel Webster, to attack a party <strong>of</strong> Americans, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by General Sumner, at Alex<strong>and</strong>er’s<br />
mill, on a branch <strong>of</strong> Rocky river; but <strong>the</strong> design was laid aside, on account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> news from <strong>the</strong> Westward [i.e.,<br />
Ferguson’s st<strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>eers].” 1388<br />
1379 TCS pp. 169-170.<br />
1380 Thompson’s house, at Belleville, lay about a mile west from where Ft. Motte would be built. Ft. Watson was not begun till<br />
late December 1781, <strong>and</strong> Fort Motte not until March 1781. Until <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>se dates, <strong>the</strong> smaller works at Thompson’s <strong>and</strong> Nelson’s<br />
Ferry served <strong>the</strong> purpose Motte <strong>and</strong> Watson did later.<br />
1381 TCS pp. 169-170.<br />
1382 WNA, RNC pp. 255-257.<br />
1383 Although <strong>com</strong>pleted <strong>in</strong> November <strong>the</strong> list would have reflected October numbers or earlier.<br />
1384 CGA pp. 134-135.<br />
1385 FNA p. 13.<br />
1386 SCP2 pp. 110 , 249, BSF p. 71.<br />
1387 RSC2 pp. 186-187, TCS p. 160, HRS pp. 70-71.<br />
1388 TCS pp. 160, 165.<br />
273
Stedman: “The vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Charlotte abounded with mills; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, dur<strong>in</strong>g its stay, was sufficiently supplied<br />
with provisions, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> hostile disposition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants.” 1389<br />
Hanger: “As to <strong>the</strong> disposition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants, <strong>the</strong>y totally deserted <strong>the</strong> town on our approach; not above<br />
three or four men rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole town.” 1390<br />
Early October. [skirmish] Br<strong>and</strong>on outside Charlotte (Mecklenburg County?, N.C.)<br />
Brig. Gen. William Lee Davidson, at an unspecified location <strong>and</strong> date (but by context apparently written <strong>in</strong> mid<br />
Oct. at latest), to Sumner: “I am extremely glad to hear <strong>of</strong> your, be<strong>in</strong>g so near at h<strong>and</strong>. It raises <strong>the</strong> spirits <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> people here, who were greatly disgusted by <strong>the</strong> misfortune <strong>of</strong> Gen. Gates <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> near approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy. Lord Cornwallis <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> Lord Rawdon is <strong>the</strong>re. Their force is perhaps almost 1,000, nearly all<br />
British. They are thrash<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> flower<strong>in</strong>g wheat <strong>and</strong> driv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> cattle, sheep, hogs, etc. They have no artillery.<br />
Col. Brannon [Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on] <strong>and</strong> his South Carol<strong>in</strong>a refugees has routed a party <strong>of</strong> tories <strong>in</strong> Ru<strong>the</strong>rford<br />
County, killed <strong>and</strong> wounded 2 <strong>and</strong> taken 24. The people here long for some support.” 1391<br />
1 October. Ferguson left Step’s place <strong>and</strong>, after halt<strong>in</strong>g to collect forage <strong>and</strong> destroy enemy crops at Baylis<br />
Earle’s on North Pacelot, marched to Denard’s Ford on <strong>the</strong> Broad River <strong>in</strong> Tryon [now L<strong>in</strong>coln] County. 1392 There<br />
he camped. Hav<strong>in</strong>g by this time heard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> over-mounta<strong>in</strong> men’s approach, he sent out an appeal for local<br />
loyalists to immediately <strong>com</strong>e jo<strong>in</strong> him. 1393<br />
1 October. Sumner, at “Camp McGoon’s Creek,” to Gates: “By Capt. [Francis] Lock I received a Letter <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g<br />
me <strong>of</strong> Colonel Dickerson, who was on <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s L<strong>in</strong>es yesterday <strong>and</strong> discovered 800 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m upon <strong>the</strong>ir march,<br />
three miles <strong>in</strong> advance from Charlotte, with two Field pieces <strong>of</strong> Cannon, on <strong>the</strong> Road lead<strong>in</strong>g to Bety’s [Beatty’s]<br />
ford on Catawba River, about 9 o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g. This Detachment is probably <strong>in</strong>tended to support major<br />
Ferguson, who, we are <strong>in</strong>formed, is <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood <strong>of</strong> burke Court House, <strong>and</strong> to act aga<strong>in</strong>st Cols. Lock,<br />
Clevel<strong>and</strong>, McDowell <strong>and</strong> Armstrong.” 1394<br />
1 October. Frontier militia marched from Quaker Meadows <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day halted <strong>in</strong> a gap <strong>of</strong> South<br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong>, not far from <strong>the</strong> site <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action at Cane Creek, <strong>and</strong> sixteen or eighteen miles from Gilbertown. It<br />
ra<strong>in</strong>ed so heavily that afternoon, <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>eers rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> camp all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2 nd . 1395<br />
2 October. Col. William Campbell was voted by <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>fensive aga<strong>in</strong>st Ferguson to lead <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
<strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed forces, pend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer appo<strong>in</strong>ted by General Gates. Col. Charles<br />
McDowell, on his own <strong>in</strong>itiative, was sent to Gates to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> request for a general <strong>of</strong>ficer. Major Joseph<br />
McDowell <strong>the</strong>n assumed <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> for his older bro<strong>the</strong>r’s men.<br />
Hereafter <strong>in</strong> entries relat<strong>in</strong>g to K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, “Campbell,” for convenience sake, will refer to <strong>the</strong> small army<br />
<strong>of</strong> over-mounta<strong>in</strong> men <strong>and</strong> backcountry militia; though his supreme leadership was more a formality than a<br />
reality. It was normally <strong>the</strong> custom <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> backcountry militia, as at Musgrove’s Mill, to follow only <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
immediate superiors who, <strong>in</strong> turn, tended to act democratically toward <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own rank: <strong>the</strong> attitude<br />
<strong>of</strong> Sumter’s <strong>and</strong> Marion’s <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> effectively elect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m an out <strong>and</strong> out general, be<strong>in</strong>g unusual<br />
exceptions. 1396<br />
2 October. Col. James Williams united his forces with those <strong>of</strong> Colonels William Hill <strong>and</strong> Edward Lacey at <strong>the</strong><br />
Forks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> south branches <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba; a few miles from Tuckasegee Ford. Williams had been<br />
authorized by Governor Abner Nash to raise men <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> by this means was able to get 70 men<br />
from Rowan County to serve with him. Hill <strong>and</strong> Lacey had with <strong>the</strong>m 270 who had retreated from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
<strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a with <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g up with Davidson’s North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia. Additional<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed parties that day, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Capta<strong>in</strong> Benjam<strong>in</strong> Roebuck’s <strong>com</strong>pany,<br />
about 20 or 30; which attached <strong>the</strong>mselves to Williams’ cont<strong>in</strong>gent; <strong>and</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> addition Col. William Graham<br />
<strong>and</strong> Col. Frederick Hambright’s group which consisted <strong>of</strong> 60 men from L<strong>in</strong>coln (Tryon) County. Although Williams<br />
had been <strong>com</strong>missioned a Brigadier General by Governor Rutledge, <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a men under Hill <strong>and</strong> Lacey<br />
would not serve under him; presumably because <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>structions from Sumter. 1397 Consequently, Williams is<br />
usually later referred to as a Colonel, ra<strong>the</strong>r than a Brigadier General. The collected force was <strong>the</strong>n, for<br />
1389 SAW2 p. 216. At Polk’s Mill alone, Cornwallis seized 28,000 pounds <strong>of</strong> flour; <strong>and</strong> while <strong>in</strong> Charlotte fed his army <strong>of</strong> on <strong>the</strong><br />
average 100 cattle a day. For additional specifics <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> supplies to be found <strong>in</strong> Charlotte at that time, see SAW2 pp. 216n-217n.<br />
1390 HRS pp. 70.<br />
1391 CNC14 p. 722.<br />
1392 Tryon county was named L<strong>in</strong>coln County by <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> 1779, <strong>in</strong> honor <strong>of</strong> Maj. Gen. Benjam<strong>in</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln.<br />
Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> specific location Denard’s Ford, see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/alex<strong>and</strong>ersford.htm<br />
1393 DKM p. 203.<br />
1394 CNC15 pp. 90-91. This letter from Sumner is <strong>of</strong> more than particular <strong>in</strong>terest because it shows <strong>the</strong> Americans anticipated<br />
Ferguson might be re<strong>in</strong>forced by British regular troops as early as almost a week before K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. S<strong>in</strong>ce no such<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcements actually were readied till too late, <strong>the</strong> conclusion <strong>the</strong>n to be drawn is that Cornwallis evidently did not feel that<br />
Ferguson’s situation was so terribly urgent -- <strong>in</strong> retrospect a very gross miscalculation. Also <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g is that Sumner at <strong>the</strong><br />
time seems to have been largely (if not <strong>com</strong>pletely) unaware <strong>of</strong> Shelby <strong>and</strong> Campbell’s be<strong>in</strong>g present to taken action aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
Ferguson; while assum<strong>in</strong>g Cleavl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest were merely act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a defensive capacity.<br />
1395 DKM p. 186.<br />
1396 DKM pp. 187-189.<br />
1397 DKM pp. 167-168, BCG p. 88.<br />
274
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> purposes, divided three ways; Hill <strong>and</strong> Lacey’s cont<strong>in</strong>gent, Graham <strong>and</strong> Hambright’s, <strong>and</strong> that under<br />
Williams. Between <strong>the</strong> three <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong>y had about 420 to 430 men. 1398<br />
On this same date, Williams, <strong>in</strong> Burke County, wrote to Gates: “I am at present about seventy miles from<br />
Salisbury, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fork <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba, with about four hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty horsemen, <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Colonel<br />
Ferguson. On my cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Catawba river, I dispatched to different quarters for <strong>in</strong>telligence, <strong>and</strong> this even<strong>in</strong>g<br />
I was favoured with this news, which you may depend on: That Colonel Clark, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> Georgia, with one<br />
hundred riflemen, forced his way through South Carol<strong>in</strong>a to Georgia. On his route thi<strong>the</strong>r, be<strong>in</strong>g jo<strong>in</strong>ed by seven<br />
hundred men, he proceeded to <strong>the</strong> town <strong>of</strong> Augusta [see 12-18 Sept., First Siege at Augusta], <strong>and</strong> has taken it<br />
with a large quantity <strong>of</strong> goods; but not f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g it prudent to cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>the</strong>re, he has retreated to <strong>the</strong> upper parts<br />
<strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>in</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six district, <strong>and</strong> made a st<strong>and</strong> with eight hundred brave men. This moment ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
<strong>of</strong> my expresses is arrived from Colonels M’Dowell [Charles McDowell] <strong>and</strong> Shelby: They were on <strong>the</strong>ir march,<br />
near Burke Court House, with one thous<strong>and</strong> five hundred brave mounta<strong>in</strong> men, <strong>and</strong> Colonel Clevel<strong>and</strong> was with<strong>in</strong><br />
ten miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m with eight hundred men, <strong>and</strong> was to form a junction with <strong>the</strong>m this day.<br />
“I expect to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m to-morrow, <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Colonel Ferguson, <strong>and</strong>, under <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Heaven, I hope to<br />
be able to render your honour a good account <strong>of</strong> him <strong>in</strong> a few days.” 1399<br />
2 October. Ferguson retreated from Denard’s Ford four miles towards Cowpens. Earlier he had furloughed some<br />
<strong>of</strong> his militia, but now called <strong>the</strong>m back <strong>in</strong> view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> threat from Campbell, Shelby <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> over-mounta<strong>in</strong><br />
men, <strong>and</strong> which must have <strong>com</strong>e as someth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a surprise to him -– <strong>the</strong> area hav<strong>in</strong>g been largely subdued <strong>of</strong><br />
rebels o<strong>the</strong>rwise. He hoped <strong>the</strong> local loyalists would hurry back <strong>in</strong> time to assist him, <strong>and</strong> also expected<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcements from Cruger <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis -– yet, as th<strong>in</strong>gs turned out, none could or did arrive <strong>in</strong> time to<br />
succor him <strong>in</strong> time for <strong>the</strong> impend<strong>in</strong>g battle. 1400<br />
2 October. Sumner wrote Gates: “If <strong>the</strong> Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ds that <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Col. Jarvis[’] <strong>and</strong> Col. Exum’s<br />
regiments has expired, Col. [Benjam<strong>in</strong>] Seawell’s regiment will only rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> my <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. This would leave<br />
me without <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> as soon as Gen. Smallwood jo<strong>in</strong>s <strong>the</strong> camp. If you have any <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> for one <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e I<br />
am <strong>of</strong>, I shall cheerfully receive your orders.” 1401<br />
In ano<strong>the</strong>r letter, date unclear but apparently about this same earlier portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month, Sumner reported to<br />
Hon. John Penn, N.C. legislator: “The tories are jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British at Charlotte <strong>in</strong> large numbers. The enemy are<br />
build<strong>in</strong>g bush huts <strong>in</strong> Charlotte. I re<strong>com</strong>mend that <strong>the</strong> forces <strong>in</strong>tended for this quarter jo<strong>in</strong> without delay to<br />
oppose <strong>the</strong>se <strong>in</strong>vaders ere <strong>the</strong>y penetrate <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terior part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State. I doubt not <strong>of</strong> opportunity, if <strong>the</strong> force<br />
now <strong>in</strong> sixty miles was collected, but someth<strong>in</strong>g might result <strong>in</strong> our favour. There is great probability <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
troops suffer<strong>in</strong>g from want <strong>of</strong> provisions. I have ordered a capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> forty men to take post at Monger’s Ferry<br />
to cover any disaster that may happen to <strong>the</strong> force under Col. Davie. These men will fight. I could wish to lead<br />
<strong>the</strong>m on. I wrote to you <strong>of</strong> Jarvis & Exum’s regiments, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> old draft. They are very turbulent <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir time be<strong>in</strong>g out. They are not to be depended on; <strong>the</strong>y will not fight, I verily believe. I have ordered a party<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry up <strong>the</strong> river as high as Howell’s ferry to collect <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tories <strong>in</strong> that quarter.” 1402<br />
On <strong>the</strong> 5 th , Penn replied: “The militia must serve three months from <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong>y were at Headquarters, not<br />
reckon<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong>y were absent s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> defeat. Those men that are refractory ought to be <strong>in</strong>formed that<br />
<strong>the</strong>y must be obedient to <strong>the</strong> laws <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir country. The Board has written to Col. [Thomas] Polk to furnish you<br />
with provisions. Gen. Smallwood <strong>and</strong> Col. Morgan will get <strong>of</strong>f to-morrow with a number <strong>of</strong> regular troops to jo<strong>in</strong><br />
you; <strong>the</strong> badness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wea<strong>the</strong>r has retarded <strong>the</strong>m for two days.” 1403<br />
2 October. Colonels Anthony Walton White <strong>and</strong> William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton had f<strong>in</strong>ally all arrived at Gates’ army<br />
Hillsborough with <strong>the</strong> remnants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir cavalry. See Late September. 1404<br />
3 October (also given as 4 October). [ambush] McIntyre’s Farm, also “The Battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bees,” Bradley’s Farm<br />
(Mecklenburg County, N.C.) A considerable forag<strong>in</strong>g party -- one source gives it as 450 <strong>in</strong>fantry, 60 cavalry, <strong>and</strong><br />
40 wagons -- under Major John Doyle was sent out from Charlotte <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Hopewell, N.C. <strong>in</strong> search <strong>of</strong><br />
provisions. A detachment <strong>of</strong> this force, about 100 <strong>and</strong> 10 wagons, was directed to <strong>the</strong> McIntyre (or else Bradley)<br />
farm on Long Creek; where <strong>the</strong>y ga<strong>the</strong>red corn, oats, livestock, <strong>and</strong>, as happened to be <strong>the</strong>re, honey from some<br />
beehives kept on <strong>the</strong> farm. A small group <strong>of</strong> local militia -- rang<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> size from 6 to 14 men -- under <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Capt. Francis Bradley, kept watch on <strong>the</strong> British proceed<strong>in</strong>gs from some adjacent woods. Bradley<br />
himself ei<strong>the</strong>r owned <strong>the</strong> farm or had family ties to those who did. At one po<strong>in</strong>t, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> beehives was<br />
accidentally (or possibly deliberately) knocked over by someone; which <strong>in</strong>cited an uproar, ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong><br />
mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> soldiers laugh <strong>and</strong> or caus<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to fly <strong>in</strong> fear from <strong>the</strong> bees. At this po<strong>in</strong>t, Bradley <strong>and</strong> his men<br />
opened fire on <strong>the</strong> disorganized enemy; kill<strong>in</strong>g 8 <strong>and</strong> wound<strong>in</strong>g 12, before <strong>the</strong> British were able to regroup. The<br />
rebels <strong>the</strong>n retreated with <strong>the</strong> British follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> hot, extended pursuit but <strong>the</strong> latter were unable f<strong>in</strong>ally to<br />
1398 DKM pp. 192-194.<br />
1399 The large number spoken <strong>of</strong> (“four hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty horsemen”) may suggest that Williams saw himself as <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Sumter’s men, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Lacey <strong>and</strong> Hawthorne, who were present. Note also Williams speaks <strong>of</strong> jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs “<strong>in</strong> pursuit<br />
<strong>of</strong> Ferguson;” contrary to suggestions by o<strong>the</strong>rs that he ra<strong>the</strong>r had designs aga<strong>in</strong>st N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong> or <strong>the</strong> area outly<strong>in</strong>g it to <strong>the</strong><br />
north. CNC15 p. 94, TCS p. 196, GJW pp. 41, 46-47.<br />
1400 DKM p. 206.<br />
1401 CNC14 p. 781.<br />
1402 CNC14 p. 780.<br />
1403 CNC14 p. 782.<br />
1404 GHA3 p. 461.<br />
275
catch up with <strong>the</strong>m. However, over a month later, on 14 November, Bradley was himself ambushed <strong>in</strong> his own<br />
home <strong>and</strong> killed by four Tories. 1405<br />
3 October. Ferguson arrived Tate’s Plantation where he camped for two days. 1406<br />
Allaire: “Tuesday, 3d. Got <strong>in</strong> motion at four o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g; marched six miles to Camp’s Ford <strong>of</strong> Second<br />
Broad river, forded it <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued on six miles to one Armstrong’s plantation, on <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong> S<strong>and</strong>y Run.<br />
Halted to refresh; at four o’clock got <strong>in</strong> motion; forded S<strong>and</strong>y Run; marched seven miles to Buffalo creek; forded<br />
it; marched a mile far<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> halted near one Tate’s plantation. John West came <strong>in</strong> camp, who is a hundred<br />
<strong>and</strong> one years <strong>of</strong> age; is amaz<strong>in</strong>gly strong <strong>in</strong> every sense.”<br />
3 October. Hill, Lacey, Graham, <strong>and</strong> William’s men marched by way <strong>of</strong> Ramseur’s Mill to Fl<strong>in</strong>t Hill (or else simply<br />
<strong>the</strong> Fl<strong>in</strong>t Hills) <strong>in</strong> eastern Ru<strong>the</strong>rford County, N.C.; where <strong>the</strong>y bivouacked. They had no specific <strong>in</strong>tention at <strong>the</strong><br />
time, even so, <strong>of</strong> jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Campbell, Cleavl<strong>and</strong>, Shelby <strong>and</strong> Sevier, <strong>and</strong> apparently anticipated act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a<br />
defensive role aga<strong>in</strong>st Ferguson. 1407<br />
3 (<strong>and</strong> 8) October. [raids] Richmond, also Old Surry Court House (Forsyth County, N.C.) About this same period<br />
as Campbell, Shelby <strong>and</strong> Cleavl<strong>and</strong>’s forces were occupied with Ferguson, i.e., <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> last week <strong>of</strong> September<br />
<strong>and</strong> first week <strong>of</strong> October, <strong>the</strong> bro<strong>the</strong>rs Colonel Gideon Wright <strong>and</strong> Col. (possibly Capt.) Hezekiah Wright raised a<br />
force <strong>of</strong> mounted loyalists <strong>in</strong> Surry County, N.C., number<strong>in</strong>g 310, <strong>and</strong> which, with<strong>in</strong> a few days, grew to as many<br />
as 900. On October 3 rd <strong>and</strong> 8 th , <strong>the</strong>y attacked whig <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> around Richmond, N.C., 1408 <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g kill<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> county sheriff. As no mention is made <strong>of</strong> military resistance, presumably <strong>the</strong>se raids were maraud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
excursions. With respect to that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 8 th , however, a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> whig militia, under Capt. Henry Smith, is<br />
reported as hav<strong>in</strong>g been present <strong>and</strong> taken some losses.<br />
4 October. Sumter <strong>and</strong> his colonels (m<strong>in</strong>us Hill <strong>and</strong> Lacey) arrived at Hillsborough on 4 October where he<br />
conferred with Gov. John Rutledge for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a Brigadier’s <strong>com</strong>mission, secure material<br />
support, <strong>and</strong> discuss strategy. This <strong>the</strong>n was why Sumter was not at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>; though troops <strong>of</strong> his under<br />
Lacey <strong>and</strong> Hill were. Apparently, he was nettled by <strong>the</strong> fact that Col. James Williams had been given a<br />
Brigadier’s <strong>com</strong>mission ahead <strong>of</strong> him; though whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> matter <strong>of</strong> Williams’ <strong>com</strong>mission was ever discussed<br />
between him <strong>and</strong> Rutledge is unknown. 1409<br />
4 October. From Amis’ Mill on Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek, S.C., Marion penned Gates on this date: “The British marched<br />
from George town for Camden <strong>the</strong> 22 nd Sept., it is Sd. [said] 220 men, part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m mar<strong>in</strong>es. Majr. Whymes<br />
[Wemyss] is at <strong>the</strong> Cheraw with about 90 men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d Regt., Burn<strong>in</strong>g & plunder<strong>in</strong>g Negroes & every th<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir way. The Toreys are so Affrighted with my Little Excursions that many is mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f to Georgia with <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
Effects o<strong>the</strong>rs are rund <strong>in</strong>to Swamps. If I could raise one hundred men, I Shou’d Certa<strong>in</strong>ly pay a Visit to George<br />
town. My whole party has not been nor is more than Sixty men <strong>of</strong> all ranks. I Expect Genl. Harr<strong>in</strong>gton will be by<br />
this near <strong>the</strong> Cheraws, which I mean to Jo<strong>in</strong> him with Col. Brown [Thomas Brown <strong>of</strong> Bladen County, N.C.], (abt.<br />
[about] 100,) who is with<strong>in</strong> Eight miles <strong>of</strong> me, & remove Majr. Whymes from his Post. I have had great fatigues,<br />
but I surmount every Difficulty & am happy with <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> Majr. Henry & Captn. Milton who are Excellent<br />
Officers. Majr. V<strong>and</strong>erhorst I have recd. also great assistance from <strong>the</strong> Little time he has been with me. I have<br />
sent him with a flag to Santee to get Cloaths & Necessarys for <strong>the</strong> prisoners, by whom I hope to ga<strong>in</strong> Some<br />
Intelligence.”<br />
Follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> departure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 220 (mentioned above by Marion) from Georgetown, <strong>the</strong> town was garrisoned<br />
with 60 <strong>in</strong>valids, <strong>and</strong> later re<strong>in</strong>forced with some 20 regulars. It also, however, had several swivels <strong>and</strong> coehorn<br />
guns 1410 to defend itself, while conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g considerable supplies <strong>of</strong> value, such as ammunition, cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
salt. 1411<br />
4 October. Resum<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> march from <strong>the</strong>ir camp at <strong>the</strong> gap <strong>of</strong> South Mounta<strong>in</strong>, Campbell’s force reached <strong>the</strong><br />
mouth <strong>of</strong> Cane Creek, close to Gilbertown. Here <strong>the</strong>y were subsequently jo<strong>in</strong>ed by 30 <strong>of</strong> Col. Elijah Clark’s men,<br />
under Maj. William C<strong>and</strong>ler <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Johnston, plus 20 men from <strong>the</strong> South Fork <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba under Major<br />
William Chronicle. Clark himself was not with <strong>the</strong>m because he was help<strong>in</strong>g to transport refugee families from<br />
Georgia over <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s to <strong>the</strong> safe haven <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nolachucky settlement. 1412<br />
On this same day, Cleavl<strong>and</strong>, at “Ru<strong>the</strong>rfordton County, Camp near Gilbert Town,” on behalf <strong>of</strong> himself <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r whig leaders <strong>the</strong>n assembled wrote Gates: “We have now collected at this place about 1,500 good men,<br />
drawn from <strong>the</strong> Counties <strong>of</strong> Surry, Wilkes, Burke, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Sullivan Counties <strong>in</strong> this State, <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
County <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> expect to be jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> a few days by Colo. [Elijah] Clark <strong>of</strong> Georgia <strong>and</strong> Colo. [James]<br />
Williams <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a [note, no mention <strong>of</strong> Hill, Lacey or o<strong>the</strong>r S.C. leader -– only Williams], with about<br />
1,000 more. As we have at this time called out our militia without any orders from <strong>the</strong> Executive <strong>of</strong> our different<br />
States, <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> view <strong>of</strong> Expell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Enemy out <strong>of</strong> this part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country, we th<strong>in</strong>k such a body <strong>of</strong> men<br />
1405 JTR pp. 578-579, LFB2 p. 420.<br />
1406 DKM p. 207.<br />
1407 DKM p. 194.<br />
1408 Richmond, at that time <strong>the</strong> county seat <strong>of</strong> Surry, was located near modern day Donnoha <strong>in</strong> Forsyth County.<br />
1409 DKM pp. 167-168, MLL p. 10, BCG p. 88.<br />
1410 A coehorn is a small bronze mortar mounted on a wooden block with h<strong>and</strong>les, <strong>and</strong> light enough to be carried short distances<br />
by two men.<br />
1411 CNC14 pp. 665-666, SCP2 p. 219, BSF pp. 70, 91-92.<br />
1412 DKM pp. 196-197, 214.<br />
276
worthy <strong>of</strong> your attention, <strong>and</strong> would request you to send a General Officer, immediately to take <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
such Troops as may embody <strong>in</strong> this quarter. All our Troops be<strong>in</strong>g Militia, <strong>and</strong> but little acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with<br />
discipl<strong>in</strong>e, we could wish him to be a Gentleman <strong>of</strong> address, <strong>and</strong> able to keep up a proper discipl<strong>in</strong>e, without<br />
disgust<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Soldiery. Every assistance <strong>in</strong> our power shall be given <strong>the</strong> Officer you may th<strong>in</strong>k proper to take<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> us.<br />
“It is <strong>the</strong> wish <strong>of</strong> such <strong>of</strong> us as are acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with General Davidson <strong>and</strong> Colo. Morgan (if <strong>in</strong> Service) that one <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se Gentlemen may be appo<strong>in</strong>ted to this <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>.<br />
“We are <strong>in</strong> great want <strong>of</strong> Ammunition, <strong>and</strong> hope you will endeavor to have us properly furnished with Article.<br />
“Colo. [Charles] McDowell will wait upon you with this, who can <strong>in</strong>form you <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Enemy, <strong>and</strong> such o<strong>the</strong>r particulars respect<strong>in</strong>g our Troops as you may th<strong>in</strong>k necessary.” “We are, Sir,<br />
Your most obdt. <strong>and</strong> very hble. Servts.,<br />
Benja. Clevel<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Isaac Shelby.<br />
John Sevier.<br />
Andw. Hampton.<br />
Wm. Campbell.<br />
Jo. W<strong>in</strong>ston” 1413<br />
4 (or 5) October. [skirmish] Holl<strong>in</strong>gsworth Mill (Union County, S.C.)<br />
Saye (with Major Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong>): “A day or two before <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> a party <strong>of</strong> Whigs<br />
consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> some eight or ten men were lurk<strong>in</strong>g about <strong>the</strong> thickets along Brown’s Creek near Broad River to<br />
ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> both friends <strong>and</strong> enemies. Joseph Hughes, John Savage, William Sharp, William Giles <strong>and</strong><br />
Charles Crade are said to have been <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> party. Late <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon <strong>the</strong>y took a pet Tory. From him <strong>the</strong>y<br />
ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed that a party <strong>of</strong> Tories, some 250 <strong>in</strong> number, <strong>in</strong>tended to encamp that night at a school house near<br />
Holl<strong>in</strong>gsworth Mill on Brown’s Creek. The house was on a high hill which was covered with thick woods. Hughes<br />
<strong>and</strong> party determ<strong>in</strong>ed to try to give <strong>the</strong>m an alarm. They accord<strong>in</strong>gly arranged <strong>the</strong>ir plan <strong>of</strong> attack.<br />
“Some time after dark <strong>the</strong>y approached <strong>the</strong> enemy’s camp, spread <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> open order around <strong>the</strong> hill at<br />
some distance from each o<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>y should approach until hailed by <strong>the</strong> sent<strong>in</strong>els,<br />
lie down until <strong>the</strong>y fired, <strong>the</strong>n make a rush toward <strong>the</strong> camp, <strong>com</strong>mence fir<strong>in</strong>g one at a time, raise a shout <strong>and</strong><br />
rush <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> camp.<br />
“Accord<strong>in</strong>gly <strong>the</strong>y moved forward with great caution. The fires <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> camp threw a glar<strong>in</strong>g light toward <strong>the</strong><br />
canopy <strong>of</strong> heaven <strong>and</strong> lit up <strong>the</strong> forest far <strong>and</strong> near. All was joy <strong>and</strong> gladness <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> camp. The jovial song <strong>and</strong><br />
merry laugh told <strong>the</strong> listen<strong>in</strong>g ears <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach<strong>in</strong>g Whigs that good cheer abounded among <strong>the</strong> friends <strong>of</strong><br />
K<strong>in</strong>g George around <strong>the</strong> fires.<br />
“But hark! The sent<strong>in</strong>el hails <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n fires <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n a rush. Bang, bang, go <strong>the</strong> guns, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n such screams <strong>and</strong><br />
yells throughout <strong>the</strong> woods. Mercy, mercy, cry <strong>the</strong> Tories, <strong>and</strong> away <strong>the</strong>y go. The poor scattered Whigs <strong>com</strong>e one<br />
after ano<strong>the</strong>r among <strong>the</strong> fires <strong>and</strong> pass around, but not a Tory can be found. They hear a rush<strong>in</strong>g, rumbl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
sound among <strong>the</strong> woods, but grow<strong>in</strong>g fa<strong>in</strong>ter <strong>and</strong> more fa<strong>in</strong>t at each successive moment.<br />
“They look cautiously around, see wagons st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g hi<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> thi<strong>the</strong>r, horses hitched to <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong><br />
surround<strong>in</strong>g trees, guns stacked, cook<strong>in</strong>g utensils about <strong>the</strong> fires, cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> hats <strong>and</strong> caps scattered <strong>in</strong> merry<br />
confusion, but not a man could <strong>the</strong>y f<strong>in</strong>d.<br />
“They kept guard until <strong>the</strong> gray twilight streaked <strong>the</strong> eastern sky, momentarily expect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> return<strong>in</strong>g party,<br />
but nobody came. The sun rises <strong>and</strong> mounts high above <strong>the</strong> hills <strong>and</strong> still no report from <strong>the</strong> fugitives. What is to<br />
be done with <strong>the</strong> beasts, arms, baggage <strong>and</strong> baggage wagons? They cut a road from <strong>the</strong> camp around <strong>the</strong> hill<br />
some distance to a secluded spot. Thi<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> wagons, &c. are transported <strong>and</strong> watched for several days.<br />
“F<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>the</strong> one on guard sees a party <strong>of</strong> fifteen horse men rapidly approach<strong>in</strong>g. He notifies <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y<br />
consult for a moment. Their conclusion is that it is <strong>the</strong> advance guard <strong>of</strong> an army <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to retake <strong>the</strong> spoils,<br />
but <strong>the</strong>y are resolved to test <strong>the</strong> matter.<br />
“They advance <strong>and</strong> hail <strong>the</strong>ir visitors while permitt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir horses to dr<strong>in</strong>k at <strong>the</strong> creek. But <strong>the</strong> horsemen<br />
responded only by a confused flight. They fired upon <strong>the</strong> fly<strong>in</strong>g corps <strong>and</strong> a s<strong>in</strong>gle horse stops, unable to<br />
proceed. His rider surrenders <strong>in</strong> dismay. From him <strong>the</strong>y learned that his party was just from K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
escap<strong>in</strong>g as best <strong>the</strong>y could from <strong>the</strong>ir assailants. Hav<strong>in</strong>g gotten <strong>of</strong>f from that scene <strong>of</strong> carnage, <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
push<strong>in</strong>g on with no o<strong>the</strong>r object than personal safety.<br />
“Then <strong>the</strong>y went out <strong>and</strong> collected as many friends as could be ga<strong>the</strong>red <strong>and</strong> conveyed away <strong>the</strong>ir spoils where<br />
<strong>the</strong>y <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir friends could enjoy <strong>the</strong> benefit.” 1414<br />
5 October. McArthur <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st were sent to Armer’s Ford for purposes <strong>of</strong> support<strong>in</strong>g Ferguson, but follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> were recalled to Charlotte. SCP2 pp. 282-284.<br />
5 October. From <strong>the</strong> Journals <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Congress, xviii, p. 906. “Resolved, That <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>er-<strong>in</strong>-<br />
Chief be <strong>and</strong> is hereby directed to appo<strong>in</strong>t an <strong>of</strong>ficer to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> room <strong>of</strong> Major<br />
General Gates.” 1415<br />
5 October. Campbell’s army, after pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Broad River, reached <strong>the</strong> ford <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Green River. Because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
slowness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir movement, <strong>in</strong> turn due <strong>in</strong> part to <strong>the</strong> cattle <strong>the</strong>y had brought along, around 690 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> best<br />
1413 CNC14 pp. 663-664.<br />
1414 SJM.<br />
1415 WDC p. 364.<br />
277
men <strong>and</strong> horses were selected to cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>the</strong> hunt for Ferguson. The slower part <strong>of</strong> his force that rema<strong>in</strong>ed was<br />
left <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> Major Joseph Herndon, from Cleavl<strong>and</strong>’s regiment, <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> William Neal, one <strong>of</strong> Campbell’s<br />
own <strong>of</strong>ficers. Sources somewhat differ as to <strong>the</strong> accumulated strength <strong>of</strong> Campbell’s force prior to K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong> before <strong>the</strong> 910-940 man selected detachment 1416 was actually sent out to attack Ferguson. Draper<br />
believes <strong>the</strong> number to have been 1,800, apparently <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> men under Hill, Lacey, Williams, <strong>and</strong> C<strong>and</strong>ler<br />
(<strong>the</strong> latter act<strong>in</strong>g on behalf <strong>of</strong> Elijah Clark <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Georgians.) James Iredell, a later Associate Justice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
United States Supreme, <strong>in</strong> a letter <strong>of</strong> 8 October 1780, wrote: “A body <strong>of</strong> 1,500 men under <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong><br />
Selby [Shelby] <strong>and</strong> McDowell, ano<strong>the</strong>r 800 under Clevel<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> a third under Col. [James] Williams, were very<br />
near each o<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> expected to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day after <strong>the</strong> accounts came away, <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> him [Ferguson].” Still<br />
yet o<strong>the</strong>r sources list <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>itial total as high as 3,000. 1417<br />
5-7 October. At this same time <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>eers were <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Ferguson, some 400 to 600 tories<br />
were ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g four miles west 1418 <strong>of</strong> Cowpens at Zacharias Gibbs’ residence on <strong>the</strong> Pacelot. 1419<br />
6 October. Cornwallis, at Charlotte, to Ferguson: “Tarleton shall pass at some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper Fords, <strong>and</strong> clear <strong>the</strong><br />
Country; for <strong>the</strong> present both he <strong>and</strong> his Corps want a few days rest.” 1420<br />
6 October. Campbell, after receiv<strong>in</strong>g word from Lacey (who on <strong>the</strong> 5 th had gone alone with some aides to visit<br />
Campbell’s camp), <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> presence South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a force under himself, Hill, Williams, et al.,<br />
went to form a junction with <strong>the</strong>m at Cowpens; which <strong>the</strong>y all reach <strong>the</strong> same day: <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians<br />
arriv<strong>in</strong>g just a little ahead <strong>of</strong> Campbell’s force. Toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> two groups numbered about 1,100; most armed<br />
with rifles. Of <strong>the</strong>se a reported force <strong>of</strong> 910-940 men was chosen for <strong>the</strong> f<strong>in</strong>al assault. Although a number <strong>of</strong><br />
large b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> tories were near by <strong>and</strong> whom <strong>the</strong>y might have attacked <strong>in</strong>stead (<strong>and</strong> plundered), <strong>the</strong> whigs --<br />
very crucially -- knew <strong>the</strong> value <strong>of</strong> time <strong>and</strong> pressed on <strong>in</strong>stead for Ferguson. 1421<br />
6 October. Sumter, <strong>in</strong> Hillsborough, was formally made Brigadier General <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia by<br />
Governor John Rutledge. 1422<br />
6 October: March<strong>in</strong>g from Tate’s Plantation, Ferguson occupied K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 6 th . This<br />
same day some loyalists, reportedly around 600 men, were collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> several groups at [Zacharias] Gibbs’<br />
about four miles east <strong>of</strong> Cowpens, for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Ferguson, but apparently dispersed after K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong>. Await<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se loyalists was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reasons Ferguson rema<strong>in</strong>ed on K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> 7 th , he made preparations for a defense <strong>the</strong>re; while send<strong>in</strong>g a last urgent appeal to Cornwallis for<br />
assistance. By this time an unknown number <strong>of</strong> his furloughed men <strong>and</strong> some additional loyalist did manage to<br />
jo<strong>in</strong> him. He might easily have escaped to Charlotte <strong>in</strong> time, but <strong>in</strong>stead l<strong>in</strong>gered two days at Tate’s <strong>and</strong> one day<br />
at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> hop<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> more <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se militia, <strong>and</strong> probably also because he didn’t want to<br />
seem be <strong>in</strong> such haste to run away. 1423<br />
Allaire: “Friday, 6 th . Got <strong>in</strong> motion at four o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> marched sixteen miles to Little K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong>, where we took up our ground.”<br />
Isaac Shelby: “These regulations be<strong>in</strong>g adopted <strong>the</strong> army marched <strong>in</strong>to Gilbert Town. Ferguson had left it two or<br />
three days. The Americans pursued upon his trail which appeared for some distance as if he <strong>in</strong>tended to take<br />
shelter under <strong>the</strong> walls <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six -- <strong>in</strong> order to move with greater velocity <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir pursuit <strong>the</strong> American<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers spent <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> Thursday night <strong>in</strong> select<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir best men, best horses <strong>and</strong> guns, & by daylight on<br />
Friday morn<strong>in</strong>g were ready to pursue with n<strong>in</strong>e hundred <strong>and</strong> ten picked men well armed <strong>and</strong> mounted on good<br />
horses -- <strong>the</strong> residue about seven hundred <strong>of</strong> weak horses <strong>and</strong> foot men, were directed to follow as fast as<br />
possible -- <strong>the</strong> Americans pursued hard on <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s trail all day on Friday without light<strong>in</strong>g until <strong>the</strong>y arrived<br />
at <strong>the</strong> Cowpens just at dusk, here <strong>the</strong>y killed some cattle, stayed an hour <strong>and</strong> roasted some beef <strong>the</strong>n resumed<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir pursuit. The night was very dark but it was discovered that Ferguson had changed his rout <strong>and</strong> that <strong>in</strong>stead<br />
<strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, his object appeared to be to set <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis, who lay at Charlotte, <strong>in</strong> North<br />
Caro1<strong>in</strong>a with <strong>the</strong> British Gr<strong>and</strong> Army -- & that his mak<strong>in</strong>g this circuit was merely to ga<strong>in</strong> time to collect his<br />
Tories who had been suffered to go to <strong>the</strong>ir homes before it was known that <strong>the</strong> Americans had collected to<br />
oppose him -- At <strong>the</strong> Cowpens Colonel [James] Williams <strong>and</strong> his men left <strong>the</strong> Army & started just after dark to go<br />
to attack six hundred Tories said to be collect<strong>in</strong>g at Major Geiles’s [William Giles] but a few miles distant from<br />
that place. The Colonel was much importuned to ab<strong>and</strong>on that object but refused. In <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g however just<br />
at day light on <strong>the</strong> army arriv<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> Cherokee ford <strong>of</strong> Broad River, Colonel Williams with his men came up <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> rear this was a wel<strong>com</strong>e sight as from <strong>the</strong> sign on <strong>the</strong> enemy’s trail <strong>the</strong> American army had ga<strong>in</strong>ed ground<br />
greatly upon him <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> conflict was grow<strong>in</strong>g to a crisis --” 1424<br />
1416 William T. Graves gives <strong>the</strong> numbet as 933. GJW p. 45.<br />
1417 See DKM pp. 61n, 214-215, 222.<br />
1418 Draper says “to <strong>the</strong> right,” presumably with respect to <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>eers mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a sou<strong>the</strong>rly direction, so this would make<br />
Gibbs’ residence west <strong>of</strong> Cowpens.<br />
1419 DKM pp. 222-223.<br />
1420 SCP2 p. 164, BGD p. 108.<br />
1421 MLL pp. 12-13, RWW2 p. 265.<br />
1422 BSF p. 73.<br />
1423 DKM pp. 207, 209, 223.<br />
1424 SRW.<br />
278
6 October. Brig. Gen. Henry William Harr<strong>in</strong>gton, at “Camp near Cross Creek,” to Gates: “I received your favor <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 1 st Instant on Wednesday night, <strong>in</strong> Camp at McAffee’s, 34 miles from this Place, towards Peedee. I sent<br />
orders, <strong>in</strong> obedience to your Comm<strong>and</strong>s, early <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g to Colonels [Thomas] Taylor [<strong>of</strong> N.C.], [James]<br />
Kenan & [Thomas] Brown [<strong>of</strong> Bladen County, N.C.] to jo<strong>in</strong> me at this Post immediately. I arrived here this day at<br />
3 P. M., with <strong>the</strong> small Brigade under my <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. Colo. Taylor, with 74 Horse, <strong>the</strong> Officers <strong>in</strong>cluded, arrived<br />
here this even<strong>in</strong>g armed with Muskets & Rifles. He has about 20 sick, not yet <strong>com</strong>e up, <strong>and</strong> one Troop now on<br />
<strong>the</strong> South-side <strong>of</strong> Peedee with Colo. [Thomas] Wade, <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fugitive Tories. Colo. Taylor tells me both<br />
British & Tories have left <strong>the</strong> Long Bluff <strong>and</strong> gone for Cambden with such precipitation that <strong>the</strong>y left many<br />
Negroes & Stock beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m; but <strong>of</strong> this, Sir, I will send you a more particular account when I hear aga<strong>in</strong> from<br />
Colo. Wade. I have certa<strong>in</strong> account that Colo. Kenan, with 55 Light horse, equipt with swords <strong>and</strong> some few<br />
Pistols, will jo<strong>in</strong> me by tomorrow even<strong>in</strong>g. Colo. Brown’s 200 are, I believe, volunteers for a month only; <strong>the</strong>y<br />
cannot, <strong>the</strong>refore, be <strong>of</strong> much service; but upon <strong>the</strong> whole we cannot, when jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Kenan, & not to mention<br />
Brown, be called more than 450 fit for duty, Officers <strong>in</strong>cluded; with <strong>the</strong>se, Sir, <strong>and</strong> with any more that may jo<strong>in</strong><br />
us, I shall endeavour to be ready to march <strong>the</strong> moment I receive Orders.” 1425<br />
7 October. [battle] KING’S MOUNTAIN 1426 (York County, S.C.) Campbell’s select army, <strong>and</strong> which was mounted,<br />
crossed Broad River at Tate’s Ferry (adjacent to Tate’s Plantation) <strong>and</strong> Cherokee Ford about sunrise. They <strong>the</strong>n<br />
marched a distance <strong>and</strong> halted about three miles from K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>; where <strong>the</strong>y ate <strong>and</strong> collected some<br />
forage for <strong>the</strong>ir horses. It was ra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early part <strong>of</strong> that Saturday, <strong>and</strong> efforts were necessary to keep <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
powder dry. From <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>the</strong>y moved to <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Creek, above Quarry Road; where, around 2 or<br />
else 3 p.m., <strong>the</strong>y dismounted, left some men <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> horses, <strong>and</strong> proceeded on foot to encircle<br />
Ferguson’s encampment on K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Surrounded on all sides, <strong>the</strong> elevation (not quite a mounta<strong>in</strong>, but ra<strong>the</strong>r a large rocky <strong>and</strong> wooded prom<strong>in</strong>ence)<br />
little availed Ferguson as it only caused his men to overshoot <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>eers who were also protected by <strong>the</strong><br />
many trees which covered <strong>the</strong> hillside. An occasional bayonet charge by his corps <strong>of</strong> (some 100) prov<strong>in</strong>cials drove<br />
<strong>the</strong> whigs back a few times, but <strong>in</strong> va<strong>in</strong>; for as <strong>the</strong> battle progressed <strong>the</strong> deadly rifle fire took its <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g toll<br />
on <strong>the</strong> hard pressed loyalists. Ferguson himself was killed attempt<strong>in</strong>g to lead ano<strong>the</strong>r charge (or else, accord<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to Shelby, try<strong>in</strong>g to escape at <strong>the</strong> last moment 1427 ), at which po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>the</strong> battle, which had lasted about an hour,<br />
effectively ended <strong>and</strong> his men surrendered.<br />
Among its effects, K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>duced many Americans to renounce <strong>the</strong>ir oaths <strong>of</strong> British protection <strong>and</strong><br />
paroles, both <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> eastern <strong>and</strong> western districts <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. At <strong>the</strong> same time, enthusiasm among <strong>the</strong><br />
western loyalists <strong>of</strong> western South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a was drastically dim<strong>in</strong>ished, <strong>and</strong> obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g loyalist<br />
recruits <strong>in</strong> those regions became much more difficult. The battle was also decisive <strong>in</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g about <strong>the</strong><br />
term<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ <strong>in</strong>itial <strong>in</strong>vasion <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month he had retreated from<br />
Charlotte to W<strong>in</strong>nsborough. 1428<br />
The full <strong>and</strong> true story <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> has probably yet to be told. Draper’s is, most agree, <strong>the</strong> best book on<br />
<strong>the</strong> subject, <strong>and</strong> an excellent, <strong>in</strong> many ways, work it is. Yet his pronounced biases are frequent <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten too<br />
obvious. Theodore Roosevelt’s account <strong>in</strong> The W<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> West, vol. 2 is (for <strong>the</strong> most part) clear headed<br />
<strong>and</strong> a good counterbalance to Draper’s version -- though occasionally subject to prejudicial lapses <strong>and</strong> eccentric<br />
distortions <strong>of</strong> its own.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> events preced<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fray itself, <strong>and</strong> what followed after, rancor <strong>in</strong> some ran deep, <strong>and</strong> passions <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
displayed were unusually violent on both sides. This no doubt helps expla<strong>in</strong> why <strong>the</strong> record should be so colored,<br />
<strong>and</strong> why accounts <strong>of</strong> what happened should <strong>of</strong>ten be so obviously conflict<strong>in</strong>g. This has left <strong>the</strong> historians with<br />
many <strong>and</strong> various questions <strong>and</strong> which have yet to be satisfactorily resolved. Why, for example, wasn’t Ferguson<br />
better supported, ei<strong>the</strong>r by Cruger, Cornwallis or Tarleton? Why exactly was Ferguson <strong>in</strong> such an ill concealed<br />
rage aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> frontiersmen? Given <strong>the</strong> brutality <strong>of</strong> much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g all over, it seems somewhat peculiar<br />
that <strong>the</strong> maim<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> two loyalists by some Cleavl<strong>and</strong>’s men should have <strong>in</strong>spired him with an urgent sense <strong>of</strong><br />
crusade. What exactly were <strong>the</strong> numbers <strong>of</strong> both sides engaged? How did certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals, such as James<br />
Williams, actually meet <strong>the</strong>ir death <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle? 1429 What took place when <strong>the</strong> battle ended? Did certa<strong>in</strong><br />
rivalries among <strong>the</strong> Patriot leaders affect subsequent history? And <strong>the</strong>re are o<strong>the</strong>rs. 1430 One th<strong>in</strong>g is not <strong>in</strong><br />
question, <strong>and</strong> that is that <strong>the</strong> frontiersmen certa<strong>in</strong>ly showed <strong>the</strong>mselves to be exceed<strong>in</strong>gly bold <strong>and</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
fighters. Though Allaire ridicules <strong>the</strong>m, one can’t help but sense <strong>in</strong> his testimony <strong>of</strong> what happened a certa<strong>in</strong><br />
amount <strong>of</strong> respect <strong>and</strong> admiration for <strong>the</strong>ir pluck <strong>and</strong> audacity; <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed with an amusement at <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
uncultured simplicity. What he presents <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> sham<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m, to some extent, <strong>com</strong>es across as more<br />
<strong>com</strong>ical than moral <strong>in</strong> its tone, --even though, it is true, <strong>the</strong>re were some actual assaults <strong>and</strong> even murders <strong>of</strong><br />
prisoners after <strong>the</strong> battle (but which Campbell soon vigorously ordered a stop to.). Aside from <strong>the</strong> victory <strong>the</strong>y<br />
1425 CNC14 pp. 673-674.<br />
1426 Moultrie: “This took its name from one K<strong>in</strong>g, who lived at <strong>the</strong> foot <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mount with his family…” MMS2 p. 243n.<br />
1427 Shelby to Col. Arthur Campbell, 12 Oct. 1780, CNC15 pp. 116-117.<br />
1428 In his 1835 historical novel, Horse-Shoe Rob<strong>in</strong>son, John Pendleton Kennedy describes <strong>the</strong> battle, as well as life <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g that time, <strong>in</strong> an engag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> reasonably au<strong>the</strong>ntic manner. The not always so easy to please Edgar Allen Poe, <strong>in</strong><br />
review<strong>in</strong>g Kennedy’s book, praised it highly.<br />
1429 See HMS pp. 23-24.<br />
1430 Treacy (at TPY pp. 47-48) <strong>in</strong> criticism <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>eers (or at least Shelby), <strong>and</strong> by way <strong>of</strong> cast<strong>in</strong>g suspicion on <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
motives, cites this passage from Shelby, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> which <strong>the</strong> latter states “[T]hey [<strong>the</strong> Over-mounta<strong>in</strong> men] would raise all <strong>the</strong> force<br />
<strong>the</strong>y could, <strong>and</strong> attack Ferguson; <strong>and</strong> if this was not practicable <strong>the</strong>y would co-operate with any corps <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United<br />
States with which <strong>the</strong>y might meet. If <strong>the</strong>y failed, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> country was over run <strong>and</strong> subdued by <strong>the</strong> British, <strong>the</strong>y would <strong>the</strong>n<br />
take water, <strong>and</strong> go down to <strong>the</strong> Spaniards <strong>in</strong> Louisiana.” CNC15 pp. 104-111. It seems strange why Treacy should take such<br />
exception to <strong>the</strong>se remarks <strong>and</strong> such a cont<strong>in</strong>gency plan; because Shelby speaks <strong>of</strong> seek<strong>in</strong>g asylum with <strong>the</strong> Spaniards only if <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn colonists <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States were f<strong>in</strong>ally “over run” by <strong>the</strong> British -- a very drastic state <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong>deed.<br />
279
achieved, <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> army was extraord<strong>in</strong>ary for any time or place <strong>in</strong> history. As Roosevelt po<strong>in</strong>ts out,<br />
it was orig<strong>in</strong>ally nei<strong>the</strong>r sanctioned or organized by any formal state or national government, <strong>and</strong> consisted<br />
almost entirely <strong>of</strong> volunteers from five dist<strong>in</strong>ct <strong>and</strong> widely separated regions. 1431<br />
AMERICAN FORCES AT KING’S MOUNTAIN<br />
Col. William Campbell 1432<br />
Col. Isaac Shelby, second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia frontier militia: 200, Col. William Campbell<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a frontier militia: 120, Col. Isaac Shelby<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a frontier militia: 120, Lieut. Col. John Sevier<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia: 110, Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Cleavl<strong>and</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia: 90, Major Joseph McDowell<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia: 60, Maj. Joseph W<strong>in</strong>ston<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia: 50, Lieut. Col. Frederick Hambright, 1433 Maj. William Chronicle<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia: 100, Col. Edward Lacey, Lieut. Col. James Hawthorn 1434<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia militia: 60, Brig. Gen. James Williams, Maj. William C<strong>and</strong>ler<br />
TOTAL (not <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers): 910 to 940<br />
Campbell, Cleavl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Shelby’s <strong>of</strong>ficial report gives 900. Shelby later gave <strong>the</strong> number as 910, <strong>and</strong> Hill as 933.<br />
Draper prefers <strong>the</strong> 910 figure. Lumpk<strong>in</strong> makes <strong>the</strong> total out to be 940, count<strong>in</strong>g an extra thirty under C<strong>and</strong>ler as<br />
separate from Williams’ group. 1435<br />
William T. Graves: 1,100<br />
Draw<strong>in</strong>g from Bobby Gilmer Moss’ work, he gives <strong>the</strong> breakdown <strong>of</strong> whig forces at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> based on<br />
known participants as follows:<br />
61 were Sumter’s men (although under his subord<strong>in</strong>ates at <strong>the</strong> battle.)<br />
114 were with James Williams.<br />
126 were with William Campbell<br />
52 with Joseph McDowell.<br />
57 with Sevier<br />
14 with Clark (at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>the</strong>y were with C<strong>and</strong>ler who was with Williams.)<br />
47 Shelby, <strong>and</strong> W<strong>in</strong>ston with him.<br />
23 Chronicle<br />
200 participants not attributed to anyone <strong>in</strong> particular. 1436<br />
BRITISH FORCES AT KING’S MOUNTAIN<br />
Maj. Patrick Ferguson<br />
Capt. Abraham De Peyster, second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
Ferguson’s Corps: 116-132; with 120 be<strong>in</strong>g probably an accurate approximation<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a loyalist militia: 430 to 450, Col. Ambrose Mills, Col. Vezey Husb<strong>and</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a loyalist militia: 320 to 356, Maj. Daniel Plummer<br />
It is not clear who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a loyalist militia, but Draper speaks <strong>of</strong> Plummer hence his<br />
mention here. 1437<br />
TOTAL: 850-902<br />
The numbers above for Ferguson’s force are derived from Lumpk<strong>in</strong>. 1438 Campbell’s report presents Ferguson<br />
strength as 1,103. Allaire gives <strong>the</strong> number was 800. Tarleton speaks <strong>of</strong> 100 Rangers (Ferguson’s Corps) <strong>and</strong><br />
1431 ATR81a p. 280, ATR81a pp. 158-159, SCP2 pp. 134-135, 159-167, 172, CNC14 pp. 663-664, 724-725, 785-786, CNC15 pp. 100-<br />
111, 115-119, 126-127, 132-136, 141-142, 163-165, 183, 372-373, RCO p. 173, AR81 pp. 51-53, RSC2 pp. 180-186, TCS pp. 164-<br />
167, 171, 194-196, GHA3 pp. 462-467, MMS2 pp. 242-246, MST pp. 57-68, MLW4A pp. 321-327, MLW3 pp. 107-108, LMS pp. 200-<br />
201, JLG1 pp. 304-307, GAR2 pp. 152-154, Autobiography <strong>of</strong> a <strong>Revolutionary</strong> Soldier by James Coll<strong>in</strong>s, pp. 55-58, HMS pp. 15-<br />
24, MLL pp. 10-155. LFB2 pp. 426-429, WNC pp. 100-108, HGS pp. 580-583, DKM pp. 222-229, 235, SNC pp. 124-177, RWW2 pp.<br />
241-294, FWI pp. 179-180, MSC1 pp. 776-805, LCR pp. 188-220, WAR2 pp. 737-745, BGC p. 92, BEA pp. 575-583.<br />
1432 Some participants felt Shelby was <strong>the</strong>ir true leader <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle, <strong>and</strong> claimed that Campbell absented himself dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
engagement when most needed; a charge hotly denied by Campbell’s supporters. See DKM pp. 558-591.<br />
1433 Hambright had succeeded Col. William Graham, who for urgent family reasons had to leave <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle.<br />
1434 Due to <strong>the</strong> wound he suffered at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock <strong>in</strong> August, Col. William Hill, though present, was unable to lead his men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
battle, <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. James Hawthorn <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> his place dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> day. DKM p. 464.<br />
1435 DKM p. 227, LSY pp.292-293<br />
1436 GJW p. 50.<br />
1437 DKM p. 276.<br />
280
1,000 loyal militia. Americans claim<strong>in</strong>g to know from captured provision returns claimed Ferguson had 1,125.<br />
There is good reason to believe, however that 200 loyalist left Ferguson’s camp that day on a patrol or forag<strong>in</strong>g<br />
party, <strong>the</strong>reby mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> total more near 800 to 900 as per Lumpk<strong>in</strong>’s figure. 1439<br />
Draper: “Where were <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Loyalist leaders <strong>of</strong> that region Colonels Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, Kirkl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Clary,<br />
Lieutenant-Colonels Phillips <strong>and</strong> Turner, <strong>and</strong> Majors Gibbs, Hill <strong>and</strong> Hamilton? Some were doubtless with <strong>the</strong><br />
party whom <strong>the</strong> Whigs had passed at Major Gibbs’ plantation, near <strong>the</strong> Cowpens, or possibly with Colonel<br />
Moore’s detachment; o<strong>the</strong>rs were scattered here <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re on furlough.” Capt. David Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> his me had<br />
been with Ferguson briefly on 2 October, but resumed <strong>the</strong>ir operations elsewhere. 1440<br />
Ferguson’s militia force <strong>in</strong>cluded detachments from <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade regiments: John Cotton’s,<br />
Patrick Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham’s, Richard K<strong>in</strong>g’s, Zacharias Gibbs’, Thomas Pearson’s, <strong>and</strong> Daniel Plummer’s.<br />
CASULATIES AND CAPTURES<br />
AMERICAN<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia man, Ensign John McCorkle, on November 7 th , wrote home to his wife, Rebecca: “We got to<br />
Hillsborough <strong>the</strong> fourth [twenty-fourth?] day <strong>of</strong> October about 10 o’clock <strong>and</strong> that day we marched 6 miles on<br />
our way to Guilford. I did not <strong>the</strong>n have time to write you. At Guilford I had <strong>the</strong> opportunity <strong>of</strong> see<strong>in</strong>g Col. Wm.<br />
Campbell who <strong>in</strong>forms me that he defeated Ferguson at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mt. <strong>and</strong> out <strong>of</strong> 1125 he killed <strong>and</strong> captured 1105<br />
English <strong>and</strong> Tories. The loss on our side was not great, only 28 killed <strong>and</strong> 8 wounded. Nathaniel Dryden was killed<br />
<strong>and</strong> 3 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Edmundsons.” 1441<br />
American losses accord<strong>in</strong>g to Campbell, Shelby <strong>and</strong> Cleavl<strong>and</strong>’s report were 28 killed, 62 wounded. 1442 Shelby <strong>in</strong><br />
a letter <strong>of</strong> 12 October stated six <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> 23 privates were killed; though he believed <strong>the</strong> number would<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>com</strong>e to 35, plus 50 to 60 wounded.<br />
BRITISH<br />
Loyalist losses accord<strong>in</strong>g to Campbell, Shelby, <strong>and</strong> Cleavl<strong>and</strong>’s report were 206 killed, 128 wounded, <strong>and</strong> 48<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> 600 privates made prisoner. Shelby reported loyalist losses as 127 killed, 125 wounded, <strong>and</strong> 649<br />
prisoners <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> wounded.<br />
Casualties for Ferguson’s corps alone, <strong>the</strong> report lists 19 killed, <strong>and</strong> 35 wounded. Of <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> privates, 68<br />
were taken prisoner <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g those wounded. Shelby, <strong>in</strong> his 12 October letter, gives: 38 killed, 28 wounded, 57<br />
prisoners. 1443<br />
Campbell’s <strong>of</strong>ficial report states 1,500 st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> arms were taken, Shelby’s letter <strong>of</strong> 12 October speaks <strong>of</strong> 1200.<br />
17 <strong>of</strong> Ferguson’s baggage wagons, <strong>the</strong>se were not taken as be<strong>in</strong>g too cumbersome to move dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> retreat. 1444<br />
Page Smith gives British losses as 157 killed, 163 too badly wounded to be evacuated, <strong>and</strong> 689 made prisoner. 1445<br />
Lambert makes reference to <strong>the</strong> fact that Robert Henry <strong>and</strong> David Vance counted 247 dead loyalists. 1446<br />
See also Allaire’s Letter to <strong>the</strong> Royal Gazette, <strong>in</strong>cluded just below, for his own account <strong>of</strong> losses on both sides.<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> Edward Dorton (or Darten) <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton County, VA.: “Col. Campbell got word from Col.<br />
Clevel<strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> Tories had fled from <strong>the</strong> Haw River <strong>and</strong> many from PeeDee <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y had jo<strong>in</strong>ed Ferguson<br />
(Major or Col.). We started from Ab<strong>in</strong>gdon all on horses <strong>and</strong> our Capt. was by <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> Looney. He th<strong>in</strong>ks Col.<br />
Campbell’s bro<strong>the</strong>r was a Capt. also. We crossed <strong>the</strong> Catawba high up <strong>in</strong> Burk[e]’s County, N.C. <strong>and</strong> came up<br />
with <strong>the</strong> British at a place called K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. Campbell was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Col. Clevel<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Major Shelby <strong>and</strong><br />
Col. Sevier. There was a Frenchman <strong>the</strong>re also by <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> Malmaday (this applicant th<strong>in</strong>ks he was a Major)<br />
[Marquis de Malmedy] <strong>and</strong> Gen. McDowell were all on horses. When we got with<strong>in</strong> one mile <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong> we<br />
all hitched our horses <strong>and</strong> left <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> care <strong>of</strong> some militia <strong>com</strong>panies. The whole <strong>of</strong> us was divided; part <strong>of</strong><br />
Campbell’s men fell under Clevel<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> one Sevier <strong>and</strong> Wilson. This applicant was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> marched<br />
up. They were on <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>. The fir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>menced on <strong>the</strong> right w<strong>in</strong>g (<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Campbell)<br />
<strong>and</strong> Shelby on <strong>the</strong> left, Clevel<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> center. The British with bayonets charged upon Clevel<strong>and</strong>’s men <strong>and</strong><br />
forced us to give back, but we all took turns. The battle lasted for some time <strong>and</strong> we made <strong>the</strong>m all prisoners.<br />
The troops, or part, went over to Charlotte <strong>and</strong> we took some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners along. Gates’ army was at<br />
1438 LSY p. 293.<br />
1439 TCS p. 156, DKM p. 238.<br />
1440 DKM p. 294.<br />
1441 Quoted <strong>in</strong> Odell McQuire’s “Many Were Sore Chased And Some Cut Down: Fight<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis with <strong>the</strong> Rockbridge Militia,”<br />
October 1995.<br />
1442 DKM p. 302.<br />
1443 DKM pp. 300-302.<br />
1444 DKM pp. 316-318.<br />
1445 SNA2 p. 1432.<br />
1446 LSL pp. 132, 144.<br />
281
Charlotte. From <strong>the</strong>re we went to Hillsborough, N.C. <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>re but a few days <strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong> went back to<br />
Charlotte where we all [?]-----. Gen. Greene took <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, this was <strong>in</strong> December 1780 or 1781.”<br />
Cleavl<strong>and</strong> quoted both <strong>in</strong> Ramsay <strong>and</strong> Moultrie: “Colonel Clevel<strong>and</strong> [Benjam<strong>in</strong> Cleavl<strong>and</strong>], <strong>in</strong> go<strong>in</strong>g round <strong>the</strong><br />
mounta<strong>in</strong>, discovered one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s pickets, upon which he addressed his men: ‘My brave fellows, We have<br />
beat <strong>the</strong> Tories, <strong>and</strong> we can beat <strong>the</strong>m aga<strong>in</strong>; <strong>the</strong>y are all cowards: if <strong>the</strong>y had <strong>the</strong> spirit <strong>of</strong> men, <strong>the</strong>y would<br />
jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir fellow-citizens <strong>in</strong> support<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dependence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir country. When you are engaged, you are not to<br />
wait for <strong>the</strong> word <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> from me: I will show you by my example, how to fight; I can undertake no more:<br />
every man must consider himself as an <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> act from his own judgment. Fire as quick as you can, <strong>and</strong><br />
st<strong>and</strong> your ground as long as you can: when you can do no better, get beh<strong>in</strong>d trees, or retreat; but I beg you not<br />
to run quite <strong>of</strong>f: if we are repulsed, let us make a po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> return<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> renew<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fight: perhaps we may<br />
have better luck <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> second attempt than <strong>the</strong> first; If any <strong>of</strong> you are afraid, such shall have leave to retire,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y are requested immediately to take <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong>f.’” 1447<br />
Moultrie: “[T]he British made use mostly <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bayonet <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir pieces. It was impossible for those<br />
heavy armed troops to <strong>com</strong>e up with <strong>the</strong> strong, active mounta<strong>in</strong>eers, who were dispersed about <strong>the</strong> woods. Had<br />
Colonel Ferguson dispersed his men (who were equally acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with bush-fight<strong>in</strong>g) <strong>and</strong> fought his adversaries<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own way, he would have had a better chance to make a retreat.” 1448<br />
Campbell, Shelby, <strong>and</strong> Cleavl<strong>and</strong>’s post-battle report to Gates, 25 September 1780: “…We began our march on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 26 th , <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 30 th , we were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Col. Clevel<strong>and</strong>, on <strong>the</strong> Catawba River, with three hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty<br />
men from <strong>the</strong> counties <strong>of</strong> Wilkes <strong>and</strong> Surry. No one <strong>of</strong>ficer hav<strong>in</strong>g properly a right to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>-<strong>in</strong>-chief, on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>of</strong> October, we despatched [sic] an express to Major General Gates, <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g him <strong>of</strong> our situation, <strong>and</strong><br />
requested him to send a general <strong>of</strong>ficer to take <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole. In <strong>the</strong> meantime, Col. Campbell was<br />
chosen to act as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant till such general <strong>of</strong>ficer should arrive. We reached <strong>the</strong> Cowpens, on <strong>the</strong> Broad<br />
River, <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, where we were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Col. James Williams, on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 6 th October, who<br />
<strong>in</strong>formed us that <strong>the</strong> enemy lay encamped somewhere near <strong>the</strong> Cherokee Ford <strong>of</strong> Broad River, about thirty miles<br />
distant form us.<br />
“By a council <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal <strong>of</strong>ficers, it was <strong>the</strong>n thought advisable to pursue <strong>the</strong> enemy that night with n<strong>in</strong>e<br />
hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> best horsemen, <strong>and</strong> leave <strong>the</strong> weak horses <strong>and</strong> footmen to follow as fast as possible. We began<br />
our march with n<strong>in</strong>e hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> best men about eight o’clock <strong>the</strong> same even<strong>in</strong>g, marched all night, <strong>and</strong><br />
came up with <strong>the</strong> enemy about three o’clock P.M. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th , who lay encamped on <strong>the</strong> top <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>,<br />
twelve miles north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cherokee Ford, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> confidence <strong>the</strong>y could not be forced from so advantageous a<br />
post. Previous to <strong>the</strong> attack, <strong>in</strong> our march <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g disposition was made: Col. Shelby’s regiment formed a<br />
column <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> centre [sic] on <strong>the</strong> left; Col. Campbell’s ano<strong>the</strong>r on <strong>the</strong> right; part <strong>of</strong> Col. Clevel<strong>and</strong>’s regiment,<br />
headed by Major W<strong>in</strong>ston <strong>and</strong> Col. Sevier’s, formed a large column on <strong>the</strong> right w<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r part <strong>of</strong> Col.<br />
Clevel<strong>and</strong>’s regiment <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>the</strong> left w<strong>in</strong>g. In this order we advanced, <strong>and</strong> got with<strong>in</strong> a quarter <strong>of</strong> a mile <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy before we were discovered.<br />
“Col. Shelby’s <strong>and</strong> Col. Campbell’s regiments began <strong>the</strong> attack, <strong>and</strong> kept up a fire on <strong>the</strong> enemy while <strong>the</strong> right<br />
<strong>and</strong> left w<strong>in</strong>gs were advanc<strong>in</strong>g forward to surround <strong>the</strong>m. The engagement lasted an hour <strong>and</strong> five m<strong>in</strong>utes, <strong>the</strong><br />
greatest part <strong>of</strong> which time a heavy <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>cessant fire was kept up on both sides. Our men <strong>in</strong> some parts where<br />
<strong>the</strong> regulars fought, were obliged to give way a small distance two or three times, but rallied <strong>and</strong> returned with<br />
additional ardour [sic] to <strong>the</strong> attack, <strong>and</strong> kept up a fire on <strong>the</strong> enemy while <strong>the</strong> right <strong>and</strong> left w<strong>in</strong>gs were<br />
advanc<strong>in</strong>g forward to surround <strong>the</strong>m. The engagement lasted an hour <strong>and</strong> five m<strong>in</strong>utes, <strong>the</strong> greatest part <strong>of</strong><br />
which time a heavy <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>cessant fire was kept up on both sides. Our men <strong>in</strong> some parts where <strong>the</strong> regulars<br />
fought, were obliged to give way a small distance two or three times, but rallied <strong>and</strong> returned with additional<br />
ardour to <strong>the</strong> attack. The troops upon <strong>the</strong> right hav<strong>in</strong>g ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> summit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> em<strong>in</strong>ence, obliged <strong>the</strong> enemy to<br />
retreat along <strong>the</strong> top <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ridge where Col. Clevel<strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed, <strong>and</strong> were <strong>the</strong>re stopped by his brave men.<br />
A flag was immediately hoisted by Capta<strong>in</strong> [Abraham] DePeyster, <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer, (Major Ferguson<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g been killed a little before,) for a surrender. Our fire immediately ceased, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy laid down <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
arms -- <strong>the</strong> greater part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m loaded -- <strong>and</strong> surrendered <strong>the</strong>mselves to us prisoners at discretion.<br />
“It appears from <strong>the</strong>ir own provision returns for that day, found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir camp, that <strong>the</strong>ir whole force consisted<br />
<strong>of</strong> eleven hundred <strong>and</strong> twenty-five men, out <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g loss: -- Of <strong>the</strong> regulars, one<br />
Major, one capta<strong>in</strong>, two lieutenants <strong>and</strong> fifteen privates killed, thirty-five privates wounded. Left on <strong>the</strong> ground,<br />
not able to march, two capta<strong>in</strong>s, four lieutenants, three ensigns, one surgeon, five sergeants; three corporals,<br />
one drummer <strong>and</strong> fifty-n<strong>in</strong>e privates taken prisoners. Loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories, two Colonels, three Capta<strong>in</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> two<br />
hundred <strong>and</strong> one privates killed; one Major <strong>and</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> twenty-seven privates wounded <strong>and</strong> left on <strong>the</strong><br />
ground not able to march; one Colonel, twelve Capta<strong>in</strong>s, eleven Lieutenants, two Ensigns, one Quarter-Master,<br />
one Adjutant, two Commissaries, eighteen Sergeants <strong>and</strong> six hundred privates taken prisoners. Total loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy, eleven hundred <strong>and</strong> five men at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>.” 1449<br />
Allaire: “Saturday, 7 th . About two o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon twenty-five hundred Rebels...attacked us...<strong>the</strong>ir<br />
numbers enabled <strong>the</strong>m to surround us. The North Carol<strong>in</strong>a regiment see<strong>in</strong>g this <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> ammunition<br />
gave way. Capt. [Abraham] DePeyster, on whom <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> devolved, saw it impossible to form six men<br />
1447 RSC2 pp. 182-183, MMS2 p. 243.<br />
1448 MMS2 p. 245.<br />
1449 DKM pp. 522-524. For additional reports <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action made by William Campbell, as well as a resolution passed by <strong>the</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Senate <strong>in</strong> reaction to <strong>the</strong> victory, see GDH3 pp. 140-142.<br />
282
toge<strong>the</strong>r; thought it necessary to surrender to save <strong>the</strong> lives <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brave men who were left. We lost <strong>in</strong> this<br />
action Maj. Ferguson...had eighteen men killed on <strong>the</strong> spot...Of <strong>the</strong> militia, one hundred were killed <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers; wounded, n<strong>in</strong>ety; taken prisoners, about six hundred. Rebels lost Brig.-Gen [James] Williams, one<br />
hundred <strong>and</strong> thirty-five, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers, killed; wounded, equal to ours.”<br />
Letter <strong>of</strong> Allaire’s Published <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> (New York) Royal Gazette, 24 February 1781: “I th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong> last letter I wrote<br />
you was from Fort Moultrie, which I left a few days after. We marched to a place called N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, which is<br />
about two hundred miles from Charlestown; we lay <strong>the</strong>re about a fortnight <strong>in</strong> good quarters, after which we<br />
proceeded to <strong>the</strong> frontiers <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> frequently passed <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> can say<br />
with propriety, that <strong>the</strong>re is not a regiment or detachment <strong>of</strong> his Majesty’s service, that ever went through <strong>the</strong><br />
fatigues, or suffered so much, as our detachment. That you may have some fa<strong>in</strong>t idea <strong>of</strong> our suffer<strong>in</strong>g, I shall<br />
mention a few particulars. In <strong>the</strong> first place we were separated from all <strong>the</strong> army, act<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> militia; we<br />
never lay two nights <strong>in</strong> one place, frequently mak<strong>in</strong>g forced marches <strong>of</strong> twenty <strong>and</strong> thirty miles <strong>in</strong> one night;<br />
skirmish<strong>in</strong>g very <strong>of</strong>ten; <strong>the</strong> greatest part <strong>of</strong> our time without rum or wheat flour-rum is a very essential article,<br />
for <strong>in</strong> march<strong>in</strong>g ten miles we would <strong>of</strong>ten be obliged to ford two or three rivers, which wet <strong>the</strong> men up to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
waists. In this disagreeable situation, we rema<strong>in</strong>ed till <strong>the</strong> seventh <strong>of</strong> October, when we were attacked by two<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> five hundred Rebels, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Gen. [James] Williams. Col. Ferguson had under his<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> eight hundred militia, <strong>and</strong> our detachment, which at that time was reduced to an hundred men. The<br />
action <strong>com</strong>menced about two o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon, <strong>and</strong> was very severe for upwards <strong>of</strong> an hour, dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
which <strong>the</strong> Rebels were charged <strong>and</strong> drove back several times, with considerable slaughter. When our<br />
detachment charged, for <strong>the</strong> first time, it fell to my lot to put a Rebel Capta<strong>in</strong> to death, which I did most<br />
effectually, with one blow <strong>of</strong> my sword; <strong>the</strong> fellow was at least six feet high, but I had ra<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> advantage, as<br />
I was mounted on an elegant horse, <strong>and</strong> he on foot. But <strong>the</strong>ir numbers enabled <strong>the</strong>m to surround us <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a regiment, which consisted <strong>of</strong> about three hundred men. See<strong>in</strong>g this, <strong>and</strong> numbers be<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong><br />
ammunition which naturally threw <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong>to confusion, our gallant little detachment, which<br />
consisted <strong>of</strong> only seventy men, exclusive <strong>of</strong> twenty who acted as dragoons, <strong>and</strong> ten who drove wagons, etc.,<br />
when we marched to <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> action, were all killed <strong>and</strong> wounded but twenty, <strong>and</strong> those brave fellows were<br />
soon crowded <strong>in</strong>to an heap by <strong>the</strong> militia. Capt. [Abraham] DePeyster, on whom <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> devolved, see<strong>in</strong>g<br />
it impossible to form six men toge<strong>the</strong>r, thought it necessary to surrender, to save <strong>the</strong> lives <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brave men who<br />
were left.<br />
“We lost <strong>in</strong> this action, Maj. Ferguson, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Seventy-first regiment, a man strongly attached to his K<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
country, well <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> art <strong>of</strong> war, brave, humane, <strong>and</strong> an agreeable <strong>com</strong>panion-<strong>in</strong> short, he was<br />
universally esteemed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, <strong>and</strong> I have every reason to regret his unhappy fate. We lost eighteen men<br />
killed on <strong>the</strong> spot-Capt. [Samuel] Ryerson <strong>and</strong> thirty-two Sergeants <strong>and</strong> privates wounded, <strong>of</strong> Maj. Ferguson’s<br />
detachment. Lieutenant M’G<strong>in</strong>nis <strong>of</strong> [Isaac] Allen’s regiment, Sk<strong>in</strong>ner’s brigade [i.e., <strong>the</strong> New Jersey<br />
Volunteers], killed; taken prisoners, two Capta<strong>in</strong>s, four Lieutenants, three Ensigns, one Surgeon, <strong>and</strong> fifty-four<br />
Sergeants <strong>and</strong> privates, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> wounded, wagoners, etc. The militia killed, one hundred, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers; wounded, n<strong>in</strong>ety; taken prisoners about six hundred; our baggage all taken, <strong>of</strong> course. The Rebels lost<br />
Brig.-Gen. [James] Williams, <strong>and</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> thirty-five, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers, killed; wounded nearly equal to<br />
ours. The morn<strong>in</strong>g after <strong>the</strong> action we were marched sixteen miles, previous to which orders were given by <strong>the</strong><br />
Rebel Col. [William] Campbell (whom <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> devolved on) that should <strong>the</strong>y be attacked on <strong>the</strong>ir march,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were to fire on, <strong>and</strong> destroy <strong>the</strong>ir prisoners. The party was kept march<strong>in</strong>g two days without any k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong><br />
provisions. The <strong>of</strong>ficers’ baggage, on <strong>the</strong> third day’s march, was all divided among <strong>the</strong> Rebel <strong>of</strong>ficers…”<br />
Chesney: “Our spies from Holston, as well as some left at <strong>the</strong> Gap <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, brought us word that <strong>the</strong><br />
Rebel force amounted to 3,000 men; on which we retreated along <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> Broad River <strong>and</strong> sent <strong>the</strong><br />
wagons along <strong>the</strong> south side as far as Cherokee Ford, where <strong>the</strong>y jo<strong>in</strong>ed us. We marched to K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>re encamped with a view <strong>of</strong> approach<strong>in</strong>g Lord Cornwallis’s Army <strong>and</strong> receiv<strong>in</strong>g support; by Col. Ferguson’s<br />
orders I sent expresses to <strong>the</strong> Militia Officers to jo<strong>in</strong> us <strong>the</strong>re; but we were attacked before any support arrived<br />
by 1500 picked men from Gilbert’s Town [Gilbert town] under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Colonels Clevel<strong>and</strong>, Selby<br />
[Shelby] <strong>and</strong> Campbell, all <strong>of</strong> whom were armed with Rifles, well mounted <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> course could move with <strong>the</strong><br />
utmost celerity. So rapid was <strong>the</strong>ir attack that I was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> act <strong>of</strong> dismount<strong>in</strong>g to report that all was quiet <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> pickets on <strong>the</strong> alert when we heard <strong>the</strong>ir fir<strong>in</strong>g about half a mile <strong>of</strong>f. I immediately paraded <strong>the</strong> men <strong>and</strong><br />
posted <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers, dur<strong>in</strong>g this short <strong>in</strong>terval I received a wound which however did not prevent my do<strong>in</strong>g duty;<br />
<strong>and</strong> on go<strong>in</strong>g towards my horse I found he had been killed by <strong>the</strong> first discharge. K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> from its height<br />
would have enabled us to oppose a superior force with advantage, had it not been covered with wood which<br />
sheltered <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>and</strong> enabled <strong>the</strong>m to fight <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir favorite manner; <strong>in</strong> fact after driv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> our pickets<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were able to advance <strong>in</strong> three divisions under separate leaders to <strong>the</strong> crest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hill <strong>in</strong> perfect safety until<br />
<strong>the</strong>y took post <strong>and</strong> opened an irregular but destructive fire from beh<strong>in</strong>d trees <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r cover. Col. Clevel<strong>and</strong>’s<br />
was first perceived <strong>and</strong> repulsed by a charge made by Col. Ferguson; Col Selby’s [Shelby’s] regiment was next<br />
<strong>and</strong> met a similar fate be<strong>in</strong>g driven down <strong>the</strong> hill; last, <strong>the</strong> detachment under Col. Campbell <strong>and</strong> by desire <strong>of</strong><br />
Col. Ferguson, I presented a new front which opposed it with success; by this time <strong>the</strong> Americans who had been<br />
repulsed had rega<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>ir former stations <strong>and</strong> sheltered beh<strong>in</strong>d trees poured <strong>in</strong> an irregular destructive fire; <strong>in</strong><br />
this manner <strong>the</strong> engagement was ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed near an hour, <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>eers fly<strong>in</strong>g whenever <strong>the</strong>re was danger<br />
<strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g charged by <strong>the</strong> Bayonet, <strong>and</strong> return<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong> so soon as <strong>the</strong> British detachment had faced about to repel<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir parties. Col Ferguson was at last recognized by his gallantry, although wear<strong>in</strong>g a hunt<strong>in</strong>g shirt,<br />
<strong>and</strong> fell pierced by seven balls at <strong>the</strong> moment he had killed <strong>the</strong> American Col. Williams with his left h<strong>and</strong>; (<strong>the</strong><br />
right be<strong>in</strong>g useless). I had just rallied <strong>the</strong> troops a second time by Ferguson’s orders when Capt. [Abraham]<br />
DePeyster succeeded to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, but soon after gave up <strong>and</strong> sent out a flag <strong>of</strong> truce. But, as <strong>the</strong> Americans<br />
283
esumed <strong>the</strong>ir fire afterwards, ours was also renewed under <strong>the</strong> supposition that <strong>the</strong>y would give no quarter; <strong>and</strong><br />
a dreadful havoc took place until <strong>the</strong> flag was sent out a second time, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> work <strong>of</strong> destruction ceased; <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans surrounded us with double l<strong>in</strong>es, <strong>and</strong> we grounded arms with <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> one third our numbers.” 1450<br />
Isaac Shelby: “This was Saturday morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> at sun rise it began to ra<strong>in</strong> hard. The army however cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />
unremitt<strong>in</strong>gly to pursue its ma<strong>in</strong> object, traveled hard all day through <strong>the</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>, until <strong>the</strong>y got with<strong>in</strong> a few miles<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy where he lay encamped on K<strong>in</strong>g[’]s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> where he had only arrived late <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g<br />
before -- On ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> position <strong>of</strong> Major Ferguson’s Army, <strong>the</strong> American l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> battle was<br />
formed as follows -- Colonel Campbell’s regiment headed by himself formed <strong>the</strong> center column to <strong>the</strong> right;<br />
Colonel Shelby’s regiment <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by himself formed <strong>the</strong> center column on <strong>the</strong> left. The right w<strong>in</strong>g was<br />
<strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> Colonel Sevier’s regiment, Col. McDowell’s regiment, Col. W<strong>in</strong>ston’s regiment & <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by<br />
Col. Sevier <strong>in</strong> front. The left w<strong>in</strong>g was <strong>com</strong>posed by Col. Clevel<strong>and</strong>’s regiment, Colonel Williams’ regiment,<br />
Colonel Lacey’s regiment & Colonel Brannum’s [Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on] regiment, & headed <strong>in</strong> front by Col. Clevel<strong>and</strong><br />
himself, <strong>in</strong> this order <strong>the</strong> American Army advanced <strong>in</strong> four l<strong>in</strong>es until it arrived <strong>in</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Camp on<br />
K<strong>in</strong>gs Mounta<strong>in</strong> at three o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon <strong>of</strong> Saturday <strong>the</strong> 7 th day <strong>of</strong> October, 1780. The two center<br />
columns <strong>the</strong>n wheeled to <strong>the</strong> right <strong>and</strong> left formed a front, marched up <strong>and</strong> attacked <strong>the</strong> enemy, while <strong>the</strong> right<br />
<strong>and</strong> left w<strong>in</strong>g were march<strong>in</strong>g round. The action <strong>the</strong>n became general <strong>and</strong> lasted one hour <strong>and</strong> a half. The<br />
Americans had upwards <strong>of</strong> sixty killed <strong>and</strong> wounded -- <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y killed <strong>and</strong> took <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy eleven hundred <strong>and</strong><br />
five -- three hundred <strong>and</strong> seventy five <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m were left welter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Gore upon K<strong>in</strong>g[’]s Mounta<strong>in</strong> among<br />
<strong>the</strong> latter Major Ferguson himself, he fell <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> close <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action -- about <strong>the</strong> same time or shortly before<br />
Colonel Williams was mortally wounded <strong>of</strong> which he died [<strong>the</strong> next day, 8 October].” 1451<br />
William Lee Davidson to Sumner dated Oct. 10 th , “Camp Rocky River”: “I have <strong>the</strong> pleasure <strong>of</strong> h<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g you very<br />
agreeable <strong>in</strong>telligence from <strong>the</strong> West; Patrick Ferguson, <strong>the</strong> great partisan, has miscarried. This we are assured<br />
<strong>of</strong> by <strong>of</strong> Mr Tate, Brigade Major <strong>in</strong> Gen. Sumpter’s late <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. The particulars from that gentleman’s mouth<br />
st<strong>and</strong> thus: that Colonels Campbell, Clevel<strong>and</strong>, Shelby, Sevier, Williams, Br<strong>and</strong>on, Lacey etc. formed a conjunct<br />
body near Gilbert Town consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 3,000. From this body was selected 1,600 good horse, who immediately<br />
went <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Colonel Ferguson, who was mak<strong>in</strong>g his way to Charlotte. Our people overtook him well posted<br />
on K<strong>in</strong>gs Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th Inst., at four o’clock, began <strong>the</strong> attack which cont<strong>in</strong>ued 47<br />
m<strong>in</strong>utes. Colonel Ferguson fell <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action beside 150 <strong>of</strong> his men; 810 were made prisoners, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
British; 150 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners are wounded; 1,500 st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> arms fell <strong>in</strong>to our Arms. Colonel Ferguson had about<br />
1,400 men. Our people surrounded <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy surrendered. We lost about 20 men, among whom is<br />
Major Chronicle, <strong>of</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln County; Colonel Williams is mortally wounded. The number <strong>of</strong> our wounded cannot<br />
be ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed. This blow will certa<strong>in</strong>ly affect <strong>the</strong> British considerably. The designs <strong>of</strong> our conquer<strong>in</strong>g friends<br />
near K<strong>in</strong>g's Mounta<strong>in</strong> are not clearly known. It is most probable that <strong>the</strong>y will secure <strong>the</strong>ir prisoners <strong>in</strong> or over<br />
<strong>the</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong> & proceed towards Charlotte. The Brigade Major who gives this was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action. The above is<br />
true, <strong>the</strong> blow is great. I give you joy upon <strong>the</strong> occasion.” 1452<br />
Petition <strong>of</strong> loyalist James White: “…[W]ho was appo<strong>in</strong>ted a sergent [sic] <strong>in</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Cotton’s Company, N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six<br />
Brigade, <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed Major Ferguson <strong>in</strong> September 1780 <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued with him until <strong>the</strong> defeat at K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong>, where<strong>in</strong> he was taken prisoner <strong>and</strong> conf<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Salisbury jail, where he rema<strong>in</strong>ed for three months<br />
before mak<strong>in</strong>g his escape. Returned home but found his position <strong>in</strong>secure, due to small rebel parties. He, with<br />
his Fa<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> family, moved near to Savannah from whence <strong>the</strong>y were lately arrived <strong>in</strong> great distress. He has<br />
never been paid for his service <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Army <strong>and</strong> requested that he be paid.” 1453<br />
Cornwallis, at “Wynnesborough,” on Dec. 3 rd to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton wrote: “I am honoured with your letters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 5 th <strong>and</strong> 6 th<br />
<strong>of</strong> last month. Lord Rawdon, dur<strong>in</strong>g my illness, <strong>in</strong>formed your Excellency, <strong>in</strong> his letters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 28 th <strong>and</strong> 31 st <strong>of</strong><br />
October, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> various causes which prevented my penetrat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. I shall not trouble you with<br />
a recapitulation, except a few words about poor Major Ferguson. I had <strong>the</strong> honour to <strong>in</strong>form your Excellency that<br />
Major Ferguson had taken <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ite pa<strong>in</strong>s with some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. He obta<strong>in</strong>ed my permission to<br />
make an <strong>in</strong>cursion <strong>in</strong>to Tryon county, while <strong>the</strong> sickness <strong>of</strong> my army prevented my mov<strong>in</strong>g. As he had only militia<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> small rema<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> his own corps, without baggage or artillery, <strong>and</strong> as he promised to <strong>com</strong>e back if he<br />
heard <strong>of</strong> any superior force, I thought he could do no harm, <strong>and</strong> might help to keep alive <strong>the</strong> spirit <strong>of</strong> our friends<br />
<strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, which might be damped by <strong>the</strong> slowness <strong>of</strong> our motions. The event proved unfortunate,<br />
without any fault <strong>of</strong> Major Ferguson’s. A numerous <strong>and</strong> unexpected enemy came from <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s. As <strong>the</strong>y<br />
had good horses, <strong>the</strong>ir movements were rapid. Major Ferguson was tempted to stay near <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s longer<br />
than he <strong>in</strong>tended, <strong>in</strong> hopes <strong>of</strong> cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f Colonel Clarke [Elijah Clark] on his return from Georgia. He was not<br />
aware that <strong>the</strong> enemy was so near him; <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> endeavour<strong>in</strong>g [sic] to execute my orders <strong>of</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Catawba,<br />
<strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g me at Charlotte-town, he was attacked by a very superior force, <strong>and</strong> totally defeated on K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
mounta<strong>in</strong>.” 1454<br />
7 October. Cornwallis ordered Maj. James Wemyss with <strong>the</strong> 63 rd from Camden to <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>e with Harrison’s Corps<br />
(<strong>the</strong> S.C. Rangers) <strong>and</strong> march to K<strong>in</strong>gstree. The order was counterm<strong>and</strong>ed after Cornwallis received news <strong>of</strong><br />
1450 CDI.<br />
1451 SRW.<br />
1452 This is a copy <strong>of</strong> a letter that went up for auction <strong>in</strong> 2010, <strong>and</strong> from which this text is taken.<br />
1453 Dated Charlestown, 1 Aug. 1782, CLS p. 252.<br />
1454 COC pp. 45-46, SCP3 p. 24.<br />
284
K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. Earlier, <strong>in</strong> a letter <strong>of</strong> 30 September to his lordship, Wemyss had spoken disparag<strong>in</strong>gly <strong>of</strong><br />
Harrison’s corps as an unreliable group seek<strong>in</strong>g plunder, <strong>and</strong> “worse than militia.” 1455<br />
7-8 October. Gates formed a light corps, or “Fly<strong>in</strong>g Corps” or “Fly<strong>in</strong>g Camp,” for Morgan to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> consist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong> 70 cavalry under William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, 60 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen under Major Alex<strong>and</strong>er Rose, plus 3 <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong><br />
light <strong>in</strong>fantry drafted from <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware Regiments. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Christopher <strong>War</strong>d, it also<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded some Virg<strong>in</strong>ians left over from Buford’s detachment. The 3 <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry were formed as<br />
follows. Those drafted from Buford made up <strong>the</strong> 1 st Co. under Capt. Peter Bru<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. The 2 nd Company<br />
was <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Capt. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Brookes <strong>of</strong> that state. The 3 rd was chiefly <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong><br />
Delaware men with a few Maryl<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>and</strong> was led by Kirkwood. Added to this were Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry <strong>and</strong><br />
Rose’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen. The State <strong>of</strong> N.C. had recently provided Gates with some cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> some tents; most<br />
<strong>of</strong> which went to Morgan’s men. Each soldier got one new shirt, a short coat, a pair <strong>of</strong> woolen overalls or<br />
trousers, a pair <strong>of</strong> shoes <strong>and</strong> a hat or cap. There were not enough blankets to go around; <strong>and</strong> so <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
distributed to each regiment <strong>in</strong> proportion to its numbers.<br />
By <strong>the</strong> next day (<strong>the</strong> 8 th ), Morgan’s newly formed corps began its march <strong>and</strong> reached Salisbury on <strong>the</strong> 15 th . Gates<br />
with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Hillsborough. The North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia under Smallwood, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> meantime,<br />
subsequently posted <strong>the</strong>mselves at New Providence. 1456<br />
Kirkwood’s Journal: “Octb. 7. This Day three Companies <strong>of</strong> Light Infantry were Chosen, one under <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> Capt. Bruen <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, Second by Capt. Kirkwood, & <strong>the</strong> third by Capt. Brooks <strong>the</strong> whole under <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> Col. Morgan.<br />
“Oct. 8. Began our march from Hilsborough [sic] under Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. Morgan, <strong>and</strong> arrived at Salsbury [sic]<br />
<strong>the</strong> 15 th Inst.” 1457<br />
William Johnson: “On <strong>the</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> General Gates towards Camden, he had fortunately been obliged to leave<br />
two pieces <strong>of</strong> artillery on <strong>the</strong> road, for want <strong>of</strong> horses to carry <strong>the</strong>m. These were now brought up to camp, <strong>and</strong> a<br />
few iron pieces ga<strong>the</strong>red from various places, be<strong>in</strong>g also collected, formed a small park <strong>of</strong> artillery.<br />
“The legislature <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> session when General Gates arrived, he presented an earnest request<br />
to <strong>the</strong>m, to make efforts to call out militia, collect munitions, <strong>and</strong> take such measures as <strong>the</strong> resources <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
country would admit <strong>of</strong>, to put him <strong>in</strong> a condition aga<strong>in</strong> to take <strong>the</strong> field. The legislature manifested <strong>the</strong> best<br />
disposition imag<strong>in</strong>able to <strong>com</strong>ply, but such was <strong>the</strong> excitement produced among <strong>the</strong> loyalists by <strong>the</strong> recent<br />
successes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army, that <strong>the</strong> assembly itself could scarcely sit <strong>in</strong> safety; <strong>and</strong> an opposition was<br />
susta<strong>in</strong>ed from <strong>the</strong> disafiectcd which paralysed every efibrt that was made. They could scarcely furnish provision<br />
for <strong>the</strong> troops; <strong>and</strong> when afterwards, Lord Comwallis passed Charlotte <strong>and</strong> advanced upon Salisbury, <strong>the</strong><br />
confidence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists appeared approach<strong>in</strong>g to open <strong>in</strong>surrection.<br />
“Measures had also been adopted to br<strong>in</strong>g forward re<strong>in</strong>forcements from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; for that state hav<strong>in</strong>g been<br />
engaged <strong>in</strong> recruit<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>re was still a hope; <strong>of</strong> draw<strong>in</strong>g some men from her depots. All that could be sent <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>the</strong> field were promptly forwarded, but unfortunately, <strong>in</strong> no better condition for tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> field than <strong>the</strong> troops<br />
encamped at Hillsborough. On <strong>the</strong> 16 th September Colonel [Otho] Williams says, ‘Colonel Bufort [Buford] arrived<br />
from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia with <strong>the</strong> mangled rema<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> his unfortunate regiment, rehiforced by about two hundred raw<br />
recruits; all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> a ragged condition. Uniform <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r cloth<strong>in</strong>g were to be sent after <strong>the</strong>m, but <strong>the</strong>y<br />
never arrived. About <strong>the</strong> same time, a small detachment <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia arrived, without even arms.’<br />
“Of <strong>the</strong> men whom Porterfield led <strong>in</strong>to action on <strong>the</strong> 16 th , only about fifty escaped; <strong>the</strong>se, added to Bufort’s<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcement, constituted <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field, about three hundred <strong>in</strong> number: to which are to be<br />
added, <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Harrison’s regiment <strong>of</strong> artillery, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Capta<strong>in</strong> Anthony S<strong>in</strong>gleton; <strong>the</strong> numbers<br />
we do not f<strong>in</strong>d specified, but <strong>the</strong> brunt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 16 th had fallen very heavily upon this corps.<br />
“Gates now only waited for a supply <strong>of</strong> cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> embody<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia to take <strong>the</strong> field…<br />
“About this time <strong>the</strong> celebrated Colonel Daniel Morgan, who had already reaped such harvests <strong>of</strong> laurels at<br />
Quebec <strong>and</strong> Saratoga, arrived <strong>in</strong> camp…<br />
“Immediately on his arrival, General Gates ordered four <strong>com</strong>panies to be drafted from <strong>the</strong> regiments, to be<br />
equipped as light-<strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> to form a partisan corps to serve under Colonel Morgan. The arrival <strong>of</strong> Colonels<br />
White <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, with <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first <strong>and</strong> third regiments <strong>of</strong> dragoons, so roughly h<strong>and</strong>led by<br />
Tarleton after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charleston, enabled <strong>the</strong> general to add a body <strong>of</strong> seventy cavalry to Morgan’s<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. These were <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, as Colonel White appears never to have met with a<br />
refusal when he solicited leave <strong>of</strong> absence. To <strong>the</strong>se wera added a small corps <strong>of</strong> riflemen, about sixty <strong>in</strong><br />
number, under Major [Alex<strong>and</strong>er] Rose.” 1458<br />
8 October. Campbell’s K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> force, hav<strong>in</strong>g mounted <strong>the</strong>ir wounded, <strong>and</strong> taken as much from<br />
Ferguson’s 17 baggage wagons as <strong>the</strong>y could carry, retreated to <strong>the</strong> Broad River. In addition to <strong>the</strong> wounded <strong>and</strong><br />
captured arms <strong>and</strong> stores, <strong>the</strong>y were fur<strong>the</strong>r hampered <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir movement with <strong>the</strong> 600 prisoners <strong>the</strong>y had<br />
taken. At one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Broad River fords, probably Cherokee Ford, <strong>the</strong>y met up with <strong>the</strong> group that had been left<br />
beh<strong>in</strong>d under Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Herndon. The re-united detachments f<strong>in</strong>ally camped that night on <strong>the</strong> eastern side<br />
<strong>of</strong> Broad River just north <strong>of</strong> Buffalo Ford Creek; where <strong>the</strong>y buried a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir men <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g James<br />
Williams. 1459<br />
1455 SCP2 p. 16, BSF p. 72.<br />
1456 KJO pp. 11-12, WNA, GHA3 pp. 459-460, JLG1 pp. 312-314, GDM p. 239, SNC p. 185, WDC pp. 357-358, RNC p. 258.<br />
1457 KJO pp. 11-12.<br />
1458 JLG2 pp. 312-314.<br />
1459 DKM pp. 316-318.<br />
285
8 October. Brig. Gen. Davidson, at “Camp Rocky River,” to Sumner: “I am now N. E. <strong>of</strong> Charlotte 13½ miles. By<br />
<strong>the</strong> bearer I send you one British prisoner taken some days s<strong>in</strong>ce, <strong>and</strong> three tories taken on <strong>the</strong> 6 th . Golson Step,<br />
a tory, on exam<strong>in</strong>ation gave <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g particulars: -- That <strong>the</strong> enemy brought to Charlotte one hundred<br />
waggons, 1,100 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>in</strong> uniform, 550 light dragons, 800 militia <strong>and</strong> two field pieces; that <strong>the</strong>y received lately<br />
a small re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> 100 or 150 men from <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws, <strong>and</strong> yesterday <strong>the</strong>y drew two days’ provisions to be<br />
had <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess to march. I expect that <strong>the</strong> enemy will make a movement very shortly.” 1460<br />
9 October. “Campbell’s” army marched two <strong>and</strong> a half miles up <strong>the</strong> Broad River on its nor<strong>the</strong>rn bank, much <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> day hav<strong>in</strong>g been spent bury<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> dead, tend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> rest<strong>in</strong>g generally. 1461<br />
9 October. Militia from Rockbridge, Fauquier, Augusta, <strong>and</strong> adjo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g sou<strong>the</strong>rn counties <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia began <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
march to jo<strong>in</strong> Gates. It was <strong>the</strong>se troops under Maj. Francis Triplett <strong>and</strong> Capt. James Tate that would serve with<br />
Morgan at Cowpens. They arrived at Gates’ headquarters, <strong>the</strong>n below Charlotte, on 7 November.<br />
From <strong>the</strong> pension application <strong>of</strong> William Miller, <strong>of</strong> Rockbridge County, VA.: “This applicant states that he was<br />
drafted as a militia man <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sd [said] County <strong>of</strong> Rockbridge, <strong>and</strong> marched on <strong>the</strong> 9 th <strong>of</strong> October 1780 under Cpt<br />
James Gilmore, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>of</strong> sd [said] County, now dead, Lieutenant John Caru<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>of</strong> sd County, now dead,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Ensign John McCorkle, also <strong>of</strong> sd County...The <strong>com</strong>pany rendesvoused [sic] <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Town <strong>of</strong> Lex<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>in</strong> sd<br />
County <strong>of</strong> Rockbridge -- marched to New London <strong>in</strong> Bedford Cty [County], Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>the</strong>nce to Hillsborough <strong>in</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, where <strong>the</strong>y jo<strong>in</strong>ed Headquarters under Gen.Gates, where <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany was reviewed & drew<br />
muskets & <strong>the</strong>re received orders to jo<strong>in</strong> Gen Smallwood, 1462 stationed about 16 or 18 miles below Charlotte,<br />
toward Cambden [Camden] <strong>and</strong> marched on to that Station, hap<strong>in</strong>g [hopp<strong>in</strong>g] through Guilford <strong>and</strong> Salisbury. At<br />
this station this applicant was taken from his <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>and</strong> ordered to <strong>the</strong> Catawba to guard Garrison’s Ferry, <strong>in</strong><br />
which service he was engaged about 4 weeks. When this applicant was return<strong>in</strong>g to Smallwood’s camp, he heard<br />
that Gen. Morgan had gone to Charlotte...” 1463<br />
9 October. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Salem congregation): “…Andreas Volk’s son came for <strong>the</strong> doctor for<br />
his bro<strong>the</strong>r-<strong>in</strong>-law Johann Krause, who was shot <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> leg yesterday while st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g guard at Richmond [N.C.],<br />
which was aga<strong>in</strong> visited by a strong party <strong>of</strong> Tories under Gideon Wright. The bullet had rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> his limbs;<br />
Joseph Dixon was sent to b<strong>in</strong>d up <strong>the</strong> wound. The Tories had expressed sympathy for <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>jured man, say<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
ball had not been meant for him but for some one else, <strong>and</strong> so on. What consequences this may have rema<strong>in</strong>s to<br />
be seen.” 1464<br />
10 October. Campbell’s force resumed <strong>the</strong>ir march <strong>in</strong> a north-westerly direction along <strong>the</strong> Broad River towards<br />
Gilbertown, cover<strong>in</strong>g this day about twenty miles. 1465<br />
10 October. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, at his Headquarters <strong>in</strong> New York, to Maj. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Leslie: “You will be pleased to<br />
proceed with <strong>the</strong> troops embarked under your <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> to Chesapeak[e] Bay; <strong>and</strong> upon your arrival at that<br />
place, you will pursue such measures as you shall judge most likely to answer <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> this expedition; <strong>the</strong><br />
pr<strong>in</strong>cipal object <strong>of</strong> which is to make a diversion <strong>in</strong> favour <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant-general Earl Cornwallis, who by <strong>the</strong> time<br />
you arrive <strong>the</strong>re will probably be act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> back parts <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. The <strong>in</strong>formation you shall procure on<br />
<strong>the</strong> spot after your arrival at your dest<strong>in</strong>ed port, will po<strong>in</strong>t out to you <strong>the</strong> properest [sic] method <strong>of</strong><br />
ac<strong>com</strong>plish<strong>in</strong>g this. But from that which I have received here, I should judge it best to proceed up James River as<br />
high as possible, <strong>in</strong> order to seize or destroy any magaz<strong>in</strong>es <strong>the</strong> enemy may have at Petersburg, Richmond, or<br />
any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> places adjacent; <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ally, to establish a post on Elizabeth River. But this, as well as <strong>the</strong> direction<br />
<strong>of</strong> every o<strong>the</strong>r operation, is submitted to Earl Cornwallis, with whom you are a soon as possible to <strong>com</strong>municate,<br />
<strong>and</strong> afterwards to follow all such orders <strong>and</strong> directions you shall from time to time receive from his<br />
Lordship.” 1466<br />
10 October. Col. Thomas Brown <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee militia, N.C., at “Camp at <strong>the</strong> Beauty Spot,” to Brig. Gen.<br />
Harr<strong>in</strong>gton: “I have, agreeably to your order, marched as far as this place, eight miles below Hick’s Mills; but<br />
meet<strong>in</strong>g with a letter here, <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g me <strong>of</strong> your retreat back to Cross Creek [from Haley’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong><br />
Peedee], I conclude to proceed no far<strong>the</strong>r; but shall, as directed by his Excellency, Gov. Nash, drive <strong>of</strong>f all <strong>the</strong><br />
beef cattle that I can possibly collect. I have received no orders from you s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> 3 rd <strong>in</strong>st., which, toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
with your unexpected retreat, has left me so much <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> dark how to act, as to determ<strong>in</strong>e me as above. The<br />
<strong>in</strong>habitants about this place seem perfectly still, except about n<strong>in</strong>ety, who are said to be collected at Spike’s<br />
Mill, on Jeffrey’s Creek; but we learn <strong>the</strong>re is a party gone out this day <strong>in</strong> order to dislodge <strong>the</strong>m, under <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Capt. Delany. Capta<strong>in</strong>s Murphy [Maurice Murfee] <strong>and</strong> Council, with <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>panies, are rang<strong>in</strong>g up<br />
<strong>and</strong> down this river <strong>in</strong> order to keep <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>in</strong> awe… We fur<strong>the</strong>r learn that <strong>the</strong> Tories about Little Pe[e]dee<br />
are summoned to meet on Thursday next, by one Jesse Barfield. I shall endeavor to watch <strong>the</strong>ir motions, <strong>and</strong> if<br />
possible, disperse <strong>the</strong>m.” 1467<br />
1460 CNC14 p. 784.<br />
1461 DKM p. 324.<br />
1462 Smallwood at that time was placed <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia.<br />
1463 MGC<br />
1464 FRM p. 1571.<br />
1465 DKM p. 324.<br />
1466 COC pp. 25-26, SCP2 p. 50.<br />
1467 GHC p. 333.<br />
286
10-11 October. On <strong>the</strong> 9 th , Cornwallis pleaded with Tarleton to locate Ferguson, but <strong>the</strong> latter cont<strong>in</strong>ued to<br />
refuse still claim<strong>in</strong>g to be weak from yellow fever. 1468 The next day, Cornwallis ordered him, with <strong>the</strong> light<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>the</strong> British Legion <strong>and</strong> a three-pounder to Ferguson’s assistance. Tarleton <strong>the</strong>n proceeded to march to<br />
Smith’s Ford below <strong>the</strong> forks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba only to learn <strong>of</strong> Ferguson’s defeat. 1469 While <strong>in</strong> Charlotte,<br />
Cornwallis had contemplated send<strong>in</strong>g Lieut. Col. James Webster with a detachment to attack a force under Brig.<br />
Gen. Sumner at Alex<strong>and</strong>er’s Mill; <strong>the</strong> move, however, was called <strong>of</strong>f after word arrived <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Cornwallis also had made not-to-be-realized plans <strong>of</strong> mov<strong>in</strong>g his army to Cross Creek at this time. In a letter to<br />
Ferguson, quoted <strong>in</strong> MacKenzie’s Strictures, <strong>and</strong> which Ferguson never received, on Sept. 23 Cornwallis had<br />
written: “As soon as I have consumed <strong>the</strong> provisions <strong>in</strong> this settlement, I shall march with as much expedition as<br />
possible to Cross-Creek.” 1470<br />
Tarleton: “Accord<strong>in</strong>gly Tarleton marched to Smith’s Ford, below <strong>the</strong> Forks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba, where he received<br />
certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> melancholy fate <strong>of</strong> Major Ferguson. This mortify<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>telligence was forwarded to<br />
Charlotte Town, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> light troops crossed <strong>the</strong> river, to give protection to <strong>the</strong> fugitives, <strong>and</strong> to attend <strong>the</strong><br />
operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy.” 1471<br />
11 October. In a letter to Marion, Gates stated that he had directed Brig. Gen. Harr<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia at Cross Creek, to fall down to a position on <strong>the</strong> Peedee opposite Cheraw. 1472<br />
11 October. Brig. Gen. Davidson, at a location nor<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> Charlotte (see 8 October), wrote Sumner: “Noth<strong>in</strong>g<br />
new from Charlotte. Had we more men, we could make <strong>the</strong>ir forage cost <strong>the</strong>m dear. The appearance <strong>of</strong> 50 [whig<br />
militia] men yesterday caused 400 [British] to return without a h<strong>and</strong>ful.” 1473<br />
11 October. Campbell marched about twelve miles <strong>and</strong> camped at Col. John Walker’s plantation, some five<br />
miles nor<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> Gilbertown on <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> Cane Creek, rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re through to <strong>the</strong> 12 th . 1474<br />
Col. William Campbell’s Orders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Day, “Camp Below Gilbert Town” 11 Oct.: “Return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
different regiments, with <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>and</strong> number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dead <strong>and</strong> wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> late action, to be immediately<br />
made out. Two hundred privates, with <strong>the</strong> proper <strong>and</strong> necessary number <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers, to mount guard every<br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g who, with <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day, are to march with <strong>the</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, <strong>and</strong> when we camp are<br />
to take charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners immediately, to detach <strong>the</strong> necessary pickets <strong>and</strong> patrols. I must request <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> all ranks <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army to endeavour to restra<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> disorderly manner <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> slaughter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
disturb<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> prisoners. If it cannot be prevented by moderate measures, such effectual punishment shall be<br />
executed upon del<strong>in</strong>quents as will put a stop to it.” 1475<br />
12 October. Gov. John Rutledge, at Hillsborough, to <strong>the</strong> Delegates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a assembly: “Lord<br />
Cornwallis is go<strong>in</strong>g on with Burn<strong>in</strong>g & Hang<strong>in</strong>g -- Capt. Conyers assured me Yesterday that 200 Houses have been<br />
burn’d -- Col. Morgan went from hence last Saturday with ab[out]. 180 Regulars & Genl. Smallwood went <strong>of</strong>f on<br />
Monday with ab[ou]t. 90 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Regr. Horse. The rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Regulars are now here & when <strong>the</strong>y or any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m<br />
will go on I can’t say, pretty support this from <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ent -- ab[out]. 100 Virg<strong>in</strong>ians <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18 Months men<br />
arrived here a few days ago quite ragged & unequipped & here <strong>the</strong>y are still -- No o<strong>the</strong>r force from that Country<br />
-- In short if any Th<strong>in</strong>g material is done for our poor State <strong>in</strong> any reasonable Time it will probably be by <strong>the</strong><br />
despised shabby Militia…” 1476<br />
12 October. Gates, at Hillsborough, wrote Gov. Thomas Jefferson this date: “The moment <strong>the</strong> supplies for troops<br />
arrive from Taylor’s ferry [on <strong>the</strong> Roanoke River], I shall proceed with <strong>the</strong> whole to <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>. General<br />
Smallwood <strong>and</strong> Colonel Morgan are on <strong>the</strong>ir way to that post; <strong>the</strong> latter with <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, was yesterday<br />
advanced eighteen miles beyond Guildford court house; <strong>the</strong> former with <strong>the</strong> cavalry, lay last night thirteen miles<br />
on this side <strong>of</strong> that place.” 1477<br />
12 October. Brig, Gen. Davidson jo<strong>in</strong>ed Davie on <strong>the</strong> outskirts <strong>of</strong> Charlotte with 40 men, for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong><br />
collect<strong>in</strong>g, “if possible,” <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia on <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> River. Capt. Samuel Hammond’s South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia men (previous under James Williams) were with General Davidson <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n, upon <strong>the</strong><br />
retreat <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis from Charlotte towards <strong>the</strong> Catawba (Oct. 14), acted a short time under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> Colonel Davie. 1478<br />
1468 See also 21 <strong>and</strong> 23 September.<br />
1469 Tarleton had been down with a “violent attack <strong>of</strong> yellow fever” (Hanger’s description) for <strong>the</strong> better part <strong>of</strong> month <strong>in</strong><br />
Camden. Bass says he stayed at White’s Mill on Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek. Accord<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>n to Tarleton’s own account, he was apparently <strong>the</strong>n<br />
sufficiently recovered by this time to have <strong>com</strong>e to Charlotte <strong>and</strong> taken <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> relief detachment. It is not entirely<br />
clear whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> light detachment was present <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity where Tarleton was convalesc<strong>in</strong>g, sent to him by Cornwallis, or<br />
whe<strong>the</strong>r, Tarleton rode immediately to Charlotte to assume <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> it -- <strong>the</strong> latter, none<strong>the</strong>less, seems more probable. TCS<br />
p. 165, SCP2 p. 116, MLL pp. 14-15, BGD pp. 106-108, BGC pp. 86. 92.<br />
1470 TCS pp. 165-166, SCP2 p. 156, MST pp. 52, 55-56, JLG1 p. 309.<br />
1471 BGD pp. 106-108, BGC p. 92.<br />
1472 BSF p. 74.<br />
1473 CNC14 p. 785.<br />
1474 DKM pp. 325, 327.<br />
1475 CNC15 p. 115.<br />
1476 The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVII, Oct., 1916, p. 141.<br />
1477 CNC15 p. 117.<br />
1478 DRS p. 28.<br />
287
12 October. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Salem congregation): “On account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>, <strong>the</strong> sow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter<br />
gra<strong>in</strong> was <strong>in</strong>terrupted. A <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> Whig’s had to be fed here. They went on toward <strong>the</strong> Shallow Ford, <strong>and</strong><br />
between Holder’s <strong>and</strong> Volk’s <strong>the</strong>y met a strong <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> Tories. The Whigs refused to surrender, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re<br />
was a h<strong>and</strong>-to-h<strong>and</strong> fight, <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> Tories killed one or two, <strong>and</strong> took several prisoners. Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories<br />
came here dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night to get bread to eat, but were very mannerly; <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>in</strong> this neighborhood to see<br />
after <strong>the</strong> Whigs.” 1479<br />
12 October. Col. Zecharias Gibbs, “Camp at Colonel Williams’s,” to Cornwallis:<br />
“…You were pleased to confer <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> late Colonel Thomas’s regiment upon me, pursuant to which<br />
Colonel Ferguson arriv’d <strong>in</strong> our back parts as Inspector General <strong>of</strong> Militia <strong>and</strong> call’d upon me. I accord<strong>in</strong>gly<br />
rais’d <strong>the</strong> subjects <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>’d him with sometimes upward <strong>of</strong> three hundred, seldom less than two, <strong>and</strong><br />
rema<strong>in</strong>’d dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>and</strong> cooperated with His Majesty’s troops almost thro North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. AT last<br />
retreated back to <strong>the</strong> verge <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, where Colonel Ferguson met his unhappy defeat <strong>and</strong> death. I had<br />
near one hundred brave men kill’d <strong>and</strong> taken. I was at <strong>the</strong> same time sent <strong>in</strong>to my regiment to be ready to act<br />
with him when he shou’d fall back, which he never did to me. I am fallen back to Colonel Cruger <strong>and</strong> Colonel<br />
Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, not hav<strong>in</strong>g men to st<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> my regiment. I never received part nor parcel <strong>of</strong> your Lordship’s<br />
money sent <strong>the</strong> militia. My regiment <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce has suffer’d much <strong>the</strong> most from rebel<br />
depredations than any o<strong>the</strong>r regiment. Hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Indian country <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians both to suffer from has<br />
caused me never to have it <strong>in</strong> my power to answer <strong>the</strong> full contents <strong>of</strong> your Lordship’s order respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
rebel confiscated property except by order<strong>in</strong>g each capta<strong>in</strong> to give orders to each respective <strong>of</strong>ficer or private<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>pany to hold <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir possession any property taken from <strong>the</strong>m, forfeited by, or brought <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong><br />
district <strong>of</strong> that species s<strong>in</strong>ce I received your Lordship’s orders for that purpose, as <strong>the</strong> summer has been little<br />
else but march<strong>in</strong>g an countermarch<strong>in</strong>g, never two days’ calm space to m<strong>in</strong>d our farms or any domestick<br />
<strong>com</strong>forts. I had my dwell<strong>in</strong>g houses burnt on two plantations, my property <strong>of</strong> every k<strong>in</strong>d taken even to a spoon,<br />
which renders my case very extreme. Still, doubt not but I shall be on an equal foot<strong>in</strong>g with o<strong>the</strong>r back woods<br />
field <strong>of</strong>ficers. I hope your Lordship will consider <strong>the</strong> much distress’d backwood militia as naked <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> every<br />
respect unfit for service…I th<strong>in</strong>k from every circumstance -– <strong>and</strong> it is <strong>the</strong> general op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most<br />
experience’d men -– that <strong>the</strong> militia cannot hold back <strong>the</strong> Back Country as long as Holste<strong>in</strong>’s River, Nolachucky<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Western Water people rema<strong>in</strong> unconquer’d…” 1480<br />
12 October. On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 12 th (some accounts give <strong>the</strong> 14 th ) Cornwallis’s army began its retreat from<br />
Charlotte; dur<strong>in</strong>g which time it ra<strong>in</strong>ed, muddy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> roads; while lack <strong>of</strong> teams for <strong>the</strong> wagons fur<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>in</strong>dered<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir progress. To <strong>com</strong>pound <strong>the</strong>ir difficulties, <strong>the</strong>y were led astray <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> route <strong>in</strong>to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a by a<br />
deceiv<strong>in</strong>g guide. At <strong>the</strong> time Cornwallis was ill with fever, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> devolved upon Rawdon who formally<br />
ordered <strong>the</strong> evacuation. To add to Rawdon’s troubles, an attack on party <strong>of</strong> his column by a small party <strong>of</strong> whigs<br />
resulted <strong>in</strong> his los<strong>in</strong>g 20 baggage wagons belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt. <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry. He <strong>in</strong>tended to cross<br />
<strong>the</strong> Catawba at Old Nation Ford, but ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> swell <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, was forced to pause. He <strong>the</strong>n spent two<br />
days without supplies; while Davie <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> local militia cont<strong>in</strong>ued to cut <strong>of</strong>f his forag<strong>in</strong>g parties <strong>and</strong> skirmished<br />
with his rear guard. Desir<strong>in</strong>g a prospective site suitable for supply<strong>in</strong>g his army, Cornwallis sent out detachments<br />
<strong>in</strong> advance under Tarleton to f<strong>in</strong>d one. W<strong>in</strong>nsborough was ultimately decided upon, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> army arrived <strong>the</strong>re<br />
at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month; with <strong>in</strong>cessant ra<strong>in</strong>s hav<strong>in</strong>g cont<strong>in</strong>ued to <strong>in</strong>hibited its march. 1481 A little before <strong>and</strong><br />
perhaps at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ retreat from Charlotte, Brig. Gen. Sumner <strong>and</strong> some militia were posted at<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er’s Mill located on a branch <strong>of</strong> Rocky River (an <strong>of</strong>fshoot <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> River) <strong>in</strong> N.C. 1482<br />
Brig. Gen. Davidson, at “Camp Rocky River,” on Oct. 13 th (“7 o’clock A.M.”) wrote Sumner: “This moment Mr.<br />
McCafferty is <strong>com</strong>e to me & <strong>in</strong>forms me that <strong>the</strong> Rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy left Charlotte at 4 o’Clock last Even<strong>in</strong>g; that<br />
he went with <strong>the</strong>m to Barnet’s Creek, five Miles below Town, on <strong>the</strong> road to Armour’s ford. His conjecture is<br />
that <strong>the</strong>ir design is to go <strong>in</strong> quest <strong>of</strong> our Western Army, as <strong>the</strong>y were particular <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>quir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> nearest ford on<br />
Catawba river. You will please to accept as an Apology for my not send<strong>in</strong>g a re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> Horse to <strong>the</strong> forks<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> accounts <strong>of</strong> 90 horsemen imbodied <strong>the</strong>re last Wednesday as per Express, my orders <strong>of</strong><br />
yesterday to Colo. [Thomas] Br<strong>and</strong>on to imbody all <strong>the</strong> M<strong>in</strong>ute men he could to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, & Colo. Davie be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
now out with 140 Horse. I am now prepar<strong>in</strong>g to march to Charlotte. Mr. McCafferty is sent with this under guard;<br />
his late conduct is to me a demonstration that he is not a friend to his Country.” 1483<br />
On 14 Oct., Davidson aga<strong>in</strong> wrote Sumner: “Last even<strong>in</strong>g I marched to Charlotte with <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
cavalry, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> latest <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>the</strong> enemy were on <strong>the</strong> way to Nation ford. Col. Davie is now <strong>in</strong> pursuit<br />
with all his cavalry. The enemy seem to have gone <strong>of</strong>f with an alarm, but from what cause is uncerta<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Deserters say <strong>the</strong>y received [erroneous] accounts last Monday <strong>of</strong> Gen. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s defeat at West Po<strong>in</strong>t; o<strong>the</strong>rs,<br />
that we were re<strong>in</strong>forced with 5,000. The <strong>in</strong>habitants say <strong>the</strong>y left <strong>the</strong>ir kettles on <strong>the</strong> fire, <strong>and</strong> 20 waggons,<br />
which <strong>the</strong>y left 5 miles from town, with a quantity <strong>of</strong> valuable load<strong>in</strong>g, have fallen <strong>in</strong>to our h<strong>and</strong>s. Express this<br />
1479 FRM p. 1629.<br />
1480 SCP2 pp. 334-335. There was some rivalry between Gibbs <strong>and</strong> Patrick Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham for active military head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal<br />
militia at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six (Brig. Gen. Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham be<strong>in</strong>g effectively only <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> name), but noth<strong>in</strong>g def<strong>in</strong>ite came to<br />
be f<strong>in</strong>ally settled; except that Cruger had <strong>the</strong> last word over what went on at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>in</strong> any case.<br />
1481 CNC14 pp. 693, 695, 788, CNC15 pp. 127-128, SCP2 pp. pp. 255-262, 285, TCS pp. 167-169, GHA3 pp. 467-468, SAW2 pp. 216-<br />
218, HRS pp. 92n-93n, MLW4A p. 327, LMS pp. 202-203, DRS p. 27, JLG1 p. 314, SNC pp. 179-182, FWI p. 181, BSF pp. 73-74, LSL<br />
p. 145.<br />
1482 This would be <strong>in</strong> modern Cabarrus County, N.C. TCS p. 165, SNC pp. 261-262.<br />
1483 CNC14 p. 695.<br />
288
moment arrived from Col. Davie <strong>in</strong>forms that <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy lay last night 11 miles from town. I<br />
propose to march downwards today.” 1484<br />
Hanger: “When <strong>the</strong> army quitted Charlotte, I myself, with four or five o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers, sick <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> yellow fever,<br />
were conveyed away <strong>in</strong> waggons. I was <strong>the</strong> only one that survived a week’s march. From <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>clemency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
season, <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g frequently wetted by cross<strong>in</strong>g rivers, I lost <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> my limbs for some months.” 1485<br />
Tarleton: “The royal forces rema<strong>in</strong>ed two days <strong>in</strong> an anxious <strong>and</strong> miserable situation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba settlement,<br />
ow<strong>in</strong>g to a dangerous fever, which suddenly attacked Earl Cornwallis, <strong>and</strong> to <strong>the</strong> want <strong>of</strong> forage <strong>and</strong> provisions:<br />
When <strong>the</strong> physicians declared his lordship’s health would endure <strong>the</strong> motion <strong>of</strong> a waggon, Colonel Lord Rawdon,<br />
<strong>the</strong> second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, directed <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops to cross Sugar creek, where some supplies might be obta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
from <strong>the</strong> country: On this move, <strong>the</strong> Mecklenburg militia, suppos<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> cavalry still absent, attempted to harass<br />
<strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> column; when <strong>the</strong>ir want <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence proved fatal to <strong>the</strong> most enterpris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> party. A<br />
few days afterwards <strong>the</strong> army passed <strong>the</strong> Catawba river, near Twelve-mile creek, without difficulty or<br />
opposition.” 1486<br />
Lee: “Soon after his Lordship left Charlotte...(Cornwallis took ill, <strong>and</strong> resigned <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> to Rawdon)...The swell<br />
<strong>of</strong> water-courses (due to heavy ra<strong>in</strong>s) presented new obstacles, not only to his progress, but to <strong>the</strong> procurement<br />
<strong>of</strong> forage <strong>and</strong> provisions for daily subsistence, which were before very difficult to obta<strong>in</strong>. The royal militia<br />
became now peculiarly useful. Inured to <strong>the</strong> climate, <strong>the</strong>y escaped <strong>the</strong> prevail<strong>in</strong>g sickness; <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g mounted,<br />
were employed unceas<strong>in</strong>gly <strong>in</strong> hunt<strong>in</strong>g, collect<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> driv<strong>in</strong>g cattle from <strong>the</strong> woods to <strong>the</strong> army. This meager<br />
supply was <strong>the</strong> only meat procurable; <strong>and</strong> young corn, ga<strong>the</strong>red from <strong>the</strong> field, <strong>and</strong> boiled, or grated <strong>in</strong>to meal,<br />
was <strong>the</strong> substitute for bread... (footnote <strong>in</strong> Lee): “Mr. Stedman, a British <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>missariat under<br />
Lord Cornwallis, tells us that <strong>the</strong> army would have been <strong>of</strong>ten destitute <strong>of</strong> provisions, but for <strong>the</strong> capacity <strong>and</strong><br />
activity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants who repaired to <strong>the</strong> royal st<strong>and</strong>ard.”... (additional footnote) “Dur<strong>in</strong>g this retreat <strong>the</strong><br />
British rasped <strong>the</strong> young corn <strong>in</strong>to a coarse meal, which was considered a better mode <strong>of</strong> prepar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> corn<br />
than roast<strong>in</strong>g or parch<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>com</strong>mon with us. Biscuit made <strong>of</strong> flour, from which only <strong>the</strong> bran has been taken, is<br />
<strong>the</strong> best <strong>and</strong> cheapest for w<strong>in</strong>ter quarters, when <strong>the</strong> soldier may conveniently take his bread.” 1487<br />
13 October. Col. Daniel Morgan was <strong>in</strong>stalled as Brigadier General by Congress (formally receiv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>mission on 25 October), <strong>and</strong> on this same date arrived with his fly<strong>in</strong>g corps (see 7-8 Oct.) at Sumner’s camp<br />
at Yadk<strong>in</strong> Ford. 1488<br />
13 October. Campbell’s K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> army marched to Biggerstaff’s (also later referred to as Bickerstaff’s)<br />
located on Robertson’s Creek <strong>in</strong> Ru<strong>the</strong>rford County, N.C. The country be<strong>in</strong>g th<strong>in</strong>ly settled, <strong>the</strong>y had difficulty<br />
obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g food. 1489<br />
Allaire: “Friday, 13 th . Moved six miles to Bickerstaff’s plantation. In <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir liberality extended so far<br />
as to send five old shirts to n<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> us, as a change <strong>of</strong> l<strong>in</strong>en -- o<strong>the</strong>r th<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> like proportion.”<br />
Col. William Campbell’s Orders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Day, “Camp at Col. Walker’s” for 13 Oct.: “The Deputy Quartermasters,<br />
under <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Quarter Master General, to dispose <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wounded <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir respective regiments, who<br />
are not able to march with <strong>the</strong> army, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> best manner <strong>the</strong>y can, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> this place.<br />
“The Quarter Masters to call upon <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>panies to which <strong>the</strong> wounded belong for any necessary assistance for<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir removal. The Adjutants to wait upon <strong>the</strong> Brigade Major at six O’clock every day for <strong>the</strong> orders. The army to<br />
march without fail by two O’clock.” 1490<br />
13 October. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Mart<strong>in</strong>, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong>, to Sumner: “Gen. Gates has laid before <strong>the</strong> Board<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong> a letter, addressed from you to him, ask<strong>in</strong>g his approbation to decl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong> militia service, as you conceive<br />
yourself, with o<strong>the</strong>r Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers, maltreated by <strong>the</strong> General Assembly, request<strong>in</strong>g Gen. Smallwood to<br />
take <strong>the</strong> Militia Comm<strong>and</strong>. This country, we are sensible, has a just sense <strong>of</strong> you <strong>and</strong> your <strong>of</strong>ficers’ merit, <strong>and</strong><br />
desire to have you employed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> it, suitable to your wishes, not wound<strong>in</strong>g your feel<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>and</strong><br />
should you leave <strong>the</strong> service at this critical juncture, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> your enemy, <strong>the</strong> Board will s<strong>in</strong>cerely regret<br />
it. We wish that <strong>the</strong> brave <strong>and</strong> virtuous soldier will dispense with immediate <strong>in</strong>conveniences, <strong>and</strong> will not, for<br />
<strong>the</strong> little punctilios <strong>of</strong> honor, suffer his country to be given up <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> a merciless enemy.” 1491<br />
13 October. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Salem congregation): “Br. [Bro<strong>the</strong>r] Peterson set out on horseback<br />
for Bethabara, but heard from <strong>the</strong> younger Schumacher, who were return<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong>re, that a large party <strong>of</strong><br />
Tories were <strong>in</strong> that village. About 500 Tories had marched past <strong>the</strong> mill, but without molest<strong>in</strong>g anyth<strong>in</strong>g. It looks<br />
now as though <strong>the</strong> entire Tory party had risen, both <strong>in</strong> this neighborhood <strong>and</strong> on Abbots Creek. Br. Peterson<br />
<strong>the</strong>refore turned back.” 1492<br />
1484 CNC14 p. 788.<br />
1485 HRS pp. 92n-93n.<br />
1486 TCS p. 167.<br />
1487 LMS pp. 202-203.<br />
1488 CNC14 p. 693, GDM pp. 242-244, HWW p. 66.<br />
1489 DKM p. 328.<br />
1490 CNC15 pp. 118-119.<br />
1491 CNC14 pp. 787-78.<br />
1492 FRM p. 1571.<br />
289
14 October (also given as 15 October). [battle] SHALLOW FORD (Yadk<strong>in</strong> County, N.C.) In response to <strong>the</strong> threat<br />
created by Colonels Gideon Wright <strong>and</strong> Hezekiah Wright 1493 (see 3 <strong>and</strong> 8 October), Brig. Gen. William Lee<br />
Davidson, at Charlotte, dispatched a force <strong>of</strong> 52 Mecklenburg men, under Capt. Andrew Carson, to Surry County.<br />
Simultaneously, Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner, near Salisbury, ordered out 60 Yadk<strong>in</strong> men under Capt. Jacob Nichols<br />
<strong>and</strong> a Capt. Miller to Deep Creek <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Forks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>; where Surry militia men were <strong>the</strong>mselves collect<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to <strong>com</strong>bat <strong>the</strong> loyalist upris<strong>in</strong>g. This particular group <strong>of</strong> Surry militia ultimately numbered some 80 men. The<br />
different parties <strong>the</strong>n united <strong>in</strong> an unrecorded location, but it probably was somewhere two to three miles<br />
northwest <strong>of</strong> Shallow Ford <strong>and</strong> west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>. The whigs were fur<strong>the</strong>r re<strong>in</strong>forced by some 160 Montgomery<br />
County, VA. militia led by Maj. Joseph Cloyd. Mov<strong>in</strong>g through western North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, Cloyd was on his way to<br />
assist Campbell, but had <strong>com</strong>e too late to participate at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. Upon be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> what was<br />
tak<strong>in</strong>g place <strong>in</strong> Surry County, he marched his force <strong>the</strong>re <strong>in</strong>stead.<br />
On October 14 th , <strong>the</strong> Wrights, with some 310 1494 to 900 men, hav<strong>in</strong>g passed <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> at Shallow Ford <strong>and</strong> rid<strong>in</strong>g<br />
west on <strong>the</strong> Mulberry Fields road were confronted by <strong>the</strong> whig force sometime about 9:30 am. In a heated<br />
encounter <strong>of</strong> loosely formed units, which is believed to have lasted 45 m<strong>in</strong>utes, <strong>the</strong> whigs managed to slay 14<br />
loyalists; while evidently wound<strong>in</strong>g many more. The loyalists, who were mounted, fled <strong>and</strong> were effectively<br />
dispersed. The whigs, for <strong>the</strong>ir part, reportedly lost at least 1 killed, Capt. Henry Francis, <strong>and</strong> 4 o<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
wounded. Draper seems to suggest that Col. Joseph Williams was prom<strong>in</strong>ent <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight, but Williams only<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g near its close; hav<strong>in</strong>g heard <strong>the</strong> shoot<strong>in</strong>g go<strong>in</strong>g on from his home nearby. An additional 300<br />
militia, under Col. John Peasly, <strong>of</strong> Guilford County, <strong>and</strong> sent by Sumner, also arrived just before <strong>the</strong> battle’s<br />
clos<strong>in</strong>g. A modern estimate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> forces actually <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g gives <strong>the</strong> loyalists 500 <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> whigs<br />
300. Writes <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> specialist Ann Brownlee (from whom most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> above <strong>in</strong>formation was<br />
provided): “With<strong>in</strong> several days, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m [<strong>the</strong> whigs] left for home. On October 19 th , <strong>the</strong> Field Officers <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Patriots held a Council on nearby l<strong>and</strong> owned by Abraham Creson. The Council directed that all those who<br />
had supported <strong>the</strong> Tory cause be <strong>of</strong>fered a pardon, upon meet<strong>in</strong>g specified conditions. Many availed <strong>the</strong>mselves<br />
<strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>fer.” While overshadowed by K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, Shallow Ford played a not <strong>in</strong>significant part <strong>in</strong><br />
underm<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g future loyalist support Cornwallis could have expected when he later re-<strong>in</strong>vaded North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong><br />
late January 1781. 1495<br />
Sumner, at “Camp Yadk<strong>in</strong> Ford,” on 13 October had written Gates: “I <strong>in</strong>close to you <strong>the</strong> Draft <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s<br />
l<strong>in</strong>es at Charlotte, which I received from Genl. Davidson <strong>the</strong> 11 th <strong>in</strong>stant. The Even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same day Colo.<br />
Williams & Mr. Lenear arrived <strong>in</strong> Camp, <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g me <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Torries gett<strong>in</strong>g very troublesome <strong>in</strong> Surry, be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
imbodied to <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> 3 or 400. I had some accounts at <strong>the</strong> same time that one [Gideon] Wright, <strong>the</strong>ir headman,<br />
had sent <strong>in</strong> several <strong>of</strong> his men <strong>in</strong>to Charlotte to get a way open for <strong>the</strong>m to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Army. I have<br />
thought proper, <strong>the</strong>refore, to detach a party <strong>of</strong> 300 foot, with a few horses, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Colo. Paisley<br />
[John Peasley], to endeavour to disperse <strong>the</strong>m & Cut <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong>f from Charlotte. This party is to be back with<strong>in</strong> six<br />
days. On Tuesday last a Small party <strong>of</strong> Genl. Davidson’s <strong>in</strong>fantry fell <strong>in</strong> with two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Waggons, with<br />
an Escorte, on <strong>the</strong>ir way from Cambden, with<strong>in</strong> two Miles <strong>of</strong> Charlotte, on <strong>the</strong> Steel-Creek Road; killed two men,<br />
took two, & brought <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> Waggon Horses, 2 port-mantues, with Officers’ Baggages, &c., &c. No News <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Enemy’s movements s<strong>in</strong>ce my last. I expect Colo. Morgan <strong>in</strong> to-day. The Small-pox has been discovered on two <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> prisoners brought <strong>in</strong> from <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s l<strong>in</strong>es. I have sent <strong>the</strong>m, under a Guard, to a house down <strong>the</strong> River, &<br />
have taken all <strong>the</strong> precautions necessary to prevent <strong>the</strong> Spread<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> this Contagious disorder, & have requested<br />
<strong>the</strong> Justices <strong>of</strong> Salisbury to take such measures as <strong>the</strong>ir prudence may dictate to Secure this part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country<br />
from <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fection.” 1496<br />
Col. John Peasley, date unknown, to Sumner: “Last Saturday about 10 o’clock we were with<strong>in</strong> almost one <strong>and</strong> a<br />
half miles <strong>of</strong> Shallowford when we heard a foray. We advanced up with all possible speed, th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g our light<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry was engaged, <strong>and</strong> discovered that <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ians <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Surry troops had attacked 300 Tories<br />
under Col. Wright. Our loss was only Capt. Francis killed <strong>and</strong> four wounded. Fourteen <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy were found<br />
dead on <strong>the</strong> ground, among which were Capta<strong>in</strong>s Bryan <strong>and</strong> Burke. Capt. Lakey was mortally wounded, <strong>and</strong> is<br />
now <strong>in</strong> our h<strong>and</strong>s, with three more wounded prisoners, which were all we took.” 1497<br />
Mid October. When Sumter returned from Hillsborough, he found his brigade camped on Bullock’s Creek, <strong>in</strong><br />
modern day York County. It flows from <strong>the</strong> east, just below K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Broad River. Tarleton had<br />
hoped to catch him, but <strong>the</strong> retreat from Charlotte prevented it; dur<strong>in</strong>g which time Sumter disb<strong>and</strong>ed his<br />
troops. He called <strong>the</strong>m out aga<strong>in</strong> to Hill’s Iron Works on <strong>the</strong> New Acquisition after Cornwallis camped at<br />
W<strong>in</strong>nsborough. 1498<br />
14 October. On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> 14 October n<strong>in</strong>e loyalists, Col. Ambrose Mills, Capta<strong>in</strong> James Chitwood, Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
Wilson, Capta<strong>in</strong> Walter Gilkey, Capta<strong>in</strong> Grimes, Lieutenant Lafferty, John Bibby <strong>and</strong> August<strong>in</strong>e Hobbs, were tried<br />
<strong>and</strong> executed at Biggerstaff’s plantation on grounds <strong>of</strong> alleged burglary, arson <strong>and</strong> murder, <strong>and</strong> which was done<br />
at <strong>the</strong> prompt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> leaders with Campbell, Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Cleavl<strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g among <strong>the</strong> most<br />
1493 In some accounts, Hezekiah Wright is referred to as a Capta<strong>in</strong>.<br />
1494 Draper assumes <strong>the</strong> number to be 310. DKM p. 433n. However, it is very conceivable that some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists who had been<br />
congregat<strong>in</strong>g at Zecharias Gibbs’ on <strong>the</strong> day before K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed up with <strong>the</strong> Wrights, thus significantly <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
latter’s strength. See 5-7 October.<br />
1495 Earlier on, Cornwallis had <strong>in</strong>tended to move to Cross Creek, but <strong>the</strong> defeat at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> difficulties around<br />
Charlotte forced his withdrawal. DKM p. 433n.<br />
1496 CNC14 pp. 692-693.<br />
1497 CNC14 p. 790.<br />
1498 TCS pp. 167-168, BGC pp. 92-93.<br />
290
prom<strong>in</strong>ent. As deplorable <strong>the</strong> event, It was not, nor was it seen, at <strong>the</strong> time as an isolated one <strong>and</strong> many whigs<br />
felt <strong>the</strong>y were simply act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> just retaliation for <strong>the</strong> hang<strong>in</strong>gs after <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden, at Augusta <strong>and</strong><br />
elsewhere <strong>of</strong> not so distant memory. This is mentioned not to palliate or excuse <strong>the</strong> ad hoc hang<strong>in</strong>gs but simply<br />
to at least give <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong>ir due context. 1499<br />
Campbell’s orders for <strong>the</strong> day (<strong>the</strong> 14 th) : “The many desertions from <strong>the</strong> army, <strong>and</strong> consequent felonies<br />
<strong>com</strong>mitted by those who desert, oblige me once more to <strong>in</strong>sist that proper regimental returns be made every<br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g, not<strong>in</strong>g down <strong>the</strong> names <strong>of</strong> those who desert, that such may hereafter be punished with <strong>the</strong> justice<br />
which <strong>the</strong>ir crimes deserve; <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g regiments are requested not to discharge any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
troops until we can dispose <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners to a proper guard. The Quarter Master General to see <strong>the</strong><br />
ammunition taken from <strong>the</strong> enemy properly issued to <strong>the</strong> troops, who have not yet drawn any <strong>of</strong> it. The<br />
Commissary General is to send small parties before us upon our route to collect provisions; <strong>and</strong> he is hereby<br />
empowered to call upon <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> different regiments for such parties. It is with anxiety I<br />
hear <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants on account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plunder<strong>in</strong>g parties who issue out from <strong>the</strong> camp, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>discrim<strong>in</strong>ately rob both Whig <strong>and</strong> Tory, leav<strong>in</strong>g our friends, I believe, <strong>in</strong> a worse situation than <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
would have done. I hope <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers will exert <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> suppress<strong>in</strong>g this abom<strong>in</strong>able practise, degrad<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
<strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> soldier, by keep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir soldiers close <strong>in</strong> camp <strong>and</strong> prevent<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir straggl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f upon our<br />
marches.” 1500<br />
Allaire: “Saturday, 14 th . Twelve field <strong>of</strong>ficers were chosen to try <strong>the</strong> militia prisoners-particularly those who had<br />
<strong>the</strong> most <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. They condemned thirty-<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>y began to execute Lieut.-Col.<br />
[Ambrose] Mills, Capt. Wilson, Capt. Chitwood, <strong>and</strong> six o<strong>the</strong>rs, who unfortunately fell a sacrifice to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
<strong>in</strong>famous mock jury. Mills, Wilson, <strong>and</strong> Chitwood died like Romans -- <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs were reprieved.”<br />
Allaire’s Letter: “…Shortly after we were marched to Bickerstaff’s settlement, where we arrived on <strong>the</strong><br />
thirteenth. On <strong>the</strong> fourteenth, a court martial, <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> twelve field <strong>of</strong>ficers, was held for <strong>the</strong> trial <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
militia prisoners; when, after a short hear<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>y condemned thirty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most pr<strong>in</strong>cipal <strong>and</strong> respectable<br />
characters, whom <strong>the</strong>y considered to be most <strong>in</strong>imical to <strong>the</strong>m, to be executed; <strong>and</strong>, at six o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same day, executed Col. Mills, Capt. Chitwood, Capt. Wilson, <strong>and</strong> six privates; oblig<strong>in</strong>g every one<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers to attend at <strong>the</strong> death <strong>of</strong> those brave, but unfortunate Loyalists, who all, with <strong>the</strong>ir last breath<br />
<strong>and</strong> blood, held <strong>the</strong> Rebels <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir cause as <strong>in</strong>famous <strong>and</strong> base, <strong>and</strong> as <strong>the</strong>y were turn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f, extolled <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Government…” Published <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> (New York) Royal Gazette, 24 February 1781.<br />
Cornwallis, from “Camp” at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough, to Maj. Gen. Smallwood, dated 10 Nov. 1780: “Your Letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
24 th <strong>of</strong> last Month by some Mistake was not forwarded to me for several Days. I underst<strong>and</strong> that some Prisoners<br />
who were on <strong>the</strong>ir March from Camden to Charlestown made <strong>the</strong>ir Escape, but have not yet had an Opportunity<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g myself whe<strong>the</strong>r those mentioned <strong>in</strong> your Letter were <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> number. If <strong>the</strong>y are still <strong>in</strong> our<br />
Possession, I will agree to Exchange <strong>the</strong>m for Persons <strong>in</strong> similar Situation <strong>and</strong> Circumstances. I must now observe<br />
that <strong>the</strong> cruelty exercised on <strong>the</strong> Prisoners taken under Major Ferguson is shock<strong>in</strong>g to humanity; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> hang<strong>in</strong>g<br />
poor old Colonel Mills, who was always a fair <strong>and</strong> open Enemy to your Cause, was an act <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most Savage<br />
barbarity. It has also been reported to me that Capt. Oates, <strong>of</strong> Colo. [Robert] Gray’s Militia, who was taken near<br />
<strong>the</strong> Pedee, was lately put to Death without any Crime be<strong>in</strong>g laid to his charge. From <strong>the</strong> Character which I have<br />
heard <strong>of</strong> you, Sir, I cannot suppose that you can approve <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se most cruel Murders; but I hope you will see <strong>the</strong><br />
necessity <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>terpos<strong>in</strong>g your Authority to stop this bloody Scene; Which must oblige me, <strong>in</strong> justice to <strong>the</strong><br />
suffer<strong>in</strong>g Loyalists, to retaliate on <strong>the</strong> unfortunate Persons now <strong>in</strong> my power.<br />
“I am not conscious that any persons have hi<strong>the</strong>rto been executed by us, unless for bear<strong>in</strong>g Arms, after hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
given a Military Parole to rema<strong>in</strong> quietly at home; or for enrol<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves voluntarily <strong>in</strong> our Militia, receiv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Arms <strong>and</strong> Ammunition from <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Store & tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> first Opportunity <strong>of</strong> jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g our Enemies. The only<br />
Persons who were hanged at Camden, After <strong>the</strong> actions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 16 th . & 18 th ., except some Deserters from our<br />
Army, were two or three <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter description, who were picked out from about Thirty, convicted for <strong>the</strong> like<br />
<strong>of</strong>fence, on account <strong>of</strong> some particularly aggravat<strong>in</strong>g Circumstances which attended <strong>the</strong>ir case.<br />
“I would will<strong>in</strong>gly Exchange any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North or South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia, who may be prisoners with us, for those<br />
who were taken on K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>.” 1501<br />
McCrady: “Some, at least, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se no doubt [un]justly met <strong>the</strong>ir punishment. But revenge for <strong>the</strong> British<br />
execution <strong>of</strong> [Adam] Cusack, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> those at Camden <strong>and</strong> Augusta, left little play for mercy or even exact justice<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir trial.” 1502<br />
15 October. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Salem congregation): “…a certa<strong>in</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> from General<br />
Smallwood’s troops had <strong>in</strong>formed us that a part <strong>of</strong> his Detachment had camped at Friedrich Müller’s <strong>in</strong><br />
Friedl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> would be here today, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y arrived about forenoon. There were about 150 horsemen <strong>and</strong> 30<br />
foot, with three wagons, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by a small <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> militia from Guilford, <strong>and</strong> Capt. Lapp with<br />
12 men came from Bethabara, where Col. Shepperd <strong>and</strong> Major Schmidt had arrived with about 200 men. All<br />
<strong>the</strong>se men <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir horses had to be fed. They kept good order, cook<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> open place by <strong>the</strong> Tavern <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
1499 GHA4 pp. 28-29, JLG1 pp. 309-311, DKM pp. 329-34.<br />
1500 CNC15 pp. 118-119.<br />
1501 RCC p. 67, SCP3 p. 401.<br />
1502 MSC1 pp. 748, 805. Regard<strong>in</strong>g Adam Cusack’s hang<strong>in</strong>g by Wemyss, see SCP2 p. 215, 215n, SCP3 pp. 162-163, RSC2 p. 156,<br />
188-189, WDJ, GHA3 p. 471, GHA4 p. 29, <strong>and</strong> GHC pp. 266-267, 300, 302-307, 332.<br />
291
heavy ra<strong>in</strong>. They were be<strong>in</strong>g held <strong>in</strong> expectation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ris<strong>in</strong>g, but stayed here all night. It is reported that<br />
Gideon Wright’s party was defeated at <strong>the</strong> Shallow Ford by Capt. Gambly, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pletely routed…” 1503<br />
15 October. As part <strong>of</strong> a move to support Cornwallis’ now defunct operations <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, that is, by<br />
cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> destroy<strong>in</strong>g rebel supplies <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> with a view to beg<strong>in</strong> establish<strong>in</strong>g a naval station <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Chesapeake, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton sent Maj. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Leslie with 2,800 rank <strong>and</strong> file to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. Leslie left New York on<br />
October 15 th , paus<strong>in</strong>g at S<strong>and</strong>y Hook on <strong>the</strong> 17 th . 1504<br />
15 October. In light <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ evacuation <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, Morgan with his light troops arrived at<br />
Salisbury. 1505<br />
15 October. Campbell’s men crossed <strong>the</strong> Catawba River at Isl<strong>and</strong> Ford just <strong>in</strong> time to reach Quaker Meadows<br />
before heavy ra<strong>in</strong>s made had made <strong>the</strong> Catawba impassible. Also on this date, about 100 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong><br />
prisoners were able to make <strong>the</strong>ir escape. Allaire <strong>and</strong> Chesney report <strong>of</strong> violent mistreatment <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
prisoners, <strong>and</strong> which was not halted till Campbell issued a stern rebuke <strong>and</strong> warn<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>of</strong>fenders. 1506<br />
Allaire: “Sunday, 15 th . Moved at five o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g. Marched all day through <strong>the</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>-a very<br />
disagreeable road. We got to Catawba <strong>and</strong> forded it at Isl<strong>and</strong> Ford, about ten o’clock at night. Our march was<br />
thirty-two miles. All <strong>the</strong> men were worn out with fatigue <strong>and</strong> fast<strong>in</strong>g- <strong>the</strong> prisoners hav<strong>in</strong>g no bread or meat for<br />
two days before. We <strong>of</strong>ficers were allowed to go to Col. McDowell’s, where we lodged <strong>com</strong>fortably. About one<br />
hundred prisoners made <strong>the</strong>ir escape on this march.”<br />
Letter <strong>of</strong> Allaire’s Published <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> (New York) Royal Gazette, 24 February 1781: “Shortly after <strong>the</strong> 14 th it began<br />
to ra<strong>in</strong> heavily In order to avoid be<strong>in</strong>g trapped by <strong>the</strong> flooded river, <strong>and</strong> eager to get <strong>the</strong>mselves out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
possible reach <strong>of</strong> Tarleton who <strong>the</strong>y believed might be on <strong>the</strong>ir trail, Campbell crossed <strong>the</strong> Catawba reach<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Quaker Meadows where <strong>the</strong>y camped, on <strong>the</strong> west bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba. The militia <strong>and</strong> prisoners alike suffer<strong>in</strong>g<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ued privation for lack <strong>of</strong> food, but were able to partly appease <strong>the</strong>ir hunger <strong>the</strong>re. By <strong>the</strong> next day, to<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir relief <strong>the</strong> river rose. On <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fifteenth, Col. Campbell had <strong>in</strong>telligence that Col. Tarleton was<br />
approach<strong>in</strong>g him, when he gave orders to his men, that should Col. Tarleton <strong>com</strong>e up with <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
immediately to fire on Capt. [Abraham] DePeyster <strong>and</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers, who were <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> front, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n a second<br />
volley on <strong>the</strong> men. Dur<strong>in</strong>g this day’s march <strong>the</strong> men were obliged to give thirty-five Cont<strong>in</strong>ental dollars for a<br />
s<strong>in</strong>gle ear <strong>of</strong> Indian corn, <strong>and</strong> forty for a dr<strong>in</strong>k <strong>of</strong> water, <strong>the</strong>y not be<strong>in</strong>g allowed to dr<strong>in</strong>k when ford<strong>in</strong>g a river; <strong>in</strong><br />
short, <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebels’ conduct from <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> party <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong>ir h<strong>and</strong>s is <strong>in</strong>credible to relate.<br />
Several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia that were worn out with fatigue, <strong>and</strong> not be<strong>in</strong>g able to keep up, were cut down, <strong>and</strong><br />
trodden to death <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mire. After <strong>the</strong> party arrived at Moravian Town, <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, we <strong>of</strong>ficers were<br />
ordered <strong>in</strong> different houses. Dr. [Uzal] Johnson (who lived with me) <strong>and</strong> myself were turned out <strong>of</strong> our bed at an<br />
unseasonable hour <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> night, <strong>and</strong> threatened with immediate death if we did not make room for some <strong>of</strong><br />
Campbell’s <strong>of</strong>ficers; Dr. Johnson was, after this, knocked down, <strong>and</strong> treated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> basest manner, for<br />
endeavor<strong>in</strong>g to dress a man whom <strong>the</strong>y had cut on <strong>the</strong> march. The Rebel <strong>of</strong>ficers would <strong>of</strong>ten go <strong>in</strong> amongst <strong>the</strong><br />
prisoners, draw <strong>the</strong>ir swords, cut down <strong>and</strong> wound those whom <strong>the</strong>ir wicked <strong>and</strong> savage m<strong>in</strong>ds prompted. This is<br />
a specimen <strong>of</strong> Rebel lenity-you may report it without <strong>the</strong> least equivocation, for upon <strong>the</strong> word <strong>and</strong> honor <strong>of</strong> a<br />
gentleman, this description is not equal to <strong>the</strong>ir barbarity. This k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> treatment made our time pass away very<br />
disagreeably.” 1507<br />
16 October. From Quaker Meadows, <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a men under Hill <strong>and</strong> Lacey, <strong>and</strong> most <strong>of</strong> Shelby’s <strong>and</strong><br />
Sevier’s men, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ians on foot began <strong>the</strong>ir respective journeys homeward; with some <strong>of</strong> James<br />
Williams’ former men jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Davidson. Those under Campbell, those <strong>of</strong> Cleavl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> W<strong>in</strong>ston, <strong>and</strong> possibly<br />
McDowell’s also, <strong>and</strong> who were mounted, cont<strong>in</strong>ued with <strong>the</strong> prisoners towards Hillsborough, hav<strong>in</strong>g a force now<br />
<strong>of</strong> 500-600 to escort over 600 prisoners. Dur<strong>in</strong>g night, which was ra<strong>in</strong>y, a number <strong>of</strong> prisoners (Allaire <strong>in</strong> his diary<br />
says 100) reportedly escape. Hill <strong>and</strong> Lacey subsequently camped at Bullock’s Creek. 1508<br />
17 October. Campbell with what rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> his army, <strong>and</strong> escort<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> prisoners, resumed his<br />
movements, <strong>and</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> valley <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> forded <strong>the</strong> North branch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba <strong>and</strong> camped at a<br />
nearby plantation. 1509<br />
18 October. Campbell marched 18 miles <strong>and</strong> reached <strong>the</strong> bank <strong>of</strong> Moravian Creek not far from Wilkes Court<br />
House. The next day (<strong>the</strong> 19 th ) he arrived Brier’s Creek <strong>and</strong> apparently discharged some <strong>of</strong> his Virg<strong>in</strong>ia troop, <strong>and</strong><br />
by <strong>the</strong> 24 th came to Bethabara. 1510<br />
19 October. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Salem congregation): “…A Proclamation <strong>of</strong> General Smallwood had<br />
been published, <strong>in</strong> which he stated that any soldier caught robb<strong>in</strong>g would be brought to <strong>the</strong> camp <strong>and</strong> hanged.<br />
1503 CNC14 pp. 733-734, FRM pp. 1571-1572.<br />
1504 AR81 p. 54, LOB part I, CAR p. 467, MLW4A p. 328.<br />
1505 KJO p. 12, GHA3 p. 469.<br />
1506 RWW2 p. 291, LSL p. 144.<br />
1507 Published <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> (New York) Royal Gazette, 24 February 1781.<br />
1508 DKM pp. 349-350.<br />
1509 DKM p. 349.<br />
1510 DKM p. 350.<br />
292
This order will have a good effect, for barbarous <strong>and</strong> unjust treatment has driven many to <strong>the</strong> Tories who would<br />
gladly have rema<strong>in</strong>ed peaceful.” 1511<br />
19 October. Cornwallis’ army, under Rawdon’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> (<strong>the</strong> former be<strong>in</strong>g ill), crossed <strong>the</strong> Catawba at L<strong>and</strong>’s<br />
Ford <strong>in</strong> his exit <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. After Cornwallis had earlier sent out scouts to f<strong>in</strong>d a suitable location at which<br />
to base <strong>the</strong> army, Rawdon moved to W<strong>in</strong>nsborough, S.C. where he settled his forces by <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month.<br />
Although W<strong>in</strong>nsborough had enough corn <strong>and</strong> more to feed his army, Cornwallis was noticeably deficient <strong>in</strong> both<br />
wagons <strong>and</strong> teams. He could not take <strong>the</strong>m from rebels, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>curred <strong>the</strong> ire <strong>and</strong> grumbl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> loyalists when he<br />
tried to get <strong>the</strong>irs. 1512<br />
Tarleton: “The plan for <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter’s campaign be<strong>in</strong>g ab<strong>and</strong>oned, <strong>the</strong> next object was to look out for a proper<br />
position to cover South Carol<strong>in</strong>a: Immediate attention was given to procure <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
country between <strong>the</strong> Catawba <strong>and</strong> Broad rivers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> situations that would allow safe <strong>and</strong> direct<br />
<strong>com</strong>munication with N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six <strong>and</strong> Camden. Several movements were made before a regular camp was<br />
established: It was impossible to rely upon <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants; for, <strong>in</strong> all descriptions <strong>of</strong> country,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y are <strong>in</strong>fluenced by secret considerations, which direct <strong>the</strong>m to consult <strong>the</strong>ir own <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>and</strong> convenience.<br />
Besides, it was not to be expected that <strong>in</strong>dividuals, unacqua<strong>in</strong>ted with war, could po<strong>in</strong>t out <strong>the</strong> most eligible<br />
post to be occupied by an army act<strong>in</strong>g upon <strong>the</strong> defensive. The K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops moved through a plentiful country<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood <strong>of</strong> Fish<strong>in</strong>g creek, whilst measures were employed to f<strong>in</strong>d out <strong>the</strong> most convenient position<br />
on <strong>the</strong> frontier.” 1513<br />
20 October. Morgan, at Salisbury, wrote on this date Gates: “I am just sett<strong>in</strong>g out for Tephers, where my<br />
detachment arrived last even<strong>in</strong>g. Genl. Smallwood deta<strong>in</strong>’d me To go on with <strong>the</strong> cavalry -– no certa<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence from <strong>the</strong> enemy s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> 18 th . They were on Monday last none miles beyond Charlott [sic] on <strong>the</strong><br />
Road Lead<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> old nation ford <strong>and</strong> at or near steel creek road that leads to camdon [sic, lower case “c”] -–<br />
I can’t account for <strong>the</strong>ir maneuvers, as it seems thay [sic] are short <strong>of</strong> provisions & Forage <strong>and</strong> still cont<strong>in</strong>ue at<br />
or near that place—but must th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong>y are go<strong>in</strong>g to Camdon [sic].<br />
“I am <strong>in</strong>form’d you are <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g on with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body which I th<strong>in</strong>k very advisable -- Salisbury will be very safe<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>odeous [sic] encampment provided a sufficient number <strong>of</strong> boats are procured at <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> well<br />
supplied with good ferry <strong>and</strong> a sufficient <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> men left to guard <strong>the</strong> place. I th<strong>in</strong>k if you can march a<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> men we can act with safety, <strong>and</strong> cover <strong>the</strong> country -- I have been very sick s<strong>in</strong>ce I left Hillsborough,<br />
but have got well except a very sore mouth.<br />
“Be<strong>in</strong>g separated from Genl. Smallwood [I] have had little to eat or dr<strong>in</strong>k except meat & bread, no stores were<br />
allowed me when I came away. Genl. Smallwood & Mr. Pen told me you would see me provided for. I spoke to<br />
you but through a plenty <strong>of</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess I emag<strong>in</strong>e [sic] you forgot me –- I assure you an <strong>of</strong>ficer looks very blank<br />
when he hant [had] it <strong>in</strong> his power to ask his <strong>of</strong>ficers to eat with him at times –- I underst<strong>and</strong> some l<strong>in</strong>en is<br />
<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g on for <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers, if so, would be glad to get some. I <strong>com</strong>e <strong>of</strong>f from home bare <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g to be<br />
supplied at Richmond but could not get a yard, if I can get any my old friend Colo. Rosekranz will be k<strong>in</strong>d enough<br />
to take charge <strong>of</strong> it for me <strong>and</strong> have it brought on [with] his baggage.” 1514<br />
21 October. The flotilla (see 15 Oct.) carry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m hav<strong>in</strong>g cast anchor <strong>of</strong>f Hampton Roads <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 20 th , Maj. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Leslie’s expedition was l<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> took possession <strong>of</strong> Portsmouth, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. A<br />
detachment debarked <strong>the</strong> 22 nd at Portsmouth, <strong>and</strong> a second was sent to Hampton Roads on <strong>the</strong> 23 rd . The ma<strong>in</strong><br />
body <strong>of</strong> men was <strong>in</strong> Portsmouth on <strong>the</strong> 26 th <strong>and</strong> 27 th . Leslie fortified it, secured <strong>the</strong> posts <strong>of</strong> Great Bridge <strong>and</strong><br />
Northwest L<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, while station<strong>in</strong>g ano<strong>the</strong>r group near Suffolk. From Hampton Roads on <strong>the</strong> 24 th , he wrote to<br />
Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> described <strong>the</strong> troops that he brought south as <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> “Guards, Bose, [Edmund] Fann<strong>in</strong>g[’]s<br />
[<strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt.], a corps <strong>of</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>cial light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Col. Watson (left beh<strong>in</strong>d sick),<br />
part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 82 nd <strong>and</strong> 84 th <strong>and</strong> 100 jaegers.” A footnote <strong>in</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s memoirs gives his force as: “Guards, Regiment<br />
<strong>of</strong> Bose, Eighty-second, Thirty-fourth, Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s, Watson’s [Prov<strong>in</strong>cial] light <strong>in</strong>fantry, Jagers, detachment <strong>of</strong><br />
Seventeenth Dragoons, 1515 artillerymen (100), refugees, guides, pioneers, etcs. -- <strong>in</strong> all, 2800 rank <strong>and</strong> file.” The<br />
mention <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “Thirty-fourth” is somewhat mysterious as no o<strong>the</strong>r mention <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment is made elsewhere<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn campaign. However, it is likely <strong>the</strong> 34 th Regiment returned to New York before Leslie moved, (as<br />
he did later) to Charlestown, because by that time <strong>the</strong> total rank <strong>and</strong> file strength <strong>of</strong> his expedition was<br />
approximately 2,300 rank <strong>and</strong> file. 1516<br />
In response to <strong>the</strong> threat Leslie posed from Suffolk, Brig. Gen. Thomas Benbury <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia, fear<strong>in</strong>g for<br />
<strong>the</strong> safety <strong>of</strong> Edenton, ga<strong>the</strong>red a few not very reliable militia at Norfleet’s Mill about 35 miles from <strong>the</strong> former<br />
location. 1517 For his part, Brig. Gen. Isaac Gregory with a separate force sought to secure <strong>the</strong> pass at Great<br />
Swamp that led to Edenton. 1518<br />
1511 FRM p. 1572.<br />
1512 TCS pp. 168-170, DRS p. 27, LMS pp. 201-203, WCO pp. 231-232.<br />
1513 TCS pp. 168-170.<br />
1514 HFR pp. 4-6.<br />
1515 The 17 th Light Dragoons actually came to Charlestown a few weeks before Leslie did, ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g some 200 recruits for <strong>the</strong><br />
7 th Regt.<br />
1516 LOB part II, Cornwallis Papers, PRO. 30/11/3, 275-6, CNC15 pp. 137-138, 143-145, 149, 157-158, SCP3 pp. 37-43, CAR pp.<br />
214n, 220, JLG1 p. 331, MLW4A p. 328.<br />
1517 CNC15 p. 137.<br />
1518 CNC15 pp. 149-150.<br />
293
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “(A)s Lord Conwallis had <strong>in</strong> his late disptaches [sic] explicitly told me that unless he immediately<br />
attacked North Carol<strong>in</strong>a he must give up both South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia <strong>and</strong> retire with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> walls <strong>of</strong><br />
Charlestown, I resolved without delay to send an expedition <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake, with a view <strong>of</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
powerful diversion <strong>in</strong> His Lordship’s favor by strik<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>es <strong>the</strong>n collect<strong>in</strong>g by <strong>the</strong> enemy at <strong>the</strong> head<br />
<strong>of</strong> James River for supply<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> army <strong>the</strong>y were assembl<strong>in</strong>g to oppose him.” 1519<br />
21 October. Gov. Jefferson to: “The County Lieutenant <strong>of</strong> Berkeley”: “Sir As various circumstances have<br />
delayed <strong>the</strong> march <strong>of</strong> Colo. [Joseph] Crockett’s battalion so much longer than had been hoped, we th<strong>in</strong>k it<br />
proper to counterm<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> march <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia from your County westward at this late season <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> year. It is<br />
probable that <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g season must be opened by considerable aide <strong>of</strong> men to <strong>the</strong> westward.” 1520<br />
22 October. When Congress, by a resolution <strong>of</strong> October 5 th , requested Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton to appo<strong>in</strong>t a new head <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Army, with little hesitation he selected Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene. On this <strong>the</strong> 22 nd , he wrote<br />
Congress express<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> reasons for this choice, <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> same time wrote Greene as well, <strong>of</strong>fer<strong>in</strong>g him advice,<br />
support <strong>and</strong> encouragement. In <strong>the</strong> letter to Greene, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton stated:<br />
“Congress hav<strong>in</strong>g been pleased by <strong>the</strong>ir resolution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 5 th . <strong>in</strong>stant, to authorise [sic] me to appo<strong>in</strong>t an <strong>of</strong>ficer<br />
to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> room <strong>of</strong> Major General Gates, ’till an <strong>in</strong>quiry can be had <strong>in</strong>to his<br />
conduct as <strong>the</strong>re<strong>in</strong> directed, I have thought proper to choose you for this purpose. You will <strong>the</strong>refore proceed<br />
without delay to <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn army, now <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> take <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> accord<strong>in</strong>gly. Un<strong>in</strong>formed as I<br />
am <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s force <strong>in</strong> that quarter, <strong>of</strong> our own, or <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> resources which it will be <strong>in</strong> our power to<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> for carry<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> war, I can give you no particular <strong>in</strong>structions but must leave you to govern yourself<br />
<strong>in</strong>tirely [sic], accord<strong>in</strong>g to your own prudence <strong>and</strong> judgment <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> circumstances <strong>in</strong> which you f<strong>in</strong>d yourself. I<br />
am aware, that <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> will <strong>of</strong>fer you embarrassments <strong>of</strong> a s<strong>in</strong>gular <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>plicated nature;<br />
but I rely upon your abilities <strong>and</strong> exertions for every th<strong>in</strong>g your means will enable you to effect. I give you a<br />
letter to <strong>the</strong> Honorable <strong>the</strong> Congress <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong> your appo<strong>in</strong>tment <strong>and</strong> request<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to give you such<br />
powers <strong>and</strong> such support as your situation <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> good <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> service dem<strong>and</strong>. You will take <strong>the</strong>ir orders <strong>in</strong> your<br />
way to <strong>the</strong> Southward.<br />
“I also propose to <strong>the</strong>m to send Major General The Baron [Friedrich] De Steuben to <strong>the</strong> Southward with you; his<br />
talents, knowledge <strong>of</strong> service, zeal <strong>and</strong> activity will make him very useful to you <strong>in</strong> all respects <strong>and</strong> particularly<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> formation <strong>and</strong> regulation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> raw troops, which will pr<strong>in</strong>cipally <strong>com</strong>pose <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn army. You will<br />
give him a <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> suited to his rank; besides employ<strong>in</strong>g him as Inspector General. If Congress approve, he will<br />
take your orders at Philadelphia.<br />
“I have put Major [Henry] Lee’s corps [Lee’s Legion] under march<strong>in</strong>g orders, <strong>and</strong> as soon as he is ready, shall<br />
detach him to jo<strong>in</strong> you.<br />
“As it is necessary <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>quiry <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> conduct <strong>of</strong> Major General Gates should be conducted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> quarter <strong>in</strong><br />
which he has acted, where all <strong>the</strong> witnesses are, <strong>and</strong> where alone <strong>the</strong> requisite <strong>in</strong>formation can be obta<strong>in</strong>ed, I<br />
am to desire, as soon as <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> affairs will possibly permit, you will nom<strong>in</strong>ate a Court <strong>of</strong> Inquiry to<br />
exam<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>to his case, agreebly [sic] to <strong>the</strong> [a]forementioned resolution <strong>of</strong> Congress. Major General The Baron<br />
De Steuben will preside at this Court <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> members will consist <strong>of</strong> such General <strong>and</strong> field <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental troops, as were not present at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Campden [Camden], or be<strong>in</strong>g present, are not wanted<br />
as witnesses, or are persons to whom Major General Gates has no objection. I wish this affair to be conducted<br />
with <strong>the</strong> greatest impartiality <strong>and</strong> with as much dispatch as circumstances will permit. You will, on your arrival<br />
at <strong>the</strong> army, take <strong>the</strong> sense <strong>in</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> The General Officers <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r pr<strong>in</strong>cipal <strong>of</strong>ficers, concern<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
practicability <strong>of</strong> an immediate <strong>in</strong>quiry. If <strong>the</strong>y judge it practicable on <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ciples <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se <strong>in</strong>structions, you<br />
will have it carried <strong>in</strong>to execution; if <strong>the</strong>y do not th<strong>in</strong>k it can take place immediately you will <strong>in</strong>form Major<br />
General Gates <strong>of</strong> it <strong>and</strong> transmit me <strong>the</strong>ir determ<strong>in</strong>ation; <strong>and</strong> you will from time to time pursue <strong>the</strong> same mode,<br />
that any delay which may happen may appear as I am persuaded it will really be, unavoidable. The Court need<br />
not consist <strong>of</strong> more than five, nor must it consist <strong>of</strong> less than three members; <strong>in</strong> all cases <strong>the</strong>re must be three<br />
General Officers. You will keep me constantly advised <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> your affairs <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> every material<br />
occurrence.<br />
“My warmest wishes for your success, reputation, health <strong>and</strong> happ<strong>in</strong>ess ac<strong>com</strong>pany you.<br />
“P.S. Should General Gates have any objection to <strong>the</strong> mode <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>quiry which he wishes to make to Congress or to<br />
me, you will suspend proceed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> affair, till he transmits his objection, <strong>and</strong> you receive fur<strong>the</strong>r orders…”<br />
1521<br />
22 October. Kirkwood (with Morgan’s force): “Octbr 22 nd . Marched to Six mile run <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> No.<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia under <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Genl. Davidson.” 1522<br />
24 October. Rawdon, at “Camp, near <strong>the</strong> Indian L<strong>and</strong>s, west <strong>of</strong> Cattawba [Catawba] river,” to Maj. Gen.<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Leslie: “Lord Cornwallis not be<strong>in</strong>g sufficiently recovered from a severe fever which lately attacked<br />
him to be able to write to you, his Lordship has desired that I should have <strong>the</strong> honour <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>municat<strong>in</strong>g with you<br />
upon <strong>the</strong> subject <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present service. The Comm<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> Chief has transmitted to Lord Cornwallis a copy <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>structions under which you are to act. At <strong>the</strong> time when Petersburgh was suggested as an adviseable [sic]<br />
1519 CAR p. 210.<br />
1520 From a private collection. Joseph Crockett was a Major with <strong>the</strong> 11 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia (from 20 May 1779 to 12 Feb. 1781) but was<br />
subsequently transferred to <strong>the</strong> 5 th Virg<strong>in</strong>ia (12 Feb. 1781 to war’s end.)<br />
1521 AR81 pp. 54-55, LMS pp. 210n-211n, MLW4A pp. 335-336, JLG1 pp. 326-327, LCC pp. 70.<br />
1522 KJO p.12.<br />
294
po<strong>in</strong>t for a diversion, which might co-operate with our <strong>in</strong>tended efforts for <strong>the</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, it<br />
was imag<strong>in</strong>ed that <strong>the</strong> tranquility <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a was assured; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> repeated assurances which were sent<br />
to us by <strong>the</strong> Loyalists <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, gave us reason to hope, that <strong>the</strong>ir number <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir zeal would not only<br />
facilitate <strong>the</strong> restoration <strong>of</strong> His Majesty’s government <strong>in</strong> that prov<strong>in</strong>ce, but might also supply a force for more<br />
extensive operations. Events unfortunately have not answered to <strong>the</strong>se flatter<strong>in</strong>g promises. The appearance <strong>of</strong><br />
General Gates’s army unveiled to us a fund <strong>of</strong> disaffection <strong>in</strong> this prov<strong>in</strong>ce, <strong>of</strong> which we could have formed no<br />
idea; <strong>and</strong> even <strong>the</strong> dispersion <strong>of</strong> that force did not ext<strong>in</strong>guish <strong>the</strong> ferment which <strong>the</strong> hope <strong>of</strong> its support had<br />
raised. This hour <strong>the</strong> majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> that tract between <strong>the</strong> Pedee [Peedee] <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santée are <strong>in</strong><br />
arms aga<strong>in</strong>st us; <strong>and</strong> when we last heard from Charles-town, <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> George-town, from<br />
which <strong>the</strong>y had dislodged our militia.<br />
“It was hoped that <strong>the</strong> ris<strong>in</strong>g which was expected <strong>of</strong> our friends <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a might awe that district <strong>in</strong>to<br />
quiet; <strong>the</strong>refore, after giv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m a little chastisement, by mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> seventh regiment take that route on its<br />
way to <strong>the</strong> army, Lord Cornwallis advanced to Charlotteburg [Charlotte].<br />
“Major Ferguson, with about eight hundred militia collected from <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, had<br />
previously marched <strong>in</strong>to Tryon county to protect our friends, who were supposed to be numerous <strong>the</strong>re; <strong>and</strong> it<br />
was <strong>in</strong>tended, that he should cross <strong>the</strong> Cattawba [Catawba] river, <strong>and</strong> endeavour [sic] to preserve tranquility <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army. A numerous army now appeared on <strong>the</strong> frontiers, drawn from Nolachucki [Nolachucky],<br />
<strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r settlements beyond <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s, whose very names had been unknown to us. A body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se,<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ceded l<strong>and</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Georgia, made a sudden <strong>and</strong> violent attack upon Augusta. The<br />
post was gallantly defended by Lieutenant-colonel [Thomas] Brown, till he was relieved by <strong>the</strong> activity <strong>of</strong><br />
Lieutenant-colonel Cruger: but Major Ferguson, by endeavour<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>tercept <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir retreat,<br />
unfortunately gave time for fresh bodies <strong>of</strong> men to pass <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> to unite <strong>in</strong>to a corps far superior to<br />
that which he <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed. They came upon with him, <strong>and</strong> after a sharp action entirely defeated him. Ferguson<br />
was killed, <strong>and</strong> all his party ei<strong>the</strong>r sla<strong>in</strong> or taken.<br />
“By <strong>the</strong> enemy’s hav<strong>in</strong>g secured all <strong>the</strong> passes on <strong>the</strong> Catawba, Lord Cornwallis (who was wait<strong>in</strong>g at<br />
Charlotteburg for a convoy <strong>of</strong> stores) received but confused accounts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> affair for some time: but at length<br />
<strong>the</strong> truth reached him; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> delay, equally with <strong>the</strong> precautions <strong>the</strong> enemy had taken to keep <strong>the</strong>ir victory<br />
from his knowledge, gave Lord Cornwallis great reason to fear for <strong>the</strong> safety <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. To secure that<br />
district was <strong>in</strong>dispensible [sic] for <strong>the</strong> security <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce; <strong>and</strong> Lord Cornwallis saw no means <strong>of</strong><br />
effect<strong>in</strong>g it, but by pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Cattawba river with his army; for it was so weakened by sickness, that it would<br />
not bear detachment.<br />
“After much fatigue on <strong>the</strong> march, occasioned by violent ra<strong>in</strong>s, we passed <strong>the</strong> river three days ago. We <strong>the</strong>n<br />
received <strong>the</strong> first <strong>in</strong>telligence, respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> different posts <strong>in</strong> this prov<strong>in</strong>ce, which had reached us for near<br />
three weeks; every express from Camden hav<strong>in</strong>g been waylaid, <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m murdered by <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants. -<br />
- N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six is safe: <strong>the</strong> corps which defeated Ferguson hav<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> our movement, crossed <strong>the</strong><br />
Cattawba, <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed Smallwood on <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>.<br />
“In our present position we have received <strong>the</strong> first <strong>in</strong>timation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> expedition under your <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. From <strong>the</strong><br />
circumstances which I have detailed, we fear that we are too far asunder to render your co-operation very<br />
effectual. No force has presented itself to us, whose operation could have been thought serious aga<strong>in</strong>st this<br />
army: but <strong>the</strong>n we have little hopes <strong>of</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> affair to <strong>the</strong> issue <strong>of</strong> an action. The enemy are mostly<br />
mounted militia, not to be overtaken by our <strong>in</strong>fantry, nor to be safely pursued <strong>in</strong> this strong country by our<br />
cavalry. Our fear is, that <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>g us, <strong>the</strong>y would slip by us <strong>in</strong>to this prov<strong>in</strong>ce, were we to proceed far<br />
from it, <strong>and</strong> might aga<strong>in</strong> stimulate <strong>the</strong> disaffected to serious <strong>in</strong>surrection. This apprehension you will judge, Sir,<br />
must greatly circumscribe our efforts. Indeed, Lord Cornwallis cannot hope that he shall be able to undertake<br />
any th<strong>in</strong>g upon such a scale, as ei<strong>the</strong>r to aid you, or to benefit from you <strong>in</strong> our present situation. The<br />
Comm<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> Chief [Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton] has signified to Lord Cornwallis, that his Lordship is at liberty to give you<br />
any direction for far<strong>the</strong>r co-operation which may appear to him expedient. But his Excellency has <strong>com</strong>plied so<br />
very fully <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pletely with Lord Cornwallis’s request, by send<strong>in</strong>g so powerful a force to make a diversion <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Chesapeak[e], that his Lordship fears he should require too much, were he to draw you <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> immediate<br />
service <strong>of</strong> this district. His Lordship is likewise delicate on this po<strong>in</strong>t, because he does not know how far, by<br />
draw<strong>in</strong>g you from <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak, he might <strong>in</strong>terfere with any o<strong>the</strong>r purposes to which <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> Chief<br />
may have dest<strong>in</strong>ed your troops. Under <strong>the</strong>se circumstances, Lord Cornwallis th<strong>in</strong>ks himself obliged to leave you<br />
at liberty to pursue whatever measures may appear to your judgment best for his Majesty’s service, <strong>and</strong> most<br />
consonant with <strong>the</strong> wishes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> Chief. No time is specified to Lord Cornwallis as <strong>the</strong> limitation<br />
<strong>of</strong> your stay to <strong>the</strong> southward. Should your knowledge <strong>of</strong> Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s desires prompt you to make a trial<br />
upon North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, Cape Fear river appears to us to be <strong>the</strong> only part where your efforts are at present likely to<br />
be effectual. A descent <strong>the</strong>re would be <strong>the</strong> surest means <strong>of</strong> jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> arm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> friends <strong>of</strong> government, as<br />
well as <strong>of</strong> co-operat<strong>in</strong>g with this army.<br />
“This, <strong>the</strong>refore, would naturally be <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t to which Lord Cornwallis would br<strong>in</strong>g you, did he conceive himself<br />
at liberty so absolutely to dispose <strong>of</strong> you. It must be remarked, however, that <strong>the</strong>re are two difficulties <strong>in</strong> this<br />
plan; <strong>the</strong> first is, that <strong>the</strong> country from Cape Fear to Cross-creek (<strong>the</strong> Highl<strong>and</strong> settlement) produces so little, it<br />
would be requisite <strong>in</strong> penetrat<strong>in</strong>g through it to carry your provisions with you; <strong>the</strong> second is, that no vessel<br />
larger than a frigate can pass <strong>the</strong> bar <strong>of</strong> Cape Fear harbour. Whatever you decide, Lord Cornwallis desires<br />
earnestly to hear from you as soon as possible.<br />
“’Tis uncerta<strong>in</strong> yet what steps this army (if left to itself) must pursue; but it will be ready at least to act<br />
vigorously <strong>in</strong> aid <strong>of</strong> any plan which you may undertake. Lord Cornwallis begs that you will <strong>in</strong>form <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>er<br />
<strong>in</strong> Chief <strong>of</strong> our circumstances, <strong>and</strong> that you will have <strong>the</strong> goodness to mention how highly sensible his Lordship is<br />
to <strong>the</strong> very effectual manner <strong>in</strong> which his Excellency has endeavoured [sic] to ease <strong>the</strong> operations <strong>of</strong> his army.<br />
295
The measure must have been attended with <strong>the</strong> most favourable [sic] consequences, had not accidents, which<br />
no foresight could expect, so greatly altered <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>plexion <strong>of</strong> our affairs <strong>in</strong> this prov<strong>in</strong>ce.” 1523<br />
24 October. Maj. Francis Triplett’s <strong>and</strong> Capt. James Tate’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia, about 100 to 200 <strong>in</strong> strength, arrived<br />
<strong>in</strong> Hillsborough to jo<strong>in</strong> Gates. 1524<br />
25 October. Morgan’s <strong>com</strong>mission as Brigadier General arrived for him to receive it. Also on this date his “Fly<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Corps” was at New Providence, <strong>the</strong>re for <strong>the</strong> purposes <strong>of</strong> feed<strong>in</strong>g itself <strong>and</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> awe potential loyalists.<br />
Present as well at New Providence, were Smallwood <strong>and</strong> Brig. Gen. William Davidson with 2 battalions <strong>of</strong> N.C.<br />
militia. 1525<br />
Kirkwood (with Morgan’s force): 25 th Moved our encampment <strong>in</strong> Front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia 1526 this Neighborhood is<br />
called New Providence <strong>and</strong> with<strong>in</strong> 14 miles <strong>of</strong> Charlotte.” 1527<br />
Thomas Anderson, Lieutenant with <strong>the</strong> Delaware Regiment: “(October) 25 th Moved our encampment <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Militia, this place [New Providence] is with<strong>in</strong> fifteen miles <strong>of</strong> Charlotte, While we lay at this place, Colonel<br />
received his <strong>com</strong>mission <strong>of</strong> Brigadier from Congress.” 1528<br />
Smallwood, from “Camp at New Providence” 31 October, to Brig. Gen. Harr<strong>in</strong>gton: “The conquerors <strong>of</strong> Ferguson<br />
<strong>and</strong> his party I expected to jo<strong>in</strong> me here, but <strong>the</strong>y have generally dispersed.” 1529<br />
25 October. [skirmish] Tearcoat Swamp, also Tarcoat Swamp, <strong>and</strong> Black River (Clarendon County. S.C.) When<br />
Marion, at Britton’s Neck, learned <strong>of</strong> Tynes encampment <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> Santee, he was able to call toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
150 men (or up to 400 accord<strong>in</strong>g to one source.) 1530 Lieut. Col Samuel Tynes, operat<strong>in</strong>g between Salem <strong>and</strong><br />
Nelson’s Ferry, for his part, had about 200 men; whom he equipped with arms <strong>and</strong> stores <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> Camden.<br />
Marion crossed <strong>the</strong> Peedee at Port’s Ferry; <strong>the</strong>n passed Lynches River (also called Lynches Creek) at<br />
Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon’s Ferry <strong>and</strong> thus made his way to K<strong>in</strong>gstree. From <strong>the</strong>re he tracked Tynes to Tearcoat swamp “<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> fork <strong>of</strong> Black river;” where he surprised <strong>the</strong> loyalists. Tynes <strong>and</strong> his men were scattered; suffer<strong>in</strong>g 6 killed 6,<br />
14 wounded, <strong>and</strong> 23 taken prisoner. As well he lost 80 horses <strong>and</strong> saddles <strong>and</strong> “as many muskets.” Some days<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g Tearcoat, Tynes himself <strong>and</strong> a few <strong>of</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers were captured (John Robertson believes <strong>in</strong> modern<br />
Sumter County) by a detachment <strong>of</strong> Marion’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Capt. William Clay Snipes; though <strong>the</strong>y<br />
subsequently escaped. 1531 Marion’s own losses were anywhere from 3 to 26 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. Many <strong>of</strong> Tynes<br />
men actually returned <strong>and</strong> enlisted with Marion; while those who rema<strong>in</strong>ed his prisoners were sent to Brig. Gen.<br />
Harr<strong>in</strong>gton at Cheraw. Afterward, he <strong>the</strong>n proceeded to set up his camp at Snow Isl<strong>and</strong> for <strong>the</strong> first time. 1532<br />
Follow<strong>in</strong>g this loyalist defeat, a 50 man detachment was sent out from Charlestown to Monck’s Corner; while<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g patrols cover<strong>in</strong>g British l<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>munication along <strong>the</strong> Santee River. The size <strong>of</strong> a force <strong>the</strong><br />
British typically assigned to <strong>the</strong>ir convoys was usually about a dozen men. McCrady gives Marion strength as 400,<br />
<strong>and</strong> says Tynes, with an unknown number, lost 26 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. 1533<br />
Gordon, <strong>and</strong> quot<strong>in</strong>g Marion: “And from <strong>the</strong> same: ‘Capt. Murphy’s [Malachi Murfee] party have burnt a great<br />
number <strong>of</strong> houses on little Peedee, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tend to go on <strong>in</strong> that abom<strong>in</strong>able work, which I am apprehensive may<br />
be laid to me; but I assure you, that <strong>the</strong>re is not one house burnt by my orders, or by any <strong>of</strong> my people: it is<br />
what I detest, to distress poor women <strong>and</strong> children.’ The manner <strong>of</strong> Marion’s express<strong>in</strong>g himself, po<strong>in</strong>ts out<br />
Murphy for an anti-royalist. Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essed whigs disgraced <strong>the</strong>mselves, by <strong>the</strong> burn<strong>in</strong>gs, plunder<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong><br />
cruelties, that <strong>the</strong>y practised [sic] <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir turn upon <strong>the</strong> royalists. They changed sides at times, as appears by<br />
Marion’s letter <strong>of</strong> October <strong>the</strong> 18 th ‘I have never yet had more than seventy men to act with me, <strong>and</strong> sometimes<br />
<strong>the</strong>y leave me to 20 or 30. Many who had fought with me, I am obliged to fight aga<strong>in</strong>st.’” 1534<br />
Marion, at “Lynches Creek,” on 4 Nov. reported to Gates: “On <strong>the</strong> 24 th Oct. I heard <strong>of</strong> a body <strong>of</strong> Militia<br />
encamp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> forks <strong>of</strong> Black river. I immediately Crossed Peedee, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Next Night I came up with two<br />
hundred under <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Colo. Tyne[s], which I surprised, Killed Six, wounded 14, & took prisoners 23, &<br />
we got 80 horses <strong>and</strong> Saddles & as many St<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Arms. The Colo. Made his Escape; but Send<strong>in</strong>g a party to <strong>the</strong><br />
high hills <strong>of</strong> Santee, he fell <strong>in</strong>to our h<strong>and</strong>s with Several O<strong>the</strong>r prisoners who have Commissions <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia or<br />
Civill; also some who have been very Active aga<strong>in</strong>st us & Great plunderers, all which I have Sent to Genl.<br />
Harr<strong>in</strong>gton on <strong>the</strong> Cheraw Hill.<br />
“I hope I shall be Able to keep <strong>the</strong> North side <strong>of</strong> Santee clear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy, <strong>and</strong> prevent <strong>the</strong>m from draw<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f<br />
Stock. The militia is now turn<strong>in</strong>g out better than <strong>the</strong>y have done for some time past. My Strength <strong>the</strong> 25 Oct.<br />
1523 COC pp. 32-38, SCP2 p. 55.<br />
1524 See Ensign McCorkle’s letter quoted <strong>in</strong> “Many Were Sore Chased <strong>and</strong> Some Cut Down: Fight<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis with <strong>the</strong> Rockbridge<br />
Militia,” by Odell McGuire, October 1995.<br />
1525 WDC p. 365, HWW p. 67.<br />
1526 Smallwood was present at New Providence at this time as well.<br />
1527 KJO p. 12.<br />
1528 AJO, WDC p. 477.<br />
1529 GHC pp. 336-337.<br />
1530 In a letter from Marion to Gates, Marion stated that his strength on 25 October was 150 “<strong>of</strong> all ranks.” BSF p. 78.<br />
1531 See http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/highhills.htm<br />
1532 McCrady: “This isl<strong>and</strong> is situated at <strong>the</strong> conflux <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee <strong>and</strong> Lynch’s Creek, is <strong>of</strong> a triangular form, <strong>and</strong> is bounded by<br />
<strong>the</strong> Peedee on <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>ast, by Lynch’s Creek on <strong>the</strong> north, <strong>and</strong> by Clark’s Creek, a branch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter, on <strong>the</strong> west <strong>and</strong> south.<br />
Thereby hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rivers he could be abundantly supplied with provisions, <strong>and</strong> his post was <strong>in</strong>accessible except by<br />
water.” MSC1 p. 752.<br />
1533 SCP2 pp. 263, 265, SCP3 pp. 170, 178, 180, 194, 204, MMS2 pp. 224-230, JFM p. 25, MSC1 pp. 751-752, MSC2 p. 746, BSF pp.<br />
75-78, RBG p. 105, BRG p. 246.<br />
1534 GHA3 pp. pp. 456-457.<br />
296
was 150 <strong>of</strong> all ranks, & at present Upwards <strong>of</strong> 200, & I expect <strong>in</strong> three Or four days it will be double. There is <strong>in</strong><br />
Georgetown 60 British Invalides [sic], <strong>and</strong> as many militia from <strong>the</strong> South <strong>of</strong> Santee, which I hope to remove <strong>in</strong> a<br />
few days. Colo. Giles is with me, & has been very Active & Servicable; but I Believe Genl. Harr<strong>in</strong>gton will Order<br />
him from me, Greatly aga<strong>in</strong>st his Incl<strong>in</strong>ation, <strong>and</strong> much to <strong>the</strong> Dissatisfaction <strong>of</strong> all his Officers…” 1535<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “Tynes lay encamped at Tarcote, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fork <strong>of</strong> Black river, much <strong>of</strong>f his guard, <strong>and</strong> Gen.<br />
Marion cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> lower ford <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn branch <strong>of</strong> that river, at Nelson’s plantation, marched up <strong>and</strong><br />
surprised him <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night. The rout was universal, <strong>and</strong> attended, as Tarcote swamp was near, with more dismay<br />
than slaughter. Gen. Marion lost not a man; some tories were killed, <strong>and</strong> among <strong>the</strong> rest Capt. Amos Gaskens; a<br />
man noted before <strong>the</strong> war for petty larceny, <strong>and</strong> after it <strong>com</strong>menced, for plunder<strong>in</strong>g under Major Wemyss. The<br />
most <strong>of</strong> Tynes’ men, soon after jo<strong>in</strong>ed Gen. Marion, <strong>and</strong> fought bravely.” 1536<br />
Lee: “With a force fluctuat<strong>in</strong>g from fifty to two hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty men, Marion held himself <strong>in</strong> his recesses on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Peedee <strong>and</strong> Black rivers, whence he darted upon <strong>the</strong> enemy whenever an opportunity presented itself. He<br />
not only kept <strong>in</strong> check all <strong>the</strong> small parties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, whom <strong>the</strong> want <strong>of</strong> forage <strong>and</strong> provisions, or <strong>the</strong> desire<br />
<strong>of</strong> plunder, occasionally urged <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> region east <strong>and</strong> south <strong>of</strong> Camden, but he <strong>of</strong>ten passed <strong>the</strong> Santee,<br />
<strong>in</strong>terrupt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>munications with Charlestown, <strong>and</strong> sometimes alarm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> small posts <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity.” 1537<br />
26 October. Col. William Campbell left his force <strong>of</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> men, some 450-550, along with<br />
<strong>the</strong> prisoners, 1538 at Bethabara under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Cleavl<strong>and</strong>; while he personally went to<br />
Hillsborough to make his report to Gates. 1539<br />
26 October. Brig. Gen. Mordecai Gist, at Baltimore, to Gates: “On my arrival here Colo. Hall <strong>in</strong>formed me that<br />
he had just made you acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>and</strong> number <strong>of</strong> Recruits raised <strong>in</strong> this State, s<strong>in</strong>ce which no<br />
alteration has taken place. Our [Maryl<strong>and</strong>] Assembly made a House Yesterday, <strong>and</strong> I make no doubt will<br />
immediately proceed to adopt some plan to fill my th<strong>in</strong> quota <strong>of</strong> Troops. I shall give my constant attendance,<br />
<strong>and</strong> will make you acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with such occurences as may serve to assist you <strong>in</strong> extend<strong>in</strong>g or contract<strong>in</strong>g your<br />
prospects.<br />
“Capta<strong>in</strong> [William] Beatty march’d from Annapolis <strong>the</strong> 22d Instant [<strong>of</strong> Oct.] with 75 Rank & file as part <strong>of</strong> our<br />
quota, <strong>and</strong> was followed <strong>the</strong> Next day by Colo. A. L. Smith [Alex<strong>and</strong>er L. Smith] 1540 with <strong>the</strong> State Regiment.<br />
Total, 235. The Residue <strong>of</strong> this Corps are Sick <strong>in</strong> Hospital, except those who Deserted, which number is not very<br />
<strong>in</strong>considerable.<br />
“We have just received Advice from Philadelphia that an Embarkation <strong>of</strong> 3,500 Infantry & a Troop <strong>of</strong> Horse,<br />
under <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> General Leslie, had taken place at N. York <strong>and</strong> sailed a few days ago, suppos’d to be<br />
bound for N. Carol<strong>in</strong>a…” 1541<br />
26 October. Lieut. Col. James Stuart <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guards, from Leslie’s force, were l<strong>and</strong>ed at Glebe, with a view to<br />
tak<strong>in</strong>g Great Bridge, VA.; which was occupied by some militia. By noon <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 27 th , <strong>the</strong> latter had fled,<br />
ab<strong>and</strong>on<strong>in</strong>g a four-pounder; <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong> British took possession.<br />
In response to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>vasion, Governor Thomas Jefferson called out 10,000 (later reduced to 6,000) militia. It had<br />
been <strong>in</strong>tended that Col. (later Brig. Gen.) Robert Lawson with 500 mounted volunteers would assist Gates <strong>in</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. None<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>in</strong> view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> new threat, <strong>the</strong>se were reta<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>and</strong> Jefferson requested Congress<br />
for assistance. The result ended up be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> send<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col. Henry Lee 1542 <strong>and</strong> his Legion who arrived <strong>in</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a by January. The militia ultimately formed aga<strong>in</strong>st Leslie was organized <strong>in</strong> two ma<strong>in</strong> bodies, one<br />
under Brig. Gen. Thomas Nelson on <strong>the</strong> lower James pen<strong>in</strong>sula, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r under Brigadier Generals Peter<br />
Muhlenberg <strong>and</strong> George Weedon at Pagan Creek near Smithfield. Although some loyalist came out to support<br />
Leslie, <strong>the</strong>y were much less <strong>in</strong> number than he had hoped. Moreover, he was stra<strong>in</strong>ed to f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>and</strong> secure both<br />
local pilots for his ships <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> enemy forces. Despite orig<strong>in</strong>al <strong>in</strong>structions to advance on Petersburg,<br />
he never moved fur<strong>the</strong>r than Suffolk, about which time (<strong>in</strong> early November) he received a directive from<br />
Cornwallis to descend with his expedition (via <strong>the</strong> sea) to <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as. 1543<br />
1535 CNC14 p. 726, GHA3 pp. 456-457.<br />
1536 JFM p. 25.<br />
1537 LMS p. 203.<br />
1538 The prisoners that rema<strong>in</strong>ed at this time were only about 300, perhaps as low as 200, some hav<strong>in</strong>g escaped (see 15 October<br />
for example.) O<strong>the</strong>rs were subsequently paroled or drafted/enlisted <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia. About 130 prisoners,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cials, were f<strong>in</strong>ally marched to Hillsborough. By 7 January 1781 only 60 were left <strong>in</strong> prison <strong>the</strong>re (though some<br />
may have been moved to <strong>the</strong> stockade Greene later had built at Salisbury.) At least 200 <strong>of</strong> those who had escaped were able to<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ue fight<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> British. Gates had orig<strong>in</strong>ally wanted to have <strong>the</strong> prisoners sent <strong>in</strong>to Fort Chiswell, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, but Governor<br />
Jefferson was strenuously aga<strong>in</strong>st it due to <strong>the</strong> troubles <strong>in</strong> that area; preferr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>stead that <strong>the</strong>y be marched fur<strong>the</strong>r north. As it<br />
turned out, most, if any, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners don’t seem to have even left North Carol<strong>in</strong>a except as escapees. For more regard<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> prisoners, see CNC14 pp. 724-725, 727-728, NGP7 p. 67, DKM pp. 358-360.<br />
For more on <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> prisoners see FRM p. 1634.<br />
1539 DKM pp. 352, 357.<br />
1540 Regard<strong>in</strong>g Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er L. Smith (or Alex<strong>and</strong>er S. Smith accord<strong>in</strong>g to one text), see 7 January 1781.<br />
1541 CNC14 pp. 710-711. Beatty arrived at Greene’s camp on Dec. 7 th .<br />
1542 Major Lee had been promoted by Congress to lieutenant colonel at Greene’s request, JLG1 p. 329.<br />
1543 LOB part II. See John E. Selby, The Revolution <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, 1775-1783. “Thomas Jefferson <strong>in</strong> answer to Query IX <strong>of</strong> his ‘Notes<br />
on Virg<strong>in</strong>ia’ gives <strong>the</strong> total militia enrolled <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state, <strong>in</strong> 1780-1781, by counties, as 49, 971. It should be remembered that <strong>the</strong><br />
militia system <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state was been cont<strong>in</strong>ually upset by <strong>the</strong> volunteer<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> draft<strong>in</strong>g from it <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> various armies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>and</strong> state regular service.” FWV p. 860.<br />
297
David Ramsay: “Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> three preced<strong>in</strong>g years <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ians had greatly fallen <strong>of</strong>f from that military ardour<br />
<strong>and</strong> love <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir country which dist<strong>in</strong>guished <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> years 1776 <strong>and</strong> 1777. The first heat <strong>of</strong> passion be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
over, <strong>the</strong>y were fond <strong>of</strong> recurr<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>ir beloved ease, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> resum<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir usual habits <strong>of</strong> life. Their<br />
exertions, as well aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>vaders with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own limits, as <strong>in</strong> aid <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> distressed sou<strong>the</strong>rn states, were<br />
far below <strong>the</strong> martial character which <strong>the</strong>y had established <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first years <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war, <strong>and</strong> still far<strong>the</strong>r short <strong>of</strong><br />
what <strong>the</strong> citizens <strong>of</strong> North <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a expected from <strong>the</strong> extensive, opulent <strong>and</strong> powerful dom<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>of</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia.” 1544<br />
26 October. Rawdon, at “Brown’s House near <strong>the</strong> Cross Roads,” to Tarleton: “I dispatched a letter to you<br />
yesterday even<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g you that Ld Cornwallis thought it necessary that your proposed march should for<br />
<strong>the</strong> present be postponed. As I have received no answer from you, I fear that <strong>the</strong> letter may have missed you:<br />
Therefore I am now to repeat <strong>the</strong> above <strong>in</strong>struction. Till it shall be judged expedient to let you proceed, I should<br />
<strong>of</strong> course wish to have you ei<strong>the</strong>r with us, or as near us as best as Forage will admit. I see pla<strong>in</strong>ly that we cannot<br />
possibly be supplied with Flour or Meal <strong>in</strong> this Post: And I am conv<strong>in</strong>ced that this situation for <strong>the</strong> Army was<br />
re<strong>com</strong>mended to you by <strong>the</strong> Militia merely because it was such as would cover <strong>the</strong>m from <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s <strong>in</strong>cursions<br />
no matter at what expence [sic] <strong>of</strong> convenience to <strong>the</strong> troops. We are too far likewise from Camden. The [?] <strong>of</strong><br />
gett<strong>in</strong>g up our Rum would be a perpetual weight & distress to us. For <strong>the</strong>se reasons Ld Cornwallis judges it best<br />
to fall back to <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood [sic] <strong>of</strong> Lee’s Mill <strong>in</strong> which situation I am <strong>in</strong>formed we shall probably likewise<br />
be able to draw supplies from <strong>the</strong> Dutch Forks. I th<strong>in</strong>k we shall march this even<strong>in</strong>g; as I only wait for some meal<br />
which we have been long expect<strong>in</strong>g from Walker’s. We shall proceed as far as Grime’s [Grimes’?] where I should<br />
be glad to see you if it should not be <strong>in</strong>convenient. I refer <strong>the</strong> Bearer to you respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> feasibility <strong>of</strong><br />
break<strong>in</strong>g up a nest <strong>of</strong> Plunderers who <strong>in</strong>fest <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood & very much distress <strong>the</strong> loyal subjects. Capt.<br />
[Richard] Hovenden has arrived with Forty-five Dragoons.” 1545<br />
27 October. 25 to 30 soldiers <strong>and</strong> two <strong>of</strong>ficers from <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Regt. left Charlestown, by boat, on <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
way to help garrison Georgetown. 1546<br />
29 October. Cornwallis, close to recover<strong>in</strong>g from his fever yet still unwell, arrived at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough, formally<br />
mak<strong>in</strong>g it his headquarters on 2 November. The total British army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Loyalists <strong>and</strong> German troops, amounted to 5000. Some 500 recruits <strong>and</strong> convalescents belong<strong>in</strong>g to different<br />
regiments about this time came <strong>in</strong> as re<strong>in</strong>forcements from New York. Meanwhile, loyalist recruit<strong>in</strong>g had proved<br />
somewhat successful <strong>and</strong> 150 such were entered <strong>in</strong>to Tarleton’s corps. As well as N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong> Camden, <strong>the</strong><br />
British now had posts at Nelson’s Ferry, Thompson’s Plantation (at Belleville), Dorchester, Georgetown, <strong>and</strong><br />
Orangeburgh. 1547<br />
Tarleton: “Before <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> October, Earl Cornwallis fortunately recovered from his <strong>in</strong>disposition, <strong>and</strong> about<br />
<strong>the</strong> same period a proper encampment was discovered. After m<strong>in</strong>ute <strong>in</strong>quiry <strong>and</strong> exam<strong>in</strong>ation, Wynnesborough<br />
presented <strong>the</strong> most numerous advantages: Its spacious plantations yielded a tolerable post; its centrical [sic]<br />
situation between <strong>the</strong> Broad river <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree afforded protection to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six <strong>and</strong> Camden; <strong>and</strong> its<br />
vic<strong>in</strong>ity to <strong>the</strong> Dutch forks, <strong>and</strong> a rich country <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear, promised abundant supplies <strong>of</strong> flour, forage, <strong>and</strong><br />
cattle. As soon as <strong>the</strong> army arrived on this ground, <strong>the</strong> sick were conveyed to <strong>the</strong> hospital at Camden; rum <strong>and</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r stores were required from that place, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>munication was opened with N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six.” 1548<br />
Rawdon, “Camp between <strong>the</strong> Broad <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba,” writ<strong>in</strong>g on behalf <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton on this date:<br />
“For some time after <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> his Majesty’s troops at Camden, repeated messages were sent to head<br />
quarters, by <strong>the</strong> friends <strong>of</strong> government <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, express<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir impatience to rise <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
st<strong>and</strong>ard. The impossibility <strong>of</strong> subsist<strong>in</strong>g that additional force at Camden, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> accounts which <strong>the</strong>y<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves gave <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> distress<strong>in</strong>g scarcity <strong>of</strong> provisions <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, obliged Lord Cornwallis to entreat<br />
<strong>the</strong>m to rema<strong>in</strong> quiet, till <strong>the</strong> new crop might enable us to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. In <strong>the</strong> mean time General Gates’s army<br />
advanced. We were greatly surprise, <strong>and</strong> no less grieved, that no <strong>in</strong>formation whatever <strong>of</strong> its movements was<br />
conveyed to us by persons so deeply <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> event as <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Loyalists. Upon <strong>the</strong> 16 th <strong>of</strong><br />
August that army was so entirely dispersed, that it was clear no number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m could for a considerable time<br />
be collected. Orders were <strong>the</strong>refore dispatched to our friends, stat<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> hour, which <strong>the</strong>y had so long<br />
pressed, was arrived; <strong>and</strong> exhort<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to st<strong>and</strong> forth immediately, <strong>and</strong> prevent <strong>the</strong> re-union <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> scattered<br />
enemy. Instant support was <strong>in</strong> that case promised <strong>the</strong>m. In <strong>the</strong> fullest confidence that this event was to take<br />
place, Lord Cornwallis ventured to press your Excellency for co-operation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak[e], hop<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong><br />
assistance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians might eventually furnish a force for yet far<strong>the</strong>r efforts. Not a s<strong>in</strong>gle man,<br />
however, attempted to improve <strong>the</strong> favourable moment, or obeyed that summons for which <strong>the</strong>y had before<br />
been so impatient. It was hoped that our approach might get <strong>the</strong> better <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir timidity; yet dur<strong>in</strong>g a long<br />
period, whilst we were wait<strong>in</strong>g at Charlotteburg for our stores <strong>and</strong> convalescents, <strong>the</strong>y did not even furnish us<br />
with <strong>the</strong> least <strong>in</strong>formation respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> force collect<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>st us. In short, Sir, we may have a powerful body<br />
<strong>of</strong> friends <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, -- <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>deed we have cause to be conv<strong>in</strong>ced, that many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants wish<br />
well to his Majesty’s arms; but <strong>the</strong>y have not given evidence enough ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir number or <strong>the</strong>ir activity, to<br />
RSC2 p. 216. These <strong>com</strong>ments <strong>of</strong> Ramsay’s are orig<strong>in</strong>ally presented by him <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> context <strong>of</strong> Greene’s enter<strong>in</strong>g Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Race to <strong>the</strong> Dan; but we place <strong>the</strong>m here as be<strong>in</strong>g sufficiently relevant to <strong>the</strong> subject <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> entry.<br />
1545 PRO. 30/11/3/281-282.<br />
1546 History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales American Volunteers, Onl<strong>in</strong>e Institute <strong>of</strong> Advanced Loyalist Studies.<br />
1547 TCS pp. 169-170, SCP3 pp. 24-26, SAW2 p. 224, BRG p. 243.<br />
1548 TCS pp. 168-170.<br />
298
justify <strong>the</strong> stake <strong>of</strong> this prov<strong>in</strong>ce, for <strong>the</strong> uncerta<strong>in</strong> advantages that might attend immediate junction with <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
There is reason to believe that such must have been <strong>the</strong> risk.<br />
“Whilst this army lay at Charlotteburg, George-Town was taken from <strong>the</strong> militia by <strong>the</strong> rebels; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole<br />
country to <strong>the</strong> east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santée, gave such pro<strong>of</strong>s <strong>of</strong> general defection, that even <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> High Hills<br />
could not be prevailed upon to jo<strong>in</strong> a party <strong>of</strong> troops who were sent to protect our boats upon <strong>the</strong> river. The<br />
defeat <strong>of</strong> Major Ferguson, had so dispirited this part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>deed <strong>the</strong> loyal subjects were so<br />
wearied by <strong>the</strong> long cont<strong>in</strong>uance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> campaign, that Lieutenant-colonel Cruger, (<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six)<br />
sent <strong>in</strong>formation to Earl Cornwallis, that <strong>the</strong> whole district had determ<strong>in</strong>ed to submit as soon as <strong>the</strong> rebels<br />
should enter it. From <strong>the</strong>se circumstances, from <strong>the</strong> consideration that delay does not ext<strong>in</strong>guish our hopes <strong>in</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a; <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong> long fatigue <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops, which made it seriously requisite to give some<br />
refreshment to <strong>the</strong> army; Earl Cornwallis has resolved to rema<strong>in</strong> for <strong>the</strong> present <strong>in</strong> a position which may secure<br />
<strong>the</strong> frontiers without separat<strong>in</strong>g his force. In this situation we shall be always ready for movement, whensoever<br />
[sic] opportunity shall re<strong>com</strong>mend it, or circumstances require it. But <strong>the</strong> first care must be to put Camden <strong>and</strong><br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six <strong>in</strong>to a better state <strong>of</strong> defence, <strong>and</strong> to furnish <strong>the</strong>m with ample stores <strong>and</strong> salt provisions. Earl<br />
Cornwallis foresees all <strong>the</strong> difficulties <strong>of</strong> a defensive war. Yet his Lordship th<strong>in</strong>ks <strong>the</strong>y cannot be weighed aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
<strong>the</strong> dangers which must have attended an obst<strong>in</strong>ate adherence to his former plan. I am <strong>in</strong>structed by Earl<br />
Cornwallis to express, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> strongest terms, his Lordship’s feel<strong>in</strong>gs, with regard to <strong>the</strong> very effectual measures<br />
which your Excellency had taken to forward his operations. His Lordship hopes that his fears <strong>of</strong> abus<strong>in</strong>g your<br />
Excellency’s goodness <strong>in</strong> that particular, may not have led him to neglect mak<strong>in</strong>g use <strong>of</strong> a force <strong>in</strong>tended by your<br />
Excellency to be employed by him. But as his Lordship knew not how far your Excellency might aim at o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
objects <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak (to which po<strong>in</strong>t his Lordship’s entreaty for co-operation was orig<strong>in</strong>ally conf<strong>in</strong>ed) he<br />
could not th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>of</strong> assum<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> power to order Major-general Leslie to Cape Fear river; though he po<strong>in</strong>ted out<br />
<strong>the</strong> utility <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> measure, <strong>in</strong> case it should be conceived with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> extent <strong>of</strong> your Excellency’s purpose.” 1549<br />
29 October. Lieut. Col. Edward Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, at Petersburgh, VA., wrote Gates: “The Horses I mentioned <strong>in</strong> my<br />
last for <strong>the</strong> Artillery have just this moment left this place, & are to be pushed on as quickly as possible till <strong>the</strong>y<br />
<strong>com</strong>e up with you. I have not been able to get <strong>the</strong> Director <strong>of</strong> our Laboratory so well ac<strong>com</strong>modated for bus<strong>in</strong>ess<br />
as I could wish, but have got him to work so well that <strong>the</strong> Articles we are likely to st<strong>and</strong> earliest <strong>in</strong> need <strong>of</strong> will<br />
be done. I expect <strong>in</strong> a few days he will send forward fixed Shott for <strong>the</strong> four pounder sent on to <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>. I<br />
shall also shortly have a few Waggons supplied by Virga. for <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>termediate Service from Taylor’s Ferry [on <strong>the</strong><br />
Roanoke River] to your Camp.<br />
“The Enemy had last Week l<strong>and</strong>ed at Hampton a Body <strong>of</strong> Men, said to be about 500, but re-embarked aga<strong>in</strong> on<br />
Tuesday without do<strong>in</strong>g any mischief fur<strong>the</strong>r than gett<strong>in</strong>g a Considerable quantity <strong>of</strong> provisions & tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f some<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants. They had also l<strong>and</strong>ed a Body <strong>of</strong> Men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Neighbourhood <strong>of</strong> Norfolk, from whence <strong>the</strong><br />
Governor had been able to get no certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence when I left Richmond last Thursday; but <strong>the</strong>re has just<br />
now Arrived at this place an Express from Genl. Muhlenburg [Peter Muhlenberg], who lies at Cabb<strong>in</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t [sic],<br />
about 25 miles from this. From him we learn that <strong>the</strong> Enemy are mov<strong>in</strong>g on towards Smithfield, but <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence is so imperfect that I can say noth<strong>in</strong>g to you as to <strong>the</strong>ir numbers. Genl. Muhlenburg Marched from<br />
here with about 1,000 men. Genl. [Thomas] Nelson is still nearer <strong>the</strong> Enemy, with such Militia as he has been<br />
able to Collect <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> country <strong>the</strong>reabouts. Colo. [Robert] Lawson [later Brig. Gen.] is now form<strong>in</strong>g a Volunteer<br />
Corps that will be respectable. Should <strong>the</strong> Enemy <strong>in</strong>tend to push <strong>the</strong>ir operations <strong>in</strong> this State, I am conv<strong>in</strong>ced<br />
<strong>the</strong>y will meet with a Vigorous opposition, as <strong>the</strong> people are much disposed to turn out. The State is unhappily<br />
much unprepared as to Arms, &c., but still I hope <strong>the</strong>y will do well.<br />
“I am now this far on my way back to Taylor’s Ferry, where I shall be ready to be Honored with your Comm<strong>and</strong>s<br />
<strong>in</strong> two or three days at fur<strong>the</strong>st.” 1550<br />
30 October (<strong>and</strong> early November). [two skirmishes] Bear Swamp, <strong>and</strong> Brown’s Counterattack (Marion <strong>and</strong> Dillon<br />
counties, S.C.) After Marion left Amis Mill, Capt. Jesse Barfield (also “Barefield”) assembled some <strong>of</strong> his militia<br />
on <strong>the</strong> Little Peedee. As part <strong>of</strong> an effort to collect horses for <strong>the</strong> N. Y. Volunteers, on October 30 th he struck at<br />
some <strong>of</strong> Col. Thomas Brown’s (<strong>of</strong> Bladen) men under a Capt. Moore at Bear Swamp <strong>and</strong> defeated <strong>the</strong>m. Barfield<br />
himself <strong>the</strong>n was shortly after counter-attacked by Brown himself who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a “regiment” <strong>of</strong> whig militia<br />
on <strong>the</strong> upper Peedee. Brown managed to disperse Barfield’s force, at least temporarily. Wrote Brown on <strong>the</strong> 4 th<br />
<strong>of</strong> November to Brig. Gen. Henry William Harr<strong>in</strong>gton: “Barefield did surprise [Capt. Moore] & took several <strong>of</strong> his<br />
horses…I have killed Miles Barefield, <strong>and</strong> wounded two o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Barefields; <strong>and</strong> it is said Jesse Barefield is<br />
shot through <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>, but <strong>the</strong> certa<strong>in</strong>ty I cannot tell. I have got four more <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Barefield’s well ironed &<br />
under guard, whom I am very choice <strong>of</strong>...I have got 259 cattle <strong>and</strong> have just got to collect<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>, as Barefield<br />
hath prevented me a fortnight (ago).” See Miller’s Plantation, 8 November. 1551<br />
31 October. Smallwood, at “Camp New Providence,” to Gates: “S<strong>in</strong>ce my last, noth<strong>in</strong>g material has occurred<br />
except a great scarcity <strong>of</strong> Provision. Colo. [Thomas] Polk has not even supplied <strong>the</strong> Regular Troops. Our pr<strong>in</strong>cipal<br />
Subsistence has been brought <strong>in</strong> by Detachments, which <strong>the</strong>y took from <strong>the</strong> disaffected who have gone over to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Enemy; <strong>and</strong> I have now not less than two Hundred Men employed on that duty, which is <strong>the</strong> only prospect <strong>of</strong><br />
supply<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Troops till <strong>the</strong> late Provision Act for collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> specific Tax <strong>in</strong> Provision is more effectually<br />
carried <strong>in</strong>to Execution, which I fear at last will not afford an ample supply <strong>in</strong> addition to what Purchases can be<br />
made. Forage is also much exhausted, <strong>and</strong> can not long be procured for any considerable Force.<br />
1549 COC pp. 35-39.<br />
1550 CNC14 pp. 717-718.<br />
1551 GHC pp. 337-338, 340-341, BSF p. 88.<br />
299
“Plunder<strong>in</strong>g prevails to an amaz<strong>in</strong>g degree, by Persons who go under <strong>the</strong> denom<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> Volunteers. Your<br />
Proclamations restra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g this <strong>in</strong>famous Practice, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>fer<strong>in</strong>g terms to <strong>the</strong> Tories before <strong>the</strong>y obta<strong>in</strong><br />
Intelligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, might have, as I wrote you before, a salutary effect.<br />
“The British two days ago were encamped at Lee’s Mill, said to be fifteen Miles below <strong>the</strong> Cross Roads. From this<br />
place Roads lead to <strong>the</strong> Westward -- Congaree, Charles Town, <strong>and</strong> Camden; from which no just Conclusion can<br />
be drawn <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Dest<strong>in</strong>ation or Views.<br />
“I shall be happy to see you on with <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Troops as soon as <strong>the</strong>y can be equipped; <strong>the</strong> present aspect<br />
<strong>of</strong> our Affairs seems <strong>in</strong>auspicious. The Enemy’s late descent <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, toge<strong>the</strong>r with our defenceless Situation<br />
<strong>and</strong> want <strong>of</strong> Resources, is truly alarm<strong>in</strong>g. Pray what has be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French Fleet? Unless someth<strong>in</strong>g is to be<br />
expected from <strong>the</strong>m, our Situation must be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong>eligible [sic].<br />
“General Sumpter lies high up on <strong>the</strong> South side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba, he writes me his number is very <strong>in</strong>considerable.<br />
The Georgians have not jo<strong>in</strong>ed him as he expected. The o<strong>the</strong>r Parties who defeated Ferguson are dispersed <strong>and</strong><br />
gone Home, except <strong>the</strong> Escort with <strong>the</strong> Prisoners.<br />
“You will be so oblig<strong>in</strong>g to cont<strong>in</strong>ue to forward any far<strong>the</strong>r Intelligence you may receive respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Enemy,<br />
or o<strong>the</strong>r material transactions…N. B. Axes <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>trench<strong>in</strong>g Tools are much want<strong>in</strong>g.” 1552<br />
31 October. Hav<strong>in</strong>g been earlier suggested by Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton (see 22 October), <strong>and</strong> that re<strong>com</strong>mendation<br />
approved by Congress, Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene was formally placed by President Samuel Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Army as successor to Gates. 1553 Prior to this announcement, it was <strong>in</strong>tended to have<br />
Greene <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> West Po<strong>in</strong>t; <strong>the</strong> post held only recently by turncoat Benedict Arnold. Once <strong>in</strong>stalled as<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, Greene, <strong>in</strong> Philadelphia, immediately set about seek<strong>in</strong>g men arms, cloth<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong><br />
transport. From Maj. Gen. Henry Knox, <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army’s senior artillerist, he was promised a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong><br />
artificers. From Joseph Reed, President (or Governor) <strong>of</strong> Pennsylvania he obta<strong>in</strong>ed 1,500 st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> arms (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
4,000-5,000 Greene had solicited for.) He was promised 100 road wagons by Reed, <strong>and</strong> 40 covered wagons by<br />
Col. Timothy Picker<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army’s Quartermaster General (i.e., chief <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> wagons <strong>and</strong><br />
transport.) From Congress, Greene obta<strong>in</strong>ed $180,000 <strong>in</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Currency or 1,800 <strong>in</strong> real money for his<br />
personal expenses; while acced<strong>in</strong>g to his request to have Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware annexed to <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
department. 1554<br />
Late October. Years after <strong>the</strong> war ended, Davie reported <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia <strong>in</strong> October<br />
<strong>and</strong> early November as follows: “In <strong>the</strong> month <strong>of</strong> October & part <strong>of</strong> November <strong>the</strong>re were about [North Carol<strong>in</strong>a]<br />
1000 Militia under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Generals Davidson & Sumner about 300 mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> Colonel Davie<br />
about [left blank] under Clevel<strong>and</strong>, Shelby, Sevier, <strong>and</strong> [Joseph] McDowell...Genl [Allen] Jones marched 900<br />
men <strong>in</strong> October 1780 to Genl Smallwood[’]s Camp at [New] Providence…<br />
Men from Burke <strong>and</strong> Ru<strong>the</strong>rford, under Charles McDowell 160<br />
From Wilkes <strong>and</strong> Surry counties, under Col. [Benjam<strong>in</strong>] Clevel<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Major [Joseph] W<strong>in</strong>ston: 350<br />
From Wash<strong>in</strong>gton County, NC: [John] Sevier 240<br />
From Sullivan County, NC [Isaac] Shelby 240<br />
From Wash<strong>in</strong>gton County, Va. [William] Campbell: 400<br />
total 1390” 1555<br />
1552 CNC14 pp. 720-721.<br />
1553 TPY pp. 28-29.<br />
1554 JLG1 pp. 329-336, GLG3 p. 49, CBA p. 529, WDC pp. 364-365, TPY p. 56.<br />
1555 DRS pp. 35, 61n.<br />
300
NOVEMBER 1780<br />
November. Balfour ordered <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regt., under Maj. Robert McLeroth, from Charlestown to pass <strong>the</strong> Santee<br />
<strong>and</strong> protect <strong>com</strong>munications with Camden from Marion’s partisans <strong>and</strong> establish, if possible, a post at K<strong>in</strong>gstree.<br />
Rawdon, for his part, detached some mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.Y. Volunteers, under Capt. John C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>, to assist<br />
McLeroth. Several skirmishes transpired between McLeroth <strong>and</strong> C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> versus <strong>the</strong> rebels <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area; without<br />
considerable loss to ei<strong>the</strong>r side; though supply convoys to Camden were not <strong>in</strong>frequently delayed. To fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
enhance British defenses along <strong>the</strong> frontier, fortifications at Camden, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, <strong>and</strong> Georgetown cont<strong>in</strong>ued to<br />
be upgraded <strong>and</strong> improved. 1556<br />
November. The 1 st Bttn. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt., under McArthur, cont<strong>in</strong>ued to occupy Brierly’s (or Brierley’s) ferry on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Broad River; <strong>in</strong> order to safeguard forage <strong>in</strong> that area <strong>of</strong> meal, flour, <strong>and</strong> cattle for Cornwallis at<br />
W<strong>in</strong>nsborough. These provisions were ei<strong>the</strong>r supplied will<strong>in</strong>gly by <strong>in</strong>habitants, or else came from confiscated<br />
estates. 1557<br />
November. In November, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> back <strong>in</strong>to October as well, Col William Davie was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field with 300<br />
mounted North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, based at L<strong>and</strong>’s Ford on <strong>the</strong> Catawba River. By <strong>the</strong> last day <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month,<br />
however, his men’s term <strong>of</strong> service had expired. It is someth<strong>in</strong>g tribute to <strong>the</strong>ir effectiveness, that Cornwallis<br />
himself, <strong>in</strong> a letter, noted <strong>the</strong>ir disb<strong>and</strong>onment. At <strong>the</strong> suggestion <strong>of</strong> Morgan, Davie later <strong>in</strong>tended to form a<br />
legion corps. But shortly after, Greene solicited him to be<strong>com</strong>e Commissary General for North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> so<br />
he dropped <strong>the</strong> plan. Perhaps <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>gly, <strong>and</strong> though not far distant, Davie apparently decl<strong>in</strong>ed to jo<strong>in</strong> Sumter<br />
at <strong>the</strong> latter’s ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g at Fish Dam Ford just before <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> November; despite hav<strong>in</strong>g acted with him<br />
previously at Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, 6 August. 1558<br />
November. [skirmish] S<strong>and</strong>y River (Chester, County, S.C.) 1559<br />
November. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> month, skirmish<strong>in</strong>g resumed between Whigs <strong>and</strong> Loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek area <strong>of</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a.<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> William White <strong>of</strong> Anson County, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a: “Aga<strong>in</strong>, some time <strong>in</strong> November, 1780, he<br />
was drafted or called to serve a tour aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Tories under Capta<strong>in</strong> Dudley Mask (rendezvoused) [sic] at <strong>the</strong><br />
Grassy Isl<strong>and</strong>s, marched down to Draun<strong>in</strong>g [Drown<strong>in</strong>g] Creek. The Tories fled <strong>and</strong> we were verbally<br />
discharged...served at this time two weeks.”<br />
Early November. Capt. Feight Ris<strong>in</strong>ger 1560 to Cornwallis: “This is to <strong>in</strong>form your Lordship that <strong>the</strong> Last Express<br />
that was Directed to Leiutenant [sic] Colnl Tatleton [sic] was taken <strong>the</strong> 28 th <strong>of</strong> this <strong>in</strong>stant about six mil[e]s from<br />
Henerecses [sic] Mill <strong>and</strong> if your Lordship Sends any o<strong>the</strong>r Express it must Be a man that is well acquented [sic]<br />
with <strong>the</strong> woods or els[e] he cannot get along onless [sic] he is taken [by a guide] <strong>and</strong> likewise. I do acqu<strong>in</strong>t [sic]<br />
you that I am very unwell myself[.]” 1561<br />
Early November. After Cornwallis camped at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough, Sumter called out his men to Hill’s Iron Works. He<br />
<strong>the</strong>n moved to Stall<strong>in</strong>g’s Plantation on Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek. After learn<strong>in</strong>g that Tarleton had moved toward <strong>the</strong> High<br />
Hills (<strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Marion), he relocated to Moore’s Mill only thirty miles from British army, but not before<br />
<strong>in</strong>timidat<strong>in</strong>g some loyalists from assembl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Mobley’s Meet<strong>in</strong>g House. 1562<br />
Early November. Brig. Gen. Thomas Eaton <strong>com</strong>menced preparations to assemble <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> around<br />
Halifax, N.C.; <strong>in</strong> response to Leslie’s l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g at Portsmouth, VA. See 21 October. 1563<br />
1 November. Col. Abraham Buford, from “Camp” at Hillsborough, to Gates: “The <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> eight Months’ men<br />
that are taken (By Genl. [Edward] Stevens) from my Corps leaves me but three <strong>com</strong>panies. I have reserv’d <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
arms, & propose to put <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> as many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Augusta [Augusta County, VA.] men. I underst<strong>and</strong><br />
that <strong>the</strong>re are spare arms at Guilford Courthouse. If so, & I can have an order for <strong>the</strong>m, I th<strong>in</strong>k It will be<br />
advisable to take all <strong>the</strong> Eighteen Months’ men on with me. I shall be glad <strong>of</strong> your orders respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Matter.<br />
Also your order for <strong>the</strong> arms at Guilford Corthouse.” 1564<br />
2 November. Major John Mazaret <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Artillery, at Hillsborough, to Gates (spell<strong>in</strong>g here left<br />
mostly uncorrected by me): “With grate [sic] deal <strong>of</strong> difficulty I at last have executed your orders. Receiv<strong>in</strong>g no<br />
Assistance From those Gentlemen Caled <strong>the</strong> bo[a]rd <strong>of</strong> war, it’s my Op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>the</strong>y be Cal[l]ed[<strong>the</strong> useless bo[a]rd.<br />
I am Hartly sorry to <strong>in</strong>form you that I have Recd. no K<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> Cloth<strong>in</strong>g from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> was under <strong>the</strong><br />
1556 TCS pp. 183-184. Respect<strong>in</strong>g plans, ultimately failed, to attempt to set up a post at K<strong>in</strong>gstree; with a m<strong>in</strong>d to l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g Camden<br />
<strong>and</strong> Georgetown more directly, see SCP2 p. 132, SCP3 pp. 69, 75-78, 84-85, 92, 98, 146, 149, 152.<br />
1557 TCS p. 184.<br />
1558 SCP3 p. 177, DRS pp. 28-29, SNC p. 186.<br />
1559 LSC p. 10.<br />
1560 Ris<strong>in</strong>ger was an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> royal militia. The date <strong>of</strong> this message is unclear, however, context would seem to place it <strong>in</strong><br />
early November 1780.<br />
1561 PRO. 30/11/4/256.<br />
1562 BGC p. 96.<br />
1563 CNC15 p. 153.<br />
1564 CNC14 p. 722.<br />
301
disagreeable necessity <strong>of</strong> send<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> men almost stark naked or disobey[e]d your orders. I <strong>in</strong>tially troust [sic]<br />
to your goodness for an equal portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cloth<strong>in</strong>g now Com<strong>in</strong>g on. I am Now <strong>in</strong>deavour<strong>in</strong>g [sic] to fitt [sic]<br />
<strong>the</strong> two [artillery] pieces Rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g at this place <strong>in</strong> a better ma[n]ner than those Now Com<strong>in</strong>g On, for <strong>the</strong>ir [sic]<br />
is a Grate [great] deficiency In <strong>the</strong>m. Genl. [Edward] Stevens has promised his Assistance to have <strong>the</strong>m put <strong>in</strong><br />
better Order at Salbary [Salisbury]. I am Once more at this disagreeable Station left to myself, <strong>and</strong> shall be <strong>the</strong><br />
same Untill I have <strong>the</strong> Pleasure <strong>of</strong> hear<strong>in</strong>g from you.” 1565<br />
2 November. Due to a scarcity <strong>of</strong> supplies <strong>in</strong> Hillsborough, Gates ordered what rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>,<br />
Delaware, <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia troops (<strong>the</strong> latter lead by Buford, number<strong>in</strong>g some 1,000) to Salisbury, along with two<br />
cannon under Capt. Anthony S<strong>in</strong>gleton; which <strong>the</strong>y subsequently reached on <strong>the</strong> 9 th . Several days later, Gates<br />
himself left Hillsborough with a 130 man escort <strong>and</strong> arrived at Salisbury on <strong>the</strong> 11 th . Most <strong>of</strong> his army was sick at<br />
<strong>the</strong> time with various wounds <strong>and</strong> illnesses. Despite promises <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong>, <strong>the</strong>re were few<br />
provisions to be had <strong>in</strong> Salisbury. 1566<br />
On 7 November, Ensign John McCorkle, with Capt. James Tate’s Company from Rockbridge County, VA., wrote to<br />
his wife Rebecca: “On <strong>the</strong> seventh day <strong>of</strong> Nov. we arrived at headquarters about ten miles below Charlotte<br />
where Major-Gen’l Smallwood’s Regiment was <strong>in</strong> camp, but we are to jo<strong>in</strong> Col. Morgan’s Light Infantry <strong>and</strong> we<br />
cannot tell how soon we must march from here. We expect to do most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g. The enemy have left<br />
Charlotte. Part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m went to Camden <strong>and</strong> crossed <strong>the</strong> Catawba River. Some th<strong>in</strong>k that <strong>the</strong>y are on <strong>the</strong> way to<br />
Charlestown.” 1567<br />
3 November. After receiv<strong>in</strong>g formal <strong>in</strong>structions from Congress, Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene, ac<strong>com</strong>panied by<br />
Maj. Gen. Friedrich von Steuben, rode south from Philadelphia to take <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army. With him<br />
as aides were Col. Lewis Morris, Jr. <strong>and</strong> Maj. Ichabod Burnet. For his own staff, Von Steuben had Capta<strong>in</strong>s<br />
Benjam<strong>in</strong> Walker <strong>and</strong> Peter S. DuPonceau. Not long before, Brigadier Generals Peter Muhlenberg <strong>and</strong> George<br />
Weedon had recently arrived <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to organize <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> that state <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> still present threat<br />
posed by Leslie at Portsmouth. 1568<br />
3 November. Turnbull, at Camden, to Cornwallis: “Permitt [sic] me to Congratulate you on <strong>the</strong> Recov’r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
your Health. Which we all Heartily Rejoice at --<br />
“Tarleton crossed <strong>the</strong> River yesterday morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Proposes to set out Tomorrow <strong>in</strong> search <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebells -- Two<br />
men have arrived this moment from Black Creek who assure us that Marion <strong>and</strong> Snipes have <strong>the</strong>ir Quarters at<br />
S<strong>in</strong>gleton[’]s Mills. We have sent a spy who we Expect will be back by morn<strong>in</strong>g. And Tarleton will regulate his<br />
Route accord<strong>in</strong>gly -- We never can fix <strong>the</strong> Number with those Country fellows.<br />
“Col: Davis’s [William Richardson Davie’s] Parties has show’d <strong>the</strong>mselves with<strong>in</strong> twenty miles <strong>of</strong> us. But We<br />
cannot Learn that <strong>the</strong> Body <strong>of</strong> Twelve mile Creek has advanced --<br />
“Your Lordship will be surprised that our works are not <strong>in</strong> greater forwardness. The Negroes took <strong>the</strong> Small Pox,<br />
Deserted, many Died, that <strong>the</strong> Troops have been oblidged [sic] to work <strong>the</strong>re three weeks. We will do it as fast<br />
as we can. --<br />
“Major Despard & Capt. [Henry] Haldane are arrived. We are Plann<strong>in</strong>g which way to get <strong>in</strong> a Quantity <strong>of</strong> Cattle<br />
<strong>and</strong> Corn from Santee Provided Col: Tarleton takes that Route.<br />
“Capt. [John] C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g been taken ill at Col: Thomsons [William Thompson’s] on his way here writes me<br />
that Parties <strong>of</strong> Rebells lay Lurk<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> that Country that twenty has been seen toge<strong>the</strong>r.” 1569<br />
3 November. Smallwood at “Camp New Providence,” to Morgan: “Hav<strong>in</strong>g understood that <strong>the</strong> disaffected<br />
Inhabitants <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> settlements <strong>of</strong> Lynch creek, <strong>and</strong> Waxhaw, s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> retreat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British from Charlotte, have<br />
meditated <strong>the</strong> removal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir property to Camden, I was <strong>in</strong>duced to order Colo. Davie with a detachment down<br />
<strong>in</strong>to that quarter, to <strong>in</strong>tercept all such property, which he might apprehend was about to be removed, <strong>and</strong> to<br />
draw what supplies <strong>of</strong> forage, <strong>and</strong> Provisions, could o<strong>the</strong>rwise be procured, exclusive <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stock necessary for<br />
consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Inhabitants.<br />
“I have this day received <strong>in</strong>telligence that a party <strong>of</strong> four hundred British & Tories, have advanced up to <strong>the</strong><br />
Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, to cover <strong>the</strong> disaffected who are actually remov<strong>in</strong>g not only <strong>the</strong>ir own effects, but <strong>the</strong> property <strong>of</strong><br />
such Whigs as <strong>the</strong>y fall <strong>in</strong> with, <strong>and</strong> apprehend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> detachment under Colo. Davie will be annoyed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Execution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Duty, -- You will <strong>the</strong>refore proceed down with <strong>the</strong> Cavalry, Light Infantry, <strong>and</strong> Rifle men<br />
below <strong>the</strong> Range <strong>of</strong> his duty, to cover <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> discharge <strong>the</strong>re<strong>of</strong>. -- March with all imag<strong>in</strong>able secrecy <strong>and</strong><br />
dispatch, <strong>and</strong> if possible give <strong>the</strong> enemy a stroke at <strong>the</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, should <strong>the</strong>y still be <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>and</strong> no<br />
powerful reasons aga<strong>in</strong>st it.<br />
“In ac<strong>com</strong>plish<strong>in</strong>g your views should it be necessary you will call to your aid any part <strong>of</strong> Davie’s detachment, but<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise, I would not wish <strong>the</strong>ir duty to be obstructed --<br />
“It will be unnecessary to caution you to guard aga<strong>in</strong>st a surprise, <strong>and</strong> to restra<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiery from distress<strong>in</strong>g<br />
such <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Inhabitants as may merit your attention. Your own Judgment <strong>and</strong> vigilance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first <strong>in</strong>stance, <strong>and</strong><br />
your Humanity <strong>and</strong> discretion <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter will govern --<br />
“It is not improbable but you may fall <strong>in</strong> with part <strong>of</strong> our Tents, Waggons, <strong>and</strong> Baggage plundered by <strong>the</strong> Tories<br />
after General Gates’ defeat. Whatever you fall <strong>in</strong> with under that description secure <strong>and</strong> forward to camp -–<br />
1565 CNC14 p. 724.<br />
1566 KJO p. 12, WNA, GHA3 pp. 469-470, JLG1 p. 314, WCA p. 68, RNC pp. 258, 261.<br />
1567 MGC<br />
1568 JLG1 pp. 329-336, GLG3 p. 49, LMS p. 214, CBA p. 529, WDC pp. 364-365.<br />
1569 PRO. 30/11/4/14-15, SCP3 p. 135.<br />
302
“You will give me <strong>the</strong> earliest, <strong>and</strong> frequent Intelligence <strong>of</strong> your transactions, <strong>and</strong> as speedy as possible,<br />
ac<strong>com</strong>plish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> views <strong>com</strong>prized [sic] <strong>in</strong> your Instructions, return to camp -- distribute <strong>the</strong> orders prohibit<strong>in</strong>g<br />
plunder<strong>in</strong>g, copies <strong>of</strong> which are Enclosed <strong>and</strong> it may not be amiss to give assurances <strong>of</strong> Lenity to such tories, who<br />
may return <strong>and</strong> submit to <strong>the</strong> mercy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir country, <strong>in</strong>timat<strong>in</strong>g that proclamations to that purpose will be<br />
issued.” 1570<br />
3 November. Brig. Gen. Henry William Harr<strong>in</strong>gton, at “Camp Near Kershaw’s Ferry,” to <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Board<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong> (spell<strong>in</strong>g left mostly uncorrected): “Your favor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 28 th Ulto. came to h<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> due time, but I have not<br />
as yet been favoured with an answer to my Letter by Col. T. Wade [Thomas Wade] <strong>and</strong> I have not heard for some<br />
time from Col. [Thomas] Brown a [lacuna <strong>in</strong> text] two Expresses to Bladen County, but from his thorough honesty<br />
<strong>and</strong> attachment to <strong>the</strong> Cause I am sure He has not been, but <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> Cattle he has collected must go by <strong>the</strong><br />
way <strong>of</strong> Cross Creek & to Hillsborough. where I apprehend our Friends from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> will want <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
I have a considerable Body <strong>of</strong> Horse on <strong>the</strong> West side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pedee [Peedee], with <strong>the</strong> triple view <strong>of</strong> alarm<strong>in</strong>g or<br />
harass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Enemy [Cornwallis] on <strong>the</strong>ir Retreat, ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>telligence, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong>ir return, collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Beeves<br />
for <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> our Army near Salisbury or Charlotte, which Beeves I shall send by <strong>the</strong> Anson Militia. I have<br />
ordered out <strong>the</strong> So. Militia for <strong>the</strong> collection <strong>of</strong> Cattle, which from <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation I have received, I am <strong>in</strong><br />
hopes will be <strong>in</strong> tolerable plenty. Fat hogs are to be had here <strong>in</strong> great numbers; Barrels <strong>and</strong> Salt are all that are<br />
wanted, <strong>and</strong> as <strong>the</strong> first cannot be made <strong>in</strong> an <strong>in</strong>stant, for <strong>the</strong> Timber must be seasoned…At <strong>the</strong> time I first<br />
heard <strong>of</strong> Brig. Gen. Davidson’s appo<strong>in</strong>tment, <strong>the</strong> Enemy were advanc<strong>in</strong>g towards <strong>the</strong> Cheraws, <strong>and</strong> it was<br />
expected would attempt to Invade this State by <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> Cross Creek, where I <strong>the</strong>n had <strong>the</strong> Honour to<br />
Comm<strong>and</strong>; <strong>and</strong> altho’ I was determ<strong>in</strong>ed, from <strong>the</strong> moment I heard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> said appo<strong>in</strong>tment to resign, yet I could<br />
not th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>of</strong> so do<strong>in</strong>g until our <strong>in</strong>solent Enemy were obliged to Retreat. I acqua<strong>in</strong>ted His Excellency <strong>the</strong> Gov. <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Hon. Maj. Gen. Gates with my Intentions & determ<strong>in</strong>ation. The time I waited for is now arrived, <strong>and</strong> I have<br />
<strong>the</strong> happ<strong>in</strong>ess to know that <strong>the</strong> last <strong>of</strong> our Foe has been obliged to retreat, <strong>and</strong> that by our own exertions. With<br />
regard to my said early Determ<strong>in</strong>ation, I now beg leave to be permitted to resign my Commission <strong>of</strong> Brigadier<br />
General <strong>of</strong> Salisbury District, Pro tem., which <strong>the</strong> Last Session <strong>of</strong> Assembly were not will<strong>in</strong>g I should hold, as<br />
clearly appears by Gen Davidson’s Appo<strong>in</strong>tment. For my part, I am content, <strong>and</strong> I can assert with <strong>the</strong> strictest<br />
regard to Truth that, so this my Country is but faithfully Served, it is equal to me whe<strong>the</strong>r it be by me or by<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r. Colo. [James] Kenan’s Regiment <strong>of</strong> Cavalry are but weak <strong>in</strong> regard to numbers; <strong>the</strong>y are f<strong>in</strong>e fellows<br />
<strong>and</strong> well <strong>of</strong>ficered, <strong>and</strong> have near three months to serve. Col. Thomas Taylor’s [<strong>of</strong> N.C.] Cavalry is much more<br />
numerous, <strong>the</strong> Officers exceed<strong>in</strong>g well disposed to do every service to <strong>the</strong>ir Country, <strong>the</strong> men f<strong>in</strong>e fellows, but<br />
too much <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to plunder, tho’ restra<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong>ir Officers. They are entitled to <strong>the</strong>ir discharge by <strong>the</strong> 20 th<br />
Inst. One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>e Companies <strong>of</strong> Infantry now with me must have <strong>the</strong>irs by <strong>the</strong> 17 th , four o<strong>the</strong>r Companies by<br />
<strong>the</strong> 24 th , <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> three last by <strong>the</strong> 2 nd <strong>of</strong> December, Add to this that it is with difficulty <strong>and</strong> slowly that I collect<br />
<strong>the</strong> Draughts from Anson, Montgomery & Richmond; those from <strong>the</strong> first are almost all gone to <strong>the</strong> Enemy, as are<br />
many from <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r two counties, yet I shall, with <strong>the</strong> utmost cheerfulness & assiduity, cont<strong>in</strong>ue to collect <strong>the</strong><br />
said Draughts <strong>and</strong> to answer <strong>the</strong> Views <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong> <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r respects, until <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se last<br />
Companies <strong>of</strong> Infantry is expired, by or before which time I hope <strong>the</strong> Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong> will <strong>in</strong>struct me with whom to<br />
leave <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>. Col. James Kenan, <strong>of</strong> Dupl<strong>in</strong> County, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s <strong>the</strong> first Regiment <strong>of</strong> Horse, is a good<br />
& spirited <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> my poor op<strong>in</strong>ion would answer well <strong>the</strong> Intentions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Board at this Post, but this<br />
must be left to your good judgment. I would now <strong>in</strong>close my Commission, but will cont<strong>in</strong>ue act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> this<br />
advanced Post without it till <strong>the</strong> General Assembly speaks [lacuna] however I will wait on <strong>the</strong> Board at<br />
Hillsborough <strong>and</strong> leave it, on my way to my family on Roanoke.” 1571<br />
4 November. Around <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month, Tarleton was ordered to Camden, from W<strong>in</strong>nsborough; because<br />
Cornwallis was apprehensive <strong>of</strong> Camden’s possibly be<strong>in</strong>g surprised by Morgan. When it was realized no danger<br />
was imm<strong>in</strong>ent, on <strong>the</strong> 4 th , Tarleton, with his Legion, Harrison’s Prov<strong>in</strong>cials <strong>and</strong> two three-pounders, was <strong>in</strong>stead<br />
sent to hunt down Marion. 1572<br />
Tarleton: “Earl Cornwallis was impressed with an idea that <strong>the</strong> Americans had a design upon Camden: The report<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> General Morgan towards <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> Lynche’s [Lynches] creek, with Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s<br />
cavalry, <strong>and</strong> a body <strong>of</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>in</strong>fantry, toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> exaggerated accounts <strong>of</strong> Marion’s corps, gave<br />
plausibility to <strong>the</strong> supposition. The situation <strong>and</strong> importance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>e caused early jealousy <strong>and</strong><br />
immediate attention. The light troops, however, on <strong>the</strong>ir arrival at Camden, found no reason to expect an<br />
attack from General Morgan, <strong>and</strong> Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton thought <strong>the</strong> opportunity favourable to <strong>com</strong>mence<br />
an expedition aga<strong>in</strong>st Marion.” 1573<br />
4 November. Thomas Anderson: “Nov. 4. This day General Morgan’s light <strong>in</strong>fantry with Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s<br />
cavalry marched down towards Rudgeley’s [Rugeley’s], with<strong>in</strong> thirteen miles <strong>of</strong> Camden to reconnoiter <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy <strong>and</strong> returned to camp on <strong>the</strong> 9 th <strong>in</strong>stant…marched 100 [miles]<br />
[no entries till Nov. 22 nd ]<br />
“22. This day <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Division arrived here [New Providence.]” 1574<br />
1570 HFR pp. 6-8.<br />
1571 CNC15 pp. 139-141.<br />
1572 TCS p. 171, MMS2 pp. 224-230, LMS pp. 203-204.<br />
1573 TCS p. 171.<br />
1574 AJO.<br />
303
5 November. Turnbull, at Camden, to Cornwallis: “I had <strong>the</strong> Honor <strong>of</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g your Lordship Two days ago,<br />
Acqua<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g you that I had sent <strong>of</strong>[f] Twenty Prisoners. Four <strong>of</strong> which it seems not be<strong>in</strong>g able to march Rema<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
[.] A Lt. [Forest?] <strong>of</strong> Col: Careys [James Cary’s] set <strong>of</strong>[f] with a guard <strong>of</strong> Eleven Includ<strong>in</strong>g himself charged with<br />
fifteen Prisoners. They put up at a house near Hunters <strong>the</strong> Twelve mile house. When by some Treachery <strong>the</strong><br />
Prisoners not only Disarmed <strong>the</strong> Guard but Paroled <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“Major Prevost be<strong>in</strong>g at Hunter’s <strong>and</strong> hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re was some Confusion amongst <strong>the</strong>m went up, <strong>and</strong> found Mr.<br />
[Forest?] very drunk <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Prisoners gone Except a young boy who wou[l]d not go. They were so generous to<br />
Mr. [Forest?] as to make him a present <strong>of</strong> his arms back aga<strong>in</strong>, which is very Strong Presumption that it had been<br />
a concerted Scheme.<br />
“Tarleton marched this morn<strong>in</strong>g Early I let him have our Light Company <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Officers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Garrison<br />
mustered up about Twenty-five horses to a[s]sist him [sic]. I imag<strong>in</strong>e He will be <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rear <strong>of</strong> S<strong>in</strong>gleton before<br />
day break Tomorrow. Noth<strong>in</strong>g new from <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws. Rudgely [Henry Rugeley] is arrived from Town very Sick. I<br />
am afraid I Blamed him too Rashly.” 1575<br />
5 November. Greene <strong>and</strong> Von Steuben arrived at Head <strong>of</strong> Elk, Maryl<strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong>ir journey southward. 1576<br />
5 November. Marion camped with about 400 to 500 men at Jack’s Creek, some ten miles north <strong>of</strong> Nelson’s Ferry,<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> proximity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British supply route to Camden. 1577<br />
7 November. Greene <strong>and</strong> Von Steuben reached Annapolis, MD. <strong>and</strong> where Greene spent a few days writ<strong>in</strong>g<br />
governors <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> legislatures <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware for men, support, <strong>and</strong> supplies for <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army<br />
(<strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> legislature at <strong>the</strong> time happen<strong>in</strong>g to be <strong>in</strong> session.) By 12 November <strong>the</strong> two generals <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
staffs had moved on to Mount Vernon where <strong>the</strong>y stayed briefly; <strong>the</strong>n resumed <strong>the</strong>ir journey toward Richmond,<br />
VA. Before depart<strong>in</strong>g Maryl<strong>and</strong>, Greene had left Brig. Gen. Mordecai Gist to act as his agent for any men <strong>and</strong><br />
supplies that state might send. 1578<br />
7 November. Brig. Gen. Peter Muhlenberg, at “Isle <strong>of</strong> Wight,” VA., to Gates: “I expected The Governor would<br />
have given you a circumstantial Account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> proceed<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy <strong>in</strong> this State, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> measures<br />
adopted to oppose <strong>the</strong>m, but I underst<strong>and</strong> from Capta<strong>in</strong> [Anthony] S<strong>in</strong>gleton, who is just arrivd, that <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence you have procurd [sic] from that Quarter has been very deficient. I shall, <strong>the</strong>refore, do myself <strong>the</strong><br />
honor to represent to you our present situation as concise as possible. On <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s [Leslie’s] l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
State, I marchd all <strong>the</strong> regulars we had embodied, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 800 Men, to oppose <strong>the</strong>m & prevent <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
ravag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> lower Counties with impunity. It was near Six days before I got near <strong>the</strong>m, when <strong>the</strong>y immediately<br />
retreated to Portsmouth, where <strong>the</strong>y are at present entrench<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves.<br />
“They have likewise <strong>com</strong>pel[’]d Colo. Senff [John Christian Senf, Gates’ chief eng<strong>in</strong>eer] to retreat from The<br />
great Bridge, <strong>and</strong> taken possession <strong>of</strong> that post, but Generals [Isacc] Gregory & [Thomas] Benbury are collect<strong>in</strong>g<br />
a force sufficient to oppose <strong>the</strong>m on that side. General [Thomas] Nelson is on <strong>the</strong> North side <strong>of</strong> James River with<br />
about 1,000 Men & will be re<strong>in</strong>forced <strong>in</strong> a few days with more.<br />
“We have had fourteen deserters from <strong>the</strong> Enemy s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>ir arrival; & from <strong>the</strong>ir reports, as well as from o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence more to be depended on, I am conv<strong>in</strong>cd <strong>the</strong>ir force does not exceed 2,500, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>se are a Motley<br />
Crew, <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> draffts from different corps.<br />
“The post I at present occupy is fifteen Mile distant from <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s outpost, & I only wait a re<strong>in</strong>forcement to<br />
move lower down. I have, s<strong>in</strong>ce my stay at this place, been re<strong>in</strong>forced with 600 Militia; 800 more will jo<strong>in</strong> me <strong>in</strong><br />
a few days, & General [George] Weedon is on his March to jo<strong>in</strong> me with 1,000, besides a Corps <strong>of</strong> Volunteers<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Colo. [Robert] Lawson [later Brig. Gen.] , consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 800 Infantry & 100 Horse, so that <strong>in</strong> a few<br />
days we shall have a respectable force. From every account I have been able to obta<strong>in</strong>, The Enemy on <strong>the</strong>ir first<br />
arrival <strong>in</strong>tended to penetrate <strong>the</strong> Country & form a junction with Lord Cornwallis, but hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Ferguson’s<br />
fate, <strong>the</strong>y wait for fur<strong>the</strong>r Orders, & now I believe it is too late to put that project <strong>in</strong>to execution, as <strong>the</strong><br />
Inhabitants have turned out with Spirit & Alacrity.” 1579<br />
7-8 November. Tarleton, with 400 men <strong>and</strong> two small artillery pieces, arrived at <strong>the</strong> plantation 1580 <strong>of</strong> General<br />
Richard Richardson as <strong>the</strong> launch<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> his expedition aga<strong>in</strong>st Marion. Marion, apprised by a member <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Richardson family that Tarleton lay <strong>in</strong> ambush for him, retreated to Richbourg’s Mill dam. Tarleton <strong>the</strong>n,<br />
learn<strong>in</strong>g he had been given away, started <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early hours <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 8 th <strong>and</strong> went <strong>in</strong> vigorous pursuit. Yet he gave<br />
up after a goose chase <strong>of</strong> twenty-six miles <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> swamps. It was at Ox Swamp; 1581 where he f<strong>in</strong>ally halted, that<br />
(accord<strong>in</strong>g to William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James) he referred aloud to Marion as that “damned old fox.” Marion had set an<br />
ambush at Benbow’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Black River, but Tarleton never approached; return<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>stead to Richardson’s<br />
Plantation, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n burned some homes <strong>and</strong> destroyed much corn between Nelson’s Ferry <strong>and</strong> Camden. On<br />
1575 PRO 30/11/4/25-26, SCP3 p. 136.<br />
1576 GLG3 p. 49.<br />
1577 BSF p. 80.<br />
1578 GLG3 p. 53, TPY p. 56.<br />
1579 CNC14 pp. 728-729.<br />
1580 Richardson’s was about 6 miles due east <strong>of</strong> S<strong>in</strong>gleton’s Mill, <strong>and</strong> roughly twenty-three miles north <strong>of</strong> Nelson’s Ferry.<br />
1581 Bass: “Tarleton chased Marion from neat St. Paul on U.S. Highway 301, up Jack’s Creek, <strong>and</strong> down Pocotaligo River to about<br />
<strong>the</strong> site <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town <strong>of</strong> Mann<strong>in</strong>g.” BSF p. 254n. James, <strong>in</strong> a footnote: “This Ox swamp [where Tarleton gave up <strong>the</strong> chase] is<br />
twenty-three miles above K<strong>in</strong>gstree, ano<strong>the</strong>r mentioned hereafter, is thirteen miles below.” JFM p. 26n. Benbow’s Ferry crossed<br />
Black River thirteen miles above K<strong>in</strong>gstree. BGC p. 269.<br />
304
November 9 <strong>and</strong> 10, he set alight thirty houses, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 10 th camped at S<strong>in</strong>gleton’s Mill, about 17-18 miles<br />
north <strong>of</strong> Nelson’s ferry, just east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> road lead<strong>in</strong>g to Camden. 1582<br />
Tarleton: “Earl Cornwallis approv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> design [aga<strong>in</strong>st Marion], <strong>the</strong> light troops marched down <strong>the</strong> east bank <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Wateree. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> reports <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, General Marion’s numbers were hourly <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g, which<br />
<strong>in</strong>duced Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton to move his corps, for a short time, <strong>in</strong> a very <strong>com</strong>pact body, lest <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans should ga<strong>in</strong> any advantage over patroles [sic] or detachments: But as soon as he found <strong>the</strong> account <strong>of</strong><br />
numbers exaggerated, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> enemy decl<strong>in</strong>ed an engagement, he divided his corps <strong>in</strong>to several small<br />
parties, publish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>telligence that each was a patrole, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops had<br />
countermarched to Camden. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> divisions scattered throughout <strong>the</strong> country, to impose upon <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy, Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton took care that no detachment should be out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reach <strong>of</strong> assistance; <strong>and</strong><br />
that <strong>the</strong> whole formed, after dusk every even<strong>in</strong>g, a solid <strong>and</strong> vigilant corps dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night. This stratagem had<br />
not been employed more than three days before General Marion was on <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> fall<strong>in</strong>g a sacrifice to it. He<br />
advanced on <strong>the</strong> 10 th , before day, with five hundred militia, to attack Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton, (who had<br />
notice <strong>of</strong> his approach) <strong>and</strong> arrived with<strong>in</strong> two miles <strong>of</strong> his post; when a person <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> Richardson<br />
discovered to him his misconception <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British force. Tarleton, unable to account for <strong>the</strong> slow advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans, dispatched an <strong>of</strong>ficer with a few men to f<strong>in</strong>d out <strong>the</strong> cause, who soon obta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong>formation how <strong>the</strong><br />
project was betrayed, which had already caused Marion to retreat with confusion <strong>and</strong> rapidity. A pursuit was<br />
immediately <strong>com</strong>menced, <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued for seven hours through swamps <strong>and</strong> defiles: Some prisoners fell <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>the</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion dragoons, who ga<strong>in</strong>ed ground very fast, <strong>and</strong> must soon have brought <strong>the</strong> enemy to<br />
action, when an express from Earl Cornwallis, who had followed <strong>the</strong> tracks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> march, recalled Lieutenantcolonel<br />
Tarleton.” 1583<br />
Marion, quoted <strong>in</strong> Gordon: “Black river, Nov, <strong>the</strong> 9 th , Col.Tarleton [with his corps] has burnt all <strong>the</strong> houses, <strong>and</strong><br />
destroyed all <strong>the</strong> corn, from Camden down to Nelson’s ferry: has behaved to <strong>the</strong> poor women with great<br />
barbarity; beat Mrs. Richardson, <strong>the</strong> relict [sic] <strong>of</strong> gen. Richardson, to make her tell where I was; <strong>and</strong> has not<br />
left her a change <strong>of</strong> raiment. He not only destroyed all <strong>the</strong> corn, but burnt a number <strong>of</strong> cattle <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> houses he<br />
fired. It is distress<strong>in</strong>g to see <strong>the</strong> women <strong>and</strong> children fitt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> open air round a fire without a blanket, or<br />
any cloth<strong>in</strong>g but what <strong>the</strong>y had on, <strong>and</strong> women <strong>of</strong> family, <strong>and</strong> that had ample fortunes: for he spares nei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
whig nor tory. M<strong>of</strong>t <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants to <strong>the</strong> southward are ready <strong>and</strong> eager to take up arms aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>ir talk<br />
masters.” 1584<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “As soon as Tarleton received <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> Gen. Marion’s position [after Marion had<br />
evaded his ambush at Richardson’s], <strong>and</strong> had got a guide, he thought to make sure <strong>of</strong> his prey, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>menced<br />
his march: he was led <strong>in</strong> silence to <strong>the</strong> spot which he contemplated as ano<strong>the</strong>r scene <strong>of</strong> slaughter; but his<br />
<strong>in</strong>tended victim had flown. He pursued to <strong>the</strong> Woodyard, but could not pass that night. The next morn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Marion, know<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> vigilance <strong>of</strong> his foe, decamped betimes; <strong>and</strong> pursu<strong>in</strong>g his route down Black river, for thirtyfive<br />
miles, through woods, <strong>and</strong> swamps <strong>and</strong> bogs, where <strong>the</strong>re was no road, encamped <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g night on<br />
advantageous ground, at Benbow’s ferry, now Lowry’s bridge, about ten miles above K<strong>in</strong>gstree, on <strong>the</strong> east side<br />
<strong>of</strong> Black river. In a partisan warfare this position was <strong>the</strong> best that could have been taken. He could now defend<br />
himself, first at Black river itself; <strong>and</strong> after that at three difficult passes, <strong>of</strong> swamps, <strong>in</strong> his rear; all with<strong>in</strong> ten<br />
miles, on that side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, before he reached K<strong>in</strong>gstree; but on <strong>the</strong> direct road to that place, on <strong>the</strong> west,<br />
<strong>the</strong>re was but <strong>the</strong> one defile at <strong>the</strong> river; besides <strong>the</strong> possibility <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g overtaken before he reached it. Here<br />
<strong>the</strong>n Marion determ<strong>in</strong>ed to make a st<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> felled trees across <strong>the</strong> road to impede <strong>the</strong> enemy. On <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
after <strong>the</strong> retreat, Tarleton found Marion’s trail across <strong>the</strong> Woodyard, but went round it, <strong>and</strong> pursued, as he says,<br />
‘for seven hours, through swamps <strong>and</strong> defiles.’ In fact he pursued about twenty-five miles, when arriv<strong>in</strong>g at Ox<br />
swamp, which was wide <strong>and</strong> miry, <strong>and</strong> without a road to pass it, he desisted, say<strong>in</strong>g to his men, ‘Come my boys!<br />
let us go back, <strong>and</strong> we will soon f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> game cock, (mean<strong>in</strong>g Sumter) but as for this d----d ~old fox~, <strong>the</strong> devil<br />
himself could not catch him.’” 1585<br />
8 November. Cornwallis, at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough, to Tarleton: “I am not sangu<strong>in</strong>e as to your operations <strong>in</strong> that country<br />
[Santee <strong>and</strong> Peedee region]. The enemy is, I believe, <strong>in</strong> no great force, <strong>and</strong> Marion is cautious <strong>and</strong> vigilant. If a<br />
blow could be struck at any body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebels it might be attended with good consequences; but I do not see<br />
any advantage we can derive from a partial destruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. As to your movements, I am not<br />
sufficiently acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong> country, or <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> provisions or forage, to direct you If you cannot move<br />
up between Lynches Creek <strong>and</strong> Pedee [Peedee] to make <strong>the</strong> enemy jealous, you must use your own discretion,<br />
keep<strong>in</strong>g with<strong>in</strong> reach <strong>of</strong> Camden, <strong>and</strong> with<strong>in</strong> a few days’ call <strong>of</strong> us, <strong>in</strong> case we should want you, always<br />
endeavour<strong>in</strong>g [sic] to strike some blow if an open<strong>in</strong>g should <strong>of</strong>fer, <strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g up all that have been violent<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st us, to change for our friends who have been everywhere seized <strong>and</strong> most cruelly treated.<br />
“Lord Rawdon is go<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at Camden, <strong>and</strong> takes his corps [<strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>] with him.” 1586<br />
8 November. [skirmishes] Miller’s Plantation, <strong>and</strong> Barfield’s Retreat (Marion <strong>and</strong> Dillon counties, S.C.)<br />
1582 TCS pp. 171-172, MLW4A p. 329, MLW3 p. 109, LMS pp. 203-204, JFM pp. 25-26, MSC1 pp. 815-819, BSF pp. 80-85, 259n, BRG<br />
p. 246. It was dur<strong>in</strong>g this excursion that Tarleton reportedly, accord<strong>in</strong>g to a letter <strong>of</strong> Gov. Rutledge to <strong>the</strong> S.C. delegates, dug up<br />
Gen. Richardson’s grave <strong>and</strong> set a barn on fire with farm animals <strong>in</strong>side: see The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical And Genealogical<br />
Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVII, Oct. 1916, p. 145, <strong>and</strong> vol. XVIII. Jan. 1917, p. 44.<br />
1583 TCS pp. 171-172.<br />
1584 GHA4 pp. 356-357.<br />
1585 S<strong>in</strong>ce we don’t know where James obta<strong>in</strong>ed this anecdote, it is only prudent to receive it with caution. JFM pp. 25-26.<br />
1586 RCC p. 65, SCP3 pp. 333-334, 338.<br />
305
After be<strong>in</strong>g checked by Brown (see Bear Swamp <strong>and</strong> Brown’s Counterattack, 30 October), Barfield returned to<br />
<strong>the</strong> field with a reported 200 men, <strong>and</strong>, on <strong>the</strong> 8 th , <strong>and</strong> defeated a group <strong>of</strong> Whigs led by Col. Maurice Murfee at<br />
a location <strong>in</strong> Marion (possibly Dillon) County. While reputedly sla<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g, Murfee was actually only<br />
wounded; though it would appear such put him out <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>mission for some time (see 17 June <strong>and</strong> Bass’ Mill,<br />
August 1781.) Barfield, with what rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> his force (Marion <strong>in</strong> a letter to Harr<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>of</strong> 17 November<br />
reported his hav<strong>in</strong>g 200 men), made his way to <strong>the</strong> British garrison at Georgetown sometime between 10 <strong>and</strong> 14<br />
November.<br />
Col. Thomas Brown (<strong>of</strong> Bladen), “Camp near Caird’s Mill” wrote to Brig. Gen. Harr<strong>in</strong>gton on 9 November: “I this<br />
even<strong>in</strong>g received yours, dated this day, near Charraw Ferry, with <strong>the</strong> disagreeable news <strong>of</strong> Capt. Murphy’s<br />
[Maurice Murfee’s] defeat, <strong>and</strong> highly approve <strong>of</strong> your plan, <strong>and</strong> will do everyth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> my power to put it <strong>in</strong><br />
execution, as it is a most dreadful affair that such a set <strong>of</strong> scoundrels should be allowed to exist upon earth. I<br />
have 162 men, <strong>of</strong> whom 1 have about 45 horse, fit for duty. I expect to be to-morrow at Caird’s Mill; <strong>and</strong> would<br />
re<strong>com</strong>mend it to <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g your posts, to meet me on Sunday at Jonathan Miller’s, as Barfield<br />
resorts near that place. Your troops can cross Little Pedee at Gibson’s, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong>re is a direct road to<br />
Miller’s. Yesterday, Barfield fell <strong>in</strong> with 5 <strong>of</strong> your men that left your camp on Monday, by <strong>the</strong> names <strong>of</strong> Robert<br />
Vernon, Mat<strong>the</strong>w White, Theophiliis Eavens, Hadley (<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r name I cannot tell), <strong>and</strong> kept <strong>the</strong>m till about<br />
midnight, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n took all <strong>the</strong>ir horses <strong>and</strong> arms, paroled <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> let <strong>the</strong>m go.<br />
“I would re<strong>com</strong>mend it to you to send a formidable troop <strong>of</strong> horse, as Barfield can raise 70 or 80 horse himself,<br />
<strong>and</strong> is determ<strong>in</strong>ed to prevent any cattle be<strong>in</strong>g collected amongst <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>and</strong>, I imag<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>the</strong>re might be two or<br />
three hundred head <strong>of</strong> good cattle got, if <strong>the</strong>y could be once broken up.<br />
“Barfield attacked my regiment last Monday week, at night; but <strong>the</strong>y did us no damage, only slightly wounded<br />
two men. 1587<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Gazette, 15 November: “...About 200 <strong>in</strong>habitants near Peedee River...(thoroughly routed) a gang<br />
<strong>of</strong> b<strong>and</strong>itti;..leader <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebels (was) a Col. Murphy [Maurice Murfee];...a few days s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> victorious<br />
loyalists jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s forces posted at Georgetown.” 1588<br />
Gregg: “Cautious <strong>and</strong> rapid <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir movements, approach<strong>in</strong>g by stealth <strong>and</strong> generally under cover <strong>of</strong> darkness, it<br />
was difficult for <strong>the</strong> Whigs to capture <strong>the</strong> maraud<strong>in</strong>g parties <strong>of</strong> Tories. Under Barfield, <strong>the</strong> organization was<br />
effective <strong>and</strong> formidable.” 1589<br />
8 November. Brig. Gen. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Few, at “Fortenbury’s, Tiger river…between 70 & 80 Miles from Charlotte,” to<br />
Gates (spell<strong>in</strong>g left as is): “Our Movements, to <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> General Sumpter’s quitt<strong>in</strong>g Camp, no doubt you are<br />
fully <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong>, as you likewise must be <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a & Georgia troops under my<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> march<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong> to <strong>the</strong> Southward from Broad river. I should closely have pursued that object, <strong>and</strong> have<br />
delayed no time <strong>in</strong> endeavour<strong>in</strong>g to ac<strong>com</strong>plish <strong>the</strong> ends thought <strong>of</strong> by <strong>the</strong> General <strong>and</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> Field Officers<br />
at Kelly’s, but for <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence I have s<strong>in</strong>ce received by my spies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s motions.<br />
“Our last accounts from Blackstocks <strong>in</strong>form us <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis’s cross<strong>in</strong>g Broad River <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Tarlton; this,<br />
however, seems to me improbable; but I am well assured <strong>the</strong>y have received a large re<strong>in</strong>forcement. They are<br />
encamped <strong>in</strong> three divisions with<strong>in</strong> six miles <strong>of</strong> each o<strong>the</strong>r, so as to form a junction <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> an attack.<br />
“I have detached Colonel [John] Twiggs with Colonel [James] McCall to <strong>the</strong> southward, <strong>in</strong> order to keep up <strong>the</strong><br />
spirits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> people until it may be practicable for me to make a movement with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body.<br />
“If any matter <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g should happen, I must request you to <strong>in</strong>form me <strong>of</strong> it. I shall take every necessary step<br />
to secure <strong>the</strong> body under my <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> harass <strong>the</strong> enemy…N. B. I am just <strong>in</strong>formed by two or three <strong>of</strong> my<br />
spies that Tarlton has moved, with two field pieces, towards Broad River by way <strong>of</strong> Thicketty.” 1590<br />
8 November. [skirmish] Great Swamp (County?, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a)<br />
Brig. Gen. Isaac Gregory, at “Camp Great Swamp,” on 10 Nov. wrote Gov. Abner Nash: “I am now at this place<br />
with a few men, try<strong>in</strong>g to secure this pass. On <strong>the</strong> 8 th Inst. <strong>the</strong> Enemy [Leslie’s detachment <strong>the</strong>n act<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong><br />
Portsmouth, VA.] attacked our works at this pass but was repulsed with some loss on <strong>the</strong>ir side; <strong>the</strong> next day<br />
<strong>the</strong>y came down with two field pieces <strong>and</strong> paraded <strong>the</strong>ir men with <strong>the</strong>se pieces, burnt a few houses, went <strong>of</strong>f<br />
without try<strong>in</strong>g to attack our works. The situation that I am <strong>in</strong> is a bad one at present. Very few men <strong>the</strong>n as<br />
volunteers turned out before I Returned home, <strong>and</strong> th<strong>in</strong>ks <strong>the</strong>mselves at large to act as <strong>the</strong>y th<strong>in</strong>k proper. The<br />
Drafts that Genl. [Thomas] Benbury had ordered is not <strong>com</strong>e to Camp. The Enemy is strong; from <strong>the</strong> best<br />
Intelligence I can get <strong>the</strong>ir strength when first l<strong>and</strong>ed was upwards <strong>of</strong> two thous<strong>and</strong> & a Gentleman <strong>of</strong> undoubted<br />
veracity who was at Portsmouth about eight days agoe says he saw one thous<strong>and</strong>, which makes upwards <strong>of</strong> three<br />
thous<strong>and</strong>. It’s believed that <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong>tend to Secure Edenton; if so <strong>the</strong> trade <strong>of</strong> this State is nearly <strong>com</strong>pletely<br />
stopped. You may judge <strong>the</strong> forlorn situation. I am distressed not only for men alone, but what men we have got<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir arms is by no means fit for use; we have very few <strong>of</strong> any sort. I shall do every th<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> my power to<br />
frustrate <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> every pass I can till such times I am enabled with men, <strong>and</strong> had I 300 men well po<strong>in</strong>ted I should<br />
be able to take <strong>the</strong> pass, <strong>the</strong>y possess, but Expect every day <strong>the</strong>y will be Re<strong>in</strong>forced, which will make a great<br />
deal <strong>of</strong> Difference.<br />
“I am without money even to pay Expresses or any o<strong>the</strong>r necessary th<strong>in</strong>g that is want<strong>in</strong>g. I refer you for fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
particulars to Mr. Hervey, as he can <strong>in</strong>form you.” 1591<br />
1587 GHC p. 340.<br />
1588 GHC p. 341, LSC p. 9.<br />
1589 GHC pp. 340-341.<br />
1590 CNC14 pp. 763-764.<br />
306
9 November. Gates’ army camped at Salisbury, with Gates himself arriv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re on <strong>the</strong> 11 th . Ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>m were 130 horsemen, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Lieut. Col. William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s 3 rd Regiment <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons,<br />
Lieut. Col. Anthony White’s 1 st Regt. <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons, <strong>and</strong> some odd remnants <strong>of</strong> Arm<strong>and</strong>’s Legion<br />
cavalry under Major Richard Call. These units, says Williams <strong>in</strong> his Narrative, had <strong>com</strong>e to Gates’ camp at<br />
Hillsborough “with a very few effectives, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first <strong>and</strong> third regiments <strong>of</strong> dragoons.” White subsequently<br />
obta<strong>in</strong>ed leave to go to Philadelphia. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>the</strong>n rema<strong>in</strong>ed to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed cavalry regiment,<br />
that <strong>the</strong>n numbered about 60 or 70 fit for duty, <strong>and</strong> was attached to Morgan’s light corps. In a letter to Col.<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Scammell <strong>of</strong> 13 November, Williams had written that Brig. Gen. John Butler had already been <strong>in</strong><br />
Salisbury for some time with 200 to 300 militia whose terms <strong>of</strong> enlistment were to expire <strong>in</strong> two to three<br />
weeks. 1592<br />
9 November. [skirmish] Fish Dam Ford (Union County, S.C. 1593 ) Major James Wemyss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd , whose corps had<br />
recently jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> army at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough from Camden, was directed on <strong>the</strong> 8 th by Cornwallis to disperse<br />
Sumter’s militia, who were congregat<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g volunteers at Fish Dam Ford. 1594 Wemyss’<br />
men were mounted on horses <strong>the</strong>y had brought along with <strong>the</strong>m (from Camden) to W<strong>in</strong>nsborough. With 100 to<br />
200 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd Regiment <strong>and</strong> 40 dragoons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Legion, he led <strong>the</strong> advance guard, followed by Lieut.<br />
Moore Hovenden with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> dragoons, <strong>and</strong> Lieut. John Stark with <strong>the</strong> mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd .<br />
Col. William Hill, as given <strong>in</strong> Bass, described <strong>the</strong> dispositions <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s troops as follows: “The General<br />
[Sumter] takes post immediately at <strong>the</strong> ford [east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Broad River]…Colonel [Richard] W<strong>in</strong>n to his left,<br />
directly on <strong>the</strong> bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river; Colonel [Thomas] Taylor on a square to <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> Colonel W<strong>in</strong>n; <strong>and</strong> [Edward]<br />
Lacey [who was fur<strong>the</strong>st east], [William] Bratton <strong>and</strong> [William] Hill <strong>in</strong> front about three or four hundred yards.”<br />
Wemyss approached <strong>the</strong> camp by night. About 1 am, he charged <strong>the</strong> picket, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> rout<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m woke <strong>the</strong><br />
American camp. Some <strong>of</strong> his dragoons nearly missed catch<strong>in</strong>g Sumter. Sumter, <strong>in</strong> a letter to Smallwood <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
10 th , said Wemyss’ force was made up <strong>of</strong> a party <strong>of</strong> dragoons <strong>and</strong> mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry, about 200 <strong>in</strong> number with a<br />
large party <strong>of</strong> loyalists, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> attack came at 3 am. On <strong>the</strong> British second approach, Sumter with a<br />
reported 550 was prepared, <strong>and</strong> this time <strong>the</strong>y were beaten back, with Wemyss himself receiv<strong>in</strong>g wounds (<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
arm <strong>and</strong> knee), taken prisoner <strong>and</strong> subsequently paroled. The <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British force devolved on a<br />
Lieutenant Stark, who was not capable <strong>of</strong> lead<strong>in</strong>g troops <strong>the</strong> later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g due to lack <strong>of</strong> knowledge or<br />
underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al plan; preferr<strong>in</strong>g caution <strong>the</strong>n, he consequently withdrew. Despite <strong>the</strong> repulse,<br />
Wemyss had actually succeeded <strong>in</strong> scatter<strong>in</strong>g most <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s force. Only about 100 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter’s men<br />
returned next day, “hop<strong>in</strong>g at least to recover <strong>the</strong>ir horses, <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed by those who were collect<strong>in</strong>g under <strong>the</strong><br />
orders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> General, took a more secure position by cross<strong>in</strong>g Broad-river.” (Davie) Edward Lacey’s biographer,<br />
M. A. Moore, says that many <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s men had been <strong>in</strong>toxicated at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g. 1595 Tarleton gives<br />
British losses as near 20 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. Sumter himself reported 25 prisoners, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Wemyss wounded,<br />
one surgeon, <strong>and</strong> a Sgt. Major <strong>and</strong> 7 were killed. Fur<strong>the</strong>r, a “parcel” <strong>of</strong> horses were captured, <strong>and</strong> gave his own<br />
casualties as 4 killed <strong>and</strong> 10 wounded. The action was generally construed as be<strong>in</strong>g an American success by both<br />
sides; s<strong>in</strong>ce few quite knew what had be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>of</strong> Sumter, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n with<strong>in</strong> a few days, his force rose to upwards<br />
<strong>of</strong> 1,000. Wemyss’ wounds <strong>and</strong> parole kept him from fur<strong>the</strong>r participat<strong>in</strong>g actively <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south, <strong>and</strong> he returned<br />
to Charlestown. 1596<br />
On November 9 th , Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong> W<strong>in</strong>nsborough, wrote to Tarleton: “Major Wemyss attacked Sumpter at Fish Dam<br />
at one o’clock this morn<strong>in</strong>g, contrary to his plan, which was to wait until day light; <strong>the</strong> consequence is, that<br />
Wemyss is wounded <strong>and</strong> left, <strong>and</strong> about twenty men: Lieutenant [Moore] Hovenden is wounded, but I believe<br />
<strong>the</strong> legion has not lost much -- Must beg <strong>of</strong> you to return immediately, leav<strong>in</strong>g some horses for mount<strong>in</strong>g men at<br />
Camden. I am under <strong>the</strong> greatest anxiety for N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, <strong>and</strong> trust you will lose no time <strong>in</strong> return<strong>in</strong>g to me.” 1597<br />
The next day, he wrote Tarleton aga<strong>in</strong>: “You will have received my letter <strong>of</strong> yesterday, s<strong>in</strong>ce which we have<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence that Sumpter has passed <strong>the</strong> Broad River, <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed Clark, Brannen [Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on], &c. They<br />
talk <strong>of</strong> expect<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>eers; as <strong>the</strong>y have excellent horses we cannot hurt <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>and</strong> unless <strong>the</strong>y<br />
receive some check <strong>the</strong>y will be very troublesome. The 63d are well mounted for <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> may occasionally<br />
ride <strong>in</strong> your tra<strong>in</strong>, <strong>the</strong>y behaved vastly well, out <strong>of</strong> five shots which were fired from <strong>the</strong> picket, one broke<br />
Wemyss’ arm, <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r his knee, <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n devolved to a young lieutenant, who knew noth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> plan, or <strong>the</strong> ground, or <strong>the</strong> force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> all was confusion. After what I have said, I am sure I<br />
may depend on your act<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> best, on <strong>the</strong> general plan <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> welfare <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army.”<br />
Sumter wrote 1598 to Smallwood on November 10 th : “They [Wemyss’ men] first charged on horseback <strong>and</strong> were<br />
repulsed. The <strong>in</strong>fantry immediately dismounted, formed <strong>and</strong> charged with <strong>the</strong> bayonet. The cavalry at <strong>the</strong> same<br />
time charged on <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> Major Wemyss division. The horse was aga<strong>in</strong> beat back <strong>in</strong> disorder. The <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
1591 CNC15 p. 149.<br />
1592 WNA, WCA pp. 67-68.<br />
1593 Some accounts give this action as tak<strong>in</strong>g place <strong>in</strong> Chester County, but <strong>the</strong>re are some who suspect <strong>the</strong> Union County, situated<br />
on <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Broad River (see Maj. Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> SJM), as <strong>the</strong> more likely location.<br />
1594 Previously, Sumter had been at Moore’s, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n moved five miles downriver to Fish Dam Ford, west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Broad River.<br />
1595 MLL pp. 15-17.<br />
1596 SCP2 p. 225, SCP3 pp. 68, 71, 307-308, TCS pp. 173-174, SAW2 pp. 227-228, RSC2 pp. 188-189, GHA3 p. 471, MLW4A pp. 329-<br />
330, MLW3 p. 109, LMS pp. 204-205, JLG1 pp. 315-317, WCA p. 68, DRS pp. 28-29, HMS pp. 13-14, MSC1 pp. 819-824, MSC2 p.<br />
746, MLL pp. 15-17, FWI p. 213, WAR2 p. 745, BGD pp. 115-116, BSF p. 84, BGC pp. 96-100, RBG pp. 112-114, WCO p. 224.<br />
1597 SCP3 p. 335, BGD p. 115.<br />
1598 As transcribed by Bass <strong>and</strong> who corrected Sumter’s spell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> punctuation.<br />
307
succeeded better, <strong>and</strong> made <strong>the</strong> division under Col. [Thomas] Taylor give way, but not until <strong>the</strong> whole division<br />
had fired, <strong>and</strong> several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men been bayoneted upon <strong>the</strong> spot, <strong>and</strong> for want <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> means defend<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves, gave way. At <strong>the</strong> same <strong>in</strong>stant, so war a fire was poured down <strong>the</strong> enemy from Colonel [Edward]<br />
Lacey’s <strong>and</strong> [James] Hawthorn’s divisions, that <strong>the</strong>y broke <strong>and</strong> moved <strong>of</strong>f some distance, where <strong>the</strong>y mounted<br />
<strong>and</strong> sent <strong>of</strong>f some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir wounded, who were soon after followed by <strong>the</strong> whole.” 1599<br />
Richard W<strong>in</strong>n: “To return to <strong>the</strong> Fishdam. Gen’l Sumter arrived here on <strong>the</strong> n<strong>in</strong>th <strong>of</strong> November <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Colo. [James] McCall with some <strong>of</strong> his men from Long Ca<strong>in</strong> [Cane] jo<strong>in</strong>s him; <strong>the</strong> General takes post immediately<br />
at <strong>the</strong> ford; Colo. W<strong>in</strong>n to his left directly on <strong>the</strong> bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river; Colo. [Thomas] Taylor on a square to <strong>the</strong> left<br />
<strong>of</strong> Colo. W<strong>in</strong>n, <strong>and</strong> Lacey, [William] Bratton <strong>and</strong> [William] Hill <strong>in</strong> front about three or four hundred yards. On <strong>the</strong><br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 12 th <strong>of</strong> November, Colo. Taylor with fifty men was ordered to fall down <strong>the</strong> road towards<br />
W<strong>in</strong>nsborough to make what discoveries he could about <strong>the</strong> enemy; returned about twelve o’clock at night <strong>and</strong><br />
reported none. Gen’l Sumter on <strong>the</strong> same day called a council <strong>of</strong> field <strong>of</strong>ficers, about eighteen <strong>in</strong> number, to see<br />
what was best to be done, be<strong>in</strong>g altoge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> a Tory country -- Lord Cornwallis to our left with <strong>the</strong> British army<br />
at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough <strong>in</strong> 27 miles, a strong British force below at Shiroe’s [Shirar’s aka Brierly’s] Ferry <strong>and</strong> a large<br />
British force <strong>in</strong> our front at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Colo. Cruger. In this situation <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs, it was <strong>the</strong><br />
op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> every <strong>of</strong>ficer present that Gen’l Sumter ought to cross <strong>the</strong> river without delay, <strong>and</strong> particularly so <strong>of</strong><br />
Colo. W<strong>in</strong>n who was well acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong> people <strong>and</strong> country. However, after this Gen’l Sumter thought<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise. Colo. W<strong>in</strong>n be<strong>in</strong>g so sure <strong>of</strong> an attack made his men keep up good fires <strong>and</strong> sleep with <strong>the</strong>ir guns <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir arms <strong>and</strong> shot-bags under <strong>the</strong>ir heads; <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> very spot <strong>the</strong>y rose on <strong>the</strong>y were to fight <strong>and</strong> not to fire<br />
a s<strong>in</strong>gle gun until <strong>the</strong> enemy came up to <strong>the</strong> fires.<br />
“Two hours today <strong>the</strong> picquets [sic] fired alarm guns, <strong>and</strong>, by <strong>the</strong> time I had my men <strong>in</strong> order, <strong>the</strong> horse made a<br />
violent charge; <strong>the</strong>y too put up <strong>the</strong> Indian hollo. My men strickly [sic] obeyed my order <strong>and</strong> as soon as <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
came up to <strong>the</strong> fires <strong>the</strong>y halted with surprise. My people poured <strong>in</strong> on <strong>the</strong>m a well-directed fire, which <strong>the</strong>y did<br />
not stay to return. As well know<strong>in</strong>g that I would be immediately attacked by <strong>the</strong> foot I, draw<strong>in</strong>g my men <strong>in</strong> close<br />
order, took advantage <strong>of</strong> a fence. By this time, <strong>the</strong> enemy was with<strong>in</strong> 50 yards <strong>of</strong> me, cry<strong>in</strong>g out, ‘G.D. your<br />
souls; who are you?’<br />
“One my capta<strong>in</strong>s by <strong>the</strong> mane <strong>of</strong> Kirkl<strong>and</strong>, a big spoken man, answered <strong>and</strong> said ‘G.D. your souls <strong>and</strong> who are<br />
you?’ The fire from both sides <strong>in</strong> a tw<strong>in</strong>kl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>menced; <strong>the</strong> British charged with <strong>the</strong> bayonet; my men hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> advantage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fire stood <strong>the</strong> shock <strong>and</strong> made <strong>the</strong> second fire. I had only one man bayoneted, through <strong>the</strong><br />
arm. Major Wimess [Wemyss] <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er be<strong>in</strong>g badly wounded, <strong>the</strong> enemy began to retreat.<br />
“Colo. W<strong>in</strong>n’s party fell back. Colo. Taylor gave <strong>the</strong> retreat<strong>in</strong>g party two or three fires; but, it be<strong>in</strong>g dark <strong>and</strong><br />
too far <strong>of</strong>f, could not have done very great damage. Gen’l Sumter’s markee [marquee or large field tent that<br />
typically served as an <strong>of</strong>ficers headquarters as well as shelter] was about forty yards from me, directly where<br />
<strong>the</strong> road enters <strong>the</strong> ford. At <strong>the</strong> first onset five or six horsemen, piloted by a Tory, stra<strong>in</strong>ed down to make<br />
prisoner <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> General, which <strong>the</strong>y nearly effected ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> orderly serjeant [sic] not giv<strong>in</strong>g notice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
alarm <strong>in</strong> time. Before he could put on his cloaths [sic], <strong>the</strong>y were up with him. By jump<strong>in</strong>g a fence <strong>and</strong> runn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
through a briar patch he saved himself, but his service was entirely lost. I do believe had this accident not<br />
happened <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> General could have got with Lacey, Bratton <strong>and</strong> Hill, but few or none <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British would ever<br />
have got back to <strong>the</strong> Borough. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> force <strong>of</strong> Lacey, Bratton <strong>and</strong> Hill was upwards <strong>of</strong> three<br />
hundred men, <strong>the</strong>y did not fire a s<strong>in</strong>gle gun. When I met Lacey, I asked him, ‘Why did you not fight?’ Answer, ‘I<br />
was afraid <strong>of</strong> kill<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> you.’ Next morn<strong>in</strong>g after <strong>the</strong> sun got up, Gen’l Sumter from a hill took a view;<br />
found his men were <strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battleground; he also discovered our horses <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field to <strong>the</strong> number<br />
<strong>of</strong> 500 <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> baggage wagons st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g. He went to <strong>the</strong> camp <strong>and</strong> found <strong>the</strong> found strewed with killed <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g British <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> his power, without <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> a s<strong>in</strong>gle man except Capt.<br />
[Patrick or Paddy] Carr <strong>of</strong> Colonel McCall’s regiment who was wounded. Wad<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> river chilled his blood <strong>and</strong><br />
he died on <strong>the</strong> bank. It is true a young man by <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> Sealy had been taken as a Tory <strong>in</strong> arms; this day his<br />
arms was restored <strong>and</strong> he taken from under guard. The next day his messmate told me that, as <strong>the</strong> British horse<br />
made <strong>the</strong>ir charge, this man dashed down his gun <strong>and</strong> cried out, ‘I am a prisoner.’ They cut him to pieces.” 1600<br />
Saye (with Maj. Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong>) “Historians generally state that Sumter’s camp was on <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
river; this is a mistake. His position was west <strong>of</strong> Broad River, <strong>and</strong> his camp midway between that stream <strong>and</strong> a<br />
small creek which, flow<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> west, falls <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> river near a mile below <strong>the</strong> ford. Here, says local<br />
tradition, was Sumter’s camp. The whole section between <strong>the</strong> streams is now cleared <strong>and</strong> under cultivation, <strong>and</strong><br />
is entirely overlooked by a high ridge, along which <strong>the</strong> road lead<strong>in</strong>g from Hamilton’s Ford to <strong>the</strong> Fishdam passed.<br />
It is presumed that <strong>the</strong> road was <strong>the</strong>n very near where it now is. About half a mile from <strong>the</strong> creek a road lead<strong>in</strong>g<br />
from <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> Tyger River <strong>in</strong>tercepts <strong>the</strong> one lead<strong>in</strong>g from Hamilton’s Ford. A traveler approach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> ford<br />
by this route has a f<strong>in</strong>e view <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s position as he descends <strong>the</strong> long hill before reach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> creek. Aga<strong>in</strong>,<br />
says local tradition, on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> Nov. 12 [sic] <strong>the</strong> fires were k<strong>in</strong>dled <strong>in</strong> Sumter’s camp at dark, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
soldiers began to divert <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> various ways, apparently as devoid <strong>of</strong> care as a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> wagoners [sic]<br />
occupy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same spot for <strong>the</strong> night would be at <strong>the</strong> present day. No special pa<strong>in</strong>s were taken by <strong>the</strong> general<br />
to have guards placed.<br />
“But one <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> camp was oppressed by anxious solicitude. That man was Col. Thomas Taylor <strong>of</strong><br />
Congaree. He had been out with his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> previous day toward <strong>the</strong> Tyger River. In his<br />
excursions he had heard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> party under Wemyss, <strong>and</strong> from his <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
movements he conjectured <strong>the</strong>ir purpose. He went to Sumter <strong>and</strong> remonstrated <strong>in</strong> regard to <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
1599 BGC p. 99.<br />
1600 WNO, Part II, pp. 2-4.<br />
308
<strong>in</strong> his camp. Sumter gave him to underst<strong>and</strong> that he feared no danger, <strong>and</strong> felt prepared for any probable result.<br />
Taylor’s apprehensions were not allayed by <strong>the</strong> security <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er. He determ<strong>in</strong>ed to take measures to<br />
guard aga<strong>in</strong>st surprise, <strong>and</strong> to this Sumter gave his hearty assent. Taylor conjectured that if <strong>the</strong> enemy came<br />
that night his approach would be along <strong>the</strong> road lead<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tyger <strong>and</strong> hence must cross <strong>the</strong><br />
creek at <strong>the</strong> ford to reach Sumter’s position.<br />
“He placed himself at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> his own men, marched <strong>the</strong>m across <strong>the</strong> creek, built up large fires <strong>of</strong> durable<br />
material, sent out a patrol party <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, exam<strong>in</strong>ed a way for a safe retreat for his party<br />
down <strong>the</strong> creek, <strong>and</strong> took all o<strong>the</strong>r precautions deemed proper <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> circumstances. He withdrew his men from<br />
<strong>the</strong> fires some distance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army <strong>and</strong> directed <strong>the</strong>m what to do <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> alarm.<br />
“They slept on <strong>the</strong>ir arms until midnight, when <strong>the</strong>y were aroused by <strong>the</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir sent<strong>in</strong>els. The patrol party<br />
had missed <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> hence no alarm was given until <strong>the</strong> sent<strong>in</strong>els fired. The British, judg<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong><br />
extent <strong>of</strong> Taylor’s fire that <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body occupied that position <strong>and</strong> that no advance guard had been placed,<br />
immediately charged down <strong>the</strong> hill with <strong>the</strong> expectation <strong>of</strong> fall<strong>in</strong>g upon Sumter’s men <strong>in</strong> confusion. They<br />
crowded around <strong>the</strong> blaz<strong>in</strong>g fires <strong>in</strong> search <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir victims. Taylor’s men were ready <strong>and</strong> delivered <strong>the</strong>ir fire at<br />
this juncture. The enemy fell back, but were aga<strong>in</strong> brought to <strong>the</strong> charge, but were aga<strong>in</strong> repulsed <strong>and</strong> fled <strong>in</strong><br />
consternation, leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir bleed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er to <strong>the</strong> mercy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir foes.<br />
“It is said that when Taylor’s men delivered <strong>the</strong>ir first fire, a scene <strong>of</strong> confusion resulted <strong>in</strong> Sumter’s camp<br />
utterly beyond description. The soldiers <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers ran hi<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> thi<strong>the</strong>r, whoop<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> yell<strong>in</strong>g like maniacs.<br />
Some got ready for action <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> it, while o<strong>the</strong>rs ran clear <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> did not jo<strong>in</strong> Sumter aga<strong>in</strong> for weeks.<br />
Hence this action was denom<strong>in</strong>ated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region round about as Sumter’s Second Defeat, though <strong>the</strong> rout <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy was <strong>com</strong>plete <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> American loss was noth<strong>in</strong>g.” 1601<br />
Davie: “(T)he 12 th [sic] <strong>of</strong> November was <strong>the</strong> 1 st effort made by Sumpter <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> new acquisition to assemble <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> that part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country -- so large a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lead<strong>in</strong>g<br />
characters had fallen at <strong>the</strong> time Sumpter was surprised, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> people were so dreadfully terrified by <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
past misfortunes, that it was extremely difficult to collect <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Whigs, However at this time Smallwood<br />
with a body <strong>of</strong> NC militia <strong>and</strong> Genl Morgan’s detachment lay at Providence, <strong>and</strong> Col Davie with 300 mounted<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry occupied an advanced post near L<strong>and</strong>[’]s Ford on <strong>the</strong> Catawba river <strong>in</strong> So Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>the</strong> defeat <strong>of</strong><br />
Ferguson <strong>the</strong> retreat <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se troops began aga<strong>in</strong> to <strong>in</strong>spire <strong>the</strong> Country with some<br />
degree <strong>of</strong> confidence, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 11 th <strong>of</strong> November <strong>the</strong> remnant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Whigs <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper part <strong>of</strong> So Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
had notice to rendezvous at Fish-dam Ford on Broad-river from Sumpter…The orders for assembly were so<br />
public, that <strong>the</strong> Enemy had immediate notice <strong>of</strong> it.” 1602<br />
Joseph Johnson: “At Fishdam, where Sumter was attacked by Colonel [Major] Wemyss, his division would<br />
certa<strong>in</strong>ly have been aga<strong>in</strong> surprised [as at Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek], but for <strong>the</strong> vigilance <strong>and</strong> preparation <strong>of</strong> Colonel<br />
Taylor. He <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> piquet guard <strong>of</strong> twenty-eight men, made up his camp-fires <strong>in</strong> a little field, <strong>and</strong> when<br />
his men were refreshed, stationed <strong>the</strong>m back <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fence, <strong>and</strong> rek<strong>in</strong>dled <strong>the</strong> fires. He <strong>the</strong>n ordered all <strong>the</strong> guns<br />
to be freshly primed, <strong>and</strong> soon after heard <strong>the</strong> enemy advanc<strong>in</strong>g. He ordered all his men to wait for <strong>the</strong> word --<br />
each <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m to s<strong>in</strong>gle out his object, <strong>and</strong> aim at <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> his belt. When <strong>the</strong> British came so near to <strong>the</strong><br />
blaz<strong>in</strong>g as to be dist<strong>in</strong>ctly seen, Taylor gave <strong>the</strong> word ‘fire;’ <strong>the</strong> discharge was as one gun, <strong>and</strong> left on <strong>the</strong> field<br />
twenty-three men <strong>and</strong> two <strong>of</strong>ficers, dead or wounded -- Colonel Wemyss was among <strong>the</strong> latter. The British, not<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g able to see an enemy, fired at <strong>the</strong> flash <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir guns, killed one man <strong>and</strong> wounded ano<strong>the</strong>r. Only one<br />
round was fired by Taylor’s men, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British retreated. Had Sumter <strong>the</strong>n marshaled his men, <strong>and</strong> reached<br />
<strong>the</strong> field promptly, <strong>the</strong> whole British detachment might have been captured. But his men <strong>in</strong> great confusion<br />
retreated, after hav<strong>in</strong>g surprised <strong>the</strong>ir surpris<strong>in</strong>g opponents. Colonel Wemyss was found <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g, with<br />
his thigh shattered, just as he had fallen, among <strong>the</strong> dead <strong>and</strong> dy<strong>in</strong>g.” 1603<br />
Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong> a letter <strong>of</strong> December 3 rd , to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton “The 63d Regt under Major Wemyss had been mounted on<br />
<strong>in</strong>different horses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> reduc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> disarm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Cheraws; It had afterwards been<br />
sent by Lord Rawdon for <strong>the</strong> security <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. When I sent Lt Col. Tarleton to <strong>the</strong> Low Country, I ordered<br />
Major Wemyss to <strong>com</strong>e down to Broad River, to keep constantly mov<strong>in</strong>g on ei<strong>the</strong>r side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> River he might<br />
th<strong>in</strong>k proper, for <strong>the</strong> Protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mills from which <strong>the</strong> Army subsisted, <strong>and</strong> for <strong>the</strong> preservation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Country. Sumpter <strong>the</strong>n lay with about 300, Men partly <strong>of</strong> Militia, <strong>and</strong> partly <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> B<strong>and</strong>itti who have followed<br />
him ever s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong> this Prov<strong>in</strong>ce, near Hill’s Iron works, between <strong>the</strong> Catawba <strong>and</strong> Broad River,<br />
about forty miles <strong>in</strong> our front; Branan [Br<strong>and</strong>on], Clarke [Elijah Clark] <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs had different Corps plunder<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> houses <strong>and</strong> putt<strong>in</strong>g to death <strong>the</strong> well affected Inhabitants between Tyger River <strong>and</strong> Pacolet. Major Wemyss,<br />
who had just past Broad River at Brierley’s Ferry, came to me on <strong>the</strong> seventh <strong>of</strong> last Month <strong>and</strong> told me that he<br />
had <strong>in</strong>formation that Sumpter had moved to Moore’s Mill with<strong>in</strong> five miles <strong>of</strong> Fishdam Ford, <strong>and</strong> about twenty<br />
five Miles from <strong>the</strong> place where <strong>the</strong> 63d <strong>the</strong>n lay, that he had accurate accounts <strong>of</strong> his position <strong>and</strong> good Guides,<br />
<strong>and</strong> that he made no doubt <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g able to Surprize [sic] <strong>and</strong> rout him. As <strong>the</strong> defeat<strong>in</strong>g so dar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
troublesome a Man as Sumpter, <strong>and</strong> dispers<strong>in</strong>g such a B<strong>and</strong>itti, was a great object, I consented to his mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
trial on <strong>the</strong> 9 th , at day break, <strong>and</strong> gave him Forty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dragoons which Tarleton had left with me; desir<strong>in</strong>g him<br />
however nei<strong>the</strong>r to put <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Front nor to make any use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night; Major Wemyss marched<br />
so early <strong>and</strong> so fast on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 8 th , that He arrived at Moore’s Mill soon after midnight, He <strong>the</strong>n had<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation that Sumpter had marched that even<strong>in</strong>g to Fishdam ford, where he lay with his rear close to Broad<br />
1601 SJM.<br />
1602 DRS pp. 28-29.<br />
1603 JTR p. 538.<br />
309
River on a low piece <strong>of</strong> ground. The Major immediately proceeded to Attack him <strong>in</strong> his new Position, &<br />
succeeded so well as to get <strong>in</strong>to his Camp whilst <strong>the</strong> Men were all sleep<strong>in</strong>g round <strong>the</strong> fires, but as Major Wemyss<br />
rode <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Camp at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dragoons, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d followed <strong>the</strong>m on horseback, <strong>the</strong> enemy’s Arms<br />
were not secured, <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m recover<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> first alarm, got <strong>the</strong>ir Rifles <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> first fire<br />
wounded Major Wemyss <strong>in</strong> several places, <strong>and</strong> put <strong>the</strong> Cavalry <strong>in</strong>to disorder; The 63d <strong>the</strong>n dismounted <strong>and</strong> Killed<br />
<strong>and</strong> Wounded about Seventy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebels, drove several over <strong>the</strong> River <strong>and</strong> dispersed <strong>the</strong> rest; The <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
however devolv<strong>in</strong>g on a very young Officer, who nei<strong>the</strong>r knew <strong>the</strong> ground nor Major Wemyss’s plan, nor <strong>the</strong><br />
strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, some few <strong>of</strong> which kept fir<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> wood on our People who rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy’s Camp, <strong>and</strong> who were probably discovered by <strong>the</strong>ir fires; Our troops came away before day break,<br />
leav<strong>in</strong>g Major Wemyss <strong>and</strong> 22 Sergts & Rank & File at a house close to <strong>the</strong> Field <strong>of</strong> Action. In <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g those<br />
who were left with a flag <strong>of</strong> truce with <strong>the</strong> wounded, found that <strong>the</strong> enemy were all gone, but on some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
scout<strong>in</strong>g Parties discover<strong>in</strong>g that our People had likewise retired, Sumpter returned & took Major Wemyss’s<br />
Parole for himself <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> wounded Soldiers. Major Wemyss is gone to Charles-town <strong>and</strong> is <strong>in</strong> a fair way <strong>of</strong><br />
recovery.” 1604<br />
10 November. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Salem congregation): “About 100 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories, who had been<br />
prisoners [from K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>] <strong>in</strong> Bethabara, for nearly three weeks, <strong>and</strong> who have obta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>ir freedom by<br />
enlist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American army, came here <strong>and</strong> went on to <strong>the</strong> mill, where <strong>the</strong>y secured provisions, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong><br />
next day proceed to <strong>the</strong> camp at Salisbury.” 1605<br />
10 November. Gov. Thomas Jefferson, at Richmond, VA., to Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens: “Your two Letters <strong>of</strong><br />
Octobr. 24 <strong>and</strong> Octo. -- have been duly received. I have been <strong>in</strong>formed that <strong>the</strong> beeves which had been<br />
collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>cess Anne & Norfolk to be sent Southwardly were <strong>the</strong> first th<strong>in</strong>gs which fell <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy. We received notice <strong>of</strong> this <strong>in</strong>vasion a few hours after you left this place, & dispatched a letter to<br />
recall you, which we expected would have found you <strong>in</strong> Petersburg; however, you had gone on, <strong>and</strong> as <strong>the</strong>re<br />
Should be a Genl. <strong>of</strong>ficer with <strong>the</strong> men from this State <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Service, <strong>and</strong> we have here three General<br />
Officers, we have not repeated our call for your assistance. The force called on to oppose <strong>the</strong> enemy is as yet <strong>in</strong><br />
a most Chaotic State, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> fragments <strong>of</strong> 3 months’ militia, 6 months’ men, 18 months’ men, Volunteers<br />
& New Militia. Were it possible to Arm men, we could send on Substantial re<strong>in</strong>forcements to you, not<br />
withst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy with us; but <strong>the</strong> prospect <strong>of</strong> Arms is very bad <strong>in</strong>deed. I have never<br />
received a L<strong>in</strong>e from Mr. Lambe as to his Success <strong>in</strong> impress<strong>in</strong>g waggons; none have yet <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong> from <strong>the</strong><br />
westward. The executive were so far from allow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 18 months’ men to <strong>in</strong>list <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Volunteer Corps, as you<br />
say <strong>the</strong>y pretend that <strong>the</strong>y were expressly excluded from it <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Several propositions we made for rais<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Volunteers. Noth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Moment has happened here s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. Genl. Muhlenburg [Peter<br />
Muhlenberg] is at Stoner[’]s Mills, at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> pagan Creek, with our ma<strong>in</strong> force. Genl. [Thomas] Nelson is on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Northside <strong>of</strong> James River with ano<strong>the</strong>r body. General [George] Weedon is gone to Jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> One or <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
A British emissary was taken two or three days ago, with a Letter from General Leslie to Lord Cornwallis,<br />
<strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g him he was at Portsmouth, but cannot learn where his Lordship was; that he had sent one Letter to<br />
him to Charlestown by Water <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r by l<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Waited his Orders. Cannot measures be taken to<br />
apprehend <strong>the</strong> Messenger who went by l<strong>and</strong>?” 1606<br />
10-11 November. Tarleton reached S<strong>in</strong>gleton’s Mill, on <strong>the</strong> road between Nelson’s Ferry <strong>and</strong> Camden, where <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalists came out <strong>and</strong> showed <strong>the</strong>ir support. 1607<br />
Tarleton’s proclamation, from S<strong>in</strong>gleton’s Mills, dated 11 Nov.: “Be it known to all People concerned <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> late<br />
Revolt, between Nelson’s Ferry, K<strong>in</strong>gstree Bridge, & Santee Hills [or High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee], that a general <strong>and</strong><br />
free Pardon, is held out to all said Del<strong>in</strong>quents, <strong>in</strong> case <strong>the</strong>y will return Home between <strong>the</strong> Date here<strong>of</strong> &<br />
twenty-fifth <strong>of</strong> this Month -- upon <strong>the</strong>re arrival at Home <strong>the</strong>y must separately acqua<strong>in</strong>t <strong>the</strong> Officers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Loyal<br />
Militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Intention to live peaceably at <strong>the</strong>ir Plantations, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Case <strong>of</strong> a future Insurrection <strong>and</strong> Invasion<br />
to give Notice <strong>the</strong>re<strong>of</strong>; which Declaration (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> assembled People) <strong>the</strong> said Officers <strong>of</strong> Loyal Militia must<br />
Transmit to <strong>the</strong> Officer <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g his Majesty’s Troops at Camden --<br />
“It is not <strong>the</strong> wish <strong>of</strong> Brita<strong>in</strong> to be cruel or to destroy, but it is now obvious to all Carol<strong>in</strong>a that Treachery,<br />
Perfidy, <strong>and</strong> Perjury will be punished with <strong>in</strong>stant Fire <strong>and</strong> Sword.” 1608<br />
Tarleton to Cornwallis: “I was disappo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> my attack at S<strong>in</strong>gleton’s Mills, <strong>the</strong> Place where 4000 were said to<br />
be collected. I kept my Numbers concealed, advanced on <strong>the</strong> Roads, fell back aga<strong>in</strong>, showed Tokens <strong>of</strong> Fear, by<br />
leav<strong>in</strong>g Camp Abruptly & Provisions cooked, <strong>in</strong> order to draw <strong>the</strong> Enemy <strong>of</strong> whom I could ga<strong>in</strong> no news ei<strong>the</strong>r to<br />
attack or approach me. I so far deceived Marion that he would undoubtedly have attacked on <strong>the</strong> 7 th <strong>in</strong>stant <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Even<strong>in</strong>g had he not been prevented by some treacherous Women (Mrs. Richardson, &), with him 400 or 500<br />
men -- A Prisoner who escaped from him <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Night came <strong>in</strong> to my Camp just before Day on Nov. 8 th &<br />
<strong>in</strong>formed me that he would have attacked me had he not obta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> number at Richardson’s, but<br />
on that account he had altered his Route <strong>in</strong> Confusion. The Corps under my <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> were ordered under Arms<br />
immediately <strong>and</strong> made a rapid march <strong>of</strong> 26 miles through Swamps, Woods, <strong>and</strong> Fastnesses toward Black River<br />
without a Halt. The Enemy by be<strong>in</strong>g all mounted, obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g so much time previous to <strong>the</strong> pursu<strong>in</strong>g & ow<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
1604 COC pp. 46-48, SCP3 p. 24, SCV1 pp. 302-310.<br />
1605 FRM p. 1576.<br />
1606 CNC14 pp. 732-733.<br />
1607 TCS p. 174, MSC1 pp. 815-819.<br />
1608 SCP3 pp. 333-334, 336-338, NDI, BGD pp. 111-112.<br />
310
<strong>the</strong> Difficulties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country could not be brought to Action. I had <strong>the</strong> Mortification not to fight <strong>the</strong>m, but I had<br />
<strong>the</strong> Pleasure <strong>in</strong> a great measure to disperse <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“A few Prisoners were taken from <strong>the</strong> Swamps by Col. [John] Harrison’s Corps. I returned on my Steps & laid <strong>the</strong><br />
Houses & Plantations <strong>of</strong> violent Rebels Waste about Richardson’s <strong>and</strong> Jack’s Creek. The country seems now<br />
conv<strong>in</strong>ced <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> error <strong>of</strong> Insurrection. People jo<strong>in</strong> me from <strong>the</strong> Swamps. The Torch is stopped & I have issued<br />
<strong>the</strong> enclosed Proclamation. Thus my Lord I have used my best Ability to settle <strong>the</strong> Affairs <strong>of</strong> this part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Prov<strong>in</strong>ce, but if <strong>the</strong>re had been one <strong>in</strong>dividual <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country attached to our Cause & exempt from Fear[,] <strong>the</strong><br />
total Destruction <strong>of</strong> Mr. Marion had been [would have been] ac<strong>com</strong>plished...” 1609<br />
11-15 November. In fur<strong>the</strong>rance <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ order to leave Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>e fur<strong>the</strong>r south, Leslie<br />
<strong>com</strong>menced load<strong>in</strong>g troops on <strong>the</strong> 11 th , <strong>and</strong> embarked from Portsmouth on 15 November. Heavy w<strong>in</strong>ds,<br />
notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, kept him <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake till <strong>the</strong> 22 nd . Orig<strong>in</strong>ally he was to l<strong>and</strong> near <strong>the</strong> Cape Fear River,<br />
with a view toward his position<strong>in</strong>g himself at Cross Creek (see 10-11 October); where he would be jo<strong>in</strong>ed by<br />
Cornwallis. The latter, however, changed his plans <strong>and</strong> Leslie disembarked at Charlestown <strong>in</strong>stead on 14<br />
December. 1610<br />
Stephen Jarvis: “An expedition was formed under General Leslie, <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> amongst <strong>the</strong> Troops that<br />
<strong>com</strong>posed <strong>the</strong> Army was one Troop <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th Light Dragoons, Capta<strong>in</strong> [John] Saunders, Lieutenant Wellson<br />
[John Wilson], Cornet [Thomas] Merritt, Quartermaster Jarvis <strong>and</strong> a few men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> old Troop <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Queen’s<br />
Rangers. Capta<strong>in</strong> Saunders was formerly from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> he went to that place for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> recruit<strong>in</strong>g;<br />
cloth<strong>in</strong>g, saddles <strong>and</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>tment were placed under my care for <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pletion <strong>of</strong> a full Troop <strong>of</strong> fifty strong.<br />
We soon sailed <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Saunders with <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Officers <strong>and</strong> men l<strong>and</strong>ed at Norfolk, <strong>and</strong> marched to that<br />
part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country where he had formerly resided. I was ordered to rema<strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong> baggage until fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
orders. Capta<strong>in</strong> Saunders, after travers<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> procur<strong>in</strong>g a number <strong>of</strong> very f<strong>in</strong>e horses, took up his<br />
quarters at Kemp’s L<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, to which place I was ordered with <strong>the</strong> baggage <strong>and</strong> stores. I had hardly got <strong>in</strong>to<br />
good quarters before we were aga<strong>in</strong> ordered to march <strong>and</strong> we supposed for, a short expedition only — <strong>and</strong> a<br />
Company took possession <strong>of</strong> my quarters <strong>in</strong> my absence, but was to surrender <strong>the</strong>m on my return, which however<br />
never took place. We embarked for Charlestown, myself, men, stores <strong>and</strong> horses <strong>in</strong> one vessel <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Officers<br />
<strong>in</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r. On our leav<strong>in</strong>g Norfolk Capta<strong>in</strong> Saunders had plundered more horses than he was allowed to put on<br />
board. He, <strong>the</strong>refore, distributed <strong>the</strong>m to his Officers <strong>and</strong> among <strong>the</strong> rest, gave me a very f<strong>in</strong>e horse.” 1611<br />
13 November. Cornwallis, at “Wynnesborough,” to Lieut. Col. Kirkl<strong>and</strong>, “…[I]f those who say <strong>the</strong>y are our friends<br />
will not stir, I cannot defend every man’s house from be<strong>in</strong>g plundered; <strong>and</strong> I must say that when I see a whole<br />
settlement runn<strong>in</strong>g away from twenty or thirty robbers, I th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong>y deserve to be robbed.” 1612<br />
13 November. Hav<strong>in</strong>g crossed <strong>the</strong> Broad River at Fish Dam Ford, Sumter moved to Hawk<strong>in</strong>s’ Mill on <strong>the</strong> Tyger <strong>and</strong><br />
where he was re<strong>in</strong>forced with some Georgians under Colonels John Twiggs, Elijah Clark, <strong>and</strong> Benjam<strong>in</strong> Few. On<br />
13 November, <strong>the</strong>y encamped at Nixon’s plantation on <strong>the</strong> Enoree River. 1613<br />
Richard W<strong>in</strong>n: “On <strong>the</strong> thirteenth, Sumter crossed <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> encamped at Nixson’s [Nixon’s] plantation on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Enoree River to give his men time to jo<strong>in</strong> him. When Gen’l Sumter <strong>and</strong> myself met at Nixson’s he <strong>in</strong>formed<br />
me that when he was cut <strong>of</strong>f, be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> his shirt sleeves, he verily believed he would have perished from cold had<br />
he not have got a horse; gett<strong>in</strong>g on him horsebacked [sic] <strong>and</strong> hugg<strong>in</strong>g his neck. He also assured me that from<br />
<strong>the</strong> manner <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> British brought on <strong>the</strong> attack, he did not expect to hear a s<strong>in</strong>gle gun fired from you,<br />
<strong>and</strong> concluded to provide for his own safety; but said, ‘If ever a man deserves <strong>the</strong> thanks <strong>of</strong> his country, it is<br />
you.’ In fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> above action, W<strong>in</strong>n had about 125 or 130 men, Taylor about fifty. The action lasted about<br />
15 or 20 m<strong>in</strong>uits [sic]. The British doctor <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> ground expressed himself, ‘I have not seen such damage<br />
done by so few men <strong>in</strong> so short a time s<strong>in</strong>ce I have been <strong>in</strong> America.’ This I had from Colo. W<strong>in</strong>n, who was on <strong>the</strong><br />
spot with <strong>the</strong> doctor.<br />
“Sumter moves from Nixson’s [Nixon’s] down to Shiroe’s [Shirar’s aka Brierly’s] Ferry <strong>and</strong> gives a challenge to<br />
<strong>the</strong> British at that station to <strong>com</strong>e out <strong>and</strong> fight him. They decl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>vitation. Sumter moves up <strong>the</strong> country;<br />
arrives at Blackstock’s on Tyger River 16 th <strong>of</strong> November, leav<strong>in</strong>g Colo. Taylor <strong>in</strong> his rear.” 1614<br />
13 November. Turnbull, ill with malaria, requested leave to go home to New York; which was granted. Rawdon<br />
was <strong>the</strong>n placed <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Camden; while Lieut. Col. Welbore Ellis Doyle replaced Turnbull as<br />
head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers. At Camden, <strong>in</strong> preparation for second <strong>in</strong>vasion <strong>of</strong> N.C., horses were collected<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>es significantly <strong>in</strong>creased. “[Cornwallis],” writes Tarleton, “directed <strong>the</strong> recruits <strong>and</strong><br />
convalescents to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir regiments: He ordered all deficiencies <strong>of</strong> arms, appo<strong>in</strong>tments, <strong>and</strong> necessaries, to be<br />
replaced: He prepared proper supplies to attend <strong>the</strong> march; <strong>and</strong> he adopted judicious precautions for <strong>the</strong><br />
security <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> frontier. In a short time, numbers streng<strong>the</strong>ned each corps <strong>and</strong> regiment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army: Above one<br />
hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> light troops [presumably <strong>the</strong> British Legion]: Deficiencies <strong>of</strong> arms <strong>and</strong> necessaries<br />
were <strong>com</strong>pleted.” Also <strong>the</strong> fortifications at both Camden <strong>and</strong> Georgetown by this time <strong>and</strong> subsequently had<br />
received considerable improvement, with more cannon added to <strong>the</strong> defenses. 1615<br />
1609 BGD pp. 112-113.<br />
1610 LOB part II, TCS p. 170, TPY p. 57.<br />
1611 JJA.<br />
1612 RCC p. 69, SCP3 p. 385.<br />
1613 BGC p. 102.<br />
1614 WNO, part II, pp. 4-5.<br />
1615 SCP3 pp. 60, 468, TCS pp. 167, 182-183, BSF pp. 85, 88.<br />
311
Turnbull, at Camden, wrote to Cornwallis on 12 November: “I am to acknowledge <strong>the</strong> Receipt <strong>of</strong> your Letters <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 6 th , 8 th <strong>and</strong> 9 th Instant Col: Tarleton[’]s Letters have been forwarded. I have not heard from him s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong><br />
Letter I <strong>in</strong>closed [sic] to your Lordship. But by some <strong>of</strong> Tynes [Samuel Tynes’] Militia who brought <strong>in</strong> Two<br />
Prisoners this morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>y say that <strong>the</strong>y heard that He was very near as Low down as K<strong>in</strong>g Tree.<br />
“A Deserter from Col: Wash<strong>in</strong>gtons Dragoons who came <strong>in</strong> Two nights ago says that Gen’l Morgan was <strong>the</strong>re with<br />
300 men. That Wash<strong>in</strong>gton had 100 Dragoons when <strong>the</strong>y Left Charlotte & that only seventy Rema<strong>in</strong>’d [sic]. That<br />
<strong>the</strong>y had Retreated Ten miles back on <strong>the</strong> Salisbury Road, but we f<strong>in</strong>d that <strong>the</strong> Same Party was back <strong>the</strong>re<br />
yesterday.<br />
“And that <strong>the</strong>re is Likewise a Detachment <strong>of</strong> Rebells [sic] towards Lynches Creek. Their numbers have not yet<br />
been asserta<strong>in</strong>’d [sic]<br />
“Capt. McDonald has been very ill which Prevented <strong>the</strong> Flagg go<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f till yesterday. -- <strong>and</strong> I only wait Tarletons<br />
Return to Expedite those Gentlemans who are to go upon Parole --<br />
“I have Lodged Mr. [Forest?] <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Provost <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer who let <strong>the</strong> Prisoners Escape.<br />
“Lt. Oldfield set out with one <strong>and</strong> twenty Waggons to Forage <strong>in</strong> Col: Tarletons Rear. I Expect Likewise to get <strong>in</strong><br />
some Cattle from that Quarter --<br />
“I am sorry for Poor Wemyss. Their fellows will be<strong>com</strong>e more Imprudent --<br />
“Permitt [sic] me to Return your Lordship my most Unfeyned [sic] thanks for your goodness <strong>in</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g me hopes <strong>of</strong><br />
go<strong>in</strong>g soon to New York. My health is Indeed <strong>in</strong> such a state that I do Believe Noth<strong>in</strong>g but a Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Climate will<br />
Reestablish it -- nor do I Believe that ever my Constitution will bear much Service <strong>in</strong> this Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Climate -–” 1616<br />
Rawdon, at Camden, to Cornwallis on 13 November: “I arrived here, my Lord, about an hour ago [7 p.m.].<br />
Tarleton has not yet reached this place. He lies this night about eight miles <strong>of</strong>f; but I have sent to request that I<br />
may see him very early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, & his Corps will cross <strong>the</strong> Ferry at that time. They do not seem to have<br />
good <strong>in</strong>formation here, respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Enemy; & <strong>the</strong>y depend upon a Channel, <strong>of</strong> which I should be ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
doubtful. A negro who came <strong>in</strong> this afternoon, says that he was carried Prisoner to Morgan & Wash<strong>in</strong>gton at<br />
Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, & escaped from <strong>the</strong>m last night. He reports, that <strong>in</strong> concert with Marion <strong>the</strong>y were to have<br />
attacked this post; & he mentions <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t at which <strong>the</strong> assault was to have been directed, which is <strong>in</strong>deed <strong>the</strong><br />
weakest <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e: <strong>the</strong> dispersion <strong>of</strong> Marion’s force overturned <strong>the</strong> plan. This, however, is only conversation<br />
which he heard <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebel Camp, & he cannot say from whom. I hear much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prowess <strong>of</strong> Harrison’s<br />
Rangers, upon <strong>the</strong> Expedition with Tarleton: a valiant Friend <strong>of</strong> Government is a Prodigy, <strong>of</strong> which all <strong>the</strong> world<br />
talks. I will praise <strong>the</strong>m very highly, if I can f<strong>in</strong>d room to do so, <strong>in</strong> hopes that it may stimulate <strong>the</strong>m to future<br />
achievements.” 1617<br />
14 November. After learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Fish Dam Ford, Tarleton left S<strong>in</strong>gleton’s Mill (<strong>the</strong> 14 th ), <strong>and</strong> returned to Camden.<br />
Marion <strong>the</strong>n, with a reported 400 militia, avoid<strong>in</strong>g K<strong>in</strong>gstree, moved from Williamsburg toward Gapway Swamp,<br />
<strong>and</strong> resumed <strong>of</strong>fensive operations. A few days later, he was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Georgetown with 500 men. 1618<br />
15 November. On this date, Balfour reported to Cornwallis his send<strong>in</strong>g to Nelson’s Ferry (from Charlestown) 275<br />
Rank <strong>and</strong> File <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regt., plus some Hessians, Prov<strong>in</strong>cials, loyalist militia <strong>and</strong> two three-pounders, all<br />
under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> under Maj. Robert McLeroth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regt. 1619<br />
Balfour to Cornwallis on this date: “I have, however, been obliged to take up more <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> violent <strong>and</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal<br />
men that were upon parole <strong>and</strong> to ship <strong>the</strong>m on board <strong>the</strong> S<strong>and</strong>wich just go<strong>in</strong>g as a convoy to St. August<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
[Respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> many captured colonial leaders transported <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g such as Christopher Gadsden <strong>and</strong><br />
Arthur Middleton, see 27 Aug.] The necessity <strong>of</strong> this measure was evident to every person whom I consulted<br />
upon it <strong>and</strong> much pressed <strong>of</strong> Moncrieff <strong>and</strong> Simson. The unweried [sic] assiduity with which <strong>the</strong>y keep down<br />
every movement towards <strong>the</strong> success <strong>of</strong> our affairs, <strong>the</strong> pa<strong>in</strong>s which <strong>the</strong>y take to prevent every person over<br />
whom <strong>the</strong>y have any <strong>in</strong>fluence to <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> be<strong>com</strong>e British subjects, is astonish<strong>in</strong>g. A dissafection [sic] is<br />
reported to me <strong>in</strong> Bal<strong>in</strong>gall’s <strong>and</strong> Lechmere’s regiments to be pr<strong>in</strong>cipally brought about by <strong>the</strong>ir means. Also <strong>the</strong><br />
backwardness <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole country to take our side, which is so very evident, can only <strong>in</strong> great measure be<br />
attributed to <strong>the</strong> hidden <strong>and</strong> powerful <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>the</strong>ir lead<strong>in</strong>g men still have over <strong>the</strong>m, nor do I believe <strong>the</strong><br />
government will ever get <strong>in</strong>to any strength or form while <strong>the</strong>y rema<strong>in</strong>.” 1620<br />
15 November. [skirmishes] White’s Bridge (also White’s Plantation) <strong>and</strong> Alston’s Plantation (also “<strong>the</strong> Pens”)<br />
(Georgetown County, S.C.) Members <strong>of</strong> Marion’s brigade under Col. Peter Horry fought loyalist militia from Capt.<br />
James Lewis’ <strong>com</strong>pany at White’s Plantation just outside Georgetown. The loyalists, who had been slaughter<strong>in</strong>g<br />
cattle, were ultimately scattered, yet only after a number <strong>of</strong> Horry’s men were seriously wounded, <strong>and</strong> Capt.<br />
Lewis killed. On <strong>the</strong> same date, Marion ordered out a separate force under Capta<strong>in</strong> John Melton to <strong>the</strong> Pens, or<br />
Alston’s plantation; where <strong>the</strong>y were ambushed <strong>and</strong> routed by Capt. Jesse Barfield’s <strong>and</strong> his loyalist militia.<br />
Among <strong>the</strong> sla<strong>in</strong> was Marion’s nephew, Gabriel Marion. Marion later reported that Barfield was wounded. On <strong>the</strong><br />
17 th , he wrote to Brig. Gen. Harr<strong>in</strong>gton from Black M<strong>in</strong>go: “S<strong>in</strong>ce my last to you, Colonel Tarleton retreated to<br />
Camden, after destroy<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> houses <strong>and</strong> provisions <strong>in</strong> his way. By <strong>in</strong>formation, I was made to believe <strong>the</strong>re<br />
was but fifty British <strong>in</strong> Georgetown, <strong>and</strong> no militia, which <strong>in</strong>duced me to attempt tak<strong>in</strong>g that place, But,<br />
1616 PRO. 30/11/4/93-94.<br />
1617 PRO. 30/11/4/110-111, SCP3 p.145.<br />
1618 TCS p. 174, BSF pp. 85, 87.<br />
1619 SCP3 p. 76, BSF p. 96.<br />
1620 SCP3 p. 76.<br />
312
unluckily, <strong>the</strong> day before I got <strong>the</strong>re <strong>the</strong>y received a re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> two hundred Tories under Capta<strong>in</strong>s<br />
Barfield <strong>and</strong> Lewis from Pedee [Peedee.] The next day <strong>the</strong> Tories came out <strong>and</strong> we scummaged [sic] with <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“Part [<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m] I cut <strong>of</strong>f from <strong>the</strong> town, <strong>and</strong> drove <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>in</strong>, except <strong>the</strong>. two men killed, <strong>and</strong> twelve taken<br />
prisoners. Our loss was Lieutenant Gabriel Marion, <strong>and</strong> one private killed. These two men were killed after <strong>the</strong>y<br />
surrendered. We had three or four wounded, one s<strong>in</strong>ce dead <strong>of</strong> his wound.<br />
“Capta<strong>in</strong> Barfield was wounded <strong>in</strong> his head <strong>and</strong> body, but got <strong>of</strong>f. Capta<strong>in</strong> James Lewis, <strong>com</strong>monly called ‘Otter<br />
Sk<strong>in</strong> Lewis’ was one killed. I stayed two days with<strong>in</strong> three miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, <strong>in</strong> which time most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories<br />
left <strong>the</strong>ir friends <strong>and</strong> went home.<br />
“F<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> regulars <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town [Georgetown] to be eighty men, besides militia, strongly entrenched <strong>in</strong> a<br />
redoubt, with swivels <strong>and</strong> cohorns [coehorns] on <strong>the</strong>ir parapet, I withdrew my men, as I had not six rounds per<br />
man, <strong>and</strong> shall not be able to proceed on any operations without a supply <strong>of</strong> ammunition, which I will be obliged<br />
to you to furnish me with by Capta<strong>in</strong> Potts, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s a detachment to guard <strong>the</strong> prisoners taken. I have<br />
not heard anyth<strong>in</strong>g from General Gates s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> letter you sent me.”<br />
In his report to Gates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 20 th Marion stated that <strong>in</strong> his recent encounter outside Georgetown he had lost Lt.<br />
Gabriel Marion, one private also killed, <strong>and</strong> three wounded, while kill<strong>in</strong>g three loyalists <strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g 12 prisoners.<br />
He went on to say “Many <strong>of</strong> my people has left me & gone over to <strong>the</strong> Enemy, for <strong>the</strong>y th<strong>in</strong>k we have no army<br />
<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> & have been Deceived, as we hear noth<strong>in</strong>g from you <strong>in</strong> a great while, I hope to have a l<strong>in</strong>e from you <strong>in</strong><br />
what manner to act & some assurance to <strong>the</strong> people <strong>of</strong> support.” 1621<br />
Mid November. Hav<strong>in</strong>g been promoted to Lieut. Colonel on November 6 th , Henry Lee with his Legion left<br />
Philadelphia on <strong>the</strong>ir way south. When <strong>the</strong>y got to <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, he attempted to get <strong>the</strong> highest quality men <strong>and</strong><br />
horses; while lett<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> his men go home on leave to Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia “with <strong>in</strong>structions to procure<br />
<strong>the</strong> best horses.” His son, Henry IV, <strong>in</strong> his Campaign <strong>of</strong> 1781 <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>of</strong>ten make a po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong><br />
relat<strong>in</strong>g that his fa<strong>the</strong>r was especially attentive to <strong>the</strong> spirit <strong>and</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong> his men <strong>and</strong> mounts. 1622<br />
Mid November. As well as receiv<strong>in</strong>g a letter from him respect<strong>in</strong>g treatment <strong>of</strong> prisoners, Cornwallis had <strong>of</strong> report<br />
<strong>of</strong> Brig. Gen. Henry William Harr<strong>in</strong>gton’s be<strong>in</strong>g at Cheraw with 200 militia. SCP3 pp. 147, 162.<br />
16 November. Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene <strong>and</strong> Maj. Gen. Baron Friedrich von Steuben arrived <strong>in</strong> Richmond,<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. Before, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> after this time, Greene was regularly writ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> contact<strong>in</strong>g various state<br />
Governors, <strong>of</strong>ficials, <strong>and</strong> members <strong>of</strong> Congress solicit<strong>in</strong>g supplies <strong>and</strong> recruits for <strong>the</strong> American effort aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong><br />
British <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south. As one <strong>in</strong>stance <strong>of</strong> such, he received 18 wagons from Gov. Thomas Jefferson; as much as<br />
could be collected <strong>and</strong> impressed at <strong>the</strong> time, but disappo<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>gly far short <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 100 Greene had wished. After<br />
six days <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia capital <strong>and</strong> before proceed<strong>in</strong>g to Hillsborough, Greene on <strong>the</strong> 21 st departed leav<strong>in</strong>g von<br />
Steuben <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> form<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> organiz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental forces <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. In addition to aides Col. Morris<br />
<strong>and</strong> Maj. Lewis, Greene was ac<strong>com</strong>panied by three new members <strong>of</strong> his staff, Major Robert Forsyth, Capt.<br />
William Leigh Pierce (also Pearce), Jr. <strong>and</strong> Capt. Nathaniel Pendleton 1623 -- all <strong>of</strong> whom had been unemployed <strong>in</strong><br />
Richmond. 1624<br />
In a letter written on January 9 th 1781, Greene wrote to Adjutant General Joseph Reed: “I <strong>in</strong>tended to have<br />
written you before, but I have been so employed s<strong>in</strong>ce I left Philadelphia, that I have been obliged to deny<br />
myself <strong>the</strong> pleasure <strong>of</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g to my friends, to attend to <strong>the</strong> more immediate duties <strong>of</strong> my department. On my<br />
journey I visited <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Assemblies, <strong>and</strong> laid before <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> this army, <strong>and</strong> urged<br />
<strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> an immediate support. They both promised to do everyth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir power, but such was <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
poverty, even <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Capitals [sic], that <strong>the</strong>y could not furnish forage for my horses. I have also written to <strong>the</strong><br />
States <strong>of</strong> Delaware <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, nei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> which have taken any measures yet for giv<strong>in</strong>g effectual aid to<br />
this army. I left General Gist <strong>in</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Baron Steuben <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, to forward <strong>the</strong> recruits <strong>and</strong> supplies.<br />
Measures are tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia which promise us some aid, though very trifl<strong>in</strong>g to what <strong>the</strong>y ought to give, <strong>and</strong><br />
what our state requires. All <strong>the</strong> way through <strong>the</strong> country, as I passed, I found <strong>the</strong> people engaged <strong>in</strong> matters <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>terest <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> pleasure, almost regardless <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir danger. Public credit totally lost, <strong>and</strong> every man<br />
excus<strong>in</strong>g himself from giv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> least aid to Government, from an apprehension that <strong>the</strong>y would get no return<br />
for any advances. This afforded but a dull prospect, nor has it mended s<strong>in</strong>ce my arrival.” 1625<br />
18 November. [skirmish] Brierly’s Ferry, also Brierley’s Ferry, Shirar’s Ferry (Border <strong>of</strong> Fairfield <strong>and</strong> Newberry<br />
counties, S.C.) Tarleton, with his Legion Cavalry <strong>and</strong> mounted Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> two three-pounders, was sent<br />
from <strong>the</strong> Wateree <strong>in</strong> retaliaton <strong>of</strong> Sumter (ostensibly for Fish Dam Ford.) On <strong>the</strong> 18 th , he jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> 1 st Bttn. <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 71 st <strong>and</strong> a mounted detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd who were already present at Brierly’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Broad River.<br />
The opposite side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ferry, contra this, was occupied by a 150 <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s riflemen; who had been sent to<br />
scout <strong>the</strong> 71 st ’s camp. These Tarleton drove from <strong>the</strong>ir position with his cannon <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry; at <strong>the</strong> same time<br />
tak<strong>in</strong>g care to conceal <strong>the</strong> green coats <strong>of</strong> his dragoons, <strong>the</strong>reby prevent<strong>in</strong>g Sumter from be<strong>in</strong>g apprised <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> his<br />
1621 CNC14 pp. 746-747, JFM p. 27, BSF pp. 89-92, 97, GHC pp. 343-344.<br />
1622 LCC pp. 70-71.<br />
1623 Pierce later attended <strong>the</strong> Federal Constitutional Convention <strong>in</strong> 1787 as a delegate from Georgia; though, like Davie for N.C.<br />
<strong>and</strong> pressed by o<strong>the</strong>r bus<strong>in</strong>ess, he did not rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>re long enough to be<strong>com</strong>e a signer. He wrote a number <strong>of</strong> wartime letters<br />
describ<strong>in</strong>g Greene’s campaigns to St. George Tucker<strong>and</strong>; which can be found <strong>in</strong> Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> American History, Dec. 1881, vol.<br />
VII, no. 6, pp. 431-445. Pendleton, <strong>in</strong>cidentally <strong>and</strong> for his part, after Greene’s death was <strong>the</strong> attorney for <strong>the</strong> latter’s widow;<br />
served as one <strong>of</strong> Alex<strong>and</strong>er Hamilton’s seconds <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fatal duel with Aaron Burr, <strong>and</strong>, <strong>of</strong> special <strong>in</strong>terest to historians cover<strong>in</strong>g<br />
our period, later disputed parts <strong>of</strong> Henry Lee’s 1812 account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south.<br />
1624 NGP7 pp. 84-85, MLW4A pp. 336-337, JLG1 pp. 332-336, GLG3 p.56-63, MSC2 p. 8, WAR2 pp. 748-749, TPY p. 57.<br />
1625 NGP7 pp. 84-85.<br />
313
presence. Later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, he crossed with his dragoons <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounted Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 63 rd at a ford<br />
a few miles downriver. He <strong>the</strong>n reunited with <strong>the</strong> 71 st <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery three miles from <strong>the</strong> ferry, <strong>and</strong> by 10<br />
p.m. had camped several miles <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Dutch Fork; hav<strong>in</strong>g received <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s be<strong>in</strong>g not too<br />
distant with as many as 1,000 militia from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia. 1626<br />
Maj. Archibald McArthur, at Bryerly’s Ferry, wrote to Cornwallis on this date: “I have <strong>the</strong> Honor to <strong>in</strong>form your<br />
Lordship that A Party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebels hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>e with<strong>in</strong> two Miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ferry this morn<strong>in</strong>g I was just go<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
pass over wth [sic] 150 men when Col[.] Tarleton arrived at N<strong>in</strong>e o’clock & I counterm<strong>and</strong>ed my Party; <strong>the</strong><br />
Rebells [sic] had <strong>the</strong> Audacity <strong>in</strong> half an hour after to <strong>com</strong>e close to <strong>the</strong> River & fire at our Men who were<br />
wash<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Flatts. Luckily <strong>the</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m had retired before <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g began so <strong>the</strong>re was only one Soldier<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d [Regt.] wounded slightly & A waggon Horse hurt. They blackguarded us a great deal but no return was<br />
made <strong>the</strong>m except one shot by A Militia man without orders; At two o’Clock <strong>the</strong> Infantry <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s Corps<br />
passed at this Ferry & only one shott [sic] was fired at <strong>the</strong>m which hurt nobody, for care was taken to fire<br />
several Cannon shott [sic] across which dispersed <strong>the</strong> Enemy, & I have this moment received advice from Col.<br />
Tarleton that his mounted People have passed at <strong>the</strong> Mill & Ford three miles lower down without opposition &<br />
<strong>the</strong> 63d were ready to follow. The Rebells appeared at <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> River opposite <strong>the</strong> Mill earlier than<br />
here & Capt Hill <strong>in</strong>forms me <strong>the</strong>y shewed <strong>the</strong>mselves at Liles’s [Lyle’s] ford about <strong>the</strong> same time <strong>the</strong>y came<br />
opposite to us. Tarleton has left his Baggage here & taken <strong>the</strong> Cannon I had wth [sic] me it be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> better<br />
Condition than His own which He has left wth [sic] me. He proposed go<strong>in</strong>g between four & Miles only this Eveng<br />
[sic] -- It gives me concern that <strong>the</strong> [Emissary?] who was to Cross up <strong>the</strong> River returned this Eveng [sic] not<br />
dar<strong>in</strong>g to cross at Fishdam or Love’s fords f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m both too well guarded, so that I have no hopes <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
able to ascerta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> desired Po<strong>in</strong>t. I have <strong>the</strong> Honor to be My Lord.” 1627<br />
19 November. Sumter had contemplated an attack on N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, but consider<strong>in</strong>g it too formidable, dropped <strong>the</strong><br />
idea. He decided <strong>in</strong>stead to assail a group <strong>of</strong> loyalists at “Fort” Williams (some 15 miles from N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six)<br />
occupied by some loyalists under Col. Moses Kirkl<strong>and</strong>. He <strong>the</strong>n proceeded <strong>in</strong> that direction. Sometime before, he<br />
had dispatched a small detachment under Col. Thomas Taylor to seize provisions at a British held mill, <strong>and</strong><br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r group under Capt. Samuel Hammond to frighten <strong>the</strong> loyalists around Faust’s <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> lower Dutch Fork.<br />
Learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s movement, Tarleton stealthily approached him; <strong>the</strong>n camped <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 19 th<br />
near <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> Indian Creek on <strong>the</strong> Enoree River. Even so, a deserter from <strong>the</strong> 63 rd apprised Sumter <strong>of</strong><br />
Tarleton’s advance. Sumter <strong>the</strong>n, with some 800 to 1,000 men (most if not all mounted), withdrew <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night<br />
to Blackstock’s (near Blackstock’s ford <strong>and</strong> plantation on <strong>the</strong> Tyger River); where he posted his men <strong>in</strong> nearby<br />
cab<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> wooded high ground. 1628<br />
18-20 November. McLeroth, after pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Santee at Nelson’s Ferry bivouacked at K<strong>in</strong>gstree where he camped<br />
on <strong>the</strong> 18 th . Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Marion, <strong>in</strong> a letter to Gates <strong>of</strong> 22 November, McLeroth expected to be re<strong>in</strong>forced by<br />
Barfield, but that Barfield’s men had gone home. Marion himself retired, <strong>and</strong> went back <strong>in</strong>to concealment. On<br />
22 November, he wrote to Gates: “I wrought you two days agoe [sic] s<strong>in</strong>ce which Majr McLeroth who took post at<br />
K<strong>in</strong>gstree Saturday [<strong>the</strong> 18 th ], retreated to Murry’s ferry a Monday morn<strong>in</strong>g before day…I suppose <strong>the</strong> party under<br />
Capt. Barefield was to have jo<strong>in</strong>ed him but that party be<strong>in</strong>g dispersed, he found himself too weak to stay.” 1629<br />
20 November. [battle] BLACKSTOCK’S, also Blackstocks, Tyger River (Union County, S.C.) At dawn, Tarleton<br />
resumed his march; mov<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first Bttn. Of <strong>the</strong> 71 st <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery, with 190 <strong>of</strong> his dragoons<br />
<strong>and</strong> mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> his Legion, <strong>and</strong> 80 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounted 63 rd . He came upon a group <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s at Enoree<br />
Ford (Newberry County. S.C.) that he dispersed with “great slaughter.” McCall states, however, that <strong>the</strong> group<br />
were some loyalists prisoners which had previously been under <strong>the</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> some riflemen <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s under<br />
Capt. Patrick (also Paddy) Carr. Carr ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong> prisoners <strong>and</strong> made his escape on Tarleton’s approach, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> confusion Tarleton mistakenly took <strong>the</strong> liberated loyalists to be rebels. 1630 He <strong>the</strong>n advanced on Sumter’s<br />
position at Blackstock’s Plantation with a m<strong>in</strong>d to keep <strong>the</strong> latter <strong>in</strong> place; while he awaited <strong>the</strong> 71 st <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
artillery to support him. Just prior to <strong>the</strong> British arrival, Taylor’s detachment lumbered <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> camp with<br />
wagons loaded up with flour taken on <strong>the</strong> raid on Summer’s Mills. Initially, Tarleton charged <strong>and</strong> threw back a<br />
forward party <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s. However, Tarleton later stated that he had no <strong>in</strong>tention at that time <strong>of</strong> engag<strong>in</strong>g him<br />
directly, but that <strong>the</strong> battle came about as a result <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s men (<strong>the</strong> Georgians) skirmish<strong>in</strong>g his<br />
own. Sometime after 5 p.m., Tarleton <strong>and</strong> his men were <strong>in</strong> a precarious position <strong>and</strong> suffered severely from <strong>the</strong><br />
whigs’ fire. In this moment <strong>of</strong> peril, Lieut. John Money led a gallant bayonet charge which drove <strong>the</strong> Americans<br />
back <strong>in</strong> confusion: Money himself be<strong>in</strong>g mortally wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> attack by Col. Henry Hampton’s riflemen.<br />
Tarleton <strong>the</strong>n fell back two miles <strong>in</strong> a last ditch effort to hurry forward his relief column. In <strong>the</strong> British<br />
withdrawal from Blackstock’s, Maj. James Jackson <strong>and</strong> his Georgians captured 30 rider-less horses, apparently<br />
those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounted 63 rd . By <strong>the</strong> time Tarleton did jo<strong>in</strong> forces with <strong>the</strong> 71 st , it had grown dark <strong>and</strong> begun to<br />
ra<strong>in</strong>. Maj. James Jackson <strong>in</strong> later years reported that <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g had lasted three hours. Col. John Twiggs took<br />
immediate <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> from Sumter, who had been badly wounded. 1631 He <strong>the</strong>n left Col. W<strong>in</strong>n to keep some camp<br />
fires burn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n retired with Sumter’s men over <strong>the</strong> Tyger River, mov<strong>in</strong>g towards <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Broad<br />
1626 SCP3 p. 156, TCS pp. 175-176.<br />
1627 PRO. 30/11/4/153-154, SCP3 p. 316.<br />
1628 TCS p. 176, BGC pp. 102-103.<br />
1629 BSF pp. 96, 98-99.<br />
1630 MHG p. 499.<br />
1631 Moses L<strong>in</strong>dsay <strong>in</strong> his pension statement recalled Col. Elijah Clark be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at that po<strong>in</strong>t; possibly because Clark was<br />
seen actively engaged <strong>in</strong> lead<strong>in</strong>g Sumter’s troops. LPS.<br />
314
River where <strong>the</strong>y camped for a short time. Sumter himself had to be drawn <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> field on a litter. 1632 For <strong>the</strong><br />
next three days, Tarleton endeavored to follow on <strong>the</strong>ir heels. Though he managed to take a h<strong>and</strong>ful <strong>of</strong><br />
prisoners, most <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s men managed to escape <strong>in</strong> separate groups. What rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s brigade was<br />
placed <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col. William Henderson; 1633 who, taken at Charlestown, had recently been exchanged.<br />
Cornwallis reported to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton on December 3 rd : “(A)s soon as he [Tarleton] had taken care <strong>of</strong> his wounded,<br />
pursued <strong>and</strong> dispersed <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g part <strong>of</strong> Sumpter’s corps; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n, hav<strong>in</strong>g assembled some militia under<br />
Mr. Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, whom I appo<strong>in</strong>ted brigadier general <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> that district, <strong>and</strong> who has by far <strong>the</strong><br />
greatest <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>in</strong> that country, he returned to Broad river, where he at present rema<strong>in</strong>s; as well as Major<br />
M’Arthur, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood <strong>of</strong> Brierley’s ferry.” SCP3 p. 24.<br />
Though Tarleton had succeeded <strong>in</strong> break<strong>in</strong>g up Sumter’s force, thus claim<strong>in</strong>g a victory, <strong>the</strong> recklessness <strong>of</strong> his<br />
advance <strong>and</strong> relatively heavy losses did not go unnoticed or un-criticized. 1634 At <strong>the</strong> same time, Sumter, by<br />
February, had sufficiently recovered from his wound, <strong>and</strong> was once more <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field with his men 1635 -- though<br />
not at that later time with all his old <strong>com</strong>rades. As Bass states: “Many <strong>of</strong> [Sumter’s militiamen] did not return to<br />
<strong>the</strong> field aga<strong>in</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Revolution [after Blackstock’s.]” 1636 Congress later gave Sumter <strong>and</strong> his men a special<br />
vote <strong>of</strong> thanks for his successes at Fish Dam Ford <strong>and</strong> Blackstocks, <strong>the</strong> text <strong>of</strong> which can be found at RSC2 pp.<br />
469-470.<br />
AMERICAN FORCES AT BLACKSTOCK’S<br />
Brig. Gen. Thomas Sumter<br />
Col. John Twiggs, second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia: 800-900, Col. William Bratton, Col. Henry Hampton, Col. William Hill, Col. Edward Lacey,<br />
Col. Charles Myddleton, Col. Thomas Taylor, Col. Richard W<strong>in</strong>n, Lieut. Col. James McCall<br />
Georgia Militia: 100, (Twiggs), Col. Elijah Clark, Maj. William C<strong>and</strong>ler, Maj. James Jackson<br />
TOTAL: 900 to 1,000<br />
McCrady gives Sumter’s force as be<strong>in</strong>g only 420 <strong>in</strong> number. 1637<br />
BRITISH FORCES AT BLACKSTOCK’S<br />
Lieut. Col. Banastre Tarleton<br />
British Legion, cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry (mounted): 190, (Tarleton)<br />
Detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd Regt. (mounted): 80, Lt. John Money<br />
TOTAL: 270-400<br />
William Johnson: “There can be little doubt that Tarleton had with him a much greater number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d than<br />
he admits. The Annual Register asserts that he had <strong>the</strong> whole; <strong>and</strong> if he took with him all his men who were<br />
mounted, this is probably <strong>the</strong> correct number; for <strong>in</strong> a letter <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis to him, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 10 th November, we f<strong>in</strong>d<br />
<strong>the</strong>se words: ‘The 63d are well mounted for <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> may occasionally ride <strong>in</strong> your tra<strong>in</strong>.’ These were <strong>the</strong><br />
men who ac<strong>com</strong>panied him <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Sumpter; he admits <strong>the</strong>ir number to have been but eighty; but it would<br />
be suppos<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er madness, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> his followers more resolution than falls to <strong>the</strong> ord<strong>in</strong>ary lot <strong>of</strong><br />
man, to have charged with so small a number as eighty, <strong>the</strong> American force advantageously posted on a<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g em<strong>in</strong>ence. The Americans assert <strong>the</strong>ir number approached nearer 200. Tarleton admits his cavalry<br />
to have been 170 (Cornwallis says 190) <strong>and</strong> this br<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>the</strong> number near to <strong>the</strong> American 400 on <strong>the</strong> British side.<br />
Three hundred more are said to have rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear with <strong>the</strong> artillery. Not less variance exists as to <strong>the</strong><br />
number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans. Tarleton makes it 1,000; but <strong>the</strong> Americans reduce <strong>the</strong>ir number to 420 or at <strong>the</strong><br />
utmost 500.” 1638<br />
1632 Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Maj. James Jackson, Sumter was wounded early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Col. John Twiggs assumed <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
whole. One <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s <strong>of</strong>ficers, Capt. David Hopk<strong>in</strong>s, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, says that Sumter was wounded after most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
fight<strong>in</strong>g had subsided. Follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> battle, Sumter was taken to a home on <strong>the</strong> Pacelot where he was treated by a physician.<br />
Thereafter he recuperated at <strong>the</strong> home <strong>of</strong> Col. Samuel Watson on Rocky Allison’s Creek <strong>in</strong> York County, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Watson’s<br />
home is mistakenly given elsewhere as be<strong>in</strong>g on Sugar Creek. My thanks to Watson family researcher Toby Turner for <strong>the</strong><br />
correction. See LFB2 pp. 446n-447n <strong>and</strong> BGC p. 107.<br />
1633 Pension statement <strong>of</strong> William Caldwell <strong>of</strong> Fairfield County, S.C.: “Gen. Sumpter was wounded <strong>and</strong> Gen. {William] Henderson<br />
took <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, stay<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> regiment until it was disb<strong>and</strong>ed on <strong>the</strong> Congaree River <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> 1781.”<br />
1634 Fortescue describes <strong>the</strong> battle as damag<strong>in</strong>g to British <strong>in</strong>terests. FWI p. 214<br />
1635 ATR81a pp. 146-147, AR81 pp. 53-54, TCS pp. 177-180, 204-205, RSC2 pp. 188-189, SCP3 pp. 314-320, 326, 340-341, 397,<br />
GHA3 pp. 471-472, SAW2 pp. 228-231, MST pp. 71-79, MLW4A pp. 329-333, MLW3 pp. 109-110, LMS pp. 205-207, MHG pp. 497-<br />
500, LPS, HMS pp. 14-15, JLG1 pp. 317-321, MLL pp. 17-18, LFB2 pp. 446-447, JTR pp. 522-526, LCR pp. 243-253, MSC1 pp. 824-<br />
830, MSC2 p. 746, FWI p. 214, WAR2 pp. 746-747, BGD pp. 117-123, BGC pp. 102-111, LSY pp. 105-115, 293-294, RBG pp. 115-<br />
119, WCO pp. 225-226.<br />
1636 BGC p. 110.<br />
1637 MSC1 pp. 824-830, MSC2 p. 746.<br />
1638 JLG1 p. 320.<br />
315
CASULATIES<br />
AMERICAN<br />
Tarleton later reported Sumter as los<strong>in</strong>g 100 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g three colonels killed), 50 made<br />
prisoner, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> his corps <strong>of</strong> militiamen be<strong>in</strong>g dispersed. 1639<br />
Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> his letter to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>of</strong> 3 December 1780, speaks <strong>of</strong> three <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s colonels be<strong>in</strong>g killed, <strong>and</strong> 20<br />
men killed wounded or taken, with Sumter be<strong>in</strong>g wounded also. 1640<br />
Col. Charles Myddleton gave Sumter’s losses as 3 killed, <strong>and</strong> 4 wounded, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Sumter. 1641<br />
Col. Elijah Clark was also among <strong>the</strong> wounded.<br />
BRITISH<br />
Tarleton gave his own casualties as 50 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. Lieutenants Gibson <strong>and</strong> Cope <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd were among<br />
those killed. Lieut. John Money, who had been an aide <strong>and</strong> favorite <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis, was wounded, but at <strong>the</strong> time<br />
it was thought <strong>the</strong> wound was not serious. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, He died from it a few days later. 1642<br />
Wemyss later said <strong>the</strong> casualties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd alone amounted to half <strong>of</strong> that units detachment, or 40 men. 1643<br />
Col. Charles Myddleton reported Tarleton’s losses as 92 dead <strong>and</strong> 100 wounded. 1644<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> Lev<strong>in</strong> Watson (<strong>of</strong> Anson County, N.C. (who served with <strong>the</strong> Georgians): “[Watson’s unit]<br />
turn[ed] for <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tiger River a Col. [William] C<strong>and</strong>ler as he believes his name jo<strong>in</strong>ed Col. Clark with<br />
sixty men mounted <strong>and</strong> at a Place called Blackstocks had a Battle with <strong>the</strong> British Dragoons <strong>and</strong> defeated <strong>the</strong>m<br />
Col. Clark was shot through <strong>the</strong> arm with ball <strong>and</strong> did not brake <strong>the</strong> bone[.] [H]e was with Genl. Sumpter short<br />
time left him <strong>and</strong> went to <strong>the</strong> State <strong>of</strong> Georgia <strong>and</strong> some time after was Discharged by his <strong>of</strong>ficers served seven<br />
months <strong>and</strong> twenty too days his service as five Years but Short Terms except as above stated he at that time<br />
received a Discharge from Col. Clark.”<br />
Joseph Johnson: “[Col. Thomas] Taylor had discovered Tarleton’s corps, about fifteen miles from Blackstock[’]s,<br />
<strong>and</strong> sent expresses to <strong>in</strong>form Sumter <strong>of</strong> his approach. Taylor, likewise, sent two detachments <strong>of</strong> his men to<br />
watch <strong>and</strong> retard Tarleton’s approach. They were ordered to occupy <strong>the</strong> brow <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hills, near <strong>the</strong> road, by<br />
which Tarleton was advanc<strong>in</strong>g. The first was ordered to fire upon <strong>the</strong> enemy, as soon as <strong>the</strong>y came with<strong>in</strong> gunshot;<br />
<strong>the</strong>n to retreat, <strong>and</strong> occupy ano<strong>the</strong>r hill on Tarleton’s route. The second was to do <strong>the</strong> same, <strong>and</strong> thus to<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>the</strong>ir fire alternately, from one hill-top to ano<strong>the</strong>r. By this means, Tarleton was retarded at every<br />
elevation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> road, <strong>and</strong> Sumter notified <strong>of</strong> his position; <strong>the</strong> two detachments co-operat<strong>in</strong>g, susta<strong>in</strong>ed each<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir alternate movements. Sumter was thus enabled to choose his positions, before Tarleton could<br />
<strong>com</strong>e up, <strong>and</strong> his men coolly reserved <strong>the</strong>ir fire until it could be effectual on <strong>the</strong>ir foes…The Americans never<br />
fought better than at Backstocks, <strong>and</strong> were much encouraged by <strong>the</strong>ir success.” 1645<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “Sumter’s left flank, where <strong>the</strong> hill was less precipitous. Here he was met by a little b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> one<br />
hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty Georgia militia, under Twiggs <strong>and</strong> Jackson, who, like veterans <strong>of</strong> many wars, stood firm, <strong>and</strong><br />
made a noble resistance for a long time, until ho<strong>of</strong>, <strong>and</strong> saber, <strong>and</strong> pistol, bore too hard upon <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y<br />
gave way. At that moment, <strong>the</strong> rifles <strong>of</strong> a reserve, under Colonel W<strong>in</strong>n, <strong>and</strong> a sharp fire from <strong>the</strong> log-barn,<br />
decided <strong>the</strong> day. Tarleton fled, leav<strong>in</strong>g nearly two hundred upon <strong>the</strong> field. Of <strong>the</strong>se, more than n<strong>in</strong>ety were<br />
killed, <strong>and</strong> nearly one hundred wounded. The Americans lost only three killed <strong>and</strong> five wounded. Among <strong>the</strong><br />
latter was General Sumter, who received a ball <strong>in</strong> his breast early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action, <strong>and</strong> was taken to <strong>the</strong> rear, when<br />
Colonel Twiggs assumed <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>.” 1646<br />
Col. Charles Myddleton, from his after battle report: “The conflict was warm, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy were repulsed;<br />
<strong>the</strong>y rallied, made a second charge, <strong>and</strong> were repulsed aga<strong>in</strong>; <strong>the</strong>y made a third, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> people <strong>in</strong> front were<br />
obliged to yield to <strong>the</strong> impression, but <strong>the</strong> fire from <strong>the</strong> em<strong>in</strong>ence gave <strong>the</strong>m such an effectual check, that <strong>the</strong>y<br />
quitted <strong>the</strong> field <strong>in</strong> great disorder, <strong>and</strong> retired with <strong>the</strong> utmost precipitation. We pursued, but <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong><br />
night prevented our tak<strong>in</strong>g advantage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir plight.” 1647<br />
Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> his letter to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton December 3 rd wrote: “The enemy on this event [Fishdam Ford, see 9<br />
November] cried Victory <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole Country came <strong>in</strong> fast to jo<strong>in</strong> Sumpter, who passed <strong>the</strong> Broad River <strong>and</strong><br />
1639 TCS p. 179.<br />
1640 TCS p. 204.<br />
1641 BGC p. 109.<br />
1642 TCS p. 179.<br />
1643 RBG p. 119.<br />
1644 BGC p. 109.<br />
1645 JTR pp. 539-540.<br />
1646 LFB2 pp. 446-447.<br />
1647 BGC p. 109.<br />
316
jo<strong>in</strong>ed Branan, Clarke [Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on, Elijah Clark] &c; I detached Major [Archibald] McArthur with <strong>the</strong> 1 st<br />
Battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d Regt, after hav<strong>in</strong>g sent my Aid de Camp Lieut [John] Money to take <strong>the</strong><br />
Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> it, to Brierley’s Ferry on Broad River, <strong>in</strong> order to cover our Mills, <strong>and</strong> to give some check to <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy’s march to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. At <strong>the</strong> same time I recalled Lieut Col. Tarleton from <strong>the</strong> Low Country. Tarleton<br />
was so fortunate as to pass not only <strong>the</strong> Wateree but <strong>the</strong> Broad River without Genl Sumpter’s be<strong>in</strong>g apprized <strong>of</strong><br />
it, who hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>creased his Corps to one thous<strong>and</strong>, had passed <strong>the</strong> Ennoree <strong>and</strong> was on <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> Attack<strong>in</strong>g<br />
our hundred Militia at Williams’s House [James Williams’ also Williams’ Fort], fifteen miles from N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, <strong>and</strong><br />
where I believe He would not have met with much resistance. Lt Col. Tarleton would have surprized [sic] him on<br />
<strong>the</strong> South <strong>of</strong> Ennoree had not a deserter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d given notice <strong>of</strong> his march; He however cut to pieces his rear<br />
guard <strong>in</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g that River, <strong>and</strong> pursued his ma<strong>in</strong> body with such rapidity that he could not safely pass <strong>the</strong><br />
Tyger, <strong>and</strong> was obliged to halt on a very strong position at a place called Black Stocks, close to it; Tarleton had<br />
with him only his Cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d mounted, his Infantry <strong>and</strong> 3 Pounder be<strong>in</strong>g several miles beh<strong>in</strong>d; The<br />
Enemy not be<strong>in</strong>g able to retreat with safety, <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s approach <strong>and</strong> want <strong>of</strong> Infantry, by<br />
a Woman who passed him on <strong>the</strong> March, <strong>and</strong> contrived, by a nearer Road to get to <strong>the</strong>m, were encouraged by<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir great superiority <strong>of</strong> numbers, <strong>and</strong> began to fire on <strong>the</strong> 63d who were dismounted, Lt Col. Tarleton to save<br />
<strong>the</strong>m from considerable loss, was obliged to Attack, altho’ at some hazard; <strong>and</strong> drove <strong>the</strong> enemy with loss over<br />
<strong>the</strong> River. Sumpter was dangerously wounded, three <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Colonels Killed, <strong>and</strong> about 120 Men Killed, Wounded<br />
or taken. On our side about 50 were Killed & wounded; Lieuts Gibson & Cope <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d were amongst <strong>the</strong><br />
former, <strong>and</strong> my Aid de Camp Lieut Money, who was a most promis<strong>in</strong>g Officer, died <strong>of</strong> his Wounds a few days<br />
after. Lt Col. Tarleton as soon as he had taken care <strong>of</strong> his wounded, pursued & dispersed <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g part <strong>of</strong><br />
Sumpter’s Corps, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n hav<strong>in</strong>g assembled some Militia under Mr Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, whom I appo<strong>in</strong>ted Brigr General<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>of</strong> that district, <strong>and</strong> who has by far <strong>the</strong> greatest <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>in</strong> that Country; He returned to <strong>the</strong><br />
Broad River, where he at present rema<strong>in</strong>s, as well as Major McArthur <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood [sic] <strong>of</strong> Brierley’s<br />
ferry.<br />
“It is not easy for Lt Col. Tarleton to add to <strong>the</strong> reputation He has acquired <strong>in</strong> this Prov<strong>in</strong>ce but <strong>the</strong> defeat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
1000 Men posted on very strong ground <strong>and</strong> occupy<strong>in</strong>g log-houses, with 190 Cavalry <strong>and</strong> 80 Infantry, is a pro<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
that Spirit <strong>and</strong> those talents which must render <strong>the</strong> most essential services to his Country. -- Lt Col. Tarleton<br />
<strong>com</strong>mends much <strong>the</strong> good behaviour [sic] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Officers <strong>and</strong> Men under his Comm<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> He particularly<br />
mentions Lieut Sk<strong>in</strong>ner <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 16 th Regt <strong>of</strong> Infantry, who does duty with <strong>the</strong> Legion, as hav<strong>in</strong>g dist<strong>in</strong>guished<br />
himself.” 1648<br />
Tarleton: “The whole position was visible, ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> elevation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ground, <strong>and</strong> this formidable appearance<br />
made Tarleton halt upon <strong>the</strong> opposite height, where he <strong>in</strong>tended to rema<strong>in</strong> quiet till his <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> three<br />
pounder arrived: To encourage <strong>the</strong> enemy to do <strong>the</strong> same, he dismounted <strong>the</strong> 63d to take post, <strong>and</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
cavalry to ease <strong>the</strong>ir horses. Sumpter observ<strong>in</strong>g this operation, ordered a body <strong>of</strong> four hundred Americans to<br />
advance, <strong>and</strong> attack <strong>the</strong> 63d <strong>in</strong> front, whilst ano<strong>the</strong>r party approached <strong>the</strong> dragoons <strong>in</strong> flank. A heavy fire <strong>and</strong><br />
sharp conflict ensued: The 63d charged with fixed bayonets, <strong>and</strong> drove <strong>the</strong> enemy back; <strong>and</strong> a troop <strong>of</strong> cavalry,<br />
under Lieutenant Sk<strong>in</strong>ner, bravely repulsed <strong>the</strong> detachment which threatened <strong>the</strong> flank. The ardour [sic] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
63d carried <strong>the</strong>m too far, <strong>and</strong> exposed <strong>the</strong>m to a considerable fire from <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>. Though<br />
<strong>the</strong> undertak<strong>in</strong>g appeared hazardous, Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton determ<strong>in</strong>ed to charge <strong>the</strong> enemy’s center<br />
with a column <strong>of</strong> dragoons, <strong>in</strong> order to cover <strong>the</strong> 63d, whose situation was now be<strong>com</strong>e dangerous. The attack<br />
was conducted with great celerity, <strong>and</strong> was attended with immediate success. The cavalry soon reached <strong>the</strong><br />
houses, <strong>and</strong> broke <strong>the</strong> Americans, who from that <strong>in</strong>stant began to disperse: The 63d immediately rallied, <strong>and</strong><br />
darkness put an end to <strong>the</strong> engagement. A pursuit across a river, with a few troops <strong>of</strong> cavalry, <strong>and</strong> a small body<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, was not advisable <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night; a position was <strong>the</strong>refore taken adjo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> battle, to<br />
wait <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>and</strong> legion <strong>in</strong>fantry.<br />
“An express was sent to acqua<strong>in</strong>t Earl Cornwallis with <strong>the</strong> success <strong>of</strong> his troops, <strong>and</strong> patroles [sic] were<br />
dispatched over <strong>the</strong> river at dawn, to discover if any part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> a body: Intelligence was<br />
soon brought across <strong>the</strong> Tyger, that <strong>the</strong> corps was entirely dispersed, except a party <strong>of</strong> one hundred, who<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> a <strong>com</strong>pact state, <strong>in</strong> order to escort General Sumpter, who was wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action. This news,<br />
<strong>and</strong> some rumours <strong>of</strong> approach<strong>in</strong>g re<strong>in</strong>forcements, impelled Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton to follow <strong>the</strong> late<br />
advantage, by pursu<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fugitives; which would prevent <strong>the</strong>ir rally<strong>in</strong>g to assist <strong>the</strong>ir friends, if <strong>the</strong> report was<br />
true concern<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir advance. Accord<strong>in</strong>gly, leav<strong>in</strong>g a guard to protect <strong>the</strong> wounded, he aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>menced his<br />
march: The men who had rema<strong>in</strong>ed with <strong>the</strong>ir general s<strong>in</strong>ce his misfortune, upon hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
British, placed him <strong>in</strong> a litter between two horses, <strong>and</strong> dispersed through <strong>the</strong> woods. After a toilsome pursuit <strong>of</strong><br />
three days, <strong>in</strong> which a few stragglers were secured, <strong>in</strong>telligence was obta<strong>in</strong>ed that General Sumpter had been<br />
conducted across <strong>the</strong> country by five faithful adherents, till he was removed out <strong>of</strong> danger. Tarleton upon<br />
receiv<strong>in</strong>g this news, <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g no far<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> an advanc<strong>in</strong>g enemy, retired slowly to<br />
Blackstock’s.” 1649<br />
MacKenzie: “Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton, without wait<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> his detachment, made a precipitate<br />
attack with one hundred <strong>and</strong> seventy dragoons, <strong>and</strong> eighty men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d regiment, upon <strong>the</strong> enemy, under <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> General Sumpter, strongly posted on Blackstock Hill, <strong>and</strong> amount<strong>in</strong>g to about five hundred. That<br />
part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hill, to which <strong>the</strong> attack was directed, was nearly perpendicular, with a small rivulet, brush wood,<br />
<strong>and</strong> a railed fence <strong>in</strong> front. Their rear, <strong>and</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir right flank were secured by <strong>the</strong> river Tyger, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
left was covered by a large log barn, <strong>in</strong>to which a considerable division <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir force had been thrown, <strong>and</strong> from<br />
1648 COC pp. 46-48, SCP3 p. 24, SCV1 pp. 302-310.<br />
1649 TCS pp. 178-180.<br />
317
which, as <strong>the</strong> apertures between <strong>the</strong> logs served <strong>the</strong>m for loop holes, <strong>the</strong>y fired with security. British valour [sic]<br />
was conspicuous <strong>in</strong> this action; but no valour could surmount <strong>the</strong> obstacles <strong>and</strong> disadvantages that here stood <strong>in</strong><br />
its way. The 63d was roughly h<strong>and</strong>led; <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer, two o<strong>the</strong>rs, with one-third <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir privates, fell.<br />
Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton, observ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir situation, charged with his cavalry; unable to dislodge <strong>the</strong> enemy,<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r from <strong>the</strong> log barn or <strong>the</strong> height upon his left, he was obliged to fall back. Lieutenant Sk<strong>in</strong>ner, attached to<br />
<strong>the</strong> cavalry, with a presence <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d ever useful <strong>in</strong> such emergencies, covered <strong>the</strong> retreat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d. In this<br />
manner did <strong>the</strong> whole party cont<strong>in</strong>ue to retire, till <strong>the</strong>y formed a junction with <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>fantry, who were<br />
advanc<strong>in</strong>g to susta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, leav<strong>in</strong>g Sumpter <strong>in</strong> quiet possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> field. This <strong>of</strong>ficer occupied <strong>the</strong> hill for<br />
several hours, but hav<strong>in</strong>g received a bad wound, <strong>and</strong> know<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> British would be re<strong>in</strong>forced before next<br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g, he thought it hazardous to wait. He accord<strong>in</strong>gly retired, <strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g his wounded men with him, crossed<br />
<strong>the</strong> rapid river Tyger, while <strong>the</strong> victorious Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton retreated some distance, Parthian like,<br />
conquer<strong>in</strong>g as he flew. The wounded <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British detachment were left to <strong>the</strong> mercy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> it is<br />
but do<strong>in</strong>g bare justice to General Sumpter, to declare, that <strong>the</strong> strictest humanity took place upon <strong>the</strong> present<br />
occasion; <strong>the</strong>y were supplied with every <strong>com</strong>fort <strong>in</strong> his power.<br />
“You have been previously apprized, that <strong>the</strong> American historian [Ramsay], laudably, takes every opportunity to<br />
celebrate <strong>the</strong> actions, <strong>and</strong> record <strong>the</strong> death <strong>of</strong> those <strong>of</strong> his countrymen who fell <strong>in</strong> battle. He has, <strong>in</strong>deed,<br />
mentioned <strong>the</strong> wounds <strong>of</strong> General Sumpter, but is silent on <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> three Colonels described by our author<br />
[Tarleton.] The real truth is, that <strong>the</strong> Americans be<strong>in</strong>g well sheltered, susta<strong>in</strong>ed very <strong>in</strong>considerable loss <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
attack; <strong>and</strong> as for <strong>the</strong> three Colonels, <strong>the</strong>y must certa<strong>in</strong>ly have been imag<strong>in</strong>ary be<strong>in</strong>gs, ‘Men <strong>in</strong> buckram,’<br />
created merely to grace <strong>the</strong> triumph <strong>of</strong> a victory, which <strong>the</strong> British army <strong>in</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a were led to celebrate,<br />
amidst <strong>the</strong> contempt <strong>and</strong> derision <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants, who had much better <strong>in</strong>formation.” 1650<br />
Richard W<strong>in</strong>n: “Sumter moves up <strong>the</strong> country; arrives at Blackstock’s on Tyger River 16 th <strong>of</strong> November, leav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Colo. [Thomas] Taylor <strong>in</strong> his rear with fifty men <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir wagons to collect <strong>and</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> flour. Colo. Taylor with<br />
his party <strong>and</strong> wagons just passed <strong>the</strong> piquets [sic] when <strong>the</strong>y fired on <strong>the</strong> enemy; <strong>and</strong>, as Tarleton meant a<br />
surprise, Colo. Taylor’s party <strong>and</strong> wagons <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British horse all run <strong>in</strong> toge<strong>the</strong>r, which made a great noise as<br />
<strong>the</strong>y had to pass over a poled cosway [causeway] for two or three hundred yards. All this took place <strong>in</strong> such a<br />
hurry <strong>and</strong> unexpected, we had only three or four m<strong>in</strong>uits [sic] to make disposition <strong>of</strong> our men. The Georgians<br />
were on <strong>the</strong> left under Cols. Clarke [Elijah Clark], [Benjam<strong>in</strong>] Few <strong>and</strong> Ch<strong>and</strong>ler [William C<strong>and</strong>ler]; Colo.<br />
[Edward] Lacey to <strong>the</strong> right, Colo. [William] Bratton, [William] Hill <strong>and</strong> Taylor <strong>in</strong> front; also a Colonel [Henry]<br />
Hampton from high up Broad River was thrown <strong>in</strong>to a log house with his party. Colo. W<strong>in</strong>n was <strong>in</strong> a small<br />
distance from <strong>the</strong> [k]noll on <strong>the</strong> top <strong>of</strong> Blackstock’s hill. This hill is high <strong>and</strong> steep <strong>and</strong> makes down to <strong>the</strong> road<br />
which passes at its base; <strong>and</strong> from this situation it was soon discovered by <strong>the</strong> Colonel it would be impossible for<br />
<strong>the</strong> horse to make an effectual charge on him. On <strong>the</strong> first onset, <strong>the</strong> enemy made a violent charge on <strong>the</strong><br />
Georgians which <strong>the</strong>y susta<strong>in</strong>ed manfully for some time; but <strong>the</strong>ir ground be<strong>in</strong>g open <strong>and</strong> level <strong>the</strong>y fell back<br />
over <strong>the</strong> river. Colo. Lacey’s be<strong>in</strong>g posted <strong>in</strong> a thick woody ground gave him a great advantage. When <strong>the</strong> British<br />
made an attempt to attack <strong>the</strong> front Lacey, fire<strong>in</strong>g [sic] on <strong>the</strong>m, jump<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong>ir horses rides out <strong>of</strong> site,<br />
loaded, mounted <strong>the</strong>ir horses, rode <strong>in</strong> gun shot, discharg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> like manner, <strong>and</strong> so <strong>of</strong>f aga<strong>in</strong>. In this way he kept<br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy at bay for at least two hours, tho [sic] <strong>the</strong>y had <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mean time made several attempts to dislodge<br />
<strong>the</strong> front which was immediately under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Gen’l Sumter.<br />
“The General <strong>in</strong> attempt<strong>in</strong>g to lead on his men received a bad wound <strong>in</strong> his shoulder. Colo. W<strong>in</strong>n was soon made<br />
acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with this by Capt. Henry Hampton, on <strong>of</strong> his aides. W<strong>in</strong>n requested Hampton to have <strong>the</strong> General<br />
taken <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> field <strong>and</strong> carried across <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> to say noth<strong>in</strong>g about it. In a short time after, Maj. James<br />
Jackson, afterwards a Major-General <strong>of</strong> Georgia, came to me <strong>and</strong> gave me to underst<strong>and</strong> that our men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
front was giv<strong>in</strong>g way, <strong>and</strong> ‘Sir,’ says he, ‘I will tell you <strong>the</strong> salvation <strong>of</strong> this country depends on this s<strong>in</strong>gle fight.’<br />
I told him we must try it. In above fifteen m<strong>in</strong>uits [sic] after this <strong>in</strong>formation from Maj. Jackson, <strong>the</strong> fire<strong>in</strong>g [sic]<br />
ceased from every quarter; my men was all fresh, as <strong>the</strong>y not be<strong>in</strong>g engaged, <strong>in</strong> a l<strong>in</strong>e on top <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hill, I made<br />
<strong>the</strong>m set down to prevent discovery about five yards from each o<strong>the</strong>r to make <strong>the</strong> greatest shew [sic] possible,<br />
<strong>and</strong> when I gave <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong> word <strong>the</strong>y was to jump up, set up <strong>the</strong> Indian hollo <strong>and</strong> run down <strong>the</strong> hill on <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
<strong>and</strong> to fire as <strong>the</strong>y run, at <strong>the</strong> same time have bullets <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir mouths <strong>and</strong> powder <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir pockets. In a few<br />
m<strong>in</strong>uits [sic] <strong>the</strong> British horse advanced, as appeared with great caution at <strong>the</strong> foot <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hill; <strong>and</strong> when <strong>the</strong>y<br />
got to <strong>the</strong> far end <strong>of</strong> our l<strong>in</strong>e I gave <strong>the</strong> word. The <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men obeyed, <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>stant <strong>the</strong> horse<br />
whealed [sic] right about <strong>and</strong> it did appear to me whose horse could run fastest was <strong>the</strong> cleaverest [sic] fellow.<br />
Thus ended <strong>the</strong> battle, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy began to retreat. I sent a small party after <strong>the</strong>m to watch <strong>the</strong>ir motion.<br />
On <strong>the</strong>ir return <strong>the</strong>y reported Tarleton had taken up camp <strong>in</strong> two miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battleground. I <strong>the</strong>n moved <strong>the</strong><br />
men from <strong>the</strong> hill to where <strong>the</strong> first attack began, collected what <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m I could <strong>and</strong> had <strong>the</strong>m paraded. By this<br />
time night was <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g on <strong>and</strong> it was beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g to ra<strong>in</strong>. I ordered a party out to exam<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong> ground, collect as<br />
many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy as could be found <strong>and</strong> take <strong>the</strong>m to Blackstock’s house, <strong>and</strong> requested <strong>the</strong>y might be well<br />
treated. From <strong>the</strong> position Tarleton had taken I was conv<strong>in</strong>ced he meant to try <strong>the</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess aga<strong>in</strong>. I left a party<br />
on <strong>the</strong> ground with orders to make a long row <strong>of</strong> fires, <strong>and</strong> marched <strong>of</strong>f to where Sumter lay; found that <strong>the</strong><br />
doctor had just extracted <strong>the</strong> ball. I got one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men to light a torch <strong>and</strong> immediately wrote to Gen’l<br />
Smallwood <strong>and</strong> acqua<strong>in</strong>ted him <strong>of</strong> what was done here <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> Fishdam, which he received by my express,<br />
Capt. Andrew Love. Sumter wounded, <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men worn down with fatigue <strong>and</strong> hunger, it was thought<br />
advisable to move up <strong>the</strong> country, cross Broad River <strong>and</strong> halt <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> New Acquisition to refresh.<br />
“But to return to Colo. Tarleton: I could wish I had it <strong>in</strong> my power to say as much <strong>of</strong> his humanity as he has done<br />
<strong>of</strong> ours. This <strong>of</strong>ficer makes his retreat good to W<strong>in</strong>nsborough, but on his way he hangs Esq’r [John] Johnston, a<br />
respectable citizen with a large family. What was his crime, I know not, unless tak<strong>in</strong>g up arms on <strong>the</strong> American<br />
1650 MST pp. 75-78, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> reference to RSC2 pp. 366-367.<br />
318
side. He took every old man <strong>and</strong> stout boy he could f<strong>in</strong>d, carried <strong>the</strong>m to <strong>the</strong> Borough, <strong>the</strong>re reported <strong>and</strong> made<br />
<strong>the</strong>m prisoners at Blackstock’s. These unfortunate people was sent <strong>and</strong> conf<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Camden goal except some <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m discovered to be Tories, where <strong>the</strong>y lay for a considerable time without friends or money.<br />
“In this action at Blackstock <strong>the</strong>re was not a prisoner on ei<strong>the</strong>r side carried from <strong>the</strong> ground. The Americans had<br />
five or six wounded, but not a man killed. The loss on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British was considerable.” 1651<br />
Saye (draw<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> rem<strong>in</strong>iscences <strong>of</strong> Maj. Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong>): “No sooner was <strong>the</strong> news <strong>of</strong> this disaster carried<br />
to Cornwallis than he ordered Tarleton from <strong>the</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Marion to fall upon Sumter. Soon after <strong>the</strong> action at<br />
Fishdam, Sumter took up <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> march toward N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. At this time Capt. Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong>, feel<strong>in</strong>g<br />
sufficiently recruited to take <strong>the</strong> field once aga<strong>in</strong>, assembled as many <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> as possible <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
Sumter at Padget’s Creek, between <strong>the</strong> Tyger <strong>and</strong> Enoree Rivers. At <strong>the</strong> same time a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia from<br />
Georgia effected a junction with Sumter. McJunk<strong>in</strong> was <strong>the</strong>n appo<strong>in</strong>ted Major <strong>and</strong> received a <strong>com</strong>mission as<br />
such. This was probably to fill a vacancy occasioned by <strong>the</strong> death <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col. James Steen. Major William Farr<br />
subsequent to this is called Lieutenant Colonel <strong>in</strong> Major McJunk<strong>in</strong>’s written narrative. Hence <strong>the</strong> writer<br />
concludes that Farr succeeded Steen, <strong>and</strong> McJunk<strong>in</strong> ranked next to Farr <strong>in</strong> Br<strong>and</strong>on’s regiment. Steen was killed<br />
some time previous to this <strong>in</strong> Rowan County, N. C., <strong>in</strong> an attempt to arrest some Tories.<br />
“Sumter’s march toward N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six was arrested by <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence that Col. Tarleton was follow<strong>in</strong>g him by<br />
forced marches with <strong>the</strong> manifest <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> fall<strong>in</strong>g upon him. He turned to <strong>the</strong> north, which placed <strong>the</strong> Enoree<br />
River <strong>in</strong> his front. He had barely passed this stream with his ma<strong>in</strong> body when Tarleton’s advance obstructed <strong>the</strong><br />
passage <strong>of</strong> his rear guard. Sumter, however, pushed on <strong>and</strong> was ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g ground on his pursuer. Tarleton,<br />
apprehensive that his fly<strong>in</strong>g foe would succeed <strong>in</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Tyger without h<strong>in</strong>drance, which was only a few<br />
miles <strong>in</strong> advance, left his artillery <strong>and</strong> such <strong>of</strong> his <strong>in</strong>fantry as he was unable to put on horseback, <strong>and</strong> pressed<br />
forward with double diligence. Sumter, hav<strong>in</strong>g reached <strong>the</strong> marg<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> that stream, took a strong position with a<br />
view <strong>of</strong> allow<strong>in</strong>g his troops to take refreshments. His ma<strong>in</strong> body occupied <strong>the</strong> hill on which Blackstock’s house<br />
was situated. The rear guard was left some distance beh<strong>in</strong>d on <strong>the</strong> road. The men <strong>com</strong>pos<strong>in</strong>g it set about gett<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir d<strong>in</strong>ner -- fires were built <strong>and</strong> dough rolled around sticks <strong>and</strong> set before <strong>the</strong> fire to bake. Just at this stage<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> preparations Tarleton’s force came <strong>in</strong> sight.<br />
“Major McJunk<strong>in</strong>, who was Officer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Day, immediately sent a messenger to Sumter to let him know that <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy were <strong>in</strong> sight. Orders were returned to <strong>com</strong>e up to <strong>the</strong> house. Tarleton hav<strong>in</strong>g viewed Sumter’s position,<br />
concluded to guard his opponent <strong>and</strong> hold him <strong>the</strong>re until <strong>the</strong> balance <strong>of</strong> his force should <strong>com</strong>e up. Sumter was<br />
not <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> metal to submit to such bondage. He drew up his force <strong>and</strong> called for volunteers to sally out <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>mence an action.<br />
“Col. Farr <strong>and</strong> McJunk<strong>in</strong> were <strong>the</strong> first to step out. When a number deemed sufficient were out, Gen. Sumter<br />
gave orders to advance, <strong>com</strong>mence <strong>the</strong> attack <strong>and</strong>, if necessary, fall back. The action was <strong>com</strong>menced with<br />
great spirit, <strong>the</strong> assail<strong>in</strong>g party gradually yield<strong>in</strong>g to superior numbers until Tarleton made a general charge with<br />
a view <strong>of</strong> push<strong>in</strong>g his adversary from his advantageous position. He was repulsed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first onset with a heavy<br />
loss. A second was tried with no better success, when he drew <strong>of</strong>f his whole force <strong>and</strong> left <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> conflict.<br />
The numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> respective parties are variously estimated. Tarleton’s is thought to have been 400, <strong>and</strong><br />
Sumter’s perhaps about equal. It is thought 150 Georgians were present under Col. Twiggs. There was a great<br />
disparity <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two parties. The British loss <strong>in</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> wounded amounted to near 200; that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans about one-sixth <strong>of</strong> that number. Among <strong>the</strong> wounded was Gen. Sumter, who received a bullet <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
breast, by which he was disabled for service for several months. The <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> now devolved on Col. Twiggs.<br />
“It was thought expedient to retreat that night, though it was near sun down when <strong>the</strong> enemy quit <strong>the</strong> field.<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g, a bier was constructed, upon which Gen. Sumter was carried between two horses. Not a few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
militia lodged that night among <strong>the</strong> Storys <strong>and</strong> McIllwa<strong>in</strong>es, twelve miles distant from <strong>the</strong> scene <strong>of</strong> action. The<br />
retreat was cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong> next day toward K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> York District. On <strong>the</strong> way thi<strong>the</strong>r a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Whigs encamped on Gilkie’s Creek. A pet Tory lived near where <strong>the</strong>y lay, <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m told him <strong>the</strong>y would<br />
press him <strong>in</strong>to service <strong>and</strong> take him along with <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g. To escape that disaster he took a chisel<br />
that night <strong>and</strong> cut <strong>of</strong>f one <strong>of</strong> his toes.<br />
“In <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g after <strong>the</strong> battle Tarleton returned to <strong>the</strong> battle ground <strong>and</strong>, f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g his opponent gone, hung<br />
John Johnson, a Whig who had been captured <strong>the</strong> day before. Mr. Johnson had taken protection some time <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> summer, as many o<strong>the</strong>rs had done, <strong>and</strong> when forced to fight had chosen to fight for liberty. His residence<br />
was on Tyger River <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Hamilton’s Ford, where some <strong>of</strong> his descendants may still be found. After<br />
<strong>the</strong> necessary arrangements were made, Tarleton renewed <strong>the</strong> pursuit <strong>and</strong> followed as far as Gr<strong>in</strong>dal [also<br />
Gr<strong>in</strong>dall’s] Shoals on Pacolet River. Here he spent a night. William Hodge, a peaceable citizen, resided two<br />
miles above <strong>the</strong> shoals. The next morn<strong>in</strong>g a little after sunrise Tarleton with his whole army came to <strong>the</strong> house<br />
<strong>of</strong> Mr. Hodge, took him prisoner, seized provisions <strong>and</strong> provender, killed up his stock, burned his fence <strong>and</strong><br />
house, <strong>and</strong> carried him <strong>of</strong>f, tell<strong>in</strong>g his wife as <strong>the</strong>y started that he should be hung on <strong>the</strong> first crooked tree on<br />
<strong>the</strong> road. He was carried to Camden <strong>and</strong> put <strong>in</strong> jail. Some time <strong>in</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g April he made his escape by cutt<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> grat<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>dow, with some o<strong>the</strong>rs.” 1652<br />
20-23 November. Gov. John Rutledge, at Salisbury on <strong>the</strong> 20 th , to <strong>the</strong> Delegates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a assembly:<br />
“…I will <strong>the</strong>refore give you an exact Relation <strong>of</strong> Matters, as <strong>the</strong>y are at present -- The Enemy have a post (strong<br />
wth Redoubts) <strong>of</strong> betwn 5 & 600 Men at Camden where Lord Rawdon <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s -- ano<strong>the</strong>r, fortified, <strong>of</strong> ab[ou]t.<br />
300 at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six under [John Harris] Cruger -- one at Augusta, ab[ou]t. <strong>the</strong> same Number under [loyalist,<br />
Thomas] Brown -- & Lord Cornwallis is, with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> Army, ab[ou]t. 1600 Reg[ugla]rs, at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough, on<br />
1651 WNO, Richard W<strong>in</strong>n, part II, pp. 4-6<br />
1652 SJM.<br />
319
Broad River, ab[ou]t. 45 Miles from Congaree, & <strong>the</strong> same distance from Camden & N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six -- So that he may,<br />
pretty readily, re<strong>in</strong>force Camden, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, or Augusta, or draw his Troops from <strong>the</strong>se posts to his ma<strong>in</strong> Body,<br />
&, with that, or his whole Army, retreat down, or advance up, <strong>the</strong> Country, as Circumstances render most<br />
eligible -- Smallwood & Morgan are at 6 Mile Creek, <strong>in</strong> this State, ab[ou]t. 16 Miles below Charlotte (on <strong>the</strong> Road<br />
to Camden) with ab[ou]t. 200 regulars, 1100 militia & 150 Cavalry -- Gates is just march<strong>in</strong>g from hence, to jo<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m, w[it]h ab[ou]t. 600 Regulars, & Sumpter lay, a few days ago, between Tyger & Enoree Rivers, w[hic]h. (it<br />
is said) ab[out]. 1000 Militia, but, I believe he has moved more Westwardly, with a View <strong>of</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g a Blow to a<br />
party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy, <strong>in</strong> that Direction -- Genl. [John] Butler is here, with ab[ou]t. 150 Men, guard<strong>in</strong>g Prisoners --<br />
Genl. [Edward] Stevens is at Hillsboro., (& ord[ere]d. from <strong>the</strong>nce hi<strong>the</strong>r,) w[hic]h some Virg<strong>in</strong>ia 8 Month[’]s Men<br />
(Militia who deserted <strong>in</strong> Gates’s action, & who are condd. to serve for 8 Months, on that acco[un]t.) &, ab[ou]t<br />
260 Men are, somewhere <strong>in</strong> Virga. on <strong>the</strong> March from Maryl<strong>and</strong> -- Genl. Harr<strong>in</strong>gton is stationed at Cheraws,<br />
w[ith] ab[out]. 250 Men, whose Term <strong>of</strong> duty is nearly expired -- A Colo. [Thomas] Brown, <strong>of</strong> this Country, is<br />
travell<strong>in</strong>g near him, w[it]h. ab[ou]t. 150 or 200 Men, & Colo. Marion is mov<strong>in</strong>g ab[out]. on Pedee & K<strong>in</strong>gston,<br />
with perhaps 300 -- Thus you see what force, & <strong>of</strong> what k<strong>in</strong>d, we really have on <strong>the</strong> Ground, & how it is<br />
scattered -- However, I hope that, as soon as Genl. Green[e] arrives, he will collect ’em to a good tenable<br />
Position, &, occasionally detach strong Parties to oppose <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s light Troops who do <strong>the</strong> most Mischief, to<br />
harass <strong>the</strong> Enemy, circumscribe <strong>the</strong>ir Limits, & <strong>in</strong> Time oblige, ’em to retire to Ch.Town, & give us an<br />
opportunity <strong>of</strong> reestablish<strong>in</strong>g Civil Government, <strong>in</strong> some part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country, <strong>of</strong> elect<strong>in</strong>g, & conven<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
Legislature, & <strong>of</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g & enforc<strong>in</strong>g Laws -- but, this will not be <strong>the</strong> Work <strong>of</strong> a day -- when, or whe<strong>the</strong>r, we<br />
shall recover <strong>the</strong> Town, must depend on Events not to be foreseen, at present -- here at least -- I wish, however,<br />
<strong>the</strong> Spaniards may really do what <strong>the</strong>y threaten, & that Aid from our Allies was more powerful & successful --<br />
<strong>the</strong> Colo; & Justices <strong>of</strong> Surry County took upon ’em to release all <strong>the</strong> No. Carol<strong>in</strong>a Tories taken <strong>in</strong> Ferguson[’]s<br />
defeat, on giv<strong>in</strong>g Bail to appear at Courtbut, I imag<strong>in</strong>e many, if not all <strong>of</strong> ’em will return to <strong>the</strong> Enemy 1653 --<br />
<strong>the</strong>y put <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers on Parol, <strong>the</strong>y have broke it & gone <strong>of</strong>f, probably to <strong>the</strong> Enemy—& <strong>the</strong>y enlisted <strong>the</strong> So.<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a Tories taken <strong>in</strong> that defeat, (116) to serve <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Contl. Army, 6 Months -- However, 30 <strong>of</strong> ’em ran<br />
away, on <strong>the</strong> March from <strong>the</strong> Moravian Towns to this place -- <strong>the</strong> rest (76) were released from <strong>the</strong>ir Enlistment,<br />
& are here <strong>in</strong> Goal -- this was a strange & unaccountable step <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Colo. & Magistrates -- A Colo. Clevel<strong>and</strong><br />
[Benjam<strong>in</strong> Cleavl<strong>and</strong>] hung 8 or 10 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most noted horse Thieves & Tories (<strong>of</strong> No. Carol<strong>in</strong>a,) taken <strong>in</strong><br />
Ferguson[’]s defeat, & Lord Cornwallis has <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>ed to Smallwood <strong>of</strong> such Cruelty, tho’ he & those Act<strong>in</strong>g<br />
under him have hanged many more <strong>of</strong> our People -- It is said (& I believe it,) that, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Prisoners whom Barr<br />
took at Augusta, he gave up 4 to <strong>the</strong> Indians, who killed ’em, cut <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong>ir Heads & kicked <strong>the</strong>ir Bodies ab[out].<br />
<strong>the</strong> Streets, & that he, (Brown,) hung upwards <strong>of</strong> 30 Prisoners -- his Lordship <strong>the</strong>refore has mistaken <strong>the</strong> Side on<br />
which <strong>the</strong> Cruelty lies -- Gates has carried <strong>the</strong> Letter wth. him; However, I will send you a copy <strong>of</strong> it, & <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Answer, wch. will be sent to it, when one is sent -- I am endeavour<strong>in</strong>g to procure au<strong>the</strong>ntick Information,<br />
respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g, House Burn<strong>in</strong>g, Plunder<strong>in</strong>g, & o<strong>the</strong>r Cruelties, & Acts <strong>of</strong> Barbarity <strong>com</strong>mitted by <strong>the</strong><br />
British <strong>in</strong> So. Carol<strong>in</strong>a & Georgia, & shall resolve, when I have obta<strong>in</strong>ed it, what to do, or write & to whom on<br />
those Po<strong>in</strong>ts -- I do not chuse to take up <strong>the</strong> Matter, with[out]. good Authority -- From a letter dated <strong>the</strong> 4 th .<br />
In[stance]., wrote by Leslie to C[ornwallis]…it appears that <strong>the</strong> plan <strong>of</strong> those Generals was to have formed a<br />
Junction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Troops under <strong>the</strong>ir respective Comm<strong>and</strong>s -- that <strong>the</strong>y hoped to do so <strong>in</strong> this State, & expected to<br />
have been powerfully aided by <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>of</strong> this Country: However, Fergusons defeat has frustrated that plan, &<br />
I hope it will never take Effect -- but I th<strong>in</strong>k it probable that Lord C[ornwallis]. will call for Leslie’s Troops, or<br />
some o<strong>the</strong>r Re<strong>in</strong>forcement, to <strong>the</strong> Southward -- if so, We shall have more Trouble than we o<strong>the</strong>rwise should -- I<br />
omitted to mention, that <strong>the</strong>re are some (a few) Regulars still at Hillsboro, who cannot, march, for want <strong>of</strong><br />
shoes & cloaths -- Lord Cornwallis has proposed to exchange <strong>the</strong> People taken on K<strong>in</strong>gs Mounta<strong>in</strong>, for our Militia,<br />
<strong>in</strong> his h<strong>and</strong>s, but, I th<strong>in</strong>k that proposal must not be accepted -- Genl. Huger tells me, he wrote you an Acc[oun]t.<br />
<strong>of</strong> Sumpter’s successful Resistance <strong>of</strong> Major Wemys[s]’s Attack [Fish Dam Ford, 9 Nov.], <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> his hav<strong>in</strong>g taken<br />
that <strong>of</strong>ficer -- he is a valuable acquisition to us, but, I am sorry to f<strong>in</strong>d that he is only slightly wounded, & likely<br />
to recover -- I wish he may not give Sumpter <strong>the</strong> slip, for he keeps him with him…”<br />
On <strong>the</strong> 23 rd , Rutledge <strong>the</strong>n added this postcript: “The person by whom this is to go, not hav<strong>in</strong>g set out, as he<br />
promised, I’ve kept it open to add any Th<strong>in</strong>g which might occur before he went -- Colo. or Major Davy [Davie] (<strong>of</strong><br />
which gallant Officer with[ou]t. Doubt you have heard,) is just <strong>com</strong>e up, from Smallwoods Camp -- which is still<br />
as above mentioned -- Col: Davy’s Report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Strength & posts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy, & <strong>of</strong> ours, is much <strong>the</strong> same as<br />
above, except that Lord C[ornwallis] -- has moved somewhat lower down <strong>the</strong> Country, & so has Sumpter -- <strong>the</strong><br />
latter is below his Lordship, ab[ou]t. S:W. <strong>of</strong> him -– C[ornwallis]: is at Shivers Ferry [Shiroe’s Ferry], on <strong>the</strong><br />
E[ast]:Side <strong>of</strong> Broad River -- Sumpter below that Ferry, between Broad & Saluda -- his present object is to<br />
collect a force, & by go<strong>in</strong>g so low down <strong>the</strong> Country, give those who are desirous, an opportunity, to jo<strong>in</strong> him --<br />
Davy says Tarl[e]ton is <strong>in</strong> Quest <strong>of</strong> Marion, & do<strong>in</strong>g much mischief <strong>in</strong> burn<strong>in</strong>g houses on Santee -- I wish Lee’s<br />
Corps [Lee’s Legion] were <strong>com</strong>e, but fear <strong>the</strong>y will stop <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia -- Davy fur<strong>the</strong>r adds, that <strong>the</strong> Enemy mount<br />
many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Infantry, <strong>in</strong> order to proceed rapidly, with <strong>the</strong>ir Cavalry, <strong>the</strong> latter <strong>of</strong> which consists <strong>of</strong>, at least,<br />
250 good -- I fear <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia 18 Months men will not <strong>com</strong>e on, (for Genl. Mulenburgh [Muhlenberg], who was on<br />
<strong>the</strong> March Southwardly, with 1500, turned back) unless <strong>the</strong> Enemy sh[oul]d. leave Virg<strong>in</strong>ia & I am sorry to f<strong>in</strong>d<br />
that we must rely so much on our own Efforts. I mean on those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a’s…” 1654<br />
21 November. Charles Coleman to Cornwallis: “I Desire to <strong>in</strong>form your Lordship that on this day I parted with<br />
Colonel Tarelton [sic] on Tiger River where he <strong>the</strong> Day Before fought Sumter’s Brigade <strong>of</strong> Rebels Ho [i.e., who]<br />
he Disperst [sic]. Col Tarlton Retreated about a [mile?] which gave <strong>the</strong> Rebels an opportunity <strong>of</strong> Return<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
1653 As we not <strong>in</strong>frequently f<strong>in</strong>d is <strong>the</strong> case <strong>in</strong> such <strong>in</strong>stances, Rutledge’s prediction proved uncannily correct.<br />
1654 The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVII, Oct., 1916, pp. 142-146.<br />
320
Carried <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir dead <strong>and</strong> wounded tho I saw some dead <strong>and</strong> som [sic] wounded. <strong>the</strong> general Sumter is sayd to be<br />
mortally wounded. I also would wish to <strong>in</strong>form you that on <strong>the</strong> forth <strong>in</strong>stant <strong>the</strong> rebels tuck [took] me prisoner &<br />
treated me <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most unhumanist [sic] maner [sic] <strong>the</strong>y could whilst <strong>the</strong> 20 on which <strong>the</strong> g<strong>in</strong>aral [sic] giv [sic]<br />
me a sort <strong>of</strong> parol [parole] which I send to you to let your Lord ship see <strong>the</strong> form <strong>the</strong>n <strong>of</strong> which I exsepted [sic]<br />
<strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong> forfit [sic] <strong>of</strong> all that Ey [sic] had I have no more to [rite?] but that I would gladly <strong>com</strong> Before you<br />
But I am wounded & very unwell god save <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>g all from your most humble” 1655<br />
22 November. Tarleton, at “Black Stokes,” “7 oclock A.M.,” wrote Cornwallis “I have no Baggage consequently<br />
no Cypher -- I trust for this short Letter no Accident -- I yesterday cut Sumpter[’]s rear Guard to pieces on<br />
Ennoree -- I pursued his trail with great rapidity & had an action on this ground last Night with <strong>the</strong> Cavalry & 63d<br />
only--<br />
“Sumpter is defeated, his Corps dispersed & himself dangerously wounded. The ground was difficult. But Night<br />
came on & for want <strong>of</strong> more Infantry I coud [sic] not immediately pursue <strong>the</strong> Blow -- Three young men who were<br />
<strong>of</strong> Ferguson[’]s Corps have promis’d to fix Sumpter immediately. I have promis’d <strong>the</strong>m for <strong>the</strong> Deed 50 G.<br />
[gu<strong>in</strong>eas] each <strong>in</strong> case he falls <strong>in</strong>to my H<strong>and</strong>s--<br />
“But my Lord I have lost Men -- 50 killed & wounded & Officers which are losses to <strong>the</strong> public Service. Poor<br />
Money is wounded but not dangerously -- Gibson <strong>and</strong> Cope kill’d Also numrous [sic] Legion wounded <strong>and</strong> every<br />
Officer <strong>the</strong>re my own <strong>in</strong>cluded killd [sic] or wounded<br />
“The Rebels were <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Sumter[,] Clarke [Clark,] Lacy [Lacey] & Brannons [Br<strong>and</strong>on’s] Men were<br />
present, 1000 <strong>in</strong> all & were attacked by [i.e., we attacked with] 190 Cav.l [Cavalry] & 90 Inf.y [Infantry] on most<br />
unapproachable ground. I have wrote to McArthur to pass & br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> baggage. I shall take every immediate step<br />
boldly to suppress Insurrection…<br />
“N.B. <strong>the</strong> Enemy attack’d <strong>the</strong> 63d & forced me to Action before <strong>the</strong> Cannon Legion & Lt Infr [Light <strong>in</strong>fantry]<br />
could be brought up.” 1656<br />
22 November. Gates <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Salisbury with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army arrived at New Providence.<br />
Never<strong>the</strong>less, he left on <strong>the</strong> 27 th , <strong>and</strong> moved to Charlotte where <strong>the</strong>y erected huts with a m<strong>in</strong>d towards a more<br />
permanent encampment.” 1657<br />
22 November. Cornwallis, at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough, wrote to Tarleton: “I have ordered [Maj. Archibald] M’Arthur [with<br />
<strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt.] to proceed [from Brierly’s Ferry] to Calley’s ford on <strong>the</strong> Ennoree, <strong>and</strong> to wait orders with his<br />
battalion, send<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> baggage with a capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> fifty men: If you should want him it will make but little<br />
delay; if not, it will save him a long march.” 1658<br />
22 November. Greene <strong>and</strong> his staff reached Petersburg, VA. cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong>ir way southward to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn army. 1659<br />
23 November. Lieut. Col. John Harris Cruger, at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, to Cornwallis: “From <strong>the</strong> Country reports recd<br />
yesterday & this Day I presume <strong>the</strong> Communication between this by Shirers [Shirar’s also known as Brierly’s]<br />
Ferry is aga<strong>in</strong> open, & shall <strong>the</strong>refore trouble your Lordship with a Letter, tho’ noth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> any consequence has<br />
occurr’d s<strong>in</strong>ce I had <strong>the</strong> honor <strong>of</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g by Colo: [Patrick] Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham <strong>of</strong> 16 th Inst: I am exceed<strong>in</strong>g anxious to<br />
get some au<strong>the</strong>ntick [sic] Accnts [sic] <strong>of</strong> Colo: Tarleton’s success, my expectations have been great, <strong>the</strong><br />
prospect from <strong>the</strong> assurance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebels was favorable.<br />
“Last Week Colo [Thomas] Brown sent here from Augusta twenty horses for <strong>the</strong> Quartr Mastr Genl’s Department.<br />
I immediately acqua<strong>in</strong>ted Major [Richard] Engl<strong>and</strong> with it, & that Brown wod [sic] send <strong>in</strong> about ten days fifty<br />
more. -- We are <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g daily tho’ moderately our stock <strong>of</strong> provision.<br />
“Last Week Colo [Isaac] Allan lost a Sergeant & private who contrary to orders, were [stroll<strong>in</strong>g?] through <strong>the</strong><br />
Country & taken <strong>of</strong>f by some sculk<strong>in</strong>g [sic] fellows…<br />
“A Few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Inhabitants on Long Cane have been plunderd [sic] many more deserved it for <strong>the</strong>ir pusillanimous<br />
[sic] behaviour [sic], about forty to fifty rebels frighten’d <strong>the</strong> whole regiment, two or three Loyalists are killd, &<br />
many disarm’d [sic]: I th<strong>in</strong>k I shall never aga<strong>in</strong> look to <strong>the</strong> Militia for <strong>the</strong> least support, & I am conv<strong>in</strong>ced that it<br />
is <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gs Troops only that can hold this Country.” 1660<br />
23 November. Cornwallis wrote to Cruger say<strong>in</strong>g he was go<strong>in</strong>g to send Lt. Henry Haldane, an experienced<br />
eng<strong>in</strong>eer who at <strong>the</strong> time was draw<strong>in</strong>g plans for Camden, to help with <strong>the</strong> fortifications at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Haldane<br />
arrived at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, apparently, about 6 December. He found <strong>the</strong> exist<strong>in</strong>g works <strong>in</strong> a satisfactory condition, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> a much better state than he had expected -- <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al fortifications hav<strong>in</strong>g consisted <strong>of</strong> little more than a<br />
stockade <strong>of</strong> upright logs encircl<strong>in</strong>g a barn. But to fur<strong>the</strong>r streng<strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> now improved post, he implemented<br />
additional improvements, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>stallation <strong>of</strong> an abbatis <strong>and</strong> a Star shaped fort; which latter were only<br />
<strong>com</strong>pleted <strong>in</strong> May 1781. 1661<br />
1655 PRO. 30/11/4/170, SCP3 p. 397.<br />
1656 PRO. 30/11/4/173-174, SCP3 pp. 340-341.<br />
1657 GHA3 pp. 472-473, WDC p. 365.<br />
1658 TCS p. 202.<br />
1659 GLG3 p. 63.<br />
1660 PRO. 30/11/4/181-182, SCP3 p. 273.<br />
1661 Fann<strong>in</strong>g speaks <strong>of</strong> a fort erected earlier by <strong>the</strong> rebels at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. FNA p. 3. SCP3 p. 272, MST pp. 142-143, GNS pp. 25-26,<br />
88-92, 98-113, CON pp. 22-23.<br />
321
MacKenzie: “[The houses <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six] <strong>in</strong>tirely [sic] <strong>of</strong> wood, were <strong>com</strong>prised with<strong>in</strong> a stockade. The<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant immediately set <strong>the</strong> whole garrison, both <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men, to work, to throw up a bank, parapet<br />
high, around this stockade, <strong>and</strong> to streng<strong>the</strong>n it with an abbatis. Upon <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> village was a rav<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
through which ran a rivulet, that supplied <strong>the</strong> place with water. The county prison was fortified, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> rav<strong>in</strong>e upon one side, <strong>and</strong> a stockade on <strong>the</strong> left covered it on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r; but <strong>the</strong> only part <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se works which deserved <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> regular, was upon <strong>the</strong> right. This was planned some time before, by<br />
Lieutenant Haldane <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eng<strong>in</strong>eers, Aid de Camp to Earl Cornwallis; it consisted <strong>of</strong> sixteen salient <strong>and</strong> reenter<strong>in</strong>g<br />
angles, with a dry ditch, fraise <strong>and</strong> abbatis, <strong>and</strong> was called <strong>the</strong> STAR.” 1662<br />
Historian Jerome A. Greene: “Thus, <strong>the</strong> fortifications erected by <strong>the</strong> British [when more or less f<strong>in</strong>ished by <strong>the</strong><br />
British <strong>in</strong> May 1781] en<strong>com</strong>passed a variety <strong>of</strong> regular <strong>and</strong> irregular works consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tw<strong>in</strong> stockade with its<br />
bastions <strong>and</strong> blockhouses, <strong>the</strong> ear<strong>the</strong>n star fort to <strong>the</strong> north, <strong>the</strong> stockade fort to <strong>the</strong> west, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> jail redan on<br />
<strong>the</strong> west flank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> village, all <strong>of</strong> which were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by a network <strong>of</strong> ditches <strong>and</strong> trenches, <strong>the</strong>mselves r<strong>in</strong>ged<br />
with palisades <strong>and</strong> abates.” 1663<br />
23 November. About this time <strong>in</strong> November, Capt. John C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.Y. Volunteers, with 30 mounted<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantrymen, plus 20 laborers threw up a redoubt with 2 cannon at Upton Hill <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee.<br />
Lieut. Col. Samuel Tynes <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers, though taken prisoner by Marion earlier, had managed to<br />
escape; see Tearcoat Swamp, 25 October. Tynes was <strong>the</strong>n able to collect a few men <strong>and</strong> posted himself <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
redoubt C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> constructed. Even so, all but 20 <strong>of</strong> his men ab<strong>and</strong>oned it when frightened by false reports <strong>of</strong> an<br />
approach by Brig. Gen. Henry William Harr<strong>in</strong>gton. Not believ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 20 men left were sufficient to ac<strong>com</strong>plish<br />
anyth<strong>in</strong>g, Tynes let go his rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g men. After this <strong>in</strong>auspicious attempt to reunite his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, he h<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>in</strong><br />
his resignation to Rawdon; who, on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> December 8 th , accepted it, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> redoubt was left<br />
ab<strong>and</strong>oned. C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>’s own cont<strong>in</strong>gent, by early December, was <strong>in</strong>creased to 140, possibly to <strong>com</strong>pensate for<br />
Tynes’ withdrawal. 1664<br />
23 November. Brig. Gen. Henry William Harr<strong>in</strong>gton, at “Camp near Kershaw’s Ferry,” wrote Gates: “I have this<br />
day received Intelligence from Colo. Marian [Marion] that Major McLerath [McLeroth], with 200 British & Militia,<br />
with two Field pieces, crossed Santee, march to K<strong>in</strong>gstree & took Post <strong>the</strong>re on <strong>the</strong> 20 Instant. The Enemy have<br />
also established ano<strong>the</strong>r Post at S<strong>in</strong>gleton[’]s Mills, on <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> Santee, about 40 Miles below Cambden<br />
[sic]. The Colo. writes me that, by a Letter from Lord Rawdon, <strong>in</strong>tercepted by our People, <strong>the</strong> Enemy are about<br />
to mount a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers, 1665 with a View to Streng<strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> Post at K<strong>in</strong>gstree. Colo.<br />
Tarleton retreated to Cambden on <strong>the</strong> 10 or 11 th after receiv<strong>in</strong>g an Express from Lord Cornwallis. He published a<br />
Manifesto before he left Santee, assur<strong>in</strong>g Pardon to all who would return immediately to <strong>the</strong>ir Plantations,<br />
threaten<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>stant Fire & sword to those who did not <strong>com</strong>ply. This has had such an Effect that numbers have<br />
left Colo. Marian & gone Home.<br />
“I learn from Charles Town that 37 Sail <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cork Fleet have certa<strong>in</strong>ly arrived <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>ed 36,000 Barrels<br />
<strong>of</strong> Beef, Butter & Flour, (a great deal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> last damaged,) <strong>the</strong> same number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same Fleet arrived at<br />
Savannah & <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> that Fleet at New York. The Vessel captured <strong>of</strong>f Charles Town was a Brig from<br />
Glascow [Glasgow] <strong>of</strong> 18 Guns. She surrendered after a warm Engagement to a Privateer <strong>of</strong> 20 Guns from<br />
Newbern, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Capta<strong>in</strong> Stanley. This Fleet was by many <strong>in</strong> Town supposed to be <strong>the</strong> Comb<strong>in</strong>ed Fleet<br />
<strong>of</strong> France & Spa<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> made <strong>the</strong> Enemy look about <strong>the</strong>m. The Wea<strong>the</strong>r was hazy <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pilots did not care to<br />
trust to appearances. The Garrison <strong>of</strong> Chas. Town consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regiment, 200 Strong, 350 Hessians, be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
part <strong>of</strong> two Regiments, & 100 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d Regiment. The Charles Town Militia are eleven Companies, about 400<br />
dressed <strong>in</strong> Scarlet faced with blue; <strong>the</strong>y are kept to strict duty. A Polaise arrived <strong>the</strong>re on <strong>the</strong> 12 th ; she left<br />
Chesapeak[e] bay on <strong>the</strong> 5 th ; she brought accounts that <strong>the</strong> British [under Leslie] have burnt Hampton & had<br />
captured two Colonels & a Major <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Militia. The Scourge & two o<strong>the</strong>r Galleys, with <strong>the</strong> S<strong>and</strong>wich <strong>of</strong><br />
28 Guns <strong>and</strong> 2 or three more Armed Ships, were to sail immediately from Chas. Town to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, but not <strong>the</strong><br />
least word <strong>of</strong> any Troops go<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong>m. A Capta<strong>in</strong> Bluker <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th Regiment <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s about 100<br />
Convalescents & some Militia <strong>in</strong> George Town; but <strong>the</strong> whole Force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy <strong>in</strong> Georgia did not amount, <strong>in</strong><br />
August last, to more than 500, viz.: a Regt. <strong>of</strong> Hessians, part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2d Battn. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st & a few New York<br />
Volunteers. The New York Pr<strong>in</strong>ts say Sir Hugh Palisser is <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g on with 6 ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e & some Frigates; that<br />
Irel<strong>and</strong>, particularly Ulster, is now exceed<strong>in</strong>gly active aga<strong>in</strong>st America, <strong>and</strong> is to furnish 11 Regiments by next<br />
May. My <strong>in</strong>formant assures me that <strong>the</strong> Irish have certa<strong>in</strong>ly erected a Statue to Lord North, <strong>in</strong> Dubl<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> that<br />
not any Re<strong>in</strong>forcements had arrived <strong>in</strong> Charles Town on <strong>the</strong> 13 th Instant.<br />
“A British Deserter who left Cambden on Sunday last <strong>in</strong>forms me that Lord Rawdon’s Corps <strong>and</strong> about 80 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
7 th Regt. were busily employed mak<strong>in</strong>g Redoubts that One had lately been made on <strong>the</strong> East Bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> River &<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r at <strong>the</strong> Old Mill on <strong>the</strong> Cheraw Road; that Hamilton[’]s [Royal N.C. Regt.] & Innis’ [Innes’] Corps [S.C.<br />
Royalists] were encamped three Miles up <strong>the</strong> Waxaw Road.<br />
“I would, with pleasure, cont<strong>in</strong>ue to serve my Country <strong>and</strong> th<strong>in</strong>k myself Honoured by Your Orders, but a<br />
Brigadier’s <strong>com</strong>mission, without ei<strong>the</strong>r District or Brigade, when from His Excellency, <strong>the</strong> Governour’s<br />
Appo<strong>in</strong>tment, I had, <strong>in</strong> my op<strong>in</strong>ion, a right to both, cannot with honor be held. After what <strong>the</strong> Assembly have<br />
1662 MST pp. 142-143.<br />
1663 GNS p. 113.<br />
1664 SCP3 pp. 170, 178, 180, 193-194, 200, BSF pp.101, 109.<br />
1665 With respect to mount<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers, see SCP3 p. 139.<br />
322
done <strong>in</strong> favour <strong>of</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r, it would appear like begg<strong>in</strong>g both Commission & Brigade; that <strong>in</strong> justice to myself I<br />
cannot th<strong>in</strong>k, even for a s<strong>in</strong>gle Moment, <strong>of</strong> alter<strong>in</strong>g my Resolution.” 1666<br />
24 November. Maj. McArthur, at “Kelly’s Ford on Enoree,” to Cornwallis: “I was honoured with your Lordship’s<br />
letter by Dr Stewart after I had passed Beyerley’s [Bryerley’s] Ferry <strong>the</strong> Night before Last. I wrote to Col.<br />
Tarleton before I received your Lordship’s that I had passed <strong>the</strong> Ferry on my way to jo<strong>in</strong> Him, & Yesterday<br />
morn’g I wrote him that I would forward his baggage with an Escort <strong>of</strong> A Capt & 50 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st agreeable to your<br />
Lordship’s Comm<strong>and</strong>, & Yesterday at noon His Baggage with <strong>the</strong> Escort passed this Ford; But at Seven oClock last<br />
Night I received A letter from Him desir<strong>in</strong>g I would jo<strong>in</strong> Him with all possible Expedition, as He has someth<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Else to do near <strong>the</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s before he returns. He tells me Colonels [Elijah] Clark & Ch<strong>and</strong>ler [William C<strong>and</strong>ler]<br />
were killed & Sumpter Mortally wounded, that <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s loss amounted to 120 killed & wounded; & some<br />
People who passed here this Day affirm Sumpter is Dead <strong>of</strong> his Wounds.<br />
“I would have marched immediately on rect [receipt] <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s letter but this ford is too deep & Stony to<br />
pass <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Night. We are just prepar<strong>in</strong>g to pass <strong>the</strong> ford & hope to make A good Days march <strong>of</strong> it.” 1667<br />
24 November. Brig. Gen. Gregory, at “Camp North West River Bridge,” to Gov. Nash: “I received your favour by<br />
Capt. Hervey, <strong>and</strong> was very glad to hear <strong>the</strong> Gentleman was so ready to turn out. At <strong>the</strong> time I wrote your<br />
Excellency I believed <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> this part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State was <strong>in</strong> a bad way, as <strong>the</strong> Enemy seemed determ<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
to force our premature pass. S<strong>in</strong>ce that <strong>the</strong>y have left <strong>the</strong> post that we are <strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong>, <strong>and</strong> have embarked<br />
on board <strong>the</strong>ir vessels, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 23 rd this Inst. <strong>the</strong>y left <strong>the</strong> bay. It is believed <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong>tend for <strong>the</strong> Southward,<br />
but for <strong>the</strong> Certa<strong>in</strong>ty I am not able to say. Under <strong>the</strong>se Circumstances I have Discharged <strong>the</strong> Troops that were<br />
here, <strong>and</strong> have wrote to General [Thomas] Eaton on <strong>the</strong> same subject. It is certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong>tend to make <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
w<strong>in</strong>ter Campa<strong>in</strong> [sic] at Portsmouth, as <strong>the</strong>y had throwed up very good works <strong>the</strong>re. It was a very great affront<br />
to tell <strong>the</strong>m that Cornwallis was obliged to Retreat. They Expected to jo<strong>in</strong> him at Richmond, <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>in</strong> about<br />
ten days from <strong>the</strong>ir first l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g. A vessel from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a gave <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong> first alarm. I have done <strong>the</strong> best I<br />
could to get all <strong>the</strong> Intelligence <strong>and</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy at this place. Inclosed you will see a list <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
strength, from <strong>the</strong> best authority I could procure, as I have had proper parties out for five days <strong>in</strong> Norfolk County<br />
& Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Ann. I have noth<strong>in</strong>g more to <strong>in</strong>form yr. Excellency at present.<br />
[attached to <strong>the</strong> above]<br />
“RETURN OF BRITISH FORCES AT PORTSMOUTH<br />
“The strenth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> british forces & Navy when at Portsmouth, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia:<br />
Grenadiers & Light Infantry guards 400<br />
Battn. <strong>of</strong> Hessians [Von Bose] 260<br />
Detachment <strong>of</strong> [71 st ] Highl<strong>and</strong>ers 300<br />
Queen’s Rangers to be Mounted 100<br />
Eighty second Regt. 360<br />
Six Companies <strong>of</strong> Light Infantry 240<br />
Eighty fourth Regt. 300<br />
Rema<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th Regt., <strong>the</strong> bal. [balance] be<strong>in</strong>g taken out at Stony Po<strong>in</strong>t 120<br />
A Company <strong>of</strong> Yagers 50<br />
_____________<br />
Total 2,130<br />
“Royal Prov<strong>in</strong>cials Comm<strong>and</strong>ed [K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt.] by Colo. [Edmund] Fann<strong>in</strong>g 300<br />
______________<br />
[Gr<strong>and</strong> Total] 2,430<br />
“Navy<br />
Romulus 44 Guns[,] Com’d [Commodore] Gaton.<br />
Blonde 32 “ “ Capt. Berkley.<br />
Iris 32 “ “ Dawson Express from Charlestown.<br />
Arbuthnot 20 “ “ Mr. Person belong to Goodrich. [sic]<br />
Delight 16 “ “ Capt. Ingles’ Sloop <strong>of</strong> war.<br />
Halifa 16 “ “ Capt. Brown Sloop <strong>of</strong> war<br />
Otter 16 “ “ Capt. Creek “ “<br />
Apollo 10 “ “ K<strong>in</strong>g’s Schooner “ “<br />
Two gallies<br />
“The best <strong>in</strong>formation I could collect.” 1668<br />
25 November. In a council <strong>of</strong> war among his senior <strong>of</strong>ficers (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Smallwood, Morgan, Huger, Davidson,<br />
Thaddeus Kosciuszko, Buford, Howard, <strong>and</strong> William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton) <strong>and</strong> with himself presid<strong>in</strong>g, Gates decided to<br />
relocate <strong>the</strong> army from New Providence to Charlotte to ease <strong>the</strong> army’s difficult food <strong>and</strong> medical situation<br />
(<strong>the</strong>re was much reported sickness <strong>in</strong> camp at New Providence.) As it turned out, Charlotte was <strong>in</strong> a not much<br />
1666 CNC14 pp. 748-749.<br />
1667 PRO. 30/11/4/191-192, SCP3 p. 319.<br />
1668 CNC15 pp. 156-158.<br />
323
etter condition to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m than ei<strong>the</strong>r New Providence or Salisbury. The army actually started its move<br />
<strong>the</strong> new camp site on <strong>the</strong> 27 th . 1669<br />
A Field return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Army at camp New Providence, N.C. <strong>of</strong> this same date gives Gates as hav<strong>in</strong>g 1,053<br />
rank <strong>and</strong> file/609 rank <strong>and</strong> file fit for duty <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> “Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Brigade;” 404 rank <strong>and</strong> file/358 rank <strong>and</strong> file fit<br />
for duty <strong>in</strong> “General Morgan’s Brigade;” <strong>and</strong> 1,147 rank <strong>and</strong> file/737 rank <strong>and</strong> file fit for duty <strong>in</strong> “General<br />
Davidson’s Brigade, militia” -– for a gr<strong>and</strong> total <strong>of</strong> 2,604 rank <strong>and</strong> file with 1,704 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se be<strong>in</strong>g fit for duty. 1670<br />
26 November. Greene <strong>and</strong> his aides arrived at General Parson’s House <strong>and</strong> which lay on <strong>the</strong> road to Hillsborough;<br />
by <strong>the</strong> 27 th <strong>the</strong>y were at Hillsborough itself. Although <strong>the</strong> assembly was not <strong>in</strong> session, Greene wrote sundry<br />
letters to <strong>the</strong> state’s legislators entreat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir assistance while <strong>the</strong>re. 1671<br />
27 November. Brig. Gen. Davidson, at New Providence, to Alex<strong>and</strong>er Mart<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong>: “By this<br />
time you may be acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong> position <strong>the</strong> Army is to take for <strong>the</strong> present. In <strong>the</strong> meantime it appears to<br />
me that a proper Exertion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>of</strong> my District might greatly Injure, if not totally Ru<strong>in</strong>, <strong>the</strong> British Army. I<br />
have been deliberat<strong>in</strong>g on this Matter some time, <strong>and</strong> submit my plan to your Consideration, <strong>and</strong> hope that you<br />
will endeavour to promote it or someth<strong>in</strong>g that may be more Eligible. My Scheme is to send Genl. Morgan to <strong>the</strong><br />
Westward with his Light Troops & Rifle Men, 1,000 volunteer Militia, which I can raise <strong>in</strong> 20 Days, & <strong>the</strong> Refugees<br />
from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia to jo<strong>in</strong>, which will make a formidable Body <strong>of</strong> Desperadoes, <strong>the</strong> whole to be<br />
under Morgan’s Direction, <strong>and</strong> proceed immediately to 96 <strong>and</strong> possess ourselves <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> western parts <strong>of</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a; at <strong>the</strong> same time <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> Army to move down to <strong>the</strong> Waxsaws [sic], which will oblige <strong>the</strong> Enemy to<br />
divide (which will put <strong>the</strong>m quite <strong>in</strong> our power) or vacate <strong>the</strong> present Posts & collect to one po<strong>in</strong>t, <strong>in</strong> which Case<br />
we can <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, cut <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong>ir supplies, <strong>and</strong> force <strong>the</strong>m to retreat & fight <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own<br />
way. The Messenger waits; I have nei<strong>the</strong>r time nor Room to make far<strong>the</strong>r observations. I th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong> scheme<br />
practicable <strong>and</strong> certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> Success unless <strong>the</strong> Enemy be re<strong>in</strong>forced.” 1672<br />
27 November. Gates marched his army to Charlotte, yet which was not much better able to supply him than New<br />
Providence; though Davie, mak<strong>in</strong>g forag<strong>in</strong>g excursions to outly<strong>in</strong>g areas on Gates’ behalf, was able to redress<br />
much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> deficiency. After arriv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Charlotte, <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware regiments received a few<br />
recruits from <strong>the</strong>ir respective states. While <strong>the</strong>se troops were regularly be<strong>in</strong>g drilled, a small laboratory was<br />
established for mend<strong>in</strong>g arms, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> residue <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental cloth<strong>in</strong>g was distributed. Otho Williams: “Each<br />
man <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> brigade was supplied with one new shirt, a short coat, a pair <strong>of</strong> woolen overalls, a pair <strong>of</strong> shoes, <strong>and</strong><br />
a hat or a cap. The dividend <strong>of</strong> blankets was very <strong>in</strong>adequate to <strong>the</strong> occasion.” 1673<br />
Kirkwood: “Nov. 27. This Day <strong>the</strong> troops under Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Genl. Gates, marched to Charlotte, where <strong>the</strong>y built<br />
Hutts.” 1674<br />
27 November. Col. Abel Kolb, near Long Bluff, wrote Brig. Gen. Harr<strong>in</strong>gton: “You last wrote that you wanted to<br />
see me, with a return <strong>of</strong> my regiment this day <strong>in</strong> camp. I should be happy <strong>in</strong> wait<strong>in</strong>g on you at any time after<br />
today. I th<strong>in</strong>k to ride up to-morrow, if I should not be sick.<br />
“ Sir, you wanted to ascerta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> men I had <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment.<br />
“Agreeably to my returns, I have but 233 men, besides <strong>of</strong>ficers. I shall send you <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> my regiment you<br />
require to-morrow, or next day. I shall have <strong>the</strong>m marched up under <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> some one capta<strong>in</strong>.” 1675<br />
28 November. Kirkwood (with Morgan’s light detachment): “This Day had orders to hold our selves <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>in</strong><br />
a moments warn<strong>in</strong>g to March. Accord<strong>in</strong>gly left our tents st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g with all our sick beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>and</strong> marched to twelve<br />
mile Creek, which at this place Divides No. <strong>and</strong> So. Carol<strong>in</strong>a; <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong>nce to <strong>the</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, <strong>the</strong> Infantry<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed at this place until Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton went down to Col. Ridgely’s [Rugeley’s], <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> Deception <strong>of</strong><br />
a p<strong>in</strong>e knot took <strong>the</strong> garrisons Consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> one Col. one Majr. <strong>and</strong> 107 privates: -- from <strong>the</strong>nce returned to<br />
Camp, December <strong>the</strong> second.” See 2 December. 1676<br />
On Nov. 29 th , Smallwood, at “Camp” (presumably Charlotte), wrote Gates: “General Morgan’s Brigade, Colo.<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Horse, <strong>and</strong> a detachment <strong>of</strong> one Hundred Men from Davidson’s, Marched yesterday to <strong>the</strong><br />
Waxhaws. Noth<strong>in</strong>g Material has occured s<strong>in</strong>ce you left us, except <strong>the</strong> Desertion <strong>of</strong> Thirteen <strong>of</strong> Major Nelson’s<br />
Corps last Night, with <strong>the</strong>ir Horses, Arms, Accoutrements, &c., whom a party <strong>of</strong> Horse detached after I hope will<br />
fall <strong>in</strong> with <strong>and</strong> secure <strong>the</strong>m to day.” 1677<br />
Late November. [skirmish] Enoree River (probably Laurens County, S.C.) 1678 What is known <strong>of</strong> this engagement<br />
<strong>com</strong>es from Alex<strong>and</strong>er Chesney, <strong>and</strong> who furnishes it as follows: “As I did not know where to f<strong>in</strong>d any British<br />
1669 Waxhaws had been considered, but rejected <strong>in</strong> favor <strong>of</strong> Charlotte. Salisbury, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, had not been <strong>in</strong>cluded<br />
among <strong>the</strong> possible choices s<strong>in</strong>ce, like New Providence, it was used up <strong>and</strong> depleted by this time. CNC15 pp. 160-161.<br />
1670 CNC15 p. 162.<br />
1671 GLG3 pp. 64-65, TPY pp. 59-60.<br />
1672 CNC14 pp. 759-760.<br />
1673 KJO p. 12, WNA, RNC p. 258, 261, JLG1 p. 314, DRS p. 38.<br />
1674 KJO p. 12.<br />
1675 GHC p. 344.<br />
1676 KJO pp. 12-13.<br />
1677 CNC14 p. 764.<br />
1678 The Enoree River acts as <strong>the</strong> border between Laurens <strong>and</strong> Spartanburg, <strong>and</strong> also between Newberry <strong>and</strong> Union counties; so<br />
this action could conceivably have taken place <strong>in</strong> any s<strong>in</strong>gle one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. Laurens <strong>and</strong> Newberry, however, seem more <strong>the</strong> likely<br />
c<strong>and</strong>idates given <strong>the</strong>ir proximity to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, <strong>and</strong> where <strong>the</strong> loyalists forces <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> region were centered.<br />
324
troops I cont<strong>in</strong>ued about home some time [November, 1780] <strong>and</strong> as <strong>the</strong> Americans were <strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
country, I was obliged to conceal myself <strong>in</strong> a cave dug <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> branch <strong>of</strong> a creek under a hollow poplar with my<br />
cous<strong>in</strong>s Hugh Cooke <strong>and</strong> Charles Br<strong>and</strong>on; <strong>in</strong> which we were forced for want <strong>of</strong> room, to lie flat. Cooke’s wife<br />
brought us food <strong>and</strong> news every night; I sometimes stayed at my fa<strong>the</strong>r-<strong>in</strong>-law’s, until I heard that Col. Tarleton<br />
had defeated Sumter at Blackstock[’]s Fort on Tyger River; on which news I raised a <strong>com</strong>pany with great<br />
difficulty <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed a strong party at Col Williams’s house on Little River, where <strong>the</strong>re was a strong party under<br />
General [Robert] Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham. Major Plumber [Daniel Plummer] hav<strong>in</strong>g been wounded at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> our Regiment devolved on Jonathan Frost as Major, who directed me to assemble my <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong><br />
Militia <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong> him at an appo<strong>in</strong>ted place on <strong>the</strong> Enoree. When I came to that place on <strong>the</strong> day <strong>and</strong> time<br />
appo<strong>in</strong>ted I found <strong>the</strong> Americans under Capt., <strong>the</strong>n Major, [Benjam<strong>in</strong>] Roebuck, <strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> it who<br />
immediately disarmed us <strong>and</strong> marched us <strong>of</strong>f. It was a great blunder by Major Frost to alter <strong>the</strong> place <strong>of</strong><br />
meet<strong>in</strong>g: however he did his best to remedy it. He pursued <strong>and</strong> overtook us about 12 miles higher up <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
attacked Roebuck’s party, where <strong>the</strong>y were advantageously posted at a house, poor Frost was killed <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest<br />
retreated. Roebuck, who was acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with me formerly, paroled me to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six where I was exchanged for<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> Clerk [Clark?], a son to Col. Clerk, who had been taken after <strong>the</strong> attack on Augusta <strong>in</strong> Georgia. I was<br />
<strong>the</strong>n sent to garrison <strong>the</strong> jail <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six [December 1780], which I fortified <strong>and</strong> had <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Militia stationed <strong>the</strong>re. Colonels [Isaac] Allen <strong>and</strong> Cruger <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> fort near <strong>the</strong> jail; where I cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />
until Tarleton came <strong>in</strong>to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six District to go <strong>in</strong> quest <strong>of</strong> General Morgan.”<br />
Late November (or possibly with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first week <strong>of</strong> December). Some days before Greene’s arrival <strong>in</strong> Charlotte,<br />
Col. William Davie was forced to rel<strong>in</strong>quish his post at L<strong>and</strong>’s Ford on <strong>the</strong> Catawba River ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> term <strong>of</strong><br />
service for his North Carol<strong>in</strong>a mounted militia hav<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>of</strong> late, expired. 1679<br />
1679 DRS p. 38, SNC p. 186.<br />
325
DECEMBER 1780<br />
December. Sometime <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month, 2 iron six-pounders, which Cruger had requested, were sent by Cornwallis to<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Yet not be<strong>in</strong>g adequately escorted <strong>the</strong>y were captured by whig partisans. A separate brass threepounder<br />
was sent <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir place <strong>in</strong> January (see 3 January), along with a wagonload <strong>of</strong> entrench<strong>in</strong>g tools; but,<br />
this time, with a proper escort. This <strong>the</strong>n left Cruger armed with at least 2 three pounders. 1680<br />
December. Col. John Twiggs <strong>and</strong> Col. Elijah Clark kept a small force toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> western part <strong>of</strong> Georgia near<br />
“<strong>the</strong> whig settlements.”<br />
Meanwhile, Col. Andrew Pickens, Lieut. Col. James McCall, <strong>and</strong> Maj. John Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, Maj. James Jackson,<br />
with 70 to 100 South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia militia, took <strong>the</strong> field, send<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong>ir families <strong>and</strong> slaves over <strong>the</strong><br />
mounta<strong>in</strong>s (ostensibly to <strong>the</strong> Watauga-Nolachucky <strong>com</strong>munity) for <strong>the</strong>ir safety. They subsequently rode to jo<strong>in</strong><br />
Morgan’s “Fly<strong>in</strong>g Army” or “Fly<strong>in</strong>g Camp.” Pickens had just recently taken <strong>the</strong> field after disavow<strong>in</strong>g his oath <strong>of</strong><br />
British loyalty <strong>and</strong> protection. He contended that <strong>the</strong> British had failed to protect him when his home was,<br />
reportedly, ransacked <strong>and</strong> looted by Dunlop <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>refore his oath was no longer b<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Whe<strong>the</strong>r or not Pickens home had actually been ransacked, Cornwallis never<strong>the</strong>less vowed to do as much <strong>and</strong><br />
worse; as well as, if <strong>the</strong>y caught him, hang Pickens at <strong>the</strong> first opportunity. 1681<br />
Joseph Johnson: “From Colonel S. [Samuel] Hammond’s notes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> expedition to Long Cane, by order <strong>of</strong><br />
General Greene, we also extract <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g statement: ‘With <strong>the</strong>se additions to our force, it was resolved <strong>in</strong><br />
council to make a bold <strong>and</strong> rapid push, through <strong>the</strong> western part <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six District, <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Long Cane<br />
settlement, west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British stationed at <strong>the</strong> town, Cambridge or N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. Our wish, also, was to draw out<br />
<strong>the</strong> well affected <strong>of</strong>f that part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, who had been paroled by <strong>the</strong> enemy on <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong> General<br />
Williamson; believ<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> British had violated <strong>the</strong>ir faith under this capitulation, <strong>the</strong>y hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>pelled <strong>the</strong><br />
whigs to bear arms aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>ir late <strong>com</strong>panions <strong>in</strong> arms, <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m at home, until exchanged as<br />
prisoners <strong>of</strong> war; <strong>and</strong> that this would be a favorable opportunity for <strong>the</strong>m to jo<strong>in</strong> us.<br />
“At A. C. Jones’ plantation, <strong>the</strong> council <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers detached Major [James] McCall, with this <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> to see<br />
Colonel Pickens <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>vite him to co-operate with us, as <strong>the</strong> British, by <strong>the</strong>ir breach <strong>of</strong> faith, had freed him from<br />
<strong>the</strong> obligation <strong>of</strong> his parole. Major McCall was selected for this purpose, not only for his known prudence <strong>and</strong><br />
fitness, but for his personal friendship with Colonel Pickens.<br />
“Major S. Hammond, with his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, was ordered down to Whitehall, <strong>the</strong> residence <strong>of</strong> General Williamson,<br />
for <strong>the</strong> same purpose <strong>and</strong> views. Capta<strong>in</strong> Moses Liddle was united with him <strong>in</strong> this mission. Both detachments<br />
were ordered to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> gentleman sent for to <strong>the</strong> camp, whe<strong>the</strong>r will<strong>in</strong>g or o<strong>the</strong>rwise. They were both, <strong>of</strong><br />
course, taken to camp. The object <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whigs was to ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir better experience to our<br />
cause. They both obeyed <strong>the</strong> call promptly, but declared that <strong>the</strong>y did not go voluntarily, <strong>and</strong> considered<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> honor bound by <strong>the</strong>ir parole, whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> British violated <strong>the</strong>ir faith to o<strong>the</strong>rs or not, ‘so long as it<br />
was not violated by <strong>the</strong>m.’<br />
“They were subsequently ordered out by <strong>the</strong> British, when Pickens jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Americans, <strong>and</strong> Williamson obeyed<br />
<strong>the</strong> British order.” 1682<br />
December. Maj. James Dunlop, formerly <strong>of</strong> Ferguson’s Corps, after recover<strong>in</strong>g from a wound he <strong>in</strong>curred prior to<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, operated out <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six with a militia corps <strong>of</strong> mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> cavalry. There were<br />
many <strong>and</strong> frequent skirmishes around N<strong>in</strong>ety Six all through most <strong>of</strong> 1780 <strong>and</strong> 1781, but only a relative few were<br />
specifically documented. People <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region were put <strong>in</strong> a position <strong>of</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g to take sides. In some <strong>in</strong>stances,<br />
if not loyal <strong>the</strong>y had <strong>the</strong>ir homes plundered, or burned, etc. Among those who were said to have been accorded<br />
such treatment were Col. Andrew Pickens (see entry above.) 1683<br />
December. [skirmish] Hopk<strong>in</strong>s Place, Broad River, S.C. ONB2 p. 388.<br />
Early December. In preparation for his second <strong>in</strong>vasion <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g sometime <strong>in</strong> November,<br />
Cornwallis ordered all recruits <strong>and</strong> convalescents to rejo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir regiments; <strong>and</strong> prepared adequate supplies to<br />
subsist his future marches. “In a short time, numbers streng<strong>the</strong>ned <strong>in</strong> each corps <strong>and</strong> regiment <strong>of</strong> army. Above<br />
one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> light troops” <strong>and</strong> “many horses were collected <strong>and</strong> purchased for cavalry.” 1684<br />
Early December. The British at Charlestown, from New York, received 50 dragoons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th Regt., plus 200<br />
recruits for 7 th Regt. These latter were mostly <strong>in</strong>tended for garrison duty at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. In a letter <strong>of</strong> 28<br />
December to Samuel Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton, President <strong>of</strong> Congress, Greene makes reference to a report <strong>of</strong> a small group <strong>of</strong><br />
400 to 500 British (<strong>and</strong> probably some Hessian) recruits <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>valids which came to re<strong>in</strong>force Charlestown a short<br />
time before Leslie’s arrival. Among <strong>the</strong>se no doubt, were <strong>the</strong>se same replacements for <strong>the</strong> 7 th Regt., <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> 17 th Light Dragoons; both <strong>of</strong> which reached Tarleton <strong>in</strong> time to serve at Cowpens. 1685 Babits writes<br />
that some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th had rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a when Cl<strong>in</strong>ton left for New York <strong>in</strong> June; which if true,<br />
would mean that those which arrived at this time would have numbered 10 to 20, ra<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>the</strong> full 50. While<br />
1680 Balfour <strong>in</strong> a report to Cornwallis merely speaks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guns be<strong>in</strong>g knocked <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong>ir trunnions <strong>and</strong> carriages burnt, but<br />
doesn’t say what became <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guns <strong>the</strong>mselves. SCP3 pp. 120, 122, 240, CON pp. 21-23.<br />
1681 SCP3 pp. 287-288, 292, JLG1 p. 362, JTR pp. 153, 530 –532, MSC2 pp. 20-21.<br />
1682 JTR p. 153.<br />
1683 MHG pp. 503-504, SCP3 pp. 265, 266, 293, 294.<br />
1684 TCS pp. 182-184.<br />
1685 NGP7 p. 9, TCS p. 212, BDW pp. 46-47.<br />
326
certa<strong>in</strong>ly not impossible, this is somewhat hard to believe s<strong>in</strong>ce to speak <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment<br />
as <strong>the</strong> “detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th ,” is awkward <strong>and</strong> confus<strong>in</strong>g. Fur<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> to my knowledge, no specific reference<br />
to <strong>the</strong> 17 th be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a (after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charlestown) <strong>com</strong>es up till <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Cowpens. 1686<br />
Early December. Lee: “General Greene determ<strong>in</strong>ed to draw <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment under Smallwood, which was<br />
advanced some distance <strong>in</strong> his front, <strong>and</strong> to risk <strong>the</strong> division <strong>of</strong> his force...Previous to this movement, Brigadier<br />
General Morgan, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> van <strong>of</strong> Smallwood’s detachment, attempted to strike a forag<strong>in</strong>g party <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy, which had penetrated <strong>the</strong> country between <strong>the</strong> two armies. But <strong>the</strong> vigilant adversary eluded <strong>the</strong><br />
blow, <strong>and</strong> returned safely to Camden.” 1687<br />
1 December. Tarleton returned to his camp at Woodward’s plantation near Brierly’s Ferry. Afterward he rode to<br />
W<strong>in</strong>nsborough to confer with Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> where also he visited <strong>the</strong> sick <strong>and</strong> wounded. His dragoons<br />
meanwhile were spend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> early days <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month at Woodward’s <strong>in</strong> rest <strong>and</strong> recuperation. Some went on<br />
patrols; o<strong>the</strong>rs foraged homesteads <strong>and</strong> plantations. Horses were shod, <strong>and</strong> new horses were purchased. 1688<br />
1 December. Greene <strong>and</strong> his staff reached Salisbury, N.C. 1689 On this same date from <strong>the</strong>re, he wrote, Brig. Gen.<br />
Edward Stevens <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia: “Lieutenant-colonel [Edward] Carr<strong>in</strong>gton is explor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Dan River, <strong>in</strong><br />
order to perform <strong>the</strong> transportation [<strong>of</strong> stores <strong>and</strong> supplies] up <strong>the</strong> Roanoke as high as <strong>the</strong> upper Sauratown, <strong>and</strong><br />
I want you to appo<strong>in</strong>t a good <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligent <strong>of</strong>ficer with three privates to go up <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> as far as Hughes’<br />
Creek to explore carefully <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>the</strong> depth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water, <strong>the</strong> current, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rocks, <strong>and</strong> every o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
obstruction that will impede <strong>the</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>of</strong> transportation. All <strong>of</strong> which I want him to report to me. Let <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer be very <strong>in</strong>telligent, <strong>and</strong> have a charge to be particular <strong>in</strong> his observations. It is immaterial what rank he<br />
is. The object is so important <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> public that I hope no one will refuse <strong>the</strong> service who has <strong>the</strong><br />
abilities for <strong>the</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>tment.<br />
“When <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer gets up to Hughes’ Creek, I wish him to take a horse <strong>and</strong> ride across <strong>the</strong> country from that<br />
place through <strong>the</strong> town <strong>of</strong> Bethania to <strong>the</strong> upper Saura town, <strong>and</strong> report <strong>the</strong> distance <strong>and</strong> condition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> roads.<br />
At upper Saura [or Sauratown] I expect <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer will meet <strong>the</strong> party explor<strong>in</strong>g Dan River. I wish him to get <strong>the</strong><br />
report <strong>of</strong> that party also, <strong>and</strong> forward with his, as that is <strong>the</strong> [effaced] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole. I also wish <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer to<br />
make <strong>in</strong>quiry respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> transportation that may be had from <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> to <strong>the</strong> Catawba River, <strong>and</strong> whe<strong>the</strong>r<br />
<strong>the</strong> transportation cannot be performed with bateaux down that river.” 1690<br />
1 December (or <strong>the</strong>reabouts). [skirmish] Rutledge’s Ford (Abbeville <strong>and</strong> Laurens county border, S.C.) 1691<br />
Joseph Johnson: “The Georgians were soon jo<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> South-Carol<strong>in</strong>ians, under [James] McCall, S. [Samuel]<br />
Hammond <strong>and</strong> [Moses] Liddle, <strong>and</strong> proceeded to attack a party <strong>of</strong> loyalists, forted near Colonel Hoil’s old<br />
establishment, on <strong>the</strong> Saluda. They marched all night <strong>and</strong> reached <strong>the</strong> post at day-light, but <strong>the</strong> enemy had<br />
evacuated it a little before our arrival, <strong>and</strong> passed <strong>the</strong> Saluda at Rutledge’s ford, a very rough <strong>and</strong> rocky pass.<br />
Here a smart skirmish took place at long shot across <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> several men were killed on both sides. After<br />
this, Colonel [John] Twiggs retreated seventeen or eighteen miles, to Hoil’s old place, <strong>and</strong> rested <strong>the</strong>re. From<br />
this post <strong>the</strong>y made excursions <strong>in</strong>to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six District, <strong>and</strong> downward between Broad <strong>and</strong> Saluda Rivers, aided<br />
by <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six refugees under McCall, [Samuel] Hammond <strong>and</strong> [Moses] Liddle. In <strong>the</strong>se expeditions, little was<br />
done more than collect<strong>in</strong>g recruits, under Colonels Cay, [Benjam<strong>in</strong>] Roebuck, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs. With <strong>the</strong>se additions to<br />
our force, it was resolved <strong>in</strong> council, to make a bold <strong>and</strong> rapid push through <strong>the</strong> western part <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six<br />
district, <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Long Cane settlement, west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British, stationed at <strong>the</strong> town, Cambridge or N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six.” 1692<br />
2 December (also given as 1 <strong>and</strong> 4 December). [surrender] Rugeley’s Mill, also Rugeley’s Fort, Rudgeley’s Mill,<br />
Clermont (Kershaw County, S.C.) Rugeley’s Mill, which was be<strong>in</strong>g protected by a barn with loopholes fashioned<br />
<strong>in</strong>to a small stockade <strong>of</strong> sorts, was taken by Col. William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton cavalry <strong>and</strong> some mounted militia, by<br />
means <strong>of</strong> a “Quaker” cannon ruse. 1693 A p<strong>in</strong>e log pa<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rwise made up to look like a cannon was used<br />
to summon <strong>the</strong> garrison under Col. Henry Rugeley to surrender, <strong>and</strong> he capitulated. McCrady, however, seems to<br />
imply that Rowl<strong>and</strong> Rugeley was <strong>the</strong> loyalist leader. Perhaps <strong>the</strong>n Henry, though present, had delegated military<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> to his bro<strong>the</strong>r; ei<strong>the</strong>r because he felt he himself was not <strong>com</strong>petent or else to (more easily) absolve<br />
himself or responsibility. Whichever Rugeley it was, he had 112 loyalists under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> stockade; <strong>the</strong><br />
regiment hav<strong>in</strong>g already be<strong>com</strong>e largely dispersed by late Oct. (SCP2 p. 265.) Kirkwood gives <strong>the</strong> date <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
surrender as 2 December, stat<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> British lost “one Col. One Majr. <strong>and</strong> 107 privates.” The men taken<br />
were apparently paroled, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort at Rugeley’s burned down. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> his men <strong>the</strong>n returned to<br />
Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock where Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry were stay<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong>re all removed to New<br />
Providence. 1694<br />
1686 BDW pp. 46-47.<br />
1687 LMS p. 221.<br />
1688 BGD pp. 124-125.<br />
1689 GLG3 p. 66.<br />
1690 GLG3 pp. 66-67.<br />
1691 LSC p. 10. The date for <strong>the</strong> engagement given here is Lips<strong>com</strong>b’s.<br />
1692 JTR pp. 530-532. See also http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/rutledgesfd.htm<br />
1693 The dummy cannon ruse first known used <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south <strong>in</strong> 1780 was by whig Capt. James Gillespie at Hunt’s Bluff, 26 July<br />
1780.<br />
1694 KJO pp. 12-13, SCP3 pp. 190, 198, 347, WNA, RSC2 pp. 187-188, TCS pp. 182, 205, GHA3 pp. 473-474, MLW4A pp. 337-338,<br />
LMS pp. 221-222, LFB2 p. 460, MSC2 p. 12, WAR2 p. 745, RBG pp. 121-122, SCAR vol. 2, no.6, pp. 11-15.<br />
327
Thomas Anderson: “[November] 28 Received orders to hold ourselves <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess to march at a moments<br />
warn<strong>in</strong>g; accord<strong>in</strong>gly left our tents st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, with all our sick beh<strong>in</strong>d, <strong>and</strong> marched to Twelve Mile Creek –- this<br />
creek is <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e between North <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. From <strong>the</strong>nce we marched to Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, where <strong>the</strong><br />
Infantry rema<strong>in</strong>ed whilst Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, with his Cavalry went down to Colonel Rudgely’s [sic] <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong><br />
deception <strong>of</strong> a p<strong>in</strong>e log took <strong>the</strong> garrison, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> one Colonel, one Major, three Capta<strong>in</strong>s, Four<br />
Lieutenants, <strong>and</strong> one hundred rank <strong>and</strong> file. From <strong>the</strong>nce returned to camp with <strong>the</strong> prisoners, <strong>and</strong> arrived on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 2 nd <strong>of</strong> December. 100 [miles].” See also Kirkwood’s almost identical entry at 28 November. 1695<br />
Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong> a letter <strong>of</strong> 3 Dec. from Wynnesborough to Rawdon, wrote: “I th<strong>in</strong>k he [Rugeley] must be a traitor,<br />
or he would have <strong>com</strong>e away when you desired him.” 1696<br />
2 December. Sometime <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon, Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene <strong>and</strong> his aides rode <strong>in</strong>to Charlotte to beg<strong>in</strong><br />
tak<strong>in</strong>g charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Army. 1697<br />
3 December. Cornwallis, at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough, wrote to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>and</strong> among o<strong>the</strong>r matters summed up recent<br />
events: “I am just honoured with Your letters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 5 th & 6 th <strong>of</strong> last Month; Lord Rawdon dur<strong>in</strong>g my illness<br />
<strong>in</strong>formed Your Excellency <strong>in</strong> his letters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 28 th & 31 st <strong>of</strong> October, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> various causes which prevented my<br />
penetrat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to N. Carol<strong>in</strong>a; I shall not trouble you with a recapitulation, except a few words about poor Major<br />
Ferguson. I had <strong>the</strong> honour to <strong>in</strong>form Your Excellency that Major Ferguson had taken <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ite pa<strong>in</strong>s with some <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. He obta<strong>in</strong>ed my permission to make an <strong>in</strong>cursion <strong>in</strong>to Tryon County, whilst <strong>the</strong> Sickness<br />
<strong>of</strong> my army prevented my mov<strong>in</strong>g. As he had only Militia <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> small rema<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> his own Corps, without<br />
baggage or Artillery, <strong>and</strong> as he promised to <strong>com</strong>e back if He heard <strong>of</strong> any Superior force, I thought He could do<br />
no harm, <strong>and</strong> might help to keep alive <strong>the</strong> Spirits <strong>of</strong> our Friends <strong>in</strong> N. Carol<strong>in</strong>a, which might be damped by <strong>the</strong><br />
slowness <strong>of</strong> our Motions: The event proved unfortunate, without any fault <strong>of</strong> Major Ferguson’s; A numerous <strong>and</strong><br />
unexpected Enemy came from <strong>the</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, as <strong>the</strong>y had good horses <strong>the</strong>ir movements were rapid; Major<br />
Ferguson was tempted to stay near <strong>the</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s longer than he <strong>in</strong>tended, <strong>in</strong> hopes <strong>of</strong> cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f Col: Clarke on<br />
his return from Georgia. He was not aware that <strong>the</strong> enemy was so near him, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> endeavour<strong>in</strong>g [sic] to execute<br />
my Orders <strong>of</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Catawba <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g me at Charlotte-town, He was Attacked by a very superior force<br />
<strong>and</strong> totally defeated on K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>.<br />
“Wynnesborough, my present Position, is an healthy spot, well situated to Protect <strong>the</strong> greatest part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Frontier, <strong>and</strong> to assist Camden <strong>and</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. The Militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter, on which alone we could place<br />
<strong>the</strong> smallest dependence was so totally dishearted [sic] by <strong>the</strong> defeat <strong>of</strong> Ferguson, that <strong>of</strong> that whole District we<br />
could with difficulty assemble one hundred, <strong>and</strong> even those I am conv<strong>in</strong>ced would not have made <strong>the</strong> smallest<br />
resistance if <strong>the</strong>y had been Attacked. I determ<strong>in</strong>ed to rema<strong>in</strong> at this place until an Answer arrived from Genl<br />
Leslie, on which my Plan for <strong>the</strong> W<strong>in</strong>ter was to depend, <strong>and</strong> to use every possible means <strong>of</strong> putt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
<strong>in</strong>to a state <strong>of</strong> defence, which I found to be absolutely necessary, whe<strong>the</strong>r my Campaign was Offensive or<br />
Defensive. Bad as <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> our affairs was on <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Frontier, <strong>the</strong> Eastern part was much worse. Col.<br />
Tynes who Comm<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> Santee, <strong>and</strong> who was posted on Black River, was Surprized<br />
[sic] <strong>and</strong> taken, <strong>and</strong> his Men lost all <strong>the</strong>ir Arms. Colonel Marion had so wrought on <strong>the</strong> m<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> People,<br />
partly by <strong>the</strong> terror <strong>of</strong> his threats & cruelty <strong>of</strong> his punishments, <strong>and</strong> partly by <strong>the</strong> Promise <strong>of</strong> Plunder, that <strong>the</strong>re<br />
was scarce an Inhabitant between <strong>the</strong> Santee <strong>and</strong> Pedee that was not <strong>in</strong> Arms aga<strong>in</strong>st us, some parties had even<br />
crossed <strong>the</strong> Santee, <strong>and</strong> carried terror to <strong>the</strong> Gates <strong>of</strong> Charles-town. My first object was to re<strong>in</strong>state matters <strong>in</strong><br />
that quarter without which Camden could receive no supplies. I <strong>the</strong>refore sent Tarleton, who pursued Marion for<br />
several days, obliged his Corps to take to <strong>the</strong> Swamps, <strong>and</strong> by conv<strong>in</strong>c<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Inhabitants that <strong>the</strong>re was a power<br />
superior to Marion who could likewise reward & Punish, so far checked <strong>the</strong> Insurrection, that <strong>the</strong> greatest part <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m have not dared openly to appear <strong>in</strong> Arms aga<strong>in</strong>st us s<strong>in</strong>ce his expedition…<br />
“Lt Col. Balfour by putt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Prisoners on board <strong>of</strong> Ships is enabled to spare <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regt from Charles-town,<br />
<strong>and</strong> sent <strong>the</strong>m to secure <strong>the</strong> navigation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree from Nelson’s Ferry, <strong>and</strong> to <strong>com</strong>municate with Camden.<br />
This is <strong>the</strong> present state <strong>of</strong> our affairs.<br />
“Smallwood had been encamped from <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> last Month with about thirteen hundred Militia, a Corps <strong>of</strong><br />
250 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals under Morgan, <strong>and</strong> 70 Dragoons Comm<strong>and</strong>ed by Wash<strong>in</strong>gton about 12 Miles on this side <strong>of</strong><br />
Charlotte Town; His front guarded by Davie <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r irregular Corps, who have <strong>com</strong>mitted <strong>the</strong> most shock<strong>in</strong>g<br />
cruelties, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> most horrid Murders on those suspected <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g our friends, that I ever heard <strong>of</strong>; Gates<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed him <strong>the</strong> Week before last with about 12 hundred Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> Six & Eighteen Months-men, <strong>and</strong> 300<br />
Cavalry under [Anthony] White <strong>and</strong> Arm<strong>and</strong> [this, <strong>of</strong> course, is <strong>in</strong> error <strong>and</strong> Arm<strong>and</strong> was not present]; Morgan’s<br />
Infantry <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton with 100 Cavalry, came down on <strong>the</strong> 1 st , <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g to Attack a Block house built by<br />
Col. Rugeley, <strong>in</strong> which he had placed himself with 100 Militia; Lord Rawdon, who Comm<strong>and</strong>s at Camden, <strong>and</strong> had<br />
notice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir approach, sent to Rugeley to Order him to retire to Camden, but He answered that as <strong>the</strong> Enemy<br />
had no Cannon he was determ<strong>in</strong>ed to defend himself to <strong>the</strong> last extremity, <strong>and</strong> had no fear <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g taken. The<br />
enemy’s Infantry did not advance with<strong>in</strong> six Miles <strong>of</strong> his Block house, but <strong>the</strong> Cavalry surrounded it <strong>and</strong><br />
Summoned him, <strong>and</strong> He <strong>in</strong>stantly surrendered without fir<strong>in</strong>g a shot. I am <strong>in</strong>formed that Green[e] is expected <strong>in</strong> a<br />
few days to relieve Gates.<br />
“As it will be necessary to drive back <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s army, <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> same time to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> a superiority on both<br />
our Flanks, <strong>and</strong> as I thought <strong>the</strong> co-operation <strong>of</strong> General Leslie even at <strong>the</strong> distance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cape-Fear River<br />
would be attended with many difficulties I have sent Cruisers <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> Fry<strong>in</strong>gpan to br<strong>in</strong>g him <strong>in</strong>to Charles-town,<br />
<strong>and</strong> I hourly expect his arrival. After every th<strong>in</strong>g that has happened I will not presume to make Your Excellency<br />
1695 AJO, MLW3 p. 110.<br />
1696 RCC p. 71, SCP3 p. 191.<br />
1697 LMS p. 216, JLG1 p. 339, MSC2 p. 10.<br />
328
any sangu<strong>in</strong>e promises; The force you have sent me is greater than I expected, <strong>and</strong> full as much as I th<strong>in</strong>k you<br />
could possibly spare unless <strong>the</strong> enemy detached <strong>in</strong> force to <strong>the</strong> Southward, <strong>the</strong> utmost exertion <strong>of</strong> my abilities<br />
shall be used to employ <strong>the</strong>m to <strong>the</strong> best advantage.” 1698<br />
3-4 December. Greene formally received <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Army from Gates <strong>in</strong> Charlotte. Somewhat<br />
oddly, <strong>the</strong> date stated for this event differs. Davie gives it as <strong>the</strong> 3 rd as <strong>the</strong> date (see also CNC15 p. 170),<br />
Johnson <strong>the</strong> 4 th , <strong>and</strong> Kirkwood <strong>in</strong> his journal <strong>the</strong> 6 th . It was among Greene’s new responsibilities to have Gates<br />
tried for misconduct at Camden. Yet an <strong>in</strong>sufficient number <strong>of</strong> senior rank<strong>in</strong>g Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers (Brigadier<br />
Generals or higher) necessary for such a hear<strong>in</strong>g, as well as possibly a sympa<strong>the</strong>tic <strong>and</strong> diplomatic desire to avert<br />
such <strong>in</strong>quiry, prevented it from ever tak<strong>in</strong>g place (<strong>and</strong> which it never did.) Gates actually left <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army<br />
on December 10 th (Smallwood, as well, on <strong>the</strong> 19 th ), <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>reafter served honorably under Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
north. 1699<br />
There were but three days provisions on h<strong>and</strong> when Greene arrived at Charlotte, <strong>and</strong> no promise <strong>of</strong> more, <strong>the</strong><br />
provisions around Charlotte hav<strong>in</strong>g grown quite depleted a long time s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals first arrived <strong>in</strong><br />
August. To help remedy this, on Dec. 8 th he sent Col. Thaddeus Kosciuszko (who had already been with Gates’<br />
army several weeks) to survey <strong>the</strong> area north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee above Cheraw for a new camp-site. 1700 When<br />
Kosciuszko returned <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> late part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month, he reported <strong>the</strong> Peedee-Cheraw area to be healthy <strong>and</strong><br />
abundant. Upon this advice, Greene moved his army <strong>the</strong>re, specifically Hick’s Creek on <strong>the</strong> Peedee, later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
month (see 16, 20 <strong>and</strong> 26 December.)<br />
In addition, at this same time, Greene had ordered his newly appo<strong>in</strong>ted Quartermaster General, Lieut. Col<br />
Edward Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, 1701 to f<strong>in</strong>d out about <strong>the</strong> feasibility <strong>of</strong> water transport on <strong>the</strong> Roanoke, Dan <strong>and</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong><br />
Rivers. Carr<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>the</strong>n sent Capt. John Smith <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> 1702 L<strong>in</strong>e to make a survey <strong>of</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> boats on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Roanoke <strong>and</strong> Dan. Smith submitted his valuable report to Greene on 25 December. Greene had wanted to<br />
arrange <strong>the</strong> construction <strong>of</strong> canoes for cross<strong>in</strong>gs on those waterways, but wrote Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, who was <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia,<br />
that he would put <strong>of</strong>f implementation <strong>of</strong> such a plan until Carr<strong>in</strong>gton arrived. The latter, however, did not rejo<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> army till 7 February, by which time such a construction scheme was too late. Never<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation<br />
Smith had obta<strong>in</strong>ed regard<strong>in</strong>g availability <strong>of</strong> boats <strong>and</strong> places to cross proved <strong>in</strong>valuable <strong>and</strong> made possible <strong>the</strong><br />
sav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Greene’s army at <strong>the</strong> conclusion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Race to <strong>the</strong> Dan. While it was Greene who was able to realize<br />
<strong>the</strong> benefits <strong>of</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Roanoke <strong>and</strong> Dan cross<strong>in</strong>gs, it was Gates (as Henry Lee states) who first<br />
ordered Carr<strong>in</strong>gton to “super<strong>in</strong>tended <strong>the</strong> exam<strong>in</strong>ation” <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>gs on <strong>the</strong> Roanoke, though it was Greene<br />
who extended this survey to <strong>the</strong> Dan. 1703<br />
The army Greene 1704 took <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>, not count<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> occasional North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, stood thus:<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigade: 200 to 300, Col. Otho Williams<br />
Light Infantry corps: 290, Lieut. Col. John Eager Howard<br />
This was made up <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>panies form <strong>the</strong> Delaware Regt. <strong>and</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiments.<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals: 300, Col. Abraham Buford<br />
Made up <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> remnants <strong>of</strong> Buford’s <strong>and</strong> Porterfield’s corps, plus some 200 raw recruits, all mostly <strong>in</strong> very<br />
ragged condition.<br />
1698 COC pp. 46-48, SCP3 p. 24, SCV1 pp. 302-310.<br />
1699 CNC14 p. 699, CNC15 p. 185, RSC2 pp. 190-192, LMS pp. 216-218 (<strong>and</strong> which <strong>in</strong>cludes some <strong>com</strong>ments on Gates’ situation at<br />
this time), JLG1 pp. 337-338, TPY pp. 60, 213n.<br />
1700 Initially, Greene, on 3 Dec., had <strong>in</strong>structed Kosciuszko to make a survey <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba River, “from Mill Creek up to<br />
Oliphant’s Mill,” <strong>and</strong> with a view toward mak<strong>in</strong>g Charlotte his ma<strong>in</strong> supply depot <strong>and</strong> conduit between Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a. However, by <strong>the</strong> 8 th , he changed this to <strong>the</strong> Pee Dee River <strong>in</strong>stead, <strong>and</strong> subsequently (2 Feb.) gave orders to Lill<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
to establish a fortified magaz<strong>in</strong>e at Colston’s (aka as Colson’s; situated on <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pee Dee <strong>and</strong> just west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
mouth <strong>of</strong> Rocky River, S.C.) as a site for collect<strong>in</strong>g provisions, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g livestock, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r stores between Camden <strong>and</strong><br />
Charlotte/Hillsborough. Although Cornwallis’ <strong>in</strong>vasion <strong>of</strong> N.C. prevented Colston’s from be<strong>in</strong>g fully developed as a magaz<strong>in</strong>e, it<br />
was kept <strong>in</strong> some work<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> function<strong>in</strong>g state by Lill<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> by mid April 1781 was used by as a feed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> stop <strong>of</strong>f po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
for Greene’s army on his return <strong>in</strong>to S.C. at that time. As well as <strong>the</strong> NGPs (e.g., NGP7 p. 168n), see Colson’s Plantation: Cross<br />
Road <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution by Stewart Dunaway.<br />
1701 Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, at <strong>the</strong> time, was <strong>in</strong> Richmond see<strong>in</strong>g to o<strong>the</strong>r matters relat<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army’s support <strong>and</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>tenance.<br />
GLG3 pp. 73-75, TPY p. 61. There were two ma<strong>in</strong> possible supply routes from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a: <strong>the</strong> first by way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Roanoke to Hillsborough, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> second by way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dan River <strong>and</strong> Lower Saura Town to Charlotte. It was with this <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d<br />
that Carr<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> later Capt. John Smith were orig<strong>in</strong>ally assigned to <strong>in</strong>quire <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> watercraft on<br />
those rivers (<strong>and</strong>, as well, <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> us<strong>in</strong>g Salisbury as possible depot) -– not (<strong>the</strong>n) as possible escape routes for his army as <strong>the</strong><br />
subsequent “Race to <strong>the</strong> Dan” might seem to suggest. Regard<strong>in</strong>g water transport, <strong>in</strong> a letter from late 1780 (cited by M.F.<br />
Treacy) Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton had written Greene “Pray, direct particular attention to <strong>the</strong> Boats.” TPY p. 59, George Wash<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
Papers, vol. XX, p. 183.<br />
1702 There were two Capt. John Smith’s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e. Though we don’t know with perfect certa<strong>in</strong>ty, <strong>the</strong> one sent on <strong>the</strong><br />
aforesaid mission was apparently not <strong>the</strong> “Jack” Smith who subsequently dist<strong>in</strong>guished himself at Guilford Court House <strong>and</strong><br />
Hobkirk’s Hill.<br />
1703 NGP7 pp. 7, 15, 23-25, The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical And Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. Apr. 1917, pp. 63-64, GHA4 pp.<br />
30-32, MMS2 pp. 250-251, LMS pp. 249-250, DRS p. 37, JLG1 p.337, MSC2 p. 10-12, WAR2 pp. 733-736, 750-751, WDC pp. 364-<br />
365, BEA p. 184.<br />
1704 With Morgan not present, Brig. Gen, Isaac Huger served as Greene’s second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. It is <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g to note that if<br />
Morgan had stayed with Greene’s army, Huger would have had seniority over him. Smallwood, for <strong>the</strong> time be<strong>in</strong>g, cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia at Providence, but soon departed north.<br />
329
Much <strong>of</strong> this group dissipated, due to attrition (<strong>the</strong>re were problems with desertion) or as terms <strong>of</strong> service<br />
ended, or else were <strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong>to Col. John Green’s or Col. Samuel Hawes’ Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regiments which jo<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
Greene just before Guilford Court House. Buford himself did not rema<strong>in</strong> long with Greene due to illness.<br />
Comb<strong>in</strong>ed 1 st <strong>and</strong> 3 rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons: 80-90 men, Lieut. Col. William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton 1705<br />
Detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Artillery (Virg<strong>in</strong>ia): [probably 80 to 100], Capt. Anthony S<strong>in</strong>gleton 1706<br />
Two brass six-pounders at Hillsborough, along with a few iron pieces, <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>the</strong> artillery’s armament.<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Riflemen: 60, Major Alex<strong>and</strong>er Rose<br />
These troops apparently went home sometimes just before or <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n returned to <strong>the</strong> army<br />
shortly after, f<strong>in</strong>ally leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> July 1781. Possibly <strong>the</strong>y did not go home <strong>and</strong> stayed with Greene longer, but, if<br />
so, <strong>the</strong>re doesn’t seem to be a record <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m do<strong>in</strong>g so.<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia, two <strong>com</strong>panies: 100 to 200<br />
Maj. Francis Triplette<br />
Capt. James Tate<br />
Although <strong>the</strong>ir term <strong>of</strong> service was as militia, a substantial number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se last were Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army<br />
veterans.<br />
TOTAL operative strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army was 2,037, with 1,482 fit for duty. Roughly over half <strong>of</strong> Greene’s<br />
overall force was militia; while <strong>the</strong> total Cont<strong>in</strong>entals at Hick’s Creek (i.e., not count<strong>in</strong>g Morgan’s detachment)<br />
did not exceed 949-1,100 1707 <strong>in</strong> camp, <strong>and</strong> not 800 could be mustered properly armed <strong>and</strong> clo<strong>the</strong>d, <strong>and</strong> which<br />
debilitated condition seriously affected morale. In <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> arms, <strong>the</strong>re were 5,000 muskets. But many <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se were useless because <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g damaged, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> gunsmiths to repair <strong>the</strong>m. Some Virg<strong>in</strong>ia troops,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Cavalry under Maj. John Nelson, 1708 were sent home due to <strong>the</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> clo<strong>the</strong>s <strong>and</strong><br />
arms. Desertions were <strong>com</strong>mon until Greene, after giv<strong>in</strong>g advanced warn<strong>in</strong>g, had some men who’d decided to go<br />
forag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> take some free time <strong>of</strong>f for <strong>the</strong>mselves executed as examples; which proved effective <strong>in</strong> arrest<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> problem. F<strong>in</strong>ally, Lee’s Legion arrived at Greene’s camp on 8 January with some 260-280 troops to add. 1709<br />
On 18 December 18 th , Col. Otho Williams sent to Greene (both at Charlotte) a muster <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>spection report <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware troops. Maryl<strong>and</strong> troops were serv<strong>in</strong>g for limited periods (<strong>in</strong> months <strong>and</strong> weeks),<br />
which varied <strong>and</strong> depended upon <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual. The Delaware troops, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, were all (or at least<br />
<strong>the</strong> vast majority) were to serve for <strong>the</strong> duration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. Williams (as paraphrased <strong>in</strong> his <strong>Calendar</strong>): “(H)oped<br />
to be able to <strong>in</strong>clude <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia troops, but <strong>the</strong>y are so deranged that noth<strong>in</strong>g can be got from <strong>the</strong>m.; Col.<br />
[Benjam<strong>in</strong>] Ford mustered <strong>the</strong>m but cannot get <strong>the</strong>ir returns; he [Williams] is <strong>the</strong>refore send<strong>in</strong>g a weekly return<br />
<strong>of</strong> Col. [Abraham] Buford’s entire detachment, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> dates [for] expiration <strong>of</strong> enlistment; ‘<strong>the</strong>se Troops<br />
are destitute <strong>of</strong> Cloath<strong>in</strong>g [sic] <strong>and</strong> consequently dirty <strong>and</strong> exceed<strong>in</strong>gly deficient <strong>in</strong> Discipl<strong>in</strong>e. Has no books or<br />
blanks <strong>and</strong> very little paper, so that s<strong>in</strong>ce our misfortune <strong>in</strong> August [at Camden] <strong>the</strong> system <strong>of</strong> establishment has<br />
not been kept up; needs <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>and</strong> orderly books <strong>and</strong> copies <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal regulations <strong>and</strong> court martial<br />
treatises; has personally asked Col. (William August<strong>in</strong>e) Wash<strong>in</strong>gton for <strong>the</strong> cavalry returns, but has not yet<br />
received <strong>the</strong>m; artillery <strong>in</strong> this department is a detachment <strong>of</strong> several corps from different states under Maj.<br />
[John] Mazaret <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State regiment; Mazaret is now at Hilllsboro <strong>and</strong> he [Williams] has written him<br />
<strong>the</strong>re, ask<strong>in</strong>g him to send a return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery to <strong>the</strong> General from <strong>the</strong>re.” 1710<br />
4 December. Balfour, at Charlestown, wrote to Cornwallis: “A magaz<strong>in</strong>e is form<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> some provisions will also<br />
be forwarded to Nielson’s [Ferry] for <strong>the</strong> detachment, who cannot get fresh meat <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. A galley at<br />
Wattboo Bridge will defend <strong>the</strong> store <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>and</strong> a detachment <strong>of</strong> 120 rank <strong>and</strong> file <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> Hessians <strong>and</strong><br />
convalescents are this day at Mon[c]k’s Corner <strong>in</strong> order to cover <strong>the</strong> boats <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>munication by Nielson’s <strong>in</strong><br />
case that circumstances might make it necessary for mov<strong>in</strong>g McLeroth [with <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regt.] to Camden, which<br />
by Lord Rawdon’s letter I have some reason to th<strong>in</strong>k would be probable.<br />
“Marion is too formidable to trust so near <strong>the</strong> boats <strong>and</strong> stores without someth<strong>in</strong>g better than militia…” 1711<br />
5 December. Cornwallis at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough wrote to Tarleton stat<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> Legion baggage, escorted by <strong>the</strong> 7 th<br />
Regt, has been ordered to Brierly’s Ferry (where <strong>the</strong> Legion was at that time located.) 1712<br />
The same day Tarleton, at Woodward’s, wrote him: “I th<strong>in</strong>k Rugel[e]ys Affair very immaterial -- The arrivals at<br />
Charles Town will be very pleas<strong>in</strong>g --<br />
“The Position your Lordship wishes, I will take To morrow or next Day & Intelligence I will Procure--<br />
1705 Some <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry were so naked at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong>y had to be transferred back to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to be clo<strong>the</strong>d <strong>and</strong><br />
refitted. JLG1 p. 337.<br />
1706 Maj. John Mazaret, a Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State <strong>of</strong>ficer, was also with <strong>the</strong> artillery at this time.<br />
1707 GLG3 p. 70, <strong>War</strong>d states that at Hick’s Creek, Greene had 1,100 total: “650 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals” (from Maryl<strong>and</strong>), “303 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong><br />
157 Maryl<strong>and</strong> militia.” The 157 “Maryl<strong>and</strong> militia” apparently refers to recruits from Maryl<strong>and</strong> who were to fill out <strong>the</strong> 2 nd<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt. WAR2 p. 752.<br />
1708 HWW p. 78.<br />
1709 GHA4 pp. 27-32, JLG1 pp. 312-314, 338-342, GLG3 p. 70, LSY pp. 294, 296, RNC pp. 262, 265, TPY p. 64.<br />
1710 WCA p. 31.<br />
1711 SCP3 p. 104.<br />
1712 TCS pp. 246-247, SCP3 p. 348.<br />
330
“At present we are most exceed<strong>in</strong>gly busy -- No Iron for Shoes to be obta<strong>in</strong>ed here. I am obliged to send for it<br />
from Camden --<br />
“I have order’d Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham 1713 to write to me daily -- He is collectg [sic] <strong>the</strong> Militia fast -- The Brunswicker your<br />
Lordship mentions I have not yet seen. Some Rum to day or to morrow woud [sic] be received with a heartfelt<br />
Wel<strong>com</strong>e.” 1714<br />
Also on 5 Dec., <strong>the</strong> 63 d Regt. arrived at Camden to bolster <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>the</strong>re. SCP3 p. 196.<br />
8 December. Greene <strong>and</strong> Gov. Rutledge visited Sumter, <strong>and</strong> who at <strong>the</strong> time was stay<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> home <strong>of</strong> John<br />
Price near Tuckasegee Ford on <strong>the</strong> Catawba River <strong>in</strong> New Acquisition. 1715<br />
Rutledge, <strong>in</strong> a letter to <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Delegates <strong>of</strong> this date, reported:<br />
“2 Forts –- Augusta -- 300 Reg[ula]rs. 60 & Mil[itia]. Und[er]. [Thomas] Brown.<br />
D[itt]o. -- 96 {N<strong>in</strong>ety Six] -- 300 Reg[ula]rs. 150 & d[itt]o - Col: Cruger.<br />
>No [i.e., none] Works. Stephen’s Cr[ee]k. 50 Mil. under [Moses] Kirkl<strong>and</strong>.<br />
>D[itt]o<br />
Col. [James] Williams [residence] 200 Mil. – Brig. Genl. Robt. Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham<br />
Except<br />
on Little River<br />
Blockhouses<br />
[>] No Works Shilers [Shiroe’s] Ferry 200 – Reg[ula]rs undr. Maj. McArthur<br />
near ab[ou]t.<br />
300 – d[itt]o. Tarlton [sic]<br />
[>] No Works W<strong>in</strong>nsboro: 900 Reg[ula]rs Cornwallis<br />
Mil[iti]a.<br />
with about 100 [militia] <strong>of</strong> [Richard] Pearis<br />
[>] close red[oubt] Congaree 60 Mil[iti]a. Capt. Tullis<br />
[>] No Works Col. Thompson’s 200 Mil. – Major McWilliams<br />
except an<br />
Nielson’s [aka Nelson’s] Ferry<br />
Intrenchm[en]t. at Nielson[’]s<br />
[>] Lanews [Lenud’s] Ferry – a small post <strong>of</strong> Mil[iti]a.<br />
[>] 5 close red[oubt]s Camden 500 Reg[ula]rs - Ld. Rawdon<br />
ab[ou]t. 200 Mil.<br />
[>] Georgetown 80 Reg[ula]rs – Capt. Blake <strong>and</strong> about same no. <strong>of</strong> M[ilitia] under Col. [James] Cassell[s].<br />
[>] Ferry near Camden – a small post under Col. Carey [James Cary].<br />
[>] S<strong>in</strong>gleton’s Mill & High Hills <strong>of</strong> Santee<br />
N.B. 204 Reg[ula]rs. Under Capt. Maxwell left C[harles]:Town ab[ou]t. 20 days ago <strong>in</strong> quest <strong>of</strong> Marion – <strong>and</strong> to<br />
take post at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Tree – <strong>the</strong>y are ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>re or at Lanew’s Ferry<br />
“Dec[embe]r. 7: 1780—<br />
Ab[ou]t. 1000 Cont[<strong>in</strong>enta]ls. Of Maryl<strong>and</strong>, Delaware & Virg[<strong>in</strong>i]a at Charlotte & w[I]th. Genl. Smallwood 16<br />
miles below it. –<br />
150 Cavalry –<br />
& 200 No. Carol[<strong>in</strong>]a. Mil[iti]a. with Smallwood<br />
N.B. <strong>the</strong> Times <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mil[iti]a expire <strong>the</strong> 10 th or 12 th <strong>in</strong>st.<br />
About 600 Virg[<strong>in</strong>ia]ns under Genl. [Edward] Stevens served for 3 <strong>and</strong> a few for 8 Months – great part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
Times expired.<br />
154 So. Carol. Mila. Under Col. Marion abt. Pedee [Peedee]<br />
194 No. C. Mil. Under Genl. [Henry William] Harr<strong>in</strong>gton at Pedee -– most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m abt. To disb<strong>and</strong>.<br />
4 or 500 So. Carola. & Ge[orgi]a. Mila. (lately under Genl. Sumpter) abt. <strong>the</strong> Iron Works on Pacelot.<br />
260 reg[ula]rs. On <strong>the</strong> March from Hillsboro badly cloa<strong>the</strong>d -– <strong>the</strong> Virg[<strong>in</strong>ia]ns. Wretchedly so -- No. C: says <strong>the</strong>y<br />
will soon have a No. [number] <strong>of</strong> Mila. In <strong>the</strong> field but ques. When or what No.<br />
150 mia. Undr. Genl. [John] Butler guard[<strong>in</strong>]g Pris[one]rs. at Salisbury.<br />
“The enemy on <strong>the</strong> 15 th also had about 500 regulars <strong>in</strong> C[harles]Town –- <strong>the</strong>y were work<strong>in</strong>g on he L<strong>in</strong>es at <strong>the</strong><br />
back <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Town –- repair<strong>in</strong>g & streng<strong>the</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g ’em & I is said <strong>the</strong>y were about to raise some Redoubts <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se l<strong>in</strong>es. The Galatea was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Harbour. Very few Reg[ula]rs <strong>in</strong> Sav[anna]a[h].” 1716<br />
7 December. Capt. William Beatty arrived at Greene’s camp along with some replacements for <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong><br />
L<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
Beatty’s “Journal”: “When I set out for Annapolis here I cont<strong>in</strong>ued until <strong>the</strong> 22nd <strong>of</strong> October <strong>the</strong>n march’d for<br />
our l<strong>in</strong>e Which Was at this time <strong>in</strong> N Carol<strong>in</strong>a With a Party <strong>of</strong> recruits, by <strong>the</strong> Way <strong>of</strong> Alex<strong>and</strong>ria [sic], Richmond,<br />
Petersburg & Hillsborough Where I expected to Jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e but Was disappo<strong>in</strong>ted by <strong>the</strong>ir March<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
Charlotte, some time before, Fryday Nov 24th 1780 I march’d from Hillsborough With Genl Stephens Brigade <strong>of</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Militia to Jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army Our rout Was by Guilford Courthouse, Salisbury from <strong>the</strong>nce to Charlotte Where I<br />
arrived & Jo<strong>in</strong>[e]d <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong> 7 th December 1780, Genl Greene had Superseeded [sic] Genl Gates <strong>in</strong> his<br />
Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn army a Day or two or before, When I Jo<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> troops Were Hutt<strong>in</strong>g [sic] Which <strong>the</strong>y<br />
Compleated [sic] a few days after,<br />
1713 Brig. Gen. Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, who formally <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Brigade militia regiments is apparently who is<br />
referred to here. It may seem strange that Tarleton should speak about him <strong>in</strong> this tone, however, see 24 December.<br />
1714 PRO. 30/11/4/285-286, SCP3 p. 349.<br />
1715 BGC p. 115.<br />
1716 The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical And Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. Apr. 1917, pp. 59-61.<br />
331
“Dec 16 th two Companies <strong>of</strong> Lt Infantry be<strong>in</strong>g Ordered out I got Comd [<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Compy [<strong>com</strong>pany]<br />
form’d by <strong>the</strong> late 7 th Regt, Wednesday Dec 20, 80 <strong>the</strong> army march’d from Charlotte 10 Miles to fords [Ford’s]<br />
Farm<br />
“<strong>the</strong> 21 st to Richardson[’]s Creek 18 miles from Fords<br />
“<strong>the</strong> 22 nd to Browns Creek, 19 miles from RIchardsons<br />
“<strong>the</strong> 23d to Cedar Creek 16 miles from Browns,<br />
“<strong>the</strong> 24 th Pass’d by anson C[ourt]-House to Haleys Ferry, 18 Miles from Cedar Creek, <strong>the</strong> 25 was taken up <strong>in</strong><br />
Cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Ferry, <strong>the</strong> 26th we reach’d Hicks Creek 15 Miles below Hal[e]y[’]s Ferry <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a this be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> place <strong>the</strong> Genl <strong>in</strong>tended to take post at, We began to build Small Huts <strong>the</strong> 27 th ,<br />
“January 5 th 1781 a Soldier Was Shot for Desertion,<br />
“Jany 10 th a very Heavy ra<strong>in</strong> fell Which rais’d <strong>the</strong> river Pee Dee <strong>and</strong> small Creeks so much that <strong>the</strong> troops Were<br />
Obliged to draw Corn <strong>in</strong> lieu <strong>of</strong> Meal<br />
“On <strong>the</strong> Eleventh Fryday 12 th In <strong>the</strong> night I went Hunt<strong>in</strong>g, 13 th I wrote to F-- & P--<br />
“Wednesday 24 th The army <strong>in</strong> Consequence <strong>of</strong> a victory obta<strong>in</strong>’d by B. Genl Morgan On <strong>the</strong> 17 <strong>in</strong>stant Over a<br />
Superior force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy Comd by Col Tarleton, near <strong>the</strong> Cowpens fired a Feu de Joy , I wrote to C-- & G--<br />
“Thursday January 25 th [17]81 Genl Stephens [Edward Stevens] Militia left us <strong>the</strong>ir times be<strong>in</strong>g Expired…” 1717<br />
8 December. Gov. Rutledge, at Charlotte, to <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Delegates: “-- On <strong>the</strong> 29 th . Ult[im]o. I went to<br />
Col. Watson’s <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> New Acquisition (So. Carol<strong>in</strong>a,) ab[ou]t. 20 Miles from hence, to confer with Genl. Sumpter,<br />
who had been removed thi<strong>the</strong>r -- it was really melancholy to see <strong>the</strong> desolate Condition <strong>of</strong> poor Hill[’]s<br />
Plant[atio]n; & <strong>the</strong> Situation <strong>of</strong> his family -- all his f<strong>in</strong>e Iron Works, Mills, dwell<strong>in</strong>g House & Build[<strong>in</strong>g]s, <strong>of</strong> every<br />
k<strong>in</strong>d, even his negroe [sic] Houses, reduced to Ashes, <strong>and</strong> his wife <strong>and</strong> Children <strong>in</strong> a little Log-Hut -- I was<br />
shocked to see <strong>the</strong> ragged, shabby Condition, <strong>of</strong> our brave & virtuous Men, who w[oul]d. not rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> power<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy, but have taken to Arms -- This, however, is but a fa<strong>in</strong>t description <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Suffer<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> our<br />
unfortunate Country for, it is beyond a Doubt, that <strong>the</strong> Enemy have hanged many <strong>of</strong> our People, who, from fear,<br />
& <strong>the</strong> Impracticab[ilit]y. <strong>of</strong> remov<strong>in</strong>g, had given Paroles, &, who, from Attachm[en]t. to our side, had jo<strong>in</strong>ed it -<br />
- nay, Tarl[e]ton has, s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> action at Blackstock’s, hung one Capt. Johnston, a Magistrate <strong>of</strong> respectable<br />
Character -- They have also burnt a prodigious No. <strong>of</strong> Houses, & turned a vast many Women, formerly <strong>of</strong><br />
affluent, or, easy fortune, w[I]th <strong>the</strong>ir children, almost naked, <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Woods...” 1718<br />
8 December. [skirmish] French Broad River, TN. ONB2 p. 379.<br />
9 December. In November much <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ army was destitute <strong>of</strong> attire, with 71 st <strong>in</strong> particular quite naked.<br />
Rum, a wel<strong>com</strong>e <strong>com</strong>fort <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiers, also was lack<strong>in</strong>g. But on December 9 th : “our cloth<strong>in</strong>g is all <strong>com</strong>e up on<br />
every man & plenty <strong>of</strong> rum.” 1719<br />
12 December (also given as <strong>the</strong> 4 <strong>and</strong> 11 December). [skirmish] Long Canes, 1720 also Long Cane (McCormick<br />
County, S.C.) After Col. Elijah Clark had brought many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whig families <strong>of</strong> upper Georgia to <strong>the</strong> sanctuary <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Watauga settlements, he <strong>and</strong> his men (a number <strong>of</strong> whom were at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> Blackstock’s)<br />
returned to Georgia. Sometime <strong>in</strong> December he was aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field <strong>and</strong> with Colonel Benjam<strong>in</strong> Few, with Few<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g seniority over Clark. With <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed force <strong>of</strong> 500 Georgia <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, (<strong>the</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>ians under Lieut. Col. James McCall, Maj. L<strong>in</strong>dsey, <strong>and</strong> Maj. Samuel Hammond, <strong>and</strong> who were with Clark),<br />
<strong>the</strong>y advanced on <strong>the</strong> Long Canes Creek settlement just southwest <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six; with many, if not most, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
men mounted. Upon <strong>the</strong>ir arrival at Long Canes, <strong>and</strong> which had a strong whig lean<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>y sought to enlist<br />
recruits from <strong>the</strong> settlement. 1721<br />
Upon word <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebels presence, Brig. Gen. Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, <strong>the</strong> loyalist <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area, sent to<br />
Cruger for support to stop <strong>the</strong>m. Cruger <strong>the</strong>n dispatched Lieut. Col. Isaac Allen with 200 New Jersey Volunteers,<br />
200 loyalist militia, <strong>and</strong> 50 dragoons. It is not clear how many Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham himself had prior to <strong>the</strong><br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcement; so that his orig<strong>in</strong>al numbers <strong>the</strong>n may have been negligible. Initially, <strong>the</strong> loyalists were forced to<br />
retreat <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> an attack by Clark <strong>and</strong> McCall with about 100 whigs. Clark, who was wounded, <strong>the</strong>n called<br />
to Few to support him, but Few refused or was unable to do so; nor did he even tell Clark he had decided to<br />
withdraw. As a result Clark <strong>and</strong> McCall were driven back by four times <strong>the</strong>ir number. Few <strong>and</strong> Clark were<br />
subsequently pursued by Allen. Clark’s casualties <strong>in</strong> both <strong>the</strong> skirmish <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> pursuit were about 21 killed <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded (14 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> actual engagement); while <strong>the</strong> Loyalists lost 3. Maj. L<strong>in</strong>dsey was left on <strong>the</strong> field<br />
mortally wounded. Clark’s wound, which was at first also thought fatal, kept him from fur<strong>the</strong>r fight<strong>in</strong>g till early<br />
March 1781 when he jo<strong>in</strong>ed Pickens <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> period <strong>of</strong> his recuperation, his men were<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Maj. John Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham. 1722<br />
Lieut. Col. Cruger, at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, on Dec. 15 th reported to Cornwallis (spell<strong>in</strong>g left mostly as <strong>in</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al): “Last<br />
Tuesday Week I heard <strong>of</strong> a party <strong>of</strong> Rebels under Clark, Few, Twigs [Twiggs], C<strong>and</strong>ler, &c cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Saluda<br />
<strong>in</strong>to Long Cane settlement. <strong>the</strong>y reported <strong>the</strong>mselves 4, to 500 -– One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Objects was to get <strong>the</strong> Inhabitants<br />
1717 “Capta<strong>in</strong> William Beatty’s Journal: From The Year <strong>of</strong> Our Lord 1776 to 1781,” (28 pages), Maryl<strong>and</strong> Historical Society, no.<br />
58436 (1853). Presented by Judge Beatty <strong>of</strong> Kentucky, <strong>and</strong> located <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> State Archives.<br />
1718 The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical And Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. Jan. 1917, pp. 43-44.<br />
1719 WCO p. 242.<br />
1720 Long Canes, or Long Cane, Creek flows south <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Savannah River.<br />
1721 Aggressive rebel activity, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g loot<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> Long Canes had also been reported by Cruger on 23 d Nov., see SCP3 p. 274.<br />
1722 SCP3 pp. 218, 280-283, The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical And Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. Apr. 1917, pp. 62-63, TCS p.<br />
183, MHG pp. 501-503, JTR pp. 512, 530-532, MSC1 pp. 831-833, LSY p. 89, RBG p. 123. See as well<br />
http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/longcane.htm<br />
332
to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, for which purpose <strong>the</strong>y order’d Williamson, Pickens, & <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>cipal People <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country who<br />
were on parole to attend <strong>the</strong>m, alledg<strong>in</strong>g that we had violated <strong>the</strong> capitulation; <strong>the</strong>y used both sooth<strong>in</strong>g &<br />
threaten<strong>in</strong>g Arguments to those Gentlen. who I have <strong>the</strong> pleasure to <strong>in</strong>form your Lordship, behaved like men <strong>of</strong><br />
Honor, & persisted <strong>in</strong> a different op<strong>in</strong>ion: some idle worthless Chaps jo<strong>in</strong>’d <strong>the</strong>m, but not, from what I can learn,<br />
one man <strong>of</strong> Character.<br />
“Last monday morn<strong>in</strong>g was <strong>the</strong> soonest I could get toge<strong>the</strong>r any militia, when Br: Genl: [Robert] Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham<br />
brought over with him about 110 -– to which I added 150 Rank & File <strong>of</strong> this Garrison with one field Piece under<br />
Colo: [Isaac] Allen, & sent <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong>f on Monday Night at 11 O’Clock, <strong>in</strong> hopes <strong>of</strong> surpris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Enemy, who we<br />
had reason to believe lay at Genl: Williamson’s [White Hall], but unluckily found no body <strong>the</strong>re -– but recd:<br />
[received] <strong>in</strong>telligence that <strong>the</strong>y were encampt six miles far<strong>the</strong>r on, for which <strong>the</strong> march was immediately<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ued, but here aga<strong>in</strong> we fell short by about three miles; a halt was <strong>the</strong>n made, <strong>the</strong> Day be<strong>in</strong>g far spent; a<br />
party <strong>of</strong> Militia was sent out for forage, & were driven by <strong>the</strong> Rebels, who hav<strong>in</strong>g recd: not <strong>the</strong> least <strong>in</strong>timation<br />
<strong>of</strong> any Soldiers be<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> ground, run headlong <strong>in</strong>to our Camp, so sudden & rapidly that <strong>the</strong> Soldiers had but<br />
just time to form, <strong>the</strong>y gave one fire & rush’d on with <strong>the</strong> Bayonets, a rout ensued & soon became general, our<br />
Militia avail’d <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong> this Circumstance & pursued for Two miles with spirit, <strong>the</strong> soldiers follow’d those <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy who had not time to get on <strong>the</strong>ir horses: <strong>the</strong> first Rebel that arrived <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Camp sett <strong>the</strong> rest<br />
ago<strong>in</strong>g, & <strong>in</strong> an <strong>in</strong>stant <strong>the</strong>y were all <strong>of</strong>f leav<strong>in</strong>g six Waggons, & 30 head <strong>of</strong> Cattle, & on Wednesday Morn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
recross’d <strong>the</strong> Saluda: <strong>the</strong>ir loss kill’d is reported, from 30 to 50 prisoners taken -– one Major, badly wounded, &<br />
8 privates chiefly wounded -– <strong>the</strong> Colonls: Clark & McCall are wounded but escaped -– Our loss, 2 Militia men<br />
kill’d, 6 wounded, & 3 soldiers wounded. Colo: Allen & <strong>the</strong> soldiers will be <strong>in</strong> this even<strong>in</strong>g or tomorrow morn<strong>in</strong>g–<br />
<strong>the</strong> Militia I have desired to cont<strong>in</strong>ue scour<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Country…” 1723<br />
Hugh McCall: “After rest<strong>in</strong>g for a few days, near Berwick’s iron works, <strong>the</strong>y [Clark <strong>and</strong> McCall’s men] advanced<br />
by an upper route toward Long-cane, early <strong>in</strong> December, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> way were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by colonel Benjam<strong>in</strong> Few,<br />
with a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> refugees from Georgia: <strong>the</strong> attention <strong>of</strong> this force was turned toward N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, <strong>and</strong><br />
encamped on Long cane creek. Colonel Few be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> senior <strong>of</strong>ficer, assumed <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. The position <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
encampment was favourable [sic] for <strong>the</strong> augmentation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir numbers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> prospect was flatter<strong>in</strong>g…” 1724<br />
12-13 December. 1725 [skirmishes] Halfway Swamp, <strong>and</strong> S<strong>in</strong>gleton’s Mill (Clarendon <strong>and</strong> Sumter County border<br />
area, S.C.) Re<strong>com</strong>menc<strong>in</strong>g operations after a lull <strong>in</strong> activity, Marion, with several hundred men (McLeroth later<br />
reported 600; Ripley gives 300), <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Major John James, Major John Van der Horst, Major Hugh Horry, left<br />
Snow’s Isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> moved up <strong>the</strong> Santee Road, pass<strong>in</strong>g Nelson’s Ferry. At Halfway Swamp (about a mile <strong>and</strong> a half<br />
south <strong>of</strong> present day Rim<strong>in</strong>i, S.C.) on 12 December he attacked <strong>the</strong> rear column <strong>of</strong> Maj. Robert McLeroth, who<br />
had about 100 to 300 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regt. <strong>and</strong> some 200 new recruits for <strong>the</strong> 7 th Regiment. As well, McLeroth had a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> supply wagons he was escort<strong>in</strong>g to Camden. His men took cover from Marion’s mounted men beh<strong>in</strong>d a<br />
rail fence; which apparently forestalled <strong>the</strong> whigs advance. Dur<strong>in</strong>g this pause, McLeroth sent out a flag <strong>of</strong> truce<br />
challeng<strong>in</strong>g Marion to a gentlemanly shoot<strong>in</strong>g duel between 20 men <strong>of</strong> each side. After arrangements were made<br />
where <strong>the</strong> duel was to take place on open ground, McLeroth’s own appo<strong>in</strong>ted duelists, after first march<strong>in</strong>g out,<br />
turned about <strong>and</strong> retreated. The seem<strong>in</strong>g act <strong>of</strong> cowardice, drew a cheer from Marion’s select group under Maj.<br />
Van der Horst. In <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terim, C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>’s detachment <strong>of</strong> mounted New York Volunteers rode up, supposedly to<br />
escort <strong>the</strong> stalled 7 th Regt. recruits to safety, but C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>stead retreated to Swift Creek. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night,<br />
McLeroth notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g managed to escape hurry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f towards S<strong>in</strong>gleton’s residence; where <strong>the</strong>n C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong><br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed him. In <strong>the</strong> process though, McLeroth was forced to ab<strong>and</strong>on his heavier wagons. Seek<strong>in</strong>g to catch <strong>and</strong><br />
delay him, Marion sent Major John James (<strong>and</strong> or Maj. Hugh Horry) with a force mounted on <strong>the</strong> fastest horses to<br />
seize <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>gs at S<strong>in</strong>gleton’s. Yet when <strong>the</strong>y arrived <strong>the</strong>y found <strong>the</strong> S<strong>in</strong>gleton family down with small pox,<br />
<strong>and</strong> so immediately retreated back to Marion. McLeroth <strong>the</strong>n was able to cont<strong>in</strong>ue safely on his way to Camden.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two day action, <strong>the</strong> British reported Capt. George Kelly <strong>and</strong> two privates wounded; while<br />
<strong>the</strong> rebel militia lost some “ten or a dozen,” accord<strong>in</strong>g to Rawdon’s report to Cornwallis <strong>of</strong> 16 December.<br />
Rawdon was not pleased with McLeroth’s lack <strong>of</strong> aggressiveness; while at <strong>the</strong> same time McLeroth asked he be<br />
allowed to return to Charlestown. Rawdon granted his request <strong>and</strong>, says Bass, gave <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 64 th to<br />
Major John Campbell. Even so, <strong>the</strong>re is no Major John Campbell <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 64 th named on <strong>the</strong> British Army lists so<br />
this may be an error. 1726<br />
13-14 December. Maj. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Leslie, escorted by a naval squadron under Commodore George Gayton,<br />
debarked <strong>in</strong> Charlestown with 2300 rank <strong>and</strong> file, but did not march to re<strong>in</strong>force Cornwallis (at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough)<br />
till December 19 th . Leslie’s corps consisted <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Foot Guards, Regt. von Bose, detachments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 82 nd <strong>and</strong> 84 th<br />
Regiments (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Maj. James Craig 1727 ), <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt. (Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s Corps), a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> Hesse<br />
Cassel Jägers, a detachment <strong>of</strong> Queen’s Rangers cavalry (about 15 under Capt. John Saunders, <strong>and</strong> who <strong>in</strong>tended<br />
to recruit more while <strong>in</strong> S.C.), guides <strong>and</strong> pioneers, about 100 artillerymen, 2 six-pounders, <strong>and</strong> 2 threepounders.<br />
After l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, Leslie’s troops designated for Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> Rawdon were camped at <strong>the</strong> Quarter<br />
House just outside Charlestown. 1728<br />
1723 PRO 30/11/4, folios 335-336, SCP3 p. 282.<br />
1724 MHG p. 501.<br />
1725 William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James <strong>and</strong> McCrady give <strong>the</strong>se events as tak<strong>in</strong>g place <strong>in</strong> February.<br />
1726 SCP3 pp. 209-215, The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical And Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. Apr. 1917, pp. 63-64, JFM pp. 39-40,<br />
MSC2 pp. 101-104, BSF pp. 107-111, LSY pp. 74-75, RBG p. 142.<br />
1727 SCP3 p. 33.<br />
1728 ATR81a pp. 147, AR81 p. 54, LOB Part II, TCS pp. 242-243, CAR p. 214n, FWI p. 215.<br />
333
Tarleton: “Major-general Leslie, on his l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g (at Charles town), found an order to march to <strong>the</strong> frontier, with<br />
<strong>the</strong> brigade <strong>of</strong> guards, <strong>the</strong> regiment <strong>of</strong> Bose, one hundred <strong>and</strong> twenty yagers, <strong>and</strong> a detachment <strong>of</strong> light<br />
dragoons: The rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> his corps be<strong>in</strong>g dest<strong>in</strong>ed to streng<strong>the</strong>n Camden, <strong>and</strong> augment <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>of</strong> Charles<br />
town.” 1729<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “(T)he rebel affairs soon after this began to assume quite ano<strong>the</strong>r face. The news <strong>of</strong> Major Ferguson’s<br />
misfortune hav<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong> revived <strong>the</strong>ir hopes <strong>and</strong> suddenly raised <strong>the</strong>m, like that <strong>of</strong> Trenton, from <strong>the</strong><br />
despondency <strong>in</strong>to which <strong>the</strong>y had been thrown. However, as <strong>the</strong> force under Lord Cornwallis, when he should be<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> recruits I was now send<strong>in</strong>g him, would amount to 11,306 effectives, I flattered myself I had<br />
noth<strong>in</strong>g to apprehend for <strong>the</strong> safety <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a.” 1730<br />
On December 22 nd Cornwallis, at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough, wrote to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “I have <strong>the</strong> honour to <strong>in</strong>form your Excellency,<br />
that Major-general Leslie arrived with his whole fleet at Charles-town on <strong>the</strong> 14 th <strong>of</strong> this month, with no o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
loss than <strong>the</strong> dragoon horses, <strong>and</strong> a great part <strong>of</strong> those for <strong>the</strong> Quarter-master general. The species <strong>of</strong> troops<br />
which <strong>com</strong>pose <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcement are, exclusive <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guards <strong>and</strong> regiment <strong>of</strong> Bose, exceed<strong>in</strong>gly bad. I do not<br />
mean, by represent<strong>in</strong>g this to your Excellency, to <strong>in</strong>s<strong>in</strong>uate, that you have not sent every assistance to me which<br />
you could with prudence <strong>and</strong> safety spare from New-York. From <strong>the</strong> account which your Excellency does me <strong>the</strong><br />
honour to send me, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>and</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s army, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> French force at Rhode-<br />
Isl<strong>and</strong>, I am conv<strong>in</strong>ced that you have done so. But I th<strong>in</strong>k it but justice to <strong>the</strong> troops serv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> this district to<br />
state <strong>the</strong> fact, lest <strong>the</strong> services performed by <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn army should appear <strong>in</strong>adequate to what might be<br />
expected from <strong>the</strong> numbers <strong>of</strong> which it may appear to consist. The fleet from New-York, with <strong>the</strong> recruits,<br />
arrived a few days before General Leslie.” 1731<br />
14 December. [skirmish] Indian Creek (Newberry County, S.C.) 1732<br />
14 December. [raid] Nelson’s Ferry (Clarendon-Orangeburg County area, S.C.) About mid December, due to plans<br />
for <strong>the</strong> second <strong>in</strong>vasion <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a (<strong>and</strong> thus with significant numbers <strong>of</strong> British troops be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>reby<br />
drawn outside <strong>the</strong> state), <strong>and</strong>, as well, Marion’s success <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field, Balfour changed <strong>the</strong> Charlestown-Camden<br />
supply path from <strong>the</strong> shorter route <strong>of</strong> Monck’s Corner to Nelson’s Ferry by way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee Road, to <strong>the</strong> much<br />
longer one go<strong>in</strong>g from Monck’s Corner to Fridig’s, aka as Friday’s, Ferry 1733 on <strong>the</strong> Congaree River. He also<br />
directed that boats on <strong>the</strong> Santee stay below Murry’s Ferry. However, one ship which did not receive <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>struction <strong>in</strong> time was captured <strong>and</strong> burned at Nelson’s Ferry by Marion’s men on 14 December. Although some<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regiment were posted at <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> Nelson’s Ferry at <strong>the</strong> time, <strong>the</strong>ir numbers were not<br />
sufficient to pursue Marion’s more numerous <strong>and</strong> mounted raiders. 1734<br />
14 December. [skirmish] Indian Creek, S.C. ONB2 p. 387.<br />
15 December. Admiral Charles Louis d’Arsac, Chevalier de Ternay died <strong>of</strong> natural causes while stationed <strong>in</strong><br />
Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> buried <strong>in</strong> Newport’s Tr<strong>in</strong>ity Churchyard. He was succeeded by Destouches. 1735<br />
16 December. Charlotte hav<strong>in</strong>g been exhausted <strong>of</strong> provisions for some time now, Greene decided to relocate <strong>the</strong><br />
army to Cheraw area on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee, specifically Hick’s Creek; <strong>and</strong> based on a survey <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
area conducted by Kosciuszko. As well as be<strong>in</strong>g better able to feed his army with provisions locally, it was well<br />
situated to take <strong>in</strong> supplies <strong>and</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g by way <strong>of</strong> Hillsborough; <strong>and</strong>, at <strong>the</strong> same time, receive<br />
crucial <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> British movements from Marion (who alone was <strong>in</strong> a position to provide such) just south <strong>of</strong><br />
him. Moreover, <strong>the</strong> move was prompted by more military considerations with respect to <strong>the</strong> British; s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong><br />
Peedee River afforded him protection from attack; while <strong>the</strong> new camp would fur<strong>the</strong>r cut <strong>of</strong>f Cornwallis’<br />
<strong>com</strong>munications with <strong>and</strong> support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cross Creek region. Greene’s troops were put under<br />
march<strong>in</strong>g orders <strong>the</strong> 16 th ; however, <strong>in</strong>cessant ra<strong>in</strong>s prevented his sett<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> motion till <strong>the</strong> 20 th .<br />
Morgan, at this time ly<strong>in</strong>g a few miles south <strong>of</strong> Charlotte, cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army’s light corps; which<br />
was made up <strong>of</strong> 320 Maryl<strong>and</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals (<strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong> Delaware Regiment <strong>the</strong> time were <strong>in</strong>formally<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded), 2 <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> 200 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia, <strong>and</strong> Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia cavalry (this latter “amount<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
from sixty to hundred men.”) Wrote Greene to Morgan on this date “with <strong>the</strong>se troops you will proceed to <strong>the</strong><br />
West side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba River, where you will be jo<strong>in</strong>ed by a body <strong>of</strong> volunteer militia under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
General Davidson <strong>of</strong> this state, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> militia under <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> General Sumpter.” Except for a few<br />
ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g Pickens, Sumter’s men never jo<strong>in</strong>ed Morgan, <strong>and</strong> Davidson’s were not collected <strong>in</strong> time to have<br />
participated at Cowpens. See 20-21 December. 1736<br />
Kirkwood <strong>in</strong> his entry for <strong>the</strong> 17 th writes “March’d to Charlotte...13 [miles.]” 1737 Kirkwood’s next entry giv<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
location is on December 28 th .<br />
1729 TCS p. 184.<br />
1730 CAR p. 221.<br />
1731 COC pp. 48-49, SCP3 p. 28.<br />
1732 LSC p. 11.<br />
1733 Fridig’s Ferry, frequently referred to as Friday’s Ferry, was on <strong>the</strong> Congaree between Cayce <strong>and</strong> Columbia, <strong>and</strong> close by <strong>the</strong><br />
later <strong>and</strong> subsequently erected post <strong>of</strong> Fort Granby (see entry for 13 Jan. 1781.)<br />
1734 BSF p. 113.<br />
1735 GHA3 p. 499, LFB2 p. 334, CGP p. liii.<br />
1736 GHA4 pp. 30-32, MLW4A pp. 338-340, JLG1 pp. 346-347, 352, 356-357, BDW p. 7, WDC p. 369.<br />
1737 KJO p. 13.<br />
334
David Ramsay: “The cont<strong>in</strong>ental army was too <strong>in</strong>considerable to make successful opposition to <strong>the</strong> superior<br />
numbers <strong>of</strong> lord Cornwallis without <strong>the</strong> most powerful co-operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. To give <strong>the</strong>m<br />
an opportunity <strong>of</strong> embody<strong>in</strong>g it was necessary to cover both extremities <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state.” 1738<br />
18 December. For purposes <strong>of</strong> seek<strong>in</strong>g better forage, <strong>and</strong> because ra<strong>in</strong>s had waterlogged Woodward’s lowl<strong>and</strong><br />
plantation near Brierly’s, Tarleton moved upl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> bivouacked at Daniel’s Plantation. 1739<br />
18 December. Cornwallis, at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough, writ<strong>in</strong>g to Tarleton stated: “I apprehend we must first dislodge<br />
Lacey [Sumter was still convalesc<strong>in</strong>g from his wound], &c. from Turkey creek, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n march up <strong>the</strong> west side<br />
<strong>of</strong> Catawba to some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fords about <strong>the</strong> Tuckasegee. I wish you would take pa<strong>in</strong>s to <strong>in</strong>form yourself as<br />
thoroughly as possible <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> roads, provisions, forage, mills, &c. I have good account <strong>of</strong> our<br />
recruits, <strong>in</strong> general, <strong>and</strong> hope to march from hence [W<strong>in</strong>nsborough] three thous<strong>and</strong> five hundred fight<strong>in</strong>g men,<br />
leav<strong>in</strong>g those I mentioned to you on <strong>the</strong> frontiers.” And <strong>in</strong> a separate missive to <strong>the</strong> same remarks: “Our friends<br />
hereabouts are so timid <strong>and</strong> so stupid that I can get no <strong>in</strong>telligence.” 1740<br />
19 December. Smallwood left <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army for Maryl<strong>and</strong>; where it was understood he would facilitate<br />
recruit<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re. Greene’s <strong>the</strong>n appo<strong>in</strong>ted Brig. Gen. Davidson head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia to replace him,<br />
subject to approval by North Carol<strong>in</strong>a’s General Assembly. Huger, meanwhile, became Greene’s second <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. 1741<br />
Mid to Late December. Balfour <strong>in</strong> Charlestown had sent (probably by water) <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment<br />
(which arrived with Leslie) to Georgetown under Lieut. Col. George Campbell, along with some Queen’s Rangers<br />
cavalry under Lieut. John Wilson 1742 <strong>and</strong> “fragments <strong>of</strong> several regiments caught up <strong>and</strong> brought south <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
draft <strong>of</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements under Leslie.” Balfour also called up Ganey’s loyalists, <strong>and</strong> directed <strong>the</strong>m move to<br />
Georgetown. 1743<br />
19 December. Leslie began his march from Charlestown (more specifically <strong>the</strong> Quarter House) to jo<strong>in</strong> Cornwallis<br />
<strong>in</strong> W<strong>in</strong>nsborough. Want <strong>of</strong> horses (lost at sea on <strong>the</strong> way to Charlestown) <strong>and</strong> wagons delayed him from leav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
earlier. Ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g him north were 1530 rank <strong>and</strong> file, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Brigade <strong>of</strong> Foot Guards, Regt. von Bose,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hesse Cassel Jägers. 1744 As well, he had, but not <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> this 1,530 count, <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial light<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry battalion (about 200 men) under Lieut. Col. John Watson; whom Leslie was to subsequently detach on<br />
his pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Santee (see 21 December.) By <strong>the</strong> 24 th , he was at Monck’s Corner on his way to Nelson’s Ferry,<br />
arriv<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> latter on <strong>the</strong> 28 th . (See 1-8 January.) 1745<br />
Leslie to Germa<strong>in</strong>, from Charlestown, on 19 Dec. wrote: “I did myself <strong>the</strong> honour <strong>of</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g to your lordship at<br />
sea, on board <strong>the</strong> Romulus, <strong>the</strong> 27 th ult. From hard gales <strong>and</strong> contrary w<strong>in</strong>ds, we did not get here before <strong>the</strong> 13 th<br />
<strong>in</strong>stant. The troops are all arrived <strong>in</strong> great health: We met with no loss except our horses.<br />
“Commodore Gayton paid <strong>the</strong> greatest attention <strong>in</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g his fleet toge<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> dispos<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> his light armed<br />
vessels for <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> transports. I found orders here to march up <strong>the</strong> country with about one<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> five hundred <strong>and</strong> thirty men, to jo<strong>in</strong> Lord Cornwallis as soon as possible: The want <strong>of</strong> horses <strong>and</strong><br />
waggons prevented me proceed<strong>in</strong>g on my march until this day.” 1746<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “(S)ix British, three German, <strong>and</strong> n<strong>in</strong>e prov<strong>in</strong>cial battalions were left for <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> Charlestown<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> frontier <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a [i.e., all separate from Leslie’s match<strong>in</strong>g re<strong>in</strong>forcement]…The re<strong>in</strong>forcement<br />
under Leslie which was thus added to <strong>the</strong> service <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as consisted <strong>of</strong> a brigade <strong>of</strong> Guards, Regiment <strong>of</strong><br />
Bose, prov<strong>in</strong>cial K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment, a battalion <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry selected from all <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>cial corps <strong>in</strong><br />
New York, a detachment from <strong>the</strong> German Jagers, <strong>and</strong> detachments from <strong>the</strong> Seventeenth Light, <strong>and</strong> British <strong>and</strong><br />
German artillery, amount<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole to about 2,233 <strong>of</strong> as good troops as any general <strong>of</strong>ficer need wish to<br />
take with him <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> field. Besides <strong>the</strong>se [i.e., Leslie’s re<strong>in</strong>forcement] <strong>the</strong>y were ac<strong>com</strong>panied by <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>s<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flank <strong>and</strong> two o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 82 nd [regt.], <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> small debris <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 84 th (form<strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
between <strong>the</strong>m 300 or 400 men), with <strong>the</strong> former <strong>of</strong> which Major [James] Craig afterward held <strong>the</strong> lower district<br />
<strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a...<strong>and</strong> afforded protection to all <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>of</strong> that prov<strong>in</strong>ce who fled to him after Lord<br />
Cornwallis’ dereliction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as.” 1747<br />
1738 RSC2 p. 193.<br />
1739 PRO. 30/11/4/357-358, BGD p. 139, RCC p. 74.<br />
1740 TCS p. 242, SCP3 p. 352.<br />
1741 NGP7 p. 9, RNC pp. 265, 273.<br />
1742 In Simcoe’s Journal <strong>the</strong>se are given as 15 Queen’s Rangers (cavalry.) SQR pp. 150, 153.<br />
1743 BSF pp. 115-120.<br />
1744 “Leslie“ Orderly Book also mentions some Light Horse ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g Leslie’s column, though without specify<strong>in</strong>g who <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were. They may have been some Queen’s Rangers who <strong>the</strong>n rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Camden, or returned to Charlestown. Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 17 th<br />
Light Dragoons see Early December.<br />
1745 LOB Part II, TCS pp. 210, 242-243.<br />
1746 TCS pp. 242-243.<br />
1747 CAR p. 231.<br />
335
20 December. Leav<strong>in</strong>g Charlestown by ship on <strong>the</strong> 19 th , <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt. under Lieut. Col. George<br />
Campbell, along with Lieut. John Wilson’s detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers <strong>of</strong> (reportedly) 15 men, l<strong>and</strong>ed at<br />
Georgetown <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re took up <strong>the</strong>ir new duty as <strong>the</strong> town’s ma<strong>in</strong> garrison. 1748<br />
20 December. A British expeditionary force <strong>of</strong> 1,500-1,600 under Brig. Gen. Benedict Arnold set sail from New<br />
York for Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, depart<strong>in</strong>g from S<strong>and</strong>y Hook on <strong>the</strong> 21 st . See 30 Dec. 1749<br />
20-21 December. The ra<strong>in</strong>s hav<strong>in</strong>g ceased, Greene’s army at Charlotte started mov<strong>in</strong>g. The next day (<strong>the</strong> 21 st ),<br />
Morgan (as earlier ordered) headed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> Broad River. Brig. Gen. Isaac Huger<br />
with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army marched to <strong>the</strong> Cheraw area north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee River (Cheraw itself was on <strong>the</strong> south<br />
bank), which he reached by <strong>the</strong> 26 th ; with Greene himself <strong>and</strong> staff follow<strong>in</strong>g upon shortly <strong>the</strong>reafter. Morgan<br />
had with him about 400 “chosen <strong>in</strong>fantry,” <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s dragoons. These Greene expected “will be jo<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
by 300 Militia horse under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Genl Davidson <strong>and</strong> near 400 militia that were lately with General<br />
Sumter <strong>and</strong> Colonel Clark...The small force that I have rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g with me [i.e., after Morgan] are so naked &<br />
destitute <strong>of</strong> everyth<strong>in</strong>g, that <strong>the</strong> greater part is rendered unfit for any k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> duty.” 1750<br />
Lee: “(Morgan took with him) four hundred Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>in</strong>fantry, under Lieutenant-colonel Howard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e; two <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia, under Capta<strong>in</strong>s Triplett <strong>and</strong> Taite [Tate]; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> remnants <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> first <strong>and</strong> third regiment <strong>of</strong> dragoons, one hundred <strong>in</strong> number.” 1751<br />
William Seymour, a Sergeant-Major <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Delaware Regiment: “On <strong>the</strong> 21 st ult. The troops under general Morgan<br />
marched from Charlotte, be<strong>in</strong>g jo<strong>in</strong>ed by two <strong>com</strong>panies more <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry detached from <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
direct<strong>in</strong>g our march towards Pacolet River. First day’s march from Charlotte we came to Catabo [Catawba]<br />
River. Next day [22 nd ] we crossed <strong>the</strong> river at Bizer’s [Bigger’s] ferry. Next day [23 rd ] we marched to Cane<br />
creek...” 1752<br />
Thomas Anderson: “[December] 21 Was jo<strong>in</strong>ed with two <strong>com</strong>panies from <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> by<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong>s [Henry] Dobson <strong>and</strong> [Thomas] Anderson marched to Biggor’s [Bigger’s] Ferry 1753 on <strong>the</strong> Catawba River 15<br />
miles<br />
“[December] 22 Crossed <strong>the</strong> [Catawba] River <strong>and</strong> marched 5 [miles].” 1754<br />
21 December. Cornwallis directed Leslie to detach Watson’s corps <strong>of</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial light <strong>in</strong>fantry to assist Lord<br />
Rawdon <strong>in</strong> secur<strong>in</strong>g South Carol<strong>in</strong>a’s nor<strong>the</strong>rn frontier. Later <strong>the</strong>n along Leslie’s march (see 25 <strong>and</strong> 26<br />
December), Watson was dropped <strong>of</strong>f at Wright’s Bluff five miles above Nelson’s Ferry to establish <strong>the</strong> fort<br />
(subsequently named after him) <strong>in</strong> that locality. 1755<br />
John Watson: “These troops [Leslie’s] be<strong>in</strong>g l<strong>and</strong>ed at Charlestown, upon <strong>the</strong> order for mov<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> country, I<br />
was <strong>in</strong>formed by [Lieutenant] Colonel Balfour that I was not to go with <strong>the</strong> troops to Lord Cornwallis. Expect<strong>in</strong>g<br />
my surprise, he endeavored to make me underst<strong>and</strong>, I was to have a more dist<strong>in</strong>guished situation than that <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advanced Corps <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Army, as m<strong>in</strong>e would be a detached <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> object <strong>of</strong><br />
which was to protect <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>munications <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee River to Camden <strong>and</strong> to cover <strong>the</strong> Eastern District <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Prov<strong>in</strong>ce.<br />
“Whatever may be a soldier’s op<strong>in</strong>ion, whenever he received prospective orders, it’s his duty to obey <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong><br />
silence. I <strong>the</strong>refore held no fur<strong>the</strong>r conversation with <strong>the</strong> gentleman on <strong>the</strong> subject, than <strong>in</strong>quir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> him what<br />
might be <strong>the</strong> length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river that called for protection. As my whole number embarked did not amount to<br />
340 men, he said <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>in</strong>deed, was <strong>of</strong> considerable extent, but <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal front <strong>in</strong> which it was available,<br />
was with<strong>in</strong> a few miles <strong>of</strong> Nelson’s Ferry, that <strong>the</strong> eastern part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce was my front, that I was to<br />
consider Camden on <strong>the</strong> left <strong>and</strong> Georgetown on <strong>the</strong> right as my flanks <strong>and</strong> appear (<strong>the</strong>re) <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> necessity;<br />
that I should be supplied from <strong>the</strong> post on this side <strong>of</strong> Nelson’s Ferry <strong>and</strong> that I was to <strong>com</strong>municate by letter<br />
with Lord Rawdon at Camden <strong>and</strong> with him at Charlestown.<br />
“As <strong>the</strong> country was <strong>in</strong> perfect security on this side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee River; myself, with every Man <strong>and</strong> Officer <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Corps, (were) total strangers to <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> it <strong>in</strong> which we were to act. [S<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>re were] several Officers,<br />
liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Charlestown, who had served <strong>in</strong> that prov<strong>in</strong>ce, I rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>re, whilst <strong>the</strong> troops were on <strong>the</strong>ir march<br />
to collect such maps, plans <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>the</strong> force, character <strong>and</strong> conduct <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy. [Soon] as was possible, [I] jo<strong>in</strong>ed my Corps just as <strong>the</strong>y reached Nelson’s [Ferry, on 25 December.]<br />
By this means (temporarily stay<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Charlestown) I soon learned what I had been before, totally unable to<br />
apprehend.” 1756<br />
22 December. Leslie, en route to Camden, halted at Monck’s Corner. 1757<br />
1748 NDI.<br />
1749 SQR pp. 158-159, MLW4A p. 387, LMS pp. 297-298, CGP p. liii.<br />
1750 Greene to Samuel Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton, President <strong>of</strong> Congress, 28 December 1780, NGP7 p. 8.<br />
1751 LMS p. 222, BDW p. 48.<br />
1752 SJS.<br />
1753 Bigger’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Catawba River was about 18-19 miles east (east, or very slightly south east) <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>.<br />
1754 AJO.<br />
1755 See 27 December. PRO. 30/11/83, 61-61, SCP3 p. 367.<br />
1756 WNR.<br />
1757 LOB part II.<br />
336
22 December. Marion’s emissary, Capta<strong>in</strong> John Milton, hav<strong>in</strong>g returned from a visit with Greene <strong>in</strong> Charlotte,<br />
Marion (at Benbow’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Black River) <strong>the</strong>n wrote Greene say<strong>in</strong>g that some Cont<strong>in</strong>ental troops sent to<br />
operate with him would bolster <strong>the</strong> morale <strong>and</strong> effectiveness <strong>of</strong> his militia. “[A] hundred would be sufficient for<br />
this purpose.” Marion also reported that that <strong>the</strong> British detachment protect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> south (or west) side <strong>of</strong><br />
Nelson’s Ferry was made up <strong>of</strong> 80 Hessians, re<strong>in</strong>forced on <strong>the</strong> December 18 th with 150 newly arrived troops from<br />
Charlestown. On <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ferry were <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regiment, plus a detachment <strong>of</strong> mounted New York<br />
Volunteers under C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>. 1758<br />
24 December. Brig. Gen. Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, at Williams’ Fort, to Tarleton: “From <strong>the</strong> best authority [I] am<br />
Conv<strong>in</strong>ced <strong>the</strong> Rebels are embo[d]y<strong>in</strong>g at Ramsours Mills. <strong>in</strong> [sic] all probability <strong>in</strong>tend mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir operation<br />
[sic] towards this Quarter; I shall exert ev[ery] Faculty to discover <strong>the</strong>ir Diabolical plans, [am <strong>in</strong>tent on?] mov<strong>in</strong>g<br />
towards <strong>the</strong>m with my militia. am [sic] Sorry to day I lack <strong>the</strong> Necessary Accountrements [sic] -- wish <strong>and</strong> shall<br />
endeavour [sic] a daily Correspondence with you. I am.” 1759<br />
24 December. Marion departed Benbow’s Ferry <strong>and</strong> moved to patrol <strong>the</strong> area between Murray’s <strong>and</strong> Nelson’s<br />
Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Santee River, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> Leslie’s trek to Camden. 1760<br />
William Johnson: “At <strong>the</strong> time when Greene moved down to <strong>the</strong> Cheraws, Marion had been engaged <strong>in</strong> some very<br />
active movements aga<strong>in</strong>st a party under M’Arthur [Archibald McArthur] <strong>and</strong> [Capt. John] C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>, about Nelson’s<br />
Ferry, <strong>and</strong> between that <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> Santee; <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> hope to cut <strong>of</strong>f his retreat by <strong>the</strong> Peedee a<br />
strong detachment had been pushed on from Charlestown to Georgetown <strong>in</strong>tended to <strong>in</strong>terrupt him by ascend<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> north bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee River. But Marion soon received <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> its movement, <strong>and</strong> div<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g its<br />
object, retired across <strong>the</strong> country <strong>and</strong> took a strong position on <strong>the</strong> north bank <strong>of</strong> Lynch’s [Lynches] Creek, <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> his favourite [sic] retreat Snow’s Isl<strong>and</strong>, where he always kept a party to guard his boats <strong>and</strong> awe<br />
<strong>the</strong> loyalists.” 1761<br />
24 December. By this date, <strong>the</strong> Georgetown garrison consisted <strong>of</strong> 135 K<strong>in</strong>gs American Regt., some 15 Queens<br />
Rangers, <strong>and</strong> 100 loyalists under Maj. Micajah Ganey. The town also possessed three 9 pounders <strong>and</strong> two galleys.<br />
Saunders himself left his men under Lieut. John Wilson, <strong>and</strong> personally rode to W<strong>in</strong>nsborough to confer with<br />
Cornwallis. What Rangers that didn’t go to Georgetown rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Charlestown. It had been <strong>in</strong>tended that <strong>the</strong><br />
Queen’s Rangers would recruit while <strong>in</strong> Georgetown <strong>and</strong> add to <strong>the</strong>ir ranks <strong>in</strong> this way (Saunders had been<br />
assigned by Simcoe to form his own <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> dragoons <strong>in</strong> this manner.) To what extent, if at all, this was ever<br />
ac<strong>com</strong>plished is not clear. Yet what seems to have happened is that <strong>the</strong>y did acquire some new men, up to<br />
perhaps 80 at one po<strong>in</strong>t while <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>in</strong> Georgetown, but, accord<strong>in</strong>g to Stephen Jarvis, also lost many to<br />
desertion. So by <strong>the</strong> time Saunders <strong>and</strong> his men were operat<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> Dorchester <strong>in</strong> June 1781, <strong>the</strong>ir numbers<br />
were apparently not much more than what <strong>the</strong>y had started out with <strong>in</strong> December. 1762<br />
25 December (also given as 28 December). [skirmish] “The Camp,” also White’s Bridge [II] (Georgetown County,<br />
S.C.) Hav<strong>in</strong>g been sent by Marion from Indiantown, Col. Peter Horry, Capta<strong>in</strong> John Baxter <strong>and</strong> Sergeant McDonald<br />
with 30 (British accounts say 50) men surprised <strong>and</strong> routed a small group <strong>of</strong> Queen’s Rangers under Lieut. John<br />
Wilson (Bass says Cornett Thomas Merritt) at “The Camp” (near White’s Bridge, not far outside <strong>of</strong> Georgetown.)<br />
As <strong>the</strong> Rangers retreated to Georgetown, a mounted force under Maj. Micajah Ganey came out to counterattack<br />
Horry’s men, but were beaten back <strong>and</strong> Ganey wounded. The wound prevented him from return<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> field<br />
to fight till April 1781. Wilson was also wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> encounter, but not seriously. 1763<br />
Henry Nase <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt.: “25 th . -- Christmas Day, <strong>the</strong> Regt. marchd. [sic] Out <strong>in</strong> hopes <strong>of</strong> fall<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong> Scoundralls [sic], but <strong>the</strong>y fled on our Approach, Colo. Campbell., & Lt. Willson [sic] were Slightly<br />
wounded, One Rebel taken Prisoner.” 1764<br />
Capt. John Saunders: “On our arrival at Charles Town, [Lieut.] Colonel Balfour ordered my <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men up<br />
to George Town; <strong>and</strong>, as he told me that he had not authority to permit <strong>the</strong> return <strong>of</strong> myself <strong>and</strong> party to <strong>the</strong><br />
regiment, I found it necessary to go to Wynnesburg [W<strong>in</strong>nsborough] (180 miles) where Lord Cornwallis was<br />
encamped, to solicit his leave. He granted it; I returned to Charles Town, <strong>and</strong> had <strong>the</strong> men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> boat, to<br />
embark <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Romulus, when <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> express with Tarleton’s disaster at <strong>the</strong> Cowpens, <strong>in</strong>duced Col.<br />
Balfour to counterm<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> embarkation, <strong>and</strong> to deta<strong>in</strong> us till <strong>the</strong> impression made by this unfortunate event<br />
should be done away. He ordered me <strong>and</strong> my troop to George Town, promis<strong>in</strong>g not only to expla<strong>in</strong> to you <strong>the</strong><br />
necessity <strong>of</strong> my detention, but also that it should not be long: I went <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>and</strong> soon after obta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> that post. But before I mention what happened under my orders, I shall premise <strong>the</strong> behaviour [sic]<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troop, prior to this, when Lieut. [John] Wilson had <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> it. On <strong>the</strong> 25 th December, 1780, be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> day after Lieut. Wilson’s arrival at George Town, he <strong>and</strong> his party made a patrole [sic], under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
1758 Greene had <strong>the</strong> idea, taken from or essentially concurr<strong>in</strong>g with one <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s, that Marion should cross <strong>the</strong> Santee to<br />
attack Cornwallis’ <strong>com</strong>munications, <strong>and</strong> destroy enemy magaz<strong>in</strong>es at Nelson’s ferry; while Lee was to go after Georgetown.<br />
Greene to Sumter Feb. 3, 1781, MSC2 p. 98. On <strong>the</strong> 28 January, Huger had written Marion suggest<strong>in</strong>g a similar plan. MSC2 p. 99.<br />
McCrady: Even after Cowpens, “[Greene] made, however, no move to jo<strong>in</strong> Morgan or to cover <strong>the</strong> retreat with his prisoners. Five<br />
days after he was still on <strong>the</strong> Peedee urg<strong>in</strong>g Marion to cross <strong>the</strong> Santee. “ MSC2 p. 91.<br />
1759 PRO. 30/11/4/406.<br />
1760 BSF p. 116.<br />
1761 JLG1 pp. 357-358.<br />
1762 NDI, JKH p. 74, BSF pp. 119-120, BEA pp. 420, 1038.<br />
1763 NDI, SQR p. 242, JFM p. 39, BSF pp. 121-122.<br />
1764 NDI.<br />
337
<strong>of</strong> Col. [George] Campbell <strong>of</strong> Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s corps, when <strong>the</strong>y fell <strong>in</strong> with a party <strong>of</strong> above fifty mounted rebels,<br />
which <strong>the</strong>y were ordered to charge. They immediately did it, <strong>and</strong> with effect, defeat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers prisoner: <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs owed <strong>the</strong>ir escape to <strong>the</strong> speed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir horses, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> thickness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wood.<br />
Lieut. [John] Wilson was wounded; he received <strong>the</strong> thanks <strong>of</strong> Col. Campbell for his conduct <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
words: ‘It is with pleasure that <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g Officer observes <strong>the</strong> spirit <strong>and</strong> gallantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>in</strong><br />
general, but is <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>itely obliged to Capt. Blucke <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Wilson, for <strong>the</strong>ir dist<strong>in</strong>guished gallantry <strong>and</strong><br />
behaviour this day. Laments much <strong>the</strong> wound received by <strong>the</strong> latter, as it may for a few days deprive him <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
services <strong>of</strong> a good <strong>of</strong>ficer.’” 1765<br />
William Hamilton Merritt <strong>in</strong> his Memoirs <strong>of</strong> Major Thomas Merritt gives this account (evidently referr<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong><br />
above encounter) which is particularly <strong>of</strong> value because it provides an extract from Peter Horry’s o<strong>the</strong>rwise now<br />
lost memoirs: “In an illustrated volume <strong>of</strong> Interest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Patriotic Incidents Strik<strong>in</strong>gly <strong>and</strong> Elegantly<br />
Illustrated, published <strong>in</strong> New York <strong>in</strong> 1856, we f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g: -- Colonel Horry, a revolutionary <strong>of</strong>ficer states<br />
that he was sent by General Marion to reconnoiter George Town. His narrative is as follows: ‘I proceeded with a<br />
guide through <strong>the</strong> woods all night. At <strong>the</strong> dawn <strong>of</strong> day I drew near <strong>the</strong> town. I laid <strong>in</strong> ambuscade with 30 men<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers near <strong>the</strong> road. After sunrise a chair appeared with two ladies escorted by two British <strong>of</strong>ficers. I<br />
was ready <strong>in</strong> advance to cut <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong>f, but reflect<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>y might escape <strong>and</strong> alarm <strong>the</strong> town, which would<br />
prevent my tak<strong>in</strong>g greater numbers, I desisted. The escort <strong>and</strong> chair halted very near me, but soon <strong>the</strong> latter<br />
went on <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers galloped <strong>in</strong> retrograde <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> town. Our party cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>in</strong> ambush until 10 o’clock.<br />
“‘Noth<strong>in</strong>g appear<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> men <strong>and</strong> horses hav<strong>in</strong>g eaten noth<strong>in</strong>g for thirty-six hours, we were hungered <strong>and</strong><br />
retired to a plantation <strong>of</strong> my Quarter master’s, a Mr. White, not far distant. There a curious scene took place.<br />
Four ladies appeared, two <strong>of</strong> whom were Mrs. White <strong>and</strong> her daughter. I was asked what I wanted. I answered,<br />
food <strong>and</strong> refreshment. The o<strong>the</strong>r two ladies were those whom I had seen escorted by <strong>the</strong> British <strong>of</strong>ficers. They<br />
seemed greatly agitated <strong>and</strong> begged most earnestly that I would go away, for <strong>the</strong> family were very poor, had no<br />
provisions <strong>of</strong> any sort; that I knew <strong>the</strong>y were whigs <strong>and</strong> surely would not add to <strong>the</strong>ir distress. So press<strong>in</strong>g were<br />
<strong>the</strong>y for my immediately leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> plantation that I thought <strong>the</strong>y had more <strong>in</strong> view than <strong>the</strong>y pretended.<br />
“‘I kept my eye on Mrs. White, <strong>and</strong> saw she had a smil<strong>in</strong>g countenance, but said noth<strong>in</strong>g. Soon she left <strong>the</strong> room,<br />
<strong>and</strong> I left it also <strong>and</strong> went <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> piazza, when I discovered Mrs. White beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> house beckon<strong>in</strong>g me.<br />
“‘I got to her, undiscovered by <strong>the</strong> ladies, when she said, ‘Colonel Horry, be on your guard; <strong>the</strong>se young ladies<br />
are just from George Town; <strong>the</strong>y are much frightened, <strong>and</strong> I believe <strong>the</strong> British are leav<strong>in</strong>g it, <strong>and</strong> may soon<br />
attack you.<br />
“‘As to provisions, which <strong>the</strong>y make such a rout about, I have plenty for your men <strong>and</strong> horses <strong>in</strong> yonder barn, but<br />
you must effect to take <strong>the</strong>m by force; hams, bacon, rice <strong>and</strong> fodder are <strong>the</strong>re. You must <strong>in</strong>sist on <strong>the</strong> key <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
barn, <strong>and</strong> threaten to split <strong>the</strong> door with an axe, unless immediately opened.’ I begged her to say no more, for I<br />
was well acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with such matters, to leave <strong>the</strong> ladies <strong>and</strong> everyth<strong>in</strong>g else, to my management. She said,<br />
‘Yes, but do not ru<strong>in</strong> us; be artful <strong>and</strong> cunn<strong>in</strong>g or Mr. White may be hanged <strong>and</strong> all our houses burnt over our<br />
heads.<br />
“‘We both secretly returned, she to <strong>the</strong> room where <strong>the</strong> young ladies were, <strong>and</strong> I to <strong>the</strong> piazza I had just left.’<br />
“No time was allowed to exhort provisions. He had scarcely arrived at <strong>the</strong> piazza, when his videttes gave <strong>the</strong><br />
alarm <strong>of</strong> an approach<strong>in</strong>g enemy, <strong>and</strong> forgett<strong>in</strong>g that his cap, sword <strong>and</strong> pistols lay upon <strong>the</strong> bench, he mounted,<br />
left <strong>the</strong> enclosure <strong>and</strong> rushed <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> melee.<br />
“By <strong>the</strong> time Horry reached <strong>the</strong> scene, his troopers were engaged <strong>in</strong> a severe h<strong>and</strong>-to-h<strong>and</strong> conflict with <strong>the</strong><br />
dragoons, <strong>and</strong> it was not until he was about to engage with <strong>the</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> that Horry discovered that he was<br />
weaponless.<br />
“The British had been taken by surprise, <strong>and</strong> after a few moment’s fight<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>y retreated, Capta<strong>in</strong> Merritt<br />
br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>and</strong> urg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m on. Only two out <strong>of</strong> seventeen escaped death or capture, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> Merritt <strong>and</strong> a sergeant.<br />
“‘My <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> succession,’ cont<strong>in</strong>ues Colonel Horry, ‘came up with Capta<strong>in</strong> Merritt <strong>and</strong> engaged him. He was a<br />
brave fellow. Baxter, with pistols fired at his breast, <strong>and</strong> miss<strong>in</strong>g him, retired. Postell <strong>and</strong> Greene engaged him<br />
with swords, but both were beaten <strong>of</strong>f. Greene nearly lost his head. His bucksk<strong>in</strong> breeches were cut through<br />
several <strong>in</strong>ches. I almost blush to say that this one British <strong>of</strong>ficer, capta<strong>in</strong> Merritt, beat three Americans. He left<br />
his horse <strong>and</strong> took to a swamp, where<strong>in</strong> he rema<strong>in</strong>ed until <strong>the</strong> next day.<br />
“Colonel Horry, after <strong>the</strong> war, met Capta<strong>in</strong> Merritt <strong>in</strong> New York City, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter recogniz<strong>in</strong>g him, said that he<br />
had never had such a fright <strong>in</strong> his life as upon that occasion. ‘Will you believe me, sir,’ said he, ‘when I tell you<br />
that I went <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> fight that morn<strong>in</strong>g with my locks <strong>of</strong> as beautiful an auburn as ever curled upon <strong>the</strong> forehead<br />
<strong>of</strong> a youth <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> time I crawled <strong>in</strong>to George Town next day, <strong>the</strong>y were as grey as a badger.’” 1766<br />
Marion, at Snow’s Isl<strong>and</strong>, wrote to Greene on <strong>the</strong> 28 th : “I wrought [wrote] you two days ago s<strong>in</strong>ce which I f<strong>in</strong>d<br />
<strong>the</strong> Enemy at Georgetown is re<strong>in</strong>forced with two hundred men, <strong>the</strong>ir strength is near three hundred Includ<strong>in</strong>g<br />
twenty horsemen well mounted; <strong>the</strong>y have two Galleys & have brought three 9 pounders for <strong>the</strong>ir redoubt which<br />
<strong>in</strong>closes [sic] a Brick Build<strong>in</strong>g, a small party was sent <strong>the</strong>re was pursued <strong>and</strong> wounded a Captn [sic] lost one<br />
man.” 1767<br />
1765 SQR pp. 241-242.<br />
1766 Merritt, William Hamilton. Memoirs <strong>of</strong> Major Thomas Merritt, U.E.L.(1759-1842). The Conservator Pr<strong>in</strong>t, Brampton (Toronto)<br />
1910, pp. 9-12.<br />
1767 BSF p. 123.<br />
338
25 December. Morgan reached Gr<strong>in</strong>dal [also Gr<strong>in</strong>dall, Gr<strong>in</strong>dal’s, <strong>and</strong> Gr<strong>in</strong>dall’s] Shoals on <strong>the</strong> Pacelot River<br />
(roughly ten miles north <strong>of</strong> modern Union, S.C.) There he camped <strong>and</strong> awaited <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> anticipated militia<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcements; with William Johnson report<strong>in</strong>g that “soon after” this date, 229 mounted volunteers from S.C.<br />
<strong>and</strong> N.C. came <strong>in</strong>. Babits asserts that former James Williams volunteer <strong>and</strong> subord<strong>in</strong>ate Lieut. Col. Joseph Hayes<br />
was present <strong>and</strong> had secured <strong>the</strong> Gr<strong>in</strong>dal’s Shoals camp prior to Morgan’s arrival. See 28-30 Dec. 1768<br />
William Seymour: “[It] be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 24 th , we were alarmed about two o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g by some men on<br />
horseback <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to our advance pisquet [picket], at which <strong>the</strong> sent<strong>in</strong>els challeng<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> no answer be<strong>in</strong>g made,<br />
upon which <strong>the</strong> sent<strong>in</strong>els fired <strong>and</strong> afterwards <strong>the</strong> whole guard, when immediately <strong>the</strong> whole turned out <strong>and</strong><br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ued under arms till daybreak. This day we crossed Broad River, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> next day, be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 25 th , we<br />
encamped at Pacolet River.” 1769<br />
25 December. Leslie camped at “Floods House.” By this date he had received his <strong>in</strong>structions (<strong>of</strong> 21 Dec.) that<br />
Watson was to be detached to Rawdon at Camden. 1770<br />
John Watson: “When I found that I was to succeed (Lieutenant ) Colonel [Robert] Mc Leroth [McLeroth] <strong>in</strong> his<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> to take <strong>the</strong> field aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> enemy with no more troops than he had, when <strong>the</strong>y [<strong>the</strong> enemy]<br />
obliged him to f<strong>in</strong>d himself <strong>in</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> strongest posts [Nelson’s Ferry] <strong>of</strong> that country, <strong>and</strong> send to Camden<br />
for a re<strong>in</strong>forcement acknowledg<strong>in</strong>g himself surrounded <strong>and</strong> unable to move, <strong>in</strong> a country -- desolate <strong>of</strong><br />
provisions, by <strong>the</strong> supplies it had afforded to his troops <strong>and</strong> those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy; all <strong>com</strong>munications be<strong>in</strong>g cut<br />
<strong>of</strong>f with <strong>the</strong> post at Nelson’s Ferry, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> [Santee] River, wherever it (<strong>the</strong> river) rose which<br />
happened <strong>in</strong> a few hours at any time, <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>s fall<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper country.<br />
“Under <strong>the</strong>se circumstances, <strong>and</strong> whilst <strong>the</strong> enemy rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> this force, I <strong>in</strong>quired where our sick <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded were to be lodged, <strong>and</strong>, if we kept our body toge<strong>the</strong>r for cover<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> assailable po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river,<br />
how we were to be fed, as detachments became impossible, if <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>y [<strong>the</strong> enemy] could surround when<br />
collected an equal, at least, [it is as said an superior force] to rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> a strong post <strong>in</strong> such a manner, that<br />
Colonel [Robert] Mc Leroth could not show a sent<strong>in</strong>el but was fired at. Nobody would tell me. I applied to<br />
[Major] General [Charles] O’Hara for his service <strong>and</strong> such <strong>in</strong>structions, as his experience might furnish us with,<br />
who only shrugged his shoulders.<br />
“Hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>n applied for <strong>the</strong> mounted peoples [detachments <strong>of</strong> New York Volunteers under loyalist Capt. John<br />
C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>] be<strong>in</strong>g attached to me who had attended Colonel [Robert] Mc Leroth, some spare ammunition <strong>and</strong> wagons<br />
to convoy <strong>the</strong> sick or wounded we might have, <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed that <strong>the</strong> mounted peoples must go with <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r troops, that <strong>the</strong>y could give me no ammunition, <strong>and</strong> as for wagons that I had already five, which was more<br />
than would be allowed me <strong>and</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y actually took away two or three, I drew up two papers, copies <strong>of</strong> each<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r, describ<strong>in</strong>g my situation as total stranger <strong>in</strong> that country, without any place <strong>of</strong> security for sick <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded nearer than Camden or Georgetown, <strong>the</strong> one fifty or sixty, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r not nearer than fifteen or twenty<br />
miles <strong>of</strong> my chief post, no wagons to convey sick, wounded or provisions if <strong>the</strong>y could be fetched from a<br />
distance, not a horse, except one I had purchased, among <strong>the</strong> whole Corps, not a mounted man to place as a<br />
videt, to form a patrol or send with <strong>in</strong>telligence, <strong>and</strong> not a cartridge but was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> men’s pouches, to oppose an<br />
enemy <strong>of</strong> superior numbers flushed with <strong>the</strong>ir late ascendancy.<br />
“I showed <strong>the</strong> letter to General [Charles] O’Hara, tell<strong>in</strong>g him my situation, present<strong>in</strong>g one to General<br />
[Alex<strong>and</strong>er] Leslie <strong>and</strong> convey<strong>in</strong>g its copy to a friend, <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> misfortune to me, to be disclosed to <strong>the</strong><br />
Comm<strong>and</strong>er-<strong>in</strong>-Chief. He approved it, said it was a justice I owed to myself, <strong>the</strong>n, <strong>and</strong> never he believed was an<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer left <strong>in</strong> such a situation; that he was persuaded I should do what could be done; but he was as seen<br />
putt<strong>in</strong>g his f<strong>in</strong>gers before his eyes <strong>and</strong> cropp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m, [as if] I should <strong>in</strong> a few days be <strong>in</strong> that manner peep<strong>in</strong>g<br />
through <strong>the</strong> Grate <strong>of</strong> Hillsborough jails (as a captive with <strong>the</strong> enemy). This bill I sent to General Leslie <strong>and</strong> soon<br />
after had about twenty mounted men <strong>of</strong> that country, under a Capta<strong>in</strong> [John] Harrison [<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Rangers], sent to me.<br />
“This whole country, <strong>the</strong> great roads excepted, is one cont<strong>in</strong>uous wood, without any underwood, m<strong>in</strong>imally flat,<br />
except our place called <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> Santee, where Colonel Mc Leroth had taken post. Our first object<br />
<strong>the</strong>refore was to look, while General Leslie was on his move towards Camden, for some spot <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> weak spot <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> River, which might be rendered secure for a time with a few men <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g found a place,<br />
supposed to have been <strong>the</strong> bury<strong>in</strong>g ground <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Indian Chiefs <strong>in</strong> former times, resembl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> barrows [burial<br />
mounds] <strong>of</strong> this country.<br />
“We scraped it [<strong>the</strong> future Fort Watson] at <strong>the</strong> top, abated it at <strong>the</strong> bottom, <strong>and</strong> rendered it as strong as <strong>the</strong><br />
materials we could collect, <strong>the</strong> only utensils we had, our tomahawks, would admit. This be<strong>in</strong>g done [27<br />
December 1780] <strong>and</strong> Lord Rawdon, to whom I had made know my predicament <strong>and</strong> applied to, ei<strong>the</strong>r for some<br />
cavalry to enable me to act <strong>of</strong>fensively with a prospect <strong>of</strong> success, or for a gun to secure any defensive<br />
situation, hav<strong>in</strong>g sent me a three-pounder with ammunition, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation that Sumpter <strong>and</strong> Marion were <strong>the</strong><br />
Partisans I might expect <strong>in</strong> that quarter. His Lordship added <strong>in</strong>structions that I was to seek <strong>and</strong> fight <strong>the</strong>m<br />
wherever <strong>the</strong>y were found.<br />
“Prior to <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> this piece, as <strong>the</strong> river soon rose <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terrupted our <strong>com</strong>munications with Nelson’s Post,<br />
we were obliged to make long marches <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> provisions, <strong>and</strong> as <strong>the</strong> enemy were all mounted, <strong>the</strong>y used<br />
to attack us <strong>in</strong> small parties at a distance, drive when <strong>the</strong>y could <strong>the</strong> cattle before us <strong>and</strong>, by long <strong>and</strong> chance<br />
shots at <strong>the</strong> column wound our men; nor did <strong>the</strong>y neglect on our first tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> field, <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
customary attack by day on <strong>the</strong> sent<strong>in</strong>els <strong>and</strong> piquets by night. But ambuscades be<strong>in</strong>g laid with success <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
spirit <strong>and</strong> activity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers, toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> courage <strong>and</strong> zeal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men to emulate <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry <strong>of</strong><br />
1768 JLG1 p. 362, BDW p. 48.<br />
1769 SJS.<br />
1770 LOB part II.<br />
339
<strong>the</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e, occasioned <strong>the</strong>ir constant impulse (to attack) with loss, soon rendered <strong>the</strong>ir visits less frequent, thus<br />
(mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir) feel<strong>in</strong>g for our several posts more tender (to <strong>the</strong>ir sensibilities).<br />
“Upon <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> this gun, I left forty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men who seemed least qualified for <strong>the</strong> severity <strong>of</strong> our<br />
marches, under Lieutenant [James] McKay, a very good <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> [Lieut. Col. Edmund] Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s [K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
American] Regiment whom I appo<strong>in</strong>ted Comm<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Post [Fort Watson.] We began <strong>in</strong> our turn to beat up<br />
Mr. Marion’s quarters.” 1771<br />
26 December. Maj. Archibald McArthur, at “Owens’s Plantation,” to Tarleton: “W. Grier would <strong>in</strong>form you <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
fir<strong>in</strong>g heard at Liles’s [Lyle’s] Ford & <strong>of</strong> my hav<strong>in</strong>g Sent to know <strong>the</strong> Cause <strong>of</strong> it, which proved to be noth<strong>in</strong>g<br />
more than A [parcel?] <strong>of</strong> own Militia who had got too much Rum & began to celebrate Christmas to[o] early by<br />
fir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir Pieces -- We lost a man Yesterday killed outright by <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> A Tree at [our?] 2d Guard <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> great<br />
Squall.” 1772<br />
26 December. Greene with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army, hav<strong>in</strong>g arrived at <strong>the</strong> north bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee, established a “camp<br />
<strong>of</strong> repose” at Hick’s Creek, six miles southwest <strong>of</strong> Mask’s Ferry, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> what is now Marlboro County, S.C. Local<br />
militia were called <strong>in</strong> to assist <strong>in</strong> forag<strong>in</strong>g so that <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals could more properly devote <strong>the</strong>mselves to<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir military duties. While <strong>the</strong> area afforded more provisions than Charlotte, Greene’s men cont<strong>in</strong>ued to suffer<br />
sorely from lack <strong>of</strong> cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>y wea<strong>the</strong>r. 1773<br />
26-28 December. Leslie’s corps reached Nelson’s Ferry; where <strong>the</strong>y spent <strong>the</strong> next couple days cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
Santee. By <strong>the</strong> 28 th , <strong>the</strong>y camped at Sumter’s house just to <strong>the</strong> north <strong>of</strong> Nelson’s Ferry. 1774<br />
27 December. William Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> 27 th <strong>the</strong> General received <strong>in</strong>telligence that Colonel Tarleton was<br />
advanc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> order to surprise us; 1775 upon which <strong>the</strong>re were strong picquets [pickets] erected all round <strong>the</strong><br />
encampment, putt<strong>in</strong>g ourselves <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> best posture <strong>of</strong> defence. The rolls were ordered to be called every two<br />
hours, <strong>and</strong> reports given <strong>in</strong> by those that were absent. We arrived here <strong>in</strong> five days s<strong>in</strong>ce we set out on our<br />
march from Charlotte, fifty-eight miles, it be<strong>in</strong>g very difficult march<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g deep swamps <strong>and</strong> very steep<br />
hills, which rendered our march very unpleasant. The <strong>in</strong>habitants along this way live very poor, <strong>the</strong>ir plantations<br />
uncultivated, <strong>and</strong> liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> mean dwell<strong>in</strong>gs. They seem chiefly to be <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>fspr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ancient Irish, be<strong>in</strong>g very<br />
affable <strong>and</strong> courteous to strangers.” 1776<br />
27-28 December. On <strong>the</strong> 27 th , Cornwallis (still at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough) summoned Tarleton to his tent twenty miles<br />
distant; with <strong>the</strong> latter arriv<strong>in</strong>g to confer with him <strong>the</strong> next day. 1777<br />
29 December. [raid] K<strong>in</strong>gstree (Williamsburg County, S.C.) Lieut. Col. George Campbell ordered Cornet [Thomas]<br />
Merritt with some Queen’s Rangers who made a quick raid <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gstree area. Afterward, Merritt <strong>and</strong> his men<br />
returned to Georgetown. 1778<br />
28-30 December. Morgan’s corps on <strong>the</strong> Pacelot was streng<strong>the</strong>ned with 60 to 70 South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia<br />
mounted militia under Col. Andrew Pickens, Lieut. Col. James McCall, <strong>and</strong> Major John Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham (<strong>of</strong> Col. Elijah<br />
Clark’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>); though 30 or 40 needed to make a trip <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a “to get <strong>the</strong>ir effects.” These 30 or<br />
40 returned <strong>the</strong> 16 th , i.e., <strong>the</strong> day before Cowpens. Ano<strong>the</strong>r group <strong>of</strong> 120 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia brought by Brig.<br />
Gen. William Lee Davidson jo<strong>in</strong>ed Morgan sometime on or between 28 to 30 December. Davidson himself, even<br />
so, did not rema<strong>in</strong>, but returned to Charlotte to collect more men. Some 200 mounted South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militiapartisans<br />
under Lieut. Cols. Joseph Hayes <strong>and</strong> James McCall, that would be with him at Hammond’s store (30<br />
Dec.) <strong>and</strong> later Cowpens jo<strong>in</strong>ed up with Lieut. Col. William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s dragoons about this time at a location<br />
not far from Morgan; though <strong>the</strong> specific site is not clear. 1779<br />
On <strong>the</strong> 31 st , Morgan wrote to Greene: “General Davidson has brought <strong>in</strong> 120 men <strong>and</strong> has Returned to br<strong>in</strong>g<br />
forward a draught <strong>of</strong> 500 more. Col. Pickens has jo<strong>in</strong>ed me with 60 -- thirty or forty men who came out with him<br />
have gone <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a to secure <strong>the</strong>ir Effects <strong>and</strong> will Immediately repair to my Camp...To expedite this<br />
Movement...I have sent for 100 Swords which I <strong>in</strong>tend to put <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> H<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> expert Riflemen to be mounted<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>corporated with Lieut. Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Corps. I have also Wrote to <strong>the</strong> Quarter Master to have me one<br />
hundred Pack Saddles made Immediately...Pack saddles ought to be procured let our Movements be what <strong>the</strong>y<br />
may, for our Waggons will be an impediment, whe<strong>the</strong>r we attempt to annoy <strong>the</strong> Enemy, or provide for our own<br />
safety.” 1780<br />
1771 SCAR vol. 4, nos. 4-5-6, pp. 55-61.<br />
1772 PRO. 30/11/4/407-408.<br />
1773 NGP7 p. 7, MMS2 pp. 250-251, JLG1 p. 347, BDW p. 7.<br />
1774 LOB part II, TCS p. 243.<br />
1775 S<strong>in</strong>ce Tarleton did not get started till January 1 st , ei<strong>the</strong>r Seymour’s date is <strong>in</strong> error or what <strong>the</strong>y had received was <strong>the</strong>n a<br />
false report.<br />
1776 SJS.<br />
1777 SCP3 p. 357, BDG p. 141, TPY p. 68.<br />
1778 The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical And Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. Apr. 1917, p. 67, BSF p. 123.<br />
1779 Clark at this time was recuperat<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> severe wound he suffered at Long Canes a couple weeks earlier; so that 55 <strong>of</strong><br />
those with Pickens were orig<strong>in</strong>ally from Clark’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. Pickens <strong>the</strong>n, at that time, was act<strong>in</strong>g as more <strong>of</strong> a surrogate ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
than br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r much <strong>of</strong> a force <strong>of</strong> his own (as such.) None<strong>the</strong>less <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> any event, by Cowpens most all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia previously under Clark or James Williams served under him (<strong>and</strong> when Clark was absent.)<br />
1780 NGP7 p. 31.<br />
340
Saye (with McJunk<strong>in</strong>): “After execut<strong>in</strong>g various movements <strong>the</strong> detachment under Morgan encamped at <strong>the</strong><br />
Gr<strong>in</strong>dal Shoals on Pacolet River, about Christmas. It was soon jo<strong>in</strong>ed by a body <strong>of</strong> militia from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, as<br />
<strong>the</strong> writer supposes from <strong>the</strong> region <strong>of</strong> Burke, <strong>and</strong> under <strong>the</strong> immediate <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Major Joseph McDowell.<br />
The regiments <strong>of</strong> Br<strong>and</strong>on <strong>and</strong> Thomas took post <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> immediate vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Morgan’s camp. At <strong>the</strong> same time<br />
<strong>the</strong> regiment <strong>of</strong> McCall, a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brigade <strong>of</strong> Gen. Pickens, jo<strong>in</strong>ed his st<strong>and</strong>ard. A corps <strong>of</strong> Georgians under<br />
Majors [James] Jackson <strong>and</strong> [John] Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham also came up. Pickens was approach<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> residue <strong>of</strong> his<br />
force from <strong>the</strong> region <strong>of</strong> Long Cane, <strong>in</strong> what is now Abbeville. Among o<strong>the</strong>r objects <strong>of</strong> importance which pressed<br />
upon <strong>the</strong> attention <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enterpris<strong>in</strong>g general was <strong>the</strong> means <strong>of</strong> subsist<strong>in</strong>g his army, for small as it was its stores<br />
<strong>of</strong> provisions were much smaller. Its position was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> midst <strong>of</strong> a country which had with<strong>in</strong> a few months been<br />
ravaged successively by <strong>the</strong> armies <strong>of</strong> Ferguson <strong>and</strong> Tarleton. And <strong>in</strong> addition to <strong>the</strong> supplies levied by <strong>the</strong>se<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir subord<strong>in</strong>ate <strong>of</strong>ficers, b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Tories had visited every house owned by a Whig, with<br />
desolation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole region round about.<br />
“Mrs. Angelia Nott, widow <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> late Judge Nott, lived <strong>in</strong> this vic<strong>in</strong>ity at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>and</strong> states that <strong>the</strong> family<br />
with which she lived had noth<strong>in</strong>g to eat but roast<strong>in</strong>g ears dur<strong>in</strong>g a considerable portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>and</strong><br />
autumn preced<strong>in</strong>g, that every <strong>com</strong>fort <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> shape <strong>of</strong> bedd<strong>in</strong>g was taken from <strong>the</strong>m, that salt a great deal <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> time was out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> question <strong>and</strong> that lea<strong>the</strong>r shoes was a luxury that no Whig family enjoyed that w<strong>in</strong>ter.<br />
“But Morgan’s army must have provisions or quit <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>the</strong>nce his <strong>com</strong>missaries are dispatched abroad to<br />
glean whatever could be found. In <strong>the</strong>se excursions <strong>the</strong>y were generally ac<strong>com</strong>panied by portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Thomas or Br<strong>and</strong>on. These colonels were aided by Lieut. Cols. [William] Farr <strong>and</strong> [Benjam<strong>in</strong>]<br />
Roebuck <strong>and</strong> Majors Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> Henry White, with <strong>the</strong> capta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir several regiments.” 1781<br />
30 December. Leslie camped at S<strong>in</strong>gleton’s Mill. 1782<br />
30 December. British spy, David George to Cornwallis: “I have sot [sat] down to acqua<strong>in</strong>t you with what I have<br />
Heard a few Moments agoe [ago] Morgan & Wash<strong>in</strong>gton Had Jo<strong>in</strong>d [sic] <strong>the</strong> party that Lay at Grimes Mill<br />
yesterday & <strong>the</strong>y all moved to Colonel [William] Henderson[’s] Plantation about a mile this side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mill <strong>and</strong> I<br />
am well Informed that <strong>the</strong>y Intend to March as fast as <strong>the</strong>y can to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six I don’t believe <strong>the</strong>y have as many<br />
men at it is Reported to my Wife[’]s Sister.” 1783<br />
30 December. Subsequent to Maj. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Leslie’s <strong>in</strong>itial Virg<strong>in</strong>ia expedition, a second British <strong>in</strong>vasion<br />
force <strong>of</strong> about 1,500-1,600 men under Brig. Gen. Benedict Arnold, Lieut. Colonels Thomas Dundas <strong>and</strong> John<br />
Graves Simcoe had been sent south by Cl<strong>in</strong>ton. Hav<strong>in</strong>g left New York on <strong>the</strong> 20 th , <strong>the</strong>y appeared <strong>of</strong>f Hampton<br />
Road on <strong>the</strong> 30 th .; <strong>and</strong> subsequently mov<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> James River <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g below Richmond at fortified Hood’s<br />
Po<strong>in</strong>t on 3 Jan; <strong>and</strong> which <strong>the</strong> Americans quickly ab<strong>and</strong>oned. En route, 1 war vessel <strong>and</strong> three transports carry<strong>in</strong>g<br />
400 <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> convoy had got lost dur<strong>in</strong>g a storm <strong>and</strong> were not able to not rejo<strong>in</strong> Arnold. 1784 For an account <strong>of</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia’s forces <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field <strong>in</strong> early 1781 see JLG1 pp. 440-441 <strong>and</strong> Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on <strong>the</strong> State <strong>of</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, ch. 9.<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “(Arnold was sent) with similar <strong>in</strong>structions to those I had given to Major General Leslie, but ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
more positive with respect to establish<strong>in</strong>g a post at Portsmouth on Elizabeth River, which that <strong>of</strong>ficer had<br />
represented as ‘<strong>the</strong> key to <strong>the</strong> wealth <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>’; <strong>and</strong> [Leslie] had left <strong>the</strong> works he threw up<br />
<strong>the</strong>re entire, <strong>in</strong> hopes <strong>of</strong> our reoccupy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same ground. He [Arnold] was likewise directed to prepare<br />
materials for build<strong>in</strong>g a number <strong>of</strong> boats, etc., <strong>and</strong> to collect a naval force as soon as possible <strong>in</strong> Albemarle<br />
Sound, for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> annoy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy’s <strong>com</strong>munications <strong>and</strong> trade <strong>and</strong> secur<strong>in</strong>g means <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence,<br />
or even <strong>of</strong> a retreat for his detachment <strong>in</strong> case a superior French fleet should take a temporary possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Chesapeake.” 1785<br />
30 December. Marion, at Snow’s Isl<strong>and</strong>, ordered Capt. John Postell: “You will proceed with a party down Black<br />
River, from Black M<strong>in</strong>go to <strong>the</strong> Mouth <strong>of</strong> PeDee [Peedee], <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>e up to this place; you will take all <strong>the</strong> boats<br />
<strong>and</strong> canoes from Euhaney up, <strong>and</strong> impress negroes <strong>and</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to camp, put some men to see <strong>the</strong>m safe;<br />
you will take every horse top whomsoever he belongs; whe<strong>the</strong>r friend or foe. You will take all arms <strong>and</strong><br />
ammunition for <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> our service. You will forbid all persons from carry<strong>in</strong>g any gra<strong>in</strong>s, stock or any sort <strong>of</strong><br />
provisions to Georgetown, or where <strong>the</strong> enemy may get <strong>the</strong>m, on pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g held traitors <strong>and</strong> enemies to <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans. All persons who will not jo<strong>in</strong> you will take prisoners <strong>and</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g to me. You will return as soon as<br />
possible. Let me know any <strong>in</strong>telligence you may ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s strength or movements.” Carry<strong>in</strong>g out<br />
Marion’s orders, Postell subsequently discovered some 150 bushels <strong>of</strong> salt on Waccamaw. Marion <strong>the</strong>n sent a<br />
group with wagons to collect it. Much <strong>of</strong> this salt was subsequently distributed to needy families <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area. 1786<br />
30 December. (also given as 28 <strong>and</strong> 29 December). [raid] Hammond’s Store, also Fair Forest Creek (Laurens<br />
County, S.C.) To encourage <strong>the</strong> British support <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> upcountry <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> to check rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g rebel<br />
aspirations, 250 loyalists under Col. Thomas Waters, from Savannah, were sent <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Fair Forest area, at a<br />
location 15 to 20 miles south <strong>of</strong> Morgan’s camp on <strong>the</strong> Pacelot. Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong>, by way <strong>of</strong> Saye, however, says<br />
<strong>the</strong> loyalists were led by Col. Pearson <strong>and</strong> Major Ben W<strong>of</strong>ford; while ano<strong>the</strong>r account speaks <strong>of</strong> one “Col. Vance”<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir leader. 1787 Col William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton with 75 <strong>of</strong> his dragoons <strong>and</strong> 200 mounted South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia<br />
1781 SJM.<br />
1782 LOB part II.<br />
1783 SCP3 p. 418, BGD p. 142.<br />
1784 AR81 p. 73, SQR pp. 159-160, GHA4 p. 59, MLW4A pp. 387-388, CAR pp. 235-236, WAR2 p. 868.<br />
1785 CAR p. 235.<br />
1786 JFM pp. 29, 83-84, BSF pp. 124-125.<br />
1787 The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. Apr. 1917, p. 65.<br />
341
under Lieut. Col. Joseph Hayes <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. James McCall was sent to attack him on <strong>the</strong> 29 th . Learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
approach, Waters fell back ano<strong>the</strong>r to Hammond’s Store where on <strong>the</strong> 30 th Wash<strong>in</strong>gton caught up with <strong>and</strong><br />
routed him. Morgan reported to Greene <strong>the</strong> Loyalists as los<strong>in</strong>g 150 killed or wounded <strong>and</strong> 40 captured. Haller<br />
states Waters escaped with 60 survivors, lost 40 as prisoners, 50 horses, <strong>and</strong> 150 killed or sabered beyond<br />
recovery. These high mortality figures would seem to <strong>in</strong>dicate that many <strong>of</strong> Waters men were needlessly<br />
slaughtered. While it seems likely that <strong>the</strong> excessive casualties sprang to some degree from v<strong>in</strong>dictive militia<br />
with scores to settle, it was not unusual for cavalry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day to be free with <strong>the</strong> sword when opposition was<br />
nil; so that this evidently (assum<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> figures) was o<strong>the</strong>rwise <strong>the</strong> reason for <strong>the</strong> excessive number <strong>of</strong> loyalist<br />
fatalities. 1788<br />
Marshall: “The active courage <strong>of</strong> his [Morgan’s]troops, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enterpris<strong>in</strong>g temper <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er rendered<br />
him extremely formidable to <strong>the</strong> parties <strong>of</strong> loyal militia who were embody<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> that quarter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. His<br />
detachments obta<strong>in</strong>ed several small advantages over <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>and</strong> on one occasion, lieutenant colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton,<br />
with his own regiment <strong>and</strong> about two hundred mounted militia riflemen, came up with two hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty<br />
tory militia from Georgia, at Hammond’s store, near forty miles from Morgan’s camp, whom he <strong>in</strong>stantly charged<br />
so furiously that not one third <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m escaped.” 1789<br />
Thomas Young: “The next engagement I was <strong>in</strong> was at Hammond’s Store, on Bush River, somewhere near ‘96.<br />
Gen. Morgan was encamped at Gr<strong>in</strong>dall’s Shoals [on <strong>the</strong> Pacelot River] to keep <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>in</strong> check. He<br />
dispatched Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton with a detachment <strong>of</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong> about seventy dragoons, to attack a body <strong>of</strong><br />
Tories, who had been plunder<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Whigs. We came up with <strong>the</strong>m at Hammond’s store; <strong>in</strong> fact, we picked up<br />
several scatter<strong>in</strong>g ones, with<strong>in</strong> about three miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> place, from whom we learned all about <strong>the</strong>ir position.<br />
When we came <strong>in</strong> sight, we perceived that <strong>the</strong> Tories had formed <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e on <strong>the</strong> brow <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hill opposite to us.<br />
We had a long hill to descend <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r to rise. Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> his dragoons gave a shout, drew swords,<br />
<strong>and</strong> charged down <strong>the</strong> hill like madmen. The Tories fled In every direction without fir<strong>in</strong>g a gun. We took a great<br />
many prisoners <strong>and</strong> killed a few.” 1790<br />
Saye (with McJunk<strong>in</strong>): “While engaged <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>se preparations for action a body <strong>of</strong> Tories mak<strong>in</strong>g Hammond’s Store<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir headquarters advanced as far as Fairforest Creek to embarrass <strong>the</strong>se operations. Morgan immediately<br />
dispatched Cols. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> [James] McCall with a <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> some three hundred men to drive <strong>the</strong>m<br />
from <strong>the</strong> country. Major McJunk<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> some o<strong>the</strong>rs familiar with <strong>the</strong> country were sent as pilots.<br />
“Wash<strong>in</strong>gton came suddenly upon <strong>the</strong> Tories at Hammond’s Store <strong>and</strong> a general rout ensued. It was said<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton reported 100 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, with forty prisoners. The whole party <strong>of</strong> Tories amounted to<br />
someth<strong>in</strong>g over 200, so that but few escaped. They were <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by a Col. Pearson <strong>and</strong> Major Ben W<strong>of</strong>ford.<br />
“A detachment from Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n proceeded to a fort on Mudlick Creek <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Gen.<br />
[Robert] Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, but <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>the</strong>n made <strong>the</strong>ir escape to <strong>the</strong> garrison at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, which was not far<br />
distant. The effect <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se movements was that Cornwallis immediately dispatched Col. Tarleton to N<strong>in</strong>ety-<br />
Six.” 1791<br />
31 December. (also given as 29 December <strong>and</strong> 30 December) [skirmish] Williams’ Fort, also Fort Williams,<br />
Williams’ Plantation, Mudlick (Laurens or possibly Newberry County, S.C.) Brig. Gen. Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham with<br />
about 100 to 150 loyalists; <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Col. Moses Kirkl<strong>and</strong> who previously <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> post, occupied Fort<br />
Williams; situated, a few miles northwest <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, at <strong>the</strong> former home <strong>of</strong> Brig. Gen. James Williams. There<br />
was no fort at <strong>the</strong> site as such, but ra<strong>the</strong>r a blockhouse or else some blockhouses. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton sent a detachment<br />
<strong>of</strong> 40 dragoons led by Cornet James Simmons (also given as Simons) <strong>and</strong> some mounted militia under Lieut. Col.<br />
Joseph Hayes to capture <strong>the</strong> post. Haller, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, states that <strong>the</strong> force consisted <strong>of</strong> 10 dragoons<br />
(Garden similarly says 11) <strong>and</strong> 40 mounted militia (Garden doesn’t specify.) When <strong>the</strong>y arrived, Simmons <strong>and</strong><br />
Hayes dem<strong>and</strong>ed Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham’s surrender. Yet dur<strong>in</strong>g negotiations, accord<strong>in</strong>g to one account, Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham <strong>and</strong><br />
most <strong>of</strong> his men were able to slip out a rear exit; though a few loyalists even so were taken after some<br />
reportedly sharp fight<strong>in</strong>g. Ano<strong>the</strong>r version reports that <strong>the</strong> fort was evacuated before Simmons <strong>and</strong> Hayes<br />
showed up. Food <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r stores were taken, though <strong>the</strong> structure itself was left <strong>in</strong>tact. 1792<br />
William Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> 31 st December Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton was detached to Fort William <strong>in</strong> order to surprise<br />
some Tories that lay <strong>the</strong>re; <strong>and</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>g with a party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m near said place, upon which ensued a smart<br />
engagement, <strong>the</strong> latter hav<strong>in</strong>g one hundred <strong>and</strong> sixty men killed dead, <strong>and</strong> thirty-three made prisoners.” 1793<br />
31 December. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Salem congregation): “We heard that <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ians, 140 men<br />
[Triplett’s <strong>and</strong> or Tate’s men?], reached Bethabara yesterday, but camped <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods, <strong>and</strong> made no trouble<br />
except that meal <strong>and</strong> meat must be furnished <strong>the</strong>m. They will be here tomorrow.” 1794<br />
31 December. Leslie camped at Ravenor’s Creek. 1795<br />
1788 NGP7 pp. 30-31, RSC2 p. 195, GHA4 p. 31, The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical And Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. Apr. 1917, p.<br />
65, MLW4A p. 340, JLG1 p. 363, MSC2 pp. 23-24, WAR2 p. 752, LSY p. 121, RBG pp. 126-128, BEA pp. 481-482, BRG p. 302, TPY<br />
p. 77, HWW p. 81, SCAR vol. 2, no.12, pp. 14-23, <strong>and</strong> see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/hammondsstore.htm<br />
1789 MLW4A p. 340.<br />
1790 JTR pp. 446-454, SCAR vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 5-7.<br />
1791 SJM.<br />
1792 SCP3 p. 239, RSC2 pp. 195-200, JLG1 pp. 363-364, GAR1 pp. 441-442, MSC2 pp. 24-25, BGD pp. 142-143, RBG p. 128, BEA p.<br />
482, HWW p. 82, SCAR vol. 2, no.12, pp. 18-19. See as well http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/ftwms.htm<br />
1793 Seymour, who was not present, is confus<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> attack at Hammonds Store with <strong>the</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Williams’ Fort. SJS.<br />
1794 FRM p. 1580.<br />
1795 LOB part II.<br />
342
Late December. [raids followed by ambush] Boyd’s Creek (f<strong>in</strong>d county, TN.) Directly <strong>in</strong> reaction <strong>and</strong> to prevent<br />
frontier militia, such as those <strong>of</strong> Holston, Watauga <strong>and</strong> Nolachucky settlements (present at Second Cedar Spr<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
Musgrove’s Mill, <strong>and</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>) assist<strong>in</strong>g Greene, Cornwallis arranged to have British agents <strong>in</strong>cite<br />
upris<strong>in</strong>gs among <strong>the</strong> Cherokee. Orig<strong>in</strong>ally, Cornwallis was adamantly opposed to us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Indians, see SCP1 p.<br />
245. But whe<strong>the</strong>r through o<strong>the</strong>r’s persuasion, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> or his own change <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d, he switched his position<br />
on this question. Follow<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>in</strong>itial burn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> cab<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> scalp<strong>in</strong>g by <strong>the</strong> Indians, <strong>the</strong> frontiersmen o<strong>the</strong>rwise<br />
found out about <strong>the</strong> scheme, <strong>and</strong>, as a result, arranged surprise attacks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own. Boyd’s Creek, <strong>the</strong> most<br />
notable <strong>and</strong> decisive <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se was a successful ambush by Col. John Sevier with 300 frontiersmen aga<strong>in</strong>st 70<br />
advanc<strong>in</strong>g Cherokees. Sevier afterward returned to French Broad River <strong>and</strong> on December 22 nd , with some 270,<br />
met up with Col. Arthur Campbell with 300 to 400 near Buck<strong>in</strong>gham Isl<strong>and</strong>. Pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Little Tennessee River at<br />
Tomotley’s Ford, <strong>the</strong>y reached <strong>the</strong> Cherokee town <strong>of</strong> Chota on <strong>the</strong> 24 th ; which <strong>the</strong>y burned. Telllico followed,<br />
<strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 28 th , Tuskegee. After march<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> Tellico River, <strong>the</strong>y moved to Hiwasse on 1 January <strong>and</strong> found<br />
that town ab<strong>and</strong>oned. From <strong>the</strong>re <strong>the</strong> expedition returned home <strong>in</strong> broken up detachments <strong>and</strong> at least one<br />
additional Indian town was set fire to along <strong>the</strong> way. In all, some thous<strong>and</strong> cab<strong>in</strong>s were set afire, fifty thous<strong>and</strong><br />
bushels <strong>of</strong> corn destroyed, 29 warriors killed, 17 women <strong>and</strong> children made captives; with 1 white sla<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> 2<br />
wounded. Despite <strong>the</strong> devastation, <strong>the</strong> Cherokees <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir allies were able to cont<strong>in</strong>ue raid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> western<br />
settlements well <strong>in</strong>to 1781, <strong>and</strong> to that extent <strong>the</strong> British prevailed <strong>in</strong> attempt<strong>in</strong>g to divert <strong>and</strong> re-direct <strong>the</strong><br />
frontier militia’s attention <strong>and</strong> manpower from support<strong>in</strong>g Greene’s army. Regard<strong>in</strong>g peace talks with <strong>the</strong><br />
Indians, see 20 February 1781. 1796<br />
“Late 1780”. [skirmish] Fairforest Creek (Union or Laurens County, S.C.)<br />
Saye: “A party <strong>of</strong> eight persons were set on a scout. They stopped at <strong>the</strong> house <strong>of</strong> an old man named Leighton.<br />
The house was near Fairforest Creek <strong>and</strong> not far from its mouth. A lane passed through <strong>the</strong> plantation by his<br />
house. Leighton was <strong>of</strong> doubtful politics, with an <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ation to <strong>the</strong> strongest side. At <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong> scouts<br />
stopped a party <strong>of</strong> 100 Tories were ly<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> creek. In a short time <strong>the</strong>y came over <strong>and</strong><br />
formed on each side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> house, unperceived by <strong>the</strong> Whigs. Two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir party came near <strong>and</strong> fired. Two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Whigs, William Sharp <strong>and</strong> William Giles, mounted <strong>the</strong>ir horses <strong>and</strong> charged through <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>and</strong> made good<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir escape. Two o<strong>the</strong>rs, John Jolly <strong>and</strong> Charles Crane, ran <strong>of</strong>f on foot through <strong>the</strong> field. Crane succeeded, but<br />
Jolly was shot dead. The rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g four staid <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> house, made a gallant defense, killed <strong>and</strong> wounded a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir assailants, but after night were <strong>com</strong>pelled to capitulate. They were put <strong>in</strong> jail at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six,<br />
where two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, Richard Hughes Sr., <strong>and</strong> his son, John, died. The o<strong>the</strong>r two, James Johnson <strong>and</strong> Allbritton,<br />
returned. This affair occurred <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter part <strong>of</strong> 1780.” 1797<br />
1796 SCP3 pp. 30, 295-299, CNC15 p. 153, RCC p. 76, NGP7 pp. 10n, 258, MLW3 pp. 116-117, JLG1 pp. 471-472, MDR pp. 473-478,<br />
RWW2 pp. 299-305, TPY pp. 67-68, DRR pp. 307-309.<br />
1797 SJM.<br />
343
JANUARY 1781<br />
January. Between January <strong>and</strong> May 1781, by order <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis, <strong>the</strong> fortifications at Charlestown were mostly<br />
leveled, <strong>and</strong> a plan was implemented to erect new ones. This move was later criticized by Cl<strong>in</strong>ton as only add<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce’s already unprepared state <strong>of</strong> defense; perhaps <strong>in</strong> reference to <strong>the</strong> additional time, cost, <strong>and</strong><br />
effort such renovation <strong>in</strong>volved. 1798<br />
January. Throughout most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month <strong>the</strong>re were heavy <strong>and</strong> light ra<strong>in</strong>s, <strong>in</strong> northwestern South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong><br />
southwestern North Carol<strong>in</strong>a; which caused many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> creeks <strong>and</strong> rivers to flood thus mak<strong>in</strong>g fords at <strong>the</strong>se<br />
places more difficult, or else impassible except by boat.<br />
January. [skirmish] Backcountry, S.C. ONB3 p. 22.<br />
January. [skirmish] Mann’s Old Field, S.C. ONB3 p. 53.<br />
January. [raid] Brier Creek Massacre, S.C. ONB3 p. 54.<br />
Early January. The N.C. Assembly passed an act reduc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> state Cont<strong>in</strong>ental battalions from 6 to 4. General<br />
musters from each county to fill <strong>the</strong>m out was to take place on or before 20 th <strong>of</strong> March, with every fifteenth man<br />
<strong>in</strong> a county eligible for Cont<strong>in</strong>ental service. The men so raised were to meet <strong>in</strong> Salisbury on or before <strong>the</strong> 25 th <strong>of</strong><br />
April. 1799<br />
Early January. Sometime prior to his leav<strong>in</strong>g W<strong>in</strong>nsborough later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month, Cornwallis had <strong>in</strong>structed Balfour<br />
<strong>in</strong> Charlestown to send an expedition to take <strong>and</strong> occupy Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton; <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> which was to arrange a<br />
supply po<strong>in</strong>t by which to help susta<strong>in</strong> his Norh Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong>vasion; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> addition, at <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al suggestion <strong>of</strong><br />
Wemyss, to furnish material support to <strong>the</strong> loyalist Higl<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> around <strong>the</strong> Cape Fear River region. 1800<br />
About this time <strong>the</strong> garrison at Camden under Rawdon conta<strong>in</strong>ed 700 to 800 men <strong>and</strong> relatively few cannon, but<br />
was o<strong>the</strong>rwise strongly fortified. 1801<br />
Early January. [skirmishes] Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek, et al. (N.C.) Constant skirmish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> personal fracases between<br />
loyalists <strong>and</strong> whigs cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Upper Peedee <strong>and</strong> Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek regions <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g one defeat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tories at Drown<strong>in</strong>g creek by Col. James Kenan. 1802<br />
On 10 Jan., Gov. Rutledge wrote <strong>the</strong> S.C. delegates: “Some Tories embodied here last week, on Little Pedee<br />
[Peedee]-- Colo. Kolb has dispersed ’em as he could f<strong>in</strong>d collected, but I fear a Storm is ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> that<br />
Quarter, & will burst, if <strong>the</strong> Enemey [sic] should advance, <strong>in</strong> force, this Way, for I am well <strong>in</strong>formed, that <strong>the</strong>y<br />
have several British Officers, <strong>in</strong> disguise, & o<strong>the</strong>r Emissaries, recruit<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> No. Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> Borders <strong>of</strong><br />
this <strong>and</strong> that State.” 1803<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> William White <strong>of</strong> Anson County, N.C.: “Aga<strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong> or about <strong>the</strong> first <strong>of</strong> January, 1781, he was<br />
drafted for to go aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Tories under Capta<strong>in</strong> John McGuire (rendezvoused) at <strong>the</strong> Grassy Isl<strong>and</strong>, march to<br />
Draun<strong>in</strong>g [Drown<strong>in</strong>g] Creek <strong>and</strong> work back aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Tories. They fled <strong>and</strong> we were <strong>the</strong>re discharged verbally.<br />
He served at this time two weeks.”<br />
1 January. On this date, William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton wrote that <strong>of</strong> his orig<strong>in</strong>al regiment <strong>of</strong> 1779 (i.e., <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
Light Dragoons) only one fourth rema<strong>in</strong>ed (i.e., 60 or more were left) <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest had been lost or discharged<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Charlestown campaign. On Jan. 3 rd , he received a wel<strong>com</strong>e, albeit small, re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> a corporal,<br />
seven privates <strong>and</strong> n<strong>in</strong>e remounts; thus giv<strong>in</strong>g him some 70 or more troopers. On <strong>the</strong> 4 th a deserter was hung -–<br />
<strong>the</strong> same day he was apprehended. 1804<br />
1 January. From his camp on <strong>the</strong> Peedee, Greene directed Kosciuszko, his chief eng<strong>in</strong>eer, to pick up tools at<br />
Cross Creek <strong>and</strong> to arrange for boats to be built for use by <strong>the</strong> army. These were to be constructed such that<br />
<strong>the</strong>y could be mounted on wheels, <strong>and</strong> thus be moved overl<strong>and</strong>. Exactly what was done with <strong>the</strong>m after <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were built is not clear. Historian Ann Brownlee suspects that <strong>the</strong>y may have been used to help Greene’s army<br />
get across Trad<strong>in</strong>g Ford on <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> River <strong>in</strong> February; s<strong>in</strong>ce (t would appear) <strong>the</strong>re were not enough craft at<br />
that location to have allowed <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Morgan’s whole corps. None<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>in</strong> a letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> 1<br />
February, when he was on <strong>the</strong> march from <strong>the</strong> Peedee to jo<strong>in</strong> Greene (who at that juncture was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Trad<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Ford area), Huger states that Kosciuszko’s boats were not with him –- seem<strong>in</strong>g to imply <strong>the</strong>y had been left<br />
beh<strong>in</strong>d at <strong>the</strong> Peedee River camp. The boats next seem to <strong>com</strong>e up when Greene’s army re-entered South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> April 1781, at which time <strong>the</strong>y were used to assist his pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee at Haley’s Ferry. This<br />
1798 CAR p. 288.<br />
1799 FRM p. 1749n.<br />
1800 SCP2 pp. 219-220, 250.<br />
1801 Maj. Frederick Kimbal, <strong>in</strong> a letter to Greene, <strong>of</strong> 16 January 1781, <strong>the</strong> garrison at Camden had 400 men. However, Conrad,<br />
Greene Papers editor, suggests, based on McCrady, that <strong>the</strong> garrison probably numbered between 700-800 men. Rawdon <strong>in</strong> a<br />
letter <strong>of</strong> 1813 to Lee said it was 700. NGP7 p. 135n, LMS p. 615.<br />
1802 NGP7 p. 94n.<br />
1803 The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical And Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. Apr. 1917, p. 65.<br />
1804 HWW p. 83.<br />
344
said, it should be remembered that Lieut. Col. Edward Carr<strong>in</strong>gton had earlier been assigned to look <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong><br />
state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>gs on <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>; so that it is possible that he obta<strong>in</strong>ed additional boats elsewhere for use at<br />
Trad<strong>in</strong>g Ford, <strong>and</strong> which were those used to carry Morgan over <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>. Normally, boats would not be needed<br />
for cross<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>, but if it ra<strong>in</strong>ed heavily, <strong>and</strong> as it actually did <strong>in</strong> January <strong>and</strong> February, <strong>the</strong> river’s<br />
fords became unusable. 1805<br />
1 January. On December 30 th , Marion was promoted to Brigadier General <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia by<br />
Governor John Rutledge, <strong>and</strong> actually received word <strong>of</strong> it on January 1 st . At his entrenched position on flooded<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>accessible Snow’s Isl<strong>and</strong>, he <strong>the</strong>n appo<strong>in</strong>ted Col. Hugh Erv<strong>in</strong> his second <strong>in</strong> chief. Col. Peter Horry <strong>in</strong> turn<br />
was assigned leadership <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brigade cavalry. Horry’s subord<strong>in</strong>ates were: Major Lemuel Benson, Capta<strong>in</strong> John<br />
Baxter, Capta<strong>in</strong> John Postell, Capta<strong>in</strong> Daniel Conyers, <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> James McCauley. Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Marion’s<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry went to Lieut. Col. Hugh Horry, <strong>and</strong> under him: Major John James, Capta<strong>in</strong> John James, Capta<strong>in</strong> James<br />
Postell, <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> James Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon. When Marion ran short <strong>of</strong> ammunition (as he <strong>of</strong>ten did) he endeavored<br />
to convert more <strong>of</strong> his men to cavalry. 1806<br />
1-2 January. Tarleton received orders from Cornwallis to throw himself between Morgan <strong>and</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six; with<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six seen as be<strong>in</strong>g made all <strong>the</strong> more vulnerable due to an upsw<strong>in</strong>g (follow<strong>in</strong>g K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>) rebel<br />
sympathy <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region; all <strong>the</strong> more <strong>in</strong>creased by Morgan’s presence. Leav<strong>in</strong>g beh<strong>in</strong>d his baggage at Brierly’s<br />
Ferry <strong>and</strong> lead<strong>in</strong>g his Legion, <strong>the</strong> 1 st Battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st , <strong>and</strong> 2 three-pounders, Tarleton advanced on <strong>the</strong> Jan.<br />
2 nd some 20 miles beyond <strong>the</strong> Broad River to a position at <strong>the</strong> Dutch Fork (between <strong>the</strong> Broad <strong>and</strong> Saluda Rivers,<br />
not far from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six.) Here <strong>in</strong> a few days he was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by his baggage, <strong>the</strong> 7 th Regt., some light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 17 th dragoons -– i.e., some 300 men as additions; so that his <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed total amounted to 1,100 men when on<br />
12 January he <strong>com</strong>menced <strong>the</strong> hunt proper for Morgan. 1807<br />
Tarleton: “Earl Cornwallis dispatched an aid-de-camp [Lieut. Henry Haldane] on <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>of</strong> January, to order<br />
Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton over Broad river, with his corps <strong>of</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>of</strong> five hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty<br />
men, <strong>the</strong> first battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st , consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> two hundred, <strong>and</strong> two three-pounders, to counteract <strong>the</strong><br />
designs <strong>of</strong> General Morgan, by protect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pell<strong>in</strong>g him to repass [sic] Broad river. Tarleton<br />
received a letter <strong>the</strong> next day from his lordship, <strong>com</strong>municat<strong>in</strong>g an earnest wish, that <strong>the</strong> American <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er,<br />
if with<strong>in</strong> his reach, should be ‘pushed to <strong>the</strong> utmost;’ <strong>and</strong> requir<strong>in</strong>g, likewise, his op<strong>in</strong>ion, whe<strong>the</strong>r any move <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army would be advantageous to <strong>the</strong> service”<br />
MacKenzie: 1808 “This [Tarleton’s] corps, after a process <strong>of</strong> some days, arrived at <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, a post<br />
which was <strong>the</strong>n <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Lieutenant Colonel [Isaac] Allen. 1809 An <strong>of</strong>fer <strong>of</strong> a re<strong>in</strong>forcement from that<br />
garrison was made to Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton. The <strong>of</strong>fer was rejected; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment, by fatigu<strong>in</strong>g<br />
marches, atta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> ground which Morgan had quitted a few hours before.” 1810<br />
1-8 January. For eight days, Leslie camped near Camden. Contrary <strong>the</strong>n to some <strong>in</strong>terpretations <strong>of</strong> what<br />
transpired, it was not only or merely <strong>the</strong> ra<strong>in</strong> (which by <strong>the</strong> 8 th had dissipated) <strong>and</strong> flooded creeks that<br />
postponed his reach<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis for so long, but ra<strong>the</strong>r this week <strong>and</strong> a day spent <strong>in</strong> Camden; a stay directed<br />
by Cornwallis. William Johnson <strong>and</strong> Henry Lee IV ( <strong>in</strong> his Campaign <strong>of</strong> 1781 <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as) observe that Leslie<br />
might o<strong>the</strong>rwise have been ordered by Cornwallis directly from Charlestown, <strong>and</strong> along <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Congaree, to <strong>the</strong> latter’s camp at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough, but <strong>in</strong>stead was sent by way <strong>of</strong> Camden; presumably with a<br />
m<strong>in</strong>d to mislead Greene as to his lordship’s plan <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tended route <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>vasion. This attempted fe<strong>in</strong>t only<br />
caused <strong>the</strong> Earl to lose what subsequently turned out to be some precious time. See 19 December 1780. 1811<br />
On January 8 th , Leslie wrote Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “I arrived here some days ago, with <strong>the</strong> Guards, <strong>the</strong> regiment <strong>of</strong> Bose, <strong>and</strong><br />
Yagers; I went to Wynnesborough to see Earl Cornwallis. He moves to-day, <strong>and</strong> I march to-morrow with <strong>the</strong><br />
above troops <strong>and</strong> North-Carol<strong>in</strong>a regiment. I meet his Lordship about seventy miles from hence.<br />
“The troops are exceed<strong>in</strong>g healthy, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> wea<strong>the</strong>r has been very favourable.” 1812<br />
Stedman: “Greene’s army <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> force him to an action before he was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by his expected<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcements. The detachment under general Leslie, which had been purposely halted at Camden, until lord<br />
Cornwallis should be ready to march from Wynnesborough, <strong>the</strong> longer to conceal from <strong>the</strong> American general <strong>the</strong><br />
road which <strong>the</strong> British army meant to take, now received orders to move up <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba, <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army on its march. The march both <strong>of</strong> lord Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> general Leslie, encumbered as <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
with baggage <strong>and</strong> artillery, was greatly retarded by <strong>the</strong> swell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> creeks <strong>and</strong> water-courses. These obstacles<br />
Tarleton also experienced; but hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> light troops, he more easily surmounted <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong><br />
probably overtook Morgan someth<strong>in</strong>g sooner than was expected.” 1813<br />
McCrady: “Cornwallis moved on Sunday, <strong>the</strong> 7 th <strong>of</strong> January, a few miles to a place called McAllister’s, <strong>and</strong> wrote<br />
Tarleton that he would rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>re till Tuesday, <strong>the</strong> 9 th , march to <strong>the</strong> crossroads on Wednesday, halt Thursday,<br />
1805 NGP7 pp. 35, 232, VIII, p. 29n.<br />
1806 MSC2 pp. 82-83, BSF pp. 126-127.<br />
1807 TCS pp. 210-211, SCP3 p. 359, MST pp. 96-97, JLG1 pp. 366-367, BRG p. 309.<br />
1808 Roderick MacKenzie was with <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt. which ac<strong>com</strong>panied Tarleton.<br />
1809 Actually it was Lieut. Col. John Harris Cruger who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six.<br />
1810 MST pp. 96-97.<br />
1811 LOB part III, STL, MLW4A pp. 340-341, JLG1 pp. 364-365, 367-368, LCC pp. 89-91, MSC2 pp. 26-28.<br />
1812 COC p. 52.<br />
1813 SAW2 p. 320.<br />
345
<strong>and</strong> reach Bullock’s Creek meet<strong>in</strong>g-house, <strong>in</strong> what is now York County, on Saturday, <strong>the</strong> 13 th . He did not,<br />
however, move from McAllister’s until Saturday. He was wait<strong>in</strong>g for Leslie, who was still <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> swamps. On<br />
Sunday, <strong>the</strong> 14 th , he was at Bull Run, about two miles sou<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present town <strong>of</strong> Chester. From this place<br />
[on <strong>the</strong> 14 th, ] he <strong>in</strong>formed Tarleton that Leslie was at last out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> swamps.” 1814<br />
2 January. Cornwallis, at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough, to Tarleton: “I sent [Henry] Haldane to you last night, to desire you<br />
would pass Broad river, with <strong>the</strong> legion <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> first battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st , as soon as possible. If Morgan is still at<br />
Williams’, or anywhere with<strong>in</strong> your reach, I should wish you to push him to <strong>the</strong> utmost: I have not heard, except<br />
from M’Arthur, <strong>of</strong> his hav<strong>in</strong>g cannon; nor would I believe it, unless he has it from good authority: It is, however,<br />
possible, <strong>and</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six is <strong>of</strong> so much consequence, that no time is to be lost.” 1815<br />
3 January. [raid] Hood’s Po<strong>in</strong>t (Charles City County, VA.) The advance party <strong>of</strong> Arnold’s <strong>in</strong>vasion force --<br />
consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 130 Queen’s Rangers under Lieut. Col. John Graves Simcoe, 1816 along with <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong><br />
grenadiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 80 th Regiment -- l<strong>and</strong>ed at Hood’s Po<strong>in</strong>t, VA. They proceeded to take a rebel shore battery<br />
(that had been ab<strong>and</strong>oned immediately before by its 50 man garrison) <strong>and</strong> spiked its guns. 1817 Arnold <strong>the</strong>n<br />
proceeded up <strong>the</strong> James River <strong>and</strong> began raid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> sett<strong>in</strong>g fire to anchored ships, <strong>com</strong>merce, <strong>and</strong> stores.<br />
Three transports with some additional 400-500 British troops did not l<strong>and</strong> till <strong>the</strong> 4 th , <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>se last <strong>the</strong>n did not<br />
reach him till <strong>the</strong> 9 th . 1818<br />
3 January. Cornwallis to Tarleton: “I received yours <strong>of</strong> this morn<strong>in</strong>g. I suspect that <strong>the</strong> enemy are retired. If so, I<br />
would lose no time. Which side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Broad River do you th<strong>in</strong>k it best for you to march? The 7 th regt are ordered<br />
to Byerley’s [Brierly’s]...Be quite sure that 96 is safe. 7 th reg’t will take your old gun 1819 to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six.” 1820<br />
4 January. [raids, skirmish] Arnold’s Advance on Richmond (Chesterfield, Richmond City, <strong>and</strong> Henrico Counties,<br />
VA.) Follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> raid on Hood’s Po<strong>in</strong>t, Arnold’s moved up <strong>the</strong> James River to Westover, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, 1821<br />
approximately thirty miles sou<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> Richmond. Governor Jefferson dispatched (accord<strong>in</strong>g to Lee) “General<br />
[Thomas] Nelson to <strong>the</strong> coast as soon as he was <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy entrance <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> (Chesapeake) bay, for<br />
<strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> field; while Baron Steuben, believ<strong>in</strong>g Petersburg, <strong>the</strong> depot for <strong>the</strong><br />
Sou<strong>the</strong>rn army, 1822 to be <strong>the</strong> object, hastened his Cont<strong>in</strong>ental force, about two hundred recruits to that town.”<br />
Arnold, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, marched for Richmond. The size <strong>of</strong> his entire force at this time is believed to have<br />
been 1,500-1,600; <strong>the</strong> first figure based on a sworn deposition he later gave; though Cl<strong>in</strong>ton speaks <strong>of</strong> it as<br />
1,800; with <strong>the</strong> difference perhaps be<strong>in</strong>g accounted for by several transports loaded with 400 troops; which<br />
became scattered from <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> convoy <strong>in</strong> a gale, <strong>and</strong> did not rejo<strong>in</strong> Arnold (see 30 Dec. 1780.) Arnold is stated<br />
by Johann Ewald to have had with him a detachment <strong>of</strong> Jägers, <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers, <strong>the</strong> 80 th Regt., <strong>the</strong> Royal<br />
American Regiment (aka Rob<strong>in</strong>son’s Corps), a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> artillery <strong>and</strong> 100 pioneers. Simcoe <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> him<br />
dispersed a force <strong>of</strong> 200 militia under Col. John Nichols at Richmond Hill, <strong>and</strong>, as well, a few mounted men on<br />
Shrove Hill. 1823<br />
Simcoe: “With<strong>in</strong> seven miles <strong>of</strong> Richmond a patrole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy appeared, who, on be<strong>in</strong>g discovered, fled at<br />
full speed. The Queen’s Rangers, whose horses were <strong>in</strong> a miserable condition from <strong>the</strong> voyage, could not pursue<br />
<strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“Soon after Lt. Col. Simcoe halted, hav<strong>in</strong>g received <strong>the</strong> clearest <strong>in</strong>formation that a road, made passable by wood<br />
carts, led through <strong>the</strong> thickets to <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heights on which <strong>the</strong> town <strong>of</strong> Richmond was placed, where <strong>the</strong>y<br />
term<strong>in</strong>ated <strong>in</strong> a pla<strong>in</strong>, although <strong>the</strong>y were almost <strong>in</strong>accessible by <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon road. On giv<strong>in</strong>g this <strong>in</strong>formation to<br />
Gen. Arnold, he said it was not worth while to quit <strong>the</strong> road, as <strong>the</strong> enemy would not fight. On approach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
town, Gen. Arnold ordered <strong>the</strong> troops to march as open <strong>and</strong> to make as great an appearance as possible; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
ground was so favourable that a more skilfull enemy than those who were now reconnoiter<strong>in</strong>g would have<br />
imag<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> numbers to have been double.<br />
“The enemy at Richmond appeared drawn up on <strong>the</strong> heights to <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> two or three hundred men. The<br />
road passed through a wood at <strong>the</strong> bottom <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se heights, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n ran between <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> river <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong><br />
lower town. Lt. Col Simcoe was ordered to dislodge <strong>the</strong>m. He mounted <strong>the</strong> hill <strong>in</strong> small bodies, stretch<strong>in</strong>g away<br />
to <strong>the</strong> right, so as to threaten <strong>the</strong> enemy with a design to outflank <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>and</strong> as <strong>the</strong>y filed <strong>of</strong>f, <strong>in</strong> appearance to<br />
secure <strong>the</strong>ir flank, he directly ascended with his cavalry, where it was so steep that <strong>the</strong>y were obliged to<br />
1814 MSC2 p. 28.<br />
1815 Cornwallis had heard a report that Morgan might have cannon; hence his concern for N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. BGD p. 143.<br />
1816 See LMS pp. 301n-302n for a sketch by Lee on Simcoe.<br />
1817 The battery conta<strong>in</strong>ed 2 eighteen-pounders, 1 twenty-four-pounder, <strong>and</strong> 1 brass howitzer. The day before <strong>the</strong> militia had<br />
fired upon <strong>the</strong> British ships, but no damage. The brass howitzer kept <strong>and</strong> did not spike. WAR2 p. 868.<br />
1818 CAR p. 236, GHA4 pp. 59-60, SQR pp. 161-167, LMS pp. 297-298, LFB2 p. 228, CBA p. 549, WAR2 p. 868, BEA p. 1149.<br />
1819 See December 1780.<br />
1820 BGD p. 144.<br />
1821 Westover, just <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> James River, is located <strong>in</strong> Charles City County.<br />
1822 Lee: “Petersburg, <strong>the</strong> great mart <strong>of</strong> that section <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State which lies south <strong>of</strong> Appomattox, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn part <strong>of</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, st<strong>and</strong>s upon its banks, about twelve miles from City Po<strong>in</strong>t; <strong>and</strong>, after <strong>the</strong> destruction <strong>of</strong> Norfolk, ranked first<br />
among <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mercial towns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State. Its chief export was tobacco, considered our best product, <strong>and</strong> at this time its<br />
warehouses were filled. In addition were some public stores; as this town, be<strong>in</strong>g most convenient to <strong>the</strong> army <strong>of</strong> Greene, had<br />
be<strong>com</strong>e a place <strong>of</strong> depot for all imported supplies required for Sou<strong>the</strong>rn operations.” LMS p. 309. Tobacco, it should fur<strong>the</strong>r be<br />
noted, frequently served as cash to fund <strong>the</strong> American war effort, AR81 pp. 87-88, TCS p. 333, LMS p. 310.<br />
1823 NGP7 pp. 34n, 41n, CAR p. 235, EHJ p. 258, SQR pp. 159-165, GHA4 p. 59, CSS pp. 1195-1198, MLW4A pp. 388-390, MLW3 p.<br />
123, LMS pp. 299-300, JLG1 pp. 399-401, LFB2 p. 228, CBA p. 549.<br />
346
dismount <strong>and</strong> lead <strong>the</strong>ir horses. Luckily <strong>the</strong> enemy made no resistance, nor did <strong>the</strong>y fire, but, on <strong>the</strong> cavalry’s<br />
arrival on <strong>the</strong> summit, retreated to <strong>the</strong> woods <strong>in</strong> great confusion.<br />
“There was a party <strong>of</strong> horsemen <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> lower town watch<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> motion <strong>of</strong> Lt. CoL [Thomas] Dundas, who, <strong>the</strong><br />
heights be<strong>in</strong>g ga<strong>in</strong>ed, was now enter<strong>in</strong>g it. Lt. Col. Simcoe pushed on with <strong>the</strong> cavalry unnoticed by <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> lower town till such time as he began to descend almost <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir rear, when an impassable creek stopped<br />
him <strong>and</strong> gave <strong>the</strong> enemy time to escape to <strong>the</strong> top <strong>of</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r hill beyond <strong>the</strong> town. Hav<strong>in</strong>g crossed over lower<br />
down, he ascended <strong>the</strong> hill, us<strong>in</strong>g such conversation <strong>and</strong> words towards <strong>the</strong>m as might prevent <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
to retreat. However, when <strong>the</strong> Rangers were arrived with<strong>in</strong> twenty yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> summit, <strong>the</strong> enemy, greatly<br />
superior <strong>in</strong> numbers, but made up <strong>of</strong> militia, spectators, some with <strong>and</strong> some without arms, galloped <strong>of</strong>f. They<br />
were immediately pursued, but without <strong>the</strong> least regularity.” 1824<br />
Marshall: “Leav<strong>in</strong>g Richmond <strong>the</strong> next day, <strong>the</strong> army returned to Westover [Marshall’s Footnote: While <strong>the</strong> army<br />
lay at Westover, Lieutenant Colonel Simcoe, at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> less than fifty horse, attacked <strong>and</strong> dispersed a body<br />
<strong>of</strong> militia at Charles City court house [8 Jan.], 1825 with <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> only one man killed, <strong>and</strong> three wounded] on<br />
<strong>the</strong> seventh; <strong>and</strong>, re-embark<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tenth, proceeded down <strong>the</strong> river. It was followed by <strong>the</strong><br />
Baron Steuben, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; <strong>and</strong>, near Hood[’]s, Colonel Clarke drew a party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to an<br />
ambuscade, <strong>and</strong> gave <strong>the</strong>m one fire with some effect; but, on its be<strong>in</strong>g partially returned, <strong>the</strong> Americans broke<br />
<strong>and</strong> fled <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> utmost confusion. (The author [i.e., Marshall] witnessed this skirmish.) Arnold proceeded slowly<br />
down <strong>the</strong> river; <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> twentieth reached Portsmouth, where he manifested <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> establish<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
permanent post.” 1826<br />
4 January. Lieut. Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, with Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on <strong>and</strong> Joseph Hayes returned to Morgan’s camp at Gr<strong>in</strong>dal<br />
Shoals on December 4 th . Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Babits, Col. John Thomas’ Spartanburg regiment was already with Morgan<br />
by this time. 1827<br />
4 January. Tarleton, at “Brookes’,” wrote to Cornwallis: “Morgan, with upwards <strong>of</strong> one thous<strong>and</strong> two hundred<br />
men, be<strong>in</strong>g on this side Broad river, to threaten N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, <strong>and</strong> evade your lordship’s army whenever you may<br />
move, I beg leave to <strong>of</strong>fer my op<strong>in</strong>ion how his design may be prevented. I must draw my baggage, <strong>the</strong> 71 st <strong>and</strong><br />
legion’s are deposited at my old camp, to me. I wish it to be escorted by <strong>the</strong> 17 th light dragoons, for whom<br />
horses are ready; 1828 by <strong>the</strong> yagers, if to be spared; <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> 7 th regiment. The 7 th I will send, as soon as I reach<br />
Ennoree [Enoree River], with <strong>the</strong> field piece, to N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. My encampment is now twenty miles from Brierley’s<br />
[Ferry], <strong>in</strong> a plentiful forage country, <strong>and</strong> I can lay <strong>in</strong> four days flour for a move. When I advance, I must ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
destroy Morgan’s corps, or push it before me over Broad river, towards K<strong>in</strong>g’s mounta<strong>in</strong>. The advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
army should <strong>com</strong>mence (when your lordship orders this corps to move) onwards for K<strong>in</strong>g’s mounta<strong>in</strong>. Frequent<br />
<strong>com</strong>munication by letter can pass <strong>the</strong> Broad river. I feel myself bold <strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong>fer<strong>in</strong>g my op<strong>in</strong>ion, as it flows from zeal<br />
for <strong>the</strong> public service, <strong>and</strong> well-grounded <strong>in</strong>quiry concern<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy’s designs <strong>and</strong> operations. I have directed<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> M’Pherson [Donald McPherson], <strong>the</strong> bearer <strong>of</strong> this letter, who is go<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> recruit<strong>in</strong>g service, to<br />
deliver a letter to Lieutenant Munroe, whom I left at my camp, to br<strong>in</strong>g up my baggage, but no women. If your<br />
lordship approves <strong>of</strong> this plan, Capta<strong>in</strong> M’Pherson may give my order to Lieutenant Munroe to escort to me three<br />
puncheons <strong>of</strong> rum, <strong>and</strong> some salt; <strong>and</strong>, upon <strong>the</strong>ir arrival, I will move.” 1829<br />
Tarleton: “As Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton had been entrusted with <strong>the</strong> outl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> future campaign, he<br />
thought it <strong>in</strong>cumbent on him to lay before his lordship, by letter, <strong>the</strong> probable accounts <strong>of</strong> Morgan’s force <strong>and</strong><br />
designs; <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> wait<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> baggage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light troops <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir present situation, as any future<br />
delay might prove a great <strong>in</strong>convenience to <strong>the</strong> army; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> plan <strong>of</strong> operation which struck him as equally<br />
necessary <strong>and</strong> advantageous for <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s service. He represented <strong>the</strong> course to be taken, which fortunately<br />
corresponded with <strong>the</strong> scheme <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> campaign: He mentioned <strong>the</strong> mode <strong>of</strong> proceed<strong>in</strong>g to be employed aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
General Morgan: He proposed <strong>the</strong> same time, for <strong>the</strong> army <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> light troops to <strong>com</strong>mence <strong>the</strong>ir march: He<br />
expla<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t o be atta<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body: And he declared, that it should be his endeavour [sic] to<br />
push <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong>to that quarter. Earl Cornwallis approv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> suggested operations, <strong>the</strong> light troops only<br />
waited for <strong>the</strong>ir baggage to proceed.” 1830<br />
5 January. Arnold entered Richmond, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia’s wartime capital (as opposed to Williamsburg.) 1831<br />
5 January. Cornwallis to Tarleton: “I received your letter sent yesterday 7 o’clock a.m. I have ordered <strong>the</strong><br />
baggage <strong>of</strong> your Corps to Byerley’s [Brierly’s] Ferry, under <strong>the</strong> care <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th Regt. I propose march<strong>in</strong>g on<br />
Tuesday next. [9 Jan.] You will cont<strong>in</strong>ue to correspond with me, keep<strong>in</strong>g on my left Flank, ei<strong>the</strong>r on <strong>the</strong> east or<br />
west <strong>of</strong> Broad River, as you will judge best accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence you may receive. McArthur [i.e., <strong>the</strong> 1 st<br />
Battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st regt.] will <strong>of</strong> course march with you.” 1832<br />
1824 SQR pp. 161-162.<br />
1825 SQR pp. 163-165.<br />
1826 MLW3 p. 123.<br />
1827 BDW p. 49.<br />
1828 The 17 th , arriv<strong>in</strong>g with Leslie, had lost its horses at sea <strong>and</strong> had needed replacements. SCP3 p. 115.<br />
1829 TCS pp. 245-246.<br />
1830 TCS pp. 211-212.<br />
1831 EHJ pp. 266-269, GHA4 p. 59, LMS pp. 300-301, WAR2 p. 869.<br />
1832 SCP3 p. 359, BGD p. 145.<br />
347
5 January. Cornwallis to Balfour: “I heard from Tarleton last night. Morgan has retired & has got too far to give<br />
any hope <strong>of</strong> overtak<strong>in</strong>g him; so I shall march as soon as possible, I believe on Sunday [7 Jan.] & Leslie will follow<br />
on Tuesday [9 Jan.]. 1833<br />
6 January. Cornwallis to Balfour: “I shall not march till Monday [8 Jan.], as I f<strong>in</strong>d that Tarleton will not be quite<br />
ready.” 1834<br />
6 January. Cornwallis to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “I am just honoured with your letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 13 th ult. I have written several<br />
letters <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> last month, to give your Excellency an account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ces <strong>of</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> military transactions. I fear <strong>the</strong>y are all still at Charles-town, as no opportunity<br />
has <strong>of</strong>fered <strong>of</strong> transmitt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to New-York. The present addition to <strong>the</strong> naval force <strong>in</strong> this quarter, will, I<br />
hope, enable me; or, if I am too distant, Lieutenant-colonel Balfour, to transmit reports more frequently.<br />
“The difficulties I have had to struggle with, have not been occasioned by <strong>the</strong> opposite army. They always keep<br />
at a considerable distance, <strong>and</strong> disappear on our approach.<br />
“But <strong>the</strong> constant <strong>in</strong>cursions <strong>of</strong> Refugees, North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians, <strong>and</strong> Back-Mounta<strong>in</strong>-men, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> perpetual ris<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> different parts <strong>of</strong> this prov<strong>in</strong>ce; <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>variable successes <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong>se parties aga<strong>in</strong>st our militia, keep <strong>the</strong><br />
whole country <strong>in</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ual alarm, <strong>and</strong> renders <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> regular troops every where necessary. Your<br />
Excellency will judge <strong>of</strong> this by <strong>the</strong> disposition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops, which I have <strong>the</strong> honour to enclose to you.<br />
“I shall beg<strong>in</strong> my march to-morrow, (hav<strong>in</strong>g been delayed a few days by a diversion made by <strong>the</strong> enemy towards<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six) <strong>and</strong> propose keep<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> West <strong>of</strong> Catawba for a considerable distance. I shall <strong>the</strong>n proceed to pass<br />
that river, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>. Events alone can decide <strong>the</strong> future steps. I shall take every opportunity <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>municat<strong>in</strong>g with Brigadier-general Arnold.” 1835<br />
Enclosure ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g above letter to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton:<br />
“Disposition <strong>of</strong> Troops <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn District<br />
Lord Rawdon to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> frontier <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, hav<strong>in</strong>g under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g corps <strong>and</strong><br />
stations:<br />
--at Augusta<br />
Lt Colonel Brown’s corps—Florida Rangers<br />
-- at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six 7 th Regiment, Cruger’s <strong>and</strong> Allen’s battalions<br />
-- at Camden, to move 63 rd , 64 th , Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, New York<br />
occasionally <strong>and</strong><br />
Volunteers, Watson’s corps, Innes’s corps<br />
protect <strong>the</strong> frontier<br />
--at Georgetown<br />
--at Congarees <strong>and</strong><br />
Nelson’s Ferry<br />
--at Pocotaligo<br />
--garrison <strong>of</strong> Charlestown<br />
Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s Corps. [K<strong>in</strong>gs Am. Regt.]<br />
The rema<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales’s <strong>and</strong><br />
n<strong>in</strong>ety five rank <strong>and</strong> file from <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>of</strong><br />
Charlestown<br />
Light <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 84 th<br />
Dit[t]furth, Huyne, Angelleli, 82 nd , 84 th<br />
--To march with <strong>the</strong> army<br />
Guards, 23 rd , 33 rd , 71 st , Bose, Yaghers,<br />
<strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Hamilton’s <strong>and</strong> Legion.” 1836<br />
6 January (also given as tak<strong>in</strong>g place between 11-13 January). [skirmish] Waccamaw (Georgetown County, S.C.)<br />
Marion sent Col. Peter Horry <strong>and</strong> 30 to 40 mounted militia 1837 to attack some loyalists butcher<strong>in</strong>g cattle not far<br />
from Georgetown; which Horry did f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>and</strong> route. Ano<strong>the</strong>r larger group <strong>of</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cials <strong>in</strong> Georgetown, under<br />
Lieut. Col. George Campbell, total<strong>in</strong>g 60, hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> shots sallied out to protect <strong>the</strong>ir friends <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>rades.<br />
Horry’s force was scattered, <strong>and</strong> thus began a series <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>or skirmishes <strong>of</strong> small parties (sometimes as small as<br />
2 or 3 men), back <strong>and</strong> forth, tak<strong>in</strong>g place thru much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> large “V” between <strong>the</strong> Sampit <strong>and</strong> Black River roads,<br />
<strong>the</strong> latter approximat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> route <strong>of</strong> State highway 51. Ano<strong>the</strong>r source describes <strong>the</strong> Waccamaw event this way.<br />
Lieut. Col. George Campbell with a detachment <strong>of</strong> mounted K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment <strong>and</strong> a troop <strong>of</strong> Queen’s<br />
Rangers, under Lieut. John Wilson, skirmished with a larger force <strong>of</strong> Col. Peter Horry’s mounted men near <strong>the</strong><br />
Waccamaw River outside <strong>of</strong> Georgetown; with Horry be<strong>in</strong>g beaten back. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Marion, <strong>in</strong> his letter to<br />
Greene <strong>of</strong> 14 January, <strong>the</strong> British lost three men <strong>and</strong> three horses killed, <strong>and</strong> two prisoners, Horry suffered 2<br />
men wounded, 2 horses killed; <strong>and</strong> 1 Capta<strong>in</strong> Clark was captured <strong>and</strong> paroled. British sources speak <strong>of</strong> Campbell<br />
los<strong>in</strong>g 1 killed <strong>and</strong> two captured. 1838<br />
Capt. John Saunders, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers, quoted <strong>in</strong> Simcoe: “On <strong>the</strong> 6 th January follow<strong>in</strong>g, Lt. Col. [George]<br />
Campbell hav<strong>in</strong>g marched some distance <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> country, saw about a dozen mounted men on <strong>the</strong> road: he<br />
1833 BGD p. 146.<br />
1834 BGD p. 146.<br />
1835 COC pp. 50-51, SCP3 p. 33.<br />
1836 SCP3 pp. 34-35. See also “State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Troops at Camden,” 1 st Jan. 1780 at SCP3 pp. 242-245, <strong>and</strong> “Return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Troops<br />
Rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a under Rawdon,” 15 th Jan. 1780 at SCP3 pp. 255-264.<br />
1837 At least some <strong>of</strong> Horry’s men were mounted as cavalry.<br />
1838 NGP7 pp. 121, 143, SQR pp. 243-244, MSC2 pp. 83-85, BSF pp. 128-130.<br />
348
order Lt. [John] Wilson with his party to charge <strong>the</strong>m. They <strong>in</strong>stantly went to <strong>the</strong> right about, <strong>and</strong> retreated with<br />
precipitation with<strong>in</strong> a corps <strong>and</strong> taken a strong <strong>and</strong> advantageous post <strong>in</strong> a swampy thick wood on each side <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> road. Lt. Wilson <strong>and</strong> his party received a heavy <strong>and</strong> unexpected fire from this ambuscade, but impelled by<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir wonted spirit <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>trepidity, <strong>and</strong> unaccustomed to defeat, <strong>the</strong>y cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong> charge <strong>and</strong> obliged <strong>the</strong><br />
rebels to betake <strong>the</strong>mselves to <strong>the</strong>ir horses, <strong>and</strong> to flight. Serjeants [sic] Burt <strong>and</strong> Hudg<strong>in</strong>s, hav<strong>in</strong>g charged<br />
through <strong>the</strong>m, were carried <strong>of</strong>f by <strong>the</strong>m; Corporal Hudg<strong>in</strong>s was killed, covered with wounds; two or three <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
men were wounded, <strong>and</strong> three horses killed.” 1839<br />
7 January. [raid] Westham (Henrico County, VA.) From Richmond, Simcoe, with <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers rode to<br />
Westham where he destroyed, says Lee, “<strong>the</strong> only cannon foundry <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state”: a laboratory <strong>and</strong> some shops.<br />
They met small resistance from a few militia, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n plundered <strong>and</strong> damaged much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town; captur<strong>in</strong>g or<br />
destroy<strong>in</strong>g five brass guns, 300 st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> arms, <strong>and</strong> some quartermaster stores. Despite this, damage <strong>in</strong> all was<br />
relatively small, as <strong>the</strong> workshops <strong>and</strong> warehouses were not wholly consumed. On <strong>the</strong> 8 th , with Simcoe back with<br />
him, Arnold left Richmond <strong>and</strong> returned to Westover. 1840<br />
Simcoe: “On Lt. Col. Simcoe’s return, he met with orders from Gen. Arnold to march to <strong>the</strong> foundery at<br />
Westham, six miles from Richmond, <strong>and</strong> to destroy it. The flank <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 80 th , under Major Gordon,<br />
were sent as a re<strong>in</strong>forcement. With <strong>the</strong>se <strong>and</strong> his corps he proceeded to <strong>the</strong> foundery. The trunnions <strong>of</strong> many<br />
pieces <strong>of</strong> iron cannon were struck <strong>of</strong>f, a quantity <strong>of</strong> small arms <strong>and</strong> a great variety <strong>of</strong> military stores were<br />
destroyed. Upon consultation with <strong>the</strong> artillery <strong>of</strong>ficer, it was thought better to destroy <strong>the</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>e than to<br />
blow it up. This fatigu<strong>in</strong>g bus<strong>in</strong>ess was effected by carry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> powder down <strong>the</strong> cliffs <strong>and</strong> pour<strong>in</strong>g it <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong><br />
water. The warehouses <strong>and</strong> mills were <strong>the</strong>n set on fire, <strong>and</strong> many explosions happened <strong>in</strong> different parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
build<strong>in</strong>gs, which might have been hazardous had it been relied on that all <strong>the</strong> powder was regularly deposited <strong>in</strong><br />
one magaz<strong>in</strong>e; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> foundery, which was a very <strong>com</strong>plete one, was totally destroyed.<br />
“It was night before <strong>the</strong> troops returned to Richmond. The provisions which had been made for <strong>the</strong>m were now<br />
to be cooked. Fatigued with <strong>the</strong> march, <strong>the</strong> men <strong>in</strong> general went to sleep. Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m got <strong>in</strong>to private houses<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re obta<strong>in</strong>ed rum…” 1841<br />
7 January. Henry Nase: “7 th ~ Jany. [January] -– Sunday Majr. Tenpenny <strong>com</strong>es to George Town, who had been to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Rebels with a flag <strong>of</strong> Truce. George Town is a place, Ly<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> Santee, about 60 Miles Distant from<br />
Charles Town. Several Refugees are <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> About <strong>the</strong> Town, & Some Notorious Rebels, are Trad<strong>in</strong>g, Traffic<strong>in</strong>g<br />
[sic] & Mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir fortune.” 1842<br />
7 January. [raid] Mobile Village, also La Aldea, Spanish Fort (Mobile County, AL.) An unsuccessful attempt was<br />
made by a British <strong>and</strong> Hessian detachment, led by Col. Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Von Hanxleden act<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong><br />
Pensacola, to seize a Spanish fort situated on <strong>the</strong> outskirts <strong>of</strong> Mobile itself. 1843 For more, see<br />
http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/spanishfort.htm<br />
7 January. Greene, at his Hick’s Creek camp on <strong>the</strong> Peedee, wrote to Col. John Gunby, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed at<br />
Hillsborough, that he was send<strong>in</strong>g Capta<strong>in</strong> Edward Yarborough’s detachment <strong>of</strong> what North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia (at<br />
Salisbury) to Hillsborough to relieve <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> State Regt. <strong>the</strong>re under Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er L. Smith. Yarborough’s<br />
troops previously had arrived at Greene’s camp from Salisbury. It was <strong>in</strong>tended that Col. Smith’s men were to<br />
rejo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir regiment at Haley’s ferry. 1844 Elsewhere, Col. Abraham Buford was <strong>in</strong> Salisbury bedridden<br />
with illness, <strong>and</strong> which later caused him to leave <strong>the</strong> army <strong>and</strong> go home to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. 1845<br />
7 January (also 8 Jan.) Lieut. Col. Henry Lee arrived at Greene’s camp on <strong>the</strong> Peedee; possibly hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>e by<br />
way <strong>of</strong> Guilford Court House. 1846 His legion <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> cavalry toge<strong>the</strong>r total<strong>in</strong>g (accord<strong>in</strong>g to Lee) “about” 280<br />
men, <strong>in</strong> horse <strong>and</strong> foot, had arrived a day or two earlier. In a letter <strong>of</strong> January 20, never<strong>the</strong>less, Greene refers<br />
to Lee’s Legion as <strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> 240 men; while Gov. Rutledge speaks <strong>of</strong> about 260. 1847 The Legion was<br />
immediately dispatched to jo<strong>in</strong> Marion to, among o<strong>the</strong>r objectives, help put down some Tories, <strong>and</strong> by 12<br />
January Lee was with Marion conduct<strong>in</strong>g operations. Initially, he took with him some wagons; which he later<br />
sent back to Greene as too cumbersome for his light corps to travel with. 1848<br />
Henry Lee, at “Camp On Pe[e]dee River,” on <strong>the</strong> date <strong>of</strong> his arrival wrote Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne: “[After<br />
giv<strong>in</strong>g an account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden <strong>and</strong> recent military activity <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region]…I am confident noth<strong>in</strong>g<br />
important can be ac<strong>com</strong>plished by this [Greene’s] army <strong>in</strong> its present state. * * * Inter nos <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
calculation is large: Eight hundred Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e; eight hundred Virg<strong>in</strong>ia levies; six hundred Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia,<br />
1839 SQR pp. 242-243.<br />
1840 SQR pp. 163-164, GHA4 pp. 59-60, LMS p. 300, LFB2 p. 229, CBA p. 549.<br />
1841 SQR p. 163.<br />
1842 NDI<br />
1843 AR81 pp. 23-24.<br />
1844 The editor to <strong>the</strong> Greene Papers states that because <strong>of</strong> a disagreement over rank, Greene desired to separate Alex<strong>and</strong>er<br />
Smith’s unit from those at camp. This controversy probably expla<strong>in</strong>s why Smith is not heard <strong>of</strong> subsequently <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
campaign; with <strong>the</strong> probable (though not def<strong>in</strong>ite) <strong>in</strong>ference be<strong>in</strong>g that he <strong>and</strong> his regiment shortly <strong>the</strong>reafter went home to<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong>. NGP7 p. 59n.<br />
1845 NGP7 pp. 58-59.<br />
1846 SCP3 p. 246.<br />
1847 Both Gordon <strong>and</strong> Marshall, who may have obta<strong>in</strong>ed this from a more accurate source, speaks <strong>of</strong> 100 cavalry <strong>and</strong> 120 <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
which is very close to what we f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> Legion very soon after operat<strong>in</strong>g with. GHA4 p. 32, MLW3 p. 114.<br />
1848 NGP7 p. 62, LMS p. 223, LCC pp. 71-72, The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical And Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. Apr. 1917, p.<br />
67.<br />
349
whose time <strong>of</strong> service expires <strong>in</strong> twenty days; <strong>and</strong> my Legion, two hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty, with one hundred North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia. General Morgan has one hundred regular horse, three hundred Maryl<strong>and</strong> regulars, <strong>and</strong> eight<br />
hundred militia under him. General Sumter <strong>and</strong> General Marion have also fly<strong>in</strong>g parties. The Virg<strong>in</strong>ians are<br />
destitute <strong>of</strong> every article <strong>of</strong> cloth<strong>in</strong>g. Their only cover<strong>in</strong>g is an old shirt <strong>and</strong> trousers; <strong>the</strong> whole are without<br />
shoes, nor can any sort <strong>of</strong> manufactory be established <strong>in</strong> this country, <strong>the</strong>refore our hides are useless to us. Our<br />
two regiments <strong>of</strong> horse are reduced to half a regiment, <strong>and</strong> illy supplied with accoutrements. Our provisions are<br />
from h<strong>and</strong> to mouth. The present camp affords good support <strong>of</strong> every k<strong>in</strong>d; but when we are forced from this,<br />
Heaven only knows how we are to employ our teeth. General Greene has conducted himself with <strong>the</strong> greatest<br />
wisdom <strong>and</strong> assiduity, <strong>and</strong> I verily believe, was he tolerably supported by <strong>the</strong> States, he would oblige his<br />
antagonist to retire to Charleston * * * I feel most sensibly for <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> refugees from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir distresses are only equalled by <strong>the</strong>ir virtue. No situation <strong>of</strong> any <strong>in</strong>habitant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> above description <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Nor<strong>the</strong>rn States can give you even a fa<strong>in</strong>t idea <strong>of</strong> what <strong>the</strong>se people suffer…” 1849<br />
7-8 January. In fur<strong>the</strong>rance <strong>of</strong> his long anticipated second <strong>in</strong>vasion <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, Cornwallis began his march<br />
from W<strong>in</strong>nsborough northward <strong>in</strong> which he covered only twenty-five miles <strong>in</strong> eight days. The ra<strong>in</strong>s, his heavy<br />
baggage, <strong>and</strong> dearth <strong>of</strong> wagons impeded his advance, but, <strong>in</strong> addition, he also moved with some deliberate<br />
slowness <strong>in</strong> order that he might not too quickly outdistance Leslie; whom he felt was necessary to have with him<br />
<strong>in</strong> order to conduct a proper <strong>of</strong>fensive. Never<strong>the</strong>less, on January 7 th , arriv<strong>in</strong>g at McAllisters’s, he wrote Tarleton:<br />
“By <strong>the</strong> great assiduity <strong>of</strong> Phillips <strong>and</strong> his militia & <strong>the</strong> fortunate arrival <strong>of</strong> some country wagons, I am enabled to<br />
move tomorrow not without leav<strong>in</strong>g a quantity <strong>of</strong> meal beh<strong>in</strong>d.” 1850 Leslie, for his part, did not march from<br />
Camden till <strong>the</strong> 9 th . Before leav<strong>in</strong>g W<strong>in</strong>nsborough, Cornwallis sent an order to Balfour, at Charlestown, to<br />
dispatch a sufficiently strong expeditionary force by water to <strong>the</strong> sea-port town <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, N.C.; <strong>and</strong> to hold<br />
that post as a depot for supplies for <strong>the</strong> Royal army <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. In fur<strong>the</strong>rance, Balfour detached Major<br />
James Craig on that service (see 21 January); with <strong>the</strong> latter subsequently driv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> American militia from<br />
Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town on <strong>the</strong> same day he l<strong>and</strong>ed. Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, however, later proved<br />
defective as supply po<strong>in</strong>t for <strong>the</strong> Royal army <strong>in</strong> N.C., or so at least Cornwallis came to decide; because <strong>the</strong> Cape<br />
Fear River that led <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terior from Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton was too easily <strong>in</strong>terdicted by rebel militia. 1851<br />
Stedman: “When <strong>the</strong> campaign <strong>of</strong> 1781 opened up <strong>the</strong>re was about fifty thous<strong>and</strong> weight <strong>of</strong> meal packed <strong>and</strong><br />
ready for use. There was about fifty thous<strong>and</strong> weight <strong>of</strong> meal packed <strong>and</strong> ready for use. The whole expence, as<br />
charged by <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>missary to government for this service, guides, expresses, collect<strong>in</strong>g, shell<strong>in</strong>g, gr<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />
pack<strong>in</strong>g, wages, &c. did not amount to one hundred pounds sterl<strong>in</strong>g.” 1852<br />
8 January. Greene ordered Major David Campbell with 105 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen <strong>of</strong> Botetourt County, who were<br />
situated <strong>in</strong> Salisbury, to jo<strong>in</strong> Morgan posted on <strong>the</strong> Pacelot River. Campbell, however, did not reached Morgan<br />
until after Cowpens apparently. See 16 January. 1853<br />
8-10 January. Henry Nase <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt. at Georgetown: “8 th January. Colo. [George] Campbell<br />
goes Out with a detachment <strong>of</strong> Horse & foot, towards Pedee River, <strong>the</strong> Same day I was taken with <strong>the</strong> agues [sic]<br />
-- “10 th Jany. Colo. Campbell return’d with some Horses & Cattle,Two Serjeants & one Corpl. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dragoons<br />
were taken Prisoner -–” 1854<br />
9 January. Tarleton rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Dugg<strong>in</strong>’s on Indian Creek, wait<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>s to subside <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enoree to<br />
fall. 1855<br />
9 January. Leslie left Camden, cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Wateree Ferry, <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ally arrived at Twenty-Five Mile Creek a<br />
western tributary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree. He had left beh<strong>in</strong>d his three pounders at Camden, while add<strong>in</strong>g to his corps<br />
<strong>the</strong> Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt; which f<strong>in</strong>ally unified (at <strong>the</strong> request <strong>of</strong> its <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er Lieut. Col. Hamilton) had<br />
earlier been employed <strong>in</strong> scattered detachments. 1856<br />
9 January. In a letter from Marion to Greene this date, he mentions that 80 British troops (30 <strong>of</strong> whom were<br />
mounted) departed Georgetown; 60 <strong>of</strong> which were to jo<strong>in</strong> Watson, <strong>and</strong> twenty to guard Lenud’s ferry, leav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> Georgetown garrison with 200. Watson was at Wright’s Bluff (<strong>the</strong> site <strong>of</strong> Fort Watson) just above Nelson’s<br />
Ferry with 200 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Light Infantry; while a detachment <strong>of</strong> Hessians guarded <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong><br />
Nelson’s Ferry. 1857<br />
10 January (also 9 or 8 Jan.) 1858 [skirmishes] Hood’s Po<strong>in</strong>t, also Charles City Court House (Charles City County,<br />
VA.) On receiv<strong>in</strong>g a false report that Von Steuben was immediately advanc<strong>in</strong>g from Petersburg, <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed with<br />
<strong>the</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong> militia at Manchester, Arnold, on <strong>the</strong> 10 th , embarked from Westover (which he had arrived at<br />
1849 LMS p. 34.<br />
1850 WCO p. 231, PRO. 30/11/64, ff.29-30.<br />
1851 LOB Part II, TCS pp. 220, 230, LMS p. 251, LFB2 p. 407, BRG p. 311.<br />
1852 SAW2 p. 319n<br />
1853 NGP7 pp. 73, 74n; with respect to <strong>the</strong> Botetourt Riflemen see SCAR vol. 4, no. 1, 2,3, p. 60.<br />
1854 NDI.<br />
1855 BGD p. 148.<br />
1856 SCP2 p. 230, LOB part III, STL.<br />
1857 NGP7 pp. 123, 164.<br />
1858 The exact date <strong>of</strong> this skirmish has yet by me to be adequately confirmed; so that <strong>the</strong> 10 th is given here as a surmise but <strong>the</strong><br />
action may actually have taken place a day or two earlier.<br />
350
on <strong>the</strong> 7 th ), <strong>and</strong> via Flour de Hundred headed for Portsmouth. En route an advance party <strong>of</strong> 40 men under Simcoe<br />
was ambushed at Hood’s Po<strong>in</strong>t by 150 militia under Col. George Rogers Clark (<strong>of</strong> V<strong>in</strong>cennes fame.) The militia,<br />
however <strong>and</strong> ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>discipl<strong>in</strong>e, were <strong>in</strong> turn routed <strong>and</strong> suffered 20 men killed, wounded, or taken<br />
prisoner; while Simcoe lost one man killed <strong>and</strong> three wounded. 1859<br />
Marshall: “Leav<strong>in</strong>g Richmond <strong>the</strong> next day, <strong>the</strong>y [Arnold’s forces] arrived at Westover on <strong>the</strong> seventh; <strong>and</strong> reembark<strong>in</strong>g<br />
January -- on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 10 th , proceeded down <strong>the</strong> river. While <strong>the</strong> army lay at that place,<br />
lieutenant colonel Simcoe, at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> less than fifty horse, attacked <strong>and</strong> dispersed a body <strong>of</strong> militia at<br />
Charles City court-house, with <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> only one man killed <strong>and</strong> three wounded.<br />
“The militia were now assembl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> considerable numbers; but it was found difficult to arm <strong>the</strong>m. While baron<br />
Steuben followed Arnold down <strong>the</strong> river, colonel Clarke [George Rogers Clark] drew a British party <strong>of</strong> about<br />
three hundred men <strong>in</strong>to an ambuscade. After sunset, lieutenant colonel Simcoe, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed this party, had<br />
l<strong>and</strong>ed at Hood’s; <strong>and</strong>, perceiv<strong>in</strong>g a small body <strong>of</strong> Americans who had been advanced for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong><br />
tempt<strong>in</strong>g him to pursue <strong>the</strong>m, followed with rapidity until he fell <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong> detachment which Clarke had<br />
posted for his reception. 1781. One fire was given with some effect; but on its be<strong>in</strong>g partially returned, <strong>the</strong><br />
party which had formed <strong>the</strong> ambuscade broke, <strong>and</strong> fled <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> utmost confusion.<br />
“Arnold proceeded slowly down <strong>the</strong> river, tak<strong>in</strong>g Smithfield <strong>and</strong> Mackay’s mills <strong>in</strong> his way where some stores<br />
were destroyed; <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 20 th he reached Portsmouth, where he manifested an <strong>in</strong>tention to establish a<br />
permanent post.<br />
“F<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g himself unable to force this position, Steuben stationed his troops at <strong>the</strong> different <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g passes<br />
lead<strong>in</strong>g from it <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> country, for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> conf<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> narrowest possible limits,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g every practicable protection to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants.<br />
“The loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> this expedition was stated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> gazette <strong>of</strong> New York at seven killed, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g one<br />
subaltern; <strong>and</strong> twenty, three wounded, among whom was one capta<strong>in</strong>. This small loss was almost entirely<br />
susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ambuscade near Hood’s. 1860<br />
Lee: “Major-General Steuben, hav<strong>in</strong>g under him <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>defatigable patriot <strong>and</strong> soldier General [Thomas] Nelson,<br />
had by this time drawn toge<strong>the</strong>r a considerable body <strong>of</strong> militia, <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> exertion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> governor.<br />
With all who were armed <strong>the</strong> baron followed Arnold; <strong>and</strong> at Hood’s, Lieutenant-Colonel Clarke, by a wellconcerted<br />
stratagem, allured Simcoe to pursue a small party exposed to view, with <strong>the</strong> expectation <strong>of</strong> draw<strong>in</strong>g<br />
him <strong>in</strong>to an ambuscade, prepared for his reception. Judiciously as <strong>the</strong> scheme was contrived, it was marred <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> execution, by <strong>the</strong> precipitation with which <strong>the</strong> militia ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong>ir post, after discharg<strong>in</strong>g one fire.<br />
Simcoe lost a few men, <strong>and</strong> deem<strong>in</strong>g pursuit useless, retired to <strong>the</strong> squadron.” 1861<br />
11 January. Brig. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Lill<strong>in</strong>gton was at Cole’s Mill, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a with <strong>the</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> New Bern<br />
militia. He was await<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> Col. James Kenan <strong>of</strong> Dupl<strong>in</strong> County whose militiamen had recently put to<br />
flight a ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> tories at Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek. 1862<br />
11 January. Cornwallis, at McAllister’s, wrote to Tarleton: “I received yours last night, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 9 th , four P. M. I<br />
fear <strong>the</strong> waters have been much more swelled s<strong>in</strong>ce you wrote it. At present I th<strong>in</strong>k I shall move Saturday to<br />
cross roads. I can hear noth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Morgan; <strong>the</strong>y say <strong>the</strong>re are several ferries high up Broad river where he may<br />
pass, particularly Talbot’s ferry. Leslie is much retarded by <strong>the</strong> waters.” 1863<br />
12 January. Cornwallis to Leslie: “I have not heard from Tarleton s<strong>in</strong>ce Tuesday, I believe he is as much<br />
embarrassed with <strong>the</strong> waters as you are.” 1864<br />
12-14 January. On or about <strong>the</strong> 12 th , Capt. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Chesney with some 50 loyalist scouts attached <strong>the</strong>mselves<br />
to Tarleton. On <strong>the</strong> 13 th <strong>the</strong>n, with <strong>the</strong> 7 th Regt. <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th Light Dragoons which he had requested <strong>of</strong><br />
Cornwallis hav<strong>in</strong>g arrived, Tarleton resumed his advance on Morgan’s now known position on <strong>the</strong> Pacelot. After<br />
pass<strong>in</strong>g Indian Creek <strong>in</strong> present Newberry County <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n Dunk<strong>in</strong>’s Creek <strong>in</strong> Laurens County, on <strong>the</strong> 14 th he<br />
moved to cross <strong>the</strong> flooded Enoree <strong>and</strong> Tyger Rivers; <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> process build<strong>in</strong>g rafts for that purpose; while <strong>the</strong><br />
horses were swum over. 1865<br />
Tarleton: “Two hundred men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th regiment, who were chiefly recruits, <strong>and</strong> designed for <strong>the</strong> garrison at<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, <strong>and</strong> fifty dragoons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th regiment, brought <strong>the</strong> waggons from Brierley’s to camp. On <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
arrival, Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton crossed Indian, <strong>and</strong> afterwards Dunken creek, though both were<br />
considerably swelled by a late fall <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>: He hourly received accounts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>of</strong> Morgan’s corps, which<br />
<strong>in</strong>duced him to request Earl Cornwallis, who was mov<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> east <strong>of</strong> Broad river, to give him permission to<br />
reta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th regiment, that <strong>the</strong> enemy might be sooner pressed over Broad river, or some favourable situation<br />
obta<strong>in</strong>ed, whence great advantage might be derived from additional numbers: Hav<strong>in</strong>g received leave to carry<br />
forwards <strong>the</strong> 7 th regiment, he cont<strong>in</strong>ued his course on <strong>the</strong> 12 th to <strong>the</strong> westward, <strong>in</strong> order to discover <strong>the</strong> most<br />
practicable fords for <strong>the</strong> passage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ennoree <strong>and</strong> Tyger, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry might avoid <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>conveniencies <strong>the</strong>y had undergone <strong>in</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r waters. An useful expedient was concealed under this<br />
apparent necessity. In proportion to <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light troops to <strong>the</strong> sources <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rivers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
1859 SQR pp. 163-165, GHA4 pp. 59-60, MLW4A p. 390-391, LMS pp. 301-302, LFB2 pp. 229-230, CBA p. 549.<br />
1860 MLW4 pp. 390-391.<br />
1861 LMS p. 302.<br />
1862 NGP7 p. 94n.<br />
1863 SCP3 p. 364.<br />
1864 SCP3 p. 370, BGD p. 148.<br />
1865 TCS pp. 212-213, JLG1 pp. 368-370, MSC2 pp. 28-29, BRG p. 311, BDW p. 61.<br />
351
progress <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army to K<strong>in</strong>g’s mounta<strong>in</strong>, General Morgan’s danger would <strong>in</strong>crease, if he rema<strong>in</strong>ed to <strong>the</strong><br />
westward <strong>of</strong> Broad river.” 1866<br />
12 January (o<strong>the</strong>r mid January date). [ambush] Ma<strong>the</strong>w’s Bluff, also Mat<strong>the</strong>ws’ Bluff (Allendale County, S.C.) A<br />
Capt. Rannall McKay (or M’Kay, also given as McCoy), who had been waylay<strong>in</strong>g British supply boats on <strong>the</strong><br />
Savannah River, <strong>and</strong> at Ma<strong>the</strong>w’s Bluff, ambushed a party <strong>of</strong> 30 loyalists, under a Lt. Kemp 1867 sent out by Brown<br />
at Augusta to him. Kemp was routed, <strong>and</strong> lost 16 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. Kemp himself was shot; reportedly after<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g made a prisoner. Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> personal <strong>and</strong> bitter wrangl<strong>in</strong>g with Mckay (or McKoy), see Mid<br />
to Late May 1780, Augusta raids. 1868<br />
Hugh McCall: “Capta<strong>in</strong>s Johnston <strong>and</strong> M’Kay, with a few active militia had taken a position <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> swamp <strong>of</strong><br />
Savannah river, <strong>and</strong> were employed <strong>in</strong> watch<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>munication between Augusta <strong>and</strong> Savannah. They had<br />
frequently <strong>in</strong>tercepted boats, laden with provisions <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r stores, which <strong>the</strong>y took <strong>and</strong> secured or destroyed.<br />
Colonel Brown detached an <strong>of</strong>ficer, with twenty-five regular troops <strong>and</strong> twenty militia, to dislodge <strong>the</strong>m. M’Kay<br />
hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> party, took an advantageous position near Mat<strong>the</strong>w’s Bluff [sic], <strong>and</strong> attacked<br />
<strong>the</strong>m, though much superior <strong>in</strong> numbers to his own, killed <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong> fifteen <strong>of</strong> his men, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pelled <strong>the</strong><br />
rema<strong>in</strong>der to retreat precipitately to Augusta.” 1869<br />
Lieut. Col. Thomas Brown, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gs Rangers: “…After <strong>the</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong> Charlestown by Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, I<br />
was detached by Brigadier-General [Lieut. Col. Alured] Clarke to Augusta. On our march, <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>ians <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
districts near Savannah River voluntarily took <strong>the</strong> oaths <strong>of</strong> allegiance, <strong>and</strong> received protection. Among <strong>the</strong><br />
number, one McCoy [Rannall McKay or M’Kay], a young man <strong>of</strong> a character notoriously <strong>in</strong>famous, applied for<br />
protection…<br />
“…About twelve months subsequent to this period, numbers <strong>of</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>ians who had received protection, formed<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong>to plunder<strong>in</strong>g parties, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> McCoy, robbed <strong>and</strong> murdered many <strong>of</strong> his<br />
Majesty’s peaceable <strong>and</strong> loyal subjects, <strong>and</strong> attacked <strong>the</strong> guards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> public boats navigat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Savannah<br />
River, with provisions, ammunition, <strong>and</strong> cloth<strong>in</strong>g, for <strong>the</strong> garrisons <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six <strong>and</strong> Augusta. Hav<strong>in</strong>g received<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence that <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s stores had been <strong>in</strong>tercepted, I dispatched Lieutenant Kemp, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers,<br />
from Augusta, with ten soldiers <strong>and</strong> twenty militia, to pursue <strong>the</strong> plunderers.<br />
“He engaged one Willie [Wylley] 1870 as a guide, a man who had taken oath <strong>of</strong> allegiance, <strong>and</strong> received<br />
protection; this traitor conveyed <strong>in</strong>formation to McCoy <strong>of</strong> Kemp’s force, design <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tended route, <strong>and</strong> led him<br />
<strong>in</strong>to an ambuscade previously formed. The militia under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Kemp fled upon <strong>the</strong> first fire; he <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> soldiers unable to resist a very superior force, surrendered <strong>the</strong>mselves prisoners. Capta<strong>in</strong> McCoy asked Kemp<br />
to jo<strong>in</strong> his party. On his refusal, he stripped <strong>and</strong> shot him. The same question was put to <strong>the</strong> soldiers; n<strong>in</strong>e out <strong>of</strong><br />
ten refused <strong>and</strong> shared <strong>the</strong> same fate. The o<strong>the</strong>r jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m to save his life, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a few days afterwards made<br />
his escape, <strong>and</strong> brought me <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> murder <strong>of</strong> Kemp <strong>and</strong> his men, <strong>and</strong> that Willie <strong>and</strong> young McCoy<br />
were <strong>the</strong> most active <strong>in</strong> putt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to death; that <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>in</strong> general had converted <strong>the</strong>ir written<br />
protections <strong>in</strong>to cockades, <strong>and</strong> had jo<strong>in</strong>ed a Colonel [William] Harden; that <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s stores taken from <strong>the</strong><br />
boats were distributed among <strong>the</strong> plunderers, <strong>and</strong> secreted <strong>in</strong> or near <strong>the</strong>ir homes. Apprehend<strong>in</strong>g a general<br />
revolt <strong>in</strong> that quarter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, I immediately marched from Augusta with one hundred <strong>and</strong> seventy<br />
Indians, <strong>and</strong> I was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by four hundred militia. About thirty miles from Black Swamp, Colonel Harden, about<br />
midnight, attacked our camp, <strong>and</strong> was repulsed. The militia under my <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> action deserted to a<br />
man, jo<strong>in</strong>ed Colonel Harden, who thus re<strong>in</strong>forced, at ten <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g renewed <strong>the</strong> attack, but his men be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
totally without discipl<strong>in</strong>e, were defeated with considerable loss. Among <strong>the</strong> prisoners, Willie <strong>and</strong> young McCoy,<br />
<strong>and</strong> eleven <strong>of</strong> Kemp’s murderers were taken. The identity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir persons <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> fact be<strong>in</strong>g proved <strong>and</strong><br />
confirmed by <strong>the</strong>ir own confession, <strong>the</strong>y (Willie excepted) suffered on <strong>the</strong> gallows; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> houses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
plunderers where <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s stores were secreted, were ordered to be burnt. Although I lamented <strong>the</strong> necessity<br />
<strong>of</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g recourse to <strong>the</strong>se extremities, a necessity created by <strong>the</strong>mselves, I am persuaded on a similar<br />
occasion, Dr. Ramsay would have done <strong>the</strong> same…” Brown <strong>the</strong>n goes on to tell how Willie was tomahawked by an<br />
Indian Chief, which latter had been a friend <strong>of</strong> Kemp. He <strong>the</strong>n denounces Pickens for how his raid on thirteen<br />
Indian villages had been <strong>in</strong>humanly carried out; while contrast<strong>in</strong>g this with how <strong>the</strong> Indians he knew were<br />
touched at <strong>the</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> a defenseless enemy. 1871<br />
Royal Georgia Gazette <strong>in</strong> Savannah for April 26: “A set <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most barbarous wretches that ever <strong>in</strong>fected any<br />
country, amount<strong>in</strong>g some say to 200, o<strong>the</strong>rs 250, lately crossed <strong>the</strong> Savannah from <strong>the</strong> northward, surprised <strong>and</strong><br />
murdered several Loyalists at Wrightsborough <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> Ceded L<strong>and</strong>s, stripp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir families <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> necessities<br />
<strong>of</strong> life.” 1872<br />
Balfour, on February 9 th , <strong>in</strong> response to a 23 January letter sent by Lieut. Col. Thomas Brown wrote: “I am<br />
honored with your letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23d. Ultimo. I am s<strong>in</strong>cerely to thank you for your Judgment & Activity <strong>in</strong><br />
1866 TCS p. 212.<br />
1867 Todd Braisted suggests that “Lieut. Kemp,” may be Lieut. John Champ <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.J. Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> who was present at both<br />
<strong>the</strong> First Siege <strong>of</strong> Augusta (Sept. 1780) <strong>and</strong> Musgrove’s Mill (August 1780); see Allaire’s entry for 19 August <strong>and</strong> SCP2 p. 145n.<br />
1868 BLB pp. 26-27, RSC2 pp. 237-241, SCP5 pp. 356-359, MSC2 pp. 259, 748, RBG p. 235, LSC p. 12, CKR pp. 125-127 (<strong>and</strong> who<br />
cites Brown to Balfour, January 23, 1781, PRO. 30/11/62.) And see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/mat<strong>the</strong>ws.htm<br />
1869 MHG p. 515.<br />
1870 Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Hugh McCall Wylley was a Capta<strong>in</strong> (possibly even a member <strong>of</strong> Brown’s own K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers); yet McCrady<br />
disputes this, see MSC2 p. 259n.<br />
1871 WHG pp. 614-620.<br />
1872 Quoted <strong>in</strong> CKR p. 128n.<br />
352
surpris<strong>in</strong>g, & defeat<strong>in</strong>g Colo Harden with his party, I am truly happy, that <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> present distracted State <strong>of</strong> this<br />
Country, <strong>the</strong> essential Post <strong>of</strong> Augusta is <strong>in</strong> such H<strong>and</strong>s, that <strong>the</strong> Enemy can form <strong>the</strong>mselves but little hopes<br />
from attempt<strong>in</strong>g it.<br />
“I shall write most fully to Col.o [Alured] Clarke on <strong>the</strong> subject <strong>of</strong> establish<strong>in</strong>g a Post near <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> Briar-<br />
Creek, & likewise mention to Col.o [Nicholas] Lechmere <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> his Militia act<strong>in</strong>g on Savannah River, as<br />
you po<strong>in</strong>t out, for <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong> its <strong>com</strong>munications, but I have scarce any hope <strong>the</strong>y can be made to acquiesce<br />
<strong>in</strong> such a measure, tho’ so much for <strong>the</strong>ir own security & advantage.<br />
“As <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers have twice lost <strong>the</strong>ir Necessaries, on Service, is very hard, on <strong>the</strong>m & <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
plea to be reimbursed, strong [sic], I shall not fail to represent to Lord Cornwallis whenever a good opportunity<br />
<strong>of</strong>fers.<br />
“I have no doubt, that under your direction, our friends [underl<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al] will act with Spirit, &<br />
deserve well…” 1873<br />
13 January (or o<strong>the</strong>r early to mid January date). [skirmish] Wigg<strong>in</strong>s’ Hill (Barnwell County, S.C.) Col. Thomas<br />
Brown with 570, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some Cherokees (or else 170 plus 500 Indians), went out from Augusta on an<br />
expedition to catch Col. William Harden; who by one account had 76 rangers. 1874 The two forces skirmished at<br />
Wigg<strong>in</strong>s’ Hill, <strong>and</strong> Harden, outnumbered, was beaten <strong>of</strong>f. The whigs possibly tried to attack aga<strong>in</strong> next day, yet,<br />
if so it is assumed <strong>the</strong>y were repulsed. In <strong>the</strong> encounter, Harden had lost 7 killed <strong>and</strong> 11 wounded, <strong>and</strong> some<br />
captured <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Rannall McKay whom Brown subsequently executed for <strong>the</strong> death <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Kemp (allegedly<br />
shot <strong>in</strong> captivity immediately follow<strong>in</strong>g Ma<strong>the</strong>w’s Bluff, see 12 January) as well as for violat<strong>in</strong>g his protection.<br />
Brown’s losses are not known. 1875<br />
Tarleton Brown: “This atrocious deed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sangu<strong>in</strong>ary McGeart [Daniel McGirtt] <strong>and</strong> his b<strong>and</strong> was shortly<br />
succeeded by ano<strong>the</strong>r equally cruel, nay, doubly cruel. The British Colonel Brown marched down from Augusta<br />
with an overwhelm<strong>in</strong>g force <strong>of</strong> Tories <strong>and</strong> Indians, <strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir st<strong>and</strong> at ‘Wigg<strong>in</strong>s’ Hill’, <strong>com</strong>menced a<br />
slaughter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants. The news <strong>of</strong> which reached <strong>the</strong> ears <strong>of</strong> those brave <strong>and</strong> dauntless <strong>of</strong>ficers,<br />
Colonels. McCoy [Mckay] <strong>and</strong> Harden, who soon hastened to <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> terrified Whigs, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g upon<br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy, charged upon <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> routed <strong>the</strong>m to a man, Colonel [Thomas] Brown escap<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong><br />
woods. Colonels McCoy [Rannall McKay] <strong>and</strong> Harden, hav<strong>in</strong>g ac<strong>com</strong>plished all that was required <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, retired<br />
from <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> action [actually McKay was taken prisoner], after which Brown returned with <strong>the</strong> residue <strong>of</strong> his<br />
force <strong>and</strong> retook <strong>the</strong> ‘Hill’, at which he rema<strong>in</strong>ed until he hung five or our brave fellows -- Briton Williams,<br />
Charles Blunt, <strong>and</strong> Abraham Smith, <strong>the</strong> names <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r two not recollected -- <strong>the</strong>n he decamped for<br />
Augusta.”<br />
Hugh McCall: “(H)ear<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> Americans had entered Georgia, <strong>and</strong> that colonel [William] Harden, with a<br />
body <strong>of</strong> American militia, was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood <strong>of</strong> Cooswhatchie, colonel Brown ordered his prov<strong>in</strong>cials to<br />
repair to Augusta to defend it; but <strong>the</strong>y were so covered with crimes, that <strong>the</strong>y had no <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ation to be cooped<br />
up <strong>in</strong> a garrison; fear<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>y might be taken by assault, <strong>and</strong> receive <strong>the</strong> punishment due to <strong>the</strong>m for <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
former <strong>of</strong>fences: many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m fled to <strong>the</strong> Indians, <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> warfare up <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> frontier settlements.<br />
When Brown had collected his troops, he determ<strong>in</strong>ed to strike at Harden, <strong>and</strong> selected such regular troops,<br />
militia, <strong>and</strong> Indians, as <strong>the</strong> safety <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> post would admit, <strong>and</strong> marched for that purpose: he detached a party<br />
under capta<strong>in</strong> [Alex<strong>and</strong>er] Wylly, <strong>in</strong>to Carol<strong>in</strong>a to reconnoiter, which approached Harden’s camp <strong>and</strong> retired,<br />
with <strong>in</strong>formation to Brown <strong>of</strong> Harden’s advanc<strong>in</strong>g on him, <strong>and</strong> requested him to hasten his march. Brown was<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Wylly, <strong>and</strong> encamped <strong>in</strong> a field at Wigg<strong>in</strong>’s [sic] hill, for <strong>the</strong> night. Harden was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Johnston <strong>and</strong><br />
M’Kay, <strong>and</strong> had advanced with<strong>in</strong> a mile <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> place where he encamped, not know<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> near approach <strong>of</strong><br />
Brown; but <strong>in</strong> a few hours he was <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> it, <strong>and</strong> advanced to attack him by surprise. Brown had been<br />
apprised by Wylly <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dangerous position which he had taken, <strong>and</strong> that it was necessary, when oppos<strong>in</strong>g an<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> Harden’s enterprise, to be on <strong>the</strong> alert; but Brown, always imprudent, <strong>and</strong> possess<strong>in</strong>g no quality <strong>of</strong> an<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer but courage, retired to a house a few hundred yards distant from his camp, <strong>and</strong> went to sleep. By some<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence, Brown’s <strong>of</strong>ficers were apprised <strong>of</strong> Harden’s approach, <strong>and</strong> were form<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir ranks, when Harden’s<br />
troops <strong>com</strong>menced <strong>the</strong> attack. The contest lasted half an hour, when overpowered by superiority <strong>of</strong> numbers<br />
<strong>and</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>e, Harden was <strong>com</strong>pelled to retreat, which he effected <strong>in</strong> good order, <strong>and</strong> carried <strong>of</strong>f his wounded.<br />
The American loss was seven killed <strong>and</strong> eleven wounded; amongst <strong>the</strong> latter, was capta<strong>in</strong> Johnston. The loss <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy was about equal to that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans. Colonel Harden retreated to an isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Cooswhatchie<br />
swamp, where <strong>the</strong> wounded were left until <strong>the</strong>y recovered…<br />
“Several prisoners were taken after <strong>the</strong> skirmish at Wigg<strong>in</strong>s’ hill by parties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy detached by Brown: one<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m by <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> [Capt. Alex<strong>and</strong>er] Wylly, who had piloted Brown’s detachment to Mat<strong>the</strong>w’s bluff, <strong>and</strong><br />
whom <strong>the</strong>y alleged had treacherously led <strong>the</strong> detachment <strong>in</strong>to that difficulty: on <strong>the</strong> bare supposition, Brown<br />
turned him over to <strong>the</strong> Indians, who ripped him open with <strong>the</strong>ir knives <strong>in</strong> his presence <strong>and</strong> tortured him to<br />
death.” 1876<br />
13 January (or possibly a few days earlier). Capt. (shortly after Maj.) Andrew Maxwell with detachment <strong>of</strong> 100<br />
men, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> his own Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Regt., began work establish<strong>in</strong>g Fort Granby. He <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>eered<br />
1873 BLB pp. 26-27.<br />
1874 Harden, who was from Barnwell, ostensibly had temporarily left Marion <strong>and</strong> was, <strong>in</strong> effect, <strong>the</strong>n visit<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> region. By April,<br />
however, he had returned to <strong>the</strong> Edisto-Savannah River area <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n afterwards was to be found operat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re on a more<br />
permanent basis.<br />
1875 BLB pp. 26-27, BMS, RSC2 pp. 237-241, SCP5 pp. 356-359, MSC2 pp. 259-260, 748, RBG pp. 235-236, LSC p. 12, CKR pp. 125-<br />
127.<br />
1876 MHG pp. 512-513.<br />
353
over three <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> best mills on <strong>the</strong> Congaree River; avail<strong>in</strong>g himself <strong>of</strong> which, he proceeded to lay up quantities<br />
<strong>of</strong> meal. 1877<br />
13 January. Leslie reached Wateree Creek, a tributary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree near W<strong>in</strong>nsborough. 1878<br />
14 January. Leslie reached Smith’s (near Rocky Mount); while <strong>the</strong> “Scottish Travel Log” lists “Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock at<br />
<strong>the</strong> forks near <strong>the</strong> Catawba.” Cornwallis, meantime, was at Bull (or Bull’s) Run, 1879 <strong>in</strong> modern Chester County.<br />
From <strong>the</strong> 14 th to <strong>the</strong> 17 th Tarleton was without <strong>com</strong>munications with him or <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> his position. 1880<br />
On this date Cornwallis wrote to Tarleton: “I received yesterday morn<strong>in</strong>g your letter dated Dugg<strong>in</strong>[’]s, Indian<br />
Creek, Jan’y 11 [January 11], 5 a.m. By report however <strong>of</strong> a man who brought it[,] I conceive it ought to have<br />
been dated Jan’y 12 as he assures me that he left you on Friday morn<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
“I shall march tomorrow to <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> Tardy River 1881 & <strong>the</strong> next day to Hillhouse near Bullock Creek Meet<strong>in</strong>g<br />
House. Leslie is at last got out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> swamps & reached this day <strong>the</strong> neighborhood <strong>of</strong> Rocky Mount. I have not<br />
heard <strong>of</strong> Morgan’s mov<strong>in</strong>g, but conclude he will cross Broad River, as I hear it has fallen very much.” 1882<br />
Tarleton: “On <strong>the</strong> 14 th Earl Cornwallis <strong>in</strong>formed Tarleton that Leslie had surmounted his difficulties, <strong>and</strong> that he<br />
imag<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> enemy would not pass <strong>the</strong> Broad river, though it had fallen very much. Tarleton <strong>the</strong>n answered,<br />
that he would try to cross <strong>the</strong> Pacolet to force <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> desired Earl Cornwallis to acquire as high a station as<br />
possible, <strong>in</strong> order to stop <strong>the</strong>ir retreat. No letter, order, or <strong>in</strong>telligence, from head quarters, reached Tarleton<br />
after this reply, previous to <strong>the</strong> defeat on <strong>the</strong> 17 th , <strong>and</strong> after that event he found Earl Cornwallis on Turkey<br />
creek, near twenty-five miles below <strong>the</strong> place where <strong>the</strong> action had happened. The distance between<br />
Wynnesborough [W<strong>in</strong>nsborough] <strong>and</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s mounta<strong>in</strong>, or Wynnesborough <strong>and</strong> Little Broad river, which would<br />
have answered <strong>the</strong> same purpose, does not exceed sixty-five miles: Earl Cornwallis <strong>com</strong>menced his march on <strong>the</strong><br />
7 th or 8 th <strong>of</strong> January. It would be mortify<strong>in</strong>g to describe <strong>the</strong> advantages that might have resulted from his<br />
lordship’s arrival at <strong>the</strong> concerted po<strong>in</strong>t, or to expatiate upon <strong>the</strong> calamities which were produced by this event.<br />
If an army is act<strong>in</strong>g where no co-operation can take place, it is necessary for <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> chief to keep as<br />
near as possible to his detachments, if such a proceed<strong>in</strong>g does not <strong>in</strong>terfere with a manoeuvre [sic] which <strong>in</strong><br />
itself would decide <strong>the</strong> event <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> campaign.” 1883<br />
MacKenzie: “His [Tarleton’s] mode <strong>of</strong> reason<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> present <strong>in</strong>stance, is <strong>in</strong>vidious <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> extreme, with<br />
respect to <strong>the</strong> General [Cornwallis], <strong>and</strong> equally contemptuous <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> judgment <strong>of</strong> every <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> his army: it is<br />
a bold stroke <strong>of</strong> imposition even upon <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon sense <strong>of</strong> mank<strong>in</strong>d: because it will be readily granted, by<br />
every person, that a march <strong>of</strong> sixty-five miles may easily be made out <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> ten days, he, <strong>the</strong>refore,<br />
eagerly takes advantage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> obvious fact, to support his uniform drift, <strong>of</strong> attempt<strong>in</strong>g to render <strong>the</strong> General<br />
reprehensible. And as his Lordship <strong>com</strong>menced his march on <strong>the</strong> 7 th or 8 th , if difficulties <strong>and</strong> obstacles, which our<br />
author artfully conceals, had not <strong>in</strong>tervened, he might certa<strong>in</strong>ly have arrived at <strong>the</strong> place <strong>of</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation by <strong>the</strong><br />
17 th . But let us take a c<strong>and</strong>id <strong>and</strong> impartial review <strong>of</strong> this matter, <strong>and</strong> it will clearly appear, that this censurer <strong>of</strong><br />
his General’s conduct had no right to expect <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, by <strong>the</strong> time which he<br />
specifies.<br />
“We have his own testimony, pages 219 <strong>and</strong> 248, <strong>of</strong> his hav<strong>in</strong>g received due <strong>in</strong>formation that <strong>the</strong> army on <strong>the</strong><br />
14 th had not got far<strong>the</strong>r than Bull Run. This <strong>the</strong>n is <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t, both with respect to time <strong>and</strong> distance, from which<br />
we are to estimate <strong>the</strong> movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body, as well as <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment; <strong>and</strong> hence are we to fix <strong>the</strong><br />
criterion from which we are to derive our judgment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> subsequent conduct <strong>of</strong> both <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers.<br />
“The distance <strong>of</strong> Bull Run, where <strong>the</strong> General was on <strong>the</strong> 14 th , from K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, is [roughly] forty-five miles<br />
[south-sou<strong>the</strong>ast]. Our author’s position at <strong>the</strong> same period <strong>of</strong> time, was not more remote from <strong>the</strong> spot <strong>of</strong> his<br />
precipitate engagement with <strong>the</strong> enemy than thirty miles. This engagement took place on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
17 th , before one hour <strong>of</strong> daylight had passed. Instead <strong>the</strong>refore <strong>of</strong> an allowance <strong>of</strong> ten days, for a march <strong>of</strong> sixtyfive<br />
miles, we now f<strong>in</strong>d, <strong>in</strong> fact, that <strong>the</strong> General had only two days to perform a march <strong>of</strong> forty-five miles; <strong>and</strong><br />
it is but bare justice to po<strong>in</strong>t out <strong>the</strong> many obstacles which <strong>the</strong> army, on this occasion, had to surmount.<br />
“His Lordship’s attention to <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> his own detachments, has been,<br />
with respect to Ferguson, already po<strong>in</strong>ted out. He nei<strong>the</strong>r advised <strong>the</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> that unfortunate partisan <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>the</strong> back settlements, nor was even apprised <strong>of</strong> it; hav<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>refore, no concern <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> measure, he could not,<br />
<strong>in</strong> any justice, be responsible for its consequences, <strong>and</strong> it is <strong>the</strong> height <strong>of</strong> illiberality to throw reproach upon him<br />
on that account.” 1884<br />
1877 NGP7 p. 18.<br />
1878 LOB part III, STL. Somewhat <strong>in</strong>explicably, <strong>the</strong> STL gives Leslie’s Jan. 12 th place <strong>of</strong> halt<strong>in</strong>g as “McAllister’s Plantation,” yet<br />
this was where Cornwallis was whom Leslie had not yet reached.<br />
1879 Bull Run, a tributary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba, is just to <strong>the</strong> east <strong>of</strong> S<strong>and</strong>y Creek, which flows westward <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Broad River. McCrady<br />
gives Cornwallis’ location <strong>the</strong>re as be<strong>in</strong>g two miles sou<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> modern town <strong>of</strong> Chester.<br />
1880 LOB part III, STL, TCS pp. 213, 219- 220, MST pp. 82-88, JLG1 p. 369, MSC2 pp. 28-30, BGC p. 122, BRG p. 122.<br />
1881 Bass: “Tardy River undoubtedly furnished an excellent camp site, for <strong>the</strong> British had covered only thirty miles <strong>in</strong> six days<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ce leav<strong>in</strong>g W<strong>in</strong>nsborough.” BGD p. 149.<br />
1882 SCP3 p. 364, BGD p. 149.<br />
1883 TCS pp. 219-220.<br />
1884 MST pp. 82-88.<br />
354
14 January. To <strong>the</strong> dismay <strong>and</strong> chagr<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> his men, Morgan withdrew from Gr<strong>in</strong>dal Shoals on <strong>the</strong> Pacelot<br />
River northward <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Broad River, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> 15 th had moved to Burr’s Mill, a short distance<br />
northward <strong>and</strong> above Thicketty Creek. 1885<br />
Mid January. Marion, after send<strong>in</strong>g him a re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> 15 men, directed Capta<strong>in</strong> John Postell to collect rice,<br />
<strong>and</strong> 50 slaves (<strong>the</strong> latter <strong>in</strong>tended for Greene’s army on <strong>the</strong> Peedee.) The rice was to be moved by boats to<br />
Allston’s plantation on Bull’s Creek where it was to be stored. The plantation <strong>of</strong> Postell’s own family had been<br />
recently “stripped” by 29 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt. under Capt. James De Peyster, operat<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong><br />
Georgetown. 1886<br />
Mid January. Capt. John Saunders received permission to take his detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers cavalry<br />
out <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a to rejo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> regiment <strong>in</strong> New York. Those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rangers that were <strong>in</strong> Georgetown<br />
under Lieut. John Wilson removed to Charlestown for that purpose. Near late <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month, <strong>the</strong>y were all ready<br />
to disembark when word was received <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s defeat at Cowpens. Balfour <strong>the</strong>n ordered <strong>the</strong>m to stay put<br />
<strong>in</strong>stead. Under Saunders, <strong>the</strong>y were subsequently re-sent to Georgetown; though whe<strong>the</strong>r only a part or else <strong>the</strong><br />
entire detachment was sent is not clear. Presumably Saunders had by this time at least somewhat augmented his<br />
orig<strong>in</strong>al detachment <strong>of</strong>, apparently, 15 men. 1887 Although this 15 men total is preferred by Queen’s Rangers<br />
scholar Don Gara, a rebel <strong>in</strong>telligence report made when Leslie was at Portsmouth <strong>in</strong> November suggests <strong>the</strong><br />
number <strong>of</strong> Queen’s Rangers <strong>the</strong>n with Leslie may actually have been as high as 100 (see Brig. Gen. Gregory to<br />
Gov. Nash, 24 Nov. 1780, CNC15 pp. 157-158.)<br />
15 January. Lieut. Col. John Green with 400 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, enlisted for eighteen months <strong>and</strong> dispatched<br />
by Von Steuben, reached Greene’s camp on <strong>the</strong> Peedee. Green also brought with him 8 wagons with supplies<br />
orig<strong>in</strong>ally sent from Philadelphia. Von Steuben would have dispatched more, but a fur<strong>the</strong>r sizable addition <strong>of</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia troops under Robert Lawson had been, to <strong>the</strong> Baron’s vexation, discharged by <strong>the</strong> state. 1888<br />
15 January. [skirmish] Road to Burr’s Mill (Spartanburg County, S.C.) Capt. George Gresham, with some S.C.<br />
militia, surprised a small advance party <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s <strong>and</strong> took two prisoners. In <strong>the</strong> same or related encounter,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y captured a black manservant <strong>and</strong> two horses. 1889<br />
15 January. Leslie arrived at Burns’ House. 1890<br />
15 January.<br />
Forces under Cornwallis.<br />
Rank <strong>and</strong> File:<br />
Brigade <strong>of</strong> Guards: 690<br />
7 th Regt.: 167<br />
16 th Regt. (3 <strong>com</strong>panies): 41<br />
23 rd Regt.: 286<br />
33 rd Regt.: 328<br />
1 st Bttn., 71 st Regt.: 249<br />
2 nd Bttn., 71 st Regt.: 237<br />
Light Company, 71 st Regt.: 69<br />
Hessian von Bose Regt.: 347<br />
Hessian Jägers: 103<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers: 256<br />
British Legion (cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry): 451<br />
Total: 3,224 1891<br />
15 January. Greene, at “Camp on <strong>the</strong> Pedee,” to Sumter: “It is a great misfortune that <strong>the</strong> little force we have<br />
is <strong>in</strong> such a wretched state for want <strong>of</strong> cloth<strong>in</strong>g. More than half our numbers are <strong>in</strong> a manner naked, so much so<br />
that we cannot put <strong>the</strong>m on <strong>the</strong> least k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> duty. Indeed, <strong>the</strong>re is a great number that have not a rag <strong>of</strong><br />
clo<strong>the</strong>s on <strong>the</strong>m except a little piece <strong>of</strong> blanket, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Indian form around <strong>the</strong>ir waists.” 1892<br />
1885 NGP7 p. 178, TPY p. 84, BDW p. 52.<br />
1886 JFM p. 84, BSF pp. 130-131.<br />
1887 Aga<strong>in</strong>, based on Don Gara’s research <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terpretation, many, if not most, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reported 65 to 80 Queen’s Rangers may<br />
have been recruits/replacements (not orig<strong>in</strong>ally Q.R.s) signed up <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia (when Leslie was <strong>the</strong>re) <strong>and</strong> or South Carol<strong>in</strong>a --<br />
but, also aga<strong>in</strong>, this question has yet to be more formally resolved. SQR p. 241.<br />
1888 JLG1 pp. 355-356, NGP7 p. 70n.<br />
1889 BDW pp. 52-53.<br />
1890 LOB part III, STL.<br />
1891 CAC p. 53.<br />
1892 NGP7 pp. 68n, 125, JLG1 pp. 352-353, 393. There is a return <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Von Steuben papers, dated 26 March 1781, Chesterfield<br />
Court House, VA., which states that on that date Greene’s army was sent <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g cloth<strong>in</strong>g shipment: “235 coats, 226<br />
overalls, 218 blanket, 675 shirts, 475 pairs <strong>of</strong> shoes, 65 pair <strong>of</strong> boots.” Presumably <strong>the</strong>se reached <strong>the</strong>m sometime <strong>in</strong> April. NGP8<br />
p. 84n.<br />
355
15 January. With a m<strong>in</strong>d to feed<strong>in</strong>g his troops with <strong>the</strong> corn available <strong>the</strong>re, Morgan arrived at Burr’s Mill, north<br />
<strong>of</strong> Thicketty Creek. He wrote Greene: “I have now with me only 200 South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia, <strong>and</strong> 140 North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a volunteers. Nor do I expect to have more than two thirds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se to assist me, should I be attacked; for<br />
it is impossible to keep <strong>the</strong>m collected.” Scarcity <strong>of</strong> forage for <strong>the</strong> horses <strong>com</strong>pounded problems <strong>of</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g his<br />
force toge<strong>the</strong>r. He fur<strong>the</strong>r asked Greene if Pickens <strong>and</strong> Davidson might rema<strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong>ir militia; while he<br />
himself returned with his force to jo<strong>in</strong> Greene’s army. One reason for Morgan’s disillusionment was <strong>the</strong> refusal<br />
<strong>of</strong> Col. William Hill, under orders from Sumter, to br<strong>in</strong>g members <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s brigade to Morgan’s assistance.<br />
Sumter at <strong>the</strong> time was recuperat<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> wound he received at Blackstock’s. 1893<br />
15 January. The river be<strong>in</strong>g too flooded to ford, Tarleton marched upriver to <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pacelot <strong>in</strong> order<br />
to f<strong>in</strong>d a ford. Then, hav<strong>in</strong>g be<strong>com</strong>e aware <strong>of</strong> Pickens scouts follow<strong>in</strong>g his movements, he left camp <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early<br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g hours <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 16 th <strong>and</strong> retraced his route to back Easterwood Shoals, six miles south <strong>of</strong> Morgan’s camp;<br />
where he found a manageable cross<strong>in</strong>g. 1894<br />
Tarleton: “On <strong>the</strong> 15 th circumstantial <strong>in</strong>telligence was procured by Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> different<br />
guards stationed on <strong>the</strong> Pacolet. A march was <strong>com</strong>menced <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g towards <strong>the</strong> iron works, which are<br />
situated high upon <strong>the</strong> river; but <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> course was altered, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> light troops secured a passage<br />
with<strong>in</strong> six miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s camp. As soon as <strong>the</strong> corps were assembled beyond <strong>the</strong> Pacolet, Lieutenantcolonel<br />
Tarleton thought it advisable to advance towards some log houses, formerly constructed by Major<br />
Ferguson, which lay midway between <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> Americans, <strong>and</strong> were reported to be unoccupied by General<br />
Morgan. The necessity <strong>and</strong> utility <strong>of</strong> such a proceed<strong>in</strong>g appeared so strong, that some dragoons <strong>and</strong> mounted<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry were sent with all possible expedition to secure <strong>the</strong>m, lest a similar op<strong>in</strong>ion should strike <strong>the</strong> American<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, which might be productive <strong>of</strong> great <strong>in</strong>convenience. Tarleton <strong>in</strong>tended to take post, with his whole<br />
corps, beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> log houses, <strong>and</strong> wait <strong>the</strong> motions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy; but a patrole discover<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> Americans<br />
were decamped, <strong>the</strong> British light troops were directed to occupy <strong>the</strong>ir position, because it yielded a good post,<br />
<strong>and</strong> afforded plenty <strong>of</strong> provisions, which <strong>the</strong>y had left beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m, half cooked, <strong>in</strong> every part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
encampment.<br />
“Patroles <strong>and</strong> spies were immediately dispatched to observe <strong>the</strong> Americans [Morgan]: The dragoons were<br />
directed to follow <strong>the</strong> enemy till dark, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r emissaries to cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>quiries till morn<strong>in</strong>g, if some<br />
material <strong>in</strong>cident did not occur.” 1895<br />
16 January. Tarleton, “8 a.m. on <strong>the</strong> march from Dugg<strong>in</strong>’s,” to Cornwallis: “I have been most cruelly retarded by<br />
<strong>the</strong> waters. Morgan is <strong>in</strong> force <strong>and</strong> gone for Cherokee Ford [on Broad River <strong>and</strong> seven miles (roughly) eastnor<strong>the</strong>ast<br />
<strong>of</strong> Cowpens]. I am now on my march. I wish he could be stopped.” 1896<br />
16 January. Cornwallis, at Hillhouse’s Plantation near Turkey Creek, to Cruger (<strong>and</strong> or Isaac Allen):<br />
“…You must now use your utmost power to prevent a renewal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> troubles <strong>and</strong> calamities which<br />
have so long oppressed <strong>the</strong> deserv<strong>in</strong>g [loyalist] <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> your district.<br />
“To effect this desirable purpose you should <strong>in</strong> my op<strong>in</strong>ion hold out <strong>the</strong> sword <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> olive. You should rigidly<br />
disarm as many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> make as few desperate as possible, but above all th<strong>in</strong>gs you must carefully<br />
attend to those colonels [i.e., “Bratan, Brannan, Wynne, Clarke, Few etc. etc.” referred to earlier <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
letter.] Get people at any price to observe <strong>the</strong>ir haunts. Offer privately considerable rewards for secur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
persons, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> first report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir attempt<strong>in</strong>g to assemble <strong>the</strong>ir gang, send a considerable detachment <strong>of</strong><br />
your regulars with a proportion <strong>of</strong> militia to rema<strong>in</strong> on <strong>the</strong> spot <strong>and</strong> to make <strong>the</strong> most diligent search after<br />
those who may be suspected <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g concerned <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>surrection…<br />
“If Colonel Pickens has left any Negroes, cattle or o<strong>the</strong>r property that may be usefulll [sic] to Mr Cruden or to<br />
<strong>the</strong> supply <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops, I would have it seized <strong>and</strong> applied accord<strong>in</strong>gly, <strong>and</strong> I desire that his houses may be<br />
burnt, <strong>and</strong> his plantation, as far as lies <strong>in</strong> your power totally destroyed, <strong>and</strong> himself, if ever taken, <strong>in</strong>stantly<br />
hanged.” 1897<br />
16 January. Near dawn, Morgan learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Tarleton be<strong>in</strong>g now just directly across <strong>the</strong> Pacelot from him,<br />
hurriedly retreated twelve miles from Burr’s Mills to Cowpens; 1898 so speedily that when Tarleton’s men arrived<br />
<strong>in</strong> his camp <strong>the</strong>y found (perhaps it was <strong>in</strong>tended <strong>the</strong>y f<strong>in</strong>d) ab<strong>and</strong>oned half-cooked breakfasts. The men from<br />
Pickens <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, who had make a quick journey <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, returned to jo<strong>in</strong> Morgan’s army 1899 ,<br />
br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g Morgan’s militia total (estimat<strong>in</strong>g, based on Morgan’s correspondence with Greene) to 370 to 400. By<br />
this time some sabers had arrived <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were issued to 45 <strong>of</strong> McCall’s mounted men, <strong>and</strong> who were <strong>the</strong>n<br />
merged with Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s dragoons as cavalry. Despite appeals by Greene <strong>and</strong> Morgan, none or extremely few<br />
<strong>of</strong> Sumter’s men were with Morgan. Babits, however, asserts that a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia came <strong>in</strong> that<br />
even<strong>in</strong>g, as did at least 100 S.C. militia under Capta<strong>in</strong>s John Irby <strong>and</strong> Samuel Sexton. 1900<br />
1893 NGP7 p. 128, JLG1 pp. 370-371, MSC2 p. 58, BRG p. 312, TPY p. 84, SCAR vol. 2, no.12, p. 8.<br />
1894 TCS pp. 213-214, JLG1 pp. 372-373, BRG p. 313.<br />
1895 TCS pp. 213-214.<br />
1896 PRO. 30/11/67/28-29, BGD p. 151.<br />
1897 SCP3 p. 292. Hillhouse’s Plantation, from which this letter was written, was owned by one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whigs, <strong>and</strong> was itself<br />
demolished by Cornwallis after he left it, SCP3 p. 291n.<br />
1898 Or Hannah’s Cowpens, so named for be<strong>in</strong>g a location where let to cattle roam <strong>the</strong> woods would later be ga<strong>the</strong>red <strong>and</strong><br />
collected. Treacy: “It was customary <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as for <strong>the</strong> farmers to mark <strong>the</strong> young cattle by clipp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir ears <strong>and</strong> turn<br />
<strong>the</strong>m loose <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods to fend for <strong>the</strong>mselves until roundup time <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fall.” TPY p. 90.<br />
1899 Babits says at 8 p.m.<br />
1900 NGP7 p.129, TPY p. 88-90, BDW pp. 53-53, 57, 71.<br />
356
Lee: “Dur<strong>in</strong>g Brigadier Morgan’s march, he received a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> expected succor, amount<strong>in</strong>g to nearly five<br />
hundred militia under General Pickens...” In a footnote, on <strong>the</strong> same page, Lee quotes Col. John Eager Howard:<br />
“Some militia jo<strong>in</strong>ed us <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> march, but Pickens with its pr<strong>in</strong>cipal force, did not jo<strong>in</strong> us until <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g<br />
before <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cowpens.” 1901<br />
Tarleton: “Early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night <strong>the</strong> patroles reported that General Morgan had struck <strong>in</strong>to byways, tend<strong>in</strong>g towards<br />
Thickelle [Thickette or Thicketty] creek: A party <strong>of</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ed loyalists made an American colonel prisoner,<br />
who had casually left <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> march, <strong>and</strong> conducted him to <strong>the</strong> British camp: The exam<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia<br />
colonel, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r accounts soon afterwards received, ev<strong>in</strong>ced <strong>the</strong> propriety <strong>of</strong> hang<strong>in</strong>g upon General Morgan’s<br />
rear, to impede <strong>the</strong> junction <strong>of</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements, said to be approach<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> likewise to prevent his pass<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Broad river without <strong>the</strong> knowledge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light troops, who could perplex his design, <strong>and</strong> call <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army if necessity required. O<strong>the</strong>r reports at midnight <strong>of</strong> a corps <strong>of</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>eers be<strong>in</strong>g upon <strong>the</strong> march<br />
from Green river, proved <strong>the</strong> exigency <strong>of</strong> mov<strong>in</strong>g to watch <strong>the</strong> enemy closely, <strong>in</strong> order to take advantage <strong>of</strong> any<br />
favourable opportunity that might <strong>of</strong>fer.” 1902<br />
16 January. 105 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen, from Augusta County, <strong>and</strong> under Maj. David Campbell, were at Salisbury on<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir way to jo<strong>in</strong> Morgan; whom <strong>the</strong>y met up with after Cowpens. Babits, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, believes Campbell<br />
may actually have been present at <strong>the</strong> battle. 1903<br />
16 January Brig. Gen. William Lee Davidson, writ<strong>in</strong>g to Greene from Charlotte on this date, said that draftees<br />
were ordered to rendezvous at Charlotte on <strong>the</strong> 10 th are “but [only] now beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong>.” Davidson<br />
ordered half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rowan <strong>and</strong> Mecklenburg militia to jo<strong>in</strong> him by 22 January 22 with six days provisions.<br />
Davidson also reported that a Col. Thomas Farmer 1904 with 200 (Orange County) militia was nearby, <strong>and</strong> asked<br />
Greene if Farmer was to jo<strong>in</strong> him (i.e., Davidson.) 1905<br />
16 January. On Greene’s earlier re<strong>com</strong>mendation, Col. William Richardson Davie was appo<strong>in</strong>ted Commissary<br />
General or Commissary Super<strong>in</strong>tendent <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a by <strong>the</strong> N. C. legislature, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> replacement <strong>of</strong> Col.<br />
Thomas Polk who held <strong>the</strong> position previously <strong>and</strong> had himself proposed Davie as his substitute. Before be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
asked by Greene to take <strong>the</strong> position, Davie had been mak<strong>in</strong>g arrangements to form a North Carol<strong>in</strong>a legion, <strong>of</strong><br />
cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry; for <strong>the</strong> purpose, <strong>in</strong> part at least, <strong>of</strong> serv<strong>in</strong>g as part <strong>of</strong> Morgan’s light corps. Never<strong>the</strong>less,<br />
Greene urged on him how much more necessary <strong>and</strong> valuable he would be as <strong>com</strong>missary; <strong>and</strong> that “he [Davie]<br />
might rely upon his support for <strong>the</strong> necessary detachments, <strong>and</strong> upon Colo [Edward] Carr<strong>in</strong>gton [Greene’s<br />
Quarter Master general] as far as practicable for <strong>the</strong> necessary transportation.” Davie reluctantly agreed, <strong>and</strong><br />
only <strong>the</strong>n on <strong>the</strong> condition that “it [i.e., his serv<strong>in</strong>g as Commissary General] be for as short a time as possible.”<br />
As it turned out, he served as Commissary General at least up until <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> 1781. 1906<br />
16 January. Cornwallis reached Hillhouse’s Plantation between Turkey <strong>and</strong> Bullock Creeks (<strong>in</strong> York County), some<br />
twenty-seven miles from Cowpens, <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>re till <strong>the</strong> 19 th gr<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g meal <strong>and</strong> await<strong>in</strong>g Leslie. Dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
which time (<strong>the</strong> 17 th to <strong>the</strong> 19 th ) many <strong>of</strong> those who had fled at Cowpens on <strong>the</strong> 17 th jo<strong>in</strong>ed up with his army.<br />
This same day, Tarleton crossed <strong>the</strong> Pacelot, <strong>and</strong> halted on <strong>the</strong> ground previously occupied by Morgan. Based on<br />
<strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al plan, Cornwallis was to have marched up <strong>the</strong> Broad River to cut <strong>of</strong>f Morgan’s retreat. However, <strong>the</strong><br />
delay spent await<strong>in</strong>g Leslie prevented this flank<strong>in</strong>g movement, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> eight days (beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> 8 th )<br />
Cornwallis had up to this po<strong>in</strong>t only progressed some twenty-five miles. 1907<br />
17 January. [battle] COWPENS, 1908 also Hannah’s Cowpens (Cherokee County, S.C.) Break<strong>in</strong>g camp at about 3 am<br />
on <strong>the</strong> 17 th (a Wednesday), Tarleton, just after sunrise, f<strong>in</strong>ally caught up with Morgan at Hannah’s Cowpens, a<br />
local graz<strong>in</strong>g area for cattle. Morgan’s baggage had already been sent ahead north, <strong>and</strong> his men were well rested<br />
<strong>and</strong> ready to receive his attack. 1909 In an action that lasted about an hour, what <strong>the</strong>n followed was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
great (possibly greatest) upsets <strong>and</strong> reverses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> militia soundly defeated<br />
<strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> loyalists, <strong>and</strong> which deprived Cornwallis <strong>of</strong> most <strong>of</strong> his light troops. After <strong>the</strong> battle had ended,<br />
Tarleton’s forces were reportedly pursued upwards <strong>of</strong> twenty miles by Morgan’s cavalry <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r mounted<br />
troops. By nightfall, Morgan’s forces had retreated to Isl<strong>and</strong> Ford on <strong>the</strong> Broad River. 1910<br />
Tarleton’s recklessness <strong>and</strong> impetuosity, fatigue among his troops after a long march, <strong>the</strong> “loose manner <strong>of</strong><br />
form<strong>in</strong>g which had always been practised [sic] by <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops <strong>in</strong> America;” or “some unforeseen event,<br />
which may throw terror <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> most discipl<strong>in</strong>ed soldiers, or counteract <strong>the</strong> best-concerted designs,” have all<br />
1901 LMS p. 222.<br />
1902 TCS p. 214.<br />
1903 NGP7 p. 74.<br />
1904 Farmer did jo<strong>in</strong> Davidson <strong>in</strong> help<strong>in</strong>g to guard <strong>the</strong> Catawba fords by <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month. Farmer, was orig<strong>in</strong>ally part <strong>of</strong><br />
Lill<strong>in</strong>gton’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, but was dispatched from Lill<strong>in</strong>gton with upwards <strong>of</strong> 360 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia. 50 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se, under Capt.<br />
Edward Yarborough, were sent to Hillsborough to guard supplies; while <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der (310 men) marched to Charlotte to jo<strong>in</strong><br />
Gen. Davidson.<br />
1905 NGP7 p. 134.<br />
1906 DRS pp. 39, 42, JLG1 p. 343, GLG3 pp. 71-75, MSC2 pp. 13-16.<br />
1907 TCS pp. 219-220, CAR p. 248, JLG1 p. 369, WCO p. 256.<br />
1908 Although <strong>the</strong> present day town <strong>of</strong> Cowpens is <strong>in</strong> Spartanburg, <strong>the</strong> battlefield itself is <strong>in</strong> adjacent Cherokee County.<br />
1909 Pension statement <strong>of</strong> Henry Connelly, <strong>of</strong> Guilford County, N.C.: “This was <strong>in</strong> January 1781. It was cold wea<strong>the</strong>r but <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
to be ra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g dur<strong>in</strong>g this battle.”<br />
1910 Gunby tried this same risky retrograde maneuver at Hobkirk’s Hill, perhaps <strong>in</strong> an attempt to recreate what happened at<br />
Cowpens, but with reverse results.<br />
357
een mentioned as contribut<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> battle’s out<strong>com</strong>e. Morgan’s <strong>in</strong>spir<strong>in</strong>g leadership, tactical genius, <strong>and</strong> “<strong>the</strong><br />
bravery or good conduct <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans,” have, <strong>of</strong> course, been noted by historians also as factors. The heavy<br />
casualties among <strong>the</strong> Delaware troops at Cowpens might also suggest that those men, as well as many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong>ers, were desirous <strong>of</strong> v<strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves after what happened to <strong>the</strong>ir regiments at Camden, <strong>and</strong><br />
perhaps fought with a more than usual zeal <strong>and</strong> courage. Part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reason for Morgan’s success was that,<br />
premeditatedly or no, he lured Tarleton on both prior to <strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> battle; <strong>and</strong> each time Tarleton<br />
impetuously followed. Morgan <strong>the</strong>n, almost as a surprise, turned around to fight him. We see this both on <strong>the</strong><br />
march <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Howard’s fall back with <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals on <strong>the</strong> battlefield itself. The pattern is one <strong>of</strong> a) <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans retire, b) <strong>the</strong> British (under Tarleton) overconfidently rush forward <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> process lose <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
cohesiveness, c) <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>the</strong>n capitalize on <strong>the</strong> opportunity by turn<strong>in</strong>g about <strong>and</strong> counter-attack<strong>in</strong>g. As<br />
John Marshall describes it, Morgan used <strong>the</strong> retreat to disguise his will<strong>in</strong>gness to fight by encourag<strong>in</strong>g over<br />
confidence <strong>in</strong> his adversary. In retrospect <strong>the</strong>n, one detects a certa<strong>in</strong> rhythm <strong>and</strong> calculation to Morgan’s<br />
seem<strong>in</strong>gly forced or accidental responses. And even if <strong>in</strong> both <strong>in</strong>stances (i.e., on <strong>the</strong> pre-battle march <strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> battle itself), <strong>the</strong> retrograde movement was required by circumstances ra<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>n pre-planned; that <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>ir cool <strong>and</strong> calm reflects well on <strong>the</strong>ir self-discipl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> confidence; qualities made<br />
no little possible, certa<strong>in</strong>ly, by <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> more <strong>com</strong>petent <strong>and</strong> more spirited than usual leadership. 1911<br />
Ironically, on <strong>the</strong> 19 th , Greene, unaware <strong>of</strong> what happened, had written Morgan tell<strong>in</strong>g him to avoid action. 1912<br />
AMERICAN FORCES AT COWPENS<br />
Brig. Gen. Daniel Morgan<br />
The strength <strong>of</strong> Morgan’s force <strong>and</strong> units present at Cowpens has received quite diverse treatment. Presented<br />
below are some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> more well known reports <strong>and</strong> versions.<br />
* Morgan’s report: “An Hour before Day light one <strong>of</strong> my Scouts returned <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>formed me that Lt Colonel Tarlton<br />
[sic] had advanced with<strong>in</strong> five miles <strong>of</strong> our Camp. On this Information I hastened to form as good a Disposition as<br />
Circumstances would admit, <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong> alacrity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops we were soon prepared to receive <strong>the</strong>m. The<br />
Light Infantry <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Lt. Col. Howard, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Militia under Majr Triplette [Francis Triplett],<br />
were formed on a ris<strong>in</strong>g Ground, <strong>and</strong> extended <strong>in</strong> a L<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> Front. The 3 rd Regiment <strong>of</strong> Dragoons, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
about 80 men, under <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Lt. Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, were so posted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear at such a Distance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
Rear as not to be subjected to <strong>the</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> Fire directed at <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> to be so near at to be able to charge <strong>the</strong><br />
Enemy, should <strong>the</strong>y be broke. The Volunteers <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a & Georgia under <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brave <strong>and</strong> valuable Colonel Pickens, were situated to guard <strong>the</strong> Flanks. Majr [Joseph] McDowell, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<br />
C Volunteers, was posted on <strong>the</strong> right Flank <strong>in</strong> Front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e 150 yards & Major [John] Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham with <strong>the</strong><br />
Georgia Volunteers on <strong>the</strong> left at some distance <strong>in</strong> Front. Colonels [Thomas] Br<strong>and</strong>on & Thomas, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> S<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>ians were posted on <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> Major McDowell <strong>and</strong> Colonels Hays [Joseph Hayes] <strong>and</strong> [James] McCall <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> same corps to <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> Major Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham. Capts. Tate & [Patrick] Buchanan with <strong>the</strong> Augusta Riflemen<br />
[were] to support <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e…(W)e fought ][with] only 800 men, two thirds <strong>of</strong> which were Militia.” 1913<br />
* On 18 January, Cornwallis wrote to Lord Germa<strong>in</strong>, that <strong>the</strong> best estimate <strong>of</strong> Morgan’s force he could get was<br />
500 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia state troops, 100 cavalry under Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, “<strong>and</strong> six or seven hundred<br />
militia: But that body is so fluctuat<strong>in</strong>g, that it is impossible to ascerta<strong>in</strong> its number with<strong>in</strong> some hundreds for<br />
three days follow<strong>in</strong>g.” Assum<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis larger estimate, Morgan’s strength would have totaled 1,300. 1914<br />
* On 27 January, Col. Otho Williams, based on a report Maj. Edward Giles, one <strong>of</strong> Morgan’s aides, provided,<br />
wrote up this list <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American forces at Cowpens:<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware light <strong>in</strong>fantry: 290<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia militia under Pickens: 350<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia under Maj. Triplett: 170<br />
3 rd Regt. <strong>of</strong> Light Dragoons: (no number given) 1915<br />
Allow<strong>in</strong>g 82 as <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>monly accepted number <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry, Morgan’s force, as given by Williams,<br />
totaled 892 rank <strong>and</strong> file. Add<strong>in</strong>g 28%, as per Nickerson, gives a gr<strong>and</strong> total <strong>of</strong> 1,142.<br />
* Tarleton: “He [Tarleton] discovered that <strong>the</strong> American <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er had formed a front l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> about one<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong> had <strong>com</strong>posed his second l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> reserve <strong>of</strong> five hundred cont<strong>in</strong>ental light <strong>in</strong>fantry, one<br />
hundred <strong>and</strong> twenty <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry, <strong>and</strong> three hundred back woodsmen. This accurate knowledge be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
1911 MLW pp. 11-112.<br />
1912 KJO p. 13, NGP7 pp. 152-155, CAC pp. 2-4, SCP3 p. 35, ATR81a pp 271-273, 302-304, AR81 pp. 54-57, RSC2 pp. 196-200, 470-<br />
473 with a list <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers present at <strong>the</strong> battle at 472-473, TCS pp. 214-220, SAW2 pp. 318-325, GHA4 pp. 33-37,<br />
CSS pp. 1155-1160, Marquis de Chastellux, Travels <strong>in</strong> North America <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> years 1780,1781, <strong>and</strong> 1782, (first American edition,<br />
New York, 1828) pp. 235-238, MMS2 pp. 253-259, MLW3 pp. 111-113 (Marshall, <strong>in</strong> vol. 3, cites Morgan <strong>and</strong> William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton as<br />
some <strong>of</strong> his source for his account <strong>of</strong> Cowpens), MLW4A pp. 338-348, LMS pp. 225-231, JLG1 pp. 374-386, LCC pp. 91-99,<br />
Autobiography <strong>of</strong> a <strong>Revolutionary</strong> Soldier by James Coll<strong>in</strong>s, pp. 55-58, WNO, part II, pp. 8-9, SJM, LFB2 431-436, JTR p. 526-529,<br />
MSC2 pp. 28-51, FWI pp. 217-220, WAR2 pp. 755-762, BGD pp. 152-162, TPY pp. 88-111, DRR pp. 174-175, BDW, WCO pp. 262-<br />
269, SCAR vol. 3, no.2, pp. 15-23.<br />
1913 Morgan to Greene from Cane Creek,19 January 1781, NGP7 152-155.<br />
1914 TCS p. 249.<br />
1915 WCA p. 36.<br />
358
obta<strong>in</strong>ed, Tarleton desired <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong>fantry to disencumber <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong> every th<strong>in</strong>g, except <strong>the</strong>ir arms <strong>and</strong><br />
ammunition:” Tarleton <strong>the</strong>n puts Morgan’s total at 1,920. 1916<br />
Roderick MacKenzie, from <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Bttn. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regiment, who was present at <strong>the</strong> battle wrote: “I was upon<br />
<strong>the</strong> detachment <strong>in</strong> question, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> narrative which I now <strong>of</strong>fer has been submitted to <strong>the</strong> judgment <strong>of</strong> several<br />
respectable <strong>of</strong>ficers, who were also <strong>in</strong> this action, <strong>and</strong> it has met with <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>tire [sic] approbation. Towards <strong>the</strong><br />
latter end <strong>of</strong> December, 1780, Earl Cornwallis received <strong>in</strong>telligence, that General Morgan had advanced to <strong>the</strong><br />
westward <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Broad River, with about one thous<strong>and</strong> men. Two-thirds <strong>of</strong> this force were militia, about one<br />
hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m cavalry, <strong>the</strong> rest cont<strong>in</strong>entals…I venture to affirm, that <strong>the</strong> disparity <strong>of</strong> force at Cowpens was<br />
smaller than it had been <strong>in</strong> any engagement dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn campaigns, consequently, Lieutenant Colonel<br />
Tarleton had it <strong>in</strong> his power to engage with greater advantages than occurred ei<strong>the</strong>r previous to his defeat or<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ce.” 1917<br />
* William Johnson: “(T)he reader may rest assured on <strong>the</strong> most au<strong>the</strong>ntic <strong>in</strong>formation, that Morgan’s whole force<br />
on duty, consisted <strong>of</strong> 290 regular <strong>in</strong>fantry, 80 cavalry, <strong>and</strong> 600 militia, <strong>in</strong> all 970.” Johnson details this fur<strong>the</strong>r by<br />
say<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia under Triplett <strong>and</strong> Taite [James Tate], <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Georgia militia under [Capt.] Beale<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r totaled about 140. Morgan’s second l<strong>in</strong>e, under Pickens, consisted <strong>of</strong> 270 South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia. The<br />
first, or more forward l<strong>in</strong>e was made up <strong>of</strong> 150 riflemen from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> Georgia under<br />
Col. Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham <strong>and</strong> Col. McDowell. 1918<br />
* Christopher <strong>War</strong>d <strong>in</strong> his The <strong>War</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution, presents Morgan’s force <strong>in</strong> this manner:<br />
320 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals<br />
200 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia<br />
80 Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Dragoons<br />
Davidson’s 140<br />
McDowell’s 200 NC <strong>and</strong> GA riflemen<br />
McCall’s 30 S.C. <strong>and</strong> GA. militia<br />
TOTAL: 1,040<br />
Tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se as rank <strong>and</strong> file, <strong>and</strong> apply<strong>in</strong>g Nickerson’s 28% we arrive at a full total <strong>of</strong> 1,331. 1919<br />
* Henry Lumpk<strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong> his From Savannah to Yorktown, presents Morgan’s force thusly:<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware Light Infantry: 290, Lieut. Col. John Eager Howard<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cavalry: 80, Lieut. Col. William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia: 100, Capt. Taite [or Tate], Capt. Triplett<br />
Georgia, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia: 490, Col. Andrew Pickens, Maj. Joseph McDowell, Maj. John<br />
Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, Capt. Beale, Lieut. James Jackson<br />
Georgia <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry: 45, Lieut. Col. James McCall,<br />
TOTAL: 1,005. 1920<br />
This number is presumably rank <strong>and</strong> file only, so add<strong>in</strong>g Nickerson’s 28% for American force totals gives us: 1,286<br />
* The editor to <strong>the</strong> Green Papers notes: “A well reasoned estimate by Anthony Walker <strong>in</strong> his unpublished study <strong>of</strong><br />
Cowpens, puts Morgan’s force at 985 <strong>and</strong> Tarleton’s at 1,025.” 1921<br />
* Us<strong>in</strong>g Lawrence E. Babits’ Devil <strong>of</strong> a Whipp<strong>in</strong>g: The Battle <strong>of</strong> Cowpens, <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g general order <strong>of</strong> battle<br />
can be constructed; though with <strong>the</strong> caution that this is merely my <strong>in</strong>terpretation <strong>of</strong> what Dr. Babits presents,<br />
his account be<strong>in</strong>g far more detailed <strong>and</strong> extensive. I forbear <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Babit’s numbers for most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia<br />
here, as this topic will be addressed fur<strong>the</strong>r on.<br />
~ First or forward L<strong>in</strong>e<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, Maj. Joseph McDowell<br />
Georgia <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, Major John Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham (GA.), Capt. Samuel Hammond (S.C.)<br />
~ Second L<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Col. Andrew Pickens<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, Lieut. Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Roebuck<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, Col. John Thomas, Jr.<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, Lieut. Col. Joseph Hayes<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, Col. Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on<br />
~ Third L<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> Reserve<br />
1916 TCS pp. 216-217.<br />
1917 MST pp. 96-97, 116-117.<br />
1918 JLG1 pp. 374-376.<br />
1919 WAR2 p. 755<br />
1920 LSY pp. 294-295.<br />
1921 NGP7 p. 161n.<br />
359
Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware Lt. Infantry: 290, Lieut. Col. John Eager Howard<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia: 160, 1922 Maj. Francis Triplett, Capt. James Tate<br />
Company <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State troops: 60, Capt. John Lawson<br />
Detachment <strong>of</strong> N.C. State Troops, Capt. Henry Connelly<br />
Burke County, N.C. militiamen (Burke County): 25<br />
Company <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, Capt. Andrew Wallace<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen (Augusta County), Capt. Patrick Buchanan<br />
~ Cavalry<br />
1 st <strong>and</strong> 3 rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental light Dragoons: 82, Lieut. Col. William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton,<br />
Georgia <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a mounted militia: 45-68, Lieut. Col. James McCall<br />
Babits writes: “Tarleton said Morgan had about 2,000 men, but Morgan claimed only a few over 800 as his total<br />
force. It is highly unlikely that more than two-thirds <strong>of</strong> 900 participants survived forty more years <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n<br />
swore to participat<strong>in</strong>g at Cowpens, as pension documents <strong>in</strong>dicate. Given men who died between 17 January<br />
1781 <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> first pension act <strong>of</strong> 1818, a sizable number <strong>of</strong> veterans did not survive to file pension applications.<br />
Where unit size is known, <strong>the</strong> pension application rate is less than one to three or four. That is, one pension<br />
application equaled at least three or four Cowpens soldiers –- this is a low figure. Some 600 men filed pensions,<br />
so <strong>the</strong> total <strong>of</strong> Americans at Cowpens should thus be between 1,800 <strong>and</strong> 2,400 men. This figure agrees more<br />
closely with Tarleton’s estimate <strong>of</strong> 2,000 than Morgan’s 800.” 1923<br />
1,800 to 2,400 men is quite a radical departure from all previous accounts, save Tarleton’s. Yet is Babits’<br />
argument conv<strong>in</strong>c<strong>in</strong>g? A few facts are worth consider<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> regard to it. For one th<strong>in</strong>g, his whole case rests on a<br />
certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>terpretation <strong>of</strong> pension claims statements. Though he speaks <strong>of</strong> 600 pension applicants, he does not<br />
say how many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se applications were actually accepted <strong>and</strong> how many rejected. But assum<strong>in</strong>g he means<br />
<strong>the</strong>se were all accepted, <strong>the</strong>re is a possibility that <strong>the</strong>re may well have been some o<strong>the</strong>rwise legitimate veterans<br />
who for years had told family <strong>and</strong> friends <strong>the</strong>y were at <strong>the</strong> battle, yet were not actually so. Such that when <strong>the</strong><br />
time came to file <strong>the</strong>ir pension <strong>the</strong>y could hardly be silent about someth<strong>in</strong>g o<strong>the</strong>rs had so <strong>of</strong>ten heard, even if it<br />
wasn’t true. While this is <strong>of</strong>fered only as speculation, it does not st<strong>and</strong> as an unreasonable possibility. Even<br />
James Jackson, lieutenant <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>and</strong> later both Governor <strong>and</strong> Senator from Georgia, wrote Morgan <strong>in</strong><br />
after years (<strong>in</strong> his letter <strong>of</strong> 20 January 1795) ask<strong>in</strong>g him to confirm <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Georgians <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle 1924 –-<br />
seem<strong>in</strong>g to suggest that so many elsewhere had falsely claimed participation that Morgan’s verification alone<br />
would suffice to prove <strong>the</strong> true fact.<br />
Babits numbers <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> State Troops at 600. Us<strong>in</strong>g his m<strong>in</strong>imum gr<strong>and</strong> total <strong>and</strong> grant<strong>in</strong>g this 600<br />
figure leaves us to <strong>com</strong>e up with 1,200 militia. With <strong>the</strong> exception <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, at no o<strong>the</strong>r time <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
south were such numbers <strong>of</strong> militia ga<strong>the</strong>red as one force without a Brigadier General <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia. The closest<br />
militia Generals to <strong>the</strong> battle on that day were Sumter <strong>and</strong> Davidson. Sumter had no such numbers collected at<br />
that or any s<strong>in</strong>gle time to beg<strong>in</strong> with. Davidson, by <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Cowan’s two weeks later at most was able to<br />
muster some 800. While Pickens was a superlative <strong>of</strong>ficer, he was not <strong>the</strong> recruiter Sumter, or even Marion, was.<br />
In fact, Pickens, while <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, never <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a force greater than 400 men dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> entire war.<br />
The 150 troops (William Johnson <strong>and</strong> Babits’ figure) 1925 Pickens brought with him were mostly Clark’s, McCall’s<br />
<strong>and</strong> Hammond’s, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>se he was placed <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> due simply to his seniority. While Marion could later<br />
refuse to go along with Sumter’s Law out <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ciple, Pickens utilized it, yet even <strong>the</strong>n had problems br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
men. 1926 At K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, not far from Cowpens, <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia numbered only 160. McDowell’s<br />
<strong>and</strong> Cleavl<strong>and</strong>’s force <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians at <strong>the</strong> same battle numbered 260. Campbell’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ians were 200.<br />
True, Morgan was a very popular figure. Yet even if all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> were present at Cowpens it<br />
would still not give us anywhere near 1,200 militia.<br />
We also might add <strong>in</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g that before <strong>the</strong> battle, Morgan was hav<strong>in</strong>g a difficult time supply<strong>in</strong>g his men where<br />
he was, <strong>and</strong> wanted to return to jo<strong>in</strong> Greene. 1927 Yet if <strong>the</strong> militia with him were as large as 900 to 1,000 one<br />
would th<strong>in</strong>k he would not merely have advised withdrawal due to supply problems, but would <strong>in</strong>deed have<br />
<strong>in</strong>sisted upon it as his duty. The K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> troops encountered <strong>the</strong> same difficulty <strong>the</strong>mselves while <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
area.<br />
1922 Babits po<strong>in</strong>ts out that <strong>the</strong>re is no strong pro<strong>of</strong> to show that Triplett’s <strong>and</strong> Tate’s militia were <strong>com</strong>posed mostly <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
veterans; as has been <strong>of</strong>ten averred. BDW pp. 33-34.<br />
1923 BDW p. 150.<br />
1924 GDM pp. 471-473 <strong>and</strong> Cowpens Papers: Be<strong>in</strong>g Correspondence <strong>of</strong> General Morgan <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Prom<strong>in</strong>ent Actors, from <strong>the</strong><br />
collection <strong>of</strong> Theodorus Bailey Myers, pp. 45-46.<br />
1925 Joseph Graham says Pickens had only 40 South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians <strong>and</strong> Georgians <strong>in</strong> February, that is when he was <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a.<br />
Pickens, <strong>in</strong> fact, was been present at Torrence’s Tavern but, as Graham’s describes it, was without a <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> to be able to do<br />
anyth<strong>in</strong>g. GRA p. 311.<br />
1926 Gov. Rutledge to <strong>the</strong> S.C. Delegates, Jan. 10, 1781: “...Pickens & Bowie have jo<strong>in</strong>ed Morgan, with abt. 70 Men -- but <strong>the</strong>y<br />
can[’]t promise that many more will follow -- Indeed it is almost amaz<strong>in</strong>g that any will <strong>com</strong>e out, when <strong>the</strong>re is such a disparity;<br />
between <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s force & ours -- so little prospect <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g, & <strong>the</strong> Consequence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f is, at<br />
least, <strong>the</strong> destruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir property, & reduc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir Families to Beggary--” The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical<br />
Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. Apr. 1917, p. 67.<br />
1927 TPY pp. 78, 84.<br />
360
BRITISH FORCES AT COWPENS 1928<br />
Lieut. Col. Banastre Tarleton<br />
7 th Regt.: 168/177, Maj. Timothy Newmarsh<br />
First battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt.: 249/263, Maj. Archibald McArthur<br />
Light <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>panies from <strong>the</strong> 16 th <strong>and</strong> 71 st : 135-160/ ? 1929<br />
British Legion Infantry: 200-271/?, 1930 probably Capt. John Rousselet<br />
British Legion Cavalry: 250/?, Capt. David Ogelvey, Capt. Richard Hovenden<br />
17 th Regt. <strong>of</strong> Dragoons: 50/52, Lt. Henry Nettles 1931<br />
Royal Artillery: 50, with 2 brass three-pounders 1932<br />
Loyalist militia: 50, Capt. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Chesney, <strong>the</strong>se acted as scouts.<br />
* Tarleton’s strength based on numbers taken from Cornwallis’ Return <strong>of</strong> 15 January 1781. 1933 In Rank <strong>and</strong> File<br />
Tarleton <strong>the</strong>n had:<br />
16 th Foot (3 <strong>com</strong>panies): 41<br />
Lt. Companies, 71 st Regt.: 69<br />
7 th Regt.:167<br />
1 st Bttn. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st : 249<br />
British Legion, “&c. &c.”: 451 1934<br />
TOTAL rank <strong>and</strong> file: 977<br />
Us<strong>in</strong>g Nickerson’s adjustment <strong>of</strong> 17.5% added to <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>and</strong> file total gives us 1,148 total effectives.<br />
* Morgan’s report <strong>of</strong> 19 January: “The British with <strong>the</strong>ir Baggage Guard, were not less than 1150, & <strong>the</strong>se<br />
Veteran Troops. Their own Officers confess, that <strong>the</strong>y fought 1037.” Morgan, at Ca<strong>in</strong> Creek, to Greene 19<br />
January 1781. 1935<br />
* Otho Williams, on 27 January, <strong>and</strong> based on a report <strong>of</strong> Maj. Edward Giles, one <strong>of</strong> Morgan’s aides gives<br />
Tarleton’s strength as “1150 Regulars <strong>and</strong> 50 Tories.” 1936<br />
* Tarleton manages to <strong>in</strong>clude descriptions <strong>of</strong> his force’s strength, <strong>in</strong> his text, this way: “Cornwallis dispatched<br />
an aid-de-camp on <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>of</strong> January, to order Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton over Broad river, with his corps <strong>of</strong><br />
cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>of</strong> five hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty men, <strong>the</strong> first battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st , consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> two hundred, <strong>and</strong><br />
two three-pounders, to counteract <strong>the</strong> designs <strong>of</strong> General Morgan, by protect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pell<strong>in</strong>g<br />
him to repass Broad river…Two hundred men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th regiment, who were chiefly recruits, <strong>and</strong> designed for <strong>the</strong><br />
garrison at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, <strong>and</strong> fifty dragoons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th regiment, brought <strong>the</strong> waggons from Brierley’s to camp.” 1937<br />
* MacKenzie: “Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton was detached with <strong>the</strong> light <strong>and</strong> legion-<strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>the</strong> fusiliers, <strong>the</strong><br />
first battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st regiment, about three hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty cavalry, two field-pieces, <strong>and</strong> an adequate<br />
proportion <strong>of</strong> men from <strong>the</strong> royal artillery; <strong>in</strong> all near a thous<strong>and</strong> strong.” 1938<br />
* William Johnson says Tarleton certa<strong>in</strong>ly numbered 1050 regulars, <strong>and</strong> about 50 loyalists. 1939<br />
* Babits has Tarleton’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> amount<strong>in</strong>g to 1,200. 1940<br />
1928 Numbers are taken from Babits, though note <strong>the</strong> full total does not <strong>in</strong>clude musicians.<br />
1929 Cornwallis’ records for 15 Jan. 1781 give <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>and</strong> file present strength for <strong>the</strong> 16 th Regt. as 41; <strong>and</strong> for <strong>the</strong> “71 st<br />
Regiment, Light Company” 69 men, CAC p. 53. Babits states <strong>the</strong> British light <strong>in</strong>f. detachment was made up <strong>of</strong> 41 men from <strong>the</strong><br />
16 th Regt., 35 from 1/71 st , 34 from 2/71 st , 25-50 from <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales American Volunteers. The History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong><br />
Wales American Regt. notes: “All three had been jo<strong>in</strong>ed toge<strong>the</strong>r s<strong>in</strong>ce 1779 <strong>in</strong> Georgia. Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales American Regt.” BDW<br />
pp. 45-46, Onl<strong>in</strong>e Institute <strong>of</strong> Advanced Loyalist Studies.<br />
1930 Respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Legion, Tarleton states he had “five hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty men,” which total would seem<br />
to <strong>in</strong>clude <strong>the</strong> 17 th Light Dragoons. See TCS p. 210, 212, MST p. 96, LMS p. 228n, <strong>and</strong> ONB p. 31. Evidently many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion,<br />
like those <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th , were new recruits, <strong>and</strong> perhaps (states McCrady) even <strong>in</strong>cluded Cont<strong>in</strong>entals taken at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden.<br />
TCS pp. 182, MSC2 p. 33, TPY p. 98.<br />
1931 HWW p. 86.<br />
1932 These brass three-pounders, called “grasshoppers,” were first taken by <strong>the</strong> Americans at Saratoga <strong>the</strong>n recaptured by <strong>the</strong><br />
British at Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek <strong>in</strong> August 1780.<br />
1933 CAC p. 53.<br />
1934 “&c. &c.,” i.e., presumably <strong>the</strong> 17 th dragoons.<br />
1935 NGP7 p. 155.<br />
1936 WCA p. 36.<br />
1937 TCS pp. 211-212.<br />
1938 MST p. 96.<br />
1939 JLG1 p. 374.<br />
1940 BDW p. 49.<br />
361
CASUALTIES<br />
AMERICAN<br />
Anonymous: “Report concern<strong>in</strong>g casualties <strong>and</strong> prisoners at <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> Cowpens, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Americans Killed <strong>and</strong> Wounded at Cowpens.<br />
3 <strong>of</strong>ficers wounded <strong>and</strong> 55 non Comd. & Privates.<br />
10 privates killed.<br />
American, 60 cavalry, 20 Infantry, Militia.” 1941<br />
Morgan’s report <strong>of</strong> 19 January: “Our loss is <strong>in</strong>considerable. I have not been able to ascerta<strong>in</strong> Colonel Pickens Loss<br />
but know it to be very small.” The editor to <strong>the</strong> Greene Papers notes “The return [Morgan attached with his<br />
report to Greene] has not been found but Morgan’s losses were given elsewhere as 10 killed <strong>and</strong> fifty-five<br />
wounded.” In loosely transcribed <strong>and</strong> popularly published versions <strong>of</strong> Morgan’s letter, American losses are given<br />
as 12 killed, 60 wounded. 1942<br />
Tarleton says <strong>the</strong> Morgan lost 300. 1943<br />
William Johnson: Morgan lost 11 killed, <strong>and</strong> 61 wounded. 1944<br />
Babits: American losses were 127 to 148. 1945<br />
BRITISH<br />
Anonymous American report:<br />
“British Killed <strong>and</strong> Taken at <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> Cowpens. 17 th January, 1781.<br />
Major 1<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong>s 5<br />
Lieuts 13<br />
Ensigns 4<br />
Adjutants 1<br />
Cornet 1<br />
Non Commd. & Privates 502<br />
527 Prisoners not wounded.<br />
3 <strong>of</strong>ficers 3<br />
Non <strong>com</strong>d. & Privates 150<br />
153 Prisoners wounded.<br />
10 <strong>of</strong>ficers 10<br />
Non <strong>com</strong>d. & Privates 200<br />
210 killed.<br />
“100 horses.<br />
300 k<strong>in</strong>gs muskets.<br />
35 waggons.<br />
2 Field Pieces.” 1946<br />
Morgan’s report <strong>of</strong> 19 January: The British lost 100 killed <strong>and</strong> 200 wounded, 29 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> about 500 privates<br />
taken prisoner. On <strong>the</strong> 23 rd , Morgan said this last number had risen to 600. Also captured were 70 negroes, 2<br />
pieces <strong>of</strong> artillery, 800 muskets, one travel<strong>in</strong>g forge, 35 baggage wagons, 100 dragoon horses. Morgan: “<strong>the</strong>y<br />
[<strong>the</strong> Cowpens victors] destroyed most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> baggage which was immense.” 1947<br />
Otho Williams, based on Maj. Edward Giles’ report, gives Tarleton’s losses as 100 killed, between 200 <strong>and</strong> 300<br />
wounded, <strong>and</strong> about 17 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> 500 privates made prisoner. 1948<br />
Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong> his letter to Germa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> 17 March wrote: “The unfortunate affair <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th <strong>of</strong> January was a very<br />
unexpected <strong>and</strong> severe blow; for, besides reputation, our loss did not fall short <strong>of</strong> 600 men.” Difference<br />
between returns <strong>of</strong> for Cornwallis army for January 15 <strong>and</strong> for February 1 amount to 784.<br />
Tarleton says <strong>the</strong>re were 300 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded on both sides, but <strong>the</strong> Americans took two pieces <strong>of</strong> cannon,<br />
<strong>and</strong> near 400 prisoners. 1949<br />
1941 CNC15 pp. 419-420.<br />
1942 NGP7 p. 161n.<br />
1943 TCS p. 218.<br />
1944 JLG1 p. 383.<br />
1945 Babits also mentions that 14 <strong>of</strong> 72 American casualties at Cowpens were from <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> 60 Delaware troops.<br />
BDW p. 152.<br />
1946 CNC15 pp. 419-420.<br />
1947 NGP7 pp. 155, 176.<br />
1948 WCA p. 36.<br />
1949 TCS p. 218. For a summary <strong>and</strong> breakdown <strong>of</strong> British Legion losses see (<strong>and</strong> search under) Don Gara’s “Prisoners Taken at<br />
Cowpens -- British Legion Infantry” at http://www.banastretarleton.org/<br />
362
William Johnson: “The world is at present <strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> means <strong>of</strong> ascerta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g with tolerable precision <strong>the</strong><br />
actual amount <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British loss. This is <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> correspondence between Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong><br />
former admits a loss <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> affair <strong>of</strong> 700 men. But by <strong>com</strong>par<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> returns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 15 th <strong>of</strong><br />
January <strong>and</strong> 1 st <strong>of</strong> February, we f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> dim<strong>in</strong>ution amount<strong>in</strong>g to 784 men. Which number agrees with o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
facts <strong>in</strong> our possession on <strong>the</strong> same subject; for, Major [Edmund] Hyrne, <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>missary <strong>of</strong> prisoners, received<br />
<strong>of</strong> Morgan 600 on <strong>the</strong> east bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba, <strong>and</strong> this will leave 184 for <strong>the</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, probably <strong>the</strong><br />
true number; we may estimate <strong>the</strong> sla<strong>in</strong> at sixty.” 1950<br />
Babits: At least 87 wounded were left at Cowpens because <strong>the</strong>y could not be moved. 1951<br />
Maj. Timothy Newmarsh <strong>and</strong> Maj. Archibald McArthur were among those taken prisoner.<br />
Kirkwood: “17 th . Defeated Tarleton<br />
18 th . March’d for <strong>the</strong> Catawba river arrived <strong>the</strong> 23rd...100[miles]” 1952<br />
Morgan, <strong>in</strong> his letter <strong>of</strong> 19 January to Greene wrote: “Such was <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>feriority <strong>of</strong> our numbers that our success<br />
must be attributed, under God, to <strong>the</strong> justice <strong>of</strong> our cause <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> bravery <strong>of</strong> our Troops.” 1953<br />
Gordon: “Tarleton’s impetuous attacks had answered <strong>in</strong> former <strong>in</strong>stances: but <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> present action, he did not<br />
surprise his enemy; <strong>and</strong> engaged an <strong>of</strong>ficer, Morgan, who had faced <strong>the</strong> troops under Burgoyne, <strong>and</strong> served<br />
under Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Gates.” 1954<br />
Tarleton: “The particular <strong>in</strong>cidents relative to <strong>the</strong> action arise from an exam<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> orders, <strong>the</strong> march,<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>parative situation <strong>of</strong> Morgan <strong>and</strong> Tarleton, <strong>the</strong> disposition, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> defeat. The orders were positive.<br />
The march was difficult, on account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> creeks <strong>and</strong> rivers; <strong>and</strong> circuitous, <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> such<br />
impediments: The Pacolet was passed by stratagem: The Americans to avoid an action, left <strong>the</strong>ir camp, <strong>and</strong><br />
marched all night: The ground which General Morgan had chosen for <strong>the</strong> engagement, <strong>in</strong> order to cover his<br />
retreat to Broad river, was disadvantageous for <strong>the</strong> Americans, <strong>and</strong> convenient for <strong>the</strong> British: An open wood<br />
was certa<strong>in</strong>ly as proper a place for action as Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton could desire; America does not produce<br />
many more suitable to <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. The situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy was desperate <strong>in</strong><br />
case <strong>of</strong> misfortune; an open country, <strong>and</strong> a river <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir rear, must have thrown <strong>the</strong>m entirely <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> power <strong>of</strong><br />
a superior cavalry; whilst <strong>the</strong> light troops, <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> repulse, had <strong>the</strong> expectation <strong>of</strong> a neighbour<strong>in</strong>g [sic] force<br />
to protect <strong>the</strong>m from destruction. The disposition was planned with coolness, <strong>and</strong> executed without<br />
embarrassment. The defeat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British must be ascribed ei<strong>the</strong>r to <strong>the</strong> bravery or good conduct <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans; to <strong>the</strong> loose manner <strong>of</strong> form<strong>in</strong>g which had always been practised [sic] by <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops <strong>in</strong><br />
America; or to some unforeseen event, which may throw terror <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> most discipl<strong>in</strong>ed soldiers, or counteract<br />
<strong>the</strong> best-concerted designs. The extreme extension <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> files always exposed <strong>the</strong> British regiments <strong>and</strong> corps,<br />
<strong>and</strong> would, before this unfortunate affair, have been attended with detrimental effect, had not <strong>the</strong> multiplicity<br />
<strong>of</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es with which <strong>the</strong>y generally fought rescued <strong>the</strong>m from such imm<strong>in</strong>ent danger. If <strong>in</strong>fantry who are formed<br />
very open, <strong>and</strong> only two deep, meet with opposition, <strong>the</strong>y can have no stability: But when <strong>the</strong>y experience an<br />
unexpected shock, confusion will ensue, <strong>and</strong> flight, without immediate support, must be <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>evitable<br />
consequence. O<strong>the</strong>r circumstances, perhaps, contributed to so decisive a route, which, if <strong>the</strong> military system<br />
admitted <strong>the</strong> same judicious regulation as <strong>the</strong> naval, a court martial would, perhaps, have disclosed. Public<br />
trials <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers after unfortunate affairs, are as necessary to one service as <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> might,<br />
<strong>in</strong> some <strong>in</strong>stances, be highly beneficial to <strong>the</strong> military pr<strong>of</strong>ession. Influenced by this idea, Lieutenant-colonel<br />
Tarleton, some days after <strong>the</strong> action, required Earl Cornwallis’s approbation <strong>of</strong> his proceed<strong>in</strong>gs, or his leave to<br />
retire till <strong>in</strong>quiry could be <strong>in</strong>stituted, to <strong>in</strong>vestigate his conduct. The noble earl’s decided support <strong>of</strong> Lieutenantcolonel<br />
Tarleton’s management <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops, previous to <strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> action, is fully expressed <strong>in</strong> a<br />
letter from his lordship.” 1955<br />
MacKenzie: “A detachment from each corps, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant Fraser <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st regiment (who<br />
was afterwards killed at York Town), had been left at some distance to guard <strong>the</strong> baggage; early <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> defeat was conveyed to this <strong>of</strong>ficer by some friendly Americans; what part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> baggage could not be<br />
carried <strong>of</strong>f he immediately destroyed, <strong>and</strong> with his men mounted on <strong>the</strong> waggon, <strong>and</strong> spare horses, he retreated<br />
to Earl Cornwallis unmolested; nor did he, on this occasion, see any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American horse or foot, or <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
party <strong>the</strong>n under our author’s directions. This was <strong>the</strong> only body <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry that escaped, <strong>the</strong> rest were ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
killed or made prisoners. The dragoons jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> army <strong>in</strong> two separate divisions; one arrived <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
neighbourhood <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British encampment upon <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same day, at which time his Lordship had <strong>the</strong><br />
mortification to learn <strong>the</strong> defeat <strong>of</strong> his detachment; <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r, under Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton, appeared<br />
next morn<strong>in</strong>g.” 1956<br />
1950 JLG1 p. 384.<br />
1951 BDW p. 143<br />
1952 KJO p.13.<br />
1953 NGP8 p. 155.<br />
1954 GHA4 p. 37.<br />
1955 TCS pp. 220-222.<br />
1956 MST pp. 102-103.<br />
363
Extracts <strong>of</strong> letter written after <strong>the</strong> war from John Eager Howard to Henry Lee: “Morgan was careful to address<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men, to <strong>in</strong>spire confidence <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. As to what Morgan has s<strong>in</strong>ce said, ‘I would not have <strong>the</strong><br />
swamp <strong>in</strong> view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia’ -- I do not th<strong>in</strong>k it deserves any consideration. They were words used <strong>in</strong><br />
conversation, without any def<strong>in</strong>ite mean<strong>in</strong>g. I am positive that [Francis] Triplett <strong>and</strong> [James] Tate were on my<br />
left. Major M’Dowell [Joseph McDowell] was <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. I do not th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong>re was such an em<strong>in</strong>ence; <strong>the</strong>re<br />
was a slight rise <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ground; nor was Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s horse posted beh<strong>in</strong>d it, but on <strong>the</strong> summit; for I had full<br />
view <strong>of</strong> him as we retreated from our first position. See<strong>in</strong>g my right flank was exposed to <strong>the</strong> enemy, I<br />
attempted to change <strong>the</strong> front <strong>of</strong> [Andrew] Wallace’s <strong>com</strong>pany, (Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regulars;) <strong>in</strong> do<strong>in</strong>g it, some confusion<br />
ensued, <strong>and</strong> a first part, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>com</strong>menced a retreat. The <strong>of</strong>ficers along <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e<br />
see<strong>in</strong>g this, <strong>and</strong> suppos<strong>in</strong>g that orders had been given for a retreat, faced <strong>the</strong>ir men about <strong>and</strong> moved <strong>of</strong>f.<br />
Morgan, who had mostly been with <strong>the</strong> militia, quickly rode up to me <strong>and</strong> expressed apprehensions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> event;<br />
but I soon removed his fears by po<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> observ<strong>in</strong>g that men were not beaten who retreated <strong>in</strong><br />
that order. He <strong>the</strong>n ordered me to keep with <strong>the</strong> men, until we came to <strong>the</strong> ris<strong>in</strong>g ground near Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s<br />
horse; <strong>and</strong> he rode forward to fix on <strong>the</strong> most proper place for us to halt <strong>and</strong> face about. In a m<strong>in</strong>ute we had a<br />
perfect l<strong>in</strong>e. The enemy were now very near us. Our men <strong>com</strong>menced a very destructive fire, which <strong>the</strong>y little<br />
expected, <strong>and</strong> a few rounds occasioned great disorder <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir ranks. While <strong>in</strong> this confusion, I ordered a charge<br />
with <strong>the</strong> bayonet, which order was obeyed with great alacrity. As <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e advanced, I observed <strong>the</strong>ir artillery a<br />
short distance <strong>in</strong> front, <strong>and</strong> called to Capta<strong>in</strong> Ew<strong>in</strong>g, who was near me, to take it. Capta<strong>in</strong> [Thomas] Anderson,<br />
(now General Anderson, <strong>of</strong> Montgomery county, Maryl<strong>and</strong>,) hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> order, also pushed for <strong>the</strong> same object,<br />
<strong>and</strong> both be<strong>in</strong>g emulous for <strong>the</strong> prize, kept pace until near <strong>the</strong> first piece, when Anderson, by plac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong><br />
his espontoon forward <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> ground, made a long leap which brought him upon <strong>the</strong> gun, <strong>and</strong> gave him <strong>the</strong><br />
honour <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prize. My attention was now drawn to an altercation <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men with an artillery man,<br />
who appeared to make it a po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> honor not to surrender his match. The men, provoked by his obst<strong>in</strong>acy,<br />
would have bayoneted him on <strong>the</strong> spot, had I not <strong>in</strong>terfered, <strong>and</strong> desired <strong>the</strong>m to spare <strong>the</strong> life <strong>of</strong> so brave a<br />
man. He <strong>the</strong>n surrendered his match. In <strong>the</strong> pursuit, I was led towards <strong>the</strong> right, <strong>in</strong> among <strong>the</strong> 71 st , who were<br />
broken <strong>in</strong>to squads, <strong>and</strong> as I called to <strong>the</strong>m to surrender, <strong>the</strong>y laid down <strong>the</strong>ir arms, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers delivered<br />
up <strong>the</strong>ir swords. Capta<strong>in</strong> [Robertson] Duncanson, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st grenadiers, gave me his sword <strong>and</strong> stood by me.<br />
Upon gett<strong>in</strong>g on my horse, I found him pull<strong>in</strong>g at my saddle, <strong>and</strong> he nearly unhorsed me. I expressed my<br />
displeasure, <strong>and</strong> asked him what he was about. The explanation was, that <strong>the</strong>y had orders to give no quarter,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y did not expect any; <strong>and</strong> as my men were <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g up, he was afraid <strong>the</strong>y would use him ill. I admitted<br />
his excuse, <strong>and</strong> put him <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> care <strong>of</strong> a sergeant. I had messages from him some years afterward, express<strong>in</strong>g<br />
his obligation for my hav<strong>in</strong>g saved his life. Their artillery was not thrown <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear, but was advanced a little<br />
ahead <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> was taken as I have mentioned. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton did not encounter <strong>the</strong> artillery. He moved<br />
from <strong>the</strong> left from our rear, to attack Tarleton’s horse, <strong>and</strong> never lost sight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m until <strong>the</strong>y ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong><br />
ground. Major M’Arthur very freely entered <strong>in</strong>to conversation, <strong>and</strong> said he was an <strong>of</strong>ficer before Tarleton was<br />
born; that <strong>the</strong> best troops <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> service were put under “that boy” to be sacrificed; that he had flattered<br />
himself <strong>the</strong> event would have been different, if his advice had been taken, which was to charge with all <strong>the</strong><br />
horse, at <strong>the</strong> moment we were retreat<strong>in</strong>g.” 1957<br />
Richard W<strong>in</strong>n: “On <strong>the</strong> same day I got this letter I received one by express from Gen’l Morgan, <strong>the</strong>n ly<strong>in</strong>g at<br />
Gr<strong>in</strong>dall Shoals on Paco River [Pacelot River]. The General mentioned he had a great desire to see me. I repaired<br />
to his camp about thirty miles from where I lay. He summoned his pr<strong>in</strong>ciple <strong>of</strong>ficers, Colos. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, Howard<br />
<strong>and</strong> Major [Richard] Taliaferro 1958 who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia. After talk<strong>in</strong>g about <strong>the</strong> British<br />
headquarters <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country <strong>and</strong> people, <strong>and</strong> as Gen’l Morgan had been <strong>in</strong>timately acqua<strong>in</strong>ted<br />
with me from a small boy, he coversed [sic] freely with me on every po<strong>in</strong>t respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
States, as he was well satisfied but few men could give him a better account.<br />
“Question, Do you believe I shall be attacked by <strong>the</strong> British? Answer, I do <strong>and</strong> by a strong force from<br />
W<strong>in</strong>nsborough.<br />
“Question, Can you <strong>in</strong>form me <strong>the</strong> manner Colo. Tarleton br<strong>in</strong>gs on his attacks? Answer, I can. Tarleton never<br />
br<strong>in</strong>gs on <strong>the</strong> attack himself.<br />
“His mode <strong>of</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g is surprise. By do<strong>in</strong>g this he sends two or three troops <strong>of</strong> horse, <strong>and</strong>, if he can throw <strong>the</strong><br />
party <strong>in</strong>to confusion, with his reserve he falls on <strong>and</strong> will cut <strong>the</strong>m to pieces.<br />
“However, <strong>in</strong> look<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to Gordon’s History I see Tarleton brought on <strong>the</strong> action at <strong>the</strong> Cowpens himself. I th<strong>in</strong>k<br />
that, upon a strict scrut<strong>in</strong>y, this will be found to be a mistake. I ra<strong>the</strong>r suppose he was with his reserve <strong>of</strong> horse<br />
that took through <strong>the</strong> woods, when it was found that Morgan kept <strong>the</strong> ground. My own op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> Tarleton as an<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer was that he was more civil than brave. In a day or two after <strong>the</strong> battle, I met with Gen’l Morgan who<br />
gave me a statement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action. Gen’l Morgan was well apprised that Colo. Tarleton was persu<strong>in</strong>g [sic] <strong>of</strong><br />
him, but when or where he would overtake him was uncerta<strong>in</strong>. When <strong>the</strong> General got to <strong>the</strong> Cowpens he halted<br />
<strong>and</strong> took up his encampment <strong>and</strong> say, ‘on this ground I will defeat <strong>the</strong> British or lay my bones,’ <strong>and</strong> picked out<br />
<strong>the</strong> place for his grave. Curiosity led me afterwards to view <strong>the</strong> ground, <strong>and</strong> I can say it would not have been my<br />
choice. In <strong>the</strong> first place, it was even enough to make race-paths, covered over with a small growth <strong>of</strong> middl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
trees, open without underwood, <strong>and</strong> noth<strong>in</strong>g to defend ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> front, rear or flank. With <strong>the</strong> force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
British horse <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> advantage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ground <strong>the</strong>y had, <strong>the</strong> advantage over Morgan was as two to one.” 1959<br />
1957 LCC pp. 96n—98n.<br />
1958 Taliaferro (1756 – 1781) was later killed at Guilford Court House.<br />
1959 WNO, part II, pp. 8-9.<br />
364
Saye (with McJunk<strong>in</strong>): “When Morgan was apprised <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s approach he fell back a day’s march from his<br />
position on <strong>the</strong> Pacolet. He perhaps doubted <strong>the</strong> propriety <strong>of</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g battle at all. His force was considerably<br />
<strong>in</strong>ferior to that arrayed aga<strong>in</strong>st him. The <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men <strong>com</strong>pos<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> entire body <strong>of</strong> his militia were almost<br />
wholly unknown to him except by report. He could not know what confidence to place <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir skill <strong>and</strong> courage.<br />
“A retrograde movement was necessary to enable him to call <strong>in</strong> scattered detachments. On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> Jan. 16<br />
<strong>the</strong> last <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se jo<strong>in</strong>ed him some time after dark. He now had his entire force <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> question must be<br />
decided, ‘Shall we fight or fly?’ The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia dem<strong>and</strong>ed a fight. Their general could, from past<br />
experience <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon fame, <strong>com</strong>mend <strong>the</strong>ir courage <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir present position, but let <strong>the</strong>m cross Broad River<br />
<strong>and</strong> he would not answer for <strong>the</strong>ir conduct. Here <strong>the</strong> f<strong>in</strong>al decision is to risk a battle. The Cols. [Thomas]<br />
Br<strong>and</strong>on <strong>and</strong> [Benjam<strong>in</strong>] Roebuck, with some o<strong>the</strong>rs, had <strong>the</strong> special charge <strong>of</strong> watch<strong>in</strong>g Tarleton’s movements<br />
from <strong>the</strong> time he reached <strong>the</strong> valley <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pacolet. They sat on <strong>the</strong>ir horses as he approached <strong>and</strong> passed that<br />
stream <strong>and</strong> counted his men <strong>and</strong> sent <strong>the</strong>ir report to headquarters. They watched his camp on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
16 th until he began his march to give battle. Morgan appears to have had <strong>the</strong> most exact <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong><br />
everyth<strong>in</strong>g necessary.<br />
“On <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th he had his men called up. He addressed <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> a stra<strong>in</strong> well adapted to <strong>in</strong>flame<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir courage. Major [James] Jackson <strong>of</strong> Georgia also spoke to <strong>the</strong> militia. The l<strong>in</strong>es formed <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> plan <strong>of</strong><br />
battle disclosed. Three l<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry were drawn across <strong>the</strong> pla<strong>in</strong>. First <strong>the</strong> regulars <strong>and</strong> some <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia are posted where <strong>the</strong> f<strong>in</strong>al issue is expected. In front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> militia under<br />
Gen. Pickens are drawn up at <strong>the</strong> distance <strong>of</strong> 150 yards. Still <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se at <strong>the</strong> distance <strong>of</strong> 150 yards a<br />
corps <strong>of</strong> picked riflemen is scattered <strong>in</strong> loose order along <strong>the</strong> whole front.<br />
“The guns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> videttes, led by Capt. Inman, announce <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> foe, <strong>and</strong> soon <strong>the</strong> red coats stream<br />
before <strong>the</strong> eyes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia. A column marches up <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> Br<strong>and</strong>on’s men led by a gayly [sic] dressed<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer on horseback. The word passes along <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, ‘Who can br<strong>in</strong>g him down?’ John Savage looked Col.<br />
[William] Farr full <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face <strong>and</strong> read yes <strong>in</strong> his eye. He darted a few paces <strong>in</strong> front, laid his rifle aga<strong>in</strong>st a<br />
sapl<strong>in</strong>g, a blue gas streamed above his head, <strong>the</strong> sharp crack <strong>of</strong> a rifle broke <strong>the</strong> solemn stillness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> occasion<br />
<strong>and</strong> a horse without a rider wheeled from <strong>the</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advanc<strong>in</strong>g column. In a few moments <strong>the</strong> fire is<br />
general. The sharpshooters fall beh<strong>in</strong>d Pickens <strong>and</strong> presently his l<strong>in</strong>e yields. Then <strong>the</strong>re is a charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
dragoons even past <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> regulars after <strong>the</strong> retreat<strong>in</strong>g militia. Numbers are cut down.<br />
“Two dragoons assault a large rifleman, Joseph Hughes by name. His gun was empty, but with it he parries <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
blows <strong>and</strong> dodges round a tree, but <strong>the</strong>y still persist. At <strong>the</strong> moment <strong>the</strong> assault on Hughes began John Savage<br />
was prim<strong>in</strong>g his rifle. Just as <strong>the</strong>y pass <strong>the</strong> tree to strike Hughes he levels his gun <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dragoons<br />
tumbles from his horse pierced with a bullet. The next moment <strong>the</strong> rifle carried by Hughes, now literally hacked<br />
over, slips out <strong>of</strong> his h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>flicts such a blow upon <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r dragoon that he quits <strong>the</strong> contest <strong>and</strong> retires<br />
hang<strong>in</strong>g by <strong>the</strong> mane <strong>of</strong> his horse.<br />
“Soon, however, <strong>the</strong> militia are relieved from <strong>the</strong> British dragoons by a charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American light horse. The<br />
British cavalry are borne from <strong>the</strong> field. Meanwhile <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> regulars under Col. [John Eager]<br />
Howard are hotly engaged; <strong>the</strong> fight be<strong>com</strong>es desperate. Howard orders a charge, <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>com</strong>e back <strong>and</strong> fall<br />
<strong>in</strong> right <strong>and</strong> left. The British l<strong>in</strong>e is broken, some beg<strong>in</strong> to call for quarters, <strong>the</strong> voice <strong>of</strong> Howard is heard amidst<br />
<strong>the</strong> rush <strong>of</strong> men <strong>and</strong> clangor <strong>of</strong> steel: ‘Throw down your arms <strong>and</strong> you shall have good quarters.’<br />
“One battalion throws down <strong>the</strong>ir arms <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> men fall to <strong>the</strong> earth. Ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>com</strong>mences flight, but<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton darts before <strong>the</strong>m with his cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y too ground <strong>the</strong>ir arms. In <strong>the</strong> conclusion <strong>of</strong> this last<br />
foray you might have seen Major Jackson <strong>of</strong> Georgia rush among <strong>the</strong> broken ranks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regiment <strong>and</strong><br />
attempt<strong>in</strong>g to seize <strong>the</strong>ir st<strong>and</strong>ard, while <strong>the</strong>y are va<strong>in</strong>ly try<strong>in</strong>g to form by it; you might have seen Col. Howard<br />
<strong>in</strong>terpos<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> relief <strong>of</strong> his friend when entangled among his foes.<br />
“At <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> strife you might have seen <strong>the</strong> same young man <strong>in</strong>troduc<strong>in</strong>g Major [Archibald] McArthur, <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong>fantry, to Gen. Morgan <strong>and</strong> receiv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> General’s thanks for <strong>the</strong> gallantry<br />
displayed on <strong>the</strong> occasion. You might have seen some five or six hundred tall, brawny, well clad soldiers, <strong>the</strong><br />
flower <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Army, guarded by a set <strong>of</strong> militia clad <strong>in</strong> hunt<strong>in</strong>g shirts, ‘blacked, smoked <strong>and</strong> greasy.’<br />
“The pla<strong>in</strong> was strewn with <strong>the</strong> dead <strong>and</strong> dy<strong>in</strong>g. The scattered fragments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Army were hurry<strong>in</strong>g from<br />
<strong>the</strong> scene <strong>of</strong> carnage. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton hastily collected his cavalry <strong>and</strong> dashed <strong>of</strong>f <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Tarleton. He was<br />
preceded, however, by a party that started with a view <strong>of</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> baggage wagons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy. The victory was <strong>com</strong>plete.<br />
“The militia engaged <strong>in</strong> this battle belonged to three States, <strong>the</strong> two Carol<strong>in</strong>as <strong>and</strong> Georgia. Two <strong>com</strong>panies<br />
from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia were present, but were <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e with <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> regiment under Howard. The North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
militia were led by Major [Joseph] McDowell. The Georgia militia were under <strong>the</strong> immediate <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Majors<br />
[John] Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham <strong>and</strong> [James] Jackson; <strong>the</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong>s were Samuel Hammond, George Walton <strong>and</strong> Joshua<br />
Inman. Major [James] Jackson also acted as Brigade Major to all <strong>the</strong> militia present. The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia<br />
were directed by Gen. Pickens. The Colonels were John Thomas, Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on, Glenn Anderson <strong>and</strong> [James]<br />
McCall; <strong>the</strong> Lieutenant Colonels, William Farr <strong>and</strong> Benjam<strong>in</strong> Roebuck; <strong>the</strong> Majors, Henry White <strong>and</strong> Joseph<br />
McJunk<strong>in</strong>; Capta<strong>in</strong>s, John Alex<strong>and</strong>er, Coll<strong>in</strong>s, Elder, Crawford, with Lieuts. Thomas Moore <strong>and</strong> Hugh Means.<br />
“On <strong>the</strong> night before <strong>the</strong> battle forty-five militia soldiers were enrolled as dragoons <strong>and</strong> placed under <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. McCall <strong>and</strong> annexed to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Cavalry. These <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> respective<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s, were far from be<strong>in</strong>g tyros <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> art <strong>of</strong> war. They were marksmen <strong>and</strong> had generally been <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war<br />
from its <strong>com</strong>mencement. In regard to <strong>the</strong> conduct <strong>of</strong> Major McJunk<strong>in</strong> on this occasion <strong>the</strong> testimony <strong>of</strong> those<br />
who acted under him <strong>and</strong> with him is to this effect: That he exhibited undaunted courage <strong>in</strong> action <strong>and</strong><br />
contributed largely <strong>in</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> order to <strong>the</strong> f<strong>in</strong>al onset by which <strong>the</strong> battle so honorably<br />
term<strong>in</strong>ated.” 1960<br />
1960 SJM.<br />
365
The Annual Register: “This blow <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g so closely upon that at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>, produced effects worse than<br />
could have been feared from such partial disasters. Indeed <strong>the</strong>y seemed seriously to have <strong>in</strong>fluenced all <strong>the</strong><br />
subsequent operations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>and</strong> deeply affected its general fortune. The loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light troops, especially<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry, could scarcely be repaired; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war, rendered this sort <strong>of</strong> force one <strong>of</strong> its most<br />
effectual arms.” 1961<br />
17 January. [skirmishes-captures] Post Cowpens Skirmishes <strong>and</strong> Captures (Spartanburg County, S.C.)<br />
Saye: “Love’s Ford <strong>of</strong> Broad River is some miles below <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> Pacolet. Cross<strong>in</strong>g at this place was<br />
somewhat difficult <strong>and</strong> not without danger to persons not acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong> place. In addition to <strong>the</strong><br />
difficulties <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> stream itself, <strong>the</strong> country around was <strong>in</strong> a wild, unsettled state at <strong>the</strong> period <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>. The low ground was covered with dense canebrakes, <strong>the</strong> hills, abundant round about, clad<br />
with reeds <strong>and</strong> wild pea v<strong>in</strong>es to <strong>the</strong>ir very summits. This vic<strong>in</strong>ity afforded an excellent shelter for fugitives<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> period <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tory ascendancy <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. At this time <strong>the</strong> ford was rarely passed except by<br />
armed b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> more adventurous persons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity. The Whigs resident <strong>in</strong> adjacent parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
country were accustomed to frequent <strong>the</strong> locality for <strong>the</strong> double purpose <strong>of</strong> concealment <strong>and</strong> to embarrass <strong>the</strong><br />
movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy through this section.<br />
“On <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> next day after <strong>the</strong> Battle at Cowpens a party <strong>of</strong> some fifty or sixty British troops, hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
succeeded <strong>in</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g good <strong>the</strong>ir retreat that far from <strong>the</strong> battle, were mov<strong>in</strong>g on toward Love’s Ford. Their<br />
object was to reach <strong>the</strong> camp <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis. Some distance from <strong>the</strong> river <strong>the</strong>ir leader turned <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> road<br />
to <strong>the</strong> house <strong>of</strong> a Mr. Palmer to get directions. Here he met Mr. Sharp. The latter immediately presented his rifle<br />
<strong>and</strong> ordered him to surrender. The <strong>of</strong>ficer obeyed. Sharp learned his character, object, &c., as quick as<br />
possible.<br />
“Hav<strong>in</strong>g secured <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, he determ<strong>in</strong>ed to lose no time <strong>in</strong> pursu<strong>in</strong>g his party. Accord<strong>in</strong>gly, he went to<br />
his hid<strong>in</strong>g place <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods to rally his force. This consisted <strong>of</strong> James Savage, Richard Hughes, <strong>and</strong> perhaps<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs. About <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong> men were gotten toge<strong>the</strong>r a Mrs. Hall, a resident <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity, came up <strong>in</strong> great<br />
haste. She had seen <strong>the</strong> British on <strong>the</strong>ir way <strong>and</strong> ran to give notice to <strong>the</strong> Whigs.<br />
“Sharp <strong>and</strong> party pursued. Half a mile from <strong>the</strong> ford <strong>the</strong>y met a man runn<strong>in</strong>g as for life. He reported on cross<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> river he had <strong>com</strong>e upon a party <strong>of</strong> British soldiers, that <strong>the</strong>y had stopped on top <strong>of</strong> a hill, apparently with a<br />
view <strong>of</strong> spend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night. Their armor <strong>and</strong> uniforms glistened <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sun, <strong>and</strong> though <strong>the</strong>y took no notice <strong>of</strong><br />
him, yet he was greatly alarmed at his situation. Sharp led on his men. They presented <strong>the</strong>mselves suddenly<br />
before <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>and</strong> ordered <strong>the</strong>m to surrender. The summons was obeyed by some thirty or forty men. The<br />
balance ran <strong>of</strong>f, some down <strong>the</strong> river, o<strong>the</strong>rs threw <strong>the</strong>ir guns <strong>in</strong>to it <strong>and</strong> leaped <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>mselves. Sharp led his<br />
prisoners to Morgan’s camp <strong>and</strong> delivered <strong>the</strong>m up prisoners <strong>of</strong> war.<br />
“The above <strong>in</strong>stance has its counter part <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g, which is found <strong>in</strong> Mill’s Statistics <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a:<br />
“‘Major Samuel Otterson be<strong>in</strong>g on his way to jo<strong>in</strong> Morgan at Cowpens, was followed by a few badly mounted<br />
volunteers. F<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g on his approach to <strong>the</strong> place that <strong>the</strong> battle was begun, he determ<strong>in</strong>ed to halt his men near<br />
a cross road, which he knew <strong>the</strong> enemy would take on <strong>the</strong> return, <strong>and</strong> wait ei<strong>the</strong>r to make prisoners <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir defeat or to attempt <strong>the</strong> rescue <strong>of</strong> our men who might be prisoners <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir h<strong>and</strong>s.<br />
“‘It was not long before a considerable body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British horsemen, were discovered <strong>in</strong> full speed <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g down<br />
<strong>the</strong> road. They appeared evidently to have been defeated. Major (<strong>the</strong>n Capta<strong>in</strong>) Otterson now proposed to his<br />
men to follow <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>and</strong> attempt to make some prisoners, but found only one man will<strong>in</strong>g to jo<strong>in</strong> him.<br />
Hav<strong>in</strong>g mounted him on <strong>the</strong> best horse <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g armed <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> best possible<br />
manner, <strong>the</strong>y pushed on after <strong>the</strong> fly<strong>in</strong>g enemy. In <strong>the</strong> pursuit Capt. Otterson prudently determ<strong>in</strong>ed to keep at<br />
some distance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear until dark. He occasionally stopped at some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> houses along <strong>the</strong> road, ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
<strong>the</strong> situation, number <strong>and</strong> distance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> found his suspicions were verified that <strong>the</strong>y had been<br />
defeated <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>se horsemen were a part <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s cavalry. Toward dusk Capt. Otterson <strong>and</strong> his<br />
<strong>com</strong>panion pushed <strong>the</strong>ir horses nearer <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> when it was dark dashed <strong>in</strong> among <strong>the</strong>m with a shout,<br />
fired <strong>the</strong>ir arms <strong>and</strong> ordered <strong>the</strong>m to surrender. The darkness prevented <strong>the</strong> enemy from know<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong><br />
those by whom <strong>the</strong>y were surprised <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y surrendered at once. They were required to dismount, <strong>com</strong>e<br />
forward <strong>and</strong> deliver up <strong>the</strong>ir arms, which <strong>the</strong>y did. Be<strong>in</strong>g all secured <strong>and</strong> light struck, noth<strong>in</strong>g could exceed <strong>the</strong><br />
mortification <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> when he found that he had surrendered to two men.<br />
“‘But this was not <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> this gallant affair. These British troopers, thirty <strong>in</strong> number, were all conducted by<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir captors <strong>in</strong> safety <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> delivered to Morgan as prisoners <strong>of</strong> war. Several days had to<br />
elapse before this was done, dur<strong>in</strong>g which time <strong>the</strong>se men never closed <strong>the</strong>ir eyes <strong>in</strong> sleep.<br />
“‘Major Otterson’s residence was on Tyger River <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Hamilton’s Ford. He dist<strong>in</strong>guished himself on<br />
several occasions <strong>in</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>and</strong> proved a highly respectable <strong>and</strong> useful citizen after its close. Some<br />
thirty years ago he removed to Alabama.’” 1962<br />
17 January. 150 loyalists under Col. Hector MacNeil, at Amis’ Mill on Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek (near <strong>the</strong> N.C.-S.C.<br />
border), <strong>of</strong> late had begun caus<strong>in</strong>g problems for <strong>the</strong> whigs <strong>of</strong> that region, <strong>and</strong> which suggests that <strong>the</strong> British by<br />
this time had been successful <strong>in</strong> send<strong>in</strong>g arms to <strong>the</strong>m; which <strong>the</strong> Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek loyalists previously were<br />
sorely <strong>in</strong> lack <strong>of</strong>. Greene, at his camp on <strong>the</strong> Peedee, on this date dispatched Major Archibald Anderson <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e with detachment <strong>of</strong> 200 light troops aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>m. Marion, at Snow Isl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> meantime, called<br />
<strong>in</strong> his detachments; <strong>and</strong> need<strong>in</strong>g to keep an eye on enemy movements <strong>in</strong> his own area, could not attack MacNeil<br />
himself. He did though order Col. Abel Kolb to go after MacNeil, but Kolb “never obeyed.” Before Anderson had<br />
1961 AR81 pp. 56-57.<br />
1962 SJM.<br />
366
arrived to take care <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess, MacNeil was dispersed by a force <strong>of</strong> N.C. militia under Col. James Kenan <strong>of</strong><br />
Dupl<strong>in</strong> County. 1963<br />
17 January. Samuel Hammond: “The even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th he [Capt. Samuel Hammond]<br />
was detached by order <strong>of</strong> Genl. Morgan to look <strong>in</strong>to Cornwallis’ Camp north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Broad River & to update his<br />
movements & <strong>com</strong>municate with Genl. Pickens <strong>and</strong> himself daily until fur<strong>the</strong>r orders. This service was performed<br />
regularly until <strong>the</strong> British took up Camp at Ramseur’s Mills.” 1964<br />
17 January. Leslie reached S<strong>and</strong>y Run. 1965<br />
18 January. [raid] Dugan’s Plantation, S.C. ONB3 p. 53.<br />
18 January. From his camp at Isl<strong>and</strong> Ford on <strong>the</strong> Broad River <strong>and</strong> slowed by <strong>the</strong> baggage <strong>and</strong> many prisoners<br />
(whose total amounted to two thirds <strong>the</strong> size <strong>of</strong> his own force) taken at Cowpens, Morgan resumed his retreat<br />
north <strong>and</strong> on this day crossed <strong>the</strong> Little Broad River. At Gilbertown, Pickens <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton were assigned to<br />
escort <strong>the</strong> prisoners, with Triplett’s <strong>and</strong> Tate’s militia; whose term <strong>of</strong> service was soon to expired,<br />
ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m. 1966 From Gilbertown, Pickens headed towards Shallow Ford on <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>; while Morgan<br />
with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body cont<strong>in</strong>ued retreat<strong>in</strong>g east past Ramseur’s Mill <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Sherrald’s Ford on <strong>the</strong><br />
Catawba. The prisoners were afterward taken up by some <strong>of</strong> Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens’ men; whose time <strong>of</strong><br />
service had also lapsed. About February 2 nd , a detachment from Stevens’ corps <strong>the</strong>n escorted <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia;<br />
while Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Pickens <strong>the</strong>n acted to assist aga<strong>in</strong>st Cornwallis. Although <strong>in</strong> Pickens case most <strong>of</strong> his men,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g James McCall <strong>and</strong> Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, had returned home, steps were be<strong>in</strong>g taken to put North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
militia under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. See Early February, <strong>and</strong> 2-3 February. 1967<br />
18 January. Leslie camped at Hillhouse’s plantation near Turkey Creek, 1968 <strong>and</strong> where he f<strong>in</strong>ally formed a<br />
junction with Cornwallis’ army. The addition <strong>of</strong> two six pounders carried by Leslie brought Cornwallis’ artillery<br />
strength to 4 six-pounders, <strong>and</strong> 2 three-pounders. The same day, about 200 Legion cavalry <strong>and</strong> several o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
fugitives regrouped with Tarleton at Hamilton’s Ford. They <strong>the</strong>n marched to re-jo<strong>in</strong> Cornwallis <strong>the</strong> next day. 1969<br />
19 January (also 20 Jan.) Brig. Gen. Benedict Arnold, hav<strong>in</strong>g suffered few casualties, <strong>and</strong> while destroy<strong>in</strong>g some<br />
mills <strong>in</strong> his path, by this date had atta<strong>in</strong>ed Portsmouth with his raid<strong>in</strong>g expedition, <strong>and</strong> resumed work on <strong>the</strong><br />
fortifications <strong>in</strong>itially started <strong>the</strong>re by Leslie. 1970<br />
19 January. Greene directed Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner to make arrangements to form new North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Regiments; to replace those lost or captured at Charlestown. On <strong>the</strong> 27 th , Sumner wrote back<br />
report<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> re<strong>com</strong>mendation <strong>of</strong> a board <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers which convened <strong>in</strong> Halifax, N.C. for <strong>the</strong> purposes <strong>of</strong> form<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>and</strong> organiz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> regiments. 1971 Although marg<strong>in</strong>ally successful efforts were made at enlistment, <strong>the</strong> larger<br />
body <strong>of</strong> recruits necessary to fill out <strong>the</strong> new regiments were not available for service till after Guilford Court,<br />
March 15 th ; when <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a legislature passed a law draft<strong>in</strong>g North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia men who had<br />
deserted at that battle. 1972<br />
From “Return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army,” as recorded by Brig. Gen. Sumner,<br />
January 23, 1781”<br />
[Note. Ma<strong>in</strong> return which provides a specific count <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers (not <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g NCOs) <strong>of</strong> different ranks who were<br />
at this time present <strong>and</strong> available, prisoner, or else <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m required to fill out <strong>the</strong> necessary quota,<br />
is omitted here.]<br />
“Officers reduced on half pay.<br />
Col. James Armstrong <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 5 th [N.C. Regt.].<br />
Col. Gideon Lamb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 6 th .<br />
Lieut. Col. Comdt. James Thackston <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 4 th .<br />
Lieut. Col. Wm. Lee Davison <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st .<br />
Capt. Francis Childs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3 rd .<br />
Capt. Micajah Lewis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 4 th .” 1973<br />
19 January. Cornwallis, from Turkey Creek, 1974 where he had been jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Leslie <strong>the</strong> day previous, <strong>com</strong>menced<br />
his pursuit <strong>of</strong> Morgan -- <strong>and</strong> as well, as it turned out, his long planned <strong>and</strong> prepared for second <strong>in</strong>vasion <strong>of</strong> North<br />
1963 NGP7 pp. 121, 136, 164.<br />
1964 HMP.<br />
1965 LOB part III, STL.<br />
1966 Tate, however, with some Augusta County riflemen, rejo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene’s army at Speedwell’s Iron works 7 March, <strong>the</strong> day after<br />
<strong>the</strong> skirmish at Weitzel’s Mill. MGC<br />
1967 NGP7 p. 200n, SNC pp. 228-231, WAR2 pp. 763-865, TPY p. 113, BDW pp. 143-144.<br />
1968 See http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/laceysfort.htm<br />
1969 LOB part III, STL, TCS pp. 222-223, MLW4A pp. 348-349, MSC2 p. 29, TPY pp. 110-111.<br />
1970 SQR pp. 166-167, GHA4 pp. 59-60, MLW4A p. 391, CAR p. 244.<br />
1971 Due to <strong>the</strong> Congressional reduction <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental forces <strong>in</strong> March 1779 (see BEA p. 263), many regular <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> both<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a had gone to <strong>the</strong>ir home states to lead <strong>the</strong> militia.<br />
1972 NGP7 pp. 148, 208, CNC15 p. 420, JLG1 pp. 343-344, WNA, DNC pp. 28, RNC pp. 255-257.<br />
1973 CNC15 p. 420.<br />
367
Carol<strong>in</strong>a 1975 -- <strong>and</strong> moved to K<strong>in</strong>g’s Creek. On <strong>the</strong> 20 th , Tarleton was sent with <strong>the</strong> dragoons <strong>and</strong> jagers to obta<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> Morgan, <strong>and</strong> give protection to any rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g fugitives. Cornwallis’ immediate pursuit <strong>of</strong> Morgan,<br />
notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, proved <strong>in</strong>effectual. 1976<br />
Tarleton: “The 19 th , <strong>the</strong> army, with <strong>the</strong> cavalry on <strong>the</strong>ir left flank, moved towards K<strong>in</strong>g’s creek: The 20 th ,<br />
Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton was directed to pass Broad river with <strong>the</strong> dragoons <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> yagers, to obta<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> General Morgan, <strong>and</strong> to give protection to <strong>the</strong> fugitives who might yet have escaped <strong>the</strong> power <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> victorious Americans. He recrossed <strong>the</strong> river <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, hav<strong>in</strong>g received <strong>in</strong>formation, that Morgan, soon<br />
after <strong>the</strong> action, had quitted <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> battle, to pass his troops <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners at <strong>the</strong> high fords on Broad<br />
river, leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> wounded under <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> a flag <strong>of</strong> truce. This news <strong>in</strong>duced Earl Cornwallis to cross<br />
Buffaloe [Buffalo] creek <strong>and</strong> Little Broad river, <strong>in</strong> hopes <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>tercept<strong>in</strong>g General Morgan; but <strong>the</strong> celerity made<br />
use <strong>of</strong> by <strong>the</strong> Americans, after <strong>the</strong>ir unexpected advantage at <strong>the</strong> Cowpens, enabled <strong>the</strong>m to evade his<br />
lordship’s army, <strong>and</strong> reach <strong>the</strong> Catawba. 1977 In <strong>the</strong> mean time, General Greene appo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>the</strong> eastern bank <strong>of</strong><br />
that river for <strong>the</strong> place <strong>of</strong> rendezvous <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong> to effect a junction, if possible, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>entals. In<br />
order to <strong>com</strong>plete his plan, he prepared to dispute <strong>the</strong> passage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British, with General Morgan’s division <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> militia, till <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r corps <strong>of</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>entals could, by forced marches, reach <strong>the</strong> upper parts <strong>of</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a.” 1978<br />
Saye: “But a more immediate cause <strong>of</strong> dread was about his own quarters. He had no cavalry <strong>of</strong> any worth. A<br />
strange look<strong>in</strong>g set <strong>of</strong> horsemen prowled about his camp <strong>and</strong> seemed extremely busy look<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to all <strong>of</strong> his<br />
arrangements. In va<strong>in</strong> he ordered <strong>the</strong>m to be fired on; <strong>in</strong> va<strong>in</strong> he sent parties <strong>in</strong> pursuit. They went <strong>and</strong> came<br />
when <strong>the</strong>y pleased, <strong>in</strong>sulted sent<strong>in</strong>els <strong>and</strong> behaved as though <strong>the</strong>y had leave to charge right through his army as<br />
any o<strong>the</strong>r way. It added not a little to his perplexity that <strong>the</strong>ir dress was different from that <strong>of</strong> any rebels he<br />
had ever seen before, <strong>and</strong> his prisoners knew as little whence <strong>the</strong>y had <strong>com</strong>e as he did. He f<strong>in</strong>ally set a favorite<br />
dog after <strong>the</strong>m one day <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> fellow had <strong>the</strong> audacity to shoot <strong>the</strong> dog <strong>in</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> His Lordship. From dread or<br />
some o<strong>the</strong>r cause he was a day’s march from <strong>the</strong> place where Tarleton had a right to expect he would be when<br />
he attacked Morgan.” 1979<br />
Schenck: “Cornwallis had lost <strong>the</strong> 17 th <strong>and</strong> 18 th <strong>of</strong> January <strong>in</strong> his camp wait<strong>in</strong>g for Leslie, <strong>and</strong> when he did move<br />
he took six days <strong>of</strong> a circuitous route to reach Ramseur’s mill, which he ought to have reached <strong>in</strong> two. At<br />
Ramseur’s Mill some fatuity overshadowed his reason <strong>and</strong> cause him to stop two days more.” 1980<br />
<strong>War</strong>d: “Th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g that Morgan, dazzled by his success, would hold his ground near <strong>the</strong> Broad River or perhaps<br />
make an attempt on N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, Cornwallis marched north-westward toward <strong>the</strong> Little Broad River to cut him<br />
<strong>of</strong>f. But Morgan, as has been said, headed straight for Sherrill’s [Sherrald’s] Ford by way <strong>of</strong> Ramseur’s where<br />
Cornwallis by march<strong>in</strong>g due north, with equal celerity might have me <strong>and</strong> destroyed his depleted <strong>and</strong> much<br />
<strong>in</strong>ferior army.” 1981<br />
Treacy: “From <strong>the</strong> 19 th to <strong>the</strong> 22 nd Cornwallis marched thirty-one miles. From <strong>the</strong> 22 nd to <strong>the</strong> 25 th he marched<br />
thirty-six miles, only five miles better than previous days, despite his hav<strong>in</strong>g lightened his tra<strong>in</strong> somewhat by <strong>the</strong><br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> women <strong>and</strong> heavy baggage under <strong>the</strong> escort <strong>of</strong> Brigadier General Howard with orders to<br />
follow after more slowly.” 1982<br />
20 January. Greene, from his camp on <strong>the</strong> Peedee near Cheraw, wrote to Benjam<strong>in</strong> Harrison that, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Morgan’s <strong>and</strong> Lee’s detachments, he had: 700 to 800 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia troops, “only have about 9 months to serve,” <strong>and</strong><br />
more than half were “little less than naked,” 200 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>and</strong> 3 rd Regiments <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia cavalry; not more than<br />
two-thirds <strong>of</strong> which last were <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field due to lack <strong>of</strong> equipment; upwards <strong>of</strong> 1,000 Maryl<strong>and</strong> troops; 240 <strong>of</strong><br />
Lee’s Legion; a half full <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> artillery under Col. Charles Harrison; <strong>and</strong> a (North Carol<strong>in</strong>a) state artillery<br />
unit, but whose term <strong>of</strong> service would be over <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g day or two. “North <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a have not a<br />
man <strong>in</strong> field except militia <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> greater part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se Volunteers. General [Edward] Stevens with <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
Militia is on <strong>the</strong> march home [escort<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Cowpens prisoners] all except 80 who are to cont<strong>in</strong>ue 2 months<br />
longer. There is one Company <strong>of</strong> Artillery belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Regiment <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Col. [Charles]<br />
1974 The mouth <strong>of</strong> Turkey Creek, a tributary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Broad River, is about six miles downstream from where both <strong>the</strong> Pacelot <strong>and</strong><br />
Bullock’s Creek flow <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Broad. Cornwallis <strong>the</strong>n was camped a few miles up creek from <strong>the</strong> river. K<strong>in</strong>g’s Creek, which flows<br />
westward <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Broad River is just a couple miles east <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>.<br />
1975 Cornwallis hav<strong>in</strong>g learned <strong>the</strong> hard way <strong>the</strong> cost <strong>of</strong> advanc<strong>in</strong>g to conquest without proper <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>in</strong> his<br />
earlier foray <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a; so that, as Tarleton states: “Earl Cornwallis employed various measures, <strong>in</strong> order to acquire<br />
daily <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> to obta<strong>in</strong> a <strong>com</strong>petent knowledge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country [N.C.] <strong>in</strong> his front. No<br />
expence was spared to learn <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> roads, <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mills, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> quantities <strong>of</strong> forage <strong>and</strong> provisions,<br />
between Broad river <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba. This <strong>in</strong>formation was peculiarly necessary for a general who was about to <strong>in</strong>vade a<br />
prov<strong>in</strong>ce not remarkable for its fertility, <strong>and</strong> which has no navigable rivers to convey supplies to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terior parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
country.” TCS pp. 208-209.<br />
1976 AR81 pp. 57-58, SCP3 p. 252, NGP7 p. 179n, TCS pp. 222-223, CAR pp. 259-260, GHA4 pp. 37-39, SAW2 pp. 239-240, JLG1 pp.<br />
369-370, 387-390, LCC pp. 99-100, SNC pp. 228-231, MSC2 pp. 92n-93n. In contrast to some o<strong>the</strong>rs (particularly William<br />
Johnson), Henry Lee IV takes issue with those who would fault Cornwallis for not catch<strong>in</strong>g Morgan, LCC pp. 99-100.<br />
1977 Yet see 23-31 January.<br />
1978 TCS pp. 222-223.<br />
1979 SJM.<br />
1980 SNC p. 231.<br />
1981 WAR2 pp. 764-755.<br />
1982 TPY p. 122.<br />
368
Harrison little more than half full. There is also some State artillery but <strong>the</strong>ir time <strong>of</strong> service is out <strong>in</strong> a day or<br />
two. We have no Magaz<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> provisions <strong>and</strong> very few stores <strong>of</strong> any k<strong>in</strong>d; nor have I a shill<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> money to help<br />
myself.” Greene fur<strong>the</strong>r stated <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> troops terms <strong>of</strong> service were “for <strong>the</strong> war,” but this was not quite<br />
true as <strong>the</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> service for different parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> troops varied somewhat. The Delaware Regt.,<br />
which Greene did not list, but apparently <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> his total <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Troops, were, however, serv<strong>in</strong>g “for<br />
<strong>the</strong> war.” Also, about this time, half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, under Buford, would have gone home for lack<br />
<strong>of</strong> clo<strong>the</strong>s, but a supply convoy did <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y stayed. The terms <strong>of</strong> enlistment for <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia<br />
with Greene expired by early February. 1983<br />
20 January. Cornwallis reached Saunders’ Plantation. 1984<br />
21 January. Maj. James Craig sailed from Charlestown with an expedition to take Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. In a dispatch <strong>of</strong> 25<br />
January sent to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, Balfour reported Craig’s expedition sail<strong>in</strong>g on this date <strong>in</strong> three gallies convoyed by <strong>the</strong><br />
ships Blonde, Otter <strong>and</strong> Delight. The <strong>in</strong>vasion cont<strong>in</strong>gent was <strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> six <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 82 nd Regt., <strong>of</strong><br />
210 rank <strong>and</strong> file, plus <strong>the</strong> convalescent’s <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ army <strong>and</strong> a small detachment <strong>of</strong> artillery, “mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
whole near three hundred men; he has likewise two Threes <strong>and</strong> Two Iron Six Pounders & artillery stores <strong>and</strong><br />
frames for batteries <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g post…” 1985 See 28-29 January.<br />
21 January. [capture] Camden Escort (York County?, S.C.)<br />
From <strong>the</strong> petition <strong>of</strong> loyalist (Lt.) Robert Phillips: “When Charlestown surrendered, he went <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> country to<br />
look after his family <strong>and</strong> property, but f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> Loyalists were harassed by <strong>the</strong> Rebels, he rejo<strong>in</strong>ed his<br />
former Colonel <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jackson Creek regiment, <strong>and</strong> was made prisoner with many o<strong>the</strong>rs while scout<strong>in</strong>g for<br />
Colonel Tarleton’s men toward Camden (Col. John Phillips was captured also.) on 21 Jan. 1781”<br />
From petition <strong>of</strong> John McKeon (or McKeown): “21 Jan 1781, When escort<strong>in</strong>g wounded men towards Camden,<br />
under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. Phillips, he was taken prisoner <strong>and</strong> carried from one jail to ano<strong>the</strong>r [he was<br />
exchanged at Philadelphia on 14 March 1782.]”<br />
Petition <strong>of</strong> Daniel Huffman: “He was conduct<strong>in</strong>g wounded men from Turkey Creek, Camden, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> Colonel John Phillips…on 21 Jan 1781, when his whole party was taken prisoner <strong>and</strong> carried <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia…” 1986<br />
21 January. Cornwallis camped at Buffalo Creek, nor<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> Cowpens <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Broad River,<br />
<strong>and</strong> just to <strong>the</strong> north <strong>of</strong> Cherokee Ford. Here he learned that Morgan was at Gilbertown. 1987<br />
21 January. Morgan forded <strong>the</strong> Little Catawba at Ramseur’s Mills. 1988<br />
22 January. 90 <strong>of</strong> Lee’s Legion Infantry under Capta<strong>in</strong>s Patrick Carnes <strong>and</strong> Michael Rudulph, after reach<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Marion’s camp at Snow’s Isl<strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 22 nd , were taken by boats (steered <strong>and</strong> guided by Marion’s men) n<strong>in</strong>ety<br />
miles to an isl<strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> W<strong>in</strong>yah Bay, at <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee River; which <strong>the</strong>y reach on <strong>the</strong> 24 th<br />
(some accounts say <strong>the</strong> 23 rd .) They <strong>the</strong>n concealed <strong>the</strong>mselves on <strong>the</strong> isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> preparation for a water borne<br />
assault on Georgetown; while Lee <strong>and</strong> Marion with <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir forces made <strong>the</strong>ir approach by l<strong>and</strong>. 1989<br />
22 January. Col. Thomas Farmer on this date was at Salisbury with 310 N.C. militia men, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g “Officers,<br />
Soldiers, <strong>and</strong> Wagoners,” <strong>and</strong> prepar<strong>in</strong>g to jo<strong>in</strong> Brig. Gen. Davidson. He also had with him seven wagons<br />
conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g: 2400 cartridges, 240 muskets, 138 bayonets, 115 cartridge boxes, forty n<strong>in</strong>e knapsacks, 35 pots, 12<br />
axes <strong>and</strong> 36 fl<strong>in</strong>ts. Farmer was later with <strong>the</strong> troops hold<strong>in</strong>gs Beattie’s Ford on January 31. Davidson reported to<br />
Morgan that his own men were badly <strong>in</strong> need <strong>of</strong> fl<strong>in</strong>ts; a problem Farmer evidently suffered from as well. On <strong>the</strong><br />
24 th , Davidson, <strong>in</strong> Charlotte where he was assembl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> militia, wrote Morgan: “Just now my Quarter Master<br />
returned from Capta<strong>in</strong> Marbury, to whom I sent an order for fl<strong>in</strong>ts, <strong>and</strong> found he has not any. 300 militia <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
from <strong>the</strong> District jo<strong>in</strong>s me, who are all want<strong>in</strong>g fl<strong>in</strong>ts. If you have any that you possibly can spare until I can<br />
write <strong>and</strong> have a return from Gen. Greene, shall replace <strong>the</strong>m. Cannot hear where you are…” Davidson, by that<br />
time had about 200-300 <strong>and</strong> still awaited Farmer. 1990<br />
On this same date (<strong>the</strong> 22 nd ), Davidson wrote to Morgan from Charlotte: “…I hope Major [Joseph] McDowell &<br />
<strong>the</strong> volunteers (his 120) answered <strong>the</strong> Character I gave you <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. The Militia care <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> fast to this place,<br />
aga<strong>in</strong> Wednesday or Thursday I shall be ready to march with a considerable number <strong>of</strong> pretty good men<br />
whenever it may be proper, <strong>and</strong> several Gentlemen from <strong>the</strong> Country have <strong>of</strong>fered to embody <strong>the</strong> Militia that<br />
are at home to conduct <strong>the</strong> prisoners to any place that may be directed. If you th<strong>in</strong>k well <strong>of</strong> this I’ll thank you to<br />
let me know by <strong>the</strong> bearer, Parson McCaull, as I have men here from every Company who can carry dispatches<br />
[sic] for <strong>the</strong> purpose immediately. I th<strong>in</strong>k I shall have 600 men at <strong>the</strong> place <strong>of</strong> rendezvous.”<br />
1983 NGP7 pp. 110, 162, MLW4A pp. 350-351.<br />
1984 LOB part III, STL.<br />
1985 ATR81a p. 148, BLB pp. 10, 11-14, NGP7 p. 237 .<br />
1986 CLS p. 157.<br />
1987 BRG p. 338, WCO p. 275.<br />
1988 TPY pp. 117, 125.<br />
1989 LMS pp. 223-224, BSF p. 135.<br />
1990 NGP7 pp. 169-170, 228.<br />
369
23 January. Henry Nase <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt. at Georgetown: “Jany. 23rd. 1781 Ensn. Budd Return’d<br />
with <strong>the</strong> party under his Comm<strong>and</strong>. [sic] from a Successful Cruize, hav<strong>in</strong>g retaken Colo. Gordon[’]s Sloop & Kill’d<br />
& wounded 20 Rebels, with no o<strong>the</strong>r Damage than, Colo. Gordon recg. [receiv<strong>in</strong>g] a Ball, <strong>in</strong> his Shoulder.” 1991<br />
23 January. Brig. Gen. Benedict, at Portsmouth, VA. Arnold to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “The l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> works begun, which are<br />
necessary for <strong>the</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> this place, your Excellency will observe (by <strong>the</strong> plan <strong>in</strong>closed [sic] are very<br />
extensive, <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> it, cannot be contracted. The eng<strong>in</strong>eer’s op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> number<br />
<strong>of</strong> men necessary for <strong>the</strong>ir defence, aga<strong>in</strong>st a superior force, I do myself <strong>the</strong> honour to <strong>in</strong>close. Lieutenantcolonels<br />
Dundas <strong>and</strong> Simcoe, are clearly <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion with me, that three thous<strong>and</strong> men are necessary for <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
defence. We have all been greatly deceived <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> extent <strong>and</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ground. There are many places <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> river much easier defended with half <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> men. From <strong>the</strong> sketch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> place your Excellency will<br />
judge whe<strong>the</strong>r our op<strong>in</strong>ion is well founded or not.<br />
“This prov<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, are collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> militia, undoubtedly with a view to pay us a visit. Their<br />
numbers, from <strong>the</strong> best <strong>in</strong>formation I can obta<strong>in</strong>, are four thous<strong>and</strong> or five thous<strong>and</strong>. At present I can hardly<br />
imag<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong>y will attack this post, though <strong>the</strong> works are <strong>of</strong> no manner <strong>of</strong> service to us; <strong>and</strong> all our force cannot<br />
<strong>com</strong>plete <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> three months: I <strong>the</strong>refore th<strong>in</strong>k it my duty to request a re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> at least two thous<strong>and</strong><br />
men, which would render <strong>the</strong> post permanent <strong>and</strong> secure aga<strong>in</strong>st any force <strong>the</strong> country could br<strong>in</strong>g, as<br />
detachments could always be made (leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> garrison secure) to disperse <strong>the</strong> militia, whenever it was found<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were collect<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> advantages <strong>of</strong> transportation, which we may derive from light boats (<strong>of</strong> which I<br />
propose to build fifty) would enable us to move with double <strong>the</strong> celerity, that <strong>the</strong> militia could do with every<br />
exertion.<br />
“The country people have not <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong> numbers, as I expected; <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> General Leslie’s remov<strong>in</strong>g<br />
from this place, after <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g assured <strong>of</strong> his <strong>in</strong>tention to rema<strong>in</strong> here, has impressed <strong>the</strong>m with <strong>the</strong> idea that<br />
we shall do <strong>the</strong> same; which is not easily effaced, as <strong>the</strong>y have many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m suffered severely s<strong>in</strong>ce his<br />
departure. I have not with certa<strong>in</strong>ty been <strong>in</strong>formed where he is at present -- Reports, which are contradictory,<br />
say at Cape Fear; o<strong>the</strong>rs that he is at Charles-town; <strong>and</strong> some say at nei<strong>the</strong>r. I know not what op<strong>in</strong>ion to form;<br />
nei<strong>the</strong>r have I heard from Lord Cornwallis, but by reports, which say he is at or near Camden -- No opportunity<br />
has yet presented <strong>of</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g to ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se gentlemen -- but I am <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion our diversion at Richmond will<br />
operate much <strong>in</strong> his favour, as I am <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>and</strong> light-horse, sent to re<strong>in</strong>force <strong>the</strong> rebel army, under<br />
Greene, have been ordered to return.” 1992<br />
23 January. Cornwallis arrived at Tryon Court House; while <strong>the</strong> “Scottish Travel Log” lists “K<strong>in</strong>g Creek” for its<br />
entry. 1993<br />
23 January (also 24 January.) Hav<strong>in</strong>g traversed sixty miles <strong>of</strong> difficult ground, <strong>and</strong> encumbered with baggage <strong>and</strong><br />
prisoners taken at Cowpens, Morgan’s detachment f<strong>in</strong>ally atta<strong>in</strong>ed Sherrald’s Ford which <strong>the</strong>y crossed. The river<br />
reportedly rose just afterward to prevent British pursuit. They <strong>the</strong>n camped on <strong>the</strong> east bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba<br />
<strong>and</strong> rested. The prisoners <strong>and</strong> baggage passed <strong>the</strong> river some seventeen miles fur<strong>the</strong>r north at Isl<strong>and</strong> Ford. 1994<br />
<strong>War</strong>d: “Even when he did start, he went <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> wrong direction. Th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g that Morgan, dazzled by his success,<br />
would hold his ground near <strong>the</strong> Broad River or perhaps make an attempt on N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, Cornwallis marched<br />
north-west toward <strong>the</strong> Little Broad River to cut him <strong>of</strong>f. But Morgan, as we have seen, had headed straight for<br />
Sherrill’s [Sherrald’s] Ford by way <strong>of</strong> Ramseur’s Mill at which po<strong>in</strong>t Cornwallis by march<strong>in</strong>g due north with equal<br />
celerity might have met <strong>and</strong> destroyed his opponents depleted <strong>and</strong> much <strong>in</strong>ferior army.” 1995<br />
24 January. Cornwallis reached Ramseur’s Mill, at <strong>the</strong> south fork <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba, hav<strong>in</strong>g traversed thirty-one<br />
miles <strong>in</strong> three days. He rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Ramseur’s an additional six days; dur<strong>in</strong>g which time, <strong>and</strong> after some<br />
difficult deliberation, he resolved on a full-scale <strong>in</strong>vasion <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Wickwire, Cornwallis’ biographer,<br />
(<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> contrast to Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton) argues that <strong>the</strong> move was a sound decision under <strong>the</strong> circumstances;<br />
<strong>in</strong>asmuch as rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> S.C. would not have ga<strong>in</strong>ed more British support. At <strong>the</strong> same time, rally<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalists <strong>in</strong> N.C. was all important, <strong>and</strong> unless <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals were defeated this would be very difficult if not<br />
impossible to effect. 1996<br />
As far back as 6 Aug., Cornwallis had written Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “It may be doubyed by some whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>vasion <strong>of</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a may be a prudent measure, but I am conv<strong>in</strong>ced it is a necessary one <strong>and</strong> that, if we do not attack that<br />
prov<strong>in</strong>ce, we must give up both South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia <strong>and</strong> retire with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> walls <strong>of</strong> Charlestown.” 1997<br />
Cornwallis to Rawdon, 25 January: “My situation is most critical. I see <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ite danger <strong>in</strong> proceed<strong>in</strong>g, but certa<strong>in</strong><br />
ru<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> retreat<strong>in</strong>g. I am <strong>the</strong>refore determ<strong>in</strong>ed to go on, unless some misfortune should happen to you, which God<br />
forbid.” 1998<br />
1991 NDI.<br />
1992 COC pp. 61-62.<br />
1993 LOB part III, STL, WCO p. 147.<br />
1994 NGP7 p. 243, RSC2 pp. 205-206, MLW4A p. 349, JLG1 pp. 387, 405-408, BRG pp. 339-340, TPY pp. 117, 125.<br />
1995 WDC p. 384.<br />
1996 AR81 pp. 58-59, TCS pp. 223, 261, CAR p. 259-260, JLG1 p. 405, BRG p. 338, WCO p. 276.<br />
1997 SCP1 p. 177.<br />
1998 WCO p. 275, Jan. 25, 1781, PRO. 30/11/84, ff.83-84.<br />
370
Treacy: “He [Cornwallis] had sent <strong>the</strong> cavalry across <strong>the</strong> Little Catawba on January 25 to scout <strong>the</strong> enemy. This<br />
was <strong>the</strong> detachment Morgan took for <strong>the</strong> whole army. However, <strong>the</strong> horseman, hav<strong>in</strong>g ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed that Morgan<br />
was on <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ford, tamely turned around <strong>and</strong> returned to <strong>the</strong> shelter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British camp.” 1999<br />
24-25 January (also given as 22-23 January). [raid] Georgetown (Georgetown County, S.C.) In <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
24 th , <strong>in</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>rance <strong>of</strong> a plan orig<strong>in</strong>ally suggested to Greene by Marion, 2000 <strong>the</strong> latter <strong>and</strong> Lee made a two<br />
pronged surprise assault on Georgetown; 2001 one group, Marion’s men, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g by l<strong>and</strong>; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r group, <strong>the</strong><br />
Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry under Capt. Patrick Carnes -- which made up <strong>the</strong> advanced attack -- approach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> town by<br />
boat; <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from an isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> river where <strong>the</strong>y had hid <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early morn<strong>in</strong>g hours <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 rd .<br />
The Georgetown garrison was made up <strong>of</strong> about 200 or 300, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Col. George Campbell, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
some K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt., <strong>and</strong> at least 15 Queen’s Rangers cavalry <strong>and</strong> 20 o<strong>the</strong>r mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry. 2002 The<br />
town was protected by a small redoubt with cannon, but most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men were <strong>in</strong> houses. Initially, Campbell<br />
<strong>and</strong> a few o<strong>the</strong>rs were taken prisoner (<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n paroled), <strong>and</strong> a trap was set for <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g force. However,<br />
<strong>the</strong> loyalists barricaded <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> houses. Had <strong>the</strong>y assailed <strong>the</strong> redoubt, Lee <strong>and</strong> Marion might <strong>the</strong>n<br />
have taken <strong>the</strong> cannon <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>and</strong> used <strong>the</strong>m on <strong>the</strong> structures. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>y did not want to risk<br />
unnecessary losses <strong>and</strong> so ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong> idea. Campbell <strong>and</strong> those taken were paroled, 2003 <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> attackers<br />
withdrew, subsequently camp<strong>in</strong>g at Murry’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Santee. The losses were about equal. The Americans<br />
claimed <strong>the</strong>ir own casualties as 3 killed, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British reported <strong>the</strong>ir own as about <strong>the</strong> same. 2004<br />
Henry Nase: “January 25 th 1781 -- About four o[’]Clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g Rebel Colo. Lee, Surprized [sic] <strong>the</strong><br />
Garrison <strong>of</strong> G. Town [Georgetown], <strong>in</strong> which Colo. Campbell, Ensn. Young & Adjt. Crookshank were made<br />
Prisoner, <strong>the</strong> latter was Dangerously wounded.” 2005<br />
Balfour wrote to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, on 31 January: “[Lee <strong>and</strong> Marion] failed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Object, made Prisoners <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col.<br />
Campbell & one or two o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s Corps [<strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment], who <strong>the</strong>y immediately<br />
Paroled -- <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r respects <strong>the</strong> loss was <strong>in</strong>considerable <strong>and</strong> nearly equal. Two or three be<strong>in</strong>g killed on each<br />
side.” 2006<br />
Lee: “Colonel [George] Campbell <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> this town, with a garrison <strong>of</strong> two hundred men. In his front he<br />
had prepared some slight defence, better calculated to repel a sudden, than resist a determ<strong>in</strong>ed assault.<br />
Between <strong>the</strong>se defences <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, <strong>and</strong> contiguous to each, was an enclosed work with a fraise <strong>and</strong> palisade,<br />
which constituted his chief protection. A subaltern guard held it. The rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops were dispersed <strong>in</strong> light<br />
parties <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> near <strong>the</strong> town, look<strong>in</strong>g toward <strong>the</strong> country. The plan <strong>of</strong> assault was found upon <strong>the</strong> facility with<br />
which <strong>the</strong> assailant might convey down <strong>the</strong> Pedee [Peedee] a part <strong>of</strong> his force undiscovered, <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
water suburb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town. After this body should have reached <strong>the</strong> wharves, it was to move <strong>in</strong> two divisions. The<br />
first was to force <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant’s quarters, known to be <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> place <strong>of</strong> parade, <strong>the</strong>n to secure him, <strong>and</strong> all<br />
who might flock thi<strong>the</strong>r on <strong>the</strong> alarm. The second was to be charged with <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terception <strong>of</strong> such <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
garrison as might attempt to ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort, <strong>the</strong>ir chief po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> safety or annoyance. The militia <strong>and</strong> cavalry <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Legion, under Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee, were to approach near <strong>the</strong> town <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night; <strong>and</strong> when <strong>the</strong> entrance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry, passed down by water, should be announced, <strong>the</strong>y were to rush <strong>in</strong>to it for cooperation <strong>and</strong> support.” 2007<br />
Garden: “Although <strong>the</strong> flight <strong>of</strong> a guide who had engaged to conduct Capta<strong>in</strong> [James] Armstrong <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
dragoons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion to a po<strong>in</strong>t, which would have effectually prevented <strong>the</strong> British Soldiers, who had escaped<br />
<strong>the</strong> Legionary Infantry, from reach<strong>in</strong>g a redoubt that afforded perfect security, had given ample grounds for <strong>the</strong><br />
suspicion <strong>of</strong> treachery <strong>and</strong> disconcerted <strong>the</strong> plans that had promised <strong>the</strong> most perfect triumph; yet advantages<br />
arose from it <strong>of</strong> considerable consequence to <strong>the</strong> American cause. Colonel [George] Campbell, <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>ant,<br />
was taken, <strong>and</strong> about seventy men ei<strong>the</strong>r killed or taken prisoners. It [<strong>the</strong> expedition aga<strong>in</strong>st Georgetown]<br />
conv<strong>in</strong>ced <strong>the</strong> British, that however great <strong>the</strong> distance by which <strong>the</strong>y were removed from <strong>the</strong> enemy, (<strong>the</strong><br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army be<strong>in</strong>g, at <strong>the</strong> period <strong>of</strong> attack, on <strong>the</strong> borders <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a) that <strong>the</strong>y were still<br />
vulnerable, <strong>and</strong> at every moment subject to attack. It checked <strong>the</strong>ir maraud<strong>in</strong>g, predatory expeditions, gave<br />
<strong>com</strong>parative security to <strong>the</strong> oppressed <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir vic<strong>in</strong>ity, <strong>and</strong> to <strong>the</strong>mselves, full assurance, that to be<br />
1999 TPY p. 123 (cit<strong>in</strong>g Morgan to Greene, Jan. 25, 1781), GDM pp. 335-336.<br />
2000 Greene had fur<strong>the</strong>r wanted to exp<strong>and</strong> upon it by hav<strong>in</strong>g Marion attack Watson near Nelson’s Ferry (regard<strong>in</strong>g which latter<br />
proposal Marion had expressed grave doubts); while send<strong>in</strong>g Morgan to threaten <strong>the</strong> western British outposts. Essentially,<br />
Marion’s idea as developed, but never realized, by Greene, <strong>and</strong> with some <strong>in</strong>dependently arrived at <strong>in</strong>put furnished by Henry<br />
Lee, was one <strong>of</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> distract<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a so as to prevent or forestall his mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. JLG1<br />
pp. 361-362, LCC pp. 75-89. Henry Lee IV notes that his fa<strong>the</strong>r’s orig<strong>in</strong>al orders from Greene allowed him <strong>the</strong> option <strong>of</strong> attack<strong>in</strong>g<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r Watson’s corps situated just north <strong>of</strong> Nelson’s Ferry or else Georgetown; with <strong>the</strong> latter, <strong>of</strong> course, be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> one f<strong>in</strong>ally<br />
chosen. LCC pp. 83-84.<br />
2001 For a description, by Balfour, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> defenses <strong>of</strong> Georgetown, see SCP3 p. 100.<br />
2002 Some time prior to <strong>the</strong> attack, Balfour had sent a detachment <strong>of</strong> Queen’s Rangers which brought <strong>the</strong> garrison to 300, as<br />
Henry Lee estimated <strong>in</strong> a letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> 27 January. In his memoirs, however, Lee gives <strong>the</strong> garrison’s strength as 200.<br />
NGP7 pp. 206, 207n., LMS p. 223-224.<br />
2003 After Campbell was taken <strong>and</strong> paroled, Major James Grant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt. became <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er at Georgetown.<br />
Yet on 10 February, Capt. John Saunders was appo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> his place. 2003<br />
2004 NDI, GDH2 pp. 15-16, GHA4 p. 32, The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical And Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. July 1917, p. 134,<br />
MMS2 pp. 230-231, LMS p. 223-225, JLG1 pp. 358-360, GAR1 pp. 156-157, LCC pp. 72-79, JFM pp. 37-38, MSC2 pp. 82-83, 86-89,<br />
RBG p. 140, BSF pp. 135-137.<br />
2005 NDI<br />
2006 BLB p. 20, NGP7 p. 198n.<br />
2007 LMS p. 223.<br />
371
safe, <strong>the</strong>y must cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>in</strong>active, <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong> with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> limits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Garrison. It is pleas<strong>in</strong>g to me, to record<br />
<strong>the</strong> s<strong>in</strong>gular gallantry <strong>of</strong> a most meritorious Soldier, who, on this occasion, ga<strong>in</strong>ed high renown.” 2008<br />
25 January. Pickens was promoted to Brigadier General by Gov. John Rutledge. 2009<br />
25 January. Remnants <strong>of</strong> Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens’ Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia, whose time <strong>of</strong> service had expired, left<br />
Greene’s camp at Hick’s Creek on <strong>the</strong>ir way to pick up <strong>the</strong> prisoners captured at Cowpens. After secur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y <strong>the</strong>n made <strong>the</strong>ir return march home, while escort<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> captives <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia for safekeep<strong>in</strong>g. 2010<br />
25-27 January. Cornwallis, at Ramseur’s Mill, destroyed most <strong>of</strong> his baggage, <strong>in</strong> an effort was made to transform<br />
his whole army <strong>in</strong>to a light corps. He spent two days collect<strong>in</strong>g flour, destroy<strong>in</strong>g seem<strong>in</strong>gly superfluous<br />
encumbrances (<strong>in</strong>cluded rum <strong>and</strong> much food), <strong>and</strong> “all my wagons, except those loaded with hospital stores,<br />
salt, ammunition, <strong>and</strong> four reserved empty <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess for sick or wounded.” 2011 States William Johnson, “By <strong>the</strong><br />
destruction <strong>of</strong> his baggage <strong>and</strong> waggons, he was enabled to not only double his teams, but to mount a<br />
considerable body <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry.” Yet, he goes on to add that, Cornwallis could have caught Morgan if he had not<br />
halted. Schenck <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs also remark that at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ stay at Ramseur’s possibly as many as 250<br />
<strong>of</strong> his Lordship’s troops, particularly German soldiers from <strong>the</strong> von Bose Regt., deserted to <strong>the</strong> nearby German<br />
<strong>com</strong>munity or elsewhere; even <strong>the</strong> guards were reduced by one eighth dur<strong>in</strong>g this pause. Although 250 seems an<br />
extremely large <strong>and</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r unlikely figure; none<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong>re would seem to have been unusually high degree <strong>of</strong><br />
desertion while or about <strong>the</strong> same time as this relatively brief spell spent at Ramseur’s. Treacy, for his part,<br />
speaks <strong>of</strong> this cunctation as sav<strong>in</strong>g Morgan’s detachment. 2012<br />
Brig. Gen. Charles O’Hara to (<strong>the</strong> 3 rd ) Duke <strong>of</strong> Grafton, 20 April 1781: “In this situation, without baggage,<br />
necessaries, or provisions <strong>of</strong> any sort for <strong>of</strong>ficer or soldier, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most barren <strong>in</strong>hospitable, unhealthy part <strong>of</strong><br />
North America, opposed to <strong>the</strong> most savage, <strong>in</strong>veterate, perfidious, cruel enemy, with zeal <strong>and</strong> with bayonets<br />
only, it was resolved to follow Greene’s army to <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world.” 2013<br />
25-26 January. Some <strong>of</strong> Arnold’s artillerymen with some wagons were ambuscaded outside Norfolk while<br />
forag<strong>in</strong>g. Simcoe, with 17 jaegers <strong>and</strong> Queen’s Rangers, was sent out <strong>in</strong> very heavy ra<strong>in</strong> to f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>and</strong> retake those<br />
captured, but, due to <strong>the</strong> extremely bad wea<strong>the</strong>r, with limited success; discover<strong>in</strong>g only one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lost party, a<br />
British young <strong>of</strong>ficer “dreadfully mangled <strong>and</strong> mortally wounded.” 2014<br />
27-28 January. It ra<strong>in</strong>ed heavily on 27 <strong>and</strong> 28 January (<strong>in</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>ast N.C.), <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> 29 th <strong>the</strong> Catawba was<br />
flooded. In <strong>the</strong> meantime, all <strong>of</strong> its fords, for more than forty miles from its fork, were seized <strong>and</strong> occupied by<br />
<strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia. Morgan had ordered Davidson to Beattie’s Ford. The latter had 500 men, yet 250 <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se were without fl<strong>in</strong>ts. An additional 310 men, under Col. Thomas Farmer, however, jo<strong>in</strong>ed Davidson <strong>the</strong><br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g day (<strong>the</strong> 29 th .) 2015<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “The pursuit by Cornwallis had been keen <strong>and</strong> untir<strong>in</strong>g. He had kept between <strong>the</strong> Broad <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Catawba Rivers, <strong>and</strong> his sole efforts were to reach <strong>the</strong> fords toward which Morgan was press<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> time to cut<br />
him <strong>of</strong>f. Morgan’s march was equally rapid, <strong>and</strong> he crossed <strong>the</strong> Catawba at <strong>the</strong> Isl<strong>and</strong> Ford, on <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
border <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present L<strong>in</strong>coln County, with his prisoners <strong>and</strong> baggage, two hours before <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
van-guard, under Brigadier-general O’Hara [Jan. 28, 1781]. It was sunset, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> earl, confident <strong>of</strong> his prey,<br />
postponed fur<strong>the</strong>r pursuit until morn<strong>in</strong>g. This delay was fatal to his success. Ra<strong>in</strong> fell copiously dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
night, 2016 <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Catawba was brimful, <strong>and</strong> entirely unfordable. Thus it rema<strong>in</strong>ed for forty-eight<br />
hours; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mean while Morgan’s prisoners were sent forward to a place <strong>of</strong> safety, <strong>and</strong> measures were<br />
adopted to dispute <strong>the</strong> passage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river with <strong>the</strong> British. Had <strong>the</strong> flood <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> river happened a few hours<br />
earlier, Morgan’s little army must have been lost. The event was properly marked by <strong>the</strong> friends <strong>of</strong> liberty as <strong>the</strong><br />
tangible <strong>in</strong>terposition <strong>of</strong> Providence. The arrival <strong>of</strong> Greene, at this juncture, was equally providential; for<br />
Morgan had resolved upon a l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> retreat which must have proved fatal. Greene <strong>in</strong>terposed counter orders, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> whole army was saved.” 2017<br />
28 January. Greene, with only a s<strong>in</strong>gle aide, a cavalry sergeant <strong>and</strong> a guide ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g him, left his Peedee<br />
camp <strong>and</strong> rode to jo<strong>in</strong> Morgan’s detachment at Sherrald’s Ford on <strong>the</strong> east bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba. Morgan at first<br />
expressed to him, almost to <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>subord<strong>in</strong>ation (says Ramsay <strong>and</strong> Lee), his determ<strong>in</strong>aion to retreat with<br />
his prisoners over <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s, but was f<strong>in</strong>ally dissuaded from this by Greene to cont<strong>in</strong>ue on his way to<br />
regroup with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army. 2018 The latter, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Morgan, by this date <strong>and</strong> accord<strong>in</strong>g to William<br />
2008 GAR1 p. 156.<br />
2009 NGP7 p. 203n.<br />
2010 NGP7 p. 196n, MLW4A pp. 350-351.<br />
2011 Cornwallis to Germa<strong>in</strong>, 17 March 1781.<br />
2012 LOB, part III, STL, RCO p. 174, RSC2 pp. 205-206, TCS p. 223, GHA4 p. 37, SAW2 pp. 326-327, MLW4A p. 350, JLG1 pp. 389-<br />
390, 405-406, 417, WAR2 p. 765, BRG pp. 339-341, TPY p. 124, WCO p. 276, BLO p. 89.<br />
2013 Quoted <strong>in</strong> Wickwire, see WCO p. 278 (O’Hara to Duke <strong>of</strong> Grafton, Apr. 20, 1781, Grafton Papers Ac. 423/191.)<br />
2014 SQR pp. 171-172.<br />
2015 NGP7 p. 211, TCS p. 225, JLG1 p. 390, LFB2 p. 392.<br />
2016 Joseph Graham, who was present <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region at <strong>the</strong> time, denies that it was ra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g at this time. See 28 Jan. below where<br />
he is quoted. GAM1 pp. 369-370.<br />
2017 LFB2 p. 392.<br />
2018 RSC2 p. 206, LMS p. 583. Despite Lee’s provid<strong>in</strong>g a seem<strong>in</strong>gly corroborat<strong>in</strong>g anecdote <strong>and</strong> quote from Greene to Morgan on<br />
<strong>the</strong> occasion, William Johnson’s denies Morgan’s alleged recalcitrance or <strong>the</strong>re hav<strong>in</strong>g been any dispute with Greene, JLG1 pp.<br />
408-409.<br />
372
Johnson’s estimate numbered 1426 <strong>in</strong>fantry, 47 artillerists, 230 cavalry, <strong>and</strong> about 400 militia (whose numbers<br />
fluctuated.) 2019<br />
McCrady (who tends to be critical <strong>of</strong> Greene <strong>in</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> Sumter): “This was <strong>in</strong>deed a most extraord<strong>in</strong>ary step<br />
to have taken after six days <strong>of</strong> hesitation <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>decision. Why he [Greene] should have deemed it so necessary to<br />
ab<strong>and</strong>on his ma<strong>in</strong> army <strong>and</strong> leave it under Huger, to jo<strong>in</strong> Morgan with his detachment, as to warrant this mad<br />
ride [near <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> part through Tory country], it is difficult to imag<strong>in</strong>e.” 2020<br />
28 January. Cornwallis re<strong>com</strong>menced his march from Ramseur’s Mill <strong>and</strong> headed toward <strong>the</strong> Catawba. He<br />
camped at Beattie’s Ford with <strong>in</strong>tent to cross but flooded waters prevented it, <strong>the</strong>n moved to Bower’s<br />
Plantation. Joseph Graham, however, disputes that flood<strong>in</strong>g affected Cornwallis’ movement at this time. 2021<br />
From Alfred Nixon’s The History <strong>of</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln County, vol. IX: “Early on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 28 th <strong>the</strong> British<br />
[Cornwallis] broke camp <strong>and</strong> marched toward Beattie’s Ford, a distance <strong>of</strong> twelve miles to Jacob Forney’s. The<br />
mov<strong>in</strong>g Britons, <strong>in</strong> scarlet uniforms with glitter<strong>in</strong>g muskets, made an impressive sight, <strong>and</strong> tradition still<br />
preserves <strong>the</strong>ir route. Jacob Forney was a thrifty farmer <strong>and</strong> well-known Whig. Here <strong>the</strong>y encamped three days,<br />
consum<strong>in</strong>g his entire stock <strong>of</strong> cattle, hogs, sheep <strong>and</strong> poultry, <strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g his horses <strong>and</strong> forty gallons <strong>of</strong> br<strong>and</strong>y.<br />
Some state that Cornwallis approached <strong>the</strong> Catawba on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 28 th , <strong>and</strong> found it considerably<br />
swollen <strong>and</strong> impassable for his <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> this caused him to fall back to Jacob Forney’s plantation.”<br />
Joseph Graham: “It is stated, by historians generally, that about, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> first <strong>of</strong> February, 1781, <strong>the</strong><br />
Catawba river was swollen, <strong>and</strong> that this was <strong>the</strong> reason why Cornwallis did not pursue Morgan more closely. The<br />
statement is erroneous. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> three days immediately preced<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>of</strong> February, my <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
cavalry, or portions <strong>of</strong> it, crossed <strong>the</strong> river at different fords; <strong>and</strong> it was not flusher <strong>of</strong> water than is usual at<br />
that season <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> year, until <strong>the</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>, which fell on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first <strong>of</strong> February. This did occasion a rise<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>, which <strong>in</strong>tercepted <strong>the</strong> British after Greene’s army had passed, on <strong>the</strong> third <strong>of</strong> February.” 2022<br />
28-29 January (also given as 1 February) [surrender] Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton (New Hanover County, N.C.) 18 vessels 2023 with<br />
300 or possibly 450 troops (Rank<strong>in</strong>’s number), mostly <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 82 nd Regt. (6 <strong>com</strong>panies strength) plus at least 26<br />
mar<strong>in</strong>es with 2 brass three-pounders <strong>and</strong> 2 iron sixes, under Major James Craig seized Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton after little or<br />
no American resistance. The primary motive for tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> seaport was to provide Cornwallis a supply source<br />
that would help support his army <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, but also, as it turned out, to provide arms <strong>and</strong> supplies to<br />
<strong>the</strong> loyalist Highl<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cape Fear River area (a proposal first <strong>in</strong>troduced to Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> October by<br />
Wemyss. See SCP2 pp. 219-220, 250.) The town had been guarded by 50 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, under Col. Henry<br />
Young. But Young withdrew before <strong>the</strong> British l<strong>and</strong>ed. 400 to 500 N.C. militia under Brig. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er<br />
Lill<strong>in</strong>gton arrived too late to prevent his l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, but did check <strong>the</strong> British from open<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>com</strong>munications with<br />
Cross Creek. Craig <strong>the</strong>n set about upgrad<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> town’s defensive works. Rank<strong>in</strong> gives <strong>the</strong> date as 1 February,<br />
<strong>and</strong> says 200 men surrendered to Craig after first spik<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 17 n<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> twelve pounders, <strong>in</strong> two batteries,<br />
protect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> town. There was an effort to remove stores <strong>of</strong> arms <strong>and</strong> munitions upriver, but all were captured<br />
or destroyed by Craig’s men; while <strong>the</strong> spiked guns would probably have been repaired. 2024<br />
Col. Thomas Brown (<strong>of</strong> Bladen County, N.C.), at Elizabethtown, on 19 February wrote Brig. Gen. Lill<strong>in</strong>gton: “I<br />
<strong>in</strong>close you Col. [James] Emmet’s [also Emmett] letter to <strong>in</strong>form you how Infamously <strong>the</strong> Newbern District hath<br />
behaved, <strong>and</strong> I am told cheafly ow<strong>in</strong>g to Capt. Thomas; I will gard <strong>the</strong> river on acct. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Baggage & as far as<br />
lies <strong>in</strong> my power, but <strong>the</strong> greatest part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> good people <strong>in</strong> this County is Engaged back aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Toryes, <strong>and</strong><br />
seems Very Loth to go Aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> British And Leive [sic] <strong>the</strong>ir Families Exposed to a set <strong>of</strong> Villians, who Dayley<br />
threatta<strong>in</strong>s [sic] <strong>the</strong>ir Destruction. I <strong>in</strong>tend set<strong>in</strong>g out for Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton on Thursday with what few I can raise; at<br />
which time you shall hear from me.” 2025<br />
From “Memor<strong>and</strong>um concern<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton” by anonymous author, dated 13 February 1781,<br />
<strong>and</strong> found among Gov. Abner Nash’s papers: “At <strong>the</strong> Constitution Hill, <strong>the</strong>re is a strong fortification which<br />
Comm<strong>and</strong>s <strong>the</strong> Town [<strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton] <strong>and</strong> its Vic<strong>in</strong>ity. Two Hills between <strong>the</strong> So. end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> old<br />
Battery is also thrown <strong>in</strong>to R. Dobbs. The N. West is also fortified with Baterrys. Garrison not over Vigilant <strong>and</strong><br />
450 by count. Inhabitants not to be depended on to <strong>the</strong> Common Cause <strong>of</strong> A. 4 Armed Vessels <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> River. Small<br />
pox <strong>in</strong> Burgu<strong>in</strong>s, Yallow Corner house near J. Walkers. No Rum for -- have arrived. Major Craig Comm<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong><br />
Capt. Ingalls <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Delight, 20 Gun Ship.” 2026<br />
29 January. Return<strong>in</strong>g from his foray aga<strong>in</strong>st Georgetown, Marion halted to regroup <strong>and</strong> refresh his men at<br />
Corde’s plantation. 2027<br />
2019 NGP7 p. 209n, GHA4 pp. 38-39, RSC2 p. 206, MMS2 p. 260, JLG1 pp. 392-394, 408-409, LCC pp. 101-104 SNC pp. 232-233,<br />
MSC2 p. 94.<br />
2020 GHA4 pp. 37-38, MSC2 p. 94. Henry Lee IV disputes this <strong>in</strong>terpretation; argu<strong>in</strong>g that Greene’s ride put him <strong>in</strong> no such grave<br />
peril. LCC pp. 101-104.<br />
2021 LOB part III, JLG1 p. 389, GAM1 pp. 369-370.<br />
2022 GAM1 pp. 369-370.<br />
2023 Includ<strong>in</strong>g at least 3 warships <strong>and</strong> 3 galleys. DRO p. 141.<br />
2024 NGP7 pp. 209, 236-237, AR81 pp. 62-63, RSC2 pp. 200-201, SCP4 pp. 27-28, 31-36, 42-44, TCS p. 230, GHA4 p. 47, JLG1 p.<br />
398, The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical And Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. July 1917, p. 135, RNC p. 320, DRO pp. 140-144.<br />
2025 CNC15 p. 423.<br />
2026 CNC15 p. 423.<br />
2027 MSC2 p. 99.<br />
373
McCrady: “Marion appears at this time to have had what were called three regiments. Of <strong>the</strong>se Peter Horry was<br />
colonel <strong>of</strong> one, with William Benison as major, <strong>and</strong> John Baxter, John Postell, Daniel Conyers, <strong>and</strong> James<br />
McCauley, capta<strong>in</strong>s. Adam McDonald was colonel <strong>of</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r, but <strong>the</strong>n be<strong>in</strong>g a prisoner, <strong>the</strong> regiment was<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh Horry. A third regiment was <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Colonel John Erv<strong>in</strong>, who<br />
resigned <strong>and</strong> was succeeded by Capta<strong>in</strong> John Baxter. Capta<strong>in</strong> William McCottry <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong><br />
riflemen but whe<strong>the</strong>r attached to one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se regiments or as an <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> does not appear. The<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g list <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> Marion s <strong>of</strong>ficers is <strong>com</strong>piled from those mentioned from time to time <strong>in</strong> James’s Life <strong>of</strong><br />
Marion: Colonels James Postell, William Harden, <strong>and</strong> Hezekiah Maham, Majors John James <strong>and</strong> Alex<strong>and</strong>er<br />
Sw<strong>in</strong>ton, Capta<strong>in</strong>s John T. Greene, Thomas Waties, Gav<strong>in</strong> Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon, Thomas Potts, -- Irby, John Simons<br />
(killed at Quimby), William Allston, Samuel Cooper, William Capers, G. S<strong>in</strong>clair Capers, John Fu<strong>the</strong>y, -- Bennett,<br />
William Clay Snipes, John Carraway Smith, Lieutenant Smizer.” 2028<br />
29 January. By <strong>the</strong> 29 th , Davidson had 800 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia with him, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se posted at Beattie’s<br />
Ford. Morgan, 2029 who himself (while leav<strong>in</strong>g his Cowpens army at Sherrald’s Ford) was with Davidson, had 200 <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> militia ordered to Tuckasegee ford; where trees were felled <strong>and</strong> ditches dug to create obstacles for <strong>the</strong><br />
British. 2030<br />
29 January. Huger left with ma<strong>in</strong> army from <strong>the</strong> Hicks Creek Camp on <strong>the</strong> Peedee to jo<strong>in</strong> Greene <strong>and</strong> Morgan;<br />
with Salisbury be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tend po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> rendezvous. Yet as events developed, <strong>the</strong> junction took place at<br />
Guilford Court House <strong>in</strong>stead. 2031<br />
29-31 January. Cornwallis camped at “Fawney’s” (Forney’s) Plantation, at 2 a.m. on <strong>the</strong> 31 st , he divided his<br />
army <strong>and</strong> marched to Cowan’s <strong>and</strong> Beattie’s Fords on <strong>the</strong> Catawba River. 2032<br />
30 January. [skirmish] First Heron’s Bridge, also Big Bridge (Pender County, N.C.) See SCP4 p. 133, DRO pp. 145-<br />
148. Described also <strong>in</strong> John Robertson’s onl<strong>in</strong>e database as “Col. Henry Young vs. Major James Craig, 30 Jan<br />
1781;” see: http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/heronsbridge.htm<br />
Craig to Cornwallis on 12 April wrote: “On our tak<strong>in</strong>g possession <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton on <strong>the</strong> 29 th <strong>of</strong> January, which <strong>in</strong><br />
conjunction with <strong>the</strong> gallies we did without opposition, I found that a body <strong>of</strong> militia had retir’d to a very strong<br />
post about ten miles <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> that several vessels loaded with provisions <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r stores had gone up <strong>the</strong> river<br />
with <strong>the</strong>m. The report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir number varied so much that I was at a loss to form any judgment <strong>of</strong> it. However,<br />
as Capta<strong>in</strong> Barkley, senior <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> navy, had at my request l<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> His Majesty’s ships with<br />
is, I did not hesitate to march immediately to endeavor at best to make ourselves masters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boats. The<br />
facility with which we drove <strong>the</strong> party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy on this side <strong>the</strong> bridge encourag’d me, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
peculiar strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ground, to attack <strong>the</strong>ir ma<strong>in</strong> body posted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most advantageous manner on <strong>the</strong><br />
opposite side. Capta<strong>in</strong>s Nesbitt <strong>and</strong> Pitcairne with <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>panies led <strong>the</strong> attack, supported by <strong>the</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>es,<br />
while <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 82 nd rema<strong>in</strong>’d to cover <strong>the</strong> bridge. After a short resistance <strong>the</strong> enemy fled <strong>and</strong> left us<br />
masters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir camp, but, be<strong>in</strong>g favour’d by <strong>the</strong> darkness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> night, a few only were kill’d <strong>and</strong> seven or<br />
eight taken. Many were wounded <strong>and</strong> went to <strong>the</strong>ir homes, as did most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der. On our side Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
Nesbitt <strong>and</strong> seven privates were wounded…The next day all <strong>the</strong> vessells [sic] fell <strong>in</strong>to our h<strong>and</strong>s. The two largest,<br />
loaded with ammunition, were burnt, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der, toge<strong>the</strong>r with a brig taken by a galley…brought here.<br />
We <strong>the</strong>n march’d between 40 <strong>and</strong> 50 miles thro’ <strong>the</strong> country, destroy<strong>in</strong>g such stores as might be <strong>of</strong> use to <strong>the</strong><br />
rebels, <strong>and</strong> arriv’d here without see<strong>in</strong>g any o<strong>the</strong>r enemy.” 2033<br />
30 January. Brig. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Lill<strong>in</strong>gton writ<strong>in</strong>g from Colston’s Mill <strong>and</strong> Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Peedee where he was<br />
build<strong>in</strong>g a redoubt to protect <strong>the</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong>re. He had arrived at Colston’s on January 14 th with some N.C.<br />
militia under him. The size <strong>of</strong> his force was orig<strong>in</strong>ally somewhat large (possibly as many as 500); as Greene had<br />
<strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>ed to him earlier about <strong>the</strong> difficulty <strong>of</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g relatively-<strong>in</strong>active militia supplied. Soon after,<br />
Lill<strong>in</strong>gton withdrew his men from Colston’s <strong>and</strong> was subsequently occupied <strong>in</strong> check<strong>in</strong>g British operations out <strong>of</strong><br />
Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton; though Colson’s was still to some extent kept operational as a site for ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g provisions for<br />
Greene’s army <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia. 2034<br />
30 January. Hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>pleted a 100 mile journey <strong>in</strong> four days Greene, alone with some staff, reached Sherrald’s<br />
Ford on <strong>the</strong> Catawba River where he found Morgan’s army -– though without Morgan himself who was with<br />
Davidson at Beattie’s Ford. 2035<br />
2028 MSC2 pp. 99n-100n.<br />
2029 His corps <strong>of</strong> light troops was at Sherrald’s Ford.<br />
2030 NGP7 pp. 212, 215-216.<br />
2031 NGP7 p. 232, GHA4 p. 38.<br />
2032 LOB part III, STL.<br />
2033 SCP4 p. 133.<br />
2034 NGP7 pp. 130, 142, 222.<br />
2035 NGP7 pp. 219n, 267, GHA4 p. 38, MLW4A p. 350, LMS pp. 232-233, JLG1 pp. 403-405, LCC pp. 101-104. Treacy: “There is<br />
some confusion as to <strong>the</strong> date <strong>of</strong> Greene’s arrival on <strong>the</strong> Catawba. Gordon, America, III p. 163 puts it at <strong>the</strong> 31 st , as does Henry<br />
Lee, Memoirs, p. 233 <strong>and</strong> Loss<strong>in</strong>g, Field-Book, II p. 391. [G.W.] Greene, Life, [v.] III, p. 154, Graham, Morgan, p. 342, <strong>and</strong><br />
Johnson, Greene, [v.] I, 403, all state it as Jan. 30. Inasmuch as Johnson also quotes at length a letter from Greene to Huger<br />
dated Jan. 30 at Sherrald’s Ford <strong>the</strong> evidence would seem to be that he was <strong>in</strong> fact <strong>the</strong>re that day.” TPY p. 221n.<br />
374
31 January. Just a few days after l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g at <strong>and</strong> occupy<strong>in</strong>g Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton (see 28 January), Craig wrested <strong>and</strong><br />
seized several ships <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity. 2036<br />
31 January (also possibly 30 January). [raids] Wadboo [also Watboo], Monck’s Corner, <strong>and</strong> Manigault’s Ferry,<br />
Reithfield. (Calhoun <strong>and</strong> Berkeley counties respectively, S.C.) On 29 January, Marion, at Corde’s Plantation,<br />
wrote to Capt. John Postell: “You will cross Santee River with twenty-five [mounted] men <strong>and</strong> make a forced<br />
march to Watboo [Wadboo], <strong>the</strong>re burn all British stores <strong>of</strong> every k<strong>in</strong>d.” He also ordered him to burn stores <strong>and</strong><br />
wagons at Monck’s Corner on his return. Postell was “to br<strong>in</strong>g no prisoners with you.” At <strong>the</strong> same time, Marion<br />
similarly ordered Major James Postell to take 40 (mounted) men <strong>and</strong> destroy stores at Thompson’s Plantation on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Congaree. In <strong>the</strong> next day or two, Capt. John Postell had destroyed British provisions at Wadboo Bridge, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>n surprised <strong>the</strong> Keithfield depot near Monck’s Corner; burn<strong>in</strong>g 14 wagons loaded with cloth<strong>in</strong>g. Maj. James<br />
Postell for his part, succeeded <strong>in</strong> destroy<strong>in</strong>g a large quantity <strong>of</strong> military supplies at Manigault’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong><br />
Santee River, five miles northwest <strong>of</strong> Nelson’s Ferry. Nei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> raid<strong>in</strong>g parties suffered any losses. 2037<br />
Tarleton Brown: “For prudence sake, General Marion never encamped over two nights <strong>in</strong> one place, unless at a<br />
safe distance from <strong>the</strong> enemy. He generally <strong>com</strong>menced <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> march about sunset, cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g through <strong>the</strong><br />
greater part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> night. By this policy he was enabled effectually to defeat <strong>the</strong> plans <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> to<br />
streng<strong>the</strong>n his languish<strong>in</strong>g cause…The heavy ra<strong>in</strong>s which prevailed at this time <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>undated <strong>the</strong> country to a<br />
considerable extent, proved very favorable to General Marion. He now set a detachment <strong>of</strong> seventy men, my self<br />
one <strong>of</strong> that number, across <strong>the</strong> Santee, to attack <strong>the</strong> enemy stationed at ‘Scott’s Lake’ <strong>and</strong> ‘Monk’s Corner’<br />
[Monck’s Corner.] We crossed <strong>the</strong> river at night <strong>in</strong> a small boat, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Capta<strong>in</strong>s James <strong>and</strong> John Postell,<br />
divid<strong>in</strong>g our forces <strong>in</strong>to two <strong>com</strong>panies, each consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> thirty-five men. Capta<strong>in</strong> James Postell took one<br />
<strong>com</strong>pany <strong>and</strong> proceeded to ‘Scott’s Lake,’ but ascerta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> place too<br />
well fortified to warrant an attack, he ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong> project <strong>and</strong> returned aga<strong>in</strong> to <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> waited <strong>the</strong><br />
arrival <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> John Postell, who, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> meantime, had marched with <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>com</strong>pany to ‘Monk’s Corner.’<br />
It was my good fortune to ac<strong>com</strong>pany <strong>the</strong> latter.<br />
“Just about <strong>the</strong> break <strong>of</strong> day we charged upon <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> our appearance was so sudden <strong>and</strong> unexpected<br />
that <strong>the</strong>y had not time even to fire a s<strong>in</strong>gle gun. We took thirty-three prisoners, found twenty odd hogsheads <strong>of</strong><br />
old spirits, <strong>and</strong> a large supply <strong>of</strong> provisions. The former we destroyed, but returned with <strong>the</strong> latter <strong>and</strong> our<br />
prisoners to <strong>the</strong> army on <strong>the</strong> Santee. The news <strong>of</strong> our attack on ‘Monk’s Corner’ hav<strong>in</strong>g reached <strong>the</strong> enemy at<br />
‘Scott’s Lake,’ <strong>the</strong>y forthwith marched to <strong>the</strong>ir assistance, but arrived too late to extend any -- we had captured<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>rades, bursted [sic] <strong>the</strong>ir hogsheads <strong>of</strong> spirits, ga<strong>the</strong>red <strong>the</strong>ir provisions, <strong>and</strong> decamped before <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
arrival. Capta<strong>in</strong> James Postell, be<strong>in</strong>g apprised <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir march to assist <strong>the</strong>ir friends at ‘Monk’s Corner,’ returned<br />
to <strong>the</strong> fort, set fire to it, <strong>and</strong> burned it level to <strong>the</strong> ground.” 2038<br />
31 January. After Georgetown, Lee <strong>and</strong> Marion set out <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Ft. Watson. Yet before <strong>the</strong>y arrived<br />
Watson had left 80 men at <strong>the</strong> post; hav<strong>in</strong>g marched with <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> his force to Camden. William<br />
Johnson writes: “An attempt was <strong>the</strong>n made to throw a detachment <strong>of</strong> [Lee’s] dragoons across <strong>the</strong> [Santee]<br />
river, with orders to ascend its south bank <strong>and</strong> destroy <strong>the</strong> enemy’s stores at Colonel Thompson’s, <strong>and</strong> some<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r depots on <strong>the</strong> Congaree. Some delay ensued from want <strong>of</strong> boats, but <strong>the</strong> detachment was <strong>the</strong>n out on that<br />
service, when Colonel Lee was recalled, with orders to hasten to Salisbury to jo<strong>in</strong> General Greene, <strong>the</strong>n<br />
retreat<strong>in</strong>g before Cornwallis.” On <strong>the</strong> 31 st , Lee left Marion at Corde’s Plantation <strong>and</strong> moved north to reunite with<br />
<strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army. 2039<br />
31 January. Tarleton: “On <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 31 st <strong>of</strong> January, a large proportion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops received<br />
orders to be <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess to march at one o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g...The pr<strong>in</strong>cipal part <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ army, <strong>and</strong><br />
two three pounders, marched <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night to Cowan’s or M’Cowan’s ford, while Col. Webster with <strong>the</strong> 33 rd , 2 nd<br />
Battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st , The Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt., <strong>the</strong> Jägers, Tarleton’s Cavalry, Bryan’s loyalists, <strong>the</strong> four<br />
six-pounders, two three-pounders, <strong>and</strong> all <strong>the</strong> wagons, moved toward Beattie’s Ford.” 2040<br />
“Scottish Travel Log” for 31 Jan.: “With<strong>in</strong> two miles <strong>of</strong> Beatty’s Ford, Catawba River.”<br />
31 January. Greene <strong>and</strong> staff moved from Sherrald’s to Beattie’s Ford; where Morgan <strong>and</strong> Davidson already<br />
were, to exam<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> oversee <strong>the</strong> defenses <strong>the</strong>re. Morgan’s force itself (i.e., without him) left Sherrald’s Ford<br />
<strong>and</strong> marched toward <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>, which <strong>the</strong>y crossed, on <strong>the</strong>ir way to Salisbury <strong>and</strong> where Morgan himself later<br />
re-jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m. 2041<br />
William Johnson: “Morgan’s detachment .was encamped <strong>the</strong> day [31 Jan.] before at Beat[t]y’s Ford, six miles<br />
above M’Cowen’s, <strong>and</strong> nearly that distance nearer to Salisbury.” 2042<br />
Joseph Graham: “At Tuckaseege Ford, on <strong>the</strong> road lead<strong>in</strong>g from Ramseur’s to Charlotte, he [Brig. Gen. Davidson]<br />
placed two hundred men under Colonel Joseph Williams, <strong>of</strong> Surry. At Tool’s Ford seventy men under Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
Potts, <strong>of</strong> Mecklenburg, at Cowan’s Ford twenty-five men under Lieutenant Thomas Davidson, <strong>of</strong> Mecklenburg.<br />
With his greatest force <strong>and</strong> Graham’s cavalry, he took post at Beattie’s Ford on <strong>the</strong> road from Ramsour’s<br />
[Ramseur’s] Mill to Salisbury be<strong>in</strong>g twenty miles above Colonel Williams. On <strong>the</strong> 31 st <strong>of</strong> January <strong>the</strong> cavalry were<br />
2036 DRO p. 148.<br />
2037 NGP7 p. 229, RSC2 p. 209, BMS, JFM pp. 84-88, BSF p. 138, RBG p. 141, LSC p. 12.<br />
2038 BMS pp. 34-38, CSS pp. 1147-1148.<br />
2039 MLW4A p. 350 JLG1 p. 362, BSF p. 138.<br />
2040 LOB Part III, STL, TCS p. 224.<br />
2041 NGP7 p. 243, GHA4 p. 38, HWW p. 99.<br />
2042 JLG1 p. 414.<br />
375
dispatched over <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed that <strong>the</strong> enemy were encamped with<strong>in</strong> four miles. With<strong>in</strong> two miles<br />
<strong>the</strong>y discovered one hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir cavalry, who followed <strong>the</strong>m to <strong>the</strong> river, but kept at a respectful distance.<br />
The dispositions that were be<strong>in</strong>g made caused <strong>the</strong>m to fear an ambuscade.<br />
“The same even<strong>in</strong>g General Morgan sent on <strong>the</strong> troops under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> with Colonel Howard, directly<br />
towards Salisbury. He himself <strong>and</strong> Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton came down to Beattie’s Ford, about 2 o’clock, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> ten<br />
m<strong>in</strong>utes General Greene <strong>and</strong> his aid, Major [William] Pierce, arrived. He had been early <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army <strong>and</strong> had first put his troops <strong>in</strong> motion, <strong>the</strong>n leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m under <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
General Huger on <strong>the</strong>ir march towards Salisbury, he had <strong>com</strong>e on to ascerta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> affairs, <strong>and</strong> give<br />
orders to <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> this quarter; General Morgan <strong>and</strong> Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton met him at this place, by<br />
appo<strong>in</strong>tment. They <strong>and</strong> General Davidson retired with him out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> camp, <strong>and</strong> seat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves on a log, had<br />
a conversation <strong>of</strong> about twenty m<strong>in</strong>utes <strong>the</strong>y <strong>the</strong>n mounted <strong>the</strong>ir horses, General Greene <strong>and</strong> aid took <strong>the</strong> road<br />
to Salisbury, Morgan <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton took a way that led to <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>in</strong>arch<strong>in</strong>g under Howard. About <strong>the</strong> time<br />
General Greene had arrived <strong>the</strong> British vanguard <strong>of</strong> about four or five hundred men appeared on <strong>the</strong> opposite hill<br />
beyond <strong>the</strong> river. Shortly after <strong>the</strong>ir arrival, some pr<strong>in</strong>cipal <strong>of</strong>ficer with a numerous staff, thought to be Lord<br />
Cornwallis, passed <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m at different stations, halt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> apparently view<strong>in</strong>g us with spy-glasses. In<br />
about one hour after General Greene’s departure General Davidson gave orders to <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> about two<br />
hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty <strong>in</strong>fantry to march down <strong>the</strong> river to Cowan’s Ford, four miles below Beattie’s, leav<strong>in</strong>g nearly<br />
<strong>the</strong> same number at that place, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Colonel [Thomas] Farmer, <strong>of</strong> Orange. On <strong>the</strong> march he<br />
stated to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry that, though General Greene had never seen <strong>the</strong> Catawba<br />
before, he appeared to know more about it than those who were raised on it, <strong>and</strong> it was <strong>the</strong> General’s op<strong>in</strong>ion<br />
that <strong>the</strong> enemy were determ<strong>in</strong>ed to cross <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> he thought it probable <strong>the</strong>ir cavalry would pass over<br />
some private ford <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g when <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry attempted to force a passage would attack<br />
those who resisted it, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear; <strong>and</strong> as <strong>the</strong>re was no o<strong>the</strong>r cavalry between Beattie’s <strong>and</strong> Tuckaseege fords, he<br />
ordered that patrols who were best acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong> country should keep pass<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>and</strong> down all night, <strong>and</strong><br />
on discover<strong>in</strong>g any part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy to have gotten over, to give immediate <strong>in</strong>formation to him. These orders<br />
were carried <strong>in</strong>to effect. The party arrived at <strong>the</strong> ford about dusk <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> after encamp<strong>in</strong>g it was too<br />
dark to exam<strong>in</strong>e our position.” 2043<br />
2043 SNC pp. 236-239.<br />
376
FEBRUARY 1781<br />
The locations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> different fords on <strong>the</strong> Catawba <strong>in</strong> this phase <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> campaign can sometimes be difficult to<br />
follow for a reader unfamiliar with <strong>the</strong>m. The rough graph below <strong>the</strong>n will help to give an approximate idea <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> site <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>gs; though it should be noted that Cowan’s <strong>and</strong> Beattie’s fords are closer to each o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
than this “map” would seem to <strong>in</strong>dicate.<br />
CATAWBA RIVER (Represented by <strong>the</strong> “I”)<br />
North<br />
I<br />
= Sherrald’s Ford Oliphant’s Mill less than a mile north-east<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
Ramseur’s Mill about 17 miles west . = Beattie’s Ford Torrence’s Tavern about 9 miles north-east<br />
I<br />
=Cowan’s Ford<br />
I<br />
= Toole’s Ford<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
= Tuckaseegee Ford Charlotte about 10 miles to <strong>the</strong> east<br />
I<br />
South<br />
February. Pension statement <strong>of</strong> William White <strong>of</strong> Anson County, N.C.: “Aga<strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong> or about February, 1781, he was<br />
drafted to go aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Tories under Capta<strong>in</strong> John Degarnett <strong>and</strong> Colonel Thomas Waid [Wade] at [Blewett’s]<br />
Ferry. Marched to Draun<strong>in</strong>g [Drown<strong>in</strong>g] Creek & took some Tories as prisoners. They tried one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners by<br />
a Courts [sic] Martial <strong>and</strong> hung him. He [White] was <strong>the</strong>n verbally discharged. Served at this time two weeks.”<br />
February. By this month <strong>and</strong> with British held Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton now <strong>in</strong> a position to support him, Capta<strong>in</strong> David<br />
Fann<strong>in</strong>g set up a base <strong>of</strong> loyalist operations at Coxe’s Mill south <strong>of</strong> Moncure <strong>in</strong> present day Lee County, N.C. Prior<br />
to this time he had been <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a with some armed followers act<strong>in</strong>g on behalf <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British.<br />
February. [skirmish] Enoree, S.C. ONB3 p. 101.<br />
February. [skirmish] Watk<strong>in</strong>’s (Newberry County, S.C.) 2044<br />
February. [skirmish] Muddy Spr<strong>in</strong>g (Lex<strong>in</strong>gton County, S.C.) “Capt. Philemon Waters vs. Loyalists…In <strong>the</strong> 1820s<br />
Lex<strong>in</strong>gton resident Paul Quattlebaum was told <strong>of</strong> a battle at Muddy Spr<strong>in</strong>g, on <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> road between <strong>the</strong> British<br />
post <strong>of</strong> Fort Granby <strong>and</strong> Augusta. In that account Capta<strong>in</strong> Philemon Waters <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s Partisans had a runn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
gun battle, <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> Patriots received <strong>the</strong> worst <strong>of</strong> it. Private James Calk was captured by <strong>the</strong> Loyalists, but<br />
afterwards made a dar<strong>in</strong>g escape.” For more, <strong>and</strong> from which this quote is taken, see<br />
http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/muddy.htm<br />
February. Admiral Charles Chevalier Destouches (also Des Touches) with 1 Ship <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e, 2 frigates <strong>and</strong> a<br />
cutter tried to take or seize Arnold’s ships with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake; <strong>in</strong>stead he captured a British forty-four gun<br />
ship <strong>and</strong> 8 transports. But not able to ac<strong>com</strong>plish anyth<strong>in</strong>g fur<strong>the</strong>r, he sailed back to his base at Newport, R.I. 2045<br />
1 February.<br />
Forces under Cornwallis.<br />
Rank <strong>and</strong> File:<br />
Brigade <strong>of</strong> Guards: 690<br />
23 rd Regt.: 279<br />
33 rd Regt.: 334<br />
2 nd Bttn., 71 st Regt.: 234<br />
Hessian von Bose Regt.: 345<br />
German Jägers: 97<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers: 287<br />
2044 LSC p. 12, ONB3 p. 100.<br />
2045 LMS pp. 305-306, CGP p. liv.<br />
377
British Legion (cavalry only): 174 2046<br />
Total: 2,440 2047<br />
William Johnson: “The British forces dur<strong>in</strong>g this very period [1 February to 15 February], without a battle, were<br />
reduced <strong>in</strong> number by 227, through death or desertion. The celebrated Guards were reduced by one eighth [due<br />
to desertion]...They were well clad, well fed, but had to march 230 miles between <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 15 th <strong>of</strong><br />
February. Before that time <strong>the</strong>ir progress had been so far from be<strong>in</strong>g precipitated, that between <strong>the</strong> 19 th <strong>of</strong><br />
January <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>of</strong> February, <strong>the</strong>y had not made good eighty miles.” 2048<br />
Tarleton: “On <strong>the</strong> junction <strong>of</strong> General Leslie, three thous<strong>and</strong> five hundred fight<strong>in</strong>g men could advance <strong>in</strong>to that<br />
prov<strong>in</strong>ce, besides leav<strong>in</strong>g a large force on <strong>the</strong> frontier. Any advantage ga<strong>in</strong>ed over <strong>the</strong> Americans at this period,<br />
would undoubtedly derange <strong>the</strong>ir projects, <strong>and</strong> give a better barrier to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia; <strong>and</strong> though<br />
<strong>the</strong> expedition was ultimately productive only <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advantage <strong>of</strong> secur<strong>in</strong>g old possessions, yet <strong>the</strong> attempt<strong>in</strong>g<br />
greater objects was justifiable, <strong>and</strong> gave a fair trial to <strong>the</strong> ardent wishes <strong>of</strong> government at home, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
confident hopes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> America. General Leslie, with one thous<strong>and</strong> five hundred <strong>and</strong> thirty men, was<br />
greatly advanced on his march toward <strong>the</strong> army, when <strong>the</strong> operations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans to <strong>the</strong> westward <strong>of</strong> Broad<br />
river laid immediate claim to <strong>the</strong> attention <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British.” 2049<br />
If we grant Tarleton’s 3,500 figure, 2050 <strong>and</strong> subtract what Cornwallis reported lost at Cowpens (700 rank <strong>and</strong> file<br />
+17.5% <strong>of</strong> 700), this would place Cornwallis’ total overall strength at about 2,677. Somewhat similarly, Sumter<br />
wrote to Davidson <strong>and</strong> Morgan on 28 January giv<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis’ strength, based on close count<strong>in</strong>g by his spies, at<br />
no more than 1,600. If we add this to <strong>the</strong> 1,530 <strong>of</strong> Leslie (tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> number as <strong>the</strong> full amount) would give<br />
Cornwallis a total <strong>of</strong> 3,130. On February 3 rd , Greene, at “Camp on <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> at <strong>the</strong> Isl<strong>and</strong> Ford,” N.C., <strong>in</strong> a<br />
letter to von Steuben estimated Cornwallis’ strength as 2,500. On February 9, <strong>in</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong> proceed<strong>in</strong>gs he<br />
spoke <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> number as be<strong>in</strong>g “twenty five hundred to three thous<strong>and</strong> men.” By <strong>the</strong> 15 th , it had be<strong>com</strong>e 3,200.<br />
By averag<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong>se totals (except for Greene’s “2,500 to 3,000”) we arrive at 2,876. Add<strong>in</strong>g 17.5% to<br />
Cornwallis’ 2,440 rank <strong>and</strong> file <strong>com</strong>es <strong>the</strong> almost identical figure 2,867. Note, aside from Greene’s, none <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se gr<strong>and</strong> totals <strong>in</strong>cludes Bryan’s North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers who were also present. 2051<br />
1 February. [skirmish] Cowan’s Ford, also McCowan’s Ford (L<strong>in</strong>coln <strong>and</strong> Mecklenburg County border, N.C.)<br />
Cornwallis moved to cross <strong>the</strong> Catawba River (that had begun to subside <strong>and</strong> be<strong>com</strong>e passable <strong>the</strong> afternoon <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 31 st ) with his ma<strong>in</strong> army at Cowan’s Ford at dawn on 1 February. Webster’s detachment (see 31 January)<br />
with <strong>the</strong> baggage was to loudly fe<strong>in</strong>t Cornwallis’ forc<strong>in</strong>g a passage at Beattie’s Ford; while Cornwallis himself<br />
actually took <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body across at Cowan’s Ford.<br />
The ruse to deceive <strong>the</strong> Americans, none<strong>the</strong>less, did not succeed. For oppos<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis at Cowan’s Ford was<br />
Brig. Gen. William Lee Davidson with 600 to 800 (mostly) North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia. Included <strong>in</strong> this body <strong>of</strong> troops<br />
was a mounted corps <strong>of</strong> observation, 300 to 500 strong (many with rifles), collected for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> track<strong>in</strong>g<br />
British movements. Davidson deployed his men on a small hill a few hundred yards or less beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> river. In<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terim, 200 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia on foot were placed <strong>in</strong> detachments at <strong>the</strong> different fords for 30 miles along <strong>the</strong><br />
river, to prevent surprise. As <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guards, led by Brig. Gen. Charles O’Hara <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col.<br />
Francis Hall, moved to make <strong>the</strong>ir way over <strong>the</strong> Catawba (at Cowan’s), <strong>the</strong>ir guide (presumably to spare himself<br />
from be<strong>in</strong>g shot) deserted <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> midstream -- though historian M.F. Treacy disputes this <strong>in</strong>terpretation;<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> tory guide, Dick Beal, did not flee, <strong>and</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r he had made an error. 2052 Whatever <strong>the</strong><br />
reason for <strong>the</strong> guide’s misdirection, <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>the</strong>n took <strong>the</strong> wagon ford exit, ra<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>the</strong> horse ford<br />
exit, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> consequence, <strong>and</strong> serendipitously, were at an advantageous angle that partially protected <strong>the</strong>m<br />
from <strong>the</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> Davidson’s men; most <strong>of</strong> whom were posted beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> horse ford. Thus Davidson failed to halt<br />
Cornwallis’ pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> river. As well, he himself (as well as 2 or 3 o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers) was mortally wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
process, <strong>and</strong> which much alarmed <strong>and</strong> disheartened his men. 2053<br />
Yet <strong>the</strong> British suffered a not <strong>in</strong>significant number <strong>of</strong> casualties <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir o<strong>the</strong>rwise effective effort. Tarleton<br />
gives <strong>the</strong> American losses as 40 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British losses as 3 killed <strong>and</strong> 26 wounded. Lee <strong>in</strong><br />
response stated: “Tarleton <strong>in</strong> his campaigns, speaks <strong>of</strong> forty be<strong>in</strong>g killed; but o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers, who exam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
ground, said <strong>the</strong>y found but 10.” Accord<strong>in</strong>g to one witness, a loyalist, Robert Henry, Cornwallis lost at least 14<br />
dead; even go<strong>in</strong>g so far as to say, based on an eyewitness’ calculation “<strong>the</strong> British could not have lost less than<br />
one hundred men on that occasion.” Among <strong>the</strong> British casualties was Lieut. Col. Hall, who was sla<strong>in</strong> while<br />
ascend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> opposite bank with his men. Many <strong>of</strong> those killed were reportedly wounded <strong>and</strong> who drowned.<br />
2046 The British Legion <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field as a unit at this time, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>reafter, consisted only <strong>of</strong> cavalry, <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry hav<strong>in</strong>g been<br />
destroyed or o<strong>the</strong>rwise broken up as a result <strong>of</strong> Cowpens.<br />
2047 CAC p. 53.<br />
2048 JLG1 p. 408.<br />
2049 TCS p. 210.<br />
2050 William Johnson deems upwards to 4,000 a not implausible figure. JLG1 p. 366.<br />
2051 NGP7 pp. 242, 243n, 261, SCP4 pp. 94-95, JLG1 pp. 365-366, MSC2 pp. 95-96, BGC p. 124.<br />
2052 TPY p. 224n -- cit<strong>in</strong>g Robert Henry, “Narrative <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> Cowan’s Ford,” <strong>in</strong> George F. Scheer <strong>and</strong> Hugh F. Rank<strong>in</strong>’s,<br />
Rebels <strong>and</strong> Redcoats, p. 436.<br />
2053 Joseph Graham’s pension statement: “On <strong>the</strong> 1 st day <strong>of</strong> Feb. This deponent [Graham] had two <strong>of</strong> his Company killed oppos<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir passage <strong>and</strong> was <strong>the</strong> only Company that went <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> Battle ground <strong>in</strong> order & covered <strong>the</strong> retreat. At <strong>the</strong> same time, our<br />
Genl. Davidson fell.” GPS. Cornwallis’ report to Germa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> 17 March mentions that Davidson <strong>and</strong> 2 or 3 <strong>of</strong>ficers were among<br />
those killed; while a few o<strong>the</strong>r militia were captured. TPY p. 138.<br />
378
After hav<strong>in</strong>g made <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g, Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> Webster <strong>the</strong>n reunited <strong>the</strong>ir forces; <strong>the</strong> latter hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
encountered negligible if any resistance at Beattie’s. 2054<br />
It had orig<strong>in</strong>ally been planned that after delay<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British at Cowan’s Ford, Davidson <strong>and</strong> his men would meet<br />
Greene at David Carr’s home, some sixteen miles distant on <strong>the</strong> route to Salisbury. Despite this, Davidson’s<br />
death caused <strong>the</strong> men, who were mounted, to scatter <strong>in</strong>stead (some to Torrence’s Tavern); so that Greene<br />
awaited alone at Carr’s till midnight without ever see<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m. By <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2 nd , he had removed to<br />
Elizabeth Maxwell Gillespie’s tavern where he breakfasted, <strong>and</strong> where Mrs. Gillespie (who years afterward<br />
remarried <strong>and</strong> became Mrs. Steele) reportedly provided him with some wel<strong>com</strong>e <strong>and</strong> much needed funds out <strong>of</strong><br />
her own family purse. 2055<br />
Stedman: “The light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards, led by Colonel [Francis] Hall, first entered <strong>the</strong> water. They were<br />
followed by <strong>the</strong> grenadiers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> grenadiers by <strong>the</strong> battalions, <strong>the</strong> men march<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> platoons, to support one<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> rapidity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stream. When <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry had nearly reached <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were challenged by one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s sent<strong>in</strong>els. The sent<strong>in</strong>el hav<strong>in</strong>g challenged thrice <strong>and</strong> received no<br />
answer, immediately gave <strong>the</strong> alarm by discharg<strong>in</strong>g his musket; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s pickets were turned out. No<br />
sooner did <strong>the</strong> guide [a tory] who attended <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry to show <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong> ford, hear <strong>the</strong> report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
sent<strong>in</strong>el’s musket, than he turned round <strong>and</strong> left <strong>the</strong>m. This, which at first seemed to portend much mischief, <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> end proved a fortunate <strong>in</strong>cident. Colonel [Francis] Hall, be<strong>in</strong>g forsaken by his guide, <strong>and</strong> not know<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
true direction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ford, led <strong>the</strong> column directly across <strong>the</strong> river, to <strong>the</strong> nearest part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> opposite bank.<br />
This direction, as it afterward appeared, carried <strong>the</strong> British troops considerably above <strong>the</strong> place where <strong>the</strong> ford<br />
term<strong>in</strong>ated on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side, <strong>and</strong> where <strong>the</strong> enemy’s pickets were posted, so that when <strong>the</strong>y delivered <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
fire <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry were already so far advanced as to be out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> its direction, <strong>and</strong> it took place<br />
angularly upon <strong>the</strong> grenadiers, so as to produce no great effect.” 2056<br />
In his letter to Germa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> 17 March, Cornwallis wrote: “Lieutenant-colonel Webster was detached with part <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> army <strong>and</strong> all <strong>the</strong> baggage to Beattie’s ford, six miles above M’Cowan’s [Cowan’s], where General Davidson<br />
was supposed to be posted with five hundred militia, <strong>and</strong> was directed to make every possible demonstration, by<br />
cannonad<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rwise, <strong>of</strong> an <strong>in</strong>tention to force a passage <strong>the</strong>re; <strong>and</strong> I marched at one <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, with<br />
<strong>the</strong> brigade <strong>of</strong> guards, regiment <strong>of</strong> Bose, 23d, two hundred cavalry, <strong>and</strong> two three-pounders, to <strong>the</strong> ford fixed<br />
upon for <strong>the</strong> real attempt.<br />
“The morn<strong>in</strong>g be<strong>in</strong>g very dark <strong>and</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>y, <strong>and</strong> part <strong>of</strong> our way through a wood where <strong>the</strong>re was no road, one <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> three pounders <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23d regiment <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry overset <strong>in</strong> a swamp, <strong>and</strong> occasioned those corps<br />
to lose <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> march; <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery men belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r gun, (one <strong>of</strong> whom had <strong>the</strong><br />
march) hav<strong>in</strong>g stopped to assist, were likewise left beh<strong>in</strong>d. The head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> column <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mean while arrived at<br />
<strong>the</strong> bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> day began to break. I could make no use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> gun that was up, <strong>and</strong> it was<br />
evident, from <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> fires on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side, that <strong>the</strong> opposition would be greater than I had expected:<br />
However, as I knew that <strong>the</strong> ra<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>n fall<strong>in</strong>g would soon render <strong>the</strong> river aga<strong>in</strong> impassable, <strong>and</strong> I had received<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g before, that General Greene had arrived <strong>in</strong> General Morgan’s camp, <strong>and</strong> that his army<br />
was march<strong>in</strong>g after him with <strong>the</strong> greatest expedition, I determ<strong>in</strong>ed to desist from <strong>the</strong> attempt; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>refore,<br />
full <strong>of</strong> confidence <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> zeal <strong>and</strong> gallantry <strong>of</strong> Brigadier-general [Charles] O’Hara, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brigade <strong>of</strong> guards<br />
under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, I ordered <strong>the</strong>m to march on, but, to prevent, confusion, not to fire until <strong>the</strong>y ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
opposite bank. Their behaviour justified my high op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m; for a constant fire from <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>in</strong> a ford<br />
upwards <strong>of</strong> five hundred yards wide, <strong>in</strong> many places up to <strong>the</strong>ir middle, with a rocky bottom <strong>and</strong> strong current,<br />
made no impression on <strong>the</strong>ir cool <strong>and</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ed valour, nor checked <strong>the</strong>ir passage. The light <strong>in</strong>fantry l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
first, immediately formed, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a few m<strong>in</strong>utes killed or dispersed every th<strong>in</strong>g that appeared before <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>the</strong><br />
rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops form<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> advanc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> succession. We now learned that we had been opposed by about<br />
three hundred militia that had taken post <strong>the</strong>re only <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g before, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> General<br />
Davidson. Their general <strong>and</strong> two or three o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers were among <strong>the</strong> killed; <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> wounded was<br />
uncerta<strong>in</strong>; a few were taken prisoners. On our side, Lieutenant-colonel Hall <strong>and</strong> three men were killed, <strong>and</strong><br />
thirty-six wounded, all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> grenadiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards.” 2057<br />
“Leslie” Orderly Book entry for 1 February: “Lord Cornwallis is highly displeased that Several Houses was set on<br />
fire dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> March this day, a Disgrace to <strong>the</strong> Army; & that he will punish with <strong>the</strong> Utmost Severity any<br />
persons who shall be found Guilty <strong>of</strong> Committ<strong>in</strong>g so disgracefull [sic] an Outrage –- His Lordship requests <strong>the</strong><br />
Comdg. [Comm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g] Officers <strong>of</strong> Corps will Endeavor to f<strong>in</strong>d out <strong>the</strong> Persons who set fire to <strong>the</strong> Houses this<br />
day.” 2058<br />
Joseph Graham: “We had none wounded or taken. The enemies loss as stated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficial account, published<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Charlestown Gazette, two months after, was Col. [Francis] Hall <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guards, <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong><br />
twenty-n<strong>in</strong>e privates. Thirty-one <strong>in</strong> all, killed, <strong>and</strong> thirty-five wounded. They left sixteen who were so badly<br />
wounded <strong>the</strong>y could not be taken along, at Mr. Lucas’s (<strong>the</strong> nearest farm) <strong>and</strong> a surgeon under protection <strong>of</strong> a<br />
2054 LOB, part III, STL, RCO pp. 174-175, ATR81a pp. 273-274, 302-303, AR81 pp. 59-60, RSC2 pp. 206-207, SCP4 pp. 44-45, TCS<br />
pp. 224-225, 261-263, SAW2 pp. 327-329, GHA4 p. 39, The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical And Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. July<br />
1917, p. 134, LJA pp. 343-344, MLW4A p. 351, LMS pp. 233-234, 234n, GPS, JLG1 pp. 413-415, LFB2 pp. 392-393, FWI pp. 222-<br />
223, SNC pp. 236-246, WAR2 pp. 767-768, TPY pp. 132-140, BEA p. 290, BRG pp. 344-348, SCAR vol. 3, no.2, pp. 2-4. See also<br />
http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/cowansfd.htm<br />
2055 TPY pp. 138-140.<br />
2056 SAW2 p. 328.<br />
2057 TCS pp. 261-263, SCP4 p. 12.<br />
2058 LOB part III.<br />
379
flag was left with <strong>the</strong>m. Two wounded <strong>of</strong>ficers were carried on biers, <strong>and</strong> such <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wounded as could not walk<br />
were hauled <strong>in</strong> wagons. Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dead were found down <strong>the</strong> river some distance lodged <strong>in</strong> fish traps, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
brush about <strong>the</strong> banks, on rocks, etc., etc. An elegant beaver hat, made agreeably to <strong>the</strong> fashion <strong>of</strong> those times,<br />
marked <strong>in</strong>side, The property <strong>of</strong> Josiah Mart<strong>in</strong>, Governor [Royal Governor <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a], was found ten miles<br />
below. It never was expla<strong>in</strong>ed by what means his Excellency lost his hat. He was not hurt himself. When General<br />
O’Hara sent on Tarleton his men k<strong>in</strong>dled fires on <strong>the</strong> battle ground to dry <strong>the</strong>mselves, cook <strong>the</strong>ir breakfasts, etc.<br />
They buried <strong>the</strong>ir dead, disposed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir wounded, <strong>and</strong> about mid-day he marched, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon united<br />
with Cornwallis 2059 at Givens’ plantation, two miles from Beattie’s Ford, <strong>and</strong> one mile south <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Salisbury road<br />
Tarleton jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m before night. It had ra<strong>in</strong>ed at times all day, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> night it fell <strong>in</strong> torrents.<br />
“The men [N.C. militia] under Col. [Joseph] Williams <strong>and</strong> Capt. Potts who were guard<strong>in</strong>g Tuckasegee <strong>and</strong> Tool’s<br />
Fords, had early notice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> retired. The different parties met <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon at Jno.<br />
McK. Alex<strong>and</strong>er’s, eight miles above Charlotte. By noon <strong>the</strong> next day all <strong>the</strong> men who were not dispersed, were<br />
collected near Harris’ mill on Rocky river ten or twelve miles from <strong>the</strong> enemy.” 2060<br />
Roger Lamb, Sgt. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt.: “The American soldiers did all that brave men could do, to oppose our<br />
passage across <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> I believe not one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m moved from his post, till we mounted <strong>the</strong> hill, <strong>and</strong> used<br />
our bayonets; <strong>the</strong>ir general [Davidson] was <strong>the</strong> first man that received us sword <strong>in</strong> h<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> suffered himself to<br />
be cut to pieces sooner <strong>the</strong>n retreat; after his death, his troops were soon defeated <strong>and</strong> dispersed.<br />
“Let <strong>the</strong> reader only for a moment consider what a situation <strong>the</strong> British troops were placed <strong>in</strong>, while <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
wad<strong>in</strong>g over this ford, upwards <strong>of</strong> five hundred yards wide, up to <strong>the</strong>ir breast <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rapid stream, <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
knapsacks on <strong>the</strong>ir back, sixty or seventy rounds <strong>of</strong> powder <strong>and</strong> balls <strong>in</strong> each pouch, tied at <strong>the</strong> pole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
necks, <strong>the</strong>ir firelocks with bayonets, fixed on <strong>the</strong>ir shoulders, three hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir enemies (accounted <strong>the</strong><br />
best marksmen <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> world) placed on a hill as it were over <strong>the</strong>ir heads, keep<strong>in</strong>g a cont<strong>in</strong>ual <strong>and</strong> very heavy fire<br />
upon <strong>the</strong>m.” 2061<br />
1 February. [skirmish] Torrence’s Tavern, also Tarrant’s Tavern <strong>and</strong> Torrance’s Tavern (Iredell County. N.C.) The<br />
militia dispersed at Cowan’s <strong>and</strong> Beattie’s Fords retreated to Torrence’s (also known, <strong>in</strong>accurately, as Tarrant’s)<br />
Tavern, some 9-10 miles from <strong>the</strong> Catawba, to regroup. Tarleton, with Webster’s detachment, learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g, moved with all haste to <strong>the</strong> site where about 500 were collected. 2062 Tarleton’s own force consisted<br />
<strong>of</strong> 200 Legion cavalry, 100 Jägers <strong>and</strong> 150 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 33 rd Regt. With his cavalry <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest, he<br />
surprised <strong>and</strong> routed <strong>the</strong> whigs at <strong>the</strong> tavern a little after 2 o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Cornwallis’<br />
estimate (based on Tarleton’s report), near 40 to 50 militia were killed on <strong>the</strong> spot, <strong>and</strong> many wounded; while<br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs managed to escape on <strong>the</strong>ir horses. Despite this, a British <strong>of</strong>ficer who rode over <strong>the</strong> area shortly<br />
<strong>the</strong>reafter (Stedman <strong>in</strong>forms us) counted only 10 bodies on <strong>the</strong> ground. 2063 Tarleton lost 7 men killed <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded, <strong>and</strong> twenty horses. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton gives <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia dispersed by Tarleton as 300;<br />
Graham fur<strong>the</strong>rmore reports that <strong>the</strong> tavern itself was burned down after <strong>the</strong> attack. 2064<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “A heavy ra<strong>in</strong> had <strong>in</strong>jured <strong>the</strong>ir powder, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y were not prepared to fight. The loss <strong>of</strong> General<br />
Davidson, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> total dispersion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia, greatly dispirited <strong>the</strong> patriots <strong>in</strong> that region, <strong>and</strong> Toryism aga<strong>in</strong><br />
became bold <strong>and</strong> active.” 2065<br />
1 February. Greene, who was at Oliphant’s Mill 2066 <strong>and</strong> ac<strong>com</strong>panied by a few staff, wrote Huger direct<strong>in</strong>g him to<br />
br<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> army, especially Lee’s cavalry, to jo<strong>in</strong> him. The supply tra<strong>in</strong> was to go to Guilford <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong><br />
2059 Cornwallis was with O’Hara, so Graham apparently means Webster. Also Tarleton was with Webster.<br />
2060 GAM2 p. 264.<br />
2061 Roger Lamb was a Sergeant <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt. <strong>of</strong> Foot. LJA p. 344-345.<br />
2062 It is also not clear if <strong>and</strong> or to what extent Davidson had been able to remedy <strong>the</strong> shortage <strong>of</strong> fl<strong>in</strong>ts among <strong>the</strong> militia.<br />
2063 SAW2 p. 329n, TPY p. 139.<br />
2064 Somewhat curiously, Tarleton (TCS pp. 226-227 <strong>and</strong> 252-253) makes mention <strong>of</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g letters on <strong>the</strong> sla<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> “Col.<br />
Locke;” which historians have <strong>in</strong>terpreted as Lock’s papers be<strong>in</strong>g carried by someone o<strong>the</strong>r than Lock himself, but whom<br />
Tarleton underst<strong>and</strong>ably construed as be<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er. Yet is it at all possible that Tarleton might, after all, have been<br />
correct; namely that Francis Lock was killed at Torrence’s Tavern, <strong>and</strong> that for whatever reason we might conjecture, someone<br />
else somehow subsequently assumed his identity after <strong>the</strong> fact? Off h<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> admittedly this sounds highly unlikely; only if true<br />
it would help expla<strong>in</strong> why Lock’s papers would not have been found on someone else (i.e., it was not someone else), but also<br />
why “Locke” did not stay with Pickens <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guilford campaign, <strong>and</strong> why <strong>the</strong> lackadaisical <strong>and</strong> militarily <strong>in</strong>ept Lock Greene later<br />
found himself deal<strong>in</strong>g with seems so radically different from <strong>the</strong> bold <strong>and</strong> enterpris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> Ramseur’s Mill. If true (<strong>and</strong><br />
I don’t <strong>in</strong>sist that it is so, but merely raise <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong> order that we not possibly miss or overlook someth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> considerable<br />
importance), <strong>the</strong>n perhaps Lock, <strong>and</strong> perhaps Davidson also, were <strong>in</strong>tentionally assass<strong>in</strong>ated by a tory <strong>in</strong> disguise (i.e., <strong>and</strong><br />
outside <strong>the</strong> ord<strong>in</strong>ary course <strong>of</strong> battle.) Also, if less strangely, “Col. Locke” was said to have been killed when Cornwallis entered<br />
Charlotte <strong>in</strong> late Sept. (PLP p. 31n), but which is <strong>the</strong>n expla<strong>in</strong>ed that this was a related but different “Col. Locke,” i.e., <strong>the</strong><br />
elderly Col. George Locke. ATR81a p. 274, AR81 p. 60, RSC2 p. 207, TCS pp. 226, 263-264, SAW2 p. 329, MLW4A p. 351, LMS pp.<br />
234, JLG1 pp. 415-416, LFB2 p. 393, CAR p. 261, SNC pp. 244-247, BEA pp. 1089-1090.<br />
2065 LFB2 p. 393.<br />
2066 Respect<strong>in</strong>g Oliphant’s Mill, located <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> immediate proximity <strong>of</strong> Sherrald’s Ford; high up on <strong>the</strong> Catawba (roughly as far<br />
north as Salisbury <strong>and</strong> some 25 miles west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same) <strong>and</strong> later one <strong>of</strong> Greene’s primary local munitions <strong>and</strong> supply depots,<br />
Schenck (<strong>and</strong> after disput<strong>in</strong>g claims that it was located at <strong>the</strong> confluence <strong>of</strong> Buffalo Creek <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba <strong>in</strong> Iredell County,<br />
N.C.) states: “[O]n <strong>the</strong> opposite side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba River, <strong>in</strong> Catawba County, on Ball’s Creek, <strong>the</strong>re was, many years ago, Iron<br />
Works, which cont<strong>in</strong>ued to a recent period <strong>of</strong> time, <strong>and</strong> I am much <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to <strong>the</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion that Oliphant’s Mill was located at this<br />
Iron Works, which would be an appropriate place for <strong>the</strong> repair <strong>of</strong> arms <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> storage <strong>of</strong> provisions.” SNC p. 393. See also JLG1<br />
p. 343.<br />
380
Salisbury. “Had we a superiority <strong>in</strong> horse <strong>the</strong> Militia would be useful but for want <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong> Militia dare not go<br />
with<strong>in</strong> miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy.” 2067<br />
1 February. Huger, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> Hick’s Creek camp, arrived with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American army at<br />
Mask’s Ferry (on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee.) On this date, he wrote Greene say<strong>in</strong>g he could not march fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
until Col. Thomas Wade sent more food; s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> men had with <strong>the</strong>m only three days allowance. He added:<br />
“Col. Wade promised me that he would have a thous<strong>and</strong> bushels <strong>of</strong> meal brought up at Sherraws ferry [Sherrald’s<br />
Ford] from below, by that time <strong>the</strong> wagons could be sent to transport it to <strong>the</strong> army. I have sent five wagons<br />
which came from Cross Creek, with salt &x for this purpose. The o<strong>the</strong>r five were deta<strong>in</strong>ed by Lill<strong>in</strong>gton. I have<br />
ordered <strong>the</strong>m to Col. Wade <strong>and</strong> to make as much dispatch as possible <strong>and</strong> follow <strong>the</strong> army upon <strong>the</strong> route it<br />
marches. I shall leave a part <strong>of</strong> Genl. Lill<strong>in</strong>gton’s men to guard <strong>the</strong>m. The live stock shall be collected <strong>and</strong> I am<br />
<strong>in</strong> hopes to br<strong>in</strong>g on a considerable drove...Col. Kosciuszko’s boats are not with us. I have wrote him to jo<strong>in</strong> you<br />
immediately <strong>and</strong> directed him to forward such boats as were f<strong>in</strong>ished <strong>and</strong> to put <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> Colonel<br />
Wade <strong>and</strong> to order <strong>the</strong> artificers to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army. This I conceived to be absolutely necessary from <strong>the</strong> want <strong>of</strong><br />
artifficers [sic] none hav<strong>in</strong>g jo<strong>in</strong>ed from Philadelphia...The rum <strong>and</strong> such stores as are <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g on for <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> army [from Hillsborough]. 2068 I shall give directions to proceed to Ellis’ ferry <strong>and</strong> wait <strong>the</strong>re for orders. None<br />
has yet arrived except <strong>the</strong> stores from Rocky River.” 2069<br />
2 February. [skirmish] Monck’s Corner (Berkeley County, S.C.)<br />
2 February. Cornwallis camped at “Coss<strong>in</strong>gton” (while <strong>the</strong> “Scottish Travel Log” entry for this date states<br />
“Carol’s Ferry.”) Here Capt. John Goodricke (also Goodrickes) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guards was appo<strong>in</strong>ted to <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry<br />
to fill <strong>the</strong> vacancy left by Lieut. Col. Hall’s death; though it’ s probable Capt. William Maynard, already with <strong>the</strong><br />
Light Infantry, actually assumed Hall’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> position; while Goodricke took Maynard’s. 2070<br />
2 February. Col. Otho Williams, at Camp at Mask’s Ferry wrote to Major John Mazaret 2071 : “The General [Greene]<br />
desires Mazaret to halt <strong>the</strong> artillery at <strong>the</strong> forks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> road about two miles below Mounta<strong>in</strong> Creek Bridge;<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> Davis will <strong>com</strong>e to Head quarters for some extra duty; all <strong>the</strong> men <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> [Ebenezer] F<strong>in</strong>ley’s<br />
<strong>com</strong>pany will be relieved from duty, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir places will be filled by men from o<strong>the</strong>r corps to <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong><br />
forty; Capt. F<strong>in</strong>lay [F<strong>in</strong>ley] will have two six-pounders, with <strong>the</strong> best horses procurable, <strong>and</strong> will be sent to this<br />
camp with fifty thous<strong>and</strong> good musket cartridges; Mazaret will <strong>the</strong>n go to G[u]ilford Court House <strong>and</strong> receive<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r orders; he [Mazaret] is authorized to press <strong>the</strong> horses he needs <strong>and</strong> to take any corn he f<strong>in</strong>ds; <strong>the</strong><br />
General wishes to see him today if possible; he [Mazaret] will send forward all <strong>the</strong> good muskets.” 2072<br />
While on this same date, Maj. Ichabod Burnet, Greene’s aide <strong>and</strong> from writ<strong>in</strong>g Hick’s Creek, dispatched <strong>the</strong><br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g to Henry Lee: “I this moment returned from Roan county, where I left <strong>the</strong> general last even<strong>in</strong>g. He had<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s horse consist<strong>in</strong>g only <strong>of</strong> 60 men, with him. The militia will not assemble or annoy <strong>the</strong> enemy unless<br />
we have a superiority <strong>in</strong> cavalry. Tarleton has 250 dragoons. The general’s anxiety to collect <strong>the</strong> cavalry is very<br />
great, <strong>and</strong> he expects you to jo<strong>in</strong> him <strong>in</strong> three days. He supposes every th<strong>in</strong>g will depend upon it. Lord<br />
Cornwallis has destroyed his waggons <strong>and</strong> formed <strong>and</strong> equipped his army as light <strong>in</strong>fantry. You may rely on it he<br />
will penetrate <strong>the</strong> country by <strong>the</strong> upper route.<br />
“The enemy crossed <strong>the</strong> Catawba yesterday morn<strong>in</strong>g; at M’Cowen’s [Cowan’s] ford, <strong>and</strong> Tarleton pushed our<br />
militia beyond Mr. Tournie’s, which is 20 miles on <strong>the</strong> road to Salisbury. They were so dispirited that <strong>the</strong>y will do<br />
noth<strong>in</strong>g till our cavalry are able to circumscribe Mr. Tarleton’s limits. I expect <strong>the</strong> enemy will be at Salisbury tomorrow,<br />
<strong>and</strong> noth<strong>in</strong>g but <strong>the</strong> fresh will prevent <strong>the</strong>ir cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
“If you knew <strong>the</strong> anxiety <strong>of</strong> General Greene, who is now expos<strong>in</strong>g himself to collect <strong>the</strong> militia, which he<br />
expects only to ac<strong>com</strong>plish by hav<strong>in</strong>g a superiority <strong>of</strong> horse. Indeed our army cannot keep <strong>the</strong> field one moment<br />
after <strong>the</strong>y cross <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>, unless we have a superiority <strong>of</strong> cavalry.<br />
“I congratulate you on your partial success [at Georgetown]. Please to make ray, <strong>com</strong>pliments to Carnes <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r gentlemen <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> corps. Unless you are with General Greene immediately you will lose <strong>the</strong> opportunity <strong>of</strong><br />
acquir<strong>in</strong>g wreaths <strong>of</strong> laurels, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> pleasure <strong>of</strong> render<strong>in</strong>g important services.” 2073<br />
2-3 February. Greene with Morgan <strong>and</strong> his light corps reached Salisbury; where <strong>the</strong>y worked to get <strong>the</strong> troops<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> supplies stored <strong>the</strong>re to safety across <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> River at Trad<strong>in</strong>g Ford (also known as Isl<strong>and</strong> Ford.) Due<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>’s be<strong>in</strong>g so over flooded, <strong>the</strong> ford itself could not be used; so that Greene’s (or someone else’s,<br />
such as Carr<strong>in</strong>gton’s) earlier hav<strong>in</strong>g boats collected to assist <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g had proved very wise <strong>and</strong> prudent<br />
<strong>in</strong>deed. Before <strong>the</strong> sun went down on <strong>the</strong> 3 rd , only 100 riflemen from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, a small troop <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
militia cavalry, <strong>and</strong> some wagons were left on <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ford. Some <strong>of</strong> Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens’<br />
militia who had not yet left to escort <strong>the</strong> Cowpens prisoners northward, 2074 helped to remove some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
2067 Maj. Ichabod Burnet, Greene’s aide, <strong>in</strong> a letter to Lee <strong>of</strong> Feb. 2, 1781, from “Camp Pedee,” stated that Lieut. Col.<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton had only 60 men with him. LCC Appendix xxvii-xxviii. NGP7 p. 231.<br />
2068 Huger had moved <strong>the</strong> stores at Cross Creek <strong>and</strong> its neighborhood to Hillsborough, GHA4 p. 41.<br />
2069 NGP7 pp. 232-233.<br />
2070 LOB part III, STL.<br />
2071 As paraphrased <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Calendar</strong> <strong>of</strong> Gen. Otho Williams. Mazaret was with <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State artillery, though he was serv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
alongside <strong>the</strong> regular Cont<strong>in</strong>ental artillery at this time.<br />
2072 WCA p. 38.<br />
2073 LCC appendix pp.. xxvii-xxviii.<br />
2074 The Cowpens prisoners ultimately ended up <strong>in</strong> W<strong>in</strong>chester, VA.<br />
381
Salisbury stores. Stevens <strong>the</strong>n asked <strong>the</strong>se same men to cont<strong>in</strong>ue with Greene’s army a while longer, but this<br />
<strong>the</strong>y disda<strong>in</strong>ed; be<strong>in</strong>g very eager to get back home. 2075<br />
William Johnson: “It will be recollected, that very early, even before he [Greene] had reached his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, he<br />
had adopted <strong>the</strong> means <strong>of</strong> convert<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> navigable streams <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country <strong>in</strong>to highways for transport<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
supplies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army. It will be also recollected, that his plan <strong>of</strong> operations, upon <strong>the</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, <strong>in</strong>volved some probable maneuver<strong>in</strong>g [sic] about <strong>the</strong> trad<strong>in</strong>g ford, which might render <strong>the</strong> quick<br />
passage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> ei<strong>the</strong>r for attack or defense, an important object. Both <strong>the</strong>se purposes had led to <strong>the</strong><br />
collection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boats for some distance up <strong>and</strong> down <strong>the</strong> river, at this po<strong>in</strong>t.” 2076<br />
Ramsay: “[The Americans] by expeditious movement crossed <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>, partly <strong>in</strong> flats, <strong>and</strong> partly by ford<strong>in</strong>g on<br />
<strong>the</strong> second <strong>and</strong> third days <strong>of</strong> February, <strong>and</strong> secured <strong>the</strong>ir boats on <strong>the</strong> north side. Though <strong>the</strong> British were close<br />
to <strong>the</strong>ir rear, yet <strong>the</strong> wants <strong>of</strong> boats <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rapid ris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river from preced<strong>in</strong>g ra<strong>in</strong>s made <strong>the</strong>ir cross<strong>in</strong>g<br />
impossible...The British hav<strong>in</strong>g failed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir first scheme <strong>of</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> were obliged to cross at <strong>the</strong><br />
upper fords; but before this was <strong>com</strong>pleted <strong>the</strong> two divisions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American army made a junction at Guildford<br />
Court house.” 2077<br />
Otho Williams: “The light troops [under Morgan <strong>the</strong>n Williams] had not time, after <strong>the</strong> battle, to take care <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
wounded or even brea<strong>the</strong> (surgeons were left on <strong>the</strong> field) <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir retreat <strong>of</strong> 150 miles was effected under<br />
difficulties that harassed <strong>the</strong>m exceed<strong>in</strong>gly. The retreat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battalions from <strong>the</strong> Peedee under Huger, was<br />
conducted for 100 miles under circumstances requir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> utmost patience. The worst waggons, with <strong>the</strong><br />
poorest teams, <strong>and</strong> most useless baggage, were early sent <strong>of</strong>f by col. O. Williams to Hillsborough; but <strong>the</strong> best,<br />
<strong>and</strong> even <strong>the</strong> artillery, was an encumbrance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir situation. They were some times without meat, <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
without flour, <strong>and</strong> always without spirituous liquors. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>try season, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir hav<strong>in</strong>g little<br />
cloth<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>y were daily reduced to <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> ford<strong>in</strong>g deep creeks, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g wet without any<br />
change <strong>of</strong> raiment, till <strong>the</strong> heat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir bodies <strong>and</strong> occasional fires <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods, dried <strong>the</strong>ir tattered rags. Their<br />
route lay through a barren country, which scarcely afforded necessaries for a few straggl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>habitants. They<br />
were retarded by heavy ra<strong>in</strong>s, broken bridges, bad roads, <strong>and</strong> poor horses. Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m marched without shoes<br />
over <strong>the</strong> frozen ground, <strong>and</strong> through fl<strong>in</strong>ty roads, which so gashed <strong>the</strong>ir feet, that <strong>the</strong> blood marked every step<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir progress. All <strong>the</strong>se hardships were endured without <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> a s<strong>in</strong>gle sent<strong>in</strong>el by desertion. Lee’s<br />
partizan legion had undergone extreme service, through <strong>the</strong>ir additional expedition to George Town, 75 miles<br />
distant from <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t where <strong>the</strong> retreat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battalion <strong>com</strong>menced.<br />
“Though <strong>the</strong> toils <strong>and</strong> suffer<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans exceeded, those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> royal army were far from trifl<strong>in</strong>g. The<br />
British had <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon with <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs bad roads, heavy ra<strong>in</strong>s, a want <strong>of</strong> cover, deep creeks <strong>and</strong> rivers through<br />
which to pass <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> depth <strong>of</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter: but <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong>y were well supplied <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> articles <strong>of</strong> shoes <strong>and</strong> clo<strong>the</strong>s. The<br />
difficulties <strong>and</strong> evils aris<strong>in</strong>g from lord Cornwallis’s destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> superfluous baggage <strong>and</strong> waggons were not<br />
small; but <strong>the</strong>y were submitted to with <strong>the</strong> most general <strong>and</strong> cheerful acquiescence, from his lordship’s sett<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> example.” 2078<br />
3 February. Lee, from Culp’s Ferry, wrote Greene: “I acqua<strong>in</strong>ted you with my situation <strong>and</strong> expectations, on<br />
receiv<strong>in</strong>g orders from Col. Williams to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army. I have hurried on to this place, where I must necessarily<br />
halt one day, for <strong>the</strong> junction <strong>of</strong> two troops <strong>of</strong> cavalry <strong>in</strong> my rear. The <strong>in</strong>vitation which <strong>the</strong> posture <strong>of</strong> affairs on<br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> Georgia, held out to a proper attempt, was so pleas<strong>in</strong>g, that I<br />
regret exceed<strong>in</strong>gly my recall from that country.<br />
“I regret it not only as a soldier anxious to acquire honour, but as a citizen. The m<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> people are<br />
waver<strong>in</strong>g ; <strong>the</strong>ir general <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ation favours us, but <strong>the</strong>y cannot, <strong>the</strong>y will not, declare, when <strong>the</strong>y underst<strong>and</strong><br />
our effort is conf<strong>in</strong>ed to <strong>the</strong> exertions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own militia. They will expect regular troops from us; be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
disappo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> this, <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g obliged by our own conduct to take a part decisively, I fear <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> a general<br />
<strong>in</strong>surrection <strong>in</strong> our favour, we shall streng<strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> enemy. My conclusion <strong>the</strong>refore is, that unless we can spare a<br />
force adequate to <strong>the</strong> great prospect <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day, it would have been better to have deferred operations.<br />
“Whe<strong>the</strong>r an adequate force can be spared you best know, as it depends on <strong>the</strong> circumstances <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two<br />
armies. I must presume that General Morgan’s victory was so <strong>com</strong>plete as to put it out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> power <strong>of</strong><br />
2075 NGP7 pp. 196n, 240, 244n, RCO p. 175, RHA2 p. 557, GHA4 p. 40, The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical And Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
vol. XVIII. July 1917, p. 134, LMS pp. 235-236, JLG1 pp. 417-419, LFB2 pp. 394-395, BEA pp. 1022-1023.<br />
2076 JLG1 p. 418.<br />
2077 RHA2 p. 557.<br />
2078 GHA4 pp. 41-42. These passages are taken from Gordon, yet are very likely verbatim quotes from <strong>the</strong> Otho Williams papers<br />
which Gordon had available to him. The <strong>in</strong>formation conveyed <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> style <strong>and</strong> tone used by <strong>the</strong> writer certa<strong>in</strong>ly susta<strong>in</strong> such<br />
an <strong>in</strong>terpretation. John Marhall also apparently used Williams’ writ<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> a like manner; see, for <strong>in</strong>stance, his account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Race to <strong>the</strong> Dan, MLW4A pp. 353-357. Gordon: “The advantage <strong>of</strong> col. O. H. Williams’s <strong>of</strong>ficial papers, <strong>of</strong> private letters, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
subsequent conversation with gen. Greene, for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation, has occasioned a variation <strong>in</strong> diverse parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
above narrative from Dr. Ramsay <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs.” GHA4 p. 59n. Otho Williams <strong>and</strong> John Eager Howard biographer John Beakes, <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>ment<strong>in</strong>g on my surmise, wrote <strong>in</strong> response: “There is a letter from Otho Holl<strong>and</strong> Williams to [<strong>the</strong>n] Governor Henry Lee <strong>of</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia written <strong>in</strong> 1792, that re<strong>in</strong>forces your po<strong>in</strong>t…that Williams may well have been <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al author <strong>of</strong> a section <strong>of</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong> Gordon’s work. Williams told Lee that he f<strong>in</strong>ds ‘whole pages’ <strong>of</strong> his narrative <strong>in</strong> Gordon’s work. The letter also expla<strong>in</strong>s to<br />
Lee that Williams had lost all* <strong>of</strong> his military papers, because he sent <strong>the</strong>m to Gordon (on <strong>the</strong> re<strong>com</strong>mendation <strong>of</strong> Nathanael<br />
Greene,) <strong>and</strong> Gordon wrote him a year later to say that <strong>the</strong>y had been lost at sea. [See] Williams, at Baltimore, to Lee, March<br />
15, 1792. <strong>Calendar</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Otho Holl<strong>and</strong> Williams Papers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Manuscript Collections <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Historical Society. MS 908:<br />
Part 4 <strong>of</strong> 8, item #688.” See also Otho H. Williams Papers, MD. Historical Society, Part 3/8, Item #353; TPY pp. 194, 238n, 239n.<br />
*Actually only most or some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m were lost; as o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>of</strong> Williams’ papers survived <strong>and</strong> which Marshall <strong>and</strong> William Johnson<br />
had access to, see JLG2 p. viii.<br />
382
Cornwallis to effect a junction with his North Carol<strong>in</strong>a detachment, even if General [Thomas] Dundas has arrived<br />
<strong>the</strong>re from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; unless <strong>the</strong> people <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a are generally <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. But should<br />
his force promise a junction, I th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong> recovery <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two south states would blast every advantage which his<br />
most sangu<strong>in</strong>e success could produce.<br />
“A party <strong>of</strong> horse <strong>and</strong> foot from your army, equal to <strong>the</strong> break<strong>in</strong>g down <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong> outposts <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> two states, <strong>and</strong><br />
conf<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy to Charleston, Georgetown, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, Camden, Savannah, <strong>and</strong> Augusta, would <strong>in</strong>crease<br />
daily, from 300 <strong>the</strong>y would grow to as many thous<strong>and</strong>. This small party would have it <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir power to dispossess<br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> above posts <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> a few months. Militia never can force regular troops from<br />
<strong>in</strong>trenched posts.<br />
“Fort Moultrie is an object <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first consequence, <strong>and</strong> might be <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most last<strong>in</strong>g benefit, if<br />
taken by us -- its garrison is small. Savannah <strong>and</strong> Beaufort are <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same situation. Two thous<strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>entals<br />
lay <strong>in</strong> prison ships <strong>in</strong> Charleston harbour. Cooper <strong>and</strong> Ashley rivers <strong>com</strong>municate directly with <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“What might not a spirit <strong>of</strong> enterprize effect? One hundred chosen <strong>in</strong>fantry, with my legion would perhaps be a<br />
sufficient number. If you th<strong>in</strong>k proper to adopt <strong>the</strong> scheme, favour me with your full <strong>in</strong>structions; give me <strong>the</strong><br />
additional number, place one n<strong>in</strong>e pounder <strong>in</strong> some secret place near Pedee, where I may get it when wanted,<br />
honour me with frequent letters, establish a <strong>com</strong>munication <strong>in</strong> cyphers, <strong>and</strong> I will devote myself to render<strong>in</strong>g<br />
you <strong>the</strong> most essential services. I th<strong>in</strong>k you cannot do any th<strong>in</strong>g decisive with your army, as you cannot risk an<br />
action only on partial grounds. Nor do I believe Cornwallis can succeed <strong>in</strong> his scheme unless North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
oppose <strong>the</strong> United States.<br />
“Pardon <strong>the</strong> freedom <strong>of</strong> this address, it results from my zeal for <strong>the</strong> good <strong>of</strong> America, <strong>and</strong> for <strong>the</strong> prosperity <strong>of</strong><br />
your arms. If you conclude that we jo<strong>in</strong>, I request you will be pleased to send me your orders by an express [see<br />
Burnet to Lee, 2 Feb. entry], <strong>and</strong> give <strong>the</strong> bearer, one <strong>of</strong> my sergeants, permission to take such <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners<br />
under care <strong>of</strong> General Stevens, as he may claim. I flatter myself he will br<strong>in</strong>g to me some <strong>of</strong> my deserters.” 2079<br />
3 February. The British captured St. Eustatius, sometimes spelled “Eustatia,” from <strong>the</strong> Dutch. The West Indies<br />
isl<strong>and</strong> (<strong>and</strong> which <strong>in</strong>cidentally <strong>in</strong>cluded a substantial <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fluential Jewish bank<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>munity) had for years<br />
been a rich <strong>and</strong> fecund l<strong>in</strong>k <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American <strong>and</strong> Allied supply l<strong>in</strong>e; with its loss be<strong>in</strong>g a significant blow to <strong>the</strong><br />
f<strong>in</strong>ancially <strong>and</strong> materially struggl<strong>in</strong>g American cause. For a time, <strong>the</strong> British cont<strong>in</strong>ued on <strong>the</strong> isl<strong>and</strong> disguised as<br />
<strong>the</strong> Dutch, <strong>and</strong> by this means decoyed a number <strong>of</strong> allied vessels <strong>in</strong>to be<strong>in</strong>g taken. 2080<br />
3 February. [skirmish] Trad<strong>in</strong>g Ford, also Isl<strong>and</strong> Ford (Rowan County, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a) Just as most <strong>of</strong> Greene’s<br />
men <strong>and</strong> supplies were mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir way across <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> at Trad<strong>in</strong>g Ford <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> late hours <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day, Tarleton<br />
<strong>and</strong> Brig. Gen. Charles O’Hara with <strong>the</strong> Guards approached <strong>the</strong>re 2081 to f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> few Americans rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong><br />
west bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river. A brief skirmish <strong>the</strong>n ensued between O’Hara’s column <strong>and</strong> some 100 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia<br />
under Maj. David Campbell, as well as some North Carol<strong>in</strong>a mounted militia led by Col. John Luttrell. 2082 After<br />
some heated shoot<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> American rear guard dispersed, ab<strong>and</strong>on<strong>in</strong>g some wagons carry<strong>in</strong>g personal items;<br />
<strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ally made <strong>the</strong>ir escape at a cross<strong>in</strong>g two miles down stream. O’Hara <strong>the</strong>n returned to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army<br />
under Cornwallis which had reached Salisbury, <strong>and</strong> where most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> next day rest<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Joseph Graham, <strong>the</strong> Americans lost 2, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British 10 to 12 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. 2083<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “General Greene had hoped, by guard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fords on <strong>the</strong> Catawba with <strong>the</strong> light troops under Morgan,<br />
to prevent <strong>the</strong> passage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army until Huger <strong>and</strong> Williams should arrive with <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r divisions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
American forces. The passage at Cowan’s Ford destroyed <strong>the</strong>se hopes, <strong>and</strong> Morgan <strong>and</strong> his light troops retreated<br />
precipitately toward <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>. The detachment <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant-colonel Webster crossed at Beattie’s Ford, <strong>and</strong><br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed Cornwallis <strong>the</strong> next day [Feb. 2.], on <strong>the</strong> road to Salisbury, five miles from <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g-place. The royal<br />
army rested at Salisbury 11 that night, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g started <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Greene <strong>and</strong> Morgan. These<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers did not await <strong>the</strong> dawn, but passed <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> at Trad<strong>in</strong>g Ford while Cornwallis was slumber<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>and</strong><br />
when, on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> third, <strong>the</strong> earl hastened to strike a fatal blow on <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong> that stream, <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans were beyond his reach, <strong>and</strong> Providence had aga<strong>in</strong> placed an impassable barrier <strong>of</strong> water between<br />
<strong>the</strong>m. Ano<strong>the</strong>r copious ra<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s had swollen <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> to a mighty river. The horses <strong>of</strong> Morgan had<br />
forded <strong>the</strong> stream at midnight, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry passed over <strong>in</strong> bateaux at dawn. These vessels were secured on<br />
<strong>the</strong> east shore <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis was obliged to wait for <strong>the</strong> waters to subside before he could cross.<br />
Aga<strong>in</strong> he had <strong>the</strong> Americans almost with<strong>in</strong> his grasp. A corps <strong>of</strong> riflemen were yet on <strong>the</strong> west side when O’Hara,<br />
with <strong>the</strong> van-guard, approached, but <strong>the</strong>se escaped across <strong>the</strong> river, after a smart skirmish <strong>of</strong> a few m<strong>in</strong>utes.<br />
Noth<strong>in</strong>g was lost but a few wagons belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> Whigs who were flee<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> American army, with <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
effects.” 2084<br />
Tarleton: “General O’Hara hav<strong>in</strong>g made a fruitless effort to get possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flats <strong>and</strong> large boats upon <strong>the</strong><br />
river, took post with <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry on <strong>the</strong> ground which <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> ford <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ferry, <strong>and</strong> sent back <strong>the</strong><br />
2079 LCC appendix pp. xxviii-xxx. Henry Lee IV uses this letter to help corroborate his contention that it was Lee Sr. who first<br />
suggested that Greene turn south <strong>in</strong> early April 1781.<br />
2080 ATR81a pp. 157, 251, 260-271, 343-346, AR81 pp. 101-106, SAW2 pp. 278-280, GHA4 pp. 74-78, FWI pp. 203-204, CGP pp. lxvlxvi.<br />
The isl<strong>and</strong> was retaken by <strong>the</strong> French on 26 Nov. 1781, SAW2 pp. 416-417.<br />
2081 O’Hara passed through Salisbury at 3 p.m. on his way to Trad<strong>in</strong>g Ford, which was seven miles distant. GAM2 p. 265.<br />
2082 Luttrell (also Lutteral) was a former Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer from Chatham County, N.C. who had been authorized by <strong>the</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong> to raise 200 militia for three months service. Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se men ended up go<strong>in</strong>g home before <strong>the</strong>ir term<br />
expired. Luttrell was later killed at L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mill <strong>in</strong> September 1781. NGP7 p. 227n.<br />
2083 NGP7 pp. 227n, 252, RCO p. 175, AR81 p. 61, RSC2 pp. 207-209, SCP4 pp. 22-23, TCS p. 227, GHA4 p. 40, MLW4A pp. 352-<br />
353, LMS pp. 235-236, JLG1 pp. 417-419, GAM2 p. 265-266, SNC pp. 248-252, TPY p. 141.<br />
2084 LFB2 p. 394.<br />
383
cavalry to Salisbury. A heavy ra<strong>in</strong> swelled <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> succeed<strong>in</strong>g day <strong>and</strong> night, <strong>and</strong> General Morgan<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed on <strong>the</strong> eastern bank, fac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British troops.” 2085<br />
Joseph Graham: “Before <strong>the</strong> rear came <strong>in</strong> [under Cornwallis], Brigadier-General O’Hara <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry moved<br />
on. It was seven miles to <strong>the</strong> Trad<strong>in</strong>g Ford on <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> it was gett<strong>in</strong>g dark when he came near. General<br />
Morgan had passed his regulars <strong>and</strong> baggage all over, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re rema<strong>in</strong>ed on <strong>the</strong> south side only one hundred <strong>and</strong><br />
fifty militia <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> baggage wagons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops which had escaped from Cowan’s Ford, <strong>and</strong> some o<strong>the</strong>rs.<br />
F<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British approach<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> militia were drawn up near a half mile from <strong>the</strong> ford, where a branch<br />
crosses which was covered with small timber <strong>and</strong> bushes, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re was an old field along <strong>the</strong> road <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
front. When O’Hara came, twilight was nearly gone. The American position was low along <strong>the</strong> branch, under<br />
shade <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> timber; that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advanc<strong>in</strong>g foe was open <strong>and</strong> on higher ground, <strong>and</strong> between <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> sky,<br />
was quite visible. When <strong>the</strong>y came with<strong>in</strong> sixty steps, <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>com</strong>menced fir<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> enemy returned it<br />
<strong>and</strong> began to form a l<strong>in</strong>e. As <strong>the</strong>ir rear came up, <strong>the</strong>y extended <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>in</strong>e to <strong>the</strong> right, <strong>and</strong> were turn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> left<br />
flank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia by cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> branch above. This be<strong>in</strong>g discovered, a retreat was ordered after hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
fired, some two, some three rounds. It was easily effected <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> dark. They passed down <strong>the</strong> river two miles<br />
<strong>and</strong> crossed over, ab<strong>and</strong>on<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> baggage <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r wagons which could not be gotten over, to <strong>the</strong> enemy,<br />
after tak<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>the</strong> horses. Two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia were killed; <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy was not known, but from<br />
appearances <strong>of</strong> blood <strong>in</strong> different places, believed to be ten or twelve. They were by far <strong>the</strong> most numerous, yet<br />
from <strong>the</strong> positions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> contend<strong>in</strong>g parties were most exposed. After <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g ceased, <strong>the</strong> British marched on<br />
to <strong>the</strong> river, but found <strong>the</strong> water was too deep to ford, <strong>and</strong> still ris<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> that General Morgan, encamped on<br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side, had with him all <strong>the</strong> boats <strong>and</strong> canoes. General O’Hara returned to Salisbury <strong>the</strong> same night,<br />
notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> badness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> roads. Those under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> marched thirty-four miles <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong><br />
this day <strong>and</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> night. On <strong>the</strong> 4 th , <strong>the</strong> army needed rest, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er be<strong>in</strong>g, it is supposed,<br />
undecided what course to pursue, <strong>the</strong>y rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Salisbury.” 2086<br />
<strong>War</strong>d: “After cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Catawba <strong>the</strong> divisions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British had jo<strong>in</strong>ed on <strong>the</strong> road to Salisbury. Cornwallis had<br />
<strong>the</strong>n added O’Hara’s mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry to his cavalry <strong>and</strong> sent <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed force forward to catch Greene<br />
before he crossed <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>, while he himself burned more baggage, so as to double his teams, <strong>and</strong> get <strong>the</strong> few<br />
rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g wagons out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mud <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y were sunk to <strong>the</strong> hubs.” 2087<br />
“Rem<strong>in</strong>iscences <strong>of</strong> Dr. William Read, Arranged From His Notes <strong>and</strong> Papers”: “Dr. Read here retrogrades to relate<br />
a story <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> operations <strong>of</strong> this campaign, highly to <strong>the</strong> credit <strong>of</strong> Gen. Morgan, which should not be lost. Dr.<br />
Read, after part<strong>in</strong>g with Gen. Greene on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>, walked <strong>in</strong>to camp, <strong>and</strong> on<br />
enquir<strong>in</strong>g for Gen. Morgan, whom he was desirous <strong>of</strong> see<strong>in</strong>g, he found him <strong>in</strong> a tent lay<strong>in</strong>g on leaves, under a<br />
blanket. On enquiry, <strong>the</strong> General said he was very sick, rheumatic from head to feet. The Doctor gave him<br />
advice to leave camp, <strong>and</strong> retire to some place <strong>of</strong> safety, <strong>and</strong> warm quarters. The General said, ‘I do not know<br />
where that is to be found until I reach Virg<strong>in</strong>ia.’ Dr. Read left him <strong>and</strong> walked down to <strong>the</strong> river, where were a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers observ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy on <strong>the</strong> ris<strong>in</strong>g grounds over <strong>the</strong> river, column after column,<br />
which he <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y contemplated as long as <strong>the</strong> light served <strong>the</strong>m. Presently he saw Morgan <strong>com</strong>e down to <strong>the</strong><br />
river. Several <strong>of</strong>ficers approached him on see<strong>in</strong>g anxiety <strong>in</strong> his manner, <strong>and</strong> enquired what was <strong>the</strong> matter. The<br />
General’s reply was short <strong>and</strong> evasive. At length Dr. Read made up to him, to reproach him for not follow<strong>in</strong>g his<br />
advice, which was to seek an opportunity <strong>of</strong> perspiration as remedy aga<strong>in</strong>st his pa<strong>in</strong>ful rheumatic affection. The<br />
General said: ‘to you, Dr. Read, I will be explicit, as it may give you some bus<strong>in</strong>ess. I have laid an ambuscade <strong>of</strong><br />
120 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia men for <strong>the</strong> British; we hope to do <strong>the</strong>m some harm.’ Dr. Read’s reply was: ‘good God, is it<br />
possible!’ He did not th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong>y had a hostile man over <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> expressed his wonder how <strong>the</strong>y could<br />
escape. The General observed that this was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> strata gems <strong>of</strong> war that must be resorted to, <strong>and</strong> as to<br />
<strong>the</strong> hazard, brave men were always prepared for it. At this moment a fir<strong>in</strong>g was heard; <strong>the</strong> General appeared <strong>in</strong><br />
ecstacy [sic.] ‘There are my rifles, <strong>the</strong>re <strong>the</strong> British pistol;’ now a bark<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> howl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> dogs were heard, <strong>the</strong>n<br />
all was still, <strong>and</strong> a solemn silence ensued. Dr. Read stood look<strong>in</strong>g over <strong>the</strong> dark expanse, reflect<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong><br />
horrors <strong>of</strong> war, when he saw an object which appeared like a vision. It was <strong>the</strong> discharge <strong>of</strong> a gun; a man on<br />
horseback fall<strong>in</strong>g backwards, <strong>the</strong>n all was obscurity. He spoke <strong>of</strong> it; it was treated like a th<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> imag<strong>in</strong>ation,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Dr. Read, mistrust<strong>in</strong>g his own vision, <strong>in</strong>sisted no more on it. Gen. Morgan was gone, <strong>and</strong> soon after Dr. Read<br />
retired to his camp. The next morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> General <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers were at <strong>the</strong> river, to know <strong>the</strong> fate<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ambuscade. Presently was seen a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> men march<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> loose order up <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river wet,<br />
<strong>and</strong> apparently much fatigued. Numbers made enquiry, <strong>and</strong> conversed on <strong>the</strong> subject. Dr. Read related what he<br />
had seen <strong>the</strong> night before, <strong>and</strong> po<strong>in</strong>ted to <strong>the</strong> spot, where <strong>the</strong>re appeared to lay an object like a dead man;<br />
when a young man stepped up <strong>and</strong> said: ‘It is true, sir, I am <strong>the</strong> man. I was pursued by a dragoon whom runn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
across that field; he overtook me, <strong>and</strong> I wheeled about <strong>and</strong> shot him; I th<strong>in</strong>k he fell. At <strong>the</strong> moment he gave my<br />
rifle a heavy cut;’ <strong>and</strong>, show<strong>in</strong>g his rifle, <strong>the</strong> sabre cut was evident. The horse ran <strong>of</strong>f, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rifleman made<br />
good his retreat. Dr. Read now accosted <strong>the</strong> byst<strong>and</strong>ers with a hope that <strong>the</strong>y were no longer <strong>in</strong>credulous. Dr.<br />
Read spoke encourag<strong>in</strong>gly to <strong>the</strong> young soldier, whose name was Campbell, <strong>and</strong> advised him to keep that rifle as<br />
a sacred deposit. After this battle, some anxiety was expressed to know its fate, when two young men, Steel <strong>and</strong><br />
Gillespie, volunteered to go over <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> see. They mounted f<strong>in</strong>e horses, <strong>and</strong> rode down a hill, which<br />
seemed vastly precipitous, <strong>and</strong> rid<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> western end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rocky isl<strong>and</strong> that gives <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> Isl<strong>and</strong> Ford<br />
to <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g place, <strong>the</strong>y crossed <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> saw numbers <strong>of</strong> soldiers bury<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> dead <strong>in</strong> large pits. Some <strong>of</strong><br />
2085 TCS p. 227.<br />
2086 GNC pp. 300-301.<br />
2087 WDC p. 392.<br />
384
Morgan’s ambuscade were miss<strong>in</strong>g, but Dr. Read never heard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir fate. He marched next morn<strong>in</strong>g on his<br />
important <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> never returned to this part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> he never met Morgan aga<strong>in</strong> to enquire<br />
<strong>the</strong> history <strong>of</strong> this expedition.” 2088<br />
3 February. Huger, from Mask’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Peedee, <strong>in</strong>formed Greene he would take two pieces <strong>of</strong> artillery with<br />
him, but would send <strong>the</strong>m away if <strong>the</strong>y proved an impediment to movement. He also stated that <strong>the</strong> heavy<br />
baggage had been sent on to Guilford as ordered. 2089<br />
4 February. With heavy ra<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> ris<strong>in</strong>g waters hav<strong>in</strong>g slowed his o<strong>the</strong>rwise swift movement, Cornwallis reached<br />
Trad<strong>in</strong>g Ford on <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> River. Position<strong>in</strong>g some artillery on a hill, he shelled Greene’s forces on <strong>the</strong> opposite<br />
side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> River; though without do<strong>in</strong>g much damage. Later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, Greene marched toward Guilford.<br />
Then on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 5 th , Cornwallis retired to Salisbury where he rema<strong>in</strong>ed till <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 6 February<br />
(which see); at which later time he passed <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> upriver at Shallow Ford; which brief respite permitted <strong>the</strong><br />
junction <strong>of</strong> Huger <strong>and</strong> Morgan’s forces on <strong>the</strong> 7 th at Guilford. Greene orig<strong>in</strong>ally planned to have his entire army<br />
collect at Salisbury, but ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> swiftness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British advance had changed <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> rendezvous. 2090<br />
While <strong>in</strong> Salisbury, Cornwallis burned even more <strong>of</strong> his wagons <strong>and</strong> baggage <strong>in</strong> order to lighten his load even<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r. 2091<br />
“Scottish Travel Log”: [3 Feb.] “March through Salisbury to banks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>”; [4-5 Feb.] “Halt”, <strong>and</strong> [6 Feb.]<br />
“Cross <strong>the</strong> South Fork, etc.”<br />
Cornwallis, at Salisbury, to Rawdon on this date: “We passed <strong>the</strong> Catawba on <strong>the</strong> 1 st at a private ford, about four<br />
miles below Beatty’s. The Guards [referr<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> action at Cowan’s Ford, 1 Feb.] behaved gallantly, <strong>and</strong>,<br />
although <strong>the</strong>y were fired upon dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> whole time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir pass<strong>in</strong>g by some militia under General Davidson,<br />
never returned a shot until <strong>the</strong>y got out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> formed. On <strong>the</strong> same day Tarleton attacked a<br />
considerable body <strong>of</strong> militia, killed several, took some prisoners, <strong>and</strong> dispersed <strong>the</strong> rest.<br />
“I am much distressed by <strong>the</strong> rivers <strong>and</strong> creeks be<strong>in</strong>g swelled, but shall try to pass <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> at <strong>the</strong> shallow ford<br />
as soon as possible.<br />
“I have <strong>the</strong> utmost confidence <strong>in</strong> your abilities <strong>and</strong> discretion. Our friends must be so disheartened by <strong>the</strong><br />
misfortune <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th [i.e., Cowpens], that you will get but little good from <strong>the</strong>m. You know <strong>the</strong> importance <strong>of</strong><br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six: let that place be your constant care. I long to hear from you.” 2092<br />
William Johnson: “To prevent Lord Cornwallis from gett<strong>in</strong>g on his right [i.e., to <strong>the</strong> east <strong>of</strong> him], was allimportant<br />
to General Greene for several reasons. When <strong>the</strong> army <strong>com</strong>menced its march from <strong>the</strong> Peedee, <strong>the</strong><br />
heaviest baggage had been ordered on, under a guard <strong>of</strong> militia, to take <strong>the</strong> route by Hillsborough, to unite<br />
<strong>the</strong>re with <strong>the</strong> baggage remov<strong>in</strong>g from that place, <strong>and</strong> to pursue <strong>the</strong> march across <strong>the</strong> Dan, or until<br />
counterm<strong>and</strong>ed...Nor was <strong>the</strong> route by <strong>the</strong> upper fords <strong>the</strong> most convenient for favor<strong>in</strong>g a junction with <strong>the</strong><br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcements which were now advanc<strong>in</strong>g. All those expected from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a must <strong>com</strong>e from Roanoke,<br />
<strong>and</strong> those to be looked for from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia must all approach from <strong>the</strong> eastward, <strong>and</strong> generally by <strong>the</strong> road to<br />
Boyd’s Ferry; so that to keep his enemy to <strong>the</strong> north <strong>and</strong> west <strong>of</strong> him, without permitt<strong>in</strong>g him to advance too<br />
far, became all important <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> present posture <strong>of</strong> his affairs.” 2093<br />
5 February. [skirmish] Edmond’s Bridge (Portsmouth County, VA.) See SQR pp. 173-174.<br />
6 February. [skirmish] Grant’s Creek, also Second Creek (Rowan County, N.C) To prevent unnecessary losses <strong>in</strong> a<br />
cross<strong>in</strong>g attempt at Trad<strong>in</strong>g Ford, Cornwallis moved north up along <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> River some distance to Shallow<br />
Ford <strong>and</strong> crossed <strong>the</strong>re on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 6 th . At <strong>the</strong> same time, he directed Tarleton <strong>in</strong> advance to<br />
reconnoiter. Tarleton subsequently encountered Col. Francis Lock <strong>and</strong> 100 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia who were<br />
engaged <strong>in</strong> destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> bridge at Grant’s Creek (near Salisbury.) He <strong>the</strong>n sent a detachment up to around <strong>the</strong><br />
mouth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> creek, for purposes <strong>of</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g Lock from <strong>the</strong> rear. As a result, Lock’s troops were dispersed, though<br />
with only 1 wounded. Lock later regrouped <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed Pickens’ b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> followers <strong>and</strong> N.C. militia. Cornwallis<br />
later crossed <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> at Shallow Ford dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night, <strong>and</strong> was on <strong>the</strong> opposite bank by <strong>the</strong> 7 th . 2094<br />
6 February. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Bethabara Congregation): “Dur<strong>in</strong>g last night General Pickens arrived<br />
with his men <strong>and</strong> someth<strong>in</strong>g over twenty wagons. Corn, hay, bread, <strong>and</strong> br<strong>and</strong>y were given to him at his request.<br />
He kept good order among his men. His manner was fa<strong>the</strong>rly <strong>and</strong> mild, <strong>and</strong> he voted his belief that we would<br />
take no part <strong>in</strong> anyth<strong>in</strong>g that was partisan or low.<br />
2088 GDH3 pp. 277-278; regard<strong>in</strong>g Morgan’s ill health see also LMS p. 237.<br />
2089 NGP7 p. 247.<br />
2090 LOB part III, STL, TCS p. 227, LMS p. 235, JLG1 pp. 422-424, SNC pp. 253-254.<br />
2091 STL, ATR81a pp. 303-304, AR81 p. 61, TCS pp. 227-228, GHA4 p. 40, JLG1 pp. 418-419, TPY p. 141.<br />
2092 RCC pp. 84-85, SCP4 p. 44.<br />
2093 Cornwallis believed he could ei<strong>the</strong>r trap Greene by forc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> latter up aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Dan River, i.e., if Greene moved<br />
eastward, or else catch him at <strong>the</strong> fords upstream if Greene tried to escape by way <strong>of</strong> those cross<strong>in</strong>gs. As it turned out, Greene,<br />
to Cornwallis’ surprise, went east. But <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g his back to <strong>the</strong> Dan, Greene was able to cross at Irw<strong>in</strong>’s <strong>and</strong> Boyd’s<br />
Ferry, where a week or so earlier scarce <strong>and</strong> hard to obta<strong>in</strong> boats had been collected <strong>and</strong> secreted for that purpose. JLG1 pp.<br />
422-424.<br />
2094 TCS pp. 227-228, SNC pp. 253-254, RNC p. 278.<br />
385
“In <strong>the</strong> afternoon Colonel Clark arrived with more than fifty horse-men, <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>com</strong>pany passed by <strong>the</strong><br />
mill, all hurry<strong>in</strong>g after General Pickens. So it went all day, partly with <strong>the</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> militia, partly with people<br />
flee<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> war.” 2095<br />
7 February. [skirmish] 2096 Graham’s Patrol, also Shallow Ford (Forsyth County, N.C.) Some hours after <strong>the</strong> British<br />
army had crossed at Shallow Ford <strong>and</strong> moved on, 20 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia cavalry, under Capt. Joseph Graham,<br />
captured six loyalists, <strong>and</strong> killed one Hessian <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir wake. 2097<br />
Joseph Graham: “The American cavalry was mortified at <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g so far <strong>and</strong> achiev<strong>in</strong>g noth<strong>in</strong>g [i.e., <strong>the</strong> British<br />
had already crossed Shallow Ford <strong>the</strong> previous even<strong>in</strong>g]. It was decided that twenty <strong>of</strong> those best mounted,<br />
under <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> [Joseph Graham], should, after divest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir marks <strong>of</strong><br />
dist<strong>in</strong>ction, pass <strong>the</strong> river. The Lieutenant was ordered to draw up <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs at <strong>the</strong> ford, to cover <strong>the</strong>ir retreat,<br />
if pursued, <strong>and</strong> to place videttes on <strong>the</strong> roads some distance <strong>in</strong> his rear, lest some parties <strong>of</strong> Tories might be<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Americans. The party went over, saw several men whom <strong>the</strong>y did not molest, <strong>and</strong> who, on be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
questioned, made pr<strong>of</strong>essions <strong>of</strong> loyalty to <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> showed <strong>the</strong>ir protections. After go<strong>in</strong>g about three miles,<br />
<strong>the</strong> two soldiers who were kept <strong>in</strong> advance about one hundred yards, made signal <strong>of</strong> see<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy. When<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> Graham came up, he saw about fifty dragoons, march<strong>in</strong>g slowly <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>pact order. He followed <strong>the</strong>m for<br />
two miles unperceived, but f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>y kept <strong>the</strong> same order, it was thought imprudent to go fur<strong>the</strong>r, as<br />
<strong>the</strong> country that <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>in</strong> was reputed to be favorable to <strong>the</strong> British. Return<strong>in</strong>g about a mile, <strong>the</strong> Americans<br />
discovered three men <strong>in</strong> red coats, who fled, but be<strong>in</strong>g directly run down, surrendered. On proceed<strong>in</strong>g fur<strong>the</strong>r,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y met a Hessian <strong>and</strong> a Briton, who also fled. On be<strong>in</strong>g overtaken, <strong>the</strong> Briton surrendered, but <strong>the</strong> Hessian<br />
held his piece at a charge <strong>and</strong> would not give up. He was cut down <strong>and</strong> killed. Before reach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> ford, <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans took two armed Tories, who were follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m. Hav<strong>in</strong>g killed one <strong>and</strong> taken six prisoners, <strong>the</strong> party<br />
re-crossed <strong>the</strong> ford.” 2098<br />
7 February. Sumter returned to field after recover<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> wound he received at Blackstock’s. On <strong>the</strong> 9 th , he<br />
called toge<strong>the</strong>r his partisans for raids on some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn British posts <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. With about 280<br />
men collected, he subsequently launched attacks on Fort Granby, Thompson’s House (i.e., Belleville, not far<br />
from <strong>the</strong> later Ft. Motte) <strong>and</strong> Fort Watson; while, <strong>in</strong> he process, frighten<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> loyalists, <strong>and</strong> captur<strong>in</strong>g (<strong>the</strong>n<br />
los<strong>in</strong>g) a supply convoy. These successive forays <strong>of</strong> February later came to be known as “Sumter’s Rounds.” 2099<br />
7-8 February. On <strong>the</strong> 7 th , Greene with Morgan’s corps reached Guilford Court House where he was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by both<br />
Huger <strong>and</strong> Lee’s Legion (<strong>the</strong> latter, hav<strong>in</strong>g just returned from operations with Marion, had earlier overtaken<br />
Huger on <strong>the</strong> march.) It was <strong>in</strong>itially <strong>in</strong>tended for all to meet at Salisbury, but Cornwallis’ precipitous advance<br />
impelled <strong>the</strong> change. The 8 th was spent giv<strong>in</strong>g Greene’s men a much needed rest; though <strong>the</strong> army was badly<br />
short <strong>of</strong> supplies. While exertions were made to call out <strong>the</strong> Guilford militia, only a few (about 200) came forth,<br />
<strong>and</strong> many <strong>of</strong> those who did appear, <strong>in</strong> fear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British, deserted. This left Greene with only a small body <strong>of</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia with him under Col. James Mart<strong>in</strong>. 2100<br />
Lee: “The united force <strong>of</strong> Greene, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g five hundred militia, exceeded two thous<strong>and</strong> three hundred. Of<br />
which two hundred <strong>and</strong> seventy were cavalry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> best quality. The army <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis was estimated at two<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> five hundred; but his cavalry was far <strong>in</strong>ferior, although more numerous than that <strong>of</strong> his adversary, was<br />
far <strong>in</strong>ferior <strong>in</strong> regard to size, condition, <strong>and</strong> activity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> horses.” 2101<br />
7-8 February. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Bethabara Congregation): “[Bethania] “Feb. 7...The report that<br />
<strong>the</strong> English were <strong>the</strong>re [<strong>in</strong> Salem] was without foundation, but it was said that a party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m had been <strong>in</strong><br />
Bryant’s [Samuel Bryan’s?] Settlement. After midnight an express brought word that about eight hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
English had reached Colonel Hound’s.<br />
“Feb. 8...This even<strong>in</strong>g we heard that <strong>the</strong> English army under General Cornwallis had passed <strong>the</strong> Shallow Ford<br />
about three o’clock.” 2102<br />
“Scottish Travel Log”: [7 Feb.] “Cross two deep creeks & two o<strong>the</strong>rs with bridges over <strong>the</strong>m.” 2103<br />
8 February. Greene, at Guilford Court House, wrote Col. John Gunby, at Hillsborough, order<strong>in</strong>g him to have army<br />
stores <strong>the</strong>re removed north to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> to march from <strong>the</strong>re with his men to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army. Gunby was<br />
also directed to send to Guilford all <strong>the</strong> arms, fl<strong>in</strong>ts, cartridges, entrench<strong>in</strong>g tools, oars, <strong>and</strong> spirits that he could<br />
<strong>in</strong> lightly loaded wagons. In accordance with Greene’s <strong>in</strong>structions, <strong>the</strong> evacuated supplies were later floated<br />
across <strong>the</strong> Roanoke, <strong>and</strong> removed to Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward Court House <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, “<strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal depot <strong>of</strong> stores <strong>and</strong><br />
arms [<strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia]” [William Johnson]. 2104<br />
2095 FRM p. 1741.<br />
2096 Here <strong>the</strong> designation “skirmish” is used very broadly.<br />
2097 CNC22 p. 123, SCP4 pp. 47-49, 52, GNC pp. 309-310, GAM2 pp. 267-268.<br />
2098 GNC pp. 309-310.<br />
2099 NGP7 pp. 75n, 145, 266n, 328, RSC2 pp. 226-227, RBG p. 145.<br />
2100 As Treacy notes, <strong>the</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> Huger’s barefoot battalions at Guilford rendezvous made Cowpens veterans gasp. TPY p. 225n,<br />
GHA4 p. 41, MLW4A p. 353, LMS pp. 235-236, JLG 1 pp. 428-429, GLG3 p. 165.<br />
2101 NGP7 pp. 252n, 253n, LMS p. 236.<br />
2102 FRM p. 1765.<br />
2103 STL.<br />
2104 NGP7 pp. 256n, 268, JLG1 p. 333.<br />
386
8 February. A letter from Col. Arthur Campbell <strong>in</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton County, VA., written on this date, <strong>in</strong>formed<br />
Greene that (sometime <strong>in</strong> late December <strong>and</strong> early January) 700 frontier militia <strong>of</strong> three counties had defeated<br />
<strong>the</strong> Cherokees <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Watauga district; destroy<strong>in</strong>g many Indian houses <strong>and</strong> crops <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> process. See Late<br />
December 1780. 2105<br />
8 February. Cornwallis camped at L<strong>in</strong>dsay’s Plantation.<br />
“Scottish Travel Log” for this date: “One mile beyond <strong>the</strong> yadk<strong>in</strong>[;] this river from 5 to 600 yards [wide?]”<br />
“Leslie“ Orderly Book: “All Offrs. [Officers] Are most Earnestly requested to Seize any Militia or followers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Army who go <strong>in</strong>to Houses & Commit excesses; <strong>and</strong> Report <strong>the</strong>m to Head Q[t]rs. As soon as <strong>the</strong> Troops <strong>com</strong>e to<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir Ground Any Offr. Who looks on with Indifference & does not do his Utmost to prevent <strong>the</strong> Shamefull [sic]<br />
Maraud<strong>in</strong>g Which has <strong>of</strong> late prevail[e]d <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Army Will be Consider’d <strong>in</strong> a more Crim<strong>in</strong>al light than <strong>the</strong> persons<br />
who Commit those Sc<strong>and</strong>alous Crimes, which must br<strong>in</strong>g disgrace & Ru<strong>in</strong> on his Majestys Arms.” 2106<br />
9 February. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Bethabara Congregation): “We expected <strong>the</strong> return <strong>of</strong> our guests <strong>of</strong><br />
yesterday, but <strong>in</strong>stead about eleven o’clock, a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> English dragoons arrived, br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g an order from Lord<br />
Cornwallis, for br<strong>and</strong>y, meat, meal <strong>and</strong> bread, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>structions that our mill should gr<strong>in</strong>d all it could, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> afternoon our wagon should take it to Bethania, where <strong>the</strong>re were more than seven thous<strong>and</strong> men. In <strong>the</strong><br />
afternoon <strong>the</strong> Commissary came for 100 gallons <strong>of</strong> br<strong>and</strong>y, more than 300 lbs. <strong>of</strong> bread, <strong>and</strong> all <strong>the</strong> meal that<br />
was ready…Then came a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> German Tories, with an order for cattle for <strong>the</strong> army, -- just now <strong>the</strong><br />
question is not who are friends <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>and</strong> but who are friends <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>g. The last named <strong>com</strong>pany seized<br />
several travelers here, <strong>and</strong> took <strong>the</strong>m to Bethania, to <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> camp.” 2107<br />
9 February. Col. Francis Lock with Rowan County militia, Maj. John Carruth with those <strong>of</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln County, <strong>and</strong><br />
some 40 Georgia <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia under Pickens were left beh<strong>in</strong>d Greene’s ma<strong>in</strong> army with orders to<br />
harass <strong>the</strong> British rear; though Pickens’ precise location <strong>in</strong> that wise <strong>and</strong> at this time is unclear (at least to this<br />
author.) Lock at this time requested lead <strong>and</strong> fl<strong>in</strong>ts. While Greene was able to send <strong>the</strong> fl<strong>in</strong>ts, he told Lock to<br />
send someone to retrieve <strong>the</strong> lead; as <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> baggage had already gone across <strong>the</strong> Roanoke River. Pickens own<br />
force was much dim<strong>in</strong>ished by this time, hav<strong>in</strong>g for about <strong>the</strong> last two weeks been escort<strong>in</strong>g prisoners north from<br />
Cowpens (prior to Stevens <strong>the</strong>n tak<strong>in</strong>g up those same prisoners <strong>and</strong> convey<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia). Given <strong>the</strong><br />
important loss <strong>of</strong> Brig. Gen. Davidson at Cowan’s Ford, <strong>the</strong> western North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia were put under<br />
Pickens. “Until a more perfect arrangement can be made,” wrote Greene on February 3 rd , Pickens was to assume<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a troops with him, with orders from to hang on skirts <strong>of</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> watch for <strong>and</strong><br />
attempt to surprise British forag<strong>in</strong>g parties. By no later than February 19 th , Pickens force had grown to 600-700<br />
men. Graham po<strong>in</strong>ts out that, contrary to William Johnson, <strong>the</strong>re were no <strong>of</strong>ficers with Pickens o<strong>the</strong>r than Lieut.<br />
James Jackson, who was made Pickens’ Brigade Major. 2108 On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, Pickens, <strong>in</strong> his dispatches to<br />
Greene at <strong>the</strong> time, does mention Col. Hugh McCall <strong>and</strong> Capt. Samuel Hammond. Yet evidently, James McCall<br />
<strong>and</strong> Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, who had been with Pickens at Cowpens, had returned to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. About half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
soldiers <strong>in</strong> Pickens new corps were mounted, but only around 70 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were actually cavalry. 2109<br />
Joseph Graham: “(W)hen General Andrew Pickens was vested with <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops 6 or 700 <strong>in</strong><br />
number Assembled <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis on his march to <strong>the</strong> Dan River <strong>the</strong>re was not more than 40 <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia but were chiefly from between <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> Cataba [sic] Rivers from <strong>the</strong> Counties <strong>of</strong><br />
Mecklenburg <strong>and</strong> Rowan (from which s<strong>in</strong>ce Iredale <strong>and</strong> Cabarus [Iredell <strong>and</strong> Cabarrus counties]have been taken<br />
<strong>of</strong>f).” 2110<br />
9-10 February. On <strong>the</strong> 10 th , Caru<strong>the</strong>rs states Cornwallis had his head-quarters at “Fred. Miller’s;” which was four<br />
<strong>and</strong> a half miles from Salem by way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dansville; <strong>and</strong> from where his lordship subsequently moved towards<br />
<strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Haw River. Some accounts erroneously state that his army entered Salem; which was not<br />
actually <strong>the</strong> case. 2111<br />
“Scottish Travel Log”: [9 Feb.] “Bethania”; [10 Feb.] “Five miles beyond Salem.”<br />
“Intelligence from <strong>the</strong> southward, Philadelphia February 28” 2112 : ‘Cornwallis’ army f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>y could not pass at<br />
Trad<strong>in</strong>g ford, near Salisbury, marched up <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yadk<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th crossed at <strong>the</strong><br />
shallow [sic] ford, <strong>and</strong> had on <strong>the</strong> 9 th advanced towards Salem, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moreavian [sic] towns…’” 2113<br />
2105 NGP7 p. 258.<br />
2106 LOB part III, STL.<br />
2107 FRM p. 1742, see also CNS2 pp. 31-38.<br />
2108 Graham, who was <strong>the</strong>re, gives Pickens orig<strong>in</strong>al numbers (i.e., men from S.C. <strong>and</strong> GA.) as 40, Johnson says 150. Never<strong>the</strong>less,<br />
it is not impossible, if not likely as such, that Pickens was later re<strong>in</strong>forced with more men from his home territory. GRA p. 311,<br />
JLG1 p. 435.<br />
2109 NGP7 pp. 241-242, 262-263, JLG1 pp. 433, 435, GNC pp. 273, 311, GAM1 pp. 370, 372, GAM2 p. 214, SNC pp. 262-263.<br />
2110 GAM2 p. 214.<br />
2111 STL, TCS pp. 253-256, JLG1 pp. 419-421, 429-430, CNS2 pp. 54-59.<br />
2112 Quoted <strong>in</strong> Tarleton’s Campaigns. While <strong>the</strong> “Intelligence from <strong>the</strong> southward” gives <strong>the</strong> 9 th , Johnson says <strong>the</strong> 10 th . The<br />
“Leslie” Orderly book does not mention Salem, but for <strong>the</strong> 8 th gives L<strong>in</strong>dsay’s Plantation <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> next location given is Miller’s<br />
Plantation on <strong>the</strong> 10 th .<br />
2113 TCS pp. 253-256.<br />
387
Tarleton: “The mild <strong>and</strong> hospitable disposition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants, be<strong>in</strong>g assisted by <strong>the</strong> well-cultivated <strong>and</strong><br />
fruitful plantations <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir possession, afforded abundant <strong>and</strong> seasonable supplies to <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir passage through this district.” 2114<br />
William Johnson: “The object <strong>of</strong> this was, to alarm his adversary for <strong>the</strong> safety <strong>of</strong> his stores at Hillsborough;<br />
<strong>the</strong>se, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> earliest attention to <strong>the</strong>ir removal, had been so delayed for want <strong>of</strong> wagons, that<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, just now put <strong>in</strong> motion for Taylor’s ferry on <strong>the</strong> Roanoke, below <strong>the</strong> confluence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Dan <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Staunton [rivers.]”<br />
9-10 February. At Guilford, Greene summoned his field <strong>of</strong>ficers to a council <strong>of</strong> war <strong>of</strong> his chief <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong><br />
tabled <strong>the</strong> question <strong>of</strong> whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> army should give battle. It was voted that, for <strong>the</strong> time be<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>y should<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ue retreat<strong>in</strong>g to ga<strong>the</strong>r more forces, <strong>and</strong> defer an engagement with Cornwallis. Greene on this same<br />
occasion formed a special light corps to be <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Col. Otho Williams to cover <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army’s retreat.<br />
In a letter to Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>of</strong> February 9 th , he described <strong>the</strong> “light army” 2115 he had formed under Williams<br />
(who took <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> on he 10 th ) as <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong>: “cavalry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>and</strong> 3 rd Regiments <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion amount<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to 240, a detachment <strong>of</strong> 280 Infantry under Lieut. Col. Howard, <strong>the</strong> Infantry <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col. Lee’s Legion <strong>and</strong> 60<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Riflemen mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir whole 700 men which will be ordered with <strong>the</strong> Militia to harass <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir advance, check <strong>the</strong>ir progress <strong>and</strong> if possible give us opportunity to retire without general action.”<br />
Kosciuszko who had recently fell <strong>in</strong> with Greene at Guilford, preceded him to Irw<strong>in</strong>’s (also referred to as Irv<strong>in</strong>e’s<br />
<strong>and</strong> Ew<strong>in</strong>g’s) <strong>and</strong> Boyd’s Ferries on <strong>the</strong> Dan River where he oversaw <strong>the</strong> construct<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> breastworks for<br />
protect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> boats <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army. Morgan, who was present at <strong>the</strong> council, at <strong>the</strong> time was<br />
suffer<strong>in</strong>g from sciatica <strong>and</strong> rheumatism, <strong>and</strong> soon became so unwell as to not be able to serve fur<strong>the</strong>r. 2116<br />
Greene’s force on <strong>the</strong> 10 th did not exceed 2,036, <strong>and</strong> a fourth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were <strong>in</strong> hospital due top nakedness <strong>and</strong><br />
exposure; <strong>of</strong> those fit for duty were 1,426 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals fit for duty. 2117 The Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment alone, for<br />
example, had 861 fit for duty, 274 <strong>in</strong> hospitals. Fur<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>the</strong>re were 600 militia, about 200 <strong>of</strong> which were poorly<br />
armed. Of 400 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia effectives, 200 were present <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r 200 were expected on <strong>the</strong> way<br />
from Lill<strong>in</strong>gton. These latter never reached Greene; as Lill<strong>in</strong>gton had his h<strong>and</strong>s full keep<strong>in</strong>g an eye on <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalists <strong>of</strong> Cross Creek <strong>and</strong> Craig at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. William Johnson mentions as well 230 cavalry (Lee <strong>and</strong><br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s) <strong>and</strong> 47 artillerists. 2118<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “Greene, also aware <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>feriority <strong>of</strong> his forces, called a council <strong>of</strong> war [Feb. 9.], when it was<br />
resolved to avoid a battle, <strong>and</strong> retreat as rapidly as possible across <strong>the</strong> Dan <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> friendly districts <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia.<br />
A light army, designed to maneuver <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pursuers, was formed out <strong>of</strong><br />
Lee’s legion, <strong>the</strong> regular battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry under Colonel Howard, <strong>the</strong> cavalry under Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong><br />
a small corps <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen under Major [David] Campbell, <strong>in</strong> all about seven hundred men, <strong>the</strong> flower <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn army.” 2119<br />
Lee: “Tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to view his <strong>com</strong>parative weakness, General Greene determ<strong>in</strong>ed to cont<strong>in</strong>ue his retreat to<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. The British general was twenty-five miles from Guilford Court-House; equally near with Greene to Dix’s<br />
Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Dan, <strong>and</strong> nearer to <strong>the</strong> upper shallows or po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>of</strong> that river, which were supposed to be fordable,<br />
notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> late swell <strong>of</strong> water. Lieutenant-Colonel Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, quartermaster general, suggested <strong>the</strong><br />
propriety <strong>of</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g at Irw<strong>in</strong>’s Ferry, seventy miles from Guilford Court-House, <strong>and</strong> twenty below Dix’s. Boyd’s<br />
Ferry was four miles below Irw<strong>in</strong>’s; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> boats might be easily brought down from Dix’s to assist <strong>in</strong><br />
transport<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> army at <strong>the</strong>se near <strong>and</strong> lower ferries. The plan <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant-Colonel Carr<strong>in</strong>gton was adopted,<br />
<strong>and</strong> that <strong>of</strong>ficer was charged with <strong>the</strong> requisite preparations.”“ 2120<br />
William Johnson: “(B)y push<strong>in</strong>g forward <strong>the</strong> [light] detachment under Williams, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direct route for <strong>the</strong> upper<br />
Dan, he [Greene] <strong>in</strong>duced his adversary to make a movement to his left [i.e., to <strong>the</strong> west], for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong><br />
cutt<strong>in</strong>g this party <strong>of</strong>f from <strong>the</strong> upper fords, still fondly believ<strong>in</strong>g that he had <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army <strong>in</strong> a cul de sac, from<br />
which it could not escape, for want <strong>of</strong> ferry boats. Williams was so lightly equipped, that he had noth<strong>in</strong>g to fear<br />
from a near approach to <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> coolly plac<strong>in</strong>g himself <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> his advance, marched as steadily<br />
before him for four days, as if he had been <strong>the</strong> enemy’s advanced guard...<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rout <strong>of</strong> his enemy, every bridge<br />
was broken up, <strong>the</strong> provision consumed or removed, <strong>and</strong> every facility to his [Cornwallis’] progress, swept away<br />
by his tantaliz<strong>in</strong>g precursor.” 2121<br />
2114 TCS p. 228.<br />
2115 This light corps was similar <strong>in</strong> conception to Morgan’s light corps, <strong>and</strong> was understood to be as such at <strong>the</strong> time.<br />
2116 Boatner makes <strong>the</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r strange claim that Morgan left Greene, not really due to illness, but because he thought Greene<br />
was tak<strong>in</strong>g a dangerous course. BEA p. 736. For Dr. William Reed’s mention <strong>of</strong> see<strong>in</strong>g Morgan sick shortly before <strong>the</strong> latter left<br />
Greene’s army, see GDH3 pp. 277-278, LMS p. 237, JLG1 pp. 412-413, LCC pp. 107-108. Observes Treacy, sciatica is a paroxysmal<br />
ailment, <strong>and</strong> between bouts <strong>of</strong> pa<strong>in</strong> victim appears normal enough, TPY p. 149.<br />
2117 30 N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>entals were listed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> returns under Lieut. Col. James Thackston <strong>and</strong> attached to one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Regiments. Respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, Greene, <strong>in</strong> a letter to Gov. Abner Nash <strong>of</strong> this same date, wrote:<br />
“There are few Militia collected nor can I see <strong>the</strong> least prospect <strong>of</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g any considerable force; <strong>and</strong> if we could, we have<br />
no provisions or forage. Col. [John] Lutterell’s party that was three hundred strong a few days s<strong>in</strong>ce, are now reduced to Thirty<br />
Six as <strong>the</strong> Colonel reported this morn<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>and</strong> those that have gone have carried <strong>of</strong>f with <strong>the</strong>m all <strong>the</strong>ir arms. There is besides<br />
<strong>the</strong>se two hundred militia on <strong>the</strong> ground; <strong>and</strong> upwards <strong>of</strong> two hundred militia on <strong>the</strong> march under General Lill<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> may<br />
jo<strong>in</strong> us by even<strong>in</strong>g.” Lill<strong>in</strong>gton did not jo<strong>in</strong> Greene, but rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> eastern part <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. RNC p. 285, NGP7 pp.<br />
263-265.<br />
2118 NGP7 pp. 261, 268, RSC2 pp. 209-211, GHA4 pp. 42-43, LMS pp. 235-238, JLG1 pp. 392, 425-427, 431, 434, LFB2 p. 396.<br />
2119 LFB2 p. 396.<br />
2120 LMS p. 236.<br />
2121 JLG1 pp. 430-431.<br />
388
10 February. Col. Marquis de Malmedy, at Halifax, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, was appo<strong>in</strong>ted by <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Assembly<br />
to lead 600 light horse to be raised <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hillsborough district (Malmedy had requested <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> from Gov.<br />
Abner Nash.) Fur<strong>the</strong>r, General Richard Caswell was re-appo<strong>in</strong>ted “chief <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia,” to replace Davidson sla<strong>in</strong><br />
at Cowan’s Ford. 2122<br />
10 February. Morgan left Greene’s army due to illness, return<strong>in</strong>g home to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. Col. Otho Williams <strong>the</strong>n<br />
succeeded him as head <strong>of</strong> Greene’s light corps. 2123<br />
10 February. In response to appeals from Greene, militia leaders <strong>in</strong> western <strong>and</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Virg<strong>in</strong>ia began form<strong>in</strong>g<br />
units to jo<strong>in</strong> him. Except for William Campbell, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> over-mounta<strong>in</strong> men who were at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong><br />
could not assist Greene; preoccupied as <strong>the</strong>y were with deal<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> British allied Indians on <strong>the</strong> frontier.<br />
See entries for 18 <strong>and</strong> 20 February.<br />
In a letter <strong>of</strong> 28 February, Col. Arthur Campbell wrote Governor Jefferson: “Your Excellency’s orders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 15 th<br />
<strong>of</strong> February came to h<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 rd <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 25 th a few odds <strong>of</strong> 100 men, under Col. William Campbell set out to<br />
jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> Botetourt <strong>and</strong> Montgomery on <strong>the</strong>ir march to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Army, previous steps hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
been taken, on hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy was advanc<strong>in</strong>g towards Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, to have <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess. A large number<br />
would have gone, were it not for <strong>the</strong> daily apprehensions <strong>of</strong> attacks from <strong>the</strong> Northward (Shawnee) <strong>and</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
(Cherokee) Indians. The latter, last week, killed three men <strong>in</strong> Powell[’]s Valley <strong>and</strong> carried <strong>of</strong>f a considerable<br />
number <strong>of</strong> horses.” 2124<br />
“Colonel William Preston on February 10, 1781, ordered <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> Montgomery County [VA.] to assemble at<br />
<strong>the</strong> [Chiswell] Lead M<strong>in</strong>es, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> day appo<strong>in</strong>ted three hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty men assembled pursuant to <strong>the</strong><br />
order <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er. Major Joseph Cloyd, assembled <strong>and</strong> led <strong>the</strong> Middle New River men. It is to be<br />
regretted that <strong>the</strong> names <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men who went with Preston <strong>and</strong> Cloyd have not been preserved. One <strong>com</strong>pany<br />
went from <strong>the</strong> Middle New River valley, which was <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Capta<strong>in</strong> Thomas Shannon, <strong>of</strong> Walker’s Creek,<br />
<strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> his lieutenants was Alex<strong>and</strong>er Marrs. A few names only <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> privates who went along have been<br />
secured. They were Mat<strong>the</strong>w French, John French, Edward Hale, Joseph Hare, Isaac Cole <strong>and</strong> Thomas Farley.<br />
Preston began his march on <strong>the</strong> 18 th day <strong>of</strong> February <strong>and</strong> reported to General Greene on <strong>the</strong> 28 th day <strong>of</strong> that<br />
month, who assigned him to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> General Andrew Pickens. On his way to report to Pickens he seems<br />
to have gotten between <strong>the</strong> American <strong>and</strong> British outposts, <strong>and</strong> camped for <strong>the</strong> night <strong>in</strong> close proximity to <strong>the</strong><br />
British without know<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>y were near him.” 2125<br />
11 February (or with<strong>in</strong> a day or two.) North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia <strong>of</strong>ficers who had served under Davidson agreed to<br />
<strong>in</strong>vest Pickens with <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir 700 men. However, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> after Greene’s Race to <strong>the</strong> Dan, Pickens<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a with apparently little more than his own cont<strong>in</strong>gent <strong>of</strong> some 30 South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians at<br />
a location(s) as yet uncerta<strong>in</strong>; <strong>the</strong> Salisbury militia, <strong>in</strong> particular desert<strong>in</strong>g him <strong>and</strong> whom Pickens (<strong>in</strong> a 20 Feb.<br />
letter to Greene) described as <strong>the</strong> worst troops he’d ever <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed. 2126<br />
11-12 February. Cornwallis encamped near S<strong>and</strong>er’s Mill, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> next day was at Bruce’s Crossroads; while<br />
<strong>the</strong> “Scottish Travel Log” entry for this date has “Miller[’]s Plantation”; while that for <strong>the</strong> 12 th reads “March five<br />
miles beyond Reedy Fork.” 2127<br />
12 February (also given as 11 <strong>and</strong> 13 February). [skirmish] Bruce’s Crossroads, also Gillies’ Death, Reedy Fork,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Summerfield (Guilford County, N.C.) Informed by a local countryman that Cornwallis army had changed <strong>the</strong><br />
route <strong>of</strong> its march, Col. Otho Williams directed Lee to <strong>in</strong>vestigate. Lee, <strong>in</strong> turn, dispatched Capt. James<br />
Armstrong <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion cavalry to reconnoiter. When Armstrong returned, he apprised Lee <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
position; Lee <strong>the</strong>n moved to prepare a trap; as part <strong>of</strong> which, Armstrong, with a small number <strong>of</strong> cavalry, was<br />
sent <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> path <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s horsemen. Some British Legion cavalry, under a “Capt. Miller,” 2128 <strong>the</strong>n galloped <strong>in</strong><br />
pursuit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> decoy only to be charged <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> flank by Lee <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> dragoons who had la<strong>in</strong><br />
concealed along <strong>the</strong> road. It was <strong>in</strong> this encounter that Lee’s bugler James Gillies, with Armstrong’s detachment<br />
<strong>and</strong> who had been made to take a poor mount <strong>in</strong> order that <strong>the</strong> local guide could be better horsed, was savagely<br />
mauled by some <strong>in</strong>ebriated British Legion cavalry. Lee’s dragoons, <strong>in</strong> view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> spectacle, emerged from hid<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to swiftly retaliate. Though Tarleton speaks <strong>of</strong> Lee be<strong>in</strong>g f<strong>in</strong>ally repulsed, it would seem, tactically speak<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans got <strong>the</strong> better <strong>of</strong> this action. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Lee, <strong>the</strong> British lost 18, <strong>the</strong> Americans 1, with Miller be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
made prisoner. 2129<br />
2122 NGP7 p. 274.<br />
2123 CNS2 pp. 43-45.<br />
2124 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Papers, vol. I, p. 548.<br />
2125 David E. Johnston, A History <strong>of</strong> The Middle New River Settlements <strong>and</strong> Contiguous Territory (1906), Part IV, Chapter IV.<br />
2126 NGP7 pp. 246, 262n, 316, 325.<br />
2127 STL, CNS2 pp. 45-50.<br />
2128 Accord<strong>in</strong>g to muster roles, <strong>the</strong>re was no Capt. Miller <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion cavalry. There was a Cornet John Miller, who was with <strong>the</strong><br />
Legion that year no earlier than May, <strong>and</strong> was taken at Yorktown. Ano<strong>the</strong>r Miller, Cornet William Miller, is said to have been<br />
taken at Yorktown as well. If Lee is correct, William Miller seems to be <strong>the</strong> more likely c<strong>and</strong>idate for <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> question;<br />
particularly as <strong>the</strong> documentation on William Miller is so th<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> report <strong>of</strong> his be<strong>in</strong>g taken at Yorktown doesn’t seem to be<br />
especially well documented -- though, admittedly, on this latter po<strong>in</strong>t, I might be proved mistaken. There was a Capt. Thomas<br />
Miller <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry, but aside from <strong>the</strong> fact that he was not <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry, his be<strong>in</strong>g captured at Yorktown <strong>and</strong><br />
paroled is substantially recorded. [See Don Gara’s Br. Legion roster at Tarleton.org )<br />
2129 NGP7 p. 283, TCS pp. 228-229, GHA4 p. 44, MLW4A p. 356n, LMS p. 239-243, GAR2 pp. 117-121, CLC pp. 227n-229n, LFB2 pp.<br />
396-397, CNS2 pp. 45-50.<br />
389
Tarleton: “Earl Cornwallis, wish<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>tercept <strong>the</strong> Americans, <strong>and</strong> force <strong>the</strong>m to action to <strong>the</strong> southward <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Roanoke, proceeded from Salem towards <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> Haw river, <strong>and</strong> on his march ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>posed a formidable corps <strong>of</strong> light troops, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Lee’s, Bl<strong>and</strong>’s, <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry, <strong>the</strong><br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ental light <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> some riflemen, <strong>in</strong> order to watch his motions, <strong>and</strong> retard his progress whilst<br />
General Greene removed <strong>the</strong> stores <strong>and</strong> heavy baggage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ental army <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> hastened <strong>the</strong><br />
rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> his troops to <strong>the</strong> river Dan, on <strong>the</strong> frontier <strong>of</strong> that prov<strong>in</strong>ce. At <strong>the</strong> cross roads, near <strong>the</strong> Reedy<br />
fork, <strong>the</strong> advanced guard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British light troops, was attacked by Colonel Lee’s dragoons, who were repulsed<br />
with some loss. The bridge on Reedy fork be<strong>in</strong>g broken down, retarded some hours <strong>the</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> Earl<br />
Cornwallis, who afterwards crossed Troublesome creek, <strong>and</strong> persevered <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction to <strong>the</strong> high fords <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Dan. On <strong>the</strong> road, many skirmishes took place between <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> American light troops, without great loss<br />
to ei<strong>the</strong>r party, or any impediment to <strong>the</strong> progress <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army.” 2130<br />
William Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> eighth <strong>in</strong>stant we marched from here [Guilford], General Green’s [sic] Army tak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
one road <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> light troops ano<strong>the</strong>r, be<strong>in</strong>g jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> next day by Colonel Lee’s horse <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry. This day<br />
we received <strong>in</strong>telligence that <strong>the</strong> British Army was advanc<strong>in</strong>g very close <strong>in</strong> our rear, upon which Colonel Lee<br />
detached a party <strong>of</strong> horse to <strong>in</strong>tercept <strong>the</strong>m, who meet<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong>ir vanguard, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong><br />
twenty men, which <strong>the</strong>y killed, wounded <strong>and</strong> made prisoners, all but one man.” 2131<br />
Lee: “This ill-fated boy [Gillies] was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> music, <strong>and</strong> exclusively devoted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field to his bugle,<br />
used <strong>in</strong> convey<strong>in</strong>g orders. Too small to wield a sword, he was armed only with one pistol, as was <strong>the</strong> custom <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Legion; that sort <strong>of</strong> weapon be<strong>in</strong>g considered <strong>of</strong> little import <strong>in</strong> action; now he had not even his pistol, it<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> countryman mounted on his horse.” 2132<br />
Otho Williams: “The better to avoid a rapid pursuit, <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> light army took different routes. The next day<br />
<strong>the</strong> latter had a recounter with <strong>the</strong> van <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army, <strong>in</strong> which an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong> half a dozen privates <strong>of</strong><br />
Tarleton’s legion were made prisoners, <strong>and</strong> several killed. Frequent skirmishes, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> manoeuvres [sic]<br />
practiced to mislead Cornwallis, had <strong>the</strong> desired effect, <strong>and</strong> gave Greene time to send forward his baggage.” 2133<br />
12 February. Greene wrote to Gen. John Butler, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia, from his army Headquarters <strong>in</strong> Caswell<br />
County: “not more than one hundred & fifty [militia] Men are left with this [Greene’s] army.” By <strong>the</strong> 13 th , he<br />
wrote aga<strong>in</strong> to Butler say<strong>in</strong>g that all but “eighty” <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militiamen have “deserted.” 2134<br />
13 February. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Bethabara Congregation): “Major [Joseph] W<strong>in</strong>ston arrived with a<br />
<strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> militia. Men <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers were friendly <strong>and</strong> behaved well, though we must supply <strong>the</strong>m with bread,<br />
meat, meal, br<strong>and</strong>y, <strong>and</strong> forage for <strong>the</strong>ir horses. Late <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>y left <strong>the</strong> town <strong>and</strong> camped <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
woods, return<strong>in</strong>g.” 2135<br />
13 February. A storm on 22 January hav<strong>in</strong>g dispersed four British blockade ships <strong>of</strong>f Narraganset Bay (with one 74<br />
gun ship, <strong>the</strong> Culloden, actually sunk, <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>the</strong> Bedford, dismasted as a result), a detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
French fleet under Capta<strong>in</strong> Le Bardeur de Tilly, sailed from Newport, Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong> on Feb. 9 th , <strong>and</strong> entered <strong>the</strong><br />
Chesapeake <strong>in</strong> order to <strong>in</strong>terdict British operations <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> retake any shipp<strong>in</strong>g seized by Arnold’s<br />
expedition, <strong>and</strong> for this purpose anchor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Lynnhaven Bay by <strong>the</strong> 13 th . Arnold, <strong>in</strong> response, repositioned his<br />
boats up <strong>the</strong> shallow waters <strong>of</strong> Elizabeth River; where de Tilley could not reach <strong>the</strong>m. De Tilley did, even so,<br />
manage to capture ten small ships, <strong>and</strong> returned with <strong>the</strong>m to Newport; where he arrived on 24 (or 25)<br />
February. Despite <strong>the</strong>se prizes, which <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>the</strong> taken by surprise 44 gun Romulus, <strong>the</strong> naval foray had little<br />
impact on Arnold’s own operations o<strong>the</strong>r than to cause him some momentary distress. A second <strong>and</strong> larger naval<br />
foray from Newport, this time loaded with French troops, was aga<strong>in</strong> attempted by Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Rochambeau<br />
on March 8. 2136<br />
13 February. When Brig. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Lill<strong>in</strong>gton, with his 200 N.C. militia, had not jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene by February<br />
13 th , Greene decided it was too dangerous to fur<strong>the</strong>r risk a junction, <strong>and</strong> ordered him <strong>in</strong>stead to Cross Creek. 2137<br />
13 February. Cornwallis camped at Speedwell Iron Works; <strong>the</strong> “Scottish Travel Log” states “Widow Duid[’]s<br />
Plantation.” Williams with Greene’s light troops rema<strong>in</strong>ed alert <strong>in</strong> his front; his men only able to obta<strong>in</strong> “six<br />
hours <strong>of</strong> sleep <strong>in</strong> two days <strong>and</strong> with little time to stop <strong>and</strong> eat.” 2138<br />
13 February, or possibly 14 February. [skirmish] Road to Dix’s Ferry (Rock<strong>in</strong>gham County, 2139 N.C.) As part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
American army’s rear guard, Lee’s Legion took an out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> way detour, separate from Williams’ route, <strong>in</strong> order<br />
2130 TCS pp. 228-229.<br />
2131 SJS.<br />
2132 LMS p. 241n.<br />
2133 GHA4 p. 44.<br />
2134 NGP7 pp. 283-284.<br />
2135 FRM p. 1743.<br />
2136 GHA4 pp. 60-61, AR81 p. 78, MLW4A pp. 417-421, MLW3 p. 133, JLG2 p. 45, LFB2 p. 334, WAR2 p. 870.<br />
2137 NGP7 pp. 280, 281n.<br />
2138 STL, CNS2 pp. 45-46, LMS pp. 237-238.<br />
2139 Rock<strong>in</strong>gham County, N.C., <strong>and</strong> also Rock<strong>in</strong>gham County, VA.., were named after British prime m<strong>in</strong>ister <strong>and</strong> ardent American<br />
spokesmen <strong>and</strong> backer <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dependence, Charles Watson-Wentworth Lord Rock<strong>in</strong>gham (1730-1782.)<br />
390
to avail himself <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plenty present at a nearby farm. Shortly after his men <strong>and</strong> horses were set up to be fed<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir breakfast (on <strong>the</strong> 12 th ), <strong>the</strong> shots <strong>of</strong> his pickets announced <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> van <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army,<br />
under Brig. Gen. Charles O’Hara. Lee made immediate arrangements to get his men to safety; while <strong>the</strong> British<br />
were as surprised by his presence as he was by <strong>the</strong>irs. He rushed to secure a bridge that was key to <strong>the</strong> escape<br />
<strong>of</strong> his corps, <strong>and</strong> was <strong>the</strong>reby able to get his <strong>in</strong>fantry across <strong>the</strong> nearby stream <strong>in</strong> time to effect his escape; with<br />
his cavalry cover<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir retreat. The British <strong>the</strong>n cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong>ir pursuit, <strong>of</strong>ten be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> clear sight <strong>of</strong> Lee <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day. Lee, <strong>in</strong> this way, just narrowly managed to evade <strong>the</strong>ir approaches, <strong>and</strong> proceeded along<br />
<strong>the</strong> road to Dix’s, <strong>and</strong> after that to Boyd’s Ferry where he eventually crossed to jo<strong>in</strong> Greene. 2140<br />
13 February. Arnold, at Portsmouth, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “No time has been lost <strong>in</strong> repair<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> old, <strong>and</strong> erect<strong>in</strong>g new<br />
works here, <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> negroes have been very serviceable, but none are yet <strong>com</strong>plete. Repair<strong>in</strong>g barracks,<br />
forag<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> patroll<strong>in</strong>g with large parties, have engrossed <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> a great part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops. One hundred<br />
men are posted at <strong>the</strong> great bridge.<br />
“Lieutenant-colonel Simcoe, with near four hundred men, are <strong>in</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>cess Anne county; scour<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> country <strong>of</strong><br />
several parties, <strong>and</strong> arrang<strong>in</strong>g matters with <strong>the</strong> country people.<br />
“The enemy are at Suffolk, with two thous<strong>and</strong> five hundred, or three thous<strong>and</strong> men; <strong>the</strong>y threaten an attack<br />
upon us, but I cannot suppose <strong>the</strong>m capable <strong>of</strong> so much temerity. We are prepared for <strong>the</strong>m at all po<strong>in</strong>ts, <strong>and</strong> I<br />
believe noth<strong>in</strong>g will <strong>in</strong>duce <strong>the</strong>m to attack us, but <strong>the</strong> hope <strong>of</strong> succeed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a surprise, <strong>and</strong> despair <strong>of</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir tattered force toge<strong>the</strong>r, through want <strong>of</strong> provisions, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir plough<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>and</strong>s, to<br />
prevent a fam<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g year.” 2141<br />
13-15 February. On <strong>the</strong> 13 th , Greene, with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army, crossed <strong>the</strong> Dan River at Irw<strong>in</strong>’s Ferry, also referred to<br />
as Erv<strong>in</strong>g’s Ferry; 2142 thanks to <strong>the</strong> prior collection <strong>of</strong> boats by Lieut. Col. Edward Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> a survey <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
river made by one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Capt. John Smiths (<strong>the</strong>re be<strong>in</strong>g two <strong>of</strong> that name <strong>and</strong> rank) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
Cornwallis had cont<strong>in</strong>ued follow<strong>in</strong>g swiftly upon on <strong>the</strong> heels <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans, occasionally <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to open<br />
sight <strong>of</strong> Lee <strong>and</strong> William’s light detachment. Before sunset <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 14 th (or, as <strong>in</strong>fers Caru<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>the</strong> 15 th ; see his<br />
quotation immediately below), William’s passed over downriver at Irw<strong>in</strong>’s Ferry. Lee’s troops soon followed at<br />
<strong>the</strong> same location. The last <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, after re-captur<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> horses who had fled at be<strong>in</strong>g forced to swim <strong>the</strong><br />
river, crossed <strong>the</strong> Dan by about 9 p.m. Lieut. Col. Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, who had been personally super<strong>in</strong>tend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
cross<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. Lee, were among <strong>the</strong> very last to make <strong>the</strong> passage. When <strong>the</strong> van <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ army<br />
reached Irw<strong>in</strong>’s, 2143 six hours after <strong>the</strong> last group <strong>of</strong> Americans had made it across, Greene’s troops cheered --<br />
which <strong>the</strong> soldiers <strong>of</strong> O’Hara’s advance column were close enough to have heard. 2144 Cornwallis had earlier<br />
calculated that Greene would have had to cross at <strong>the</strong> fords up <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> an effort to trap him had<br />
maneuvered his force towards <strong>the</strong> west; not expect<strong>in</strong>g that Greene would be able to cross at Irw<strong>in</strong>’s or Boyd’s <strong>in</strong><br />
time to escape (to <strong>the</strong> east <strong>the</strong>n north.)<br />
At <strong>the</strong> time, <strong>the</strong> British, such as Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> Balfour, took <strong>the</strong> optimistic view that Greene had been chased<br />
from <strong>the</strong> state <strong>and</strong> prevented from rendezvous<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> militia. But, <strong>of</strong> course, what after all effectively<br />
ended up happen<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g weeks was that although Cornwallis had <strong>in</strong> a sense temporarily dispersed<br />
most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region, Greene did return to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> was able to resume draw<strong>in</strong>g forth<br />
various militia re<strong>in</strong>forcements to his army; <strong>and</strong> which eventually culm<strong>in</strong>ated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guilford Court House army <strong>of</strong><br />
15 March. 2145<br />
“Leslie” Orderly Book for <strong>the</strong> 14 th : “Brigade Ordrs, 8 o’clock at night, 14 th Feb. 1781. It hav<strong>in</strong>g been Signified to<br />
B Genl. O’Hara [Brig. Gen. Charles O’Hara] that Ld [Lord] Cornwallis means to make a forward move <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Morng [Morn<strong>in</strong>g] <strong>of</strong> Twenty Miles <strong>in</strong> a Rapid Manner <strong>in</strong> order totally to Effect <strong>the</strong> purposes <strong>of</strong> every late<br />
Execution it is wished Comdg Offrs. <strong>of</strong> Bttns [Comm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g Officers <strong>of</strong> Battalions]. Will Signify <strong>the</strong> same to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
respective Corps <strong>in</strong> order to Ascerta<strong>in</strong> at four oClock to Morrow Morng. What Men will be Able to undertake <strong>the</strong><br />
Same & what may be left beh<strong>in</strong>d.<br />
“After Orders, 9 o’clock at night. The army will march precisely at four o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g. The Officers are<br />
expected to take with <strong>the</strong>m no more baggage but <strong>the</strong>ir canteens, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> men will leave <strong>the</strong>ir packs beh<strong>in</strong>d<br />
<strong>the</strong>m under <strong>the</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> such men or any that may not be able to march. The returns called for <strong>in</strong> Brigade<br />
Orders will be ready at four o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, tak<strong>in</strong>g care not to disturb <strong>the</strong> men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir rest.” 2146<br />
2140 LMS pp. 243-247, LFB2 p. 398.<br />
2141 COC pp. 64-65.<br />
2142 While <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry crossed over at Irw<strong>in</strong>’s, <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r mounted troops went over at Boyd’s Ferry downriver, <strong>in</strong><br />
order to speed <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole army -- <strong>the</strong>re be<strong>in</strong>g only so many boats at both locations. Irw<strong>in</strong>’s Ferry was about 3-4<br />
miles west <strong>of</strong> Boyd’s Ferry, which <strong>in</strong> turn was about 2 miles west <strong>of</strong> where <strong>the</strong> Hyco River pours <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Dan. Irw<strong>in</strong>’s was also<br />
closer to Halifax, VA., to which town Greene headed after <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g. See Lee’s Campaign <strong>of</strong> 1781.<br />
2143 Kirkwood, who was with Williams, gives <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g as “Ew<strong>in</strong>g’s,” i.e., Irw<strong>in</strong>’s. The presence <strong>of</strong> Carr<strong>in</strong>gton also confirms <strong>the</strong><br />
cross<strong>in</strong>g was actually Irw<strong>in</strong>’s. Lee’s memory <strong>the</strong>n is apparently mistaken <strong>in</strong> speak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light troops at Boyd’s;<br />
though it may be that part <strong>of</strong> William’s <strong>and</strong> Lee’s men did cross at that ferry as well.<br />
2144 Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong> his letter to Germa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> 17 March gives <strong>the</strong> date as <strong>the</strong> 15 th . His arrival <strong>the</strong>n would apparently <strong>the</strong>n have been<br />
<strong>the</strong> early morn<strong>in</strong>g hours <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 15 th .<br />
2145 KJO p. 13, NGP7 pp. 212-213, 271n, 287, ATR81a pp. 274-275, 330-331, Balfour to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton March 3, 1781 BLB pp. 40-43,<br />
Balfour to German March 24, 1781 BLB pp. 44-47, RCO pp. 175-176, RSC2 pp. 210-213, SCP4 pp. 24-26, 45, CSS p. 1162, AR81 pp.<br />
61-62, TCS p. 229, GHA4 pp. 40-46, SAW2 pp. 346-347, MLW4A pp. 353-357, MLW3 pp. 114-116, LMS pp. 236, 244-247, JLG1 pp.<br />
420-432, LCC pp. 113-126, LFB2 p. 398, WAR2 pp. 775-776, TPY pp. 150-153, BEA pp.1026-1027, SCAR vol. 4, no 4,5,6, p. 28, The<br />
Race to <strong>the</strong> Dan: The Retreat That Rescued <strong>the</strong> American Revolution (2007) by Larry G. Aaron.<br />
2146 LOB part IV.<br />
391
Roger Lamb: “His lordship was, by some means, misled by false <strong>in</strong>formation relative to <strong>the</strong> lower [or easterly]<br />
fords be<strong>in</strong>g impassible, <strong>and</strong> began his march to <strong>the</strong> upper fords <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dan.” 2147<br />
Greene to Otho Williams on February 14 th (quoted <strong>in</strong> Gordon): “‘4 o’clock. Follow our route, as a division <strong>of</strong> our<br />
force may encourage <strong>the</strong> enemy to push us fur<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>the</strong>y will dare to do, if we are toge<strong>the</strong>r. I have not slept<br />
four hours s<strong>in</strong>ce you left me, so great has been my solicitude to prepare for <strong>the</strong> worst. I have great reason to<br />
believe, that one <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s <strong>of</strong>ficers was <strong>in</strong> our camp <strong>the</strong> night before last.’ -– Aga<strong>in</strong> -– ‘2 o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
afternoon. The greater part <strong>of</strong> our wagons are over, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops are cross<strong>in</strong>g.’ [Gordon:] The <strong>com</strong>munication<br />
between Greene <strong>and</strong> Williams closed for <strong>the</strong> present with -– [once more Greene:] ‘Irw<strong>in</strong>’s ferry, ½ past 5<br />
o’clock. All our troops are over, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> stage is clear. The <strong>in</strong>fantry will cross here, <strong>the</strong> horse below. Major<br />
Hardman has posted his party <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess on this [<strong>the</strong> south] side [<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dan], <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> artillery are<br />
posted on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> I am ready to receive <strong>and</strong> give you a hearty wel<strong>com</strong>e.” 2148<br />
Kirkwood (who was with Williams’ light detachment): “14 th Crossed <strong>the</strong> Dan River at Ew<strong>in</strong>gs [Irw<strong>in</strong>’s] Ferry...80<br />
[miles].” 2149<br />
Lee: “…The British general was twenty-five miles from Guilford Court-House, <strong>and</strong> twenty below Dix’s [or<br />
Dixon’s] Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Dan, <strong>and</strong> nearer to <strong>the</strong> upper shallows or po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>of</strong> that river, which were supposed to be<br />
fordable, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> late swell <strong>of</strong> water. Lieutenant-Colonel Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, quartermaster-general,<br />
suggested <strong>the</strong> propriety <strong>of</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g at Irw<strong>in</strong>’s Ferry, seventy miles from Guilford Court-House, <strong>and</strong> twenty below<br />
Dix’s. Boyd’s Ferry was four miles below [<strong>and</strong> to <strong>the</strong> east <strong>of</strong>] Irw<strong>in</strong>’s; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> boats might be easily brought down<br />
from Dix’s [to Irw<strong>in</strong>’s] to assist <strong>in</strong> transport<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> army at <strong>the</strong>se near <strong>and</strong> lower ferries. The plan <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant-<br />
Colonel Carr<strong>in</strong>gton was adopted, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>of</strong>ficer was charged with <strong>the</strong> requisite preparations. The route <strong>of</strong><br />
retreat be<strong>in</strong>g determ<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>the</strong> place <strong>of</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g designated, <strong>and</strong> measures taken for <strong>the</strong> collection <strong>of</strong> boats…”<br />
2150<br />
In his Campaign <strong>of</strong> 1781, Henry Lee IV states: “In a letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 4 th <strong>of</strong> October 1809, Colonel Carr<strong>in</strong>gton himself<br />
declares, that he was directed by Greene when at Hillsborough on his way to relieve General Gates, to exam<strong>in</strong>e<br />
<strong>the</strong> navigation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dan <strong>in</strong> order to ascerta<strong>in</strong>, if supplies could not be conveyed up that river, <strong>and</strong> down <strong>the</strong><br />
Yadk<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pedee, <strong>and</strong> he positively affirms, that until <strong>the</strong> army was united at Guilford, <strong>the</strong> retreat by <strong>the</strong><br />
lower route had never been contemplated, <strong>and</strong> was <strong>the</strong>n resolved on, <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> a state <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs which<br />
had just arisen: viz. <strong>the</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis upon <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> Greene, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> consequent difficulty <strong>and</strong> danger<br />
<strong>of</strong> attempt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> upper route. These are his words: ‘one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Smiths <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e (<strong>the</strong>re were<br />
two <strong>of</strong> that name) who happened to be at Hillsborough was sent to Taylor’s ferry [on <strong>the</strong> Roanoke River], to<br />
ascend <strong>the</strong> Dan with a canoe <strong>and</strong> party <strong>of</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s, as far as he might judge useful for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> ascerta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>se po<strong>in</strong>ts. He ascended as far as <strong>the</strong> lower Sauratown [Saratown], <strong>and</strong> had made his report. When <strong>the</strong> retreat<br />
was determ<strong>in</strong>ed on, it was predicated on <strong>the</strong> certa<strong>in</strong> knowledge, that <strong>the</strong>re was but one boat at Dixon’s [Dix’s]<br />
ferry, from which place, Cornwallis well prepared for rapid movement was not much more distant than Greene,<br />
<strong>and</strong> that between <strong>the</strong>re <strong>and</strong> Boyd’s ferry <strong>in</strong>clusive, five more were to be found. There was <strong>the</strong>n a fresh <strong>in</strong> Dan,<br />
<strong>and</strong> as <strong>the</strong> ra<strong>in</strong> still cont<strong>in</strong>ued, for it was at <strong>the</strong> moment fall<strong>in</strong>g most heavily, <strong>the</strong> numerous <strong>and</strong> widely extended<br />
branches <strong>of</strong> that river would, upon every reasonable calculation, have cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong> fresh. There were <strong>the</strong>n no<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r boats <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, o<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>the</strong> wide <strong>and</strong> shallow flats at <strong>the</strong> ferries, which it was impossible top to<br />
carry aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> current.’” 2151<br />
Tarleton: “Ow<strong>in</strong>g to an excellent disposition, which was attended with some fortunate cont<strong>in</strong>gencies, General<br />
Greene passed <strong>the</strong> whole army over <strong>the</strong> river Dan on <strong>the</strong> 14 th , near Country-l<strong>in</strong>e creek, without <strong>the</strong>ir receiv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
any material detriment from <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops. Every measure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir march from <strong>the</strong><br />
Catawba to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, was judiciously designed <strong>and</strong> vigorously executed. The British proceeded without<br />
<strong>in</strong>termission to Boyd’s ferry, where <strong>the</strong>y found some works evacuated, which had been constructed to cover <strong>the</strong><br />
retreat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, who six hours before had f<strong>in</strong>ished <strong>the</strong>ir passage, <strong>and</strong> were <strong>the</strong>n encamped on <strong>the</strong> opposite<br />
bank.” 2152<br />
John Marshall, hav<strong>in</strong>g Carr<strong>in</strong>gton directly as a source, <strong>and</strong> possibly (like William Gordon) quot<strong>in</strong>g Otho Williams<br />
verbatim: “Dix’s ferry is about fifty miles from Guilford court house, <strong>and</strong> was almost equidistant from <strong>the</strong> two<br />
armies. Considerably below, <strong>and</strong> more than seventy miles from Guilford court house, were two o<strong>the</strong>r ferries,<br />
Boyd’s <strong>and</strong> Irw<strong>in</strong>’s, which were only four miles apart. By direct<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir march towards <strong>the</strong> lower <strong>and</strong> more<br />
remote ferries, <strong>the</strong> distance from Lord Cornwallis was so much ground ga<strong>in</strong>ed; <strong>and</strong> by despatch<strong>in</strong>g [sic] an<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer with a few men to Dix’s, <strong>the</strong> boats at that, <strong>and</strong> at an <strong>in</strong>termediate ferry, might be brought down <strong>the</strong><br />
2147 LJA p. 346.<br />
2148 GHA4 p. 45.<br />
2149 KJO p. 13.<br />
2150 LMS p. 236. Follow<strong>in</strong>g Lee’s chronology, <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> what he describes as be<strong>in</strong>g just about <strong>the</strong> same time or prior to <strong>the</strong><br />
formation <strong>of</strong> Williams’ light detachment, this move <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boats from Dix’s to Irw<strong>in</strong>’s would have taken place on <strong>the</strong> 9 th or 10 th .<br />
Includ<strong>in</strong>g Dix’s, Irw<strong>in</strong>’s <strong>and</strong> Boyd’s, <strong>the</strong>re were very few boats to be had on <strong>the</strong> Dan; hence it was relatively easy for Greene to<br />
have secured <strong>the</strong>m. Johnson <strong>com</strong>ments: “The boats were not actually collected at <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> transportation, for that also<br />
would have unmasked <strong>the</strong> General’s designs; but <strong>the</strong>y were secured at convenient distances, so as to admit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
collected at a few hours warn<strong>in</strong>g.”<br />
2151 LCC pp. 116-117.<br />
2152 TCS p. 229.<br />
392
iver <strong>in</strong> time to meet <strong>the</strong> army at <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tended cross<strong>in</strong>g place. These facts be<strong>in</strong>g suggested by Lieutenant<br />
Colonel Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, quartermaster general for <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn department, <strong>the</strong> proposition was <strong>in</strong>stantly adopted,<br />
<strong>and</strong> an <strong>of</strong>ficer despatched to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> boats from above down to Boyd’s ferry. 2153<br />
“The next day both armies resumed <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> march. While General Greene pressed forward to Boyd’s,<br />
[Otho] Williams ga<strong>in</strong>ed an <strong>in</strong>termediate road lead<strong>in</strong>g to Dix’s ferry, <strong>and</strong> thus placed himself between <strong>the</strong> two<br />
armies, a small distance <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> one, <strong>and</strong> considerably <strong>in</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r. Such was <strong>the</strong> boldness <strong>and</strong><br />
activity <strong>of</strong> this corps that Lord Cornwallis found it necessary to temper <strong>the</strong> eagerness <strong>of</strong> his pursuit with caution.<br />
Yet he moved with great rapidity;--march<strong>in</strong>g nearly thirty miles each day. On <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> third day, he<br />
attempted to surprise <strong>the</strong> Americans by march<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> his column <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> road which had been<br />
taken by <strong>the</strong>m, while his van proceeded slowly on its orig<strong>in</strong>al route. Information <strong>of</strong> this movement was received,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Lieutenant Colonel Lee charged his advanced cavalry with such impetuosity, as to cut a <strong>com</strong>pany nearly to<br />
pieces. A capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> several privates were made prisoners. The whole British army turned <strong>in</strong>to this road <strong>and</strong><br />
followed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> Williams, who used every effort to delay <strong>the</strong>ir march.<br />
“The measures adopted by Greene for collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> boats were successful; <strong>and</strong>, on <strong>the</strong> fourteenth, he effected<br />
<strong>the</strong> passage <strong>of</strong> his troops <strong>and</strong> stores.<br />
“When Williams supposed that <strong>the</strong> American army had reached <strong>the</strong> Dan, he left <strong>the</strong> road lead<strong>in</strong>g to Dix’s ferry,<br />
<strong>and</strong> enter<strong>in</strong>g that which Greene had taken, urged his march to <strong>the</strong> lower ferries with <strong>the</strong> utmost celerity. Lord<br />
Cornwallis, be<strong>in</strong>g at length <strong>in</strong>formed that Greene had taken <strong>the</strong> lower road, turned <strong>in</strong>to it about <strong>the</strong> same time<br />
by a nearer way, <strong>and</strong> his front was <strong>in</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> Williams. So rapid were <strong>the</strong> movements <strong>of</strong> both armies<br />
that, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> last twenty-four hours, <strong>the</strong> Americans marched forty miles; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear had scarcely touched <strong>the</strong><br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn bank, when <strong>the</strong> van <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy appeared on <strong>the</strong> opposite shore.<br />
“That General Greene was able to effect this retreat without loss, evidences <strong>the</strong> judgment with which he<br />
improved every favourable circumstance.<br />
“The exertions, <strong>the</strong> fatigues, <strong>the</strong> suffer<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> patience <strong>of</strong> both armies, dur<strong>in</strong>g this long, toilsome, <strong>and</strong><br />
rapid pursuit, were extreme. Without tents, without spirits, <strong>of</strong>ten without provisions, <strong>and</strong> always scantily<br />
supplied with <strong>the</strong>m; through deep <strong>and</strong> frozen roads, high waters, <strong>and</strong> frequent ra<strong>in</strong>s; each performed, without a<br />
murmur, <strong>the</strong> severe duties assigned to it. The difference between <strong>the</strong>m consists only <strong>in</strong> this,--<strong>the</strong> British troops<br />
were well clo<strong>the</strong>d; <strong>the</strong> Americans<br />
were almost naked, <strong>and</strong> many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m barefooted.<br />
“Great praise was bestowed by <strong>the</strong> general on his whole army; but <strong>the</strong> exertions <strong>of</strong> Colonel Williams, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Lieutenant Colonel Carr<strong>in</strong>gton were particularly noticed.<br />
“Although that part <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a through which <strong>the</strong> armies had passed, was well affected to <strong>the</strong> American<br />
cause, such was <strong>the</strong> rapidity with which <strong>the</strong>y moved, <strong>and</strong> such <strong>the</strong> terror <strong>in</strong>spired by <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy,<br />
that no aid was drawn from <strong>the</strong> militia. Indeed, those who had jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> army from <strong>the</strong> more remote parts <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> country could not be reta<strong>in</strong>ed; <strong>and</strong>, when it reached <strong>the</strong> Dan, <strong>the</strong> militia attached to it did not exceed<br />
eighty men.” 2154<br />
Caru<strong>the</strong>rs: “[On <strong>the</strong> 14 th ] Cornwallis, with a view <strong>of</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g between Greene <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, as far as he could,<br />
took <strong>the</strong> road by what is now known as Lawson’s Store <strong>and</strong> Bethany Church, near which was some skirmish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
between <strong>the</strong> British advance <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> American light troops under Williams.<br />
“For <strong>the</strong> sake <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>fort, we suppose, his lordship went across, about a mile to Mrs. Dumitt’s (s<strong>in</strong>ce Brown’s<br />
Store, <strong>and</strong> now Locust Hill), on <strong>the</strong> High Rock road, while <strong>the</strong> army were encamped on <strong>the</strong> high ground, about a<br />
mile, or perhaps a little more, to <strong>the</strong> north-east, <strong>and</strong> near <strong>the</strong> junction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two roads from this place, I am<br />
told, it is about twenty-five miles to Erv<strong>in</strong>g’s ferry, <strong>and</strong> at dark, on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 15 th , <strong>the</strong> British van<br />
arrived at Boyd’s, a few miles above. About noon <strong>of</strong> that day, or a little after, a courier arrived with a letter<br />
from General Greene to Colonel Williams, <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g him that he had passed <strong>the</strong> Dan on <strong>the</strong> preced<strong>in</strong>g day -- <strong>the</strong><br />
14 th , as we suppose -- at three <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon. The race had been long <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> pursuit close; <strong>the</strong> last night<br />
was dark, cold <strong>and</strong> drizzly. As <strong>the</strong> British were close <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir rear <strong>and</strong> pressed on until <strong>the</strong> night, Lee <strong>and</strong><br />
Williams were obliged to do <strong>the</strong> same. About eight o’clock at night, <strong>the</strong>y were alarmed by <strong>the</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong><br />
camp fires a mile ahead; for, as <strong>the</strong>y were ignorant <strong>of</strong> Greene’s whereabouts, <strong>the</strong>y supposed that it was his<br />
camp, <strong>and</strong> that he must be overtaken by <strong>the</strong> British; but <strong>the</strong>y found on approach<strong>in</strong>g, that <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>the</strong> fires <strong>of</strong><br />
Greene’s camp two nights before, <strong>and</strong> had been kept burn<strong>in</strong>g by <strong>the</strong> people <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood. With <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
fears <strong>and</strong> anxieties thus relieved, <strong>the</strong>y cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong>ir match until <strong>the</strong>y were assured that <strong>the</strong> enemy had halted<br />
for <strong>the</strong> night, when <strong>the</strong>y halted too, k<strong>in</strong>dled <strong>the</strong>ir fires, <strong>and</strong> slept for three or four hours. Before <strong>the</strong> day dawned<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir pursuers were aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> motion; <strong>and</strong> notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir wear<strong>in</strong>ess, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> desperate conditions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
roads, both armies pressed on -- as that was <strong>the</strong> last day, <strong>and</strong> everyth<strong>in</strong>g was at stake -- allow<strong>in</strong>g only one hour,<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fore-part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day, for a scanty meal. But when <strong>the</strong> courier arrived at noon, ‘his horse all reek<strong>in</strong>g with<br />
sweat,’ <strong>and</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> glad tid<strong>in</strong>gs that <strong>the</strong> army had got safely over <strong>the</strong> Dan, a shout <strong>of</strong> joy went up from that<br />
noble b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> patriots, which was heard, it was said, by [Brig. Gen. Charles] O’Hara, <strong>and</strong> was regarded by<br />
Cornwallis as om<strong>in</strong>ous; but still he pressed forward. At three o’clock, Williams filed <strong>of</strong>f towards Boyd’s ferry,<br />
fourteen miles distant, <strong>and</strong> left Lee to maneuver <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. Williams reached <strong>the</strong> ferry before<br />
sunset, <strong>and</strong> at dark had his men all l<strong>and</strong>ed on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side...<br />
“We consider it as settled matter, that <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body under Gen. Greene, crossed <strong>the</strong> Dan on <strong>the</strong> 14 th , <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
light corps under Col. Williams, on <strong>the</strong> 15 th ; for, accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> Order Book <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis, it was certa<strong>in</strong>ly on<br />
2153 Footnote <strong>in</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al text: “The author [Marshall] received this fact from Colonel Carr<strong>in</strong>gton.”<br />
2154 MLW3 pp. 115-116.<br />
393
<strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 15 th , that <strong>the</strong> British van arrived at Boyd’s Ferry, <strong>and</strong> when <strong>the</strong>y came <strong>in</strong> sight, <strong>the</strong> last <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
light troops under Williams had just l<strong>and</strong>ed on <strong>the</strong> north side [<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dan River]...” 2155<br />
Col. Lewis Morris, Jr., one <strong>of</strong> Greene’s aides, at Halifax, VA. 19 Feb., to his fa<strong>the</strong>r: “The army was evidently <strong>the</strong><br />
object <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> while we can keep that toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> country never can be conquered -- disperse it,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> people are subjugated. An action <strong>in</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a, circumstanced as we were, certa<strong>in</strong>ly would have <strong>in</strong>volved<br />
us <strong>in</strong> this predicament. The General was well aware <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> consequences-to prevent which he was under <strong>the</strong><br />
necessity <strong>of</strong> retir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> he was closely pressed by a much superior army <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>cumbered with an immense deal<br />
<strong>of</strong> baggage <strong>and</strong> stores. The retreat was performed without any loss-not even a broken waggon to show that we<br />
were hurried<br />
<strong>and</strong>, what makes it <strong>the</strong> more brilliant, <strong>the</strong> enemy had burned all <strong>the</strong>ir baggage <strong>and</strong> pursued us perfectly light.<br />
“The militia <strong>in</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a gave us no assistance. They were more <strong>in</strong>tent upon sav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir property by flight than<br />
by embody<strong>in</strong>g to protect it.<br />
“The enemy are encamped on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side <strong>of</strong> Dan River <strong>and</strong> are collect<strong>in</strong>g provisions for a ten days’ march. It<br />
is <strong>the</strong> general op<strong>in</strong>ion that <strong>the</strong>y will not pursue us any far<strong>the</strong>r, but file <strong>of</strong>f for Hallifax <strong>and</strong> Newbern <strong>in</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a.<br />
If so we shall recross <strong>the</strong> Dan <strong>and</strong> press upon <strong>the</strong>ir rear. The army has recovered from its fatigue, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia<br />
<strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia are turn<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>in</strong> great numbers. We shall move as light as <strong>the</strong>y are, <strong>and</strong> may engage <strong>the</strong>m partially<br />
without hazard<strong>in</strong>g a general action. We have a superior body <strong>of</strong> cavalry, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia may go on without any<br />
apprehension, <strong>and</strong> if we can but turn <strong>the</strong> tide aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>m I am confident a very considerable part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
soldiers will desert.” 2156<br />
13-14 February (or else 14-15 Feb). 2157 [surrender] De Peyster’s Capture, also Hasty Po<strong>in</strong>t Plantation, Belle Rive,<br />
Belle Reve (Georgetown County, S.C.) On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 13 th , by threaten<strong>in</strong>g to set fire a house which Capt.<br />
James De Peyster <strong>and</strong> 29 men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt. occupied, Capt. John Postell <strong>of</strong> Marion’s brigade,<br />
with 28 men, <strong>com</strong>pelled <strong>the</strong>ir surrender by next morn<strong>in</strong>g. The house belonged to Postell’s own family, <strong>and</strong> was<br />
situated north <strong>of</strong> Georgetown, <strong>in</strong> between <strong>the</strong> Black <strong>and</strong> Peedee Rivers. The rebel success no doubt <strong>in</strong>terested<br />
<strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g Postell himself prisoner; which <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g month <strong>the</strong>y did. 2158<br />
Henry Nase: “Feby. [February] 10 th . Colo. [George] Campbell & Major Grant Went to Charles Town [on parole<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g earlier been taken prisoner by Lee <strong>and</strong> Marion’s men on 25 January.]<br />
“14 Feby. A Detachment <strong>of</strong> About 100 foot & forty Horse, under Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Captn. Saunders, Marchd. to Black<br />
River, where Captn. Jas. De Peyster, Ensn. Budd & Twenty four men were taken Prisoners. The Rest Return’d<br />
with About Twenty head <strong>of</strong> Cattle & 5 Officers & Two privates, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebel Militia Prisoners.” 2159<br />
14 February. Cornwallis camped, suggests Caru<strong>the</strong>rs, at Mrs. Dumitt’s (later known as Locust Hill); while <strong>the</strong><br />
“Scottish Travel Log” for <strong>the</strong> 14 th has “Dob<strong>in</strong>[’]s Plantation.” 2160<br />
15 February. Rawdon, at Camden, to Cornwallis: “I am just returned my dear Lord, from my excursion aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
Marion. I found that his numbers did not much exceed three hundred, all mounted. By forced marches we got<br />
before him but he got <strong>of</strong>f (tho’ narrowly) across Scape Whore. We forced him over Lynches Creek <strong>and</strong> should<br />
have driven him across Pe[e]dee had not N<strong>in</strong>ety Six recalled me. I f<strong>in</strong>d s<strong>in</strong>ce from Cruger that <strong>the</strong> enemy are not<br />
<strong>in</strong> greater force than what Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham th<strong>in</strong>ks himself equal to, but I take it for granted some effort will be<br />
made [by <strong>the</strong> rebels] <strong>in</strong> that quarter. I <strong>the</strong>refore rema<strong>in</strong> ready to march at one hour’s warn<strong>in</strong>g. In <strong>the</strong> mean time<br />
I have taken measures which I hope will prevent Marion from troubl<strong>in</strong>g us much more.” 2161<br />
15 February. Greene, at Irw<strong>in</strong>’s Ferry, made arrangements for sett<strong>in</strong>g up camp for his army at Halifax, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
with <strong>in</strong>tention to fortify it (under Kosciuszko’s supervision); though this latter measure was never realized. He<br />
<strong>the</strong>n relocated his army <strong>the</strong>re <strong>and</strong> where his troops were soon fed <strong>and</strong> given moral support by <strong>the</strong> townspeople.<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g his sojourn <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, about 1500 to 1800 local militia came out to defend <strong>the</strong> town, but most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
dissipated as <strong>the</strong> threat from Cornwallis dim<strong>in</strong>ished. However, on <strong>the</strong> day <strong>of</strong> Greene’s recross<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> 23 rd , 1,000<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed with which to beg<strong>in</strong> form<strong>in</strong>g a brigade <strong>and</strong> for which Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens 2162 -- among those who<br />
had arrived <strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> who had brought with him some volunteer Pittsylvania militia -- was appo<strong>in</strong>ted (on <strong>the</strong> 19 th )<br />
to organize <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. Some additional North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia came <strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> were also with Greene at <strong>and</strong> or<br />
about this same time. Greene had previously ordered his baggage <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> he army to Halifax <strong>and</strong> had given<br />
“<strong>the</strong> necessary orders issued to <strong>the</strong> quarter-master’s department, to make good <strong>the</strong> passage <strong>of</strong> Staunton river<br />
with <strong>the</strong> whole army, should such a movement be<strong>com</strong>e necessary.” 2163<br />
William Johnson: “Send<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f, <strong>and</strong> guard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> many detachments <strong>of</strong> baggage, stores, prisoners, sick, &c., had<br />
necessarily drawn <strong>of</strong>f a number <strong>of</strong> men on detached <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s. The militia alone could not be depended upon<br />
2155 CNS2 pp. 56-57.<br />
2156 CSS p. 1162.<br />
2157 “14-15,” i.e., depend<strong>in</strong>g on how <strong>the</strong> Nase diary is to be <strong>in</strong>terpreted. McCrady gives <strong>the</strong> date at 18-19, January; while<br />
Lips<strong>com</strong>b gives February 21. See also http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/postelle.htm<br />
2158 GDH2 pp. 24-43, JFM p. 38, RBG p. 138, MSC1 p. 752, MSC2 p. 83, 746, LSC p.12.<br />
2159 NDI.<br />
2160 STL, CNS2 pp. 56-57.<br />
2161 SCP4 p. 50.<br />
2162 Stevens, it will be recalled, escorted <strong>the</strong> Cowpens prisoners to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; afterward he took <strong>the</strong> militia rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g with him to<br />
Pittsylvania to return <strong>the</strong>ir arms <strong>and</strong> receive <strong>the</strong>ir discharge. It was at this same time, however, that <strong>the</strong>y returned as volunteers<br />
to Greene’s army. JLG1 p. 444.<br />
2163 NGP7 pp. 287, 290, 292, 353-354, MLW4A p. 358, LMS pp. 251-252, JLG1 pp. 433-436, 444.<br />
394
for this service, as <strong>the</strong>y came <strong>and</strong> went when <strong>the</strong>y pleased. Hence a small guard <strong>of</strong> regulars became<br />
<strong>in</strong>dispensable; <strong>and</strong> where an auxiliary militia force was called out, it was relieved at different stages, accord<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> circumstances. On <strong>the</strong> 17 th <strong>of</strong> this month, <strong>the</strong>re was no less than 345 <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e thus<br />
employed; <strong>and</strong>, on that day, every man <strong>in</strong> camp fit for duty, is stated at, <strong>in</strong>fantry, 1078 -- artillery, 64 –-<br />
cavalry, 176 -- legionary <strong>in</strong>fantry, 112. The militia had all departed, with <strong>the</strong> exception only <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> gallant little<br />
b<strong>and</strong> under Pickens, who alone, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> worst <strong>of</strong> times, never ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong> retreat<strong>in</strong>g army: but, at this time,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were detached under <strong>the</strong>ir leader, on <strong>the</strong> service which has been already noticed…<br />
“…[T]he state <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia appears [<strong>in</strong> mid February] to have <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field two thous<strong>and</strong> three hundred <strong>and</strong> twentyone<br />
men, <strong>and</strong> to acknowledge a deficiency <strong>of</strong> three thous<strong>and</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> eighty-eight But <strong>of</strong> those <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
field, five hundred were still to be clo<strong>the</strong>d, <strong>and</strong> armed, <strong>and</strong> marched from Chesterfield court house; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
return acknowledges, that ‘arms, we have none, nor can by any means procure <strong>the</strong>m.’ One thous<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> sixtyone<br />
more are said to be posted at various po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state ; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> number actually with <strong>the</strong> army, is stated<br />
to be twelve hundred <strong>and</strong> sixty, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> [Charles] Harrison’s regiment <strong>of</strong> artillery, estimated at sixty --<br />
Bufort’s [Buford’s] <strong>in</strong>fantry at five hundred -- Greene’s [i.e., John Green’s] at four hundred -- <strong>and</strong> White <strong>and</strong><br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry at three hundred. Of <strong>the</strong> whole number <strong>in</strong> service, only one hundred <strong>and</strong> forty-four,<br />
stationed at Fort Pitt, <strong>and</strong> Harrison’s sixty artillerists were enlisted for <strong>the</strong> war; <strong>the</strong> rest were engaged for<br />
various, <strong>and</strong> generally very short tours <strong>of</strong> service. Of <strong>the</strong> actual state <strong>of</strong> those troops stationed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state, we<br />
know noth<strong>in</strong>g; but, if <strong>the</strong> state returns with regard to <strong>the</strong>m, be as <strong>in</strong>accurate as <strong>the</strong>y are with regard to <strong>the</strong><br />
numbers with <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army, <strong>the</strong> deficiencies <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia l<strong>in</strong>e must have been much greater than that<br />
admitted. The field-return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same date, with Mr. Jefferson’s statement, gives <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
brigade, five hundred <strong>and</strong> thirty-four rank <strong>and</strong> file fit for duty, thirty matrosses, <strong>and</strong> seventy-four cavalry --<br />
about one half <strong>the</strong> number claimed by <strong>the</strong> state. The deficiency <strong>of</strong> six hundred <strong>and</strong> twenty-two, if with <strong>the</strong><br />
army, must be made up <strong>of</strong> non-<strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficers, musicians, sick, <strong>and</strong> absent on duty. But, it is well known,<br />
that <strong>the</strong> cavalry especially, never equalled one hundred, <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> three.” 2164<br />
Caru<strong>the</strong>rs: “On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 15 th , he [Cornwallis] had his headquarter at Wiley’s, where he probably<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed until <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th , <strong>and</strong> took possession <strong>of</strong> Thomas’s mill to do his gr<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g. Wiley’s house, <strong>in</strong><br />
which Cornwallis had his head-quarters, <strong>and</strong> which is yet st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, is about four mile south from Erv<strong>in</strong>g’s Ferry<br />
[Irw<strong>in</strong>’s], <strong>and</strong> is now [1856] owned <strong>and</strong> occupied by Samuel Tate. Thomas’s mill was at <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> Country<br />
L<strong>in</strong>e creek, where, a few year ago, <strong>the</strong> Milton Factory stood. O’Hara’s brigade, we suppose, was now at or near<br />
Boyd’s Ferry, a few miles above Erv<strong>in</strong>g’s. His Lordship slowly retired toward Hillsboro’, <strong>and</strong> made his next stage<br />
at Dobb<strong>in</strong>’s, now <strong>the</strong> Red House, where, hav<strong>in</strong>g given <strong>the</strong> troop ano<strong>the</strong>r halt<strong>in</strong>g day, <strong>the</strong>y were guilty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mot<br />
shameful excesses. Some were quartered <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> church <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Red House, or Middle Hico [Hyco], as it was <strong>the</strong>n<br />
called <strong>and</strong> treated it with utmost disrespect. Great outrage were <strong>com</strong>mitted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood, nor did <strong>the</strong>y<br />
spare <strong>the</strong> house <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> venerated pastor...Such is <strong>the</strong> tradition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> it is confirmed by <strong>the</strong><br />
[“Cornwallis,” as Caru<strong>the</strong>rs denotes it, or “Leslie“] Order Book. The orders given at Dobb<strong>in</strong>’s, a well a at some<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r place, show that Cornwallis disapproved <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> maraud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> depredations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiers, <strong>and</strong> he made<br />
considerable efforts to prevent <strong>the</strong>ir excess...” 2165<br />
Mid February. [raid] Waccamaw (Horry County, S.C.) A troop <strong>of</strong> about 30-40 Queen’s Rangers, under Lieut. John<br />
Wilson, carried out a raid 40 miles up <strong>the</strong> Waccamaw River from Georgetown where a Capt. Clark (or Clarke), a<br />
local whig militia leader, was made prisoner. 2166<br />
Capt. John Saunders, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers (quoted <strong>in</strong> Simcoe): “Among a variety <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r parties sent <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong><br />
country by me, <strong>in</strong> order to prevent, as much as possible, depredation <strong>and</strong> violence by small bodies <strong>of</strong> rebels,<br />
who occasionally <strong>in</strong>fested <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> George Town, Lt. [John] Wilson was ordered, about <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong><br />
February, 1781, to go about forty miles up <strong>the</strong> Waccama [Waccamaw] river, with a detachment <strong>of</strong> between<br />
thirty <strong>and</strong> forty men, <strong>in</strong> order to take Capt. Clarke, a very active <strong>of</strong>ficer, prisoner, who was said to have a small<br />
party with him, for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> protect<strong>in</strong>g himself <strong>and</strong> oppress<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants on Waccama neck; he was<br />
ordered also, to mount his party, if possible, <strong>and</strong> to return by l<strong>and</strong>. He sat out <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> first <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> tide, <strong>and</strong> would have reached Clarke’s house before day had it not been for a heavy fall <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong> up <strong>the</strong><br />
country, which checked <strong>the</strong> tide with such force, that, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g every effort, he found at day-light that<br />
he had not proceeded above half way, he <strong>the</strong>refore l<strong>and</strong>ed, sent back <strong>the</strong> boats, <strong>and</strong> lay concealed <strong>in</strong> a house<br />
till even<strong>in</strong>g, keep<strong>in</strong>g every passenger prisoner: he <strong>the</strong>n marched to Clarke’s house, which he reached before<br />
day-light, took him prisoner, but found none <strong>of</strong> his party with him; took horses sufficient to mount his party, <strong>and</strong><br />
returned, without loss, to George Town.” 2167<br />
15-16 February. On <strong>the</strong> 15 th , Cornwallis camped at Wiley’s House <strong>and</strong> rested his hard pushed troops. The Dan<br />
River began to fall, thus mak<strong>in</strong>g possible cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> pursuit after Greene easier. Cornwallis, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g,<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ued on to Hillsborough with a m<strong>in</strong>d to rais<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> embolden<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region. Pickens, with<br />
700 men (at least half mounted) meanwhile, <strong>and</strong> who had stayed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state when had Greene left it, kept to<br />
<strong>the</strong> west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British watch<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> harry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir flanks. A second force <strong>of</strong> N.C. militia under Caswell was also<br />
present menac<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis’ right. 2168<br />
2164 JLG1 pp. 435, 440-441.<br />
2165 CNS2 pp. 64-65.<br />
2166 SQR p. 243.<br />
2167 SQR p. 244.<br />
2168 LOB part IV, STL, JLG1 pp. 433, 435, BDB pp. 103-106.<br />
395
“Scottish Travel Log”: [15 Feb.] “The banks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dan”; “Observe we march 169 miles without halt<strong>in</strong>g -– ten<br />
days.”<br />
From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Bethabara Congregation) entry for Feb. 16 th : “The <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> tavern was<br />
called out at three o’clock this morn<strong>in</strong>g. The guard hailed some one, who replied: Good Friend. To <strong>the</strong> question:<br />
Whose friend? Came <strong>the</strong> answer: K<strong>in</strong>g George’s.<br />
“Then it was quiet until nearly four o’clock when <strong>the</strong> advance guard <strong>of</strong> General Pickens <strong>com</strong>pany arrived with<br />
orders for meat, corn <strong>and</strong> meal…The General <strong>and</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers were polite <strong>and</strong> courteous, <strong>and</strong> assured us that no<br />
damage should be done; <strong>and</strong> as it would be necessary for our wagon to take <strong>the</strong> meat <strong>and</strong> meal to <strong>the</strong> camp late<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>y promised that it should not be pressed. Our supply <strong>of</strong> bread was all taken, largely without<br />
pay. The <strong>com</strong>pany that was here last night returned, <strong>and</strong> it was <strong>in</strong> all respects a much disturbed time.” 2169<br />
16-17 February. [raid] Weeks’ Defeat (Pr<strong>in</strong>cess Anne County, VA.) See SQR pp. 174-175.<br />
17-18 February. Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> orders for <strong>the</strong> day at “Dobb<strong>in</strong>es’” [Dobb<strong>in</strong>’s] House aga<strong>in</strong> decried plunder<strong>in</strong>g; as he<br />
had done on <strong>the</strong> 5 th <strong>and</strong> 6 th while at Salisbury. 2170<br />
“Scottish Travel Log”: [17 Feb.] “Halt”; [18 Feb.] “Cross <strong>the</strong> North & South Hyco at Shallow ford.”<br />
17-20. Greene’s light corps under Williams, crossed <strong>the</strong> Banister River on <strong>the</strong> 17 th <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n re-crossed <strong>the</strong> Dan on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 20 th (or else 21 st ), with Lee hav<strong>in</strong>g done so on <strong>the</strong> 18 th , <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> wake <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis; 2171 followed by <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong><br />
army on <strong>the</strong> 21 st . Two sub-detachments under Lee <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton acted semi-<strong>in</strong>dependently <strong>of</strong> Williams (Lee’s<br />
<strong>in</strong> particular.) On <strong>the</strong> 21 st , Lee united forces with Pickens <strong>and</strong> his N.C. militia, which <strong>in</strong>cluded some Catawba<br />
Indians, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> two <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers were <strong>in</strong> turn with<strong>in</strong> a few day subsequently re<strong>in</strong>forced with a cont<strong>in</strong>gent <strong>of</strong><br />
just arriv<strong>in</strong>g Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia riflemen under Col. William Preston (see 24 Feb., Pyle’s Defeat.) The light<br />
detachments <strong>of</strong> Pickens, Lee, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> Williams, supported by <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia,<br />
were to follow on <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ column, to retard <strong>and</strong> prevent his efforts to both forage <strong>and</strong> rouse <strong>the</strong><br />
tories. Major Pierce, one <strong>of</strong> Greene’s aides, with a small but select escort, equipped equally to fight or fly, was<br />
already <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> Lee <strong>and</strong> Pickens <strong>and</strong> hung on Cornwallis w<strong>in</strong>gs immediately after <strong>the</strong> latter had retreated<br />
from <strong>the</strong> Dan. Greene, says Joseph Graham, ordered his various light detachments: “to proceed with caution <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>mit noth<strong>in</strong>g to hazard aga<strong>in</strong>st a superior force, unless <strong>com</strong>pelled; but if meet<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>ferior force, to strike<br />
<strong>the</strong>m as quick as possible return to him as soon as an alarm should be given, it might be expected that <strong>the</strong><br />
Cavalry <strong>and</strong> light troops <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy would be at our heels.” 2172<br />
Kirkwood: “15 th March’d <strong>and</strong> Crossed <strong>the</strong> Banister River...7 [miles]<br />
“17 th March’d <strong>and</strong> Recrossed...6 [miles]<br />
“20 th Crossed <strong>the</strong> Dan River...9 [miles].” 2173<br />
William Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> seventeenth our army marched <strong>and</strong> crossed <strong>the</strong> Banister River. Here we halted till <strong>the</strong><br />
20 th , <strong>and</strong> marched for Hillsborough, which <strong>the</strong> enemy had taken possession <strong>of</strong>, <strong>the</strong>re erect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Royal<br />
St<strong>and</strong>ard, where a vast number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m, tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> oath <strong>of</strong> allegiance, <strong>and</strong> many more<br />
<strong>the</strong>y <strong>com</strong>pelled to do <strong>the</strong> same, forc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m away from <strong>the</strong>ir wives <strong>and</strong> children.” 2174<br />
Lee “...(T)he Legion <strong>of</strong> Lee, streng<strong>the</strong>ned by two <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> veterans <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>, under Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
[Edward] Oldham, with <strong>the</strong> corps <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, under Brigadier Pickens, was ordered, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18 th , to pass <strong>the</strong> Dan. This was readily performed.” 2175<br />
William Johnson: “Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton cont<strong>in</strong>ued his march parallel to that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, until he fully<br />
ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed its directions towards Hillsborough, when he retraced his steps <strong>and</strong> attached himself to Col.<br />
Williams. The range <strong>of</strong> Lee was <strong>of</strong> far greater duration <strong>and</strong> extent...On <strong>the</strong> right, on <strong>the</strong> left, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy, wherever service could be performed, or <strong>in</strong>telligence collected, we f<strong>in</strong>d him cont<strong>in</strong>ually occupied, <strong>and</strong><br />
forever chang<strong>in</strong>g his positions, to guard aga<strong>in</strong>st surprise.” 2176<br />
17 February. Brig. Gen. George Weedon, at Chesterfield Court House, VA., wrote to Greene, say<strong>in</strong>g that he had<br />
urgently requested Gov. Jefferson to support Greene. “I found him well disposed to do so, <strong>and</strong> Orders were<br />
yesterday dispatched to Botetourt for 147 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir best Rifle men; to Montgomery for 187, to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton for<br />
207, to Pittsylvania for 230, to Henry for 251, mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole 1022. Those men you may expect will jo<strong>in</strong> you<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Utmost Expedition...am <strong>in</strong> hopes <strong>in</strong> [sixteen] days <strong>the</strong>y will be <strong>in</strong> full march.” 2177<br />
Brig. Gen. Robert Lawson, a Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia <strong>of</strong>ficer, wrote Jefferson on February 25, say<strong>in</strong>g that after meet<strong>in</strong>g<br />
with Greene about <strong>the</strong> 18 th , he had ordered out <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward, Cumberl<strong>and</strong>, Amelia, Charlotte,<br />
2169 FRM p. 1743.<br />
2170 LOB part IV, STL.<br />
2171 Buchanan says <strong>the</strong> light troops re-crossed <strong>the</strong> Dan on <strong>the</strong> 19 th . Boatner, follow<strong>in</strong>g Lee, says <strong>the</strong> 18 th .<br />
2172 KJO p. 13, RSC2 pp. 217-218, SAW2 p. 333, GHA4 pp. 47-48, 169, MLW4A pp. 359-360, LMS pp. 253-256, JLG1 pp. 448-449,<br />
LCC pp. 127-130, GAM2 pp. 270-271, GLG3 p. 185, BEA p. 1027, BRG p. 362, HWW p. 102.<br />
2173 KJO p. 13.<br />
2174 SJS.<br />
2175 LMS p. 253.<br />
2176 JLG1 p. 449.<br />
2177 NGP7 p. 307.<br />
396
Lunenberg, Mecklenburg, Buck<strong>in</strong>gham, <strong>and</strong> Amherst counties. He asked Jefferson for help <strong>in</strong> arm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se<br />
troops, as Greene had told him he had not enough arms even for his Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. 2178<br />
18 February. In a letter to von Steuben, Greene directed that re<strong>in</strong>forcements from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia approach by way <strong>of</strong><br />
Taylor’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Roanoke River. On <strong>the</strong> 17 th , Steuben had written Greene <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g him that lack <strong>of</strong><br />
cloth<strong>in</strong>g would prevent him from send<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> regiment <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, under Lieut. Col. Richard<br />
Campbell, till at least <strong>the</strong> 25 th ; at which date (as it turned out) he did send <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>the</strong>y hav<strong>in</strong>g by <strong>the</strong>n received<br />
<strong>the</strong> necessary cloth<strong>in</strong>g shipment. 2179<br />
18 February. Some Caswell County, N.C. militia under Col. William Moore were posted at Wadk<strong>in</strong>’s ford on <strong>the</strong><br />
Banister river. In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day, Moore had sent out a party to scout for <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> was await<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir return. He subsequently marched to re<strong>in</strong>force Otho Williams’ <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. 2180<br />
18 February. Col. William Preston with 300 mostly mounted militia with rifles, carry<strong>in</strong>g six days provisions, left<br />
Montgomery County, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia with expectations <strong>of</strong> reach<strong>in</strong>g Surrey County <strong>the</strong> next day. In a letter to Greene <strong>of</strong><br />
this date, Preston reported that Col. William Campbell would march next week with <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
County, <strong>and</strong> a party <strong>of</strong> men from Botetourt County. 2181<br />
18 February. Capt. Andrew Barkley, RN, <strong>and</strong> with whom Craig had had difficulty work<strong>in</strong>g with, left Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton,<br />
tak<strong>in</strong>g with him 26 mar<strong>in</strong>es <strong>and</strong> his 3 warships, leav<strong>in</strong>g for Craig’s defense several galleys <strong>and</strong> gunboats. 2182<br />
19 February. Horace Walpole to Rev. William Mason: “Was not you edified with <strong>the</strong> last Gazette? When we<br />
expected to hear that all Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s army was catched <strong>in</strong> a drag-net, <strong>and</strong> that Lord Cornwallis had subdued<br />
<strong>and</strong> pacified all Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a, we were modestly told that his Lordship <strong>and</strong> his h<strong>and</strong>ful <strong>of</strong> men have been<br />
sick, but, thank you, are a little better; <strong>and</strong> that Colonel Ferguson was beaten, <strong>and</strong> Colonel Tarleton had had a<br />
puny advantage; all which we knew two months ago.”<br />
19 February. Hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>pleted his mission <strong>of</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g militia home <strong>and</strong> deliver<strong>in</strong>g Cowpens prisoners to<br />
Pittsylvania Court House, Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens received orders to recruit Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia. By <strong>the</strong> 21 st to 23 rd<br />
he had jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g by way <strong>of</strong> Halifax, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, hav<strong>in</strong>g raised 1,000 men. Upon Greene’s arrival <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
state, efforts were made by Gov. Thomas Jefferson <strong>and</strong> former governor Patrick Henry to do all <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir power<br />
to assist him <strong>in</strong> call<strong>in</strong>g out men; with <strong>the</strong> former also authoriz<strong>in</strong>g Greene to impress horses as need be -– though<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia horse owners soon protested <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tended measure proved little successful (see 22 March.) 2183<br />
19 February Cornwallis bivouacked at Thompson’s Plantation, N.C. 2184<br />
19-20 February. Pickens camped at Wilson’s on <strong>the</strong> North Haw River, with 600-700 North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians <strong>and</strong> 40 to<br />
possibly 150 South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia militia; where he was prepar<strong>in</strong>g to march to Greene’s camp at Boyd’s<br />
Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Dan. At least 300 <strong>of</strong> his men were mounted; those on foot were <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> by Col. Francis Lock. Yet<br />
ra<strong>the</strong>r than jo<strong>in</strong> Greene, he was directed along with Lee <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion; who met up with him on Feb. 21, to<br />
move toward Hillsborough to follow <strong>and</strong> obstruct Cornwallis efforts to ga<strong>in</strong> loyalist sympathy; while <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>terim secur<strong>in</strong>g provisions to feed his men. At <strong>the</strong> time, Pickens was hav<strong>in</strong>g difficulty reta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 20 th <strong>in</strong>formed Greene that <strong>the</strong> Salisbury militia were regularly desert<strong>in</strong>g<br />
him. 2185<br />
Lee: “Pickens <strong>and</strong> Lee were <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed to ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> front <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis, to place <strong>the</strong>mselves as close to him as<br />
safety would permit, <strong>in</strong> order to <strong>in</strong>terrupt his <strong>com</strong>munication with <strong>the</strong> country, to repress <strong>the</strong> meditated ris<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists, <strong>and</strong>, at all events, to <strong>in</strong>tercept any party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m which might attempt to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy.” 2186<br />
19-21 February. [siege] Fort Granby, also Congaree Fort (Lex<strong>in</strong>gton County, S.C.) With <strong>the</strong> men he had collected<br />
earlier <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month, Sumter moved forward to attack Fort Granby below <strong>the</strong> Congaree River. Wade Hampton,<br />
who owned a store <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area 2187 had earlier been contracted to supply Fort Granby with provisions. He had,<br />
until this time, taken British protection, but, despite this, <strong>in</strong>formed Sumter that <strong>the</strong> British fort was runn<strong>in</strong>g low<br />
on stores. On <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> this <strong>in</strong>formation, Sumter on <strong>the</strong> 16 th , with 280-400 men, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g as many as 250 from<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, left his camp at on <strong>the</strong> Catawba with <strong>and</strong> proceeded towards Granby where Maj. Andrew<br />
Maxwell lay with a garrison <strong>of</strong> 300. He reached <strong>the</strong> fort <strong>and</strong> briefly laid siege 2188 to it on <strong>the</strong> 19 th ; at <strong>the</strong> same<br />
time he wrote Marion request<strong>in</strong>g re<strong>in</strong>forcements. Though Marion did reply, he would or else could not help him<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege or his subsequent movements. 2189 William Johnson says this Granby siege was <strong>the</strong> first occasion<br />
2178 NGP7 p. 310n.<br />
2179 NGP7 p. 311.<br />
2180 NGP7 pp. 313, 314n, 315.<br />
2181 NGP7 p. 314.<br />
2182 DRO p. 152.<br />
2183 NGP7 p. 316n, JLG1 pp. 444-446.<br />
2184 LOB part IV, STL.<br />
2185 NGP7 p. 325, LMS pp. 255-256.<br />
2186 LMS p. 253.<br />
2187 Hampton’s Store was situated about five miles sou<strong>the</strong>ast across <strong>the</strong> Congaree River (north side) from <strong>the</strong> site <strong>of</strong> Fort Granby.<br />
2188 JLG2 p. 32.<br />
2189 GDH2 pp. 23-24, 27-28.<br />
397
where <strong>the</strong> Maham tower was actually used (though, naturally, such structures trace <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>in</strong>eage back to early<br />
antiquity.) Bass qualifies this by imply<strong>in</strong>g it was <strong>of</strong> a more primitive sort than that later proposed by Hezekiah<br />
Maham. Rawdon, learn<strong>in</strong>g that Granby was <strong>in</strong> danger, dispatched Lieut. Col. Welbore Ellis Doyle from Camden<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong> to attack Sumter. Doyle seized <strong>the</strong> fords above Friday’s (more properly called<br />
Fridig’s) Ferry (apparently to cut <strong>of</strong>f Sumter’s retreat) before bear<strong>in</strong>g down. Receiv<strong>in</strong>g word <strong>of</strong> Doyle’s<br />
approach, Sumter, on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 20 th , destroyed nearby provisions <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r articles that would be <strong>of</strong> use<br />
to <strong>the</strong> British, <strong>the</strong>n lifted <strong>the</strong> siege. By <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 21 st , after Doyle had crossed <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> arrived at<br />
Granby -- <strong>and</strong> with Rawdon <strong>and</strong> much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Camden garrison on <strong>the</strong> way also -- Sumter had departed to attack<br />
Thompson’s Plantation downriver. On <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>of</strong> March, Col. Thomas Polk, <strong>in</strong> Salisbury, 2190 reported to Greene<br />
that Sumter “had moved to <strong>the</strong> Congaree [Ft. Granby] & had taken a small Number <strong>of</strong> British that lay <strong>the</strong>re With<br />
about 500 Negroes <strong>and</strong> a deal <strong>of</strong> stores. It is Reported <strong>the</strong> Militia all turn out Wherever he Goes.” 2191<br />
On February 24 th , Balfour wrote to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “By <strong>in</strong>telligence brought me yesterday <strong>the</strong> post <strong>of</strong> Congaree’s [Ft.<br />
Granby] has been for three days <strong>in</strong>vested by seven or eight hundred men under Colonel Sumter.” 2192<br />
20 February. Greene issued a <strong>com</strong>mission to William Christian, Col. William Preston, Col. Arthur Campbell,<br />
Joseph Mart<strong>in</strong>, <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> to Robert Sevier, Evan Shelby, Joseph Williams <strong>and</strong> Col. John Sevier <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> far<br />
western North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia counties to act as peace treaty negotiators with <strong>the</strong> Cherokee Indians (see 2<br />
<strong>and</strong> 29 July 1781.) 2193<br />
20 February. His army endur<strong>in</strong>g acute privation along <strong>the</strong> long march s<strong>in</strong>ce first <strong>com</strong>menc<strong>in</strong>g his pursuit <strong>of</strong><br />
Greene (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some desertion beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g at Ramseur’s Mill where he’d first began his second trek <strong>in</strong>to N.C.),<br />
Cornwallis f<strong>in</strong>ally entered Hillsborough; North Carol<strong>in</strong>a’s state capital (at that time.) 2194<br />
Cornwallis’ Proclamation <strong>of</strong> Feb. 20 th : “Whereas, it has pleased <strong>the</strong> Div<strong>in</strong>e Providence to prosper <strong>the</strong> operations<br />
<strong>of</strong> His Majesty’s arms <strong>in</strong> driv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rebel army out <strong>of</strong> this prov<strong>in</strong>ce; <strong>and</strong> WHEREAS it is His Majesty’s most<br />
gracious wish to rescue his faithful <strong>and</strong> loyal subjects from <strong>the</strong> cruel tyranny under which <strong>the</strong>y have groaned for<br />
several years, I have thought proper to issue this Proclamation, to <strong>in</strong>vite all such faithful <strong>and</strong> loyal subjects to<br />
repair, without loss <strong>of</strong> time, with <strong>the</strong>ir arms <strong>and</strong> ten days provisions, to <strong>the</strong> Royal St<strong>and</strong>ard now erected at<br />
Hillsborough, where <strong>the</strong>y will meet with <strong>the</strong> most friendly reception. And I do hereby assure <strong>the</strong>m that I am<br />
ready to concur with <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> effectual measures for suppress<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> rebellion <strong>in</strong> this prov<strong>in</strong>ce, <strong>and</strong><br />
for <strong>the</strong> re-establishment <strong>of</strong> good order <strong>and</strong> constitutional government.<br />
“Given under my h<strong>and</strong> at headquarters at Hillsborough this 20th day <strong>of</strong> February, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> year <strong>of</strong> our Lord 1781,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> twenty-first year <strong>of</strong> His Majesty’s reign.” 2195<br />
William Johnson: “When <strong>the</strong> British <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dan, he must still have enterta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
<strong>the</strong> hope <strong>of</strong> draw<strong>in</strong>g his wary adversary <strong>in</strong>to some act <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>discretion. It is impossible o<strong>the</strong>rwise to account for<br />
<strong>the</strong> apparent <strong>in</strong>decision <strong>of</strong> his movements. Instead <strong>of</strong> pursu<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> direct road to Hillsborough, his first day’s<br />
march was up <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, on <strong>the</strong> rout by which he had pursued <strong>the</strong> retreat<strong>in</strong>g Americans, <strong>and</strong><br />
appeared to threaten <strong>the</strong> party under Pickens, or <strong>in</strong>dicate an attempt to cross <strong>the</strong> river above Boyd’s. The next<br />
was <strong>in</strong> a direction nearly contrary, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>dicated a view to <strong>the</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>es <strong>and</strong> stores, (now on <strong>the</strong> east bank <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Roanoke) or an <strong>in</strong>tention to take a route below, for push<strong>in</strong>g on to <strong>the</strong> shores <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake. The third<br />
was <strong>in</strong> a direction nearly at right angles, or ra<strong>the</strong>r retrograde to <strong>the</strong> last, <strong>and</strong> led directly to Hillsborough. Here<br />
he arrived on <strong>the</strong> 20 th , <strong>and</strong> erected <strong>the</strong> British st<strong>and</strong>ard, fondly flatter<strong>in</strong>g himself <strong>and</strong> his employers that <strong>the</strong><br />
state was conquered. Noth<strong>in</strong>g was far<strong>the</strong>r from <strong>the</strong> truth, <strong>and</strong> chagr<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> disappo<strong>in</strong>tment soon attended <strong>the</strong><br />
development <strong>of</strong> his error.” 2196<br />
21 February. Ac<strong>com</strong>panied by a twenty one gun salute, Cornwallis hoisted <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s St<strong>and</strong>ard at Hillsborough,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> do<strong>in</strong>g so sent out a call for loyal citizens <strong>and</strong> militia recruits. Although many <strong>in</strong>habitants showed <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
support <strong>and</strong> enthusiasm, very few, no more than 100, subsequently could be <strong>in</strong>duced to stay with him as militia,<br />
particularly a) after setbacks like Pyle’s defeat on <strong>the</strong> 24 th , <strong>and</strong> b) s<strong>in</strong>ce Cornwallis had nei<strong>the</strong>r arms, nor<br />
supplies, nor food, to provide <strong>the</strong>m with. Moreover, <strong>the</strong> sometimes practice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British to feed <strong>the</strong>ir own<br />
army at <strong>the</strong> expense <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g slaughter<strong>in</strong>g even some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter’s draft oxen as a matter <strong>of</strong><br />
last recourse, did not help matters. Otho Williams reported a few days later that his lordship had formed no less<br />
than 7 <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> loyalists, but <strong>the</strong>se largely dissipated with Greene’s approach. 2197<br />
Stedman: “Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong> royal army held Hillsborough, <strong>the</strong> author’s [Stedman’s] cattle-drivers were<br />
obliged to go a considerable distance from <strong>the</strong> army for cattle, <strong>and</strong> even -- <strong>the</strong>n brought <strong>in</strong> but a very scanty<br />
supply. Lord Cornwallis could not have rema<strong>in</strong>ed as tong as he did at Hillsborough had it not been for a quantity<br />
<strong>of</strong> salt-beef, pork, <strong>and</strong> some hogs, found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town. Such was <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army, that <strong>the</strong><br />
author, with a file <strong>of</strong> men was obliged to go from house to house, throughout <strong>the</strong> town, to take provisions from<br />
2190 Polk’s son, William, later became one <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s regimental <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers.<br />
2191 NGP7 pp. 380, 381n, 417, GDH2 pp. 23-24, 27-28, Balfour to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, 3 March 1781 found at BLB pp. 40-43, RSC2 pp. 226-227,<br />
SCP4 pp. 47-49, CAR p. 489, JLG2 pp. 31-32, MSC2 pp. 105-106, BGC pp. 129, 136, RBG p. 145.<br />
2192 CAR p. 489.<br />
2193 GHA4 p. 47, JLG1 p. 471.<br />
2194 LOB part IV, STL, CAR p. 263, GHA4 p. 47, JLG1 p. 447, CNS2 pp. 64-73, BDB pp. 103-106.<br />
2195 CNC17 pp. 986-987.<br />
2196 JLG1 p. 447.<br />
2197 LOB part IV, STL, RCO p. 176-177, TCS pp. 230-231, 256-257, SAW2 pp. 332-335, CAR p. 263, MLW4A p. 358, JLG1 p. 447-<br />
448, CNS2 pp. 64-73, FWI p. 224, TPY pp. 156, 163.<br />
398
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants, many <strong>of</strong> whom were greatly distressed by this measure, which could be justified only by<br />
extreme necessity.” 2198<br />
21 February. Greene, from Irw<strong>in</strong>’s Ferry, wrote to Brig. Gen. John Butler stat<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> light troops had<br />
already re-crossed <strong>the</strong> Dan river (go<strong>in</strong>g southward); while <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army would be do<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same as soon<br />
as possible. Also, several hundred Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia under Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens, had rendezvoused with<br />
Greene’s army this same day. 2199<br />
21 February. Pickens, who was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Lee on this date, was “10 from Hillsborough,” requested ammunition <strong>of</strong><br />
Greene. He had with him at this time, not count<strong>in</strong>g Lee, 300 militia horse <strong>and</strong> 600 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same <strong>in</strong>fantry. 2200<br />
21 February. Maj. Gen. Richard Caswell ordered <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia at K<strong>in</strong>gston (<strong>in</strong> Lenoir County) sent to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton area; while he himself was busy rais<strong>in</strong>g more men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> New Bern districts.<br />
Although once aga<strong>in</strong> now lead<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia (Ru<strong>the</strong>rford be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> captivity <strong>and</strong> Davidson sla<strong>in</strong> at<br />
Cowan’s Ford), Caswell did not serve at Guilford Ct. House due to illness; though he rema<strong>in</strong>ed relatively active<br />
as an adm<strong>in</strong>istrator. 2201<br />
21 February. Col. Charles Lynch wrote Greene, say<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> Bedford County, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia would be with<br />
him <strong>in</strong> two days to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army <strong>and</strong> requested <strong>in</strong>structions where to rendezvous. Greene, on <strong>the</strong> 21 st ,<br />
replied tell<strong>in</strong>g him he wanted him to take six days provisions with him, <strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>k up with Gen. Robert Lawson,<br />
who was march<strong>in</strong>g from Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward County. 2202<br />
21 February. Greene rode alone with some aides to meet with Pickens <strong>and</strong> Lee at Pickens’ camp to plan<br />
operations. He gave <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>structions to prevent <strong>the</strong> loyalists from ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g, while assign<strong>in</strong>g Pickens, at least<br />
formally, to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> Lee’s light detachment. After spend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night <strong>and</strong> exhort<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> two leaders to act <strong>in</strong><br />
harmony <strong>and</strong> cooperate closely, Greene returned to his army headquarters at Halifax, VA. <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g (<strong>the</strong><br />
22 nd .) Williams with <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light troops (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry), meanwhile, was situated<br />
anterior to Lee <strong>and</strong> Pickens guard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> approach to Greene’s army itself. 2203<br />
21 February (also given as 22 <strong>and</strong> 23 February). [siege] Thompson’s Plantation, also Belleville (Calhoun County,<br />
S.C.) Hav<strong>in</strong>g ab<strong>and</strong>oned his attack on Granby, Sumter laid siege to <strong>the</strong> stockade at Thompson’s Plantation at<br />
Belleville (a couple miles sou<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> what would later be<strong>com</strong>e Ft. Motte.) He attempted to take <strong>the</strong> stockade<br />
by assault, <strong>and</strong> sett<strong>in</strong>g fire to it, but <strong>the</strong> defenders, under Lt. Charles McPherson <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Battalion Delancey’s<br />
Regt., held <strong>the</strong>ir own <strong>and</strong> were able to ext<strong>in</strong>guish <strong>the</strong> blaze. Toward <strong>the</strong> close <strong>of</strong> day, he left a detachment<br />
watch<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> stockade <strong>and</strong> moved with his ma<strong>in</strong> body to Manigault’s Ferry, <strong>and</strong> where he collected boats <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
area. 2204<br />
Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> post at Belleville, Joseph Johnson <strong>com</strong>ments: “Various <strong>of</strong>ficers were <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> it at different<br />
times, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> very different dispositions; some behav<strong>in</strong>g with great rudeness <strong>and</strong> brutality; while o<strong>the</strong>rs were<br />
polite, <strong>and</strong> even k<strong>in</strong>d.” 2205<br />
21-22 February. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Bethabara Congregation): “Colonels [William] Preston <strong>and</strong><br />
[Hugh] Crocket arrived with 400 mounted men, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s more than a hundred miles away. As<br />
it was ra<strong>in</strong>y <strong>the</strong>y took possession <strong>of</strong> our stables, so that <strong>the</strong> cows could not be brought <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> could not be<br />
milked…”<br />
“Feb. 22. Soon after noon <strong>the</strong> soldiers went ton to Salem, at which we were content <strong>and</strong> happy. From Richmond<br />
came Colonel [also Major John] Armstrong <strong>and</strong> Cumm<strong>in</strong>gs…” 2206<br />
22 February. “Leslie“ Orderly Book: “It is with great concern that Lord Cornwallis hears every day reports <strong>of</strong><br />
Soldiers be<strong>in</strong>g taken by <strong>the</strong> Enemy, <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir straggl<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> Camp <strong>in</strong> search <strong>of</strong> Whiskey; He<br />
Strictly Enjo<strong>in</strong>s all Officers & Non Commission’d Officers Comdg. <strong>the</strong> Out Posts <strong>and</strong> Picqts. [Pickets] Of <strong>the</strong> Army<br />
to do <strong>the</strong>ir utmost to prevent any Soldier from pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m.” 2207<br />
22 February (also given as 23 February) [ambush] Big Savannah, also Thompson’s Plantation Convoy, Big Glades,<br />
Manigault’s Ferry (Calhoun County, S.C) About <strong>the</strong> same time as Sumter laid siege to Thompson’s, a convoy <strong>of</strong> 20<br />
wagons <strong>and</strong> an escort <strong>of</strong> about 50 to 80 men (depend<strong>in</strong>g on sources), all under a Major David McIntosh, was sent<br />
out from Charlestown with cloth<strong>in</strong>g, provisions, munitions <strong>and</strong> some pay chests for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> establish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
what would be<strong>com</strong>e Fort Motte (also known as Buckhead.) Obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation about <strong>the</strong> onset <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> convoy,<br />
Sumter, with Col. Edward Lacey <strong>and</strong> Col. William Bratton attempted to ambush it near Big Savannah, a few short<br />
2198 SAW2 p. 335.<br />
2199 NGP7 p. 327.<br />
2200 NGP7 pp. 331, 332.<br />
2201 NGP7 p. 329.<br />
2202 NGP7 pp. 330, 332.<br />
2203 NGP7 p. 343, LMS pp. 253-254, JLG1 pp. 448-451, LCC pp. 127-135, MSC2 p. 122, RNC p. 287.<br />
2204 Balfour to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, 3 March 1781 found at BLB pp. 40-43, RSC2 pp. 226-227, SCP4 pp. 47-49, MSC2 pp. 107-108, BGC p. 130,<br />
RBG pp. 145-146.<br />
2205 JTR p. 100.<br />
2206 FRN pp. 1744-1745.<br />
2207 LOB part IV.<br />
399
miles down <strong>the</strong> road from Thompson’s Plantation (as <strong>the</strong> road ran roughly sou<strong>the</strong>ast toward Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs.) The<br />
British, see<strong>in</strong>g only a small party <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s men came forward to attack it; when <strong>the</strong>y <strong>the</strong>mselves were <strong>the</strong>n<br />
overwhelmed by <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s force. At one po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g, some <strong>of</strong> Bratton’s men ignored a white<br />
flag that had been raised <strong>and</strong>, as a result, seven British were needlessly killed <strong>and</strong> several o<strong>the</strong>rs wounded.<br />
McCrady reports <strong>the</strong> British losses as 13 killed <strong>and</strong> 66 prisoners, as well as 20 wagons with cloth<strong>in</strong>g, supplies <strong>and</strong><br />
arms taken which were <strong>in</strong>tended for Rawdon’s army. Both he <strong>and</strong> Ripley speak <strong>of</strong> Sumter be<strong>in</strong>g down to 100 men<br />
at this time, but this seems ra<strong>the</strong>r too conservative an estimate.<br />
The same or <strong>the</strong> next day, Sumter loaded <strong>the</strong> captured items on flats he had been collect<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> tried to have<br />
<strong>the</strong>m sent down river toward Nelson’s Ferry; not far from where he <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> his men were to make<br />
contact with <strong>the</strong> boats at a specified location. A treacherous river pilot, however, <strong>in</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g Fort Watson along<br />
<strong>the</strong> way, steered his craft under <strong>the</strong> guns <strong>of</strong> that fort <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> stores <strong>and</strong> money chests were retaken by <strong>the</strong><br />
British. In <strong>the</strong> meantime, Rawdon sent Maj. Robert McLeroth with <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regt., a troop <strong>of</strong> dragoons, <strong>and</strong> a field<br />
piece to relieve McPherson at Thompson’s; which <strong>the</strong>y reached on <strong>the</strong> 24 th . When McLeroth approached<br />
Thompson’s, Sumter on <strong>the</strong> 24 th (or possibly <strong>the</strong> 25 th ) retreated to “Mrs. Flud’s [Flood’s].” 2208 There for at least<br />
two days he passed his force over <strong>the</strong> Santee by means <strong>of</strong> a s<strong>in</strong>gle canoe <strong>and</strong> swimm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> horses. 2209<br />
22-23 February. Lee <strong>and</strong> Pickens, <strong>and</strong> which force that <strong>in</strong>cluded Capt. Oldham <strong>and</strong> two Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>panies,<br />
while hover<strong>in</strong>g around Cornwallis at Hillsborough, watched for British forag<strong>in</strong>g parties; while constantly shift<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir own locations to avert detection. At one po<strong>in</strong>t, <strong>the</strong>y received reports <strong>of</strong> Tarleton (who was said to have<br />
most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British cavalry, two light brass cannon, <strong>and</strong> 400 <strong>in</strong>fantry with him) be<strong>in</strong>g at a farm house <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>and</strong> prepared to make a careful surprise attack. Yet upon near<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> farm, <strong>the</strong>y discovered Tarleton<br />
had already departed. Two <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s staff <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> who had rema<strong>in</strong>ed beh<strong>in</strong>d to f<strong>in</strong>ish up some bus<strong>in</strong>ess,<br />
were however taken. 2210<br />
Lee: “Greene hav<strong>in</strong>g set out on his return to camp, Pickens <strong>and</strong> Lee advanced; first send<strong>in</strong>g reconnoiter<strong>in</strong>g<br />
parties <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir front, with orders to conceal <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> road to watch pass<strong>in</strong>g occurrences, <strong>and</strong><br />
to report from time to time <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir observations. The ma<strong>in</strong> body mov<strong>in</strong>g obliquely to <strong>the</strong>ir right<br />
through an unsettled region, <strong>the</strong>y encamped with<strong>in</strong> three miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> great road, with <strong>the</strong> Haw [River] on <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
right, about seven miles distant. Here <strong>the</strong>y were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> light parties sent out <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer who had <strong>the</strong> day before been detached toward Hillsborough. The first reported that every th<strong>in</strong>g was still<br />
on <strong>the</strong> road, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>y had not seen a s<strong>in</strong>gle person, except a well-grown boy, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> day, whom <strong>the</strong>y<br />
had brought along with <strong>the</strong>m agreeable to orders. From this lad we discovered that Tarleton had not passed <strong>the</strong><br />
river yesterday, but would do it on <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
“The <strong>of</strong>ficer who had approached Hillsborough found all quiet <strong>in</strong> that quarter, <strong>and</strong> nei<strong>the</strong>r saw nor heard any<br />
th<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g a movement on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. Rest<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> night, <strong>the</strong> corps proceeded after<br />
breakfast <strong>the</strong> next day, wait<strong>in</strong>g until <strong>the</strong>n to give time for <strong>the</strong> explor<strong>in</strong>g parties to renew <strong>the</strong>ir efforts <strong>in</strong><br />
obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g more precise <strong>in</strong>telligence.<br />
“Approach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> road, it was met by a dragoon br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation that <strong>the</strong> British detachment had passed <strong>the</strong><br />
Haw. This be<strong>in</strong>g ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed, Pickens <strong>and</strong> Lee ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> great road, <strong>and</strong> followed on <strong>the</strong> enemy’s route. Guides<br />
became unnecessary now; for <strong>the</strong> British detachment had plundered all <strong>the</strong> houses on <strong>the</strong> road, known, as <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were, to be <strong>the</strong> property <strong>of</strong> patriots, <strong>and</strong> symbols <strong>of</strong> devastation marked <strong>the</strong>ir steps. The men hav<strong>in</strong>g all fled,<br />
none but women could be seen. From <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong> American <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ants learned that <strong>the</strong> loyalists between <strong>the</strong><br />
Haw <strong>and</strong> Deep rivers were certa<strong>in</strong>ly embody<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> British detachment would not advance far on <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, it be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>monly said among <strong>the</strong> soldiers, that <strong>the</strong>y should return <strong>in</strong> a few days. By<br />
what could be ga<strong>the</strong>red from report, <strong>and</strong> judg<strong>in</strong>g by <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g any one house, it appeared that most <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> cavalry, two light brass pieces, <strong>and</strong> four hundred <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>the</strong> detachment. Send<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong> a small<br />
party <strong>of</strong> dragoons down <strong>the</strong> road, to discover whe<strong>the</strong>r any second body <strong>of</strong> troops were mov<strong>in</strong>g from Hillsborough,<br />
Pickens <strong>and</strong> Lee cont<strong>in</strong>ued on to <strong>the</strong> Haw, which <strong>the</strong>y passed without delay, hear<strong>in</strong>g that Lieutenant-Colonel<br />
Tarleton was encamped four miles <strong>in</strong> front. At this moment <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer sent down <strong>the</strong> road rejo<strong>in</strong>ed,<br />
<strong>com</strong>municat<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>re was no prospect <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>terruption from that quarter.<br />
“Soon after we had crossed <strong>the</strong> river, which was fordable, a countryman was discovered by <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>in</strong> front;<br />
<strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g overtaken, was sent to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ants. From him it was ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed that Lieutenant-Colonel<br />
Tarleton, as had been reported, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> party, <strong>and</strong> that he was encamped with<strong>in</strong> three miles <strong>of</strong> us<br />
about noon; that his horses were unsaddled, <strong>and</strong> that appearances <strong>in</strong>dicated his confidence <strong>of</strong> security. With<br />
respect to his strength, <strong>the</strong> countryman’s <strong>in</strong>formation rated it <strong>the</strong> same as it was before understood to be. This<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g correct, Tarleton had <strong>the</strong> advantage <strong>in</strong> number <strong>of</strong> cavalry, but was <strong>in</strong>ferior <strong>in</strong> quality; he had two light<br />
pieces, <strong>the</strong> Americans none; he was numerically <strong>in</strong>ferior <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, but his troops were all tried regulars, while<br />
half <strong>of</strong> our <strong>in</strong>fantry were militia, though <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> best sort. A disposition for attack was immediately made. The<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion led by Lieutenant-Colonel Lee, form<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> centre, moved directly toward <strong>the</strong> enemy…<br />
“Thus arrayed, <strong>the</strong> divisions proceeded to <strong>the</strong>ir designated po<strong>in</strong>ts, every precaution hav<strong>in</strong>g been adopted to<br />
prevent discovery. The movement was conducted with <strong>the</strong> utmost precision <strong>and</strong> correspondency. When arriv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
with<strong>in</strong> a few hundred yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> expected <strong>the</strong>atre <strong>of</strong> glory, <strong>the</strong> farm <strong>and</strong> house were seen, but no enemy. The<br />
van <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> horse gallop<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> house brought <strong>of</strong>f two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s staff, who had been delayed <strong>in</strong> settl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
for <strong>the</strong> subsistence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment; <strong>and</strong> hear<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> family that Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton would not<br />
2208 Flood’s House was located below Nelson’s Ferry <strong>and</strong> down <strong>the</strong> road east a number <strong>of</strong> miles past Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
2209 SCP4 pp. 47-49, JLG2 pp. 31-32, MSC2 p. 746, BGC p. 130-131, RBG pp. 145-146.<br />
See also http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/bigsavannah.htm<br />
2210 LMS pp. 254-255.<br />
400
advance above six miles fur<strong>the</strong>r, Pickens <strong>and</strong> Lee <strong>in</strong>stantly proceeded toward him, hop<strong>in</strong>g that fortune would be<br />
more propitious upon <strong>the</strong> next occasion.” 2211<br />
23 February (also given as 22 <strong>and</strong> 24 February). Greene <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army, re<strong>in</strong>forced now with a substantial<br />
body <strong>of</strong> militia under Stevens, re-crossed <strong>the</strong> Dan River, hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d to place <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> a more favorable<br />
location to receive re<strong>in</strong>forcements <strong>and</strong> supplies from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; while keep<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis from <strong>in</strong>cit<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
draw<strong>in</strong>g forth <strong>the</strong> loyalists. 2212<br />
David Ramsay: “It was <strong>the</strong> merit <strong>of</strong> general Greene to avoid an action till he was re<strong>in</strong>forced, but at <strong>the</strong> same<br />
time to keep <strong>the</strong> field so near his antagonist as would prevent his forag<strong>in</strong>g to advantage -- <strong>and</strong> his receiv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcements from <strong>the</strong> tories <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a.” 2213<br />
23 February (also given as 17 February). [skirmish] Hart’s Mill (Orange County, N.C.) Capt. Joseph Graham with<br />
20 N.C. cavalry, <strong>and</strong> Capt. Richard Simmons with 20 mounted N.C. militia, both act<strong>in</strong>g under Pickens, set an<br />
ambush for a British lieutenant, a sergeant, 24 privates <strong>and</strong> 2 loyalists at Hart’s Mill on Stoney Creek, three<br />
miles (Graham says ten) west <strong>of</strong> Hillsborough upon which a skirmish irrupted <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> British were repulsed.<br />
The British, states Graham, lost n<strong>in</strong>e killed <strong>and</strong> wounded; while <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der were taken prisoner.<br />
In his report to Greene, Pickens says <strong>the</strong> American detachment was <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Col. Hugh McCall, yet<br />
Graham, oddly, makes no mention <strong>of</strong> McCall at all. Indeed, more strangely, (<strong>in</strong> response to William Johnson’s<br />
account), Graham asserts that McCall was not even with Pickens. 2214 In any event, after <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g Graham <strong>and</strong><br />
Simmons were with Pickens; who was later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Lee <strong>and</strong> his Legion. About this same time<br />
Graham was placed <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Pickens’ full cont<strong>in</strong>gent <strong>of</strong> cavalry; which numbered 70. On <strong>the</strong> 23 rd , Pickens<br />
wrote to Greene from “Camp Hyco [River],” near Hillsborough. In report<strong>in</strong>g “McCall’s“ attack, he stated that his<br />
men had achieved a victory “that would have done Honor to <strong>the</strong> most discipl<strong>in</strong>ed Troops.” 8 British were killed<br />
or severely wounded, <strong>and</strong> 10 <strong>and</strong> several Loyalists captured. 2215 Pickens fur<strong>the</strong>r told Greene that he would move<br />
that even<strong>in</strong>g or tomorrow to Stony Creek. He also said that Col. Lock, who was camped four miles below at High<br />
Rock Ford, 2216 was badly <strong>in</strong> need <strong>of</strong> ammunition, lead <strong>in</strong> particular; which he would have Lock send to Greene<br />
for. In his request to Greene on <strong>the</strong> 24 th from High Rock, Lock reported his men did not have a “Second ball,”<br />
<strong>and</strong> asked Greene for 200. 2217<br />
Joseph Graham: “The <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong> party returned <strong>and</strong> gave Capt. [Richard] Simmons directions to go<br />
beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> swell <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ground until he got <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>gs between him <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> [British] guard <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n advance;<br />
while at <strong>the</strong> same time, <strong>the</strong> Cavalry would make a diversion to our left. The Capta<strong>in</strong> had his men across <strong>the</strong><br />
great road, to Mebane’s, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cavalry turn<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> left, entered an old field <strong>in</strong> open order, upwards <strong>of</strong> two<br />
hundred yards from <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> gallop<strong>in</strong>g across it as right angles to <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>in</strong>es –- <strong>com</strong>pletely attracted <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
attention <strong>and</strong> drew <strong>the</strong>ir fire; until Simmons’s party reached <strong>the</strong> small build<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>and</strong> fired from <strong>the</strong> corners <strong>of</strong><br />
both at <strong>the</strong> same <strong>in</strong>stant. Those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy who did not fall, fled. The Cavalry came down at full charge, <strong>and</strong><br />
by <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong> guard had fled one hundred yards beyond <strong>the</strong> river <strong>the</strong>ir front was overtaken, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole<br />
killed or captured.” 2218<br />
Samuel Hammond [pension statement]: “Thence proceeded on & jo<strong>in</strong>ed Genl. Greene & reported to him north <strong>of</strong><br />
Catawba River. Was with <strong>the</strong> Genl. on his retreat through North Carol<strong>in</strong>a constantly employed <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
small detachments until <strong>the</strong>y arrived at Moore’s Plantation on <strong>the</strong> Guilford road, <strong>the</strong>re Genl. Pickens was<br />
ordered to pass round <strong>the</strong> British, fall <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir rear & watch <strong>the</strong>ir movements & to <strong>com</strong>municate <strong>the</strong>m to <strong>the</strong><br />
Genl. Applicant was kept <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>in</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British, took many prisoners on <strong>the</strong> way to <strong>the</strong> borders <strong>of</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. Cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g upon <strong>the</strong>ir rear on <strong>the</strong>ir retrograde march, until <strong>the</strong>ir arrival at Hillsborough. In conjunction<br />
with Col. [James] McCall, took a picket guard at Hart’s Mills <strong>in</strong> full view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy Camp consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> one<br />
Commissioned <strong>of</strong>ficer, 2 non-<strong>com</strong>missioned Os [Officers] & 23 privates with some scatter<strong>in</strong>g Grenadiers, on<br />
plunder<strong>in</strong>g expedition. Prisoners <strong>com</strong>mitted to <strong>the</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> Applicant, was taken to Genl. Greene & by him<br />
ordered to Halifax old Court House Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. This duty, irksome as it was, was performed, returned & jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
army <strong>in</strong> Guilford County prior to <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th [sic] <strong>of</strong> March as memory now serves him --” 2219<br />
23 February. [skirmish] Reedy Fork (Guilford County, N.C.) Tarleton with 200 <strong>of</strong> his Legion cavalry, 150 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
33 rd Regt., <strong>and</strong> 100 Jägers were sent to support loyalists between <strong>the</strong> Haw <strong>and</strong> Deep rivers. On <strong>the</strong> 24 th , he<br />
dispersed a party <strong>of</strong> American militia who were endeavor<strong>in</strong>g to keep <strong>the</strong> loyalist <strong>in</strong> check. Shortly <strong>the</strong>reafter,<br />
word came to Tarleton to return to Hillsborough. 2220<br />
2211 LMS pp.254-255.<br />
2212 NGP7 p. 332, LMS pp. 263-264, JLG1 pp. 446-448, LCC pp. 127-130.<br />
2213 RSC pp. 217-218.<br />
2214 Moreover, we have McCrady say<strong>in</strong>g it was James McCall not Hugh McCall. Eggleston had been sent out by Greene to attack<br />
Hart’s Mill; but after form<strong>in</strong>g up to do so found this had already been carried out by McCall (who’d been sent for his purpose by<br />
Pickens.) Graham, he goes, on probably <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed McCall’s detachment. MSC2 p. 121.<br />
2215 Rank<strong>in</strong> gives <strong>the</strong> date as 17 February, <strong>and</strong> says 9 British were killed <strong>and</strong> 19 made prisoner. RNC pp. 288-289.<br />
2216 High Rock Ford, on <strong>the</strong> Haw River, is about three miles sou<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> present day Williamsburg, N.C. <strong>in</strong> Rock<strong>in</strong>gham County.<br />
2217 NGP7 pp. 336, 341, 345, JLG1 pp. 449-450, CNC22 p. 123, GNC pp. 313-318, GAM2 pp. 270-273, CNS2 p. 70, MSC2 pp. 121-<br />
122, SNC pp. 274-276, BDB pp. 17-19, 107-119.<br />
2218 GAM2 p. 271.<br />
2219 HMP.<br />
2220 TCS pp. 231-232.<br />
401
William Seymour: “(W)e crossed Reedy Fork <strong>and</strong> drew up <strong>in</strong> order <strong>of</strong> battle, leav<strong>in</strong>g some riflemen on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
side, when <strong>the</strong> enemy advanced <strong>and</strong> attacked <strong>the</strong> militia, who retreated <strong>of</strong>f with precipitation, but, <strong>the</strong> British<br />
not advanc<strong>in</strong>g over <strong>the</strong> river, our troops marched <strong>and</strong> crossed <strong>the</strong> Haw River.” 2221<br />
23 February. North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Governor Abner Nash, at New Bern, to Maj. Gen. Richard Caswell: “[You] will march<br />
<strong>the</strong> detachment <strong>of</strong> militia now assembled <strong>and</strong> assembl<strong>in</strong>g to Halifax [N.C.], or to such o<strong>the</strong>r parts as <strong>the</strong> motions<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy or <strong>the</strong> exigency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> public affairs may require. He will also take such measures for post<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>se, as well as <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> Halifax district, <strong>in</strong> such a manner <strong>and</strong> fortify <strong>in</strong> such places as he shall deem best<br />
for <strong>the</strong> public security. He will take such order respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> militia, <strong>in</strong> Hillsboro <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r western<br />
districts, as shall seem expedient. The General will also, on his arrival at Halifax, call on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r members <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> ‘Council Extraord<strong>in</strong>ary’ to meet, <strong>and</strong> he will pursue such fur<strong>the</strong>r steps as may be concluded on by <strong>the</strong> said<br />
council, for <strong>the</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r operations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> enemy. General [Alex<strong>and</strong>er] Lill<strong>in</strong>gton hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> district <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re be<strong>in</strong>g no occasion for <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> any o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
general <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>the</strong>re, Brigadier General [William] Caswell will serve <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army to <strong>the</strong> westward <strong>and</strong> take his<br />
orders from <strong>the</strong> Major General, who will also <strong>com</strong>mission <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers for <strong>the</strong> Light Horse corps <strong>in</strong> such way<br />
(agreeable to <strong>the</strong> resolve <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> General Assembly) as he shall deem best for <strong>the</strong> public service.<br />
“The General will endeavor to have General Butler supplied with ammunition as speedily as possible, <strong>and</strong> he is<br />
earnestly requested to send forward, with dispatch, any important <strong>in</strong>telligence he may receive respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
motions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy.” 2222<br />
23-24 February. “Scottish Travel Log”: [23 Feb.] “Change <strong>the</strong> position <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Army [at Hillsborough]”; <strong>and</strong> [24<br />
Feb.] “Encamp across river.” 2223<br />
24 February. In a letter to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>of</strong> this date, Balfour reported <strong>the</strong> ships Chatham, Assurance, Blonde,<br />
Carysfort <strong>and</strong> Galatea as be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Charlestown harbor. 2224<br />
24 February. News <strong>of</strong> Greene’s re-cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Dan River reached Cornwallis; who <strong>the</strong>n sent orders to Tarleton to<br />
immediately jo<strong>in</strong> him at Hillsborough. 2225<br />
24 February. Brig. Gen. Peter Muhlenberg, at Suffolk, VA., wrote to Greene stat<strong>in</strong>g he had with him 2,000<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia, but only 300 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were armed with bayonets. He also had two brass six pounders. About this<br />
time, both Muhlenberg <strong>and</strong> von Steuben had <strong>in</strong>tended to <strong>com</strong>e <strong>and</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g substantial re<strong>in</strong>forcements to Greene,<br />
but events <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia 2226 thwarted <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>tentions. 2227<br />
24 February. Lawson wrote Greene say<strong>in</strong>g he would have militia collected <strong>and</strong> leav<strong>in</strong>g from Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward Court<br />
House on February 26. Lack <strong>of</strong> arms prevented many more militia from turn<strong>in</strong>g out as did. 2228<br />
24 February. Col. Robert Munford, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mecklenburg County, VA. militia, wrote Greene say<strong>in</strong>g he was at<br />
Taylor’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Roanoke River with 2 battalions <strong>of</strong> VA. militia from Lunenberg, Mecklenburg, <strong>and</strong> Brunswick<br />
counties. Though his troops were <strong>in</strong>differently armed, he expected to re<strong>in</strong>force Greene soon. 2229<br />
24 February. Otho Williams: “The light <strong>in</strong>fantry hung round his lordship’s quarters, while <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army<br />
advanced slowly, keep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> view <strong>the</strong> route to <strong>the</strong> upper parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>the</strong> more effectually to avoid an<br />
action, <strong>and</strong> to form a junction with <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Western Waters under col. Campbell <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs, who were<br />
expected <strong>in</strong> considerable numbers.” 2230<br />
24 February (also 25 February). 2231 [ambush] Pyle’s Defeat, 2232 also Pyle’s Massacre, <strong>and</strong> Haw River (Alamance<br />
County, N.C.) Before Cornwallis reached Hillsborough, Col. David Fann<strong>in</strong>g published an advertisement, on behalf<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal N.C. Regt., <strong>of</strong>fer<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>ducement to all those rally<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> British cause, <strong>and</strong> with a generous<br />
<strong>of</strong>fer <strong>of</strong> bounty money. This <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis’ call for volunteers brought out 400 loyalists (Fann<strong>in</strong>g says 300) to<br />
assemble under Col. John Pyle (also Pile) a local loyalist. 2233 Lee <strong>and</strong> Pickens, meanwhile, had crossed to <strong>the</strong><br />
south side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Haw, both for purposes <strong>of</strong> seek<strong>in</strong>g a junction with arriv<strong>in</strong>g Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen under Col. William<br />
2221 Though not entirely clear, Seymour would seem to be speak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same occurrence as this date entry. SJS.<br />
2222 Schenck (from which <strong>the</strong> letter from Governor Nash is quoted): “It is more than probable that Caswell, as Major General,<br />
detached General Butler <strong>and</strong> General Eaton, with <strong>the</strong>ir brigades, to <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> General Greene (as <strong>the</strong>y} were at Guilford<br />
Court-House) <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed himself <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eastern part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State, with Halifax as headquarters.” SNC pp.<br />
264-265.<br />
2223 STL.<br />
2224 BLB pp 35-36.<br />
2225 SCP4 p. 24, CAR p. 264.<br />
2226 For a <strong>com</strong>prehensive review <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia’s forces at <strong>the</strong> time, see JLG1 pp. 440-443.<br />
2227 NGP7 pp. 345-346, 362, JLG1 pp. 437-438.<br />
2228 NGP7 p. 344.<br />
2229 NGP7 p. 346.<br />
2230 GHA4 p. 48.<br />
2231 M.F. Treacy, exam<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Lee’s correspondence <strong>of</strong> this time, very adroitly determ<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> date to be actually <strong>the</strong> 24 th -- not<br />
<strong>the</strong> 25 th as ord<strong>in</strong>arily given. TPY p. 161, TPY p. 228n.<br />
2232 This took place a few miles south-southwest <strong>of</strong> modern day Burl<strong>in</strong>gton, N.C.<br />
2233 There were two loyalist colonels named John Pyle: John, Jr. <strong>and</strong> John, Sr. It was <strong>the</strong> John Jr. who was act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er<br />
when Lee <strong>and</strong> Pickens struck. For more, see “Col. John Pyle” conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> biographical entries at <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> this book.<br />
402
Preston (see 21-22 Feb.) <strong>and</strong> to waylay Tarleton. They followed <strong>the</strong> latter’s trail to Butler’s Plantation only to<br />
f<strong>in</strong>d that Tarleton had moved on to O’Neal’s seven miles away. On <strong>the</strong> day prior (<strong>the</strong> 23 rd ), Pickens had been<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed by 100 N.C. militia from Caswell County under Col. William Moore. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to one account, it was from<br />
Moore that he <strong>and</strong> Lee learned <strong>of</strong> Pyle’s ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g (though o<strong>the</strong>r versions attribute <strong>the</strong> secur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> this<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence to o<strong>the</strong>r possible <strong>in</strong>formants); with <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>the</strong>n sett<strong>in</strong>g out for <strong>the</strong> latter’s camp at Holt’s<br />
Plantation (Pyle, for his part, was just mak<strong>in</strong>g late preparations to move north <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Hillsborough to<br />
jo<strong>in</strong> Cornwallis, <strong>and</strong> yet evidently <strong>and</strong> very strangely had not yet heard from Tarleton’s emissary.) By about 5<br />
p.m., Lee <strong>and</strong> Pickens laid an ambush for <strong>the</strong> loyalists by way <strong>of</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g Lee <strong>and</strong> his Legion pose as Tarleton. Lee<br />
seems to imply that <strong>the</strong> ruse would have worked to capture <strong>the</strong> loyalists but that a few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter, see<strong>in</strong>g<br />
some <strong>of</strong> Pickens lurk<strong>in</strong>g nearby, detected <strong>the</strong> masquerade. As well, reportedly, some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebel militia<br />
unknow<strong>in</strong>gly gave <strong>the</strong> charade away when <strong>the</strong>y shouted <strong>in</strong> protest th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g it was Lee who was deceived. When<br />
alarm was given among <strong>the</strong> loyalists that someth<strong>in</strong>g was amiss, some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m <strong>com</strong>menced fir<strong>in</strong>g. Lee <strong>and</strong> Pickens<br />
men <strong>the</strong>n charged <strong>the</strong> helpless <strong>and</strong> astonished group; many <strong>of</strong> whom were cut down <strong>and</strong> killed hardly know<strong>in</strong>g<br />
what had happened; with <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> slaughter last<strong>in</strong>g some ten m<strong>in</strong>utes. Joseph Graham, for his part <strong>and</strong><br />
who was present, tells a somewhat different story (see quote below.)<br />
Lee <strong>and</strong> Pickens resumed <strong>the</strong>ir pursuit <strong>of</strong> Tarleton <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g day, but on discover<strong>in</strong>g he had passed over <strong>the</strong><br />
Haw beyond <strong>the</strong>ir safe reach <strong>the</strong>y halted. Also <strong>the</strong> next day (<strong>the</strong> 25 th ), <strong>the</strong>y were f<strong>in</strong>ally jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Preston’s 300<br />
mounted Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen (“hardy mounta<strong>in</strong>eers” Lee describes <strong>the</strong>m); br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g Pickens’ cont<strong>in</strong>gent, not<br />
count<strong>in</strong>g Lee, to probably 800 to 900; many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia hav<strong>in</strong>g left <strong>the</strong>m by this time. Preston’s<br />
men ended up do<strong>in</strong>g such hard duty for <strong>the</strong> next 12 to 14 days that <strong>the</strong>y afterward refused to cont<strong>in</strong>ue with <strong>the</strong><br />
army <strong>and</strong> dem<strong>and</strong>ed to return home. On <strong>the</strong> 26 th , Pickens, at “Camp Rippey’s,” wrote to Greene: “We were<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Colonel Preston about three hours previous to our march yesterday, with about three hundred. Major’s<br />
[Joseph] W<strong>in</strong>ston <strong>and</strong> [John] Armstrong have about one hundred each. Colonel [William] Moore from Caswell<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed me on Saturday with one hundred more. I have ordered Colonel Preston <strong>and</strong> Colonel Paisly [John<br />
Peasly] 2234 <strong>of</strong> Guildford, who came with a few Men, on <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river after ano<strong>the</strong>r body <strong>of</strong> Tories,<br />
said to be form<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> R<strong>and</strong>olph. This affair [Pyle’s defeat] however, has been <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ite Service. It<br />
has knocked up Toryism altoge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> this part.” For reasons not clear to this author, Lee <strong>and</strong> Pickens <strong>the</strong>n<br />
separated, but reunited by March 1 st .<br />
Lee was later accused <strong>of</strong> gratuitous butchery at Pyle’s, yet <strong>in</strong> his own defense, he claimed his men, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
confusion, <strong>and</strong> for a moment outnumbered <strong>and</strong> fired upon first had no choice. Moreover, it was not wholly<br />
implausible that Tarleton might have been with<strong>in</strong> hear<strong>in</strong>g distance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> gun fire <strong>and</strong> rode <strong>in</strong> to rescue to Pyle.<br />
From what Joseph Graham has to say, it would seem Capt. Eggleston <strong>of</strong> Lee’s Legion may have been responsible<br />
for <strong>the</strong> premature attack. The loyalists suffered 90-93 killed out <strong>of</strong> 300 with <strong>the</strong> rest dispersed <strong>and</strong> reportedly a<br />
few captured. Lee lost but a horse. 2235<br />
Tarleton: “Tarleton was told by <strong>the</strong> prisoners, that a cont<strong>in</strong>ental force was expected <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood [sic],<br />
which <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>in</strong>duced him to send to <strong>the</strong> Pyles [Pyle] to jo<strong>in</strong> him without delay. In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day<br />
particular <strong>and</strong> au<strong>the</strong>ntic <strong>in</strong>formation was obta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> Colonel Lee’s cavalry hav<strong>in</strong>g passed Haw river to meet a<br />
corps <strong>of</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>eers under Colonel Preston, for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>timidat<strong>in</strong>g or dispers<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s friends.<br />
This report made Tarleton repeat his order to <strong>the</strong> Pyles for an <strong>in</strong>stant junction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> numbers already<br />
assembled, that he might proceed aga<strong>in</strong>st ei<strong>the</strong>r Lee or Preston before <strong>the</strong>y united. Spies were sent to ga<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> both, <strong>and</strong> some satisfactory accounts had arrived, when several wounded loyalists entered <strong>the</strong><br />
British camp, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>ed to Tarleton <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cruelty <strong>of</strong> his dragoons. Though <strong>the</strong> accusation was erroneous,<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir suffer<strong>in</strong>gs were evident, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> cause from whence <strong>the</strong>y proceeded was soon afterwards discovered.<br />
Colonel Pyle, <strong>and</strong> two hundred <strong>of</strong> his followers, be<strong>in</strong>g all equally ignorant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> customs <strong>of</strong> war, had not<br />
<strong>com</strong>plied with <strong>the</strong> orders <strong>the</strong>y received, <strong>and</strong> though forewarned <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir danger, thought fit to pay visits to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
k<strong>in</strong>dred <strong>and</strong> acqua<strong>in</strong>tance before <strong>the</strong>y repaired to <strong>the</strong> British camp: Inspired by whiskey <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> novelty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
situation, <strong>the</strong>y unfortunately prolonged <strong>the</strong>ir excursions, till, meet<strong>in</strong>g a detachment <strong>of</strong> dragoons, whom <strong>the</strong>y<br />
supposed to be British, <strong>the</strong>y received a fierce <strong>and</strong> unexpected attack, <strong>in</strong> answer to <strong>the</strong>ir amicable salutation <strong>of</strong><br />
‘God save <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g,’ <strong>and</strong> many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m experienced <strong>in</strong>human barbarity; when discover<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir mistake, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
supplicated for mercy. Patroles [sic] were sent out to learn <strong>the</strong> course <strong>the</strong> American dragoons had taken after<br />
this event, <strong>and</strong> assistance was dispatched to <strong>the</strong> wounded loyalists. After dark <strong>in</strong>formation was procured <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
distance <strong>and</strong> position <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>eers; <strong>and</strong> when <strong>the</strong> British troops were under arms at midnight, to proceed<br />
towards <strong>the</strong>ir encampment, an express arrived from Earl Cornwallis with an order for Lieutenant-colonel<br />
Tarleton’s return to Hillsborough.” 2236<br />
Joseph Graham: “The whole army moved a few miles <strong>and</strong> encamped at an adjacent farm for <strong>the</strong> night. The next<br />
day it was <strong>in</strong> motion, <strong>in</strong> different directions, nearly <strong>the</strong> whole day; but did not go far, beat<strong>in</strong>g down nearer<br />
Hillsboro. The two corps kept near each o<strong>the</strong>r, though <strong>the</strong>y moved <strong>and</strong> camped separately, as <strong>the</strong>y had done <strong>the</strong><br />
previous even<strong>in</strong>g. Reconnoiter<strong>in</strong>g parties, which were sent out <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> had returned <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night,<br />
gave notice <strong>of</strong> a detachment pass<strong>in</strong>g from Hillsboro towards <strong>the</strong> ford on Haw River.<br />
“Pickens <strong>and</strong> Lee put <strong>the</strong>ir forces <strong>in</strong> motion at an early hour, <strong>and</strong> came <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> great road eight miles west <strong>of</strong><br />
Hillsboro, -- near Mebane’s farm.<br />
2234 For a sketch <strong>of</strong> Peasly (or Paisly), see CNS2 pp. 340-349.<br />
2235 NGP7 pp. 325, 343n, 355-358, CNC22 pp. 123-124, AR81 p. 63, RSC2 pp. 214-215, TCS pp. 231-233, SAW2 pp. 333-334, GHA4<br />
pp. 48-49, MLW4A pp. 360-362, MLW3 p. 117, LMS p. 254-263, GAR1 pp. 142-145, FNA pp. 13-14, JLG1 pp. 452-456, LCC pp. 136-<br />
140, DRR pp. 201-203, GNC pp. 318-319, GAM1 p. 374, GAM2 pp. 273-276, SNC pp. 277-286, CNS2 pp. 72-83, MSC2 pp. 123-126,<br />
WAR2 pp. 778-779, TPY pp. 160-162, RNC pp. 289-292, BRG pp. 363-364, SCAR vol. 3, no.3, pp. 34-37, BDB pp. 21-53, 120-155,<br />
Pyle’s Defeat: The Most Comprehensive Guide (2011) by Jeffrey Bright <strong>and</strong> Stewart Dunaway.<br />
2236 TCS pp. 232-233.<br />
403
“The whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia cavalry, seventy <strong>in</strong> number, that had swords, were placed under Capta<strong>in</strong> Graham, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> Lee’s horse. Such <strong>of</strong> Graham’s men as had not swords were ordered to jo<strong>in</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>com</strong>pany. They<br />
followed <strong>the</strong> enemy’s trail on <strong>the</strong> road to Haw River, with <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>in</strong> front.<br />
“Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> whole day’s march every man expected a battle <strong>and</strong> hard fight<strong>in</strong>g. Men’s countenances on such<br />
occasions <strong>in</strong>dicate someth<strong>in</strong>g which can be understood better than described <strong>in</strong> words. The countenances <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
whole militia, throughout <strong>the</strong> day, never showed better.<br />
“Lee states (page 311) that Pyle’s men, on see<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> his cavalry, recognized <strong>and</strong> fired on<br />
<strong>the</strong>m. The true statement is this: Major [Joseph] Dickson <strong>of</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln [County, N.C.], who <strong>the</strong>n <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
column on our right (when <strong>the</strong> disposition for attack had been made at <strong>the</strong> last farm), had been thrown out <strong>of</strong><br />
his proper order <strong>of</strong> march by <strong>the</strong> fences <strong>and</strong> a branch, <strong>and</strong> when Pyle’s men were first seen by <strong>the</strong> militia, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were thought to be <strong>the</strong> party under Dickson, which <strong>the</strong>y supposed had <strong>com</strong>e round <strong>the</strong> plantation <strong>and</strong> gotten <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> road before <strong>the</strong>m, Capta<strong>in</strong> [Joseph] Graham discovered <strong>the</strong> mistake; for he saw that <strong>the</strong>se men had on<br />
cleaner clo<strong>the</strong>s than Dickson’s party, <strong>and</strong> that each man had a strip <strong>of</strong> red cloth on his hat. Graham, rid<strong>in</strong>g<br />
alongside <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> [Joseph] Eggleston, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> Lee’s horse, remarked to him, ‘That is a<br />
<strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> Tories; what is <strong>the</strong> reason <strong>the</strong>y have <strong>the</strong>ir arms?’<br />
“Capta<strong>in</strong> Eggleston, address<strong>in</strong>g a good look<strong>in</strong>g man at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, supposed to be an <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>in</strong>quired,<br />
‘To whom do you belong?’ The man promptly answered, ‘A friend <strong>of</strong> his Majesty.’ Thereupon Capta<strong>in</strong> Eggleston<br />
struck him over <strong>the</strong> head. The militia, look<strong>in</strong>g on, <strong>and</strong> wait<strong>in</strong>g for orders, on this example be<strong>in</strong>g set, rushed on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Tories like lighten<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> cut away. The noise <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear attracted <strong>the</strong> notice <strong>of</strong> Lee’s men, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y turned<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir horses short to <strong>the</strong> right about, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> less than a m<strong>in</strong>ute <strong>the</strong> attack was made along <strong>the</strong> whole l<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
“The same page stated that n<strong>in</strong>ety loyalists were killed. The next day our militia counted n<strong>in</strong>ety-three dead, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>re was an appearance <strong>of</strong> many more hav<strong>in</strong>g been carried <strong>of</strong>f by <strong>the</strong>ir friends. There were certa<strong>in</strong>ly many<br />
more wounded. When Lee <strong>and</strong> Pickens retired, it appeared as though three hundred might be ly<strong>in</strong>g dead. Many,<br />
perhaps were only wounded, <strong>and</strong> lay quiet for security.<br />
“At <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong> action <strong>com</strong>menced, Lee’s dragoons, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> open order <strong>of</strong> march, extended about <strong>the</strong> same<br />
distance <strong>of</strong> Pyle’s men, who were <strong>in</strong> close order, <strong>and</strong> on horse back. Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>e from home on<br />
that day, were clean like men who now turn out for review. Lee’s movement was as if he were go<strong>in</strong>g to pass<br />
<strong>the</strong>m, five or six steps on <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>in</strong>e. When <strong>the</strong> alarm was given <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear, as quickly as his men<br />
could turn <strong>the</strong>ir horses, <strong>the</strong>y were engaged; <strong>and</strong> as <strong>the</strong> Tories were over two to one <strong>of</strong> our actual cavalry, by<br />
press<strong>in</strong>g forward <strong>the</strong>y went through <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>in</strong>e, leav<strong>in</strong>g a number beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m. The cont<strong>in</strong>ual cry by <strong>the</strong> Tories<br />
was, ‘You are kill<strong>in</strong>g your own men.’ ‘I am a friend to his Majesty.’ ‘Hurrah for K<strong>in</strong>g George.’…”<br />
Graham <strong>in</strong> addition makes <strong>the</strong> remark (found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Archibald Murphey Papers): “Colonel Lee be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> front, <strong>and</strong><br />
at <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, say forty poles, from where <strong>the</strong> attack <strong>com</strong>menced, might have believed <strong>the</strong> Tories<br />
first attacked us. If, however, he had enquired <strong>of</strong> Capt. Eggleston, he [Eggleston] could have <strong>in</strong>formed him<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise.” 2237<br />
David Fann<strong>in</strong>g: “Of his [Cornwallis] persu<strong>in</strong>g [sic] Gen. Greene, as far as Hillsborough, this struck terror on <strong>the</strong><br />
Rebels, <strong>and</strong> was so pleas<strong>in</strong>g to us, that we immediately disarmed <strong>the</strong> disaffected <strong>and</strong> embodied about 300 under<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. Pyles [Pyle]. He [Pyle] fell <strong>in</strong> with a party <strong>of</strong> Rebels (Col. Lee’s dragoons) <strong>and</strong> lost 20 men<br />
killed, besides <strong>the</strong> wounded that died afterwards. At this time I was with a small party at Deep River, where I<br />
took two Rebel <strong>of</strong>ficers, prisoners <strong>and</strong> several soldiers. I <strong>the</strong>n directed my march where I left Col. Pyles <strong>and</strong><br />
came with<strong>in</strong> a little distance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dragoons, that had cut him up, when I was <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> his misfortune by<br />
some <strong>of</strong> his party that had fled; we <strong>the</strong>n separated <strong>in</strong>to small parties <strong>and</strong> took to <strong>the</strong> woods for sometime.” 2238<br />
Roger Lamb: “…<strong>the</strong>y immediately begged for quarter; but <strong>the</strong> relentless Americans refused it, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> very<br />
act <strong>of</strong> supplicat<strong>in</strong>g mercy, two or three hundred were <strong>in</strong>humanly butchered. -– When did such a deed as this<br />
sta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British arms? Had twenty Americans thus fallen, how would <strong>the</strong> pages <strong>of</strong> Ramsay, Belsham, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r Republican historians have foamed with <strong>the</strong> charges <strong>of</strong> murder, massacre, blood, <strong>and</strong> malice!!!! However<br />
<strong>the</strong> historian may weep over <strong>the</strong> record, this is a specimen <strong>of</strong> republican mercy, as horrible as it is true.” 2239<br />
24-26 February. Col. Francis Malmedy assembled 40 mounted North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia near Granville Court House,<br />
N.C.; Cornwallis’ occupation <strong>of</strong> Hillsborough hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terfered with his recruit<strong>in</strong>g efforts <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area. Brig. Gen<br />
John Butler, now with only 200 men, was also camped near Granville. He had recently <strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong>re expected to<br />
be <strong>in</strong>creased by more militia from Halifax, N.C. By <strong>the</strong> 26 th Malmedy was jo<strong>in</strong>ed with Butler’s at Granville<br />
itself. 2240<br />
24-28 February. Arriv<strong>in</strong>g at Morristown, New Jersey on <strong>the</strong> 24 th , Lafayette with three battalions <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
light <strong>in</strong>fantry, total<strong>in</strong>g 1,200 men, moved to Philadelphia on his march southward to assist Virg<strong>in</strong>ia threatened by<br />
Arnold’s <strong>in</strong>vasion. In Philadelphia, some artillery (12 heavy guns, 6 smaller ones, <strong>and</strong> 4 <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong><br />
artillerymen) was added to his cont<strong>in</strong>gent, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> 28 th , after pass<strong>in</strong>g through Somerset on <strong>the</strong> 26 th , he<br />
camped at Trenton, N.J. 2241<br />
2237 GNC pp. 318-319, GAM1 p. 374, <strong>and</strong> see also a separate account by Graham <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same encounter CNC22 pp. 123-124.<br />
2238 FNA p. 14.<br />
2239 LJA p. 347.<br />
2240 NGP7 pp. 344-345, 354.<br />
2241 LMS p. 306, LFB2 p. 337.<br />
404
25 February. Arnold, at Portsmouth to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “After my dispatches were closed (which were <strong>in</strong>tended to go by<br />
<strong>the</strong> General Monk) three French ships, one a sixty-four, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r two frigates, arrived from Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong><br />
anchored <strong>in</strong> Lynnhaven Bay. On <strong>the</strong> 14 th <strong>in</strong>stant <strong>the</strong>y arrived <strong>in</strong> Hampton road [Hampton Roads], <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
<strong>the</strong>re until <strong>the</strong> 19 th , when <strong>the</strong>y left <strong>the</strong> Capes, <strong>and</strong> are said to be now cruiz<strong>in</strong>g [sic] to <strong>the</strong> southward <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“Before <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French ships, <strong>the</strong> enemy’s force did not exceed two thous<strong>and</strong> five hundred men, at<br />
Suffolk <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity, which was greatly augmented soon after <strong>the</strong>ir arrival. On <strong>the</strong> 18 th <strong>the</strong>y came down <strong>in</strong><br />
force, near our l<strong>in</strong>es, <strong>and</strong> surprised a picquet [sic] <strong>of</strong> six men; but soon retired. Lieutenant-colonel Simcoe with<br />
four hundred men be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>cess Anne county, I did not th<strong>in</strong>k it prudent to leave our works to attack <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“I have very good <strong>in</strong>telligence that <strong>the</strong> rebels at Suffolk have been <strong>in</strong>formed by express from General Greene,<br />
that on <strong>the</strong> 16 th or 18 th <strong>in</strong>stant, my Lord Cornwallis crossed <strong>the</strong> Dan river, sixty miles above Halifax [N.C.], <strong>and</strong><br />
one hundred <strong>and</strong> twelve from Petersburgh, with one thous<strong>and</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> four thous<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> was on<br />
<strong>the</strong> march for Petersburgh. Generals Greene <strong>and</strong> Morgan, with three thous<strong>and</strong> or four thous<strong>and</strong> men, chiefly<br />
militia, were retir<strong>in</strong>g before him; <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> which a considerable part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir troops, have been<br />
detached to jo<strong>in</strong> General Greene. I have not been able to ascerta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> troops rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g at Suffolk<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity; I expect to do it <strong>in</strong> a day or two, <strong>in</strong> which time every possible effort shall be made to<br />
<strong>com</strong>plete our works <strong>in</strong> such a manner, that a considerable detachment may be made to proceed up <strong>the</strong> James<br />
river, with some ships to co-operate with Lord Cornwallis; <strong>and</strong> if he should have reached <strong>the</strong> river, to furnish<br />
him with such supplies <strong>of</strong> provisions, &c. as we can spare, <strong>and</strong> his troops be most <strong>in</strong> need <strong>of</strong>.” 2242<br />
25 February. Maj. David Campbell, who was ill, had gone home sometime after <strong>the</strong> action at Trad<strong>in</strong>g Ford on<br />
February 3 rd . By <strong>the</strong> 25 th , Greene had put Col. William Morgan <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Campbell’s Augusta County<br />
riflemen; who were with Williams’s light corps. 2243<br />
25 February. Col. Mart<strong>in</strong> Armstrong <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Surry County, N.C. militia on this date wrote to Col. William<br />
Campbell: “Yesterday I had an express from Col. [Francis] Lock’s camp; he is at <strong>the</strong> High Rock Ford on Haw<br />
River. Gen. Perk<strong>in</strong>s [Andrew Pickens] is near Hillsborough, <strong>and</strong> by this time considerable strong; General Greene<br />
on his march towards <strong>the</strong> enemy with a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia <strong>and</strong> regulars; General [John] Butler, with<br />
<strong>the</strong> Orange district militia, lies below Hillsborough, <strong>and</strong> by every <strong>in</strong>telligence, <strong>the</strong> enemy are penned up <strong>in</strong> that<br />
town. It is generally supposed that a re<strong>in</strong>forcement is on <strong>the</strong>ir march to <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British; our people<br />
are ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g from all quarters, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemies pickets are constantly harrassed [sic] by our reconoiter<strong>in</strong>g [sic]<br />
parties. The arrival <strong>of</strong> your troops would add vigor to us <strong>and</strong> discourage <strong>the</strong> enemy, who, no doubt, have heard<br />
<strong>of</strong> your be<strong>in</strong>g on your march towards <strong>the</strong>m. Pray send back this express as quick as possible; I shall endeavor to<br />
have some meat for you at Bethabara meal <strong>and</strong> corn you can have a plenty, but meat is scarce. However, I shall<br />
try my best. This day Col. [William] Preston, I th<strong>in</strong>k, will jo<strong>in</strong> Gen. Pickens; if any extra ord<strong>in</strong>ary news <strong>com</strong>es to<br />
h<strong>and</strong> before you arrive at Bethabara, I shall let you know by ano<strong>the</strong>r express.” 2244<br />
25 February. Lieut. Col Richard Campbell, with 400 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, departed Chesterfield Court House,<br />
<strong>and</strong> headed towards Taylor’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Dan, to attach <strong>the</strong>mselves to Greene. Steuben, who reported this to<br />
<strong>the</strong> latter on <strong>the</strong> 27 th , also noted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same letter that Cont<strong>in</strong>ental recruitment ceased <strong>in</strong> Counties where<br />
militia were be<strong>in</strong>g fielded. Also mentioned was that a number <strong>of</strong> wagons from Philadelphia had just left<br />
Chesterfield Court House (on <strong>the</strong> 26 th ) <strong>and</strong> were on <strong>the</strong>ir way to Greene’s army. 2245<br />
25 February. Col. Otho Williams, at Mitchell’s Mill sixteen miles north-nor<strong>the</strong>ast from Hillsborough, <strong>in</strong>formed<br />
Greene that Orange County loyalist militia (around Hillsborough) were to muster for Cornwallis on March 1 with<br />
two days provisions. News <strong>of</strong> Pyle’s debacle <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r loyalist setbacks <strong>and</strong> discouragements, however,<br />
prevented <strong>the</strong> turnout from tak<strong>in</strong>g place. 2246<br />
25-26 February. With Tarleton hav<strong>in</strong>g rejo<strong>in</strong>ed him upon be<strong>in</strong>g summoned to do so, Cornwallis left Hillsborough<br />
<strong>and</strong> withdrew to Wiley’s Plantation, (on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> Alamance Creek, <strong>and</strong> some three or four miles west <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Haw River); with a view to obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g more provisions (<strong>the</strong>re be<strong>in</strong>g a great scarcity around Hillsborough) while<br />
encourag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity. In response, Greene passed over <strong>the</strong> Haw near its source <strong>and</strong> took up a<br />
position between Troublesome Creek <strong>and</strong> Reedy Fork. The two armies stood fac<strong>in</strong>g each o<strong>the</strong>r from <strong>the</strong>se<br />
locations for five days with occasional <strong>in</strong>termittent skirmishes between light parties. Tarleton says Cornwallis<br />
left Hillsborough on <strong>the</strong> 26 th <strong>and</strong> camped on Alamance Creek on <strong>the</strong> 27 th . 2247<br />
“Scottish Travel Log”: [25 Feb.] “Halt at Wylie[’]s Plantation”; [26 Feb.] “White’s Plantation.”<br />
In his letter <strong>of</strong> 17 March to Germa<strong>in</strong>, Cornwallis wrote: “The same day [25 February] I had certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence<br />
that General Greene, hav<strong>in</strong>g been re<strong>in</strong>forced, had re-crossed <strong>the</strong> Dan, which rendered it imprudent to separate<br />
my corps, occasioned <strong>the</strong> recall <strong>of</strong> Lieut.-Colonel Tarleton’s detachment; <strong>and</strong> forage <strong>and</strong> provisions be<strong>in</strong>g scarce<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood <strong>of</strong> Hillsborough, as well as <strong>the</strong> position too distant (upon <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebel army)<br />
for <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> body <strong>of</strong> our friends, I judged it expedient to cross <strong>the</strong> Haw, <strong>and</strong> encamped near<br />
Allemance [Alamance] Creek, detach<strong>in</strong>g Lieut.-Colonel Tarleton with <strong>the</strong> cavalry, light <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guards,<br />
2242 COC pp. 65-66.<br />
2243 NGP7 pp. 329, 350n.<br />
2244 GDH3 pp. 142-143.<br />
2245 NGP7 pp. 362-363.<br />
2246 NGP7 p. 350.<br />
2247 LOB part IV, STL, TCS p. 234, RSC2 p. 424, GHA4 p. CAR p. 265, MLW4A p. 362, JLG1 pp. 457-459.<br />
405
<strong>and</strong> 150 men <strong>of</strong> Lieut.-Colonel Webster’s brigade a few miles from me on <strong>the</strong> road to Deep River, more<br />
effectually to cover <strong>the</strong> country.” 2248<br />
Tarleton: “The exertion made by <strong>the</strong> noble Earl to call forth <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ental army, had excited <strong>the</strong> attention <strong>of</strong> General Greene, who endeavoured to obstruct <strong>the</strong> design, by<br />
privately employ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> active emissaries <strong>of</strong> his party, till he had collected a sufficient force to venture over <strong>the</strong><br />
Dan, <strong>and</strong> give public support to <strong>the</strong> American cause. The report <strong>of</strong> his advance soon made <strong>the</strong> luke-warm friends<br />
ab<strong>and</strong>on <strong>the</strong> British camp, <strong>and</strong> prompted Earl Cornwallis to call <strong>in</strong> his detachments. The express from head<br />
quarters obliged Tarleton to forego his enterprise, <strong>and</strong> return immediately to <strong>the</strong> general, who had taken a new<br />
position out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, on <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river Eno. The American <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, though considerably<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forced by state troops, by back woodsmen, <strong>and</strong> by militia, did not <strong>in</strong>tend to approach <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>fer battle to <strong>the</strong><br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> present situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two armies. His plan was not to venture upon action without<br />
manifest superiority <strong>and</strong> advantage; but to keep alive <strong>the</strong> courage <strong>of</strong> his party, to depress that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists,<br />
to wait for <strong>the</strong> additional assistance which he expected, <strong>and</strong> to harass <strong>the</strong> foragers <strong>and</strong> detachments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
British.<br />
“Although <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s st<strong>and</strong>ard had been erected at Hillsborough, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong>vited to<br />
repair to it, Earl Cornwallis did not deem it judicious to rema<strong>in</strong> long <strong>in</strong> that situation after General Greene<br />
returned from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. On <strong>the</strong> 26 th <strong>the</strong> royal army marched by <strong>the</strong> left, passed through Hillsborough, <strong>and</strong><br />
po<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>the</strong>ir course towards <strong>the</strong> Haw. The fruitfulness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> a body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
friends, supposed to reside <strong>in</strong> that district, were <strong>the</strong> reasons assigned for this movement. The Haw was passed<br />
on <strong>the</strong> 27 th , <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops took post near Allamance creek <strong>and</strong> St<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g quarter [or S<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g Quarter Creek;<br />
which is directly south <strong>of</strong> Alamance Creek.] If General Greene lost <strong>the</strong> confidence <strong>of</strong> his friends by quitt<strong>in</strong>g North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a when pursued by a superior force, Earl Cornwallis likewise rel<strong>in</strong>quished his claim to <strong>the</strong> superiority <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> British arms by ab<strong>and</strong>on<strong>in</strong>g Hillsborough upon <strong>the</strong> return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American general <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce; <strong>and</strong><br />
undoubtedly both <strong>of</strong>ficers from this period placed <strong>the</strong>ir future hopes <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own military conduct, <strong>and</strong> rested<br />
<strong>the</strong> event <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> campaign upon <strong>the</strong> operations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir respective armies.” 2249<br />
Roger Lamb: “Such was <strong>the</strong> scarcity <strong>of</strong> provisions at Hillsborough, that it was found impossible to support <strong>the</strong><br />
army <strong>in</strong> that place. They were even obliged to kill some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir best draft horses. They <strong>the</strong>refore passed <strong>the</strong><br />
Haw, <strong>and</strong> encamped <strong>in</strong> Allamance [sic] Creek. This movement much dispirited <strong>the</strong> loyalists, <strong>and</strong> raised <strong>the</strong><br />
droop<strong>in</strong>g hopes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans. As <strong>the</strong> British retired, Greene advanced, crossed <strong>the</strong> Haw, <strong>and</strong> posted himself<br />
between Troublesome Creek <strong>and</strong> Reedy Fork, carefully chang<strong>in</strong>g his position every night, to avoid an<br />
engagement. In this situation, lord Cornwallis gave orders to beat up <strong>the</strong> American posts at Reedy Fork, <strong>in</strong> order<br />
to <strong>com</strong>pel <strong>the</strong>m to a greater distance, or perhaps allure Greene, who lay <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Guildford.” 2250<br />
Caru<strong>the</strong>rs: “With full reliance on <strong>the</strong> valor <strong>and</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> his troops, Cornwallis was anxious to meet his<br />
enemies <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> open field; but cooped up as he was <strong>in</strong> town, he was harassed without be<strong>in</strong>g able to strike a<br />
blow. Gen. Greene had re-crossed <strong>the</strong> Dan, <strong>and</strong> advanced with<strong>in</strong> ten or twelve mile <strong>of</strong> Hillsboro’ where he was<br />
wait<strong>in</strong>g for more re-<strong>in</strong>forcements. His light troops under <strong>the</strong> most dar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> enterpris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers, such as<br />
Williams, Lee, Howard, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Preston, were scour<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> country <strong>and</strong> cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f his supplies. They<br />
had already cut up a large body <strong>of</strong> his friends <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood. They were <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g every day <strong>in</strong> boldness <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir adventures, as well as <strong>in</strong> numbers, <strong>and</strong> were frustrat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> design <strong>of</strong> his advance <strong>in</strong>to that region.<br />
“Be<strong>in</strong>g thus conf<strong>in</strong>ed with<strong>in</strong> narrow limits, <strong>and</strong> not dar<strong>in</strong>g to forage far from camp, nor to forage at all without a<br />
very strong guard, <strong>the</strong>y were under a necessity <strong>of</strong> chang<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir location...His lordship, <strong>the</strong>refore, [quot<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Stedman] ‘thought it expedient to retire from Hillsboro,’ <strong>and</strong> take a position between <strong>the</strong> Haw <strong>and</strong> Deep river,<br />
so as effectually to cover <strong>the</strong> country <strong>in</strong> his rear, <strong>and</strong> accord<strong>in</strong>gly, on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 25 th , he issued orders<br />
for that purpose...<br />
“On <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> this day [evidently Caru<strong>the</strong>rs means <strong>the</strong> 26 th ], <strong>the</strong>y crossed <strong>the</strong> Big Alamance, <strong>and</strong> encamped<br />
with<strong>in</strong> a mile <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> place where Holt’s factory now st<strong>and</strong>s, where <strong>the</strong>y rema<strong>in</strong>ed several days. The soldier <strong>and</strong><br />
camp followers toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ten plundered so much cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r property, from <strong>the</strong> people <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country,<br />
as we <strong>in</strong>fer from <strong>the</strong> [“Cornwallis” or “Leslie”] Order Book, that it became burdensome, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong><br />
had much <strong>of</strong> it burned.” 2251<br />
Henry Lee IV: “And ‘it was upon perceiv<strong>in</strong>g this ill effect <strong>of</strong> his very skilful movement,’ that <strong>the</strong> British general<br />
<strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g ‘placed between timid friends <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>veterate enemies;’ <strong>and</strong> not on any previous occasion,<br />
as is asserted by Mr. [William] Johnson, ([vol. 1] p. 448.) The absurdity <strong>of</strong> this passage [by Johnson] is,<br />
moreover, <strong>in</strong>fected with an awkward confusion <strong>of</strong> cause <strong>and</strong> effect, which is <strong>in</strong>jurious to <strong>the</strong> military fame <strong>of</strong><br />
Greene. For while his bold <strong>and</strong> sagacious resolution to re-enter North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>in</strong> reality orig<strong>in</strong>ated all <strong>the</strong><br />
subsequent maneuver<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a great degree imposed on his adversary <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> retir<strong>in</strong>g with such ill<br />
grace beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> Haw, he is here represented [by Johnson] as previously <strong>in</strong>fluenced by this very movement<br />
which his skill had <strong>com</strong>pelled. His conduct is deduced from necessity more than from choice, <strong>and</strong> he is made to<br />
suffer not to act, to endure, ra<strong>the</strong>r than to determ<strong>in</strong>e (as with an <strong>in</strong>ferior force he had <strong>the</strong> address to do) this<br />
important <strong>and</strong> unfavourable measure <strong>of</strong> his antagonist -- a measure too which fell with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> scope <strong>of</strong> his<br />
forethought when he designed <strong>the</strong> operation by which it was enforced. For it is agreed on all h<strong>and</strong>s that he<br />
2248 SCP4 p. 12.<br />
2249 TCS pp. 233-234.<br />
2250 LJA pp. 348-362.<br />
2251 CNS2 pp. 88-89.<br />
406
precipitated his return to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> repress<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> ris<strong>in</strong>g spirit <strong>of</strong> her numerous<br />
loyalists.” 2252<br />
26 February. Maj. Thomas Rowl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>of</strong> Botetourt 2253 County, VA., hav<strong>in</strong>g atta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Dan River, reported to<br />
Greene he was on <strong>the</strong> march with 200 (mostly mounted) Virg<strong>in</strong>ia volunteers, Botetourt County, to re<strong>in</strong>force <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn army. 2254 Ano<strong>the</strong>r 160 riflemen under Col. Hugh Crocket (1733-1816, <strong>of</strong> Botetourt as well), who had<br />
previously been serv<strong>in</strong>g with Preston, were by this time near Caswell Courthouse, also en route for <strong>the</strong> same<br />
purpose. By <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> this day, Crocket (whose force is said to have been made up <strong>of</strong> “mostly cavalry”) had<br />
united with Williams’ light corps at McM<strong>in</strong>imy’s on Lynches Creek, N.C. Rowl<strong>and</strong> followed soon after, probably<br />
<strong>the</strong> next day, <strong>and</strong> were subsequently jo<strong>in</strong>ed to Preston’s cont<strong>in</strong>gent. In a letter to Greene, Williams, at<br />
“McM<strong>in</strong>imy’s Lynches Creek,” N.C., asked that ammunition for 500 rifles be sent with all dispatch He also said<br />
receipt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 200 pairs <strong>of</strong> shoes he had requested from <strong>the</strong> clothier would aid his men’s endeavors<br />
“exceed<strong>in</strong>gly.” 2255<br />
26 February. [raid] Georgetown (Georgetown County, S.C.) Cornet Thomas Merritt <strong>and</strong> a sergeant <strong>and</strong> 10<br />
Queen’s Rangers, while protect<strong>in</strong>g a forag<strong>in</strong>g party outside Georgetown, were assailed by a larger body <strong>of</strong><br />
mounted whig militia. A sergeant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers was killed, while <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rangers made it back<br />
to Georgetown. Merritt himself had been knocked unconscious <strong>and</strong>, thought dead, was stripped <strong>of</strong> his helmet,<br />
boots, <strong>and</strong> weapons. He afterward revived <strong>and</strong> rejo<strong>in</strong>ed his unit. 2256<br />
Capt. John Saunders, as quoted <strong>in</strong> Simcoe’s Journal: “In <strong>the</strong> latter end <strong>of</strong> February, Cornet [Thomas] Merritt was<br />
ordered with a party, <strong>of</strong> a serjeant <strong>and</strong> ten dragoons to cover some negroes who were sent to <strong>the</strong> neighbour<strong>in</strong>g<br />
plantations to search for <strong>and</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> some cattle that had escaped from us: he, from his great zeal <strong>and</strong> anxiety<br />
to ac<strong>com</strong>plish this service, was led far<strong>the</strong>r than was <strong>in</strong>tended, when he unexpectedly fell <strong>in</strong> with a corps <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
rebels, much superior to his both <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> number <strong>and</strong> goodness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir horses. He retreated, <strong>in</strong> good order, for<br />
some distance, but f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g himself much harassed from <strong>the</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir advance, <strong>and</strong> see<strong>in</strong>g that it would be<br />
impracticable to get <strong>of</strong>f without giv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m a check, he determ<strong>in</strong>ed on charg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m, which he did several<br />
times, <strong>and</strong> with such vigor that he always repulsed <strong>the</strong>m. He thus alternatively charged <strong>and</strong> retreated, till<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g two horses killed under him, he was so stunned by <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> that last that he was left for dead. The<br />
rebels were so awed by <strong>the</strong>ir repeated repulses, that <strong>the</strong>y suffered his party to escape <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> woods, when by<br />
dismount<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> conceal<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> thick savannahs, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m got safe <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> post: <strong>the</strong> serjeant<br />
was killed, <strong>and</strong> four men were wounded; several horses killed. Merritt, be<strong>in</strong>g supposed to be dead, was<br />
fortunate enough, after hav<strong>in</strong>g recovered his senses, to get to <strong>the</strong> fort with <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> his boots, helmet, <strong>and</strong><br />
arms.” 2257<br />
26 February. [skirmish] Dickey’s Farm, N.C. ONB3 p. 100.<br />
Pickens, from “Bowts’ Stoney Creek, 10 o’clock [p.m.?], Feb. 26” reported to Greene: “I wrote you <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s movement from Hillsborough. About an hour after, I had <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir pass<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Mabans, [Mebane’s] with all <strong>the</strong>ir baggage, artillery, &c, <strong>and</strong> a party <strong>of</strong> horse <strong>and</strong> foot hav<strong>in</strong>g taken <strong>the</strong> direct<br />
road for my camp, I concluded <strong>the</strong>y would, <strong>of</strong> course, send a strong detachment, <strong>and</strong> as <strong>the</strong>y might easily have<br />
been re<strong>in</strong>forced, I resolved to retire. I marched <strong>of</strong>f <strong>in</strong> good order, about half an hour before <strong>the</strong>y got to <strong>the</strong><br />
ground, <strong>and</strong> retreated as far as Dickey’s. I <strong>the</strong>re formed <strong>and</strong> halted with an <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> stay<strong>in</strong>g till morn<strong>in</strong>g, but<br />
just after dark I received <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir advance, <strong>and</strong> shortly <strong>the</strong>y fired on my picket. The difficulty <strong>of</strong><br />
gett<strong>in</strong>g riflemen to st<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night, made me aga<strong>in</strong> resolve to retire, <strong>and</strong> I am retreated to this place. I could<br />
wish, sir, to form a junction with you <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g; if you would fix a spot let me know by <strong>the</strong> bearer.” 2258<br />
26 February. [skirmish] Fletcher’s Mill (Alamance County, N.C.)<br />
27 February. 600 to 700 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia from Amelia, Cumberl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Powhatan counties, hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>e toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
on <strong>the</strong> 26 th , at Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward Court House under Brig. Gen. Robert Lawson, marched to re<strong>in</strong>force Greene’s army.<br />
Lawson, hav<strong>in</strong>g reached Collier’s Ord<strong>in</strong>ary, VA., with a force <strong>of</strong> 200 was <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 400 to 500<br />
who were trail<strong>in</strong>g some twenty miles <strong>in</strong> his rear. In a letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> this date, he stated that a “second<br />
division <strong>of</strong> such troops” (<strong>in</strong> addition to <strong>the</strong> 400 to 500) would follow beh<strong>in</strong>d him <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> not too distant future. 2259<br />
27 February. Hav<strong>in</strong>g departed Hillsborough this same day, Cornwallis made “Camp near <strong>the</strong> Haw River.” Lee <strong>and</strong><br />
Pickens meanwhile rejo<strong>in</strong>ed Williams, <strong>the</strong> latter now much re<strong>in</strong>forced with more Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia, many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m<br />
mounted; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed light corps recrossed <strong>the</strong> Haw River that night. 2260<br />
“Scottish Travel Log”: [27 Feb.] “Freel<strong>and</strong>[’]s Plantation.”<br />
27 February. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Bethabara Congregation): “Some <strong>of</strong> Pickens’ men were here; <strong>the</strong>y<br />
said <strong>the</strong>y were go<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> army. Men from Wilkes County [GA.] returned from <strong>the</strong> army, on <strong>the</strong>ir way home.<br />
2252 LCC pp. 144-145.<br />
2253 Odell McQuire: “‘Botetourt’ is pronounced ‘body-tot.’”<br />
2254 Rowl<strong>and</strong>’s troops were subsequently placed with Preston’s.<br />
2255 NGP7 pp. 353-354, 360-361.<br />
2256 SQR pp. 243-244.<br />
2257 SQR pp. 243-244.<br />
2258 LCC p. 135.<br />
2259 NGP7 pp. 344, 362.<br />
2260 LOB part IV, STL, GHA4 pp. 49-50, JLG1 p. 458.<br />
407
Ano<strong>the</strong>r party from <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s, who said <strong>the</strong>y belonged to General Pickens’ corps, rema<strong>in</strong>ed here over<br />
night…”<br />
[28 February.] “…Small parties passed all day, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from our army on all k<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>of</strong> pretexts. Some <strong>of</strong> General<br />
Pickens’ men passed also, go<strong>in</strong>g to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, where <strong>the</strong>y are to rally.” 2261<br />
28 February. Cornwallis camped at Freel<strong>and</strong>’s. 2262<br />
28 February (also given as 27 February) [assault] Fort Watson, also Wright’s Bluff (Clarendon County, S.C) After<br />
cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Santee, Sumter made for Fort Watson <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Col. John Watson <strong>and</strong> where he attempted to<br />
take <strong>the</strong> post by storm; with a m<strong>in</strong>d to recaptur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> lost stores <strong>and</strong> boats he had lost (see 22 February.) The<br />
fort had been recently streng<strong>the</strong>ned with a reported 400 men, <strong>and</strong> so soon after his approach he was soundly<br />
beaten back with some loss. The British later claimed <strong>the</strong> Americans suffered 18 killed, <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> men<br />
<strong>and</strong> 30 horses taken. Sumter <strong>the</strong>reafter retired with his force to Farr’s Plantation on Great Savannah, not far<br />
from his own home <strong>and</strong> where he fed his men <strong>and</strong> camped till March 2 nd . Here many <strong>of</strong> his North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia<br />
men, unhappy with how th<strong>in</strong>gs had transpired, went home. 2263<br />
From <strong>the</strong> pension statement <strong>of</strong> Thomas Reagan <strong>of</strong> Newberry County, S.C.: “(T)he next engagement was at<br />
Bell[e]ville from <strong>the</strong>nce hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a re<strong>in</strong>forcement we marched to meet <strong>the</strong>m It turned out to be a small<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> British guard<strong>in</strong>g some British wagons loaded with cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> money for <strong>the</strong> soldiers <strong>the</strong>se<br />
surrendered <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> load<strong>in</strong>g was put on a barge <strong>and</strong> soon after retaken at Wright[’]s Bluff with some <strong>of</strong> our men<br />
<strong>and</strong> we [text miss<strong>in</strong>g] Sumter for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> retak<strong>in</strong>g this prize from <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> were met by <strong>the</strong> British<br />
near said Bluff <strong>and</strong> defeated <strong>and</strong> dispursed [sic] <strong>in</strong> this engagement <strong>the</strong> applicant got a wound <strong>in</strong> his right arm<br />
which disabled this applicant a few weeks.”<br />
John Watson: “Return<strong>in</strong>g one day from a forag<strong>in</strong>g party, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wagons, which was br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g a mill to gr<strong>in</strong>d<br />
<strong>the</strong> corn, broke down as it was not about one mile <strong>and</strong> a half from home. I left an Ensign (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Light<br />
Infantry), whose name was [Lieut.] Richard Cooper, with twenty men to repair <strong>and</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g it on. Our men were<br />
just <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> began to start <strong>the</strong>ir d<strong>in</strong>ner, when we heard a cont<strong>in</strong>ued fir<strong>in</strong>g towards <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>in</strong> which he had just<br />
left. Every man was <strong>in</strong>stantly <strong>in</strong> arms, suspect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> cause, which was confirmed by <strong>the</strong> horses gallop<strong>in</strong>g home<br />
by <strong>the</strong>mselves. We were soon up to <strong>the</strong> spot which was about a mile from hav<strong>in</strong>g repaired <strong>the</strong> cart. They were<br />
proceed<strong>in</strong>g home, when Sumpter wholly summoned <strong>the</strong>m, called him [Cooper] to surrender but form<strong>in</strong>g his men<br />
<strong>in</strong> a circle, jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> men nearest him. He replied ‘Light Infantry never surrender’ <strong>and</strong> began fir<strong>in</strong>g as hard <strong>the</strong>y<br />
could. See<strong>in</strong>g us approach, <strong>the</strong>y quitted our gallant Ensign <strong>and</strong> formed to receive us. This fight<strong>in</strong>g did not last<br />
long before <strong>the</strong>y fled, leav<strong>in</strong>g what killed <strong>and</strong> wounded may be seen by <strong>the</strong> actions. We took some prisoners <strong>and</strong><br />
thirty horses. Lord Rawdon came <strong>the</strong> next day, flattered his Corps much by his manner <strong>of</strong> thank<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong><br />
took that particular notice <strong>of</strong> Mr. Cooper, [which] he so well deserved.” 2264<br />
William Johnson: “Sumpter <strong>the</strong>n sought shelter <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> swamps <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> north bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee, 2265 resolved to<br />
wait some opportunity <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>demnity or service. But, it required all his firmness to prevent his North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
troops from desert<strong>in</strong>g him. At <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bayonet <strong>the</strong>y were deta<strong>in</strong>ed a few days, <strong>and</strong> he <strong>the</strong>n issued forth<br />
from his covert, made for <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Black River, <strong>and</strong> avail<strong>in</strong>g himself <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> friendly settlements on that<br />
route, once more moved up to <strong>the</strong> neighborhood <strong>of</strong> Charlotte.<br />
“The expedition excited alarm among <strong>the</strong> enemy -– susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> spirits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> well-affected -– <strong>and</strong>, above all,<br />
secured a stock <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence, which was immediately transmitted to General Greene by Colonel Hampton [who<br />
came to Greene’s camp <strong>the</strong> day follow<strong>in</strong>g Guilford.]” 2266<br />
28 February. Col. Otho Williams’ detachment rendezvoused with those <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, Lee, <strong>and</strong> Pickens at High<br />
Rock Ford, N.C. On March 1 st , 2267 Greene, himself at High Rock Ford, wrote to von Steuben: “On <strong>the</strong> 27 th <strong>the</strong><br />
Army encamped on Country L<strong>in</strong>e Creek with<strong>in</strong> five miles <strong>of</strong> our Light Troops, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 28 th moved forward to<br />
High Rock ford on <strong>the</strong> Haw River. This move was occasioned by <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> river twenty miles<br />
below us. At this place [High Rock ford] General Pickens with a number <strong>of</strong> rifle Men mounted on Horse back, <strong>and</strong><br />
all <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry <strong>and</strong> Dragoons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Army jo<strong>in</strong>ed us; <strong>and</strong> early this morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> whole army crossed <strong>the</strong><br />
river, <strong>and</strong> are now 15 miles with<strong>in</strong> Lord Cornwallis determ<strong>in</strong>ed to keep <strong>the</strong> upper Country <strong>of</strong> him...” 2268<br />
William Johnson: “Colonel [Otho] Williams...had ever s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> 29 th , had been constantly employed <strong>in</strong> watch<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy...At this time his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> was maneuver<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Haw River, <strong>and</strong><br />
Pickens hav<strong>in</strong>g fallen back on <strong>the</strong> advanc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army, <strong>the</strong> two detachments now threw <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong><br />
front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, one on each side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Allemance [Alamance] Creek. Their force, by <strong>the</strong> accession <strong>of</strong><br />
2261 FRM p. 1745.<br />
2262 LOB part IV.<br />
2263 NGP7 p. 465n, ATR81a p. 330, Balfour to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, 3 March 1781 found at BLB pp. 40-43, JLG2 pp. 31-32, MSC2 pp. 108-109,<br />
BGC p. 132, RBG p. 147.<br />
2264 WNR, BLB pp. 40-43.<br />
2265 Sumter actually moved to <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws settlement, <strong>and</strong> was <strong>the</strong>re by at least March 9 th .<br />
2266 JLG2 pp. 31-32, NGP7 pp. 417, 465n.<br />
2267 Accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> calendar for 1781 <strong>in</strong> Boatner, <strong>the</strong>re was no “29 February,” i.e., <strong>the</strong> actual letter date given, hence it is<br />
understood to be 1 March.<br />
2268 NGP7 pp. 362, 374-375, GNC p. 329, GAM2 p. 280.<br />
408
militia, was so considerable that <strong>the</strong>y seriously mediated a <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed attack, on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2 nd<br />
March.” 2269<br />
<strong>of</strong><br />
Late February. Sometime <strong>in</strong> mid to late February, a 250 man mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> cavalry unit raised at<br />
Halifax, N.C. as militia, <strong>and</strong> under Col. James Read, (a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer), jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene’s army serv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
largely as a scout<strong>in</strong>g detachment. After Guilford Court House (<strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y did not participate), <strong>the</strong>y were all<br />
reorganized <strong>in</strong>to <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed with Greene till just prior to <strong>the</strong> Hobkirk’s Hill battle; when most, but<br />
not all, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m returned home assert<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>ir term <strong>of</strong> service had run out.<br />
Pension statement Guilford Dudley <strong>of</strong> Halifax County, N.C.: “…I entered <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> service <strong>of</strong> my country aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed a volunteer corps <strong>of</strong> 250 mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> cavalry raised also <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town <strong>and</strong> County <strong>of</strong> Halifax <strong>and</strong><br />
placed under <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Maj. James Read, a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer, by <strong>the</strong> legislature <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> session <strong>in</strong> that<br />
town, which corps was forthwith marched to jo<strong>in</strong> General Greene wherever he might be found, Lord Cornwallis<br />
with <strong>the</strong> British army <strong>the</strong>n ly<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Hillsborough. This corps (after jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g General Greene, whom we found<br />
posted above Reedy Fork <strong>of</strong> Haw River <strong>and</strong> a few miles below Guilford Courthouse, Lord Cornwallis ly<strong>in</strong>g upon<br />
Little Alamance about twelve miles sou<strong>the</strong>ast), serv<strong>in</strong>g day <strong>and</strong> night with <strong>the</strong> American army, most frequently<br />
on detachment until about seven days after <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> Guilford, that is on <strong>the</strong> twenty-second <strong>of</strong> March,<br />
General Greene <strong>the</strong>n hav<strong>in</strong>g his headquarters at Troublesome [or Speedwell’s] Ironworks, twelve miles from <strong>the</strong><br />
courthouse, when <strong>the</strong> corps was reorganized, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> horse, became foot, at which time I was called from<br />
<strong>the</strong> ranks <strong>and</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>ted major <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> First Battalion <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia (all <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong>ficers hav<strong>in</strong>g at that<br />
place retired from <strong>the</strong> service with consent, <strong>and</strong> a new set through <strong>the</strong> management <strong>of</strong> General Greene was<br />
<strong>com</strong>missioned by Governor [Abner] Nash, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> camp, mostly taken from <strong>the</strong> Halifax [N.C.] volunteers <strong>and</strong> put<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir place <strong>in</strong> such regiments as could be collected <strong>the</strong>re) <strong>and</strong> was <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis down to Ramsay’s<br />
[Ramsey’s] Mills on Deep River, a distance perhaps from <strong>the</strong> ironworks <strong>of</strong> between n<strong>in</strong>ety <strong>and</strong> one hundred<br />
miles. General Greene hav<strong>in</strong>g at Ramsay’s Mills discharged all <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia except one<br />
regiment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Col. James Read, who had before <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> corps <strong>of</strong> Halifax [N.C.]<br />
volunteers, I was promoted to <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>of</strong> (senior) lieutenant colonel <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battalions <strong>of</strong> that regiment<br />
about <strong>the</strong> last <strong>of</strong> March <strong>of</strong> 1781.” 2270<br />
Late February to Early March. Henry Nase <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt. “February 24 th . we [sic] March[e]d. from<br />
Geo. Town [Georgetown], & Halted <strong>the</strong> Night at Hogans, on Santee --<br />
“February 25 th 1781. -- Crossd. <strong>the</strong> ferry & Marchd. to, a Mr[.] <strong>War</strong>ren, a Rebel Priest, for this Night we wanted<br />
for Noth<strong>in</strong>g that his plantation Could afford.<br />
“26 th . March[e]d. to one Palmer, a Loyal, Subject, <strong>and</strong> when we left him, <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g, He was Pleased with<br />
<strong>the</strong> Conduct <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Regiment<br />
“27 th . Feby. we Came to Monks [Monck’s] Corner & were put under <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Colo. [John] Small <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 84 th<br />
Regiment.<br />
“March 2d. & 3rd. we Marchd to Nelson[’]s ferry, Mr. Clair[’]s Plantation.” 2271<br />
2269 Which contemplated surprise assault on Cornwallis’ army Lee urgently cautioned Williams aga<strong>in</strong>st, JLG1 pp. 459-460, <strong>and</strong> see<br />
NGP7 pp. 378-379, LCC pp. 155-159, <strong>and</strong> BDB pp. 58-60.<br />
2270 DRR pp. 216-217, DSK.<br />
2271 NDI.<br />
409
MARCH 1781<br />
March. From <strong>the</strong> pension statement <strong>of</strong> William White <strong>of</strong> Anson County, N.C.: “Aga<strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong> or about <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong><br />
March 1781 while liv<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> same place last aforesaid, he was drafted under Capta<strong>in</strong> John Degarnett <strong>in</strong><br />
Colonel Thomas Waid’s [Wade’s] Regiment <strong>of</strong> Militia. We marched to Draun<strong>in</strong>g [Drown<strong>in</strong>g] Creek. We lay <strong>the</strong>re<br />
some time, <strong>the</strong>n marched through <strong>the</strong> country to keep <strong>the</strong> Tories from <strong>com</strong>mitt<strong>in</strong>g depredations.”<br />
March. [skirmish] Fair Forest Creek, S.C. ONB3 p. 101.<br />
March. [raid] Tuckasegee, Cherokee Middle Towns, TN. ONB3 p. 102.<br />
March. [raid] Dutchman’s Creek (Fairfield County, S.C.) Rawdon sent a few <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> New York Volunteers,<br />
under Capt. Grey, from Camden to attack some whig militia congregat<strong>in</strong>g at a location on Dutchman’s Creek.<br />
This was a particularly hazardous th<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> whigs to be do<strong>in</strong>g given how near to British occupied territory<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were. 2 whig capta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> 16 privates were reported sla<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> 18 were captured. 2272<br />
March. [skirmish] Wylie’s Plantation, Rocky Comfort Settlement, S.C. ONB3 p. 164.<br />
March. [skirmish] Rouse’s Tavern, also Lill<strong>in</strong>gton vs. Craig (New Hanover County, N.C.) ONB3 pp. 166-170 <strong>and</strong><br />
DRO pp. 191-193. See also http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/rousestavern.htm<br />
March. [skirmish] Capt. S<strong>and</strong>s’ House (Lancaster County, S.C.) This was a relatively m<strong>in</strong>or action but at which<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>n very young, <strong>and</strong> future U.S. President, Andrew Jackson was present. In addition to <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g quoted<br />
passage, see also GAR1 p. 115, History <strong>of</strong> Jackson, vol. I, by Buell pp. 51-53 <strong>and</strong> CSS pp. 1170-1171.<br />
Jackson biographer James Parton (1861): “Danger was near. A b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> tories, bent on tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> life <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
S<strong>and</strong>s, approached <strong>the</strong> house <strong>in</strong> two divisions; one party mov<strong>in</strong>g toward <strong>the</strong> front door, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r toward <strong>the</strong><br />
back. The<br />
wakeful soldier, hear<strong>in</strong>g a suspicious noise, rose, went out <strong>of</strong> doors to learn its cause, <strong>and</strong> saw <strong>the</strong> foe stealthily<br />
near<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> house. He ran <strong>in</strong> terror, <strong>and</strong> seiz<strong>in</strong>g Andrew Jackson, who lay next <strong>the</strong> door, by <strong>the</strong> hair, exclaimed,<br />
‘The tories are upon us!’<br />
“Andrew sprang up, <strong>and</strong> ran out. See<strong>in</strong>g a body <strong>of</strong> men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> distance, he placed <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> his gun <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> low<br />
fork <strong>of</strong> a tree near <strong>the</strong> door, <strong>and</strong> hailed <strong>the</strong>m. No reply. He hailed <strong>the</strong>m a second time. No reply. They<br />
quickened, <strong>the</strong>ir pace, <strong>and</strong> had <strong>com</strong>e with<strong>in</strong> a few rods <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> door. By this time, too, <strong>the</strong> guard <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> house<br />
had been roused, <strong>and</strong> were ga<strong>the</strong>red <strong>in</strong> a group beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> boy.<br />
Andrew discharged his musket; upon which <strong>the</strong> tories fired a volley, which killed <strong>the</strong> hapless deserter who had<br />
given <strong>the</strong> alarm. The o<strong>the</strong>r party <strong>of</strong> tories, who were approach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> house from <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side, hear<strong>in</strong>g this<br />
discharge, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rush <strong>of</strong> bullets above <strong>the</strong>ir heads, supposed that <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g proceeded from a party that had<br />
issued from <strong>the</strong> house. They now fired a volley, which sent a shower <strong>of</strong> balls whistl<strong>in</strong>g about <strong>the</strong> heads <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
friends on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side. Both parties hesitated, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n halted. Andrew hav<strong>in</strong>g thus, by his s<strong>in</strong>gle discharge,<br />
puzzled <strong>and</strong> stopped <strong>the</strong> enemy, retired to <strong>the</strong> house, where he <strong>and</strong> his <strong>com</strong>rades kept up a brisk fire from <strong>the</strong><br />
w<strong>in</strong>dows. One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guard fell mortally wounded by his side, <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r received a wound less severe. In <strong>the</strong><br />
midst <strong>of</strong> this s<strong>in</strong>gular contest, a bugle was heard, some distance <strong>of</strong>f, sound<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> cavalry charge; whereupon<br />
<strong>the</strong> tories, conclud<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>y had <strong>com</strong>e upon an ambush <strong>of</strong> whigs, <strong>and</strong> were about to be assailed by horse <strong>and</strong><br />
foot, fled to where <strong>the</strong>y had left <strong>the</strong>ir horses, mounted, dashed pell-mell <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> woods, <strong>and</strong> were seen no<br />
more. It appeared afterwards, that <strong>the</strong> bugle-charge was sounded by a neighbor, who judg<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> noise <strong>of</strong><br />
musketry that Capta<strong>in</strong> S<strong>and</strong>s was attacked, <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g not a man with him <strong>in</strong> his house, gave <strong>the</strong> blast upon <strong>the</strong><br />
trumpet, th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g that even a trick so stale, aided by <strong>the</strong> darkness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> night, might have some effect <strong>in</strong><br />
alarm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> assailants.” 2273<br />
Early March. [skirmishes] Rocky Creek, also L<strong>and</strong>’s Defense, Dutchman’s Creek (Lancaster County, S.C. or “forty<br />
miles above Camden”)<br />
Garden: “In <strong>the</strong> year 1781, while Rawdon <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at Camden, <strong>and</strong> Sumter lay on <strong>the</strong> borders <strong>of</strong> North-<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>the</strong> male <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terven<strong>in</strong>g settlements, who were capable <strong>of</strong> bear<strong>in</strong>g arms, resorted to<br />
one or <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r, accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> political pr<strong>in</strong>ciples which <strong>the</strong>y cherished. The Whigs <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood <strong>of</strong><br />
Rocky Creek, forty miles above Camden, hav<strong>in</strong>g previously to <strong>the</strong>ir jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Sumter, chosen John L<strong>and</strong>, a<br />
respectable resident, as <strong>the</strong>ir Capta<strong>in</strong>, adopted a practice <strong>of</strong> occasionally visit<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> settlement, to pass <strong>the</strong><br />
night with <strong>the</strong>ir families, <strong>and</strong> return at early morn to camp. On <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2d March, Capta<strong>in</strong> L<strong>and</strong>, with<br />
seven <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>panions, arrived at his home, placed a sent<strong>in</strong>el at <strong>the</strong> door, <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g for some hours enjoyed<br />
<strong>the</strong> society <strong>of</strong> his delighted family, retired to rest. The period <strong>of</strong> repose was but <strong>of</strong> short duration. The Tories<br />
had, by some unknown means, obta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> his <strong>in</strong>tended visit, <strong>and</strong> a party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, thirty <strong>in</strong> number,<br />
under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Daniel Muse, arrived at midnight <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood, <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g carefully<br />
secured all <strong>the</strong> old men <strong>and</strong> boys likely to <strong>com</strong>municate <strong>in</strong>telligence, pushed on for L<strong>and</strong>’s. When with<strong>in</strong> about<br />
an hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> log-house which he <strong>in</strong>habited, <strong>the</strong>y were perceived by <strong>the</strong> sent<strong>in</strong>el at <strong>the</strong> door,<br />
who hav<strong>in</strong>g hailed, fired on <strong>the</strong>m. A momentary halt was made, <strong>and</strong> a guard be<strong>in</strong>g placed over <strong>the</strong>ir prisoner,<br />
two old men, a youth, <strong>and</strong> two boys, a furious charge was made on <strong>the</strong> house. The gallant <strong>in</strong>mates received<br />
2272 MSC2 pp. 126-127.<br />
2273 Life <strong>of</strong> Andrew Jackson (1861), vol. I, by James Parton, pp. 86-88.<br />
410
<strong>the</strong>m with firmness, kept up a lively fire through <strong>the</strong> open spaces betwixt <strong>the</strong> logs, <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ally repulsed <strong>the</strong>m,<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g previously mortally wounded Lieutenant Lewis Yarborough, <strong>the</strong> second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. The Tory party<br />
tak<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> march through woods <strong>and</strong> by-ways, now retreated, <strong>and</strong> moved with such celerity, as to<br />
reach British Head-Quarters at Camden, by twelve o’clock <strong>the</strong> same day, carry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> youth <strong>and</strong> two boys, one<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, Dr. John Mackey, now an <strong>in</strong>habitant <strong>of</strong> Charleston, as trophies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir prowess <strong>and</strong> gallantry. The old<br />
man <strong>and</strong> wounded <strong>of</strong>ficer, were left on <strong>the</strong> way.<br />
“Poor L<strong>and</strong> did not long enjoy <strong>the</strong> triumph <strong>of</strong> this little victory. Emboldened by success, he ventured <strong>in</strong> about<br />
three weeks on ano<strong>the</strong>r visit to his family, ac<strong>com</strong>panied by betwixt twenty <strong>and</strong> thirty <strong>of</strong> his neighbours. The<br />
party reached Rocky Creek <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g agreed to assemble at <strong>the</strong> house <strong>of</strong> one Boyd on <strong>the</strong><br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g day, dispersed each <strong>in</strong>dividual retir<strong>in</strong>g to his own family. But alas! Treachery was aga<strong>in</strong> on foot. The<br />
enemy were apprised <strong>of</strong> every movement; <strong>and</strong> Lord Rawdon hav<strong>in</strong>g lost much <strong>of</strong> his confidence <strong>in</strong> his Tory<br />
auxiliaries, by <strong>the</strong> failure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir former essay, send a detachment <strong>of</strong> his Regular Cavalry, united with <strong>the</strong>m, to<br />
cut <strong>of</strong>f L<strong>and</strong> his followers. Their success, on this occasion, was but too <strong>com</strong>plete. Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> party were killed<br />
as <strong>the</strong>y approached <strong>the</strong> place <strong>of</strong> rendezvous, <strong>and</strong> among <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong> unfortunate Capta<strong>in</strong> L<strong>and</strong>, who was butchered<br />
<strong>in</strong> cold blood, <strong>in</strong> revenge, no doubt, for <strong>the</strong> death <strong>of</strong> Yarborough, whom he had killed <strong>in</strong> just <strong>and</strong> honourable<br />
<strong>com</strong>bat.” 2274<br />
Early March. [skirmish] Dillon’s Mill (Guilford County, N.C.) CLC pp. 225-226.<br />
1 March. Forces under Cornwallis.<br />
Rank <strong>and</strong> File:<br />
Brigade <strong>of</strong> Guards: 605<br />
23 rd Regt.: 258<br />
33 rd Regt.: 322<br />
2 nd Bttn., 71 st Regt.: 212<br />
Hessian von Bose Regt.: 313<br />
German Jägers: 97<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers: 232<br />
British Legion (cavalry only): 174<br />
Total: 2,213 2275<br />
1 March. Brig. Gen. John Butler wrote Greene say<strong>in</strong>g that he had just arrived at Harrisburg, N.C. with about 300<br />
soldiers, <strong>and</strong> expected Brig. Gen. Allen Jones soon with ano<strong>the</strong>r 700. About 300 mounted troops under Col.<br />
Malmedy, (separate from those Butler <strong>and</strong> Jones) were to go “this day” near <strong>the</strong> enemy l<strong>in</strong>es. Maj. Gen. Richard<br />
Caswell, he also stated, set out from K<strong>in</strong>gston <strong>the</strong> same morn<strong>in</strong>g with some horse, <strong>and</strong> Col. Thomas Wade 2276 is<br />
“<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g this way” with a guard <strong>of</strong> 60 horse. 2277<br />
1 March. Cornwallis camped at Smith’s Plantation till <strong>the</strong> 6 th , 2278 <strong>and</strong> which seems to have been located just to<br />
<strong>the</strong> west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Haw River, <strong>and</strong> roughly <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>ast corner <strong>of</strong> modern Alamance County.<br />
2 March. “Leslie“ Orderly Book: “Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g every order, every entreaty that Lord Cornwallis has given to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Army to prevent <strong>the</strong> Shamefull & Dangerous practice <strong>of</strong> plunder<strong>in</strong>g & Distress<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Country & those orders<br />
back’d by every Effort that can have been made by Br. Genl. O’Hara, he is Shock’d to f<strong>in</strong>d this Evil still prevails,<br />
& Ashamed to observe <strong>the</strong> frequent Compla<strong>in</strong>ts he receives from Head Qrs. Of <strong>the</strong> Irregularity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Gds.<br />
[Guards] Particularly affects <strong>the</strong> Credit <strong>of</strong> this Corps: He <strong>the</strong>refore calls upon <strong>the</strong> Officers, Non Commission’d<br />
Officers (& those men who are yet possessed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> feel<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> Humanity & Actuated by <strong>the</strong> True pr<strong>in</strong>ciples <strong>of</strong><br />
Soldiers The Love <strong>of</strong> Their Country, The Good <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Service; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Honor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own Corps) to assist with <strong>the</strong><br />
same <strong>in</strong>defatigable diligence <strong>the</strong> Genl himself is Determ<strong>in</strong>ed to persevere <strong>in</strong> –- In order to Detect & punish all<br />
Men <strong>and</strong> Women so Offend<strong>in</strong>g, with <strong>the</strong> Utmost Severity <strong>and</strong> Example –- ” 2279<br />
2 March. Lafayette, at Philadelphia, to General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “The artillery consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> one 24 six 18 two brass<br />
one 8 <strong>in</strong>ch howitz[er], two 8 <strong>in</strong>ch mortars, <strong>in</strong> all twelve heavy pieces, four 6 pounders, <strong>and</strong> two small howitzers,<br />
with a sufficient proportion <strong>of</strong> ammunition will be at <strong>the</strong> Head <strong>of</strong> Elk this day <strong>and</strong> to morrow, so that by <strong>the</strong> 4 th I<br />
hope we shall be ready to sail.” 2280<br />
2 March. [ambush-raid] Mud Lick, also Mudlick Creek 2281 (Newberry or Laurens County, S.C.) Two whig leaders,<br />
Lieut. Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Roebuck <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. Henry White with a 150 South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia captured Fort<br />
2274 GAR1 pp. 424-425. Compare to 12 June, 1780 skirmish at Rocky Creek Settlement <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g Ben L<strong>and</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r than John L<strong>and</strong>,<br />
<strong>and</strong> see also http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/dutchmanscr.htm<br />
2275 CAC p. 53.<br />
2276 Wade, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Greene’s former camp on <strong>the</strong> Peedee, was br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g a drove <strong>of</strong> cattle to Greene’s army.<br />
2277 NGP7 p. 378.<br />
2278 LOB part IV, STL.<br />
2279 LOB part IV.<br />
2280 LLW p. 150.<br />
2281 Mudlick was located not far from Williams’ Fort or Fort Williams (see 30 December 1780), formerly James Williams’ South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a homestead. For more see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/ftwms.htm<br />
411
Williams, <strong>the</strong> same fort attacked by Lieut. Col. Joseph Hayes <strong>and</strong> Cornet James Simmons (under William<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton) <strong>in</strong> late December 1780. The loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort, after be<strong>in</strong>g tricked to pursue a decoy, were<br />
engaged <strong>in</strong> some heated shoot<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>the</strong>n routed. The fort was <strong>the</strong>n easily entered <strong>and</strong> taken. Ripley speaks <strong>of</strong> it<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g burned, but <strong>in</strong> a letter from Pickens to Greene <strong>of</strong> 8 April, Pickens mentions a force under Cruger<br />
retreat<strong>in</strong>g to it for safety. 2282<br />
Saye (with McJunk<strong>in</strong>): “Immediately after <strong>the</strong> return <strong>of</strong> [Thomas] Br<strong>and</strong>on’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a a<br />
camp was formed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present site <strong>of</strong> Union, with a view <strong>of</strong> protect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Whig population <strong>in</strong><br />
that region. Soon after his arrival <strong>in</strong> this section Col. Br<strong>and</strong>on received orders from Gen. Sumter to collect as<br />
many men as possible <strong>and</strong> meet him on <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Congaree River. In obedience to this requisition<br />
Br<strong>and</strong>on proceeded <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Granby, where he understood that a superior force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy were<br />
maneuver<strong>in</strong>g, with a view to prevent his junction with Sumter, hence he deemed it expedient to effect a retreat<br />
toward home. When out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reach <strong>of</strong> pursuit he received <strong>in</strong>telligence from Col. Roebuck that he designed to<br />
attack a body <strong>of</strong> Tories <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six.<br />
“Br<strong>and</strong>on immediately detached part <strong>of</strong> his force under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Major McJunk<strong>in</strong> to co-operate with<br />
Roebuck <strong>in</strong> this enterprise. On <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> contemplated operation he received<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence that Roebuck had already met <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> that meet<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> hence he fell back<br />
with his party to unite with Br<strong>and</strong>on…<br />
“This battle has sometimes been called Roebuck’s Defeat. No history <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, it is believed, ever alludes<br />
to <strong>the</strong> transaction. It possesses some <strong>in</strong>terest, <strong>and</strong> hence we transcribe an account <strong>of</strong> it found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Magnolia<br />
for 1842, which, upon <strong>the</strong> whole, we believe may be relied upon as a correct statement, but not without some<br />
mistakes, which we shall po<strong>in</strong>t out as far as we can.<br />
“‘The Battle <strong>of</strong> Mudlick was fought <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>of</strong> 1781 by <strong>the</strong> remnant <strong>of</strong> a regiment <strong>of</strong> militia under <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Roebuck <strong>and</strong> a garrison <strong>of</strong> British soldiers <strong>and</strong> Tories stationed at Williams’s Fort <strong>in</strong><br />
Newberry District. The Whigs did not exceed 150 men, while <strong>the</strong> enemy was greatly superior <strong>in</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> numbers<br />
<strong>and</strong> had <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> a strong fortress. In order to deprive <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong> this advantage <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g stratagem<br />
was resorted to by Col. Roebuck <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. [Henry] White.<br />
“‘Those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Whigs who were mounted riflemen were ordered to show <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fortress <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>n retreat to an advantageous position selected by <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer. The enemy no sooner saw <strong>the</strong><br />
militia retreat<strong>in</strong>g than <strong>the</strong>y <strong>com</strong>menced a hot pursuit, confident <strong>of</strong> an easy victory. Their first onset was a<br />
furious one, but was <strong>in</strong> some measure checked by Col. White <strong>and</strong> his riflemen. As soon as <strong>the</strong> ‘green coat<br />
cavalry’ made <strong>the</strong>ir appearance Col. White leveled his rifle at one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> front <strong>and</strong> felled him to <strong>the</strong><br />
ground.<br />
“‘This successful shot was immediately followed by o<strong>the</strong>rs from <strong>the</strong> mounted riflemen, which brought <strong>the</strong><br />
cavalry to a halt until <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry came up. The engagement <strong>the</strong>n became general <strong>and</strong> waged with great heat<br />
for some time. The fate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle seemed uncerta<strong>in</strong> for fifty or sixty m<strong>in</strong>utes. At length <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong><br />
Tories were entirely routed, after hav<strong>in</strong>g susta<strong>in</strong>ed considerable loss <strong>in</strong> proportion to <strong>the</strong>ir numbers. The loss <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Whigs was noth<strong>in</strong>g like so great, but <strong>the</strong>y had to lament <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> several <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> brave soldiers.<br />
Among <strong>the</strong> former was Capt. Robert Thomas. Col. White was badly wounded, but recovered. This engagement<br />
was known as <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> Mudlick from <strong>the</strong> creek on which Williams’s Fort stood. It is not mentioned <strong>in</strong> any<br />
history <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution, though its consequences were <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> highest importance to <strong>the</strong> Whigs <strong>of</strong><br />
Newberry <strong>and</strong> adjo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g districts. It broke up <strong>the</strong> enemy’s stronghold <strong>in</strong> that section <strong>of</strong> country <strong>and</strong> relieved <strong>the</strong><br />
people from those maraud<strong>in</strong>g b<strong>and</strong>s which <strong>in</strong>fested every part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state where <strong>the</strong>re was a British station.” 2283<br />
2 March (<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, so possibly 3 March). [skirmish] McJunk<strong>in</strong>’s Confrontation (Newberry or Laurens County,<br />
S.C.)<br />
Saye (with McJunk<strong>in</strong>): “Major McJunk<strong>in</strong>, as has been stated, hav<strong>in</strong>g received <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> Roebuck’s battle<br />
[Mud Lick, 2 March <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> daytime], started on his return to [Thomas] Br<strong>and</strong>on’s headquarters. On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> same day, March 2, 1781, while absent from <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> ac<strong>com</strong>panied by a s<strong>in</strong>gle soldier,<br />
as a scout<strong>in</strong>g party, he had an encounter with a few Tories <strong>and</strong> received a ball <strong>in</strong> his right arm, which<br />
measurably disabled him from service for <strong>the</strong> balance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war.<br />
“The details <strong>of</strong> this transaction are not given <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> written narrative before <strong>the</strong> writer. He <strong>the</strong>refore takes <strong>the</strong><br />
liberty <strong>of</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g ano<strong>the</strong>r extract from <strong>the</strong> Magnolia. (See January number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Magnolia for 1843, page 39.)<br />
The whole article is understood to be from <strong>the</strong> pen <strong>of</strong> a dist<strong>in</strong>guished judge <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a:<br />
“‘On his return he <strong>and</strong> Lawson, one <strong>of</strong> his men, scout<strong>in</strong>g at a distance from <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> party, rode up toward<br />
a house at night. At <strong>the</strong> gate <strong>the</strong>y were confronted by three Tories; Fight or die was <strong>the</strong> only alternative. He <strong>and</strong><br />
Lawson presented <strong>the</strong>ir rifles at two. Lawson’s gun fired clear <strong>and</strong> killed his man. The Major’s gun fired also, but<br />
was a mere squib <strong>and</strong> produced no o<strong>the</strong>r effect than to set fire to his adversary’s shirt. As Lawson’s antagonist<br />
fell he jumped down, picked up his gun <strong>and</strong> shot down <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Tory <strong>and</strong> passed his sword through his body.<br />
The Major’s fire so disconcerted his adversary that he missed him. The Major charged, sword <strong>in</strong> h<strong>and</strong>; his<br />
adversary fled. His flight on horseback soon caused his shirt to burn like a c<strong>and</strong>le. This light so disconcerted<br />
McJunk<strong>in</strong>’s horse that be could not make him charge <strong>the</strong> fugitive. After runn<strong>in</strong>g him a mile to get a blow at him<br />
he ran his horse alongside. At that <strong>in</strong>stant <strong>the</strong> fly<strong>in</strong>g Tory drew a pistol, fired, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ball struck <strong>and</strong> broke<br />
McJunk<strong>in</strong>’s sword arm. His sword was, luckily, fastened to his wrist by a lea<strong>the</strong>r str<strong>in</strong>g. As his arm fell powerless<br />
by his side he caught <strong>the</strong> sword <strong>in</strong> his left h<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> drew it <strong>of</strong>f his sword arm, <strong>and</strong> with a back h<strong>and</strong>ed blow as<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir horses ran side by side he killed his man. Lawson’s second man recovered, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g he was shot <strong>and</strong><br />
run through with a sword.”<br />
2282 NGP8 p. 71, JTR pp. 423-424, MSC2 pp. 114, 746, RBG p. 129.<br />
2283 SJM.<br />
412
“‘Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> severity <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>convenience <strong>of</strong> this wound, Major McJunk<strong>in</strong> rejo<strong>in</strong>ed his men <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />
his march to Br<strong>and</strong>on’s camp that night. Here his pa<strong>in</strong> became so excruciat<strong>in</strong>g that some <strong>of</strong> his soldiers cut <strong>the</strong><br />
ball out <strong>of</strong> his arm with a dull razor.’” 2284<br />
2 March. 2285 [skirmish] Clapp’s Mill, also Alamance Creek (Alamance County, N.C.) Lee’s Legion cavalry, led by<br />
Capt. John Rudulph 2286 -- with a battalion <strong>of</strong> Preston’s riflemen 2287 under Major Thomas Rowl<strong>and</strong>, 200 L<strong>in</strong>coln<br />
County militia led by Maj. Joseph Dickson, a detachment <strong>of</strong> 40 <strong>of</strong> Pickens’ cavalry under Capt. Joseph Graham<br />
<strong>and</strong> Capt. Richard Simmons, some Catawba Indians, <strong>and</strong> Kirkwood’s Delawares <strong>and</strong> Oldham’s Maryl<strong>and</strong> light<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry act<strong>in</strong>g as a reserve 2288 -- all formally under Otho Williams’ <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>; though Lee was <strong>in</strong> immediate<br />
charge for most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> actual fight<strong>in</strong>g -- fought a cover<strong>in</strong>g party <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s at Clapp’s Mill, near Alamance<br />
Creek (a south tributary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Haw River). Earlier, Williams had wanted to attack <strong>the</strong> British but <strong>the</strong>n, at 3<br />
a.m., called it <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> attempted <strong>in</strong>stead, unsuccessfully as it turned out, to set a trap for Tarleton. The corps<br />
under <strong>the</strong> latter consisted <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Legion cavalry, under Capt. Richard Hovenden, <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Guards, under Lieut. Col. Thomas Dundass, a few mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> 150 men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 33 rd Regt. Williams was<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ally driven back, but only after <strong>in</strong>flict<strong>in</strong>g relatively substantial losses on Tarleton’s men. Greene, at Boyd’s<br />
Mill, wrote to von Steuben on <strong>the</strong> 5 th : “on <strong>the</strong> 2 nd , Lieut. Col. Lee, with his Legion, <strong>and</strong> a few Militia <strong>and</strong> some<br />
Catawba Indians had a skirmish with <strong>the</strong> Enemy near Alamance. The Enemy had 7 killed <strong>and</strong> upwards <strong>of</strong> 40<br />
wounded.” Tarleton said he “dislodged <strong>and</strong> dispersed a corps <strong>of</strong> eight hundred men” with <strong>the</strong> British suffer<strong>in</strong>g 21<br />
killed or wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> skirmish. Joseph Graham, who wrote a very <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fray, referred to<br />
<strong>the</strong> engagement as “Clapp’s Mill” <strong>and</strong> said American casualties were 8 dead <strong>and</strong> an unknown number wounded.<br />
Capt. Nathaniel Pendleton, on behalf <strong>of</strong> Greene, wrote to Brig. Gen. Butler on 3 March, stat<strong>in</strong>g that a deserter<br />
gave <strong>the</strong> British losses at Alamance at 25 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. The American losses were 10 or twelve killed <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded. Lee <strong>in</strong> his memoirs, <strong>and</strong> whom Graham describes as “conspicuous by himself, among <strong>the</strong> militia, but to<br />
no purpose,” makes a brief footnote reference to <strong>the</strong> skirmish; perhaps not deem<strong>in</strong>g its significance extended<br />
beyond this. 2289<br />
Tarleton: “As soon as General Greene was <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> position <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops near<br />
Allamance [Alamance], <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>ir advanced guard extended a little way towards Deep river, he crossed <strong>the</strong><br />
Haw near its source, <strong>and</strong> took post between Troublesome creek <strong>and</strong> Reedy fork. The two armies did not long<br />
rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> this situation. The British cavalry were ordered on <strong>the</strong> 2d <strong>of</strong> March to forage about three miles <strong>in</strong> front<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir encampment. Capta<strong>in</strong> [Richard] Hovenden, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> cover<strong>in</strong>g party, observ<strong>in</strong>g<br />
some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American dragoons <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plantations where he was directed to collect forage,<br />
rode forwards to exam<strong>in</strong>e more closely; when, perceiv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy’s <strong>in</strong>fantry, he dispatched <strong>the</strong> foragers to<br />
camp without <strong>the</strong>ir burdens, <strong>and</strong>, on his return, reported <strong>the</strong> circumstances he had discovered. This <strong>in</strong>telligence<br />
<strong>in</strong>duced Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton to make a patrole with his whole corps, which consisted <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry, a<br />
few mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>the</strong> light <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards, <strong>and</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty men <strong>of</strong> Colonel Webster’s<br />
brigade, after hav<strong>in</strong>g conveyed to Earl Cornwallis, by express, his reason for such a proceed<strong>in</strong>g. The approach to<br />
<strong>the</strong> ground where <strong>the</strong> enemy were described to have been seen prov<strong>in</strong>g unfit for <strong>the</strong> operations <strong>of</strong> cavalry,<br />
Tarleton directed <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry to form <strong>the</strong> advance, <strong>and</strong> to explore <strong>the</strong> thick woods upon <strong>the</strong> flanks with great<br />
attention. The light <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Capta<strong>in</strong> [Thomas] Dundass, led <strong>the</strong> column, <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e followed <strong>the</strong> guards, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry brought up <strong>the</strong> foragers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear, till <strong>the</strong> country<br />
would allow <strong>the</strong> dragoons to move on to <strong>the</strong> front. When <strong>the</strong> British drew near to <strong>the</strong> plantations which were to<br />
furnish <strong>the</strong> forage, a heavy fire from some thickets on each side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> road discovered <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy. The guards formed with <strong>the</strong>ir usual alacrity, <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> [James] Ingram, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 33d regiment, who<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty men <strong>of</strong> Webster’s brigade, was directed to dress his left by <strong>the</strong>ir right, whilst<br />
<strong>the</strong> cavalry moved to his right, where <strong>the</strong> country appeared most favourable for <strong>the</strong>ir exertions. The gallantry <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> British troops, after a short conflict, dislodged <strong>and</strong> dispersed a corps <strong>of</strong> eight hundred men, <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong><br />
Lee’s legion, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s dragoons, <strong>and</strong> Preston’s backwoodsmen. The loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans was conf<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
pr<strong>in</strong>cipally to <strong>the</strong> woodsmen; <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>entals retreated early, <strong>and</strong> did not wait <strong>the</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
dragoons, who were much impeded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir advance by a thick wood <strong>and</strong> high rails, which prevented <strong>the</strong> action<br />
from be<strong>in</strong>g more general <strong>and</strong> decisive.<br />
“The pursuit was restra<strong>in</strong>ed on account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> various roads by which <strong>the</strong> enemy’s cavalry could escape, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
consequence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> report <strong>of</strong> prisoners, who acknowledged that General Greene was mov<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> American<br />
army to <strong>the</strong> southward <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Reedy fork. Though <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>entals suffered little <strong>in</strong> this affair, numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
riflemen were killed <strong>and</strong> wounded; <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g ab<strong>and</strong>oned by <strong>the</strong>ir cavalry, <strong>the</strong> rest were totally dispersed. The<br />
2284 SJM.<br />
2285 Graham gives <strong>the</strong> date as <strong>the</strong> 1 st , but contemporary correspondence confirms it as <strong>the</strong> 2 nd .<br />
2286 As Graham makes no mention <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, it is not clear whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry participated. But if not, as some ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><br />
it rema<strong>in</strong>s to be expla<strong>in</strong>ed where <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong>y were.<br />
2287 Preston himself was apparently absent.<br />
2288 In addition to Lee, <strong>and</strong> Oldham’s men, Bright <strong>and</strong> Dunaway give Williams’ <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> as conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 350 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia mounta<strong>in</strong>eers<br />
under Preston (from Montgomery <strong>and</strong> Botetourt Counties), 542 mounted N.C. militia riflemen from N.C. from Surry <strong>and</strong><br />
Mecklenburg counties “report<strong>in</strong>g to Col. Francis Locke;” Lieut. Col. John Paisley’s from Guilford Cty.; Col. Thomas Farmer’s <strong>of</strong><br />
Orange Cty., Col. William Moore’s <strong>of</strong> Caswell Cty.; Col. Richard Allen’s from Wilkes Cty, plus L<strong>in</strong>coln Cty. militia <strong>and</strong> cavalry<br />
under Capt. Joseph Graham <strong>and</strong> mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry under Maj. Henry Dickson; with f<strong>in</strong>ally 158 S.C. <strong>and</strong> GA. mounted militia men<br />
under Col. James McCall. BDB p. 56.<br />
2289 NGP7 pp. 382, 396, AR81 pp. 63-64, TCS pp. 234-236, GHA4 pp. 49-50, LMS pp. 263-264, JLG1 pp. 459-460, LCC pp. 155-159,<br />
CNC22 p. 124, GNC pp. 329-334, GAM2 pp. 280-283, RNC pp. 293-294, BEA p. 231, MGC, SCAR vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 37-39, BLO pp.<br />
43-45, BDB pp. 54-74, 156-176. Earlier <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day, Williams had wanted to attack Cornwallis’ whole army, but was dissuaded<br />
from do<strong>in</strong>g so by Lee. Yet as we later f<strong>in</strong>d out, it was actually Greene’s idea <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tention that Williams take <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>fensive when<br />
he could -– not <strong>the</strong> latter’s (as such.) NGP7 pp. 378-379, JLG1 pp. 459-460, LCC pp. 155-159, <strong>and</strong> BDB pp. 58-60.<br />
413
loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British amounted to one <strong>of</strong>ficer wounded, <strong>and</strong> twenty men killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, which fell pr<strong>in</strong>cipally<br />
upon <strong>the</strong> guards. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> time that <strong>the</strong> dragoons were collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir trusses, an express was sent to Earl<br />
Cornwallis to advise him <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> movement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> forage be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>pleted, <strong>the</strong> light troops fell<br />
back to <strong>the</strong>ir former encampment; where <strong>the</strong>y found Major De Buy [De Puis], with <strong>the</strong> yagers, <strong>the</strong> regiment <strong>of</strong><br />
Bose, <strong>and</strong> two pieces <strong>of</strong> cannon, Earl Cornwallis hav<strong>in</strong>g advanced this support as soon as he heard <strong>the</strong> musketry<br />
<strong>in</strong> front.” 2290<br />
Otho Williams at “Allimance,” on <strong>the</strong> 2 nd wrote to Greene: “[About noon] Lee advanc’d one Mile from our Camp<br />
where his Flank was Fired upon. The mounted Rifle men had not time to dismount <strong>and</strong> did not return <strong>the</strong> fire so<br />
brisk as I expected. However those on Foot <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Infantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion were mak<strong>in</strong>g a h<strong>and</strong>some defence<br />
when I order’d a gradual retreat which was well enough effected consider<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> irregularity <strong>of</strong> our order. I<br />
believe very few fell on ei<strong>the</strong>r side. We have 10 or 12 wounded.” 2291<br />
Gordon: “On <strong>the</strong> 2 nd <strong>of</strong> March <strong>the</strong>re was a slight skirmish <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, between a detachment under Tarleton<br />
<strong>and</strong> a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia under Williams, with<strong>in</strong> one mile <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British encampment.” 2292<br />
Joseph Graham: “Cols. Williams <strong>and</strong> Lee used great exertions to form <strong>the</strong> militia, but as <strong>the</strong>y got some to fall <strong>in</strong>,<br />
<strong>and</strong> exerted <strong>the</strong>mselves to rally o<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>the</strong>se would move <strong>of</strong>f aga<strong>in</strong>. Major [Joseph] Dickson, <strong>of</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln, who<br />
with his characteristic coolness <strong>and</strong> decision, saw <strong>the</strong> difficulty, observed to [Otho] Williams, ‘You may depend<br />
upon it, you will never get <strong>the</strong>se men to form here while <strong>the</strong> enemy are fir<strong>in</strong>g yonder. If you will direct <strong>the</strong>m to<br />
form on <strong>the</strong> next rise beyond that hollow, one hundred yards back, <strong>the</strong>y will do it.’ Col. Williams <strong>in</strong>stantly<br />
adopted this plan. Our l<strong>in</strong>e was restored. The regulars [Kirkwood <strong>and</strong> Oldham’s troops] retired to <strong>the</strong>ir place <strong>in</strong><br />
it, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g ceased, tho’ <strong>the</strong> enemy was still <strong>in</strong> view. In about twenty m<strong>in</strong>utes we marched <strong>of</strong>f <strong>in</strong> order, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>y did not follow. In a mile or two we came to <strong>the</strong> ford on Alamance, where <strong>the</strong> whole light troops,<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry, <strong>and</strong> all <strong>the</strong> militia belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> army except what were with Greene, were drawn up <strong>in</strong><br />
position. The em<strong>in</strong>ences <strong>and</strong> passes were l<strong>in</strong>ed with <strong>the</strong> latter. This arrangement Col. Williams <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er<br />
had made, before he came on, to <strong>the</strong> battle. After rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g half an hour <strong>the</strong> whole marched back five or six<br />
miles when <strong>the</strong> different corps separated. Pickens <strong>and</strong> Lee camped toge<strong>the</strong>r.” 2293<br />
The Annual Register: “In <strong>the</strong> mean time, Lord Cornwallis hav<strong>in</strong>g received <strong>in</strong>telligence, that Greene be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forced <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia had repassed <strong>the</strong> Dan, he thought it necessary to collect his force by recall<strong>in</strong>g Tarleton;<br />
<strong>and</strong> forage <strong>and</strong> provisions grow<strong>in</strong>g scarce <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood <strong>of</strong> Hillsborough, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> position be<strong>in</strong>g too<br />
distant to afford countenance <strong>and</strong> protection to <strong>the</strong> well affected upon <strong>the</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, he thought it<br />
expedient to make a movement to <strong>the</strong> Haw River, which he passed, <strong>and</strong> encamped near Allemance Creek; hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
pushed Tarleton a few miles forward towards <strong>the</strong> Deep River, with <strong>the</strong> cavalry, <strong>the</strong> light <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards,<br />
<strong>and</strong> 150 <strong>of</strong> Webster’s brigade. Greene’s light troops soon made <strong>the</strong>ir appearance; upon which Tarleton received<br />
orders to move forward, <strong>and</strong>, with proper precaution, to make what discovery he could <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> motions <strong>and</strong><br />
designs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy.<br />
“Tarleton had not advanced far when he fell <strong>in</strong> with a considerable corps <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, whom he <strong>in</strong>stantly<br />
attacked, <strong>and</strong> soon routed; but be<strong>in</strong>g ignorant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir force, how <strong>the</strong>y were supported, <strong>and</strong> grown circumspect<br />
from experience, he with great prudence restra<strong>in</strong>ed his ardour, <strong>and</strong> desisted from <strong>the</strong> pursuit. He soon learned<br />
from <strong>the</strong> prisoners, that those he had defeated were <strong>the</strong> corps called Lee’s legion, with three or four hundred<br />
Back Mounta<strong>in</strong> men, <strong>and</strong> some militia, under a Colonel Preston. He likewise discovered through <strong>the</strong> same<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence, that Greene, with a part <strong>of</strong> his army, was at no great distance.<br />
“It appeared afterwards, though it does not seem to have been <strong>the</strong>n known to <strong>the</strong> British general, that Greene<br />
had yet only received a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements he expected; <strong>and</strong> that a more considerable body were <strong>the</strong>n<br />
on <strong>the</strong>ir way to jo<strong>in</strong> him from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. This <strong>in</strong>duced him to fall suddenly back to Thompson’s House, near Boyd’s<br />
Ford, on <strong>the</strong> Reedy Fork. It is remarkable, <strong>and</strong> deserv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> particular notice, that although this part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
country, where <strong>the</strong> army now was, was considered <strong>and</strong> dist<strong>in</strong>guished, as be<strong>in</strong>g peculiarly <strong>and</strong> zealously attached<br />
to <strong>the</strong> British cause <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terest; <strong>and</strong> yet, that Lord Cornwallis should have had occasion pa<strong>the</strong>tically to<br />
<strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>, that his situation was amongst timid friends, <strong>and</strong> adjo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>veterate rebels; <strong>and</strong>, that between<br />
<strong>the</strong>m, he had been totally destitute <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation; by which means, he lost a very favourable opportunity <strong>of</strong><br />
attack<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rebel army.” 2294<br />
2 March (also given as 1 March). Upon be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed that Rawdon, out <strong>of</strong> Camden, was <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g after him,<br />
Sumter decamped from Farr’s Plantation. He proceeded north up <strong>the</strong> road from Camden to <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Santee; passed Fort Watson towards Cane Savannah (also spoken <strong>of</strong> as <strong>the</strong> P<strong>in</strong>e Barrens) <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n went fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
east to Bradley’s; which was on <strong>the</strong> north bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Black River (<strong>and</strong> northwest <strong>of</strong> Salem, S.C. along <strong>the</strong> road<br />
to Camden.) Along <strong>the</strong> way <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Cane Savannah, he picked up his wife <strong>and</strong> son who were stay<strong>in</strong>g<br />
at <strong>the</strong> home <strong>of</strong> some friends. Later at Bradley’s, he wrote Marion aga<strong>in</strong> request<strong>in</strong>g aid. Though Marion had<br />
replied earlier when written to, he was not at that time able to <strong>com</strong>e to assist him; presumably because he did<br />
not just <strong>the</strong>n have <strong>the</strong> men <strong>and</strong> or munitions to do so (however, see 4 March.) Rawdon, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terim, with <strong>the</strong><br />
Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, had hoped to catch Sumter near Watson, but learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> whigs had left (towards Farr’s)<br />
2290 TCS pp. 234-236.<br />
2291 NGP7 p. 381.<br />
2292 GHA4 p. 50.<br />
2293 GAM2 p. 283.<br />
2294 AR81 pp. 63-64.<br />
414
he returned to Camden, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong>stead dispatched Maj. Thomas Fraser <strong>and</strong> some South Carol<strong>in</strong>a “Prov<strong>in</strong>cials,”<br />
possibly <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Harrison’s Corps (i.e., <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers) to cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>the</strong> hunt (see Stirrup’s Branch,<br />
6 March.) 2295<br />
3 March (also given as <strong>the</strong> 5 th , <strong>and</strong> 6 th ). [skirmish] Alamance Picket (Alamance County, N.C.) Otho Williams’ light<br />
troops, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Kirkwood’s Delaware <strong>com</strong>pany, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3 rd , surprised a British picket, captur<strong>in</strong>g 2<br />
<strong>and</strong> kill<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> wound<strong>in</strong>g a small number. American losses, if any, are not recorded. Greene wrote to von<br />
Steuben on <strong>the</strong> 5 March: “On <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3 rd , one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy pickets were surprised by Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
Kirkwood.” 2296<br />
Kirkwood: “March 3d Some few were killed but only 2 Prisoners were taken.<br />
“March 4 th We came up with <strong>the</strong> Enemy at Allmance...[marched] 60 [miles]<br />
“March 5 th Marched this night to <strong>the</strong> old Regulation ground <strong>and</strong> attack’d <strong>the</strong> advance picquet. Brought <strong>of</strong>f one <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir Cent<strong>in</strong>ells & returned to Camp by morn<strong>in</strong>g...[marched] 24 [miles].” 2297<br />
William Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sixth 2298 <strong>in</strong>stant Capta<strong>in</strong> Kirkwood, with his <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> Light Infantry <strong>and</strong><br />
about forty Riflemen, was detached <strong>of</strong>f <strong>in</strong> order to surprise Colonel Tarlton [Sic], who lay encamped on <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r side <strong>the</strong> Allamance; which hav<strong>in</strong>g approached at about one o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> go<strong>in</strong>g himself with<br />
a guide to reconnoiter <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>in</strong>es, where f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g which way <strong>the</strong>ir pickets were posted, upon which he ordered<br />
<strong>the</strong> whole to move on, hav<strong>in</strong>g formed <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> battle. When we came near <strong>the</strong> sent<strong>in</strong>els, <strong>the</strong>y challenged very<br />
briskly, <strong>and</strong> no answer be<strong>in</strong>g made, upon which <strong>the</strong>y immediately discharged <strong>the</strong>ir pieces <strong>and</strong> ran <strong>in</strong> to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
guard. We took one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sent<strong>in</strong>els, <strong>of</strong>f his post at <strong>the</strong> same time <strong>and</strong> obliged him to show us where <strong>the</strong> guard<br />
lay, upon which we fired very briskly on <strong>the</strong>m. By this time <strong>the</strong> camp was all alarmed…” 2299<br />
3 March. Lafayette on his date arrived at Head <strong>of</strong> Elk, Maryl<strong>and</strong>. 2300<br />
3 March. Brig. Gen. Robert Lawson, at “Thomas Person’s [Parson’s],” N.C., wrote to Greene that he had 220<br />
men with him “arm’d with such Guns as <strong>the</strong>y could collect <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country.” Col. Robert Munford was about<br />
twelve miles beh<strong>in</strong>d Lawson with 400 to 500 men from Amelia, <strong>and</strong> Buck<strong>in</strong>gham counties. Lawson <strong>in</strong>tended to<br />
l<strong>in</strong>k up with Gen. Butler at Haw Fields, <strong>and</strong> meanwhile had directed Munford to meet him at Hillsborough.<br />
Munford, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Hillsborough, <strong>in</strong> a separate letter wrote Greene say<strong>in</strong>g many <strong>of</strong> his men were lack<strong>in</strong>g<br />
fl<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>and</strong> powder <strong>and</strong> “Buck Shot or Cartridges.” He also mentioned be<strong>in</strong>g himself ill with gout, <strong>and</strong> that he had<br />
no o<strong>the</strong>r field <strong>of</strong>ficer with him. 2301<br />
3 March. Lieut. Col. Richard Campbell, 2302 ac<strong>com</strong>panied by 400 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> 13 wagons loaded with<br />
600 st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> arms <strong>and</strong> ammunition, arrived at Taylor’s Ferry. Hav<strong>in</strong>g learned <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ no longer be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
Hillsborough, Campbell immediately crossed <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> took <strong>the</strong> direct route for that town. Generals John<br />
Butler, <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> Robert Lawson, <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, who also would o<strong>the</strong>rwise have been forced to march<br />
along <strong>the</strong> north bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Roanoke, moved <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same direction with <strong>the</strong>ir re<strong>in</strong>forcements. See 25<br />
February. 2303<br />
3 March. [skirmish] Return to Clapp’s Mill (Alamance County, N.C.) Tarleton was directed to move with 200<br />
cavalry, <strong>the</strong> light <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards, 80 Jägers, 150 men <strong>of</strong> Webster’s 33 rd Regt., two six pounders, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Von Bose regiment six miles to <strong>the</strong> front <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ army, viz. <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Greene. En route, some <strong>of</strong><br />
Tarleton’s men did some forag<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> subsequently found <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> a situation which Tarleton describes as<br />
“ticklish;” namely a party <strong>of</strong> his pickets was attacked (see Alamance Picket, 3 March below.) The next morn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
(<strong>the</strong> 4 th ) he withdrew to jo<strong>in</strong> Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army. 2304<br />
Joseph Graham: “The day after <strong>the</strong> battle [<strong>of</strong> Clapp’s Mill] Graham was directed by Lee to take 25 men to<br />
ascerta<strong>in</strong> if <strong>the</strong> enemy were occupy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> field <strong>and</strong>, if <strong>the</strong>y had left, to follow <strong>the</strong> trail until he actually saw<br />
<strong>the</strong>m which he did, on <strong>the</strong> Salisbury road with<strong>in</strong> half a mile <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir headquarters. He dispatched a sergeant with<br />
six men to <strong>in</strong>form Lee, <strong>and</strong> Graham with <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> his party moved after dark through <strong>the</strong> woods <strong>in</strong> an<br />
unsuccessful effort to capture two sent<strong>in</strong>els who fired at <strong>the</strong>m, but as Graham <strong>and</strong> his party proceeded a 1-2<br />
mile up <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> road met a patrol <strong>of</strong> cavalry, whom <strong>the</strong>y hailed, <strong>the</strong>n discharged a volley <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir faces,<br />
caus<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to retreat, leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficer a prisoner. Upwards <strong>of</strong> 100 cavalry were, as was afterwards<br />
learned from a deserter, hastily dispatched from <strong>the</strong> British camp <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Graham <strong>the</strong> same night, who met<br />
a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> Tories on <strong>the</strong> march to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> were mistaken for Graham’s party (see 3-4 March,<br />
2295 BGC p. 133, BSF p. 142.<br />
2296 NGP7 pp. 391, 396, TPY p. 165.<br />
2297 KJO pp. 13-14.<br />
2298 Based on correspondence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day, <strong>the</strong> dates Kirkwood <strong>and</strong> Seymour give are apparently mistaken.<br />
2299 SJS.<br />
2300 MLW4A p. 423.<br />
2301 NGP7 pp. 389-390.<br />
2302 Although Campbell led this re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, it was Hawes who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m at Guilford Court<br />
House. What happened to Campbell <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terim is not exactly clear, but presumably he served <strong>in</strong> some capacity with or for<br />
<strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Brigade.<br />
2303 JLG1 pp. 461, 462.<br />
2304 TCS p. 236.<br />
415
“Tarleton’s” Mistake.) A charge was made with considerable slaughter before discover<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>y were friends. This<br />
small affair greatly discouraged <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South.” 2305<br />
3-4 March. [skirmish] “Tarleton’s” Mistake, <strong>and</strong> Tory Cattle Drovers (location uncerta<strong>in</strong> but possibly Alamance<br />
<strong>and</strong> Orange County, N.C.) Somewhere between <strong>the</strong> Haw <strong>and</strong> Deep Rivers, around midnight, a group 70 to 80<br />
loyalists desirous <strong>of</strong> jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British, were mistook by Tarleton’s cavalry for some rebels. Accounts cite<br />
Tarleton himself as supervis<strong>in</strong>g what took place, but <strong>the</strong>re is no clear evidence for this. Graham says <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalists, as reported by a captured sergeant <strong>and</strong> some deserters, were from <strong>the</strong> Deep River area <strong>and</strong> eastern<br />
part <strong>of</strong> Rowan County. The British Legion horsemen had attacked <strong>the</strong>m; kill<strong>in</strong>g 4, wound<strong>in</strong>g 20 or 30 (<strong>the</strong>se were<br />
“badly cut”) while <strong>the</strong> rest were permanently scattered. The follow<strong>in</strong>g day a party <strong>of</strong> militia dragoons, perhaps<br />
Malmedy’s, attacked some Tory cattle drovers, <strong>and</strong> killed 23 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. Both <strong>in</strong>cidents only fur<strong>the</strong>r discouraged<br />
loyalist support <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region. Greene wrote to von Steuben on <strong>the</strong> 5 March: “Yesterday morn<strong>in</strong>g [<strong>the</strong> 4 th ] a party<br />
<strong>of</strong> Tories were Fired upon by mistake. They halted <strong>and</strong> Tarleton suspect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>y were Militia, rushed out with a<br />
part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Legion, <strong>and</strong> cut <strong>the</strong>m to pieces. When <strong>the</strong> mistake was discovered great efforts were made to<br />
collect <strong>the</strong> fugitives, but <strong>the</strong> confusion was so great that all attempts proved <strong>in</strong>effectual.” 2306<br />
William Seymour: “Colonel Tarleton…meet<strong>in</strong>g a party <strong>of</strong> Tories <strong>and</strong> mistak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m for our militia, he charged on<br />
<strong>the</strong>m very furiously, putt<strong>in</strong>g great numbers to <strong>the</strong> sword. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong>y tak<strong>in</strong>g Colonel Tarleton for<br />
our horse <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>the</strong>re <strong>com</strong>menced a smart skirmish, <strong>in</strong> which great numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories were sent to<br />
<strong>the</strong> lower regions. We marched for camp which we reached about daybreak after a very fatigu<strong>in</strong>g journey,<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g marched all night through deep swamps, morasses <strong>and</strong> thickets, which rendered our march<strong>in</strong>g unpleasant<br />
<strong>and</strong> tiresome, twenty-six miles.” 2307<br />
Otho Williams (by way <strong>of</strong> Gordon): “The tide <strong>of</strong> sentiment <strong>of</strong> public sentiment was now no longer <strong>in</strong> his favor.<br />
The recruit<strong>in</strong>g service decl<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> was stopped, which had it proceeded a fortnight longer, would have<br />
streng<strong>the</strong>ned his lordship, that he must have held <strong>the</strong> country. 2308 The advocates for royal government were<br />
discouraged, <strong>and</strong> could not be <strong>in</strong>duced to act with confidence. Considerable numbers, who were on <strong>the</strong>ir way to<br />
jo<strong>in</strong> his lordship, returned home to wait for fur<strong>the</strong>r events.” 2309<br />
4 March. Greene dismissed 1,000 militia horses from <strong>the</strong> army. Those mounted men without swords <strong>in</strong> Butler’s<br />
force were directed to send <strong>the</strong>ir horses home. Greene believed that <strong>the</strong> prevalent <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon use <strong>of</strong> horses to<br />
mount <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia tended to lay waste <strong>the</strong> country to no purpose, <strong>and</strong> made movement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
army more difficult. In consequence, some militia went home ra<strong>the</strong>r than rel<strong>in</strong>quish <strong>the</strong>ir mounts, but whose<br />
absence was conspicuously <strong>and</strong> perhaps (for <strong>the</strong> Americans) regrettably evident <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow up <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis<br />
after Guilford Court House. Also by this date, Col. Charles Harrison <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia artillery, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g personally<br />
from Richmond, VA., had rejo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene’s army. 2310<br />
4 March. Col. Charles Lynch hav<strong>in</strong>g atta<strong>in</strong>ed Boyd’s Mill on Reedy Fork with 360 riflemen from Bedford County,<br />
VA., wrote Greene request<strong>in</strong>g orders. He fur<strong>the</strong>r stated that he needed “60 St<strong>and</strong>s” <strong>of</strong> arms, fl<strong>in</strong>ts, <strong>and</strong><br />
ammunition. 2311<br />
4 March. Lee, 2312 near William Shaffer’s on Stony Creek, N.C., wrote to Greene: “I underst<strong>and</strong> a volunteer<br />
<strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> mounted Militia from Amelia County has jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Army. As <strong>the</strong>y will be useless, I wish <strong>the</strong>y may be<br />
ordered to jo<strong>in</strong> me. My sole object is to make use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir apprehensions & convenience so as to get <strong>the</strong>ir best<br />
horses for <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> my cavalry, & permit <strong>the</strong>m to return home. This could be effected <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> one<br />
week service with proper address. The militia <strong>com</strong>pany now with me have furnished twelve riflemen to act with<br />
me for three months, on <strong>the</strong> condition that <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der be discharged.” 2313<br />
4 March. Col. William Campbell, <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, re<strong>in</strong>forced Greene with 60 mounta<strong>in</strong> riflemen<br />
from Wash<strong>in</strong>gton County, VA. -- far short <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> thous<strong>and</strong> Greene had anticipated. The reason for <strong>the</strong> small<br />
number was that <strong>the</strong> frontier militia were occupied with hold<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n attack<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Cherokees on <strong>the</strong><br />
frontier. Campbell was subsequently assigned to take Pickens <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> after <strong>the</strong> latter requested <strong>and</strong> received<br />
permission from Greene to return south (see 5-6 March.) Pickens’ force by this date was down to 453 (from a<br />
previous 1,050) with 179 rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Preston’s detachment (orig<strong>in</strong>ally 350), 54 from Surry County, <strong>and</strong> 158<br />
under McCall. In addition to, as <strong>the</strong>y saw it, hav<strong>in</strong>g been recklessly exposed <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>bat by <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> reasons for so many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia’s leav<strong>in</strong>g was that <strong>the</strong>y didn’t, as ordered, want<br />
to rel<strong>in</strong>quish <strong>the</strong>ir horses. 2314<br />
4 March. Though Marion was now mak<strong>in</strong>g preparations to jo<strong>in</strong> him, Sumter decided he did not want to wait any<br />
longer for his assistance <strong>and</strong> left Bradley’s. See 2 March.<br />
2305 CNC22 pp. 124-125.<br />
2306 NGP7 pp. 393-94, 396, GHA4 p. 49, JLG1 p. 458, RNC p. 292, BRG p. 366, GNC pp. 338-340, GAM2 pp. 286-287.<br />
2307 SJS.<br />
2308 My italics.<br />
2309 GHA4 p. 49.<br />
2310 NGP7 pp. 25n, 388, JLG1 p. 470, JLG2 p. 29, GNC p. 334, GAM2 p. 283n, BLO p. 44.<br />
2311 NGP7 p. 390.<br />
2312 Lee was with Williams at this time.<br />
2313 NGP7 pp. 391-393.<br />
2314 JLG1 pp. 468-469, MSC2 pp. 125-126, BDB p. 70.<br />
416
4 March. Cornwallis was still at Smith’s Plantation.<br />
“Leslie“ Orderly Book: “(Lord Cornwallis) desires 2315 <strong>the</strong> Officers & Soldiers to reflect that <strong>the</strong> great object <strong>of</strong> his<br />
Majesty’s forces <strong>in</strong> this Country is to protect & Secure his Majesty’s faithfull [sic] & Loyal Subjects, & Encourage<br />
& Assist <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> Arm<strong>in</strong>g; & oppos<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Tyranny <strong>and</strong> Oppression <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebels. His Lordship <strong>the</strong>refore<br />
re<strong>com</strong>mends it to <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Strongest manner, to treat with k<strong>in</strong>dness all those who have Sought protection <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> British Army, & to believe that Altho <strong>the</strong>ir Ignorance & want <strong>of</strong> Skill <strong>in</strong> Military Affairs, may at present<br />
render <strong>the</strong>ir appearance Awkard <strong>in</strong> a veteran & Experience’d Army; When <strong>the</strong>y are properly Arm’d, Appo<strong>in</strong>ted, &<br />
Instructed, <strong>the</strong>y Will shew <strong>the</strong> same Ardour, & Courage, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cause <strong>of</strong> Great Brita<strong>in</strong>, As <strong>the</strong>ir Countrymen who<br />
repair’d to <strong>the</strong> Royal St<strong>and</strong>ard <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Colonies.” 2316<br />
5 March. Cornwallis left Smith’s Plantation mov<strong>in</strong>g west along Alamance Creek. 2317<br />
5 March. Greene, at Boyd’s Mill, N.C., 2318 wrote to Lee: “Major [Col. James] Read from Hallifax [Halifax] County<br />
[N.C.] has orders to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> light Infantry with about 170 men all mounted. 2319 Part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m are equipped as<br />
light Horse Men with swords, <strong>the</strong> rest with pretty good Arms. I have desired Col. Williams to attach <strong>the</strong>m to your<br />
Corps.” 2320<br />
5 March. With Sumter hav<strong>in</strong>g been effectively chased out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Camden <strong>and</strong> Santee region, Rawdon directed his<br />
attention to Marion. On March 5 th , Lieut. Col. John Watson, as <strong>the</strong> first <strong>of</strong> a two-pronged attack on <strong>the</strong> latter,<br />
marched from Fort Watson down <strong>the</strong> Santee road. By afternoon, he camped a few miles east <strong>of</strong> Nelson’s Ferry.<br />
With him were about 500 men <strong>and</strong> which consisted <strong>of</strong> some <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial light <strong>in</strong>fantry, a<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> now much dim<strong>in</strong>ished 64 th , Harrison’s Prov<strong>in</strong>cials (<strong>the</strong> S.C. Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers, who were<br />
mounted as dragoons) <strong>and</strong> two pieces <strong>of</strong> artillery (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g a three-pounder.) 2321<br />
John Watson: “As (our) <strong>in</strong>fantry, who were to follow mounted troops, became so little stationary, [it] would<br />
rarely permit <strong>the</strong>ir rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g two days upon <strong>the</strong> same ground. The fatigues <strong>of</strong> march<strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r with such<br />
skirmishes hav<strong>in</strong>g weakened our Corps, Lord Rawdon, who apprehend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> return <strong>of</strong> Sumpter <strong>and</strong> his junction<br />
with Marion, left me <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regiment, for its services, likewise reduced <strong>in</strong> number, with ano<strong>the</strong>r 3-pounder,<br />
say<strong>in</strong>g he should want <strong>the</strong>m aga<strong>in</strong> at a given time.<br />
“The stores be<strong>in</strong>g sent forward from our Post <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> country on this side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Black River, evacuated by<br />
Marion, I determ<strong>in</strong>ed to make <strong>the</strong> tour <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eastern part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> district, where Marion still cont<strong>in</strong>ued his<br />
ravages upon those supposed to be well affected. [He] forced those who were disposed to rema<strong>in</strong> at home, out<br />
<strong>in</strong> arms, under pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> military execution. As he had broken up all <strong>the</strong> bridges upon <strong>the</strong> River, I did not choose to<br />
expose <strong>the</strong> troops to his long shot with a river between us. I took <strong>the</strong> lower road.” 2322<br />
5-6 March. Pickens <strong>and</strong> Lee were at Rock Creek above Cedar Creek; where <strong>the</strong>y were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Col. Joseph<br />
Williams <strong>and</strong> some 80 N.C. militiamen from Surry County. There was much desertion <strong>in</strong> Pickens ranks,<br />
particularly among those from <strong>the</strong> Salisbury district; s<strong>in</strong>ce many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men were reluctant to give up <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
horses as Greene had ordered. Pickens own men, many hav<strong>in</strong>g already left or else want<strong>in</strong>g to return home, due<br />
to “real need” (many be<strong>in</strong>g without proper cloth<strong>in</strong>g by this time, hav<strong>in</strong>g done some extremely hard service as<br />
green himself acknowledged), Pickens, on <strong>the</strong> 5 th , requested that he <strong>and</strong> those South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia men<br />
rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g be allowed to return to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a; which Greene granted. Col. William Campbell was <strong>the</strong>n<br />
appo<strong>in</strong>ted to take charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians <strong>of</strong> Pickens’ <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. On March 3 rd , Capt. Joseph Graham’s<br />
<strong>and</strong> his men’s term <strong>of</strong> service was up, but Pickens had prevailed on Graham <strong>and</strong> 24 <strong>of</strong> his horsemen to stay a<br />
brief while longer. Pickens himself f<strong>in</strong>ally went home about <strong>the</strong> 10 th . 2323<br />
6 March. Cornwallis camped at Alton’s House. 2324<br />
Caru<strong>the</strong>rs: “On <strong>the</strong> night after <strong>the</strong> skirmish at Wetzell’s [Weitzel’s] mill, he [Cornwallis] had his head-quarters at<br />
Alton’s; but that was too small an affair to be noticed <strong>in</strong> his general orders. From <strong>the</strong> skirmish at Wetzell’s mill,<br />
until <strong>the</strong> battle at <strong>the</strong> [Guilford] Court House, Cornwallis rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> this county, quarter<strong>in</strong>g his army upon <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>habitants, <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g about two days <strong>in</strong> a place. Thus we f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m successively at Alton’s, Duffield’s,<br />
Gorrell’s, McQuisten’s, <strong>and</strong> Deep River; but we have no particulars except what we get from <strong>the</strong> traditions <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> country.” 2325<br />
6 March. [skirmish] Stirrup’s Branch, 2326 also Radcliffe’s Bridge, Lynches River (Lee County, S.C.) On his way from<br />
Bradley’s toward Waxhaws, Maj. Thomas Fraser caught up with Sumter at Stirrup’s Branch <strong>and</strong> a runn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
2315 These were <strong>the</strong> same orders Cornwallis had given at Charlotte on 5 October 1780.<br />
2316 LOB part IV.<br />
2317 LOB part IV.<br />
2318 Boyd’s Mill was short distance to <strong>the</strong> east <strong>of</strong> modern Williamsburg <strong>in</strong> Rock<strong>in</strong>gham County, N.C.<br />
2319 As it turned out, Read had some 250 though <strong>the</strong>y may not all, or even most, have been mounted. See 14 March.<br />
2320 NGP7 p. 395.<br />
2321 MMS2 pp. 224-230, JLG2 p. 69, BSF p. 143.<br />
2322 WNR.<br />
2323 NGP7 pp. 320, 325, 398-399, JLG1 pp. 462, 469, GAM2 pp. 288, 293-295, TPY p. 166. See also 8 March.<br />
2324 LOB part IV.<br />
2325 CNS2 p. 98. Cornwallis also stopped at Paisley’s just north <strong>of</strong> Gorrell with both along <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong> Buffalo Creek, a<br />
tributary <strong>of</strong> Reedy Fork (that <strong>in</strong> turn flows <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Haw.) BDB pp. 96-99.<br />
2326 Stirrup’s Branch is near Bishopville, S.C.<br />
417
engagement ensued. Both sides claimed victory. The Americans said that Fraser was driven back, <strong>and</strong> that<br />
Sumter <strong>the</strong>n cont<strong>in</strong>ued his retreat. The British, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong> claimed Sumter was routed, but that <strong>the</strong>y did<br />
not have sufficient men to pursue him. Whatever <strong>the</strong> case, after <strong>the</strong> engagement Sumter crossed Radcliffe’s<br />
bridge <strong>and</strong> “disappeared on a circuitous route toward New Acquisition” f<strong>in</strong>ally reach<strong>in</strong>g Waxhaws. The British<br />
report states that Sumter lost 10 killed <strong>and</strong> 40-50 wounded. Ramsay gives Fraser’s losses as 20 killed. Sumter <strong>in</strong><br />
his letter to Greene on 9 March said that dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> his whole expedition he returned with “Very<br />
Inconsiderable Loss.” 2327<br />
Rawdon wrote to Watson on 7 March: “[Maj. Thomas] Fraser yesterday fell <strong>in</strong> with Sumter (who was advanc<strong>in</strong>g<br />
this way) between Scape Hoar <strong>and</strong> Radcliffe’s Bridge. A smart action ensued <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> enemy were<br />
<strong>com</strong>pletely routed, leav<strong>in</strong>g ten dead on <strong>the</strong> field <strong>and</strong> about forty wounded. Unfortunately none <strong>of</strong> your Dragoons<br />
had jo<strong>in</strong>ed Fraser, so that he could not pursue his victory. Sumter fled across Lynches Creek <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued his<br />
retreat northward; he had his family with him, so that I th<strong>in</strong>k he has entirely ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong> lower country.” 2328<br />
6 March (possibly <strong>the</strong> 5 March). Capta<strong>in</strong> John Postell was captured near Georgetown; while under a flag <strong>of</strong> truce<br />
for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> exchang<strong>in</strong>g prisoners. Capt. Saunders, <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at Georgetown, charged him with hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
violated his parole. Postell attempted to excuse <strong>the</strong> violation on <strong>the</strong> grounds that <strong>the</strong> British had seized his<br />
family’s property <strong>and</strong> estate. Marion later protested loudly to Balfour, but to no avail. In retaliation, Cornet<br />
Merritt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers (who like Postell came under a flag <strong>of</strong> truce) was later this same month deta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
<strong>and</strong> held by Marion <strong>in</strong> a manner similar to <strong>the</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Postell. Even so, Merritt was freed when Doyle raided<br />
Snow’s Isl<strong>and</strong>; 2329 while Postell rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Charlestown till about <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong> British left <strong>in</strong> late 1782. 2330<br />
Marion to Lieut. Col. John Watson on 15 or 16 March (<strong>the</strong> date is not actually given <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> letter) wrote: “Yours<br />
<strong>of</strong> this day s date I received. In answer, I wish to carry on this war as usual, with all civilized nations. The<br />
violation <strong>of</strong> my flag is a good reason to believe it may a second time be done, <strong>and</strong> oblige me to act as I did ;<br />
when my flag is released, I will have faith, <strong>and</strong> act <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> usual way. If Capt. Postell was a prisoner, it was no<br />
reason for <strong>the</strong> violation <strong>of</strong> my flag, especially when it was Sent to exchange prisoners agreed to by Capt.<br />
Saunders; but this matter I expect Lord Rawdon will set to rights. The enclosed letter gives me reason to believe<br />
it, <strong>and</strong> you may be assured I will not act <strong>in</strong> any o<strong>the</strong>r way, than what I f<strong>in</strong>d is done by <strong>the</strong> British Troops. If you<br />
will send me <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> wounded you wish to send to Charles Town, I will send you a pass for <strong>the</strong>m.”<br />
Watson, at “Blakely’s House, on 16 March responded: “I do not th<strong>in</strong>k it necessary to enter fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>to a detail <strong>of</strong><br />
your conduct, or words to justify our own. Your mention<strong>in</strong>g that you wished to carry on <strong>the</strong> war as usual with<br />
civilized nations led me to mention <strong>the</strong> circumstances I did. Care is taken to prevent any th<strong>in</strong>g be<strong>in</strong>g taken from<br />
those who do not bear arms aga<strong>in</strong>st us, or who do not secretly assist our enemies. Whatever o<strong>the</strong>r people are<br />
deprived <strong>of</strong> we do not call plunder, but property fairly taken from <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> what cannot be carried away<br />
conveniently we destroy, if we th<strong>in</strong>k proper; <strong>the</strong> burn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> houses <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> property <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants who are<br />
our enemy is thought right <strong>and</strong> is customary <strong>in</strong> all countries, but fur<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>the</strong> distress that it occasions to<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir families, <strong>the</strong> distress<strong>in</strong>g women or children, is so far from be<strong>in</strong>g ei<strong>the</strong>r countenanced or connived at by any<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> our service, that on <strong>the</strong> contrary, every assistance possible is afforded <strong>the</strong>m. Your pass only mentions<br />
Nelson’s ferry. I believe Nelson’s ferry is impracticable for men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir situations, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>refore should be glad<br />
you would give it for Murray’s [Murry’s] or any o<strong>the</strong>r ferry <strong>the</strong>y f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>y can pass with least <strong>in</strong>convenience <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir way to Charles Town. I will <strong>in</strong>form Lord Rawdon <strong>of</strong> your <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ation respect<strong>in</strong>g a general exchange <strong>of</strong><br />
prisoners.” 2331<br />
6 March. Lieut. Col. Richard Campbell with 400 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals passed Hillsborough on his way to High Rock<br />
Ford. 2332<br />
6 March. Malmedy was at Woody’s Ford <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hillsborough district with 220 men, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m mounted. Also<br />
with him was “Baron” Glaubeck, one <strong>of</strong> Morgan’s aides at Cowpens, with 60 well-equipped militia dragoons. 2333<br />
6 March. Although <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a legislature had appo<strong>in</strong>ted Col. Henry Dixon to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Salisbury<br />
militia, Dixon did not live <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> district so Greene made Col. Thomas Polk temporary militia <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>the</strong>re.<br />
When Dixon later refused <strong>the</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>tment (perhaps at Greene’s request, Dixon hav<strong>in</strong>g been a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer), Greene aga<strong>in</strong> asked Polk to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. Never<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a legislature f<strong>in</strong>ally gave<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Salisbury militia to Col. Francis Lock <strong>in</strong> spite <strong>of</strong> Greene’s wishes. 2334<br />
6 March. [ambush] Widboo Swamp (Clarendon County, S.C.) Marion, who had been prepar<strong>in</strong>g to assist Sumter,<br />
learned <strong>of</strong> Watson’s advance <strong>and</strong> lay <strong>in</strong> wait for him at Widboo Swamp. The site was a marshy passage way<br />
located on <strong>the</strong> Santee Road between Nelson’s <strong>and</strong> Murry’s ferries. McCrady gives Marion’s strength as 250.<br />
Watson’s advance force <strong>of</strong> some loyalist (militia) dragoons under Col. Henry Richbourg clashed with some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
whig cavalry under Col. Peter’s Horry; after which both side fell back. When Marion tried to send forth Horry<br />
once more, Watson’s <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> artillery forced him to halt. The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers (Harrison’s Corps),<br />
2327 NGP7 pp. 417-418, GDH2 pp. 31-32, RSC2 p. 226, MLL p. 19, MSC2 pp. 110-111, BSF p. 143, BGC pp. 134-135, RBG p. 235.<br />
2328 GDH2 pp. 31-32.<br />
2329 Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Capt. John Saunders account, given <strong>in</strong> Simcoe’s Journal, however, Merritt <strong>and</strong> a few o<strong>the</strong>rs actually disarmed<br />
some guards <strong>and</strong> devised <strong>the</strong>ir own escape: Saunders mak<strong>in</strong>g no reference to Doyle’s raid. SQR pp. 245-246.<br />
2330 GDH2 pp. 28-31, 35-37, SQR pp. 244-245, MSC2 pp. 150-155, BSF pp. 145-146.<br />
2331 GDH2 pp. 28-31, 35-37.<br />
2332 JLG1 pp. 461- 462.<br />
2333 NGP7 p. 406.<br />
2334 NGP7 pp. 319, 380.<br />
418
under Maj. Samuel Harrison, 2335 <strong>the</strong>n came up once more to charge <strong>the</strong> Americans. They were, however,<br />
arrested <strong>in</strong> this momentarily by one <strong>of</strong> Horry’s horsemen, Gav<strong>in</strong> James; evidently a mighty <strong>in</strong>dividual <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cast<br />
<strong>of</strong> Peter Francisco; who s<strong>in</strong>gle-h<strong>and</strong>edly slew three loyalists before retir<strong>in</strong>g. Marion <strong>the</strong>n threw <strong>in</strong> his horsemen<br />
under Capta<strong>in</strong> Daniel Conyers <strong>and</strong> Capt. John McCauley who drove <strong>the</strong> Rangers back, kill<strong>in</strong>g Harrison. Watson’s<br />
regulars, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong>ir advance, <strong>and</strong> Marion retreated to Cantey’s Plantation file miles<br />
northwest <strong>of</strong> present day Greeleyville. 2336<br />
6 March. [battle] Weitzel’s Mill, 2337 also Wetzell’s Mill, Whitesell’s Mill (Guilford County, N.C.) Cornwallis’ army<br />
left <strong>the</strong>ir encampment, pass<strong>in</strong>g over Alamance creek, march<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> High Rock Ford. From <strong>the</strong>re<br />
his advance guard under Webster <strong>and</strong> Tarleton moved to surprise <strong>and</strong> attack Otho Williams’ <strong>and</strong> Campbell’s<br />
detachments at Weitzel’s Mill, on Reedy Fork Creek (west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Haw River); who were dispersed for forag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
a location where a substantial quantity <strong>of</strong> corn was kept. 2338 Campbell, hav<strong>in</strong>g recently succeeded Pickens <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia attached to <strong>the</strong> light troops <strong>and</strong> cavalry, was posted <strong>in</strong> advance to act as both picket<br />
<strong>and</strong> scout for Williams. 2339 After some sharp fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> which Preston’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen <strong>and</strong> ancillary<br />
militia, personally led by Lee took, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American losses, Williams was obliged to withdraw. It was<br />
claimed <strong>the</strong> British were not able to follow up <strong>the</strong> victory due <strong>the</strong> Americans’ superiority <strong>in</strong> cavalry. Tarleton,<br />
none<strong>the</strong>less, later criticized Cornwallis’ not br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> greater body <strong>of</strong> his troops <strong>and</strong> resum<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> action.<br />
Cornwallis’ response would presumably have been to say he sought to br<strong>in</strong>g Greene himself to action, <strong>and</strong> did<br />
not <strong>in</strong>tend to pursue <strong>the</strong> highly mobile American light corps with his regular (non-light) <strong>in</strong>fantry.<br />
Col. William Preston’s <strong>and</strong> Col. Hugh Crocket’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia left Greene’s army after <strong>the</strong> battle based on <strong>the</strong><br />
charge that Williams deliberately exposed <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> order to better protect <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. The check<br />
forced Greene: “to retire over [to] <strong>the</strong> [north side <strong>of</strong>] Haw river, <strong>and</strong> move down <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> it, with a<br />
view to secure our stores <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> army, <strong>and</strong> to form a junction with several considerable re<strong>in</strong>forcements<br />
<strong>of</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia, <strong>and</strong> one regiment <strong>of</strong> eighteen-months men, on <strong>the</strong> march from Hillsborough to<br />
High Rock. I effected this bus<strong>in</strong>ess, <strong>and</strong> returned to Guildford court house,” Greene to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, 10 March<br />
1781. Tarleton states <strong>the</strong> Americans lost 100 men killed, wounded <strong>and</strong> taken; while <strong>the</strong> British suffered 30 killed<br />
<strong>and</strong> wounded. Joseph Graham, who was present, gave American casualties as 2 regulars killed, 3 wounded <strong>and</strong><br />
between 20 <strong>and</strong> 25 militiamen killed or wounded. Otho Williams (by way <strong>of</strong> Gordon) speaks <strong>of</strong> each side los<strong>in</strong>g<br />
50. Webster, as he passed over Reedy Fork with his men, almost miraculously, escaped be<strong>in</strong>g shot by some <strong>of</strong><br />
Campbell’s riflemen -- who had been posted <strong>in</strong> a log hut close by -- only to be mortally wounded at Guilford<br />
Court House about a week later. 2340<br />
Order <strong>of</strong> battle for Weitzel’s Mill as given <strong>in</strong> Guilford Courthouse 1781: Lord Cornwallis’ Ru<strong>in</strong>ous victory,<br />
(Osprey Books), by Angus Konstam. p. 53. While certa<strong>in</strong>ly an <strong>in</strong>formative <strong>and</strong> useful roster, its accuracy with<br />
respect to certa<strong>in</strong> units <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir strength -- as is <strong>of</strong>ten <strong>the</strong> case with such modern constructions -- is open to<br />
question. It is unlikely for example that Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry numbered 100, or that <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong><br />
Georgia cavalry were even present dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g. 2341 Strengths given here are rank <strong>and</strong> file.<br />
British:<br />
Lieutenant-General Charles, Earl Cornwallis<br />
Von Bose (reserve) 313<br />
Royal Artillery, x4 three-pounders, 73 men<br />
Tarleton<br />
British Legion Cavalry -- 174<br />
Jager detachment -- 94 men<br />
Lt. Inf. Companies, Foot Guards -- 80<br />
Lieut. Col. Webster’s Comm<strong>and</strong><br />
23 rd -- 258 men<br />
33 rd Foot -- 322<br />
2 nd Bn., 71 st -- 212<br />
2335 Bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> John Harrison, founder <strong>of</strong> Harrison’s Corps.<br />
2336 MMS2 pp. 224-230, JFM p. 37, MSC2 p. 746, BSF pp. 139, 144-145, 259, RBG p. 149.<br />
2337 The site <strong>of</strong> Weitzel’s Mill is with about two to three miles east <strong>of</strong> present day Osceola <strong>in</strong> (<strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>ast corner <strong>of</strong>) Guilford<br />
County, N.C.<br />
2338 Treacy lays stress on Cornwallis’ advanc<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> mill merely for <strong>the</strong> corn (even though <strong>the</strong> British also attempted to<br />
surprise Williams); cit<strong>in</strong>g Greene’s reference to <strong>the</strong> action as “a small skirmish” <strong>and</strong> Draper’s description, “a scrap.” And yet<br />
why fur<strong>the</strong>r postpone attack<strong>in</strong>g Greene o<strong>the</strong>rwise; while also allow<strong>in</strong>g him more <strong>and</strong> ample time to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia? TPY pp.<br />
167-168, 230n, DKM pp. 382-383, GLG 3 p. 188n.<br />
2339 While Pickens was probably present at or near <strong>the</strong> battle with his 40 to 150 Georgians <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians, it is not likely<br />
he took an active part. Capt. Joseph Graham’s troops <strong>of</strong> N.C. cavalry were likewise soon to leave Greene’s army, <strong>and</strong> were<br />
posted with Lieut. Col. William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry. Similarly to Pickens, nei<strong>the</strong>r Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s or Graham’s force, though<br />
witnesses to <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g also, actually participated.<br />
2340 NGP7 pp. 408n, 422-423, STL, SCP4 p. 26, AR81 p. 64, TCS pp. 237-238, GHA4 pp. 50-52, SAW2 pp. 336-337, MLW4A pp. 363-<br />
364, LMS pp. 265-268, JLG1 pp. 462-465, LCC pp. 159-165, GNC pp. 340-347, CNC22 p. 125, GAM2 pp. 288-289, DKM pp. 391-393,<br />
GLG 3 p. 188n, SNC pp. 289-291, WAR2 pp. 781-782, TPY pp. 167-168, BEA p. 1195, SCAR vol. 3, no.3, pp. 40-43, BLO pp. 45-47,<br />
BDB pp. 75-95, 177-192.<br />
2341 The book, <strong>in</strong>cidentally, conta<strong>in</strong>s a h<strong>and</strong>y map <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> engagement.<br />
419
Americans:<br />
Col. Otho Williams<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Delaware Lt. Inf -- 226<br />
Major Rowl<strong>and</strong>’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Rifle Corps -- 114<br />
Col. [Hugh] Crockett’s Va. Rifle Battalion -- 232<br />
Lieut. Col. Harrison’s NC militia -- 50<br />
Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s dragoons -- 100<br />
Col. William Campbell. Pickens Brigade<br />
Campbell’s Va Rifle Corps -- 54 men<br />
Col. [William] Preston’s Va Rifle Bttn -- 124<br />
Lieut. Col. Williams NC militia -- 36<br />
Col. [William] Moore’s NC militia -- 45<br />
Col. [James] McCall’s cavalry -- 120<br />
Lee’s Legion -- 90 cav, 90 <strong>in</strong>f<br />
Otho Williams, on 11 March <strong>and</strong> at “Camp near <strong>the</strong> Old Bridge on <strong>the</strong> Haw River,” reported to Greene: “Dear<br />
General: Early yesterday morn<strong>in</strong>g I detached an <strong>of</strong>ficer with a small party, design<strong>in</strong>g, under cover <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fog, to<br />
have surprised <strong>and</strong> brought <strong>of</strong>f one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s parties stationed at a mill about a mile from <strong>the</strong>ir camp. Soon<br />
after, I was <strong>in</strong>formed by one <strong>of</strong> my reconnoitr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers, that <strong>the</strong> enemy had decamped early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
<strong>and</strong> had taken a route lead<strong>in</strong>g to my left. We were <strong>in</strong>stantly <strong>in</strong> motion. They had approached with<strong>in</strong> two miles <strong>of</strong><br />
our position, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>tention was manifestly to surprise us. I immediately ordered <strong>the</strong> troops to march to<br />
Wiley’s [Weitzel’s] mills; <strong>and</strong> soon after was <strong>in</strong>formed by two prisoners, that <strong>the</strong> enemy were march<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong><br />
same place on a road parallel to that <strong>in</strong> which we were. We annoyed <strong>the</strong>m by light flank<strong>in</strong>g parties, <strong>and</strong> moved<br />
briskly on to <strong>the</strong> mill; but were so closely pressed by Colonel Webster’s brigade <strong>and</strong> Colonel Tarleton’s legion,<br />
that I found it absolutely necessary to leave a cover<strong>in</strong>g party under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Colonel Preston. The rest <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> troops passed <strong>the</strong> Reedy Fork, <strong>and</strong> formed on <strong>the</strong> north side without <strong>in</strong>terruption. Very soon after, a brisk<br />
fire began on Colonel Preston’s party, which <strong>the</strong>y returned with great spirit. In <strong>the</strong> mean time Colonel Campbell,<br />
who had previously, <strong>in</strong> concert with Lieutenant Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, served as a cover to <strong>the</strong> retir<strong>in</strong>g troops,<br />
passed <strong>the</strong> creek above <strong>the</strong> mill. The ground on this side be<strong>in</strong>g very unfavourable, I waited only till Colonel<br />
Preston crossed, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n ordered <strong>the</strong> troops to retire; <strong>the</strong> enemy pursued at some distance; but receiv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
several severe checks from small cover<strong>in</strong>g parties, <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g awed by our cavalry, he thought proper to halt. We<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ued to retire about five miles, where we encamped. <strong>and</strong> were refresh<strong>in</strong>g ourselves, when Major Burnet<br />
delivered <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>structions from you, which <strong>in</strong>duced me to cross <strong>the</strong> Haw river, <strong>and</strong> take post here. Our loss is<br />
very <strong>in</strong>considerable: very few were killed, <strong>and</strong> most <strong>of</strong> our wounded were brought <strong>of</strong>f.” 2342<br />
Joseph Graham: “Pickens, Lee, Williams, <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton kept up <strong>the</strong>ir game <strong>of</strong> checker-mov<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> district<br />
<strong>of</strong> country between Alamance, Haw River, <strong>and</strong> Reedy Fork, cont<strong>in</strong>ually chang<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir quarters, <strong>and</strong> appear<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
act separately, but yet connected <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir plans. Lord Cornwallis could not get <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir position to<br />
<strong>com</strong>e at <strong>the</strong>m. Genl. Greene after his return from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia [i.e., re-cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dan], a little beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m,<br />
kept manoeuver<strong>in</strong>g [sic] <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same manner. It was <strong>the</strong> best way <strong>of</strong> supply<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> army, to march where<br />
supplies were to be had, as <strong>the</strong> means <strong>of</strong> transportation from a distance, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> exist<strong>in</strong>g state <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>certitude was<br />
difficult <strong>and</strong> hazardous, besides <strong>the</strong> doubtfulness <strong>of</strong> where <strong>the</strong> army might be, when <strong>the</strong>y should arrive. The<br />
British General discovered that if <strong>the</strong> present system was cont<strong>in</strong>ued it must prove ru<strong>in</strong>ous to him…he adopted<br />
<strong>the</strong> most eligible plan <strong>of</strong> annoyance by mak<strong>in</strong>g a rapid <strong>and</strong> to <strong>the</strong>m unexpected march. If <strong>the</strong>y had any place <strong>of</strong><br />
concentration, he would thus separate <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> push<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m beyond it, make <strong>the</strong>m fight <strong>in</strong> detail, or<br />
overtake Williams, or perhaps Genl. Greene himself. He was sure <strong>the</strong>re could be no hazard, at any po<strong>in</strong>t; for <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans taken unawares, could not br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir united forces to bear upon him. Wit h <strong>the</strong>se views, it was on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 6 th or 7 th <strong>of</strong> March [actually <strong>the</strong> 5 th ], <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night, he broke up his Camp at Hawk<strong>in</strong>s’ <strong>and</strong> passed <strong>the</strong> Alamance<br />
shortly after daylight <strong>in</strong> a cloudy morn<strong>in</strong>g.” 2343<br />
Tarleton: “On <strong>the</strong> 5 th <strong>in</strong>formation was conveyed to head quarters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal part <strong>of</strong> General Greene’s army<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g situated near Guildford court house, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> light troops <strong>and</strong> militia extended down Reedy fork <strong>and</strong><br />
towards <strong>the</strong> Haw river, to protect <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> guard <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>munications with Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper parts<br />
<strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Several reports confirm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> validity <strong>of</strong> this <strong>in</strong>telligence, Earl Cornwallis determ<strong>in</strong>ed to<br />
move <strong>the</strong> next day to disturb <strong>the</strong> enemy’s <strong>com</strong>munications <strong>and</strong> derange <strong>the</strong>ir projects. 2344 Early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
he passed <strong>the</strong> Allamance [Alamance]: The light troops led <strong>the</strong> column, supported by Colonel Webster’s brigade:<br />
The regiment <strong>of</strong> Bose was followed by <strong>the</strong> brigade <strong>of</strong> guards; <strong>and</strong> Hamilton’s corps, with <strong>the</strong> waggons, brought<br />
up <strong>the</strong> rear. The British dragoons soon pushed Colonel Lee’s cavalry from <strong>the</strong>ir advanced situation: They retired<br />
to Wetzell’s [Weitzel’s] mill on <strong>the</strong> Reedy fork: Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton discovered <strong>the</strong> enemy to be <strong>in</strong> force<br />
at that place, <strong>and</strong> reported <strong>the</strong> circumstance to Earl Cornwallis, who directed Colonel Webster to form his<br />
brigade <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e with <strong>the</strong> light <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> yagers. This disposition be<strong>in</strong>g made, <strong>the</strong> front l<strong>in</strong>e<br />
advanced, <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> column. The enemy did not oppose <strong>the</strong> right w<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
2342 JLG1 p. 463, LCC pp. 160-162.<br />
2343 GAM2 pp. 288-289.<br />
2344 Ostensibly he means Cornwallis was try<strong>in</strong>g to disrupt <strong>the</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia. Perhaps also Cornwallis was th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
achieve this by at least throw<strong>in</strong>g a scare <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> on<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g militia <strong>and</strong> also those already with Williams (<strong>and</strong> Greene), <strong>and</strong> by<br />
<strong>in</strong>direct means achieve a Camden-like route <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same.<br />
420
British so steadily as <strong>the</strong> left: The 23d <strong>and</strong> 71 st moved forwards to <strong>the</strong> creek without any great impediment; <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> ardent bravery <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 33d <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards soon dislodged <strong>the</strong>m from <strong>the</strong>ir strong<br />
position. The <strong>in</strong>fantry mounted <strong>the</strong> hill above <strong>the</strong> creek, <strong>and</strong> dispersed <strong>the</strong> Americans so effectually, that <strong>the</strong><br />
cavalry could only collect a few stragglers from <strong>the</strong> woods <strong>in</strong> front. The militia who guarded this pass had<br />
upwards <strong>of</strong> one hundred men killed, wounded, <strong>and</strong> taken. The killed <strong>and</strong> wounded <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British amounted to<br />
about thirty…<br />
“The performance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se operations [i.e., cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>of</strong>fensive action aga<strong>in</strong>st Williams], which would probably<br />
have averted many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> subsequence calamities, was not, however, undertaken, <strong>and</strong> an order was given for<br />
<strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops to <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>e to <strong>the</strong> westward: They accord<strong>in</strong>gly moved <strong>in</strong> a south-west direction for a few days,<br />
whilst General Greene connected, without molestation, his militia, his eighteen-months men, <strong>and</strong> his<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>entals; when he advanced towards a good position over Reedy fork with an army <strong>of</strong> seven thous<strong>and</strong> men,<br />
<strong>and</strong> pushed forwards his light troops to attack <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British as <strong>the</strong>y crossed a branch <strong>of</strong> Deep river: The<br />
legion dragoons repulsed <strong>the</strong> enemy’s detachment with some loss, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> royal army encamped on <strong>the</strong> 13th at<br />
<strong>the</strong> Quakers’ meet<strong>in</strong>g house.” 2345<br />
Davie: “Col. Williams was reproached [presumably by Greene] for suffer<strong>in</strong>g so important a movement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Enemy to take place without observ<strong>in</strong>g it, ‘till he had scarce time to escape himself, altho’ he <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a<br />
party <strong>of</strong> observation, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> salvation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Army depended on his vigilance.” 2346<br />
Lee: “In this quarter, through some remissness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards, <strong>and</strong> concealed by <strong>the</strong> fog, Lieutenant-Colonel<br />
Webster, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British van, approached close before he was discovered.<br />
“The alertness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light troops soon recovered <strong>the</strong> momentary disadvantage; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion <strong>of</strong> Lee advanc<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to support [William] Campbell, <strong>the</strong> enemy’s van was held back, until Colonel [Otho] Williams, undisturbed,<br />
<strong>com</strong>menced his retreat, direct<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> two corps above him to cover his rear. Hav<strong>in</strong>g crossed <strong>the</strong> Reedy Fork,<br />
Williams made a disposition, with a view <strong>of</strong> oppos<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy’s passage. Campbell follow<strong>in</strong>g Williams, jo<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
on <strong>the</strong> opposite banks -– <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion proceed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> Campbell, followed by <strong>the</strong> cavalry,<br />
which corps cont<strong>in</strong>ued close <strong>the</strong> enemy’s advanc<strong>in</strong>g van. Dur<strong>in</strong>g this movement, Webster made several efforts to<br />
br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rear guard to action, hav<strong>in</strong>g under him <strong>the</strong> British cavalry. All his endeavors were successively counteracted<br />
by <strong>the</strong> celerity <strong>and</strong> precision with which <strong>the</strong> Legion horse manoeuvred: establish<strong>in</strong>g evidently <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>the</strong>ir decided superiority. As soon as Lieutenant-Colonel Lee was apprised <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>in</strong>fantry’s<br />
passage over <strong>the</strong> river, he retired by troops from before Webster <strong>in</strong> full gallop; <strong>and</strong> reach<strong>in</strong>g Reedy Fork, soon<br />
united with Colonel Williams unmolested. Their be<strong>in</strong>g convenient fords over <strong>the</strong> creek, above <strong>and</strong> below, after<br />
Williams had safely brought over his corps, he determ<strong>in</strong>ed no longer to cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>in</strong> his position. Resum<strong>in</strong>g<br />
retreat, he left <strong>the</strong> Legion supported by Colonel Campbell, with orders to retard <strong>the</strong> enemy as long as<br />
practicable, without hazard<strong>in</strong>g serious <strong>in</strong>jury. Lieutenant-Colonel Lee, hav<strong>in</strong>g detached a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> Preston’s<br />
militia to guard <strong>the</strong> pass at Wetzell’s [Weitzel’s] Mill, a little distance on his left, drew up his <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>in</strong> one<br />
l<strong>in</strong>e, with his right on <strong>the</strong> road, <strong>and</strong> its front parallel with <strong>the</strong> creek; while <strong>the</strong> riflemen under Colonels Campbell<br />
<strong>and</strong> Preston occupied a copse <strong>of</strong> heavy woods on <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> road, with <strong>the</strong>ir left rest<strong>in</strong>g upon <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry.<br />
“The horse formed a second l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> a field well situated to curb <strong>the</strong> progress <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British cavalry, should it<br />
press upon <strong>the</strong> first l<strong>in</strong>e when retir<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> to protect <strong>the</strong> horses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia, tied at some distance back,<br />
agreeably to usage. On <strong>the</strong> first appearances <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy Colonel Williams dispatched a courier to Greene,<br />
<strong>com</strong>municat<strong>in</strong>g what had passed, <strong>and</strong> advis<strong>in</strong>g him <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> course he should pursue after cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> reedy Fork.<br />
Unwill<strong>in</strong>g to approximate Greene, this <strong>of</strong>ficer moved slowly, wait<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> disclosure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s <strong>in</strong>tention.<br />
Should he halt on <strong>the</strong> opposite side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> creek, Colonel Williams would take his night position with<strong>in</strong> a few<br />
miles <strong>of</strong> Wetzell’s Mill, giv<strong>in</strong>g time to <strong>the</strong> troops to prepare food before dark; but should <strong>the</strong> enemy advance to<br />
<strong>the</strong> hi<strong>the</strong>r side, he would necessarily cont<strong>in</strong>ue his retreat, however much opposed to his wishes. The state <strong>of</strong><br />
suspense lasted but a little while. The British van appeared; <strong>and</strong> after a halt for a few m<strong>in</strong>utes on <strong>the</strong> opposite<br />
bank, descended <strong>the</strong> hill approach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> water, where receiv<strong>in</strong>g a heavy fire <strong>of</strong> musketry <strong>and</strong> rifles, it fell back,<br />
<strong>and</strong> quickly reascend<strong>in</strong>g [sic], was rallied on <strong>the</strong> marg<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bank. Here a field-<strong>of</strong>ficer [Webster] rode up, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> a loud voice addressed his soldiers, <strong>the</strong>n rushed down <strong>the</strong> hill at <strong>the</strong>ir head, <strong>and</strong> plunged <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> water, our<br />
fir<strong>in</strong>g pour<strong>in</strong>g upon him…The stream be<strong>in</strong>g deep, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> bottom rugged, he advanced slowly…Strange to tell,<br />
though <strong>in</strong> a condition so perilous, himself <strong>and</strong> his horse were untouched; <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g crossed <strong>the</strong> creek, he soon<br />
formed his troops, <strong>and</strong> advanced upon us. The moment that <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> his column got under cover <strong>of</strong> our<br />
banks, Lieutenant-Colonel Lee directed <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e to retire from its flanks, <strong>and</strong> ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry. In <strong>the</strong><br />
skirmish which ensued <strong>in</strong> our center, after some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy ascended <strong>the</strong> bank, three or four prisoners fell<br />
<strong>in</strong>to our h<strong>and</strong>s. The enemy’s column be<strong>in</strong>g now formed, soon dislodged our center; <strong>and</strong> push<strong>in</strong>g Lee, came <strong>in</strong><br />
front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry. Here it paused, until <strong>the</strong> British horse, which followed <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, passed <strong>the</strong> creek, <strong>and</strong><br />
took post on <strong>the</strong> enemy’s right -– <strong>the</strong> nearest po<strong>in</strong>t to <strong>the</strong> road, which we must necessarily take. This attitude<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicated a decision to <strong>in</strong>terrupt our retreat; at all events, to cut <strong>of</strong>f our rear.<br />
“Lee ordered Rudolph [Capt. John Rudulph] to <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> an oblique direction to his left; <strong>and</strong> ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> road, to<br />
wait <strong>the</strong> expected charge. Tarleton advanced with his cavalry, followed by Webster. The Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry, close<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> riflemen, had now entered <strong>the</strong> road, considerably advanced toward Colonel Williams, still<br />
wait<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> his position first taken for night quarters, <strong>and</strong> afterward held to protect <strong>the</strong> rear-guard. Rudolph, with<br />
<strong>the</strong> cavalry, was drawn <strong>of</strong>f, mov<strong>in</strong>g slowly, with orders to turn upon <strong>the</strong> British horse if <strong>the</strong>y should risk a<br />
charge. It was now late <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> noth<strong>in</strong>g more was attempted. The British halted on <strong>the</strong> ground<br />
2345 TCS pp. 237-238, 240.<br />
2346 DRS p.30.<br />
421
selected for our use, which he had ab<strong>and</strong>oned. Hav<strong>in</strong>g proceeded some miles fur<strong>the</strong>r, he encamped on <strong>the</strong><br />
nor<strong>the</strong>ast side <strong>of</strong> a range <strong>of</strong> hills covered with wood, some distance from <strong>the</strong> road…” 2347<br />
On March 10 th , Charles Magill, a liaison <strong>of</strong>ficer for Gov. Jefferson, serv<strong>in</strong>g at Greene’s headquarters, wrote to<br />
Jefferson: “On <strong>the</strong> late Skirmish <strong>of</strong> which an account was given <strong>in</strong> my last, <strong>the</strong> Riflemen <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>ed that <strong>the</strong><br />
bur<strong>the</strong>n, <strong>and</strong> heat, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Day was entirely thrown upon <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>y were to be made a sacrifice by <strong>the</strong><br />
Regular Officers to screen <strong>the</strong>ir own Troops. Full <strong>of</strong> this Idea, <strong>the</strong> greater number left <strong>the</strong> Light Troops. Some<br />
rejo<strong>in</strong>’d <strong>the</strong>ir Regiments with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> Body <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs thought it a plausible excuse for <strong>the</strong>ir return home...<br />
[William] Preston <strong>and</strong> [Hugh] Crocket[t] soon despaired <strong>of</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> conv<strong>in</strong>c<strong>in</strong>g any sizeable number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen to rema<strong>in</strong> for <strong>the</strong> impend<strong>in</strong>g battle [Guilford Court House] <strong>and</strong> left <strong>the</strong> army. Colonel Preston<br />
wrote to Governor Jefferson over a month later on April 13 th ...we did hard duty, under Genl. Pickens, twelve or<br />
fourteen days, on <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s l<strong>in</strong>es, greatly straitened for provisions. Part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men were <strong>in</strong> one action <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> whole <strong>in</strong> a second; <strong>in</strong> both overpowered by numbers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> last broken <strong>and</strong> dispersed with <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir blankets. After which no arguments that could be made use <strong>of</strong> by myself, or <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers, could<br />
<strong>in</strong>duce <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g few to rema<strong>in</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r week; <strong>the</strong> time Genl. Green[e] requested. After stay<strong>in</strong>g a few days<br />
at <strong>the</strong> Moravian Town, to have <strong>the</strong> wounded taken care <strong>of</strong>, Colo. Crocket <strong>and</strong> myself came home, ac<strong>com</strong>panied<br />
by only two or three young men...” 2348<br />
6 March (<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g). Lieut. Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>in</strong>tercepted <strong>and</strong> waylaid a group <strong>of</strong> 25 loyalists lead<strong>in</strong>g cattle to<br />
<strong>the</strong> British army. Otho Williams, whom Wash<strong>in</strong>gton was detached to, afterward retired to rest his men; while <strong>the</strong><br />
cavalry took <strong>the</strong> occasion to re-shoe <strong>the</strong>ir horses. 2349<br />
6 (or 7 March). [raid] Scott <strong>and</strong> Lunsford’s Raid (probably Guilford County, N.C.) Otho Williams: “The loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans [at Weitzel’s Mill] was about 50 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British probably much greater, as<br />
<strong>the</strong>y twice susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> unexpected fire <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> former. Col. Williams retired three miles <strong>and</strong> formed to await<br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy; but as <strong>the</strong>y did not advance he proceeded fur<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> encamped that even<strong>in</strong>g about seventeen<br />
miles from <strong>the</strong> place <strong>of</strong> action. It may be thought worthy <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g recorded, that Mr. Perry [apparently Perry<br />
Scott], 2350 sergeant major, <strong>and</strong> Mr. Lumsford [Swanson Lunsford], quarter master sergeant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3d American<br />
regiment <strong>of</strong> dragoons, two spirited young fellows, be<strong>in</strong>g separately detached with each four dragoons, as parties<br />
<strong>of</strong> observation on <strong>the</strong> retreat; saw 16 or 18 horsemen <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army <strong>in</strong> new levy uniforms ride <strong>in</strong>to a farmhouse<br />
yard <strong>in</strong> an irregular manner; <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m dismounted. They <strong>in</strong>stantly jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>ir small force, seized<br />
<strong>the</strong> occasion, charged <strong>the</strong> horsemen, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British legion which was on <strong>the</strong> contrary side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
fence, cut everyman down, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n retired without a scar.” 2351<br />
7 March. Capt. James Tate, with some Augusta County Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen, arrived at Speedwell’s Iron Works to<br />
re<strong>in</strong>force Greene’s army. They were <strong>the</strong>n attached to Col. William Campbell’s corps. This partly <strong>com</strong>pensated<br />
for most <strong>of</strong> Preston’s men leav<strong>in</strong>g at that time. 2352<br />
7 March. In <strong>the</strong> early morn<strong>in</strong>g, Marion left his bivouac at Cantey’s plantation, near Murry’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Santee<br />
(see also 10 March.) By later <strong>the</strong> same day, Watson had advanced <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n camped <strong>the</strong>re himself rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g till<br />
about <strong>the</strong> 9 th or 10 th . See 10 March, Mount Hope Swamp <strong>and</strong> Lower Bridge. 2353<br />
Henry Nase <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt. which was with Watson’s column: “March 4 th . 1781. March[e]d to<br />
Laurens’s Mills --<br />
“5 th . ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Same Plantations<br />
“6 th . Marchd to <strong>the</strong> Mount on Schotch lake [Scott’s Lake, <strong>the</strong> site <strong>of</strong> Fort Watson] 5 Miles from Sumpter[’]s<br />
house, we serve under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Lt. Colo. [John] Watson.<br />
“March 7 th . we Marchd. to Littles plantation --<br />
“March 8 th . 1781 -- 11 oClock we had a Sckirmish [sic] with Mr. Marion & his Gang <strong>of</strong> Robbers -- but <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
Soon Dispers’d, After which we March’d Peacably to Cantys [Cantey’s] Plantation.<br />
“11 th . -- Marchd to <strong>the</strong> Mount & Rema<strong>in</strong>’d <strong>the</strong> day<br />
“March 15 th . 1781 -– [marched] to Camden -- The corps were <strong>in</strong> Camden as follows 63 Regt.) British &: (K: A<br />
Regt. V. <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>) Prov<strong>in</strong>cial (N.Y. Volunteers).” 2354<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “On <strong>the</strong> 9 th <strong>of</strong> March, Col. Watson encamped at Cantey’s plantation, <strong>and</strong> wrote a letter to<br />
Gen. Marion, <strong>in</strong> which he justifies (what <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r had <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> by a previous <strong>com</strong>munication,) <strong>the</strong> burn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong> houses <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> hang<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> those citizens who had taken paroles, <strong>and</strong> afterwards jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Americans, upon<br />
<strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ciples <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> laws <strong>of</strong> war <strong>and</strong> nations. -- It seems <strong>the</strong> colonel had reference to <strong>the</strong> code <strong>of</strong> barbarous<br />
nations. Marion made him no reply, but gave orders to his nightly patroles [sic], to shoot his sent<strong>in</strong>els <strong>and</strong> cut <strong>of</strong>f<br />
his pickets. Such a retaliation was to be expected; <strong>and</strong> thus raged <strong>the</strong> civil warfare.” 2355<br />
2347 LMS pp. 265-268.<br />
2348 MGC<br />
2349 HWW p. 105.<br />
2350 Regard<strong>in</strong>g Scott, see GAR1 pp. 157-158.<br />
2351 GHA4 p. 52, LFB2 p. 400n.<br />
2352 MGC.<br />
2353 MMS2 pp. 224-230, BSF p. 147.<br />
2354 NDI.<br />
2355 JFM pp. 41-42.<br />
422
7 March. [skirmish] Hampton (Independent City <strong>of</strong> Hampton, VA.) See SQR pp. 176-178.<br />
7 March. George Lord Germa<strong>in</strong>, from Whitehall, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “S<strong>in</strong>ce my Letter to you <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th Feb’y, I have<br />
received your Dispatches, numbered from 113 to 117 <strong>in</strong>clusive, <strong>and</strong> laid <strong>the</strong>m before <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g. The Revolt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Pennsylvania L<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> Jersey Brigade, though not attended with all <strong>the</strong> good Consequences that might have<br />
been expected, are certa<strong>in</strong>ly Events <strong>of</strong> great Importance <strong>and</strong> must have very extensive Effects both <strong>in</strong> reduc<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s present Force <strong>and</strong> prevent<strong>in</strong>g its be<strong>in</strong>g recruited by new Levies; <strong>and</strong>, as I doubt not, you will avail<br />
Yourself <strong>of</strong> his Weakness <strong>and</strong> Your own great Superiority to send a considerable Force to <strong>the</strong> Head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Chesapeake, as soon as <strong>the</strong> Season will permit Operations to be carried on <strong>in</strong> that Quarter. I flatter myself <strong>the</strong><br />
Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Prov<strong>in</strong>ces will be recovered to His Majesty’s Obedience before <strong>the</strong> long promised Succors (none <strong>of</strong><br />
which are yet sailed) can arrive from France, <strong>and</strong> Mr. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton unable to draw Subsistance for his Troops from<br />
<strong>the</strong> West Side <strong>of</strong> Hudson River, be <strong>com</strong>pelled to cross it <strong>and</strong> take Refuge <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Eastern Prov<strong>in</strong>ces. I am very<br />
anxious to hear <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis’ Progress s<strong>in</strong>ce General Leslie jo<strong>in</strong>ed him. I have no doubt his Movements will<br />
be rapid <strong>and</strong> decisive, for His Lordship appears to be fully impressed with <strong>the</strong> absolute necessity <strong>of</strong> vigorous<br />
Exertions <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Service <strong>of</strong> this Country <strong>in</strong> its present Circumstances. The Success <strong>of</strong> General Arnold’s Enterprise<br />
up James River, which <strong>the</strong> Rebel News Papers confirm, must greatly facilitate His Lordship’s Operations, by<br />
cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f Greene’s Supplies <strong>and</strong> oblig<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Militia to return to take care <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own Property. Indeed, so<br />
very contemptible is <strong>the</strong> Rebel Force now <strong>in</strong> all Parts, <strong>and</strong> so vast is our Superiority everywhere, that no<br />
resistance on <strong>the</strong>ir Part is to be apprehended that can materially obstruct <strong>the</strong> Progress <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Arms <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Speedy Suppression <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebellion; <strong>and</strong> it is a pleas<strong>in</strong>g, tho’ at <strong>the</strong> same time a mortify<strong>in</strong>g, reflection, when<br />
<strong>the</strong> Duration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebellion is considered, which arises from <strong>the</strong> View <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Forces<br />
you have transmitted, that <strong>the</strong> American Levies <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Service are more <strong>in</strong> number than <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Enlisted Troops <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Service <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Congress.” 2356<br />
Germa<strong>in</strong> to Cornwallis on this same date: “I have had <strong>the</strong> honor to receive <strong>and</strong> lay before <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g your<br />
Lordship’s Dispatch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18 th <strong>of</strong> Dec’r from Wynnesborough, transmitt<strong>in</strong>g Copies <strong>of</strong> your own <strong>and</strong> Lord<br />
Rawdon’s Letters to Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton & Brig’r Gen’l Leslie, <strong>and</strong> His Majesty observed with Particular Satisfaction<br />
that you were <strong>in</strong> perfect Health when <strong>the</strong> former were written, <strong>and</strong> I beg leave to add my own Congratulations<br />
upon your Lordship’s recovery.<br />
“The reason which you assign for call<strong>in</strong>g Gen’l Leslie from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia are founded <strong>in</strong> Wisdom, <strong>and</strong> could not fail<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g approved by <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>and</strong> as I have had <strong>the</strong> pleasure to learn from Col. Balfour that Gen’l Leslie had<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed you <strong>and</strong> you were <strong>in</strong> motion on <strong>the</strong> 11 th <strong>of</strong> January, I make no doubt but your Lordship will by this time<br />
have had <strong>the</strong> honor to recover <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a to His Majesty; <strong>and</strong> am even sangu<strong>in</strong>e enough to<br />
hope from your Lordships dist<strong>in</strong>guished Abilities <strong>and</strong> Zeal for <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Service that <strong>the</strong> Recovery <strong>of</strong> a part <strong>of</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia will crown your Successes before <strong>the</strong> Season be<strong>com</strong>es too <strong>in</strong>temperate for L<strong>and</strong> Operations, as Sir Henry<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton has <strong>in</strong>formed me that he has sent a force under Brigadier General Arnold to replace General Leslie’s at<br />
Portsmouth <strong>and</strong> co operate with your Lordship.” 2357<br />
7-9 March. Cornwallis, though advised to go on <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>fensive <strong>and</strong> resume push<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Americans while (at <strong>the</strong><br />
same time) cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong>ir supplies <strong>and</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> east, decided <strong>the</strong> next day (<strong>the</strong> 7 th ) to<br />
withdraw <strong>in</strong>stead towards <strong>the</strong> “Deep River” (so states Tarleton); to rally <strong>the</strong> loyalist <strong>in</strong> that region. This retreat<br />
was later severely criticized by some. On <strong>the</strong> 8 th or 9 th , he marched southwest to Guilford Court House where on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 8 th or 9 th he destroyed a cache <strong>of</strong> arms. Caru<strong>the</strong>rs states that on <strong>the</strong> 7 th <strong>and</strong> 8 th , his lordship’s light troops<br />
“were quartered on <strong>the</strong> plantation <strong>of</strong> William Rank<strong>in</strong>, a man <strong>in</strong> good circumstances, a sound Whig, <strong>and</strong> a<br />
member <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Buffalo church.” 2358 Lee, with his cavalry, shadowed Cornwallis’ movements <strong>and</strong> reported <strong>the</strong>m<br />
to Greene. Greene himself rema<strong>in</strong>ed north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Haw River across from Cornwallis at (or near) High Rock Ford;<br />
where he awaited <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements <strong>and</strong> supplies; <strong>and</strong> which reached him on 10 <strong>and</strong> 11 March. He<br />
wrote to Gov. Jefferson from High Rock on <strong>the</strong> 10 th : “The Object <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy <strong>in</strong> this manoeuvre [at Weitzel’s<br />
Mill], I suppose, was to <strong>in</strong>tercept our Stores mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> that direction, or to surprise <strong>and</strong> cut <strong>of</strong>f our Light Infantry<br />
from <strong>the</strong> Ma<strong>in</strong> Body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Army <strong>the</strong>n advanced upwards <strong>of</strong> 7 Miles. If it was ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y were disappo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>y be<strong>in</strong>g Sensible <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> disappo<strong>in</strong>tment have changed <strong>the</strong>ir direction, <strong>and</strong> are now retir<strong>in</strong>g towards Guilford<br />
Court House.” 2359<br />
“Scottish Travel Log”: [7 Mar.] “Widow Flax’s [Flack’s] Plantation.”<br />
Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong> his first <strong>of</strong> two letters <strong>of</strong> March 17 th to Germa<strong>in</strong>, wrote: “Our situation for <strong>the</strong> former few days had<br />
been amongst timid friends, <strong>and</strong> adjo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>veterate rebels; between <strong>the</strong>m I had been totally destitute <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>formation, which lost me a very favourable opportunity <strong>of</strong> attack<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rebel army. General Greene fell back<br />
to Thompson’s House, near Boyd’s Ford, on <strong>the</strong> Reedy River, but his light troops <strong>and</strong> militia still rema<strong>in</strong>ed near<br />
us, <strong>and</strong>, as I was <strong>in</strong>formed that <strong>the</strong>y were posted carelessly at separate plantations for <strong>the</strong> convenience <strong>of</strong><br />
subsist<strong>in</strong>g, I marched on <strong>the</strong> 6 th to drive <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> to attack General Greene if an opportunity <strong>of</strong>fered. I<br />
succeeded <strong>com</strong>pletely <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first, <strong>and</strong> at Wetzell’s Mill, on <strong>the</strong> Reedy Fork, where <strong>the</strong>y made a st<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> Back-<br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong> men <strong>and</strong> some militia suffered considerably, with little loss on our side; but a timely <strong>and</strong> precipitate<br />
retreat over <strong>the</strong> Haw prevented <strong>the</strong> latter. I knew that <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia re<strong>in</strong>forcements were upon <strong>the</strong>ir march <strong>and</strong> it<br />
was apparent that <strong>the</strong> enemy would, if possible, avoid risk<strong>in</strong>g an action before <strong>the</strong>ir arrival.<br />
2356 CNC17 pp. 990-991.<br />
2357 CNC17 p. 991.<br />
2358 CLC p. 215, CNS2 pp. 98-99.<br />
2359 NGP7 pp. 417, 419, STL, TCS pp. 238-239, 266-267, LFB2 p. 400.<br />
423
“The neighborhood <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fords <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dan <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir rear, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> extreme difficulty <strong>of</strong> subsist<strong>in</strong>g my troops <strong>in</strong><br />
that exhausted country, putt<strong>in</strong>g it out <strong>of</strong> my power to force <strong>the</strong>m, my resolution was to give our friends time to<br />
jo<strong>in</strong> us, by cover<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir country as effectually as possible consistent with <strong>the</strong> subsistence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops, still<br />
approach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>munication with our shipp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Cape Fear River, which I saw it would soon be<strong>com</strong>e<br />
<strong>in</strong>dispensably necessary to open on account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> suffer<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army from <strong>the</strong> want <strong>of</strong> supplies <strong>of</strong> every<br />
k<strong>in</strong>d; at <strong>the</strong> same time I was determ<strong>in</strong>ed to fight <strong>the</strong> rebel army if it approached me, be<strong>in</strong>g conv<strong>in</strong>ced that it<br />
would be impossible to succeed <strong>in</strong> that great object <strong>of</strong> our arduous campaign, <strong>the</strong> call<strong>in</strong>g forth <strong>the</strong> numerous<br />
Loyalists <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, whilst a doubt rema<strong>in</strong>ed on <strong>the</strong>ir m<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> superiority <strong>of</strong> our arms. With <strong>the</strong>se<br />
views 1 had moved to <strong>the</strong> Quaker Meet<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> forks <strong>of</strong> Deep River on <strong>the</strong> 13 th <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 14 th ...” 2360<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “[Cornwallis <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Alamance Creek], recrossed <strong>the</strong> Reedy Fork <strong>and</strong> marched <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> southwest<br />
direction for twenty-five miles toward Deep River, where he halted for one day. This unfortunately afforded<br />
General Greene an opportunity <strong>of</strong> recross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Haw, to meet supplies <strong>and</strong> new levies which were <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to<br />
him from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> Hillsborough -- which be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>pletely effected by <strong>the</strong> 11 th , he was now <strong>in</strong> a condition to<br />
face his Lordship <strong>and</strong> even br<strong>in</strong>g him to action.” 2361<br />
Caru<strong>the</strong>rs: “While <strong>the</strong> [British] army was quartered at Rank<strong>in</strong>’s, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood, he [Tarleton] was<br />
scour<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> country one morn<strong>in</strong>g, at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> his dragoons, for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> gett<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> General<br />
Greene’s movements, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g protection to <strong>the</strong> forage-wagons, when he met old John McCl<strong>in</strong>tock on <strong>the</strong><br />
High Rock road, <strong>and</strong> near <strong>the</strong> place where Milton Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham now lives. McCl<strong>in</strong>tock, <strong>the</strong>n an old grey-headed<br />
man, was <strong>the</strong> maternal gr<strong>and</strong>fa<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present Judge Dick -- to whom I am <strong>in</strong>debted for <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>cident-- <strong>and</strong><br />
lived on <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Reedy Fork, only a mile or two from <strong>the</strong> place where he met Tarleton. Hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
learned that <strong>the</strong> British were on <strong>the</strong> North Buffalo, five or six miles below, he had gone over <strong>the</strong> creek to <strong>in</strong>form<br />
his son-<strong>in</strong>-law, Samuel Thompson...that he might escape, <strong>and</strong> was now return<strong>in</strong>g home. After ask<strong>in</strong>g McCl<strong>in</strong>tock<br />
a number <strong>of</strong> questions, such as, where he lived, &c., Tarleton asked him if he had ever seen Lee’s troop <strong>of</strong><br />
cavalry; to which he replied <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> negative. ‘Well,’ said Tarleton, po<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g back to his dragoons, ‘<strong>the</strong>re <strong>the</strong>y<br />
are. This is Colonel Lee’s troop.’ He next asked him where he was go<strong>in</strong>g? To which he replied, <strong>in</strong> perfect<br />
simplicity, <strong>and</strong> without a thought <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g duped, that he had been over <strong>the</strong> creek to <strong>in</strong>form his son-<strong>in</strong>-law,<br />
Samuel Thompson, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s approach, <strong>and</strong> was now return<strong>in</strong>g. Tarleton <strong>the</strong>n told him to turn about <strong>and</strong><br />
go along with him; <strong>and</strong> suppos<strong>in</strong>g that he was with Colonel Lee, he promptly obeyed. As <strong>the</strong>y started <strong>of</strong>f<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r, side by side, Tarleton said to him, ‘I presume, sir, you are too old to fight or be on <strong>the</strong> muster-list, but<br />
if <strong>the</strong> British were to <strong>com</strong>e along, what would you do?’ ‘Blood!’ said <strong>the</strong> old man, <strong>the</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> patriotism k<strong>in</strong>dl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong> him, <strong>and</strong> us<strong>in</strong>g his <strong>com</strong>mon word <strong>of</strong> affirmation, ‘Blood! I would shoot at <strong>the</strong>m as long as I could st<strong>and</strong> to<br />
shoot.’ ‘You <strong>in</strong>fernal old rebel!’ said Tarleton; ‘I have a m<strong>in</strong>d to blow out your bra<strong>in</strong>s,’ at <strong>the</strong> same time draw<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>and</strong> present<strong>in</strong>g his pistol. ‘We are <strong>the</strong> British, <strong>and</strong> I am Colonel Tarleton.’ Then, turn<strong>in</strong>g his pistol <strong>in</strong> his h<strong>and</strong>, he<br />
rubbed <strong>the</strong> butt end <strong>of</strong> it on his nose, <strong>and</strong> told him to kiss that, for a d--d old rascal. Such a wanton <strong>in</strong>sult<br />
<strong>of</strong>fered to a man <strong>of</strong> his age <strong>and</strong> respectability, can excite no o<strong>the</strong>r feel<strong>in</strong>gs than those <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dignation. But this<br />
was not all, nor <strong>the</strong> worst; for, hold<strong>in</strong>g his pistol still <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same position, he struck <strong>the</strong> old man on <strong>the</strong> head<br />
with <strong>the</strong> butt <strong>of</strong> it, <strong>and</strong> knocked him <strong>of</strong>f his horse. Hav<strong>in</strong>g done so, he told him he might go now, but he must<br />
leave his horse, which was a very valuable one; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n leav<strong>in</strong>g him to die, or get home <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> best way he<br />
could, he went on his way. As <strong>the</strong> troop rode by, he saw his son-<strong>in</strong>-law, Thompson, among <strong>the</strong>m; for <strong>the</strong>y had<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>com</strong>e by his house or met him on <strong>the</strong> road, <strong>and</strong> taken him prisoner.” 2362<br />
8 March. Arnold, at Portsmouth, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “On <strong>the</strong> 6 th I received <strong>in</strong>formation that Lord Cornwallis had not<br />
penetrated fur<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>the</strong> Dan or Roanoke river, <strong>and</strong> that, <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mis<strong>in</strong>formation (sent to <strong>the</strong><br />
rebel army, by express, as mentioned <strong>in</strong> my last) be<strong>in</strong>g contradicted, <strong>the</strong>ir [<strong>the</strong> rebel’s] detachment had<br />
returned to <strong>the</strong>ir army at Suffolk, as well as Mr. [Isaac] Gregory, to <strong>the</strong> north-west bridge -- Their force at <strong>the</strong><br />
former place three thous<strong>and</strong>, at <strong>the</strong> latter five hundred. On this change <strong>of</strong> affairs <strong>the</strong> troops under <strong>the</strong> orders <strong>of</strong><br />
Lieutenant-colonel Dundas [who was with Arnold’s <strong>in</strong>vasion force] , who were designed up <strong>the</strong> James river, were<br />
counterm<strong>and</strong>ed.<br />
“The enemy with<strong>in</strong> two days have moved with <strong>the</strong>ir force, said to be upwards <strong>of</strong> three thous<strong>and</strong> men to Pricket<br />
mills, twelve miles from this place, <strong>and</strong> threaten an attack upon us. I have every reason to believe <strong>the</strong>y have<br />
collected <strong>the</strong>ir force to co-operate with <strong>the</strong> French ships <strong>and</strong> troops, which <strong>the</strong>y hourly expect from Rhode<br />
Isl<strong>and</strong>.” 2363<br />
8 March. Lieut. Col. Richard Campbell with his Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals was eight miles west <strong>of</strong> Hillsborough on his<br />
way to jo<strong>in</strong> Greene. 2364<br />
8 March. Brig. Gen. Robert Lawson, who was not far distant from Brig. Gen. John Butler (<strong>and</strong> who Lawson, with<strong>in</strong><br />
a short time, jo<strong>in</strong>ed), reported be<strong>in</strong>g at Faucett’s Mill, N.C. with 1,200 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia. Among Lawson’s troops<br />
was a battalion <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen under Col. Charles Lynch.<br />
2360 TCS pp. 266-267, SCP4 p. 12.<br />
2361 CAR p. 265.<br />
2362 CNS2 pp. 99-100.<br />
2363 COC pp. 71-72.<br />
2364 NGP7 p. 411.<br />
424
Maj. Gen. Caswell’s health at this time had be<strong>com</strong>e bad <strong>and</strong> this prevented him from cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g with Butler. He<br />
hoped to follow later with a detachment <strong>of</strong> New Bern militia that was supposed be on <strong>the</strong> march as well, but<br />
<strong>the</strong>se evidently rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> eastern half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state, as did Caswell himself. 2365<br />
8 March. Col. Thomas Polk, at Salisbury, wrote to Greene: “Gen. Sumter is now rais<strong>in</strong>g five regiments to be<br />
<strong>com</strong>pleted by March 16, two <strong>of</strong> which number<strong>in</strong>g 125 men each, “will nearly be <strong>com</strong>pleted out <strong>of</strong> this County<br />
[Rowan.]” 2366 Polk was fa<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> Col. William Polk; who became one <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s regimental <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers.<br />
8 March. At this time, Greene’s army was half a mile from <strong>the</strong> Haw River, on <strong>the</strong> road from Guilford Court House<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Iron works on Troublesome Creek. 2367<br />
Gordon: “While Greene was really unequal to even defensive operations, <strong>and</strong> waited to have his army<br />
streng<strong>the</strong>ned he lay for seven days with<strong>in</strong> ten miles <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ camp: but he took a new position every night;<br />
<strong>and</strong> kept it a pr<strong>of</strong>ound secret with himself where <strong>the</strong> next was to be; so that his lordship could not ga<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> his situation <strong>in</strong> time to avail himself <strong>of</strong> it.” 2368<br />
8 March. A French flotilla <strong>of</strong> 7 ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> 3 frigates at Newport, Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong> under Admiral Charles<br />
Chevalier Destouches (also “d’Estouches”) 2369 -- with 1,110 chasseurs <strong>and</strong> grenadiers under Maj. Gen. Anto<strong>in</strong>e-<br />
Charles du Houx, Baron de Viomenil on board -- was sent by Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Rochambeau to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. 2370 About<br />
36 hours later, Vice Admiral Arbuthnot left his base <strong>in</strong> Gard<strong>in</strong>er’s Bay, Long Isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> reached <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake<br />
before Destouches arrived. See <strong>the</strong> First Battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Capes, 16 March. 2371<br />
8 March. Pickens <strong>and</strong> Maj. James Jackson formally received leave from Greene to go back to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a.<br />
They <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir some 30 (by this time ragged) men reached <strong>the</strong> Catawba on March 20 th . 2372<br />
8 March. Lafayette’s troops, on <strong>the</strong>ir way to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to jo<strong>in</strong> von Steuben <strong>and</strong> act aga<strong>in</strong>st Arnold, left Head <strong>of</strong> Elk<br />
<strong>and</strong> were conveyed by water to Annapolis; with <strong>the</strong> anticipation <strong>of</strong> later be<strong>in</strong>g met <strong>the</strong>re by French transports <strong>of</strong><br />
Destouches <strong>and</strong> to be re<strong>in</strong>forced with 1,100 French carried by <strong>the</strong> same. This junction with he French, however,<br />
was not to be realized ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> naval victory by <strong>the</strong> British at <strong>the</strong> First Battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cape, see 16 March.<br />
Lafayette himself alone with some staff, meanwhile, went ahead on his men seek<strong>in</strong>g to meet personally with von<br />
Steuben <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia (see 15 March.) 2373<br />
8 March. Cornwallis camped at Duffield’s. 2374<br />
8-9 March. [siege] PENSACOLA (Escambia County, FLA.) General Bernardo de Galvez 2375 l<strong>and</strong>ed some 3,000<br />
Spanish Troops 2376 at Pensacola <strong>in</strong> west Florida <strong>and</strong> began siege <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 900 to 1,100 man British garrison <strong>the</strong>re,<br />
under Brig. Gen. John Campbell. The latter <strong>in</strong>cluded detachments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal artillery, <strong>the</strong> 60 th Regt. <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
16 th Regt. The 16 th had previously been stationed <strong>in</strong> Savannah. Despite be<strong>in</strong>g outnumbered two to one, <strong>the</strong> town<br />
would not fall till May 9 th , <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n only after a deserter had exploded a key ammunition magaz<strong>in</strong>e with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
post. 2377<br />
9 March. [skirmish] Second Heron’s Bridge, also Big Bridge (Pender County, N.C.) Lill<strong>in</strong>gton, entrenched on <strong>the</strong><br />
east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>ast Cape Fear River skirmished Craig at Heron’s Bridge (a drawbridge); who made a<br />
surprise foray out <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Lill<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>the</strong> Americans had one killed <strong>and</strong> two wounded; though<br />
British losses were unknown to him. Lill<strong>in</strong>gton subsequently set up camp at Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s Mill, not far from<br />
Burgaw, N.C., on 9 April. 2378<br />
Craig’s version <strong>of</strong> events was markedly different. Writ<strong>in</strong>g to Cornwallis on March 22 nd , he reported: “The rebel<br />
militia, now between five <strong>and</strong> six hundred under Brigadier Lill<strong>in</strong>ton’ [Lill<strong>in</strong>gton] with six pieces <strong>of</strong> cannon,<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ue at Heron’s Bridge <strong>and</strong> prevent all <strong>com</strong>munications with that part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. We have dispersed a<br />
party <strong>of</strong> about a hundred that were on <strong>the</strong> Brunswick side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> defeated ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> a hundred <strong>and</strong><br />
fifty a few days ago, kill<strong>in</strong>g twenty <strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g a few prisoners, but it has no effect on <strong>the</strong>ir ma<strong>in</strong> boy. Both <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
numbers <strong>and</strong> position put it out <strong>of</strong> my power to attack <strong>the</strong>m, nor can I hope to disperse <strong>the</strong>m with my present<br />
force. Though our different actions have been attended with very little loss, yet we are much dim<strong>in</strong>ished by<br />
2365 NGP7 p. 411, LMS p. 269.<br />
2366 NGP7 p. 413. See 7 April.<br />
2367 NGP7 p. 410, LMS p. 269.<br />
2368 GHA4 pp. 52-53.<br />
2369 Charles-Rene’-Dom<strong>in</strong>iue Gochet, Chevalier Destouches. He was succeeded <strong>in</strong> May 1781 by Admiral de Barras. BEA p. 329.<br />
2370 The French fleet orig<strong>in</strong>ally was to have left on <strong>the</strong> 7 th , but lack <strong>of</strong> necessary supplies delayed its embarkation.<br />
2371 GHA4 pp. 60-61, MLW4A pp. 418-422, LMS p. 307, JLG2 pp. 47-48, CGP p. liv.<br />
2372 NGP7 p. 410, JLG1 pp. 469-470, MSC2 pp. 125-126.<br />
2373 MLW4A pp. 423-424, JLG2 pp. 47-51.<br />
2374 LOB part IV, STL.<br />
2375 And for whom, <strong>in</strong>cidentally, <strong>the</strong> city <strong>of</strong> Galveston, Texas is named.<br />
2376 Galvez began with about 1,400, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n was re<strong>in</strong>forced with ano<strong>the</strong>r 1,600.<br />
2377 ATR81b pp. 168-172, 250-252, 277-282, AR81 pp. 24-25, 98-100, SAW2 pp. 290-293, GHA4 pp. 129-131, LMS pp. 161-162 , FWI<br />
pp. 208-209, BEA pp. 853-854.<br />
2378 NGP7 p. 457, SCP4 pp. 27-28, 133-134, DRO pp. 154-158, 157, 182. A previous action had also been fought at Heron’s Bridge<br />
on 30 January.<br />
425
sickness <strong>and</strong> desertion…The town <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton itself would require at least six hundred men to garrison it<br />
properly. As it was impossible for us to attempt it, we chose a post below <strong>the</strong> town but <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g it.” 2379<br />
On 12 April, he elaborated (aga<strong>in</strong> to Cornwallis) fur<strong>the</strong>r: “In <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> March, f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> forage near us<br />
consum’d, <strong>and</strong> it be<strong>in</strong>g dangerous to procure it at any distance from <strong>the</strong> great numbers <strong>the</strong> rebels might oppose<br />
to <strong>the</strong> small parties I was able to send, I determ<strong>in</strong>’d to march with two hundred men <strong>and</strong> two three pounders<br />
<strong>and</strong> take post opposite <strong>the</strong>m at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bridge. Their numbers were <strong>the</strong>n at a low ebb, <strong>the</strong>ir ma<strong>in</strong> body<br />
not consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> more than three hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty or four hundred with six can[n]on. I <strong>in</strong>tended by this to<br />
cover <strong>the</strong> country while with <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> [John] Inglis (who sent me a lieutenant <strong>and</strong> thirty<br />
seaman) I collected forage, <strong>and</strong> I was <strong>in</strong> hopes it would have encourag’d <strong>the</strong> country people to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> fresh<br />
provisions <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants were beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g to be <strong>in</strong> want. Our advanc’d guard surpriz’d a picquet <strong>of</strong> light<br />
horse, most <strong>of</strong> which were bayoneted or push’d <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> drown’d, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> prisoners taken I learnt<br />
that a party under a Colonel [Thomas] Brown [<strong>of</strong> Bladen] consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 150 horse <strong>and</strong> foot were <strong>the</strong>n on <strong>the</strong><br />
sound. These I meant to have gone <strong>in</strong> quest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> next night, as I was well acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong>ir usual haunts<br />
<strong>and</strong> did not doubt I should f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m. However, <strong>the</strong>y by good fortune prevented me <strong>and</strong> reduc’d our meet<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
a certa<strong>in</strong>ty, for deceiv’d by <strong>in</strong>telligence that we were only a party <strong>of</strong> fifty men, <strong>the</strong>y came <strong>and</strong> attack’d us at<br />
four o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon. Our picquet under Lieutenant [Moore] Hovenden <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion, do<strong>in</strong>g duty with<br />
<strong>the</strong> 82 nd , <strong>and</strong> a small forag<strong>in</strong>g party under Lieutenant [John] Reeves <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 82 nd , who were <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>, receiv’d<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir attack <strong>and</strong> repuls’d <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>com</strong>pany with <strong>the</strong> mounted men be<strong>in</strong>g order’d to <strong>the</strong>ir support, <strong>the</strong><br />
rebels were pursued between four <strong>and</strong> five miles. The thickness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> swamps, <strong>the</strong> near approach <strong>of</strong> night <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> attention I was obliged to pay to <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong> my front, who can[n]onaded us <strong>the</strong> whole time, by not<br />
allow<strong>in</strong>g me to detach more men after <strong>the</strong>m, prevented our do<strong>in</strong>g greater execution. They left twenty dead <strong>and</strong><br />
we took an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong> ten prisoners. Their number <strong>of</strong> wounded by accounts obta<strong>in</strong>’d s<strong>in</strong>ce was very<br />
considerable, <strong>and</strong> among <strong>the</strong>m Colonel Brown. Our loss was a serjeant <strong>and</strong> two men wounded, <strong>the</strong> former s<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
dead, <strong>and</strong> one mounted man by engag<strong>in</strong>g too far <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> pursuit was taken. We had also two horses kille’d. We<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>’d at <strong>the</strong> bridge four days, when, hav<strong>in</strong>g collected a sufficiency <strong>of</strong> forage <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r purposes I<br />
expected from tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> post were not answer’d, we march’d at n<strong>in</strong>e o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> return’d to<br />
this place, but without <strong>the</strong> enemy’s accept<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fair <strong>in</strong>vitation we gave <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g us.” 2380<br />
9 March. Major Ichabod Burnet act<strong>in</strong>g on behalf <strong>of</strong> Greene transmitted orders to Gen. Caswell to have 70 men<br />
assigned to assist Col. Thomas Wade; who with some North Carol<strong>in</strong>a was collect<strong>in</strong>g supplies <strong>and</strong> oversee<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
provisions depot for <strong>the</strong> army at Haley’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Peedee River (which directive Caswell subsequently<br />
<strong>com</strong>plied with, see 18 March.) On <strong>the</strong> 3 rd , Wade’s men (Wade himself rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Haley’s Ferry) had delivered a<br />
drove <strong>of</strong> cattle <strong>and</strong> hogs <strong>in</strong>tended for Greene’s army; that were h<strong>and</strong>ed over to Butler, at Granville Court House;<br />
after which <strong>the</strong> former returned to <strong>the</strong> Peedee. 2381<br />
9 March. Col. Samuel McDowell, at Pittsylvania Court House, VA., wrote Greene say<strong>in</strong>g that he <strong>and</strong> 150 militia<br />
from Rockbridge County were on <strong>the</strong> way to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army. He also reported as hav<strong>in</strong>g with him five wagons <strong>and</strong><br />
provisions for several days. Request<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Greene a guide to lead him to <strong>the</strong> army, McDowell arrived <strong>in</strong> time to<br />
take part <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle at Guilford Court House. 2382<br />
9-10 March. Cornwallis’ army had moved <strong>in</strong> a southwest direction (from Alamance) to Bell’s Mill or at least that<br />
vic<strong>in</strong>ity -- <strong>and</strong> camped at Gorrel’s Plantation about eight miles west <strong>of</strong> Guilford; though Cornwallis himself<br />
stayed at McCuistan’s not far distant. 2383<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “As soon as Greene heard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis, he fell back across <strong>the</strong> head waters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Haw<br />
with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army, determ<strong>in</strong>ed not to risk an engagement until <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> re-enforcements, now fast<br />
approach<strong>in</strong>g. In <strong>the</strong> mean while he changed his position daily, <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis, who, unwill<strong>in</strong>g to wear down his<br />
army by useless attempts to strike <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>in</strong> detail had retired slowly to Bell’s Mills on <strong>the</strong> Deep River,<br />
about thirteen miles below <strong>the</strong> present Jamestown (N.C.), 2384 would ga<strong>in</strong> no positive <strong>in</strong>formation concern<strong>in</strong>g<br />
him. [Loss<strong>in</strong>g cont<strong>in</strong>ues <strong>in</strong> a footnote] Cornwallis first encamped, <strong>in</strong> this retrograde march, on <strong>the</strong> plantation <strong>of</strong><br />
William Rank<strong>in</strong>, a Whig, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n proceeded to <strong>the</strong> plantation <strong>of</strong> Ralph Gorrel, ano<strong>the</strong>r wealthy patriot. The<br />
family were turned out <strong>of</strong> doors, <strong>and</strong> sought shelter at a neighbor’s house. The soldiers plundered <strong>and</strong> destroyed<br />
until <strong>the</strong> place was made a desolation. 2385 On Sunday, <strong>the</strong> eleventh <strong>of</strong> March, <strong>the</strong> royal army proceeded to <strong>the</strong><br />
plantation <strong>of</strong> Reverend Dr. Caldwell, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most ardent Whigs <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a from <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Regulator movement. The doctor was <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> Greene’s camp, at <strong>the</strong> iron-works on Troublesome Creek. His<br />
family left <strong>the</strong> house, <strong>and</strong> retired to <strong>the</strong> smoke-house, where <strong>the</strong>y rema<strong>in</strong>ed twenty-four hours without food or a<br />
bed, exposed to <strong>the</strong> abuse <strong>and</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>ane language <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiery. Cornwallis occupied <strong>the</strong> home <strong>of</strong> Mr. M’Cuist<strong>in</strong>,<br />
on <strong>the</strong> great road from <strong>the</strong> Court House to Fayetteville [Cross Creek.] Everyth<strong>in</strong>g but <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>gs were<br />
destroyed ion <strong>the</strong> plantation <strong>of</strong> Dr. Caldwell...All was made desolation. Cornwallis had <strong>of</strong>fered a reward <strong>of</strong> one<br />
2379 SCP4 pp. 27-28.<br />
2380 SCP4 pp. 133-134.<br />
2381 NGP7 pp. 387, 414.<br />
2382 NGP7 p. 417.<br />
2383 LOB part IV, STL, NGP7 p. 417, CLC pp. 218-224, TCS p. 240, LMS pp. 268-269.<br />
2384 “Jamestown, [was] an old village situated upon <strong>the</strong> high southwestern bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Deep River, n<strong>in</strong>e miles from New Garden<br />
meet<strong>in</strong>g-house, <strong>and</strong> thirteen miles above Bell’s Mills, where Cornwallis had his encampment before <strong>the</strong> Guilford battle.” LFB2 p.<br />
408.<br />
2385 No mention is made <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> “Leslie” Orderly Book <strong>of</strong> what is described <strong>in</strong> Loss<strong>in</strong>g; nor does it conta<strong>in</strong> at this juncture <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
entries <strong>the</strong> usual admonition from Cornwallis aga<strong>in</strong>st plunder<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
426
thous<strong>and</strong> dollars to anyone who should br<strong>in</strong>g Dr. Caldwell <strong>in</strong>to his camp. Dr. Caru<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>in</strong> his Life <strong>of</strong> Caldwell<br />
[pp. 218-224], gives many pa<strong>in</strong>ful descriptions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> suffer<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> this good man <strong>and</strong> his faithful Rachel...” 2386<br />
Foote: “[After Weitzel’s Mill] Cornwallis removed his army <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Buffalo congregation, <strong>and</strong><br />
encamped on <strong>the</strong> plantation <strong>of</strong> William Rank<strong>in</strong>. Rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re till all <strong>the</strong> provisions on <strong>the</strong> plantation <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> neighborhood were consumed, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> plunder secured, <strong>the</strong> army was marched <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Alamance<br />
congregation, <strong>and</strong> encamped on <strong>the</strong> plantation <strong>of</strong> Ralph Gorrel, Esq., who like Mr. Rank<strong>in</strong>, was a man <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>and</strong> wealth, <strong>and</strong> a true whig…family turned out <strong>and</strong> left a scene <strong>of</strong> desolation after two days. The<br />
army was marched on <strong>the</strong> Sabbath, March 11 to Dr. Caldwell’s, where <strong>the</strong> Dr. was ill <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> family separated<br />
from <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> house. The headquarters <strong>of</strong> his lordship was at Mr. McCuist<strong>in</strong>’s on <strong>the</strong> great road from <strong>the</strong> court<br />
house to Fayetteville [Cross Creek], but <strong>the</strong> army was ma<strong>in</strong>ly camped at Caldwell’s plantation.<br />
“‘Mr. Caru<strong>the</strong>rs says -– ‘every panel <strong>of</strong> fence on <strong>the</strong> premises was burned; every particle <strong>of</strong> provisions consumed<br />
or carried away; every liv<strong>in</strong>g th<strong>in</strong>g was destroyed except one old goose; <strong>and</strong> nearly every square rod <strong>of</strong> ground<br />
was penetrated with <strong>the</strong>ir iron ramrods, <strong>in</strong> search <strong>of</strong> hidden treasure.’<br />
“Before leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> place, <strong>the</strong> library <strong>and</strong> papers <strong>of</strong> Dr. Caldwell were destroyed by fire. This was done by<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers. The large oven <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> yard was used for <strong>the</strong> purpose…<strong>the</strong> Dr. was at this time <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
camp <strong>of</strong> Greene, which on Monday, <strong>the</strong> 12 th , was about five miles from High Rock; on Tuesday, eight miles<br />
far<strong>the</strong>r, on Ready Fork, <strong>and</strong> on Wednesday at <strong>the</strong> Court House.” 2387<br />
9-10 March. Greene had Williams’ light cont<strong>in</strong>gent return <strong>and</strong> fall <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army at High Rock Ford, on<br />
<strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Haw River; while reta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g separately <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field Lee (with Col. William Campbell<br />
attached) <strong>and</strong> Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton (with Kirkwood attached) as two corps <strong>of</strong> observation. At this po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>the</strong>n,<br />
Williams light corps was formally disb<strong>and</strong>ed. Greene wrote to Lee on this date: “The light <strong>in</strong>fantry is<br />
dissolved...Col. Williams will jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e. And I propose <strong>in</strong> lieu <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry two parties <strong>of</strong> observation,<br />
one to be <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by you <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r to be <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> by Lieut. Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton. It is my <strong>in</strong>tention to give<br />
Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton about 70 or 80 Infantry <strong>and</strong> between three <strong>and</strong> four hundred riflemen to act with him. Col.<br />
Cambell [William Campbell] I mean shall jo<strong>in</strong> you with about <strong>the</strong> same number <strong>of</strong> riflemen [sic], <strong>and</strong> you <strong>and</strong><br />
Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton ei<strong>the</strong>r separately or conjunctively as you may agree, to give <strong>the</strong> enemy all <strong>the</strong> annoyance <strong>in</strong><br />
your power, <strong>and</strong> each to report to Head Quarters. Campbell will have orders to jo<strong>in</strong> you <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g.”<br />
Campbell left Greene <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed Lee on <strong>the</strong> 10 th , with 300-400 riflemen. 2388<br />
Kirkwood: “March 10. This Day my Company & One from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia were ordered to rema<strong>in</strong> with Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
to Act as a Legion.” 2389<br />
9-10 March. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Bethabara Congregation): “The soldiers [some <strong>of</strong> Colonel [William]<br />
Preston’s <strong>and</strong> [William] Campbell’s troops, see m<strong>in</strong>utes for March 8] left this morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>re places be<strong>in</strong>g taken<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon by many <strong>of</strong> General Pickens’ men, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g he arrived with <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> his troops. This<br />
made much disturbance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, for though <strong>the</strong>ir camp was outside <strong>the</strong>y had to be supplied with corn,<br />
bread, <strong>and</strong> meat. The General <strong>and</strong> some o<strong>the</strong>rs spent <strong>the</strong> night <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> tavern. Many <strong>of</strong> Colonel Preston’s men<br />
were here also…”<br />
“March 10. The above-mentioned guests rema<strong>in</strong>ed until noon. Last night <strong>the</strong>y broke <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g-house; <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>y took all <strong>the</strong> eggs, even from geese that were sett<strong>in</strong>g. We were glad that no more damage was done by<br />
<strong>the</strong>se people, who have been robb<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> plunder<strong>in</strong>g wherever <strong>the</strong>y go. Several Brethren went from here to <strong>the</strong><br />
election <strong>of</strong> new members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Assembly. Colonel [William] Preston <strong>and</strong> Colonel [Hugh] Crocket[t] arrived <strong>and</strong><br />
spent <strong>the</strong> night. The fire from General Pickens’ camp, between Rank’s <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> lower meadow, broke out, <strong>and</strong><br />
before it could be ext<strong>in</strong>guished a hundred rails were burned. The fence was probably set on fire, for it was<br />
discovered after <strong>the</strong>y left.” 2390<br />
10 March (also possibly 9 March). 2391 [skirmishes] Mount Hope Swamp <strong>and</strong> Lower Bridge (Williamsburg County,<br />
S.C.) Marion, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> Watson’s advance (see Widboo Swamp, 6 March), had retired down <strong>the</strong> Santee Road<br />
from Cantey’s <strong>and</strong> deployed his men at Mount Hope Swamp, <strong>and</strong> where he destroyed <strong>the</strong> bridge over <strong>the</strong> stream<br />
<strong>the</strong>re. On <strong>the</strong> 9 th or 10 th , Watson pursued him <strong>and</strong> Marion’s riflemen under Lieut. Col. Hugh Horry <strong>and</strong> Capt.<br />
William McCottry attempted to dispute his passage where <strong>the</strong> bridge had been. But Watson cleared <strong>the</strong> way with<br />
grapeshot from his cannon <strong>and</strong> had his men wade through <strong>the</strong> stream. Marion <strong>the</strong>n withdrew <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong><br />
Georgetown expect<strong>in</strong>g Watson to follow. The latter, however, went only a short distance <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n turned <strong>and</strong><br />
headed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gstree, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> focal po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>of</strong> rebel activity <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region. Desir<strong>in</strong>g to cut<br />
him <strong>of</strong>f <strong>in</strong> this, Marion sent ahead Major John James with 70 men, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 30 <strong>of</strong> McCottry’s riflemen, to seize<br />
Lower Bridge at <strong>the</strong> Black River on <strong>the</strong> road lead<strong>in</strong>g to K<strong>in</strong>gstree. James, tak<strong>in</strong>g a short cut, reached <strong>the</strong> bridge<br />
before Watson, <strong>and</strong> remov<strong>in</strong>g some planks from <strong>the</strong> bridge, set his men <strong>in</strong> position. Marion, meanwhile, also<br />
came up with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body prior to Watson’s arrival. When Watson did approach, he attempted to br<strong>in</strong>g his<br />
cannon to bear on Marion’s men. But due to enemy riflemen <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> unusual terra<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>re, he was unable to do<br />
2386 LFB2 p. 400.<br />
2387 FSN pp. 273-274. Foote is draw<strong>in</strong>g his <strong>in</strong>formation from Caru<strong>the</strong>rs’ Life <strong>of</strong> Caldwell, but his own presentation is useful here<br />
for its brevity. However, for <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al <strong>and</strong> more thorough account, see CLC pp. 218-224.<br />
2388 NGP7 pp. 415, 421, TCS p. 240, JLG1 pp. 472-473, GHA4 p. 53.<br />
2389 KJO p. 14.<br />
2390 FRM p. 1747.<br />
2391 The date is not quite clear on <strong>the</strong> actions <strong>of</strong> Mount Hope <strong>and</strong> Lower Bridge, <strong>and</strong> that given here was arrived at based on<br />
read<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James’ <strong>and</strong> Bass’ narratives. It is possible <strong>the</strong>se skirmishes actually occurred on two separate,<br />
consecutive days.<br />
427
so, <strong>and</strong> lost some men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> process. Watson <strong>the</strong>n tried cross<strong>in</strong>g at a ford not far distant. Yet when he reached<br />
that spot he was aga<strong>in</strong> kept back by <strong>the</strong> riflemen. By <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day, he retreated to <strong>the</strong> Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon<br />
residence where he camped. The follow<strong>in</strong>g morn<strong>in</strong>g (probably <strong>the</strong> 11 th ), some <strong>of</strong> his men under Capta<strong>in</strong>s Daniel<br />
Conyers <strong>and</strong> McCottry sniped at <strong>the</strong> British at Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon’s from concealed positions. Watson <strong>the</strong>n removed his<br />
force that afternoon to Blakely’s Plantation. Although not hav<strong>in</strong>g as much trees <strong>and</strong> foliage as <strong>the</strong>re was around<br />
Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon’s to conceal <strong>the</strong> marksmen, Marion’s rifles followed him <strong>the</strong>re <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong>ir snip<strong>in</strong>g. Despite<br />
his casualties <strong>and</strong> try<strong>in</strong>g circumstances, Watson rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Blakely’s till <strong>the</strong> 28 th . 2392<br />
10 March. Malmedy on this date was at “Haw Creek” (probably south west <strong>of</strong> Hillsborough <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> south <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Haw River) with 700 N.C. militia, 60 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se be<strong>in</strong>g his orig<strong>in</strong>al corps <strong>of</strong> mounted men. Also <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
700 (<strong>and</strong> separate from <strong>the</strong> 60 mounted men) were 40 cavalry under Capt. Marquis de Bretigney; though few <strong>of</strong><br />
Bretigney’s men were actually armed with sabers <strong>and</strong> acted <strong>in</strong>stead as an <strong>in</strong>dependent patrol or scout<strong>in</strong>g force.<br />
Malmedy was short <strong>of</strong> ammunition <strong>and</strong> which he requested <strong>of</strong> Greene. With<strong>in</strong> a few days, this was sent, along<br />
with <strong>in</strong>structions from Greene, to occupy <strong>the</strong> Rocky River area <strong>and</strong> prevent loyalists from send<strong>in</strong>g provisions to<br />
Cornwallis up river. He also ordered Malmedy to transfer American supplies from Ramsey’s Mill to <strong>the</strong> east side<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cape Fear River. Bretigney soon after was evidently detached from Malmedy <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene’s army on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 12 th . 2393<br />
10 March. Lee, <strong>in</strong> Guilford County, reported to Greene Cornwallis’ army be<strong>in</strong>g camped at “Ralph Gorrells,” <strong>and</strong><br />
that loyalists along <strong>the</strong> road to Cross Creek (from Guilford) were collect<strong>in</strong>g provisions for <strong>the</strong> British army. 2394<br />
11 March. Lee wrote to Greene: “I <strong>in</strong>formed you by a verbal message <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemys alteration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir route<br />
yesterday. 2395 [Cornwallis’] Headquarters is <strong>in</strong> two miles ½ <strong>of</strong> Guilford Courthouse, & one mile ½ from Dillon[’]s<br />
Mill. I cannot account for this mysterious conduct <strong>in</strong> his Lordship. Inhabitants as well as <strong>the</strong>ir own army were<br />
conv<strong>in</strong>ced that <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong>tended to pursue <strong>the</strong> direct route to Cross Creek or Bell[’]s Mill…it is exceed<strong>in</strong>gly difficult<br />
to subsist troops near <strong>the</strong> enemy, such has been <strong>the</strong> devastation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir march.” 2396<br />
11 March. Both Brig. Gen. John Butler <strong>and</strong> Brig. Gen. Thomas Eaton, <strong>the</strong> two now <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, reached <strong>and</strong> attached <strong>the</strong>mselves to Greene on this day at High Rock Ford; as did also Lieut.<br />
Col. Richard Campbell with 400 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals (or possibly a day later.) Lawson’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia who were<br />
with Butler arrived at this time also. 2397<br />
Greene writ<strong>in</strong>g to Joseph on March 18 th : “On <strong>the</strong> 11 th <strong>of</strong> this month I formed a junction at <strong>the</strong> High Rock Ford<br />
with a considerable body <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia, <strong>and</strong> with a Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment <strong>of</strong> 18 Months<br />
Men.” 2398<br />
11 March. Malmedy wrote to Greene, from Woody’s Ferry 2399 on <strong>the</strong> Haw River, say<strong>in</strong>g he was pass<strong>in</strong>g over <strong>the</strong><br />
Haw by boat that night <strong>and</strong> maneuver<strong>in</strong>g toward Cornwallis’ l<strong>in</strong>es. Some 600 loyalists were said to be collect<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>and</strong> plunder<strong>in</strong>g near Ramsey’s Mill <strong>and</strong> where <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia was hav<strong>in</strong>g difficulty conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
Malmedy also reported hav<strong>in</strong>g a large stock <strong>of</strong> food stores at Ramsey’s Mill removed to a safer location. 2400<br />
11 March. Cornwallis camped at Dillon’s Mill about six miles south-southwest <strong>of</strong> Guilford; while <strong>the</strong> “Scottish<br />
Travel Log” entry for this date has “McQuiston’s [McCuiston’s] Plantation.” 2401<br />
11 March. [raid] Great Bridge (Independent City <strong>of</strong> Chesapeake, VA.) See SQR pp. 182-183.<br />
12 March. Cornwallis camped at McCuiston’s, some three <strong>and</strong> a half miles south <strong>of</strong> Guilford. He departed <strong>the</strong>re<br />
at 5 a.m. on <strong>the</strong> 13 th . 2402<br />
12 March. Capt. Henry Broderick <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. Edward Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, on behalf <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> Greene<br />
respectively, met to discuss terms for <strong>the</strong> exchange <strong>of</strong> prisoners. A po<strong>in</strong>t regard<strong>in</strong>g private paroles, however,<br />
arose which Broderick was not empowered to negotiate. The two <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>the</strong>n arranged for a later meet<strong>in</strong>g at<br />
which that question could be properly discussed. Articles <strong>of</strong> cartel where formed on May 3 rd by Carr<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong><br />
Capt. Fredrick Cornwallis (Broderick’s substitute), <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> agreement f<strong>in</strong>ally signed on June 22 nd , by Maj.<br />
Edmund Hyrne, represent<strong>in</strong>g Greene, <strong>and</strong> James Frazer, represent<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis. 2403 For a partial list <strong>of</strong> 29 July<br />
<strong>of</strong> those exchanged; some <strong>of</strong> whom <strong>the</strong>refore were available to <strong>the</strong>ir respective sides prior to Yorktown, see<br />
SCP6 pp. 107-108.<br />
2392 MMS2 pp. 224-230, JFM pp. 41-42, MSC2 p. 756, BSF pp. 148-149, RBG p. 150. See also http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/blakely.htm<br />
2393 NGP7 p. 421.<br />
2394 NGP7 p. 424.<br />
2395 The editor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Greene Papers states: “After mov<strong>in</strong>g toward <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> road to Cross Creek, Cornwallis had marched his<br />
army west <strong>the</strong>n north to <strong>the</strong> site that Lee reported <strong>in</strong> this letter.” NGP7 p. 428n.<br />
2396 NGP7 pp. 427-428.<br />
2397 NGP7 pp. 319, 395. 421, 450, GHA4 p. 53, LMS p. 269, JLG1 p. 472, BRG pp. 368-369.<br />
2398 NGP VII p. 125.<br />
2399 Woody’s Ferry lay on <strong>the</strong> present day Alamance <strong>and</strong> Orange County border, just east <strong>of</strong> Eli Whitney, N.C.<br />
2400 NGP7 p. 428.<br />
2401 LOB part IV, STL.<br />
2402 LOB part IV.<br />
2403 NGP8 pp. 102, 221, SCP4 pp. 74-88, 229-240, SCP6 pp. 78-82, 107-108, GDH2 pp. 122-123, LMS pp. 290-291, JLG1 pp. 470-<br />
471.<br />
428
12 March. Capt. Marquis de Bretigney, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g a detachment <strong>of</strong> 40 mounted N.C. militia <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g earlier<br />
been with Malmedy’s force, jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene’s camp at High Rock Ford.<br />
12 March. [skirmish] South Buffalo Creek (Guilford County, N.C.) Early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 12 th , Lee had a brief<br />
skirmish with some <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area to <strong>the</strong> west <strong>of</strong> Guilford. Lee, with William Campbell’s riflemen,<br />
retreated to “Widow Donnell’s” (about twelve <strong>and</strong> a half miles west <strong>of</strong> Guilford) to protect his <strong>com</strong>munications<br />
with Greene. No losses were reported by Lee <strong>in</strong> his letter to Greene. 2404<br />
13 March. A field return <strong>of</strong> Greene’s army at High Rock Ford <strong>of</strong> this date gives his strength at 4,943. 2405<br />
With respect to his militia, William Johnson states: “A large portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> volunteers under Stevens, cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />
faithful to <strong>the</strong>ir engagement; but <strong>the</strong> whole number <strong>of</strong> militia who ac<strong>com</strong>panied <strong>the</strong> army to Guilford, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
those from both states, only amounted to two thous<strong>and</strong> seven hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty three -- <strong>of</strong> which Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
furnished sixteen hundred <strong>and</strong> n<strong>in</strong>ety three -- <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a one thous<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> sixty.” 2406<br />
13 March. Cornwallis marched to New Garden (Quaker) Meet<strong>in</strong>g House, six miles southwest <strong>of</strong> Guilford Court<br />
House. 2407 Lee states that on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ relocat<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>g house, he had tried to <strong>in</strong>tercept<br />
Cornwallis’ baggage; which had gotten lost on its way to <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army, but after much grop<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> darkness<br />
failed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> attempt. The <strong>in</strong>cident is recounted at some length <strong>in</strong> Lee’s memoirs. Lee <strong>the</strong>n reunited with<br />
Campbelll <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> 14 th had repaired, as ordered, to Greene’s camp which Lee found at Guilford. 2408<br />
“Scottish Travel Log”: [13 Mar.] “Deep River Quaker Meet<strong>in</strong>g House”; [14 Mar.] “Halt.”<br />
14 March. Hav<strong>in</strong>g called <strong>in</strong> all his detachments on <strong>the</strong> 13 th , Greene moved his army from High Rock Ford to<br />
Guilford Court House on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 14 th . The area had been largely depleted due to <strong>the</strong> ravag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
armies; nor was it a notably fertile region to start with. He wrote to Col. James Read direct<strong>in</strong>g him to collect as<br />
many cattle as he could <strong>and</strong> send 100 head to <strong>the</strong> army. Read, a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer, at <strong>the</strong> time led a volunteer<br />
corps <strong>of</strong> 250 N.C. militiamen from Halifax. 2409<br />
14 March. Cornwallis camped near Mendelhall’s Mills, located presumably near or not far from <strong>the</strong> New Garden<br />
Meet<strong>in</strong>g House. 2410<br />
15 March. [raid] Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s Horses (R<strong>and</strong>olph County, N.C.) A Capt. Duck, with some N.C. militia surprised Capt.<br />
David Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s tories <strong>and</strong> stole <strong>the</strong>ir horses. Both sides lost 1 killed, with an unspecified number <strong>of</strong> wounded.<br />
The follow<strong>in</strong>g day, Fann<strong>in</strong>g with his men managed to locate <strong>and</strong> recapture <strong>the</strong> mounts while wound<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
whigs. 2411<br />
David Fann<strong>in</strong>g: “We <strong>the</strong>n mounted ourselves, <strong>and</strong> turn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r horses <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> woods, we returned back to<br />
Deep River. We kept concealed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods <strong>and</strong> collected 25 men, hav<strong>in</strong>g scouts out cont<strong>in</strong>ually until we<br />
proceded [sic] to Dixon’s Mill, Cane Creek, where Cornwallis was <strong>the</strong>re encamped. On our arrival <strong>the</strong>re his<br />
Lordship met us, <strong>and</strong> asked me several questions respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> disposition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
people. I gave him all <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>in</strong> my power, <strong>and</strong> leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany with his Lordship, I returned back<br />
to Deep river <strong>in</strong> order for to conduct more men to <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British arms.” 2412<br />
15 March. Hav<strong>in</strong>g had left his army <strong>in</strong> Annapolis, Lafayette, with a small escort, met with von Steuben; who was<br />
at Williamsburg with a small militia force. The latter had endeavored to conta<strong>in</strong> Arnold who had rema<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
ensconced <strong>in</strong> Portsmouth at this time apprehensive <strong>of</strong> a possible attack. It was anticipated at this time that<br />
1,100 French would be disembarked by Destouches at Annapolis (where Lafayette’s troops currently lay) to assist<br />
<strong>the</strong> Marquis; yet this re<strong>in</strong>forcement’s arrival was thwarted <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> First Battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Capes, 16<br />
March.<br />
15 March. [skirmish] Road from New Garden Meet<strong>in</strong>g House (Guilford County, N.C.) Sometime after two <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> 15 th , Cornwallis sent <strong>of</strong>f his baggage under <strong>the</strong> escort <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col. John Hamilton’s Royal North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment, 20 dragoons, <strong>and</strong> presumably Bryan’s N.C. Volunteers as well, to Bell’s Mill, “[located]<br />
considerably lower down on <strong>the</strong> Deep-River [from where Cornwallis was],” 2413 <strong>and</strong> marched with his army to<br />
attack Greene at Guilford Court House. About 9 a.m., <strong>and</strong> probably around six to eight miles down <strong>the</strong> road from<br />
<strong>the</strong> New Garden Meet<strong>in</strong>g House (<strong>the</strong> latter located some twelve miles to <strong>the</strong> southwest <strong>of</strong> Guilford Court House),<br />
2404 NGP7 p. 428, CNC15 pp. 451-452, BLO p. 50.<br />
2405 NGP7 p. 453, MLW4A pp. 364-365.<br />
2406 JLG1 p. 471.<br />
2407 Tarleton states Cornwallis encamped at <strong>the</strong> New Garden Meet<strong>in</strong>g House on <strong>the</strong> 13 th ; while <strong>the</strong> entry writer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “Leslie“<br />
Orderly Book does not state <strong>the</strong> army’s location on <strong>the</strong> 12 th <strong>and</strong> 13 th . It may be that Cornwallis moved <strong>the</strong>re on <strong>the</strong> 12 th , <strong>and</strong> that<br />
<strong>the</strong> skirmish mentioned for 12 March is <strong>the</strong> same or connected with <strong>the</strong> foray aga<strong>in</strong>st Cornwallis’ baggage described by Lee. This,<br />
however, is only speculation. If we assume <strong>the</strong> chronology given by Lee’s letter, his memoirs, <strong>and</strong> Tarleton’s date, Lee must<br />
have moved from Donnell’s toward Cornwallis’ supply l<strong>in</strong>e on <strong>the</strong> 13 th .<br />
2408 STL, TCS p. 239, GHA4 pp. 53-54, LMS pp. 270-272, 272n.<br />
2409 See Seymour’s “Journal,” Guilford Dudley’s pension application found <strong>in</strong> DRR, DSK, <strong>and</strong> NGP7 p. 431. Read himself however<br />
was from Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. SNC pp. 298-299.<br />
2410 LOB part IV.<br />
2411 FNA p. 14.<br />
2412 FNA pp. 14-15.<br />
2413 AR81 p. 65.<br />
429
some cavalry <strong>of</strong> his advanced troops under Tarleton were ambushed by a detachment <strong>of</strong> Lee’s cavalry scout<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir movements. The British were forced to retreat. “The whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s section was dismounted, <strong>and</strong><br />
many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> horses prostrated;” says Lee, “<strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dragoons killed, <strong>the</strong> rest made prisoners: not a<br />
s<strong>in</strong>gle American soldier or horse <strong>in</strong>jured.”<br />
Tarleton <strong>the</strong>n took a separate route forward, <strong>and</strong> Lee, with his <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> Campbell’s riflemen, as well as his<br />
own cavalry, moved to cut him <strong>of</strong>f where it was expected <strong>the</strong> British would next appear. A short time after, an<br />
animated <strong>and</strong> lively encounter took place at this location (probably 10 a.m.) between Lee <strong>and</strong> Tarleton’s forces,<br />
<strong>the</strong> latter be<strong>in</strong>g made up <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Legion cavalry, <strong>the</strong> Hessian Jägers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guards Light Infantry. Both<br />
sides acquitted <strong>the</strong>mselves with valor, but Lee fell back when he saw <strong>the</strong> Cornwallis’ column with <strong>the</strong> Guards<br />
approach<strong>in</strong>g. The American loss was not <strong>in</strong>considerable <strong>and</strong> fell heavily among Campbell’s Augusta <strong>and</strong><br />
Rockbridge County riflemen, <strong>and</strong> who became much scattered as well. Tarleton admits <strong>of</strong> at least 20 to 30 killed<br />
<strong>and</strong> wounded. It was <strong>in</strong> this latter action that Tarleton lost two f<strong>in</strong>gers due to rifle or musket fire. 2414<br />
Tarleton: “The British had proceeded seven miles on <strong>the</strong> great Salisbury road to Guildford, when <strong>the</strong> light troops<br />
drove <strong>in</strong> a picket <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. A sharp conflict ensued between <strong>the</strong> advanced parties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two armies. In <strong>the</strong><br />
onset, <strong>the</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans was heavy, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir cavalry was spirited: Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
numbers <strong>and</strong> opposition, <strong>the</strong> gallantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards, assisted by <strong>the</strong> legion, made<br />
impression upon <strong>the</strong>ir center, before <strong>the</strong> 23d regiment arrived to give support to <strong>the</strong> advanced troops. Colonel<br />
Lee’s dragoons retreated with precipitation along <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> road, <strong>and</strong> Colonel [William] Campbell’s mounta<strong>in</strong>eers<br />
were dispersed with considerable loss. The pursuit was not pushed very far, as <strong>the</strong>re were many pro<strong>of</strong>s beside<br />
<strong>the</strong> acknowledgment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners, that General Greene was at h<strong>and</strong>. Capta<strong>in</strong> [John] Goodrick[e] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
guards, a promis<strong>in</strong>g young <strong>of</strong>ficer, fell <strong>in</strong> this contest, <strong>and</strong> between twenty <strong>and</strong> thirty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards, dragoons,<br />
<strong>and</strong> yagers, were killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. The K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops moved on till <strong>the</strong>y arrived <strong>in</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American<br />
army. An engagement was now be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong>evitable, <strong>and</strong> both sides prepared for it with tranquillity [sic] <strong>and</strong><br />
order.” 2415<br />
Lee: “Tarleton retired with celerity; <strong>and</strong> gett<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lane, took an obscure way lead<strong>in</strong>g directly across <strong>the</strong><br />
Salisbury road towards <strong>the</strong> British camp- while Lee, well acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong> country, followed <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon<br />
route by <strong>the</strong> Quaker meet<strong>in</strong>g-house, with a view to sever <strong>the</strong> British lieutenant colonel from his army, by hold<strong>in</strong>g<br />
him well upon his left, <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ation to ga<strong>in</strong> his front, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n to press directly upon him with his<br />
condensed force; <strong>and</strong> thus place his horse between Tarleton <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis, presumed to be some distance<br />
beh<strong>in</strong>d; By endeavor<strong>in</strong>g to take <strong>the</strong> whole detachment, he permitted <strong>the</strong> whole to escape; whereas, had he<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ued to press on <strong>the</strong> rear, he must have taken many. As Lee, with his column <strong>in</strong> full speed, got up to <strong>the</strong><br />
meet<strong>in</strong>g house, <strong>the</strong> British guards had just reached it; <strong>and</strong> display<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a moment, gave <strong>the</strong> American cavalry a<br />
close <strong>and</strong> general fire. The sun had just risen above <strong>the</strong> trees, <strong>and</strong> sh<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g bright, <strong>the</strong> refulgence from <strong>the</strong> British<br />
muskets, as <strong>the</strong> soldiers presented, frightened Lee’s horse so as to <strong>com</strong>pel him to throw himself <strong>of</strong>f. Instantly<br />
remount<strong>in</strong>g ano<strong>the</strong>r, he ordered a retreat. This maneuver was speedily executed; <strong>and</strong> while <strong>the</strong> cavalry were<br />
retir<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> legion <strong>in</strong>fantry came runn<strong>in</strong>g up with trailed arms, <strong>and</strong> opened a well aimed fire upon <strong>the</strong> guards,<br />
which was followed <strong>in</strong> a few m<strong>in</strong>utes by a volley from <strong>the</strong> riflemen under colonel [William] Campbell, who had<br />
taken post on <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry. The action became very sharp, <strong>and</strong> was bravely ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed on both sides.<br />
The cavalry hav<strong>in</strong>g formed aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> column, <strong>and</strong> Lee be<strong>in</strong>g conv<strong>in</strong>ced, from <strong>the</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards, that<br />
Cornwallis was not far <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear, drew <strong>of</strong> this <strong>in</strong>fantry; <strong>and</strong> cover<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m from any attempt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
horse, retired towards <strong>the</strong> American army. General Greene, be<strong>in</strong>g immediately advised <strong>of</strong> what had passed,<br />
prepared for battle…” 2416<br />
15 March. [battle] GUILFORD COURT HOUSE (Guilford County, N.C.) While Lee was skirmish<strong>in</strong>g with Tarleton<br />
forward <strong>of</strong> his position up <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> road (dur<strong>in</strong>g wea<strong>the</strong>r which tended to be somewhat ra<strong>in</strong>y), Greene at<br />
Guilford Court House arranged his army <strong>in</strong> three l<strong>in</strong>es, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a manner emulat<strong>in</strong>g deployment at Cowpens. The<br />
first l<strong>in</strong>e, situated as to face <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>itial British advance, was made up with North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, flanked on<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir right by Lynch’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a riflemen, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry, <strong>and</strong> Kirkwood’s Delaware<br />
<strong>com</strong>pany. In <strong>the</strong> center was placed two six pounders under Capt. Anthony S<strong>in</strong>gleton. The left would be soon<br />
after occupied by Lee’s Legion <strong>and</strong> what rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> Campbell’s riflemen (i.e., m<strong>in</strong>us <strong>the</strong> losses <strong>the</strong>y had taken<br />
on <strong>the</strong> New Garden Road.) Greene’s second l<strong>in</strong>e, 300 yards beh<strong>in</strong>d (or east <strong>of</strong>) <strong>the</strong> first, consisted <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
militia <strong>of</strong> Stevens, on <strong>the</strong> right (or nor<strong>the</strong>rn flank), <strong>and</strong> that <strong>of</strong> Lawson on <strong>the</strong> left. Stevens, <strong>in</strong>cidentally,<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g Morgan’s advice, placed marksmen <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> his l<strong>in</strong>e with orders to shoot any <strong>of</strong> his men that<br />
fled. 2417 The third l<strong>in</strong>e situated on an elevation <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> Guilford Court House itself, <strong>and</strong> 500 yards beh<strong>in</strong>d (or<br />
east <strong>of</strong>) <strong>the</strong> second l<strong>in</strong>e, was made up <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regiments, <strong>and</strong> a second battery <strong>of</strong> two six<br />
pounders under Capt. F<strong>in</strong>ley.<br />
After hav<strong>in</strong>g made his approach, Cornwallis formed his army up from column <strong>in</strong>to l<strong>in</strong>e with what was remarked<br />
as <strong>in</strong>timidat<strong>in</strong>g martial precision. Deployed on his right was Leslie’s division; while Webster was placed left.<br />
O’Hara with Guards <strong>in</strong>itially was formed as reserve <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> center, but as <strong>the</strong> battle progressed, he soon jo<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
his forces with Webster’s. 2418<br />
2414 LOB part IV, AR81 p. 65, TCS pp. 271-272, GHA4 pp. 54-55, SAW2 p. 337, MLW4A pp. 368-369, LMS pp. 272-275, JLG2 p. 4,<br />
LCC p. 169, CNS2 pp. 101-103, MGC, TPY p. 176, HWW p. 106, BLO pp. 52-56.<br />
2415 TCS pp. 271-272.<br />
2416 LMS pp. 274-275.<br />
2417 LCC pp. 182-183.<br />
2418 Tarleton: “Brigadier-general O’Hara was <strong>in</strong>structed to support Colonel Webster, with <strong>the</strong> 2d battalion <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> grenadier<br />
<strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards. Whilst <strong>the</strong>se troops were form<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> yagers <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards rema<strong>in</strong>ed near <strong>the</strong> guns<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> road; but when <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e moved on, <strong>the</strong>y attached <strong>the</strong>mselves to <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> Webster’s brigade.” TCS pp. 272-273.<br />
430
The follow<strong>in</strong>g will o<strong>the</strong>rwise suffice as a brief description <strong>of</strong> this decisive battle, which took place <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course<br />
<strong>of</strong> upwards <strong>of</strong> two or else two <strong>and</strong> a half hours (William Campbell <strong>in</strong> a letter to a friend believes it may have<br />
been even longer <strong>in</strong> duration. 2419 ) About noon, after a cannonade which lasted some twenty m<strong>in</strong>utes to half an<br />
hour, 2420 Cornwallis advanced to attack <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, many <strong>of</strong> whom, though by no means all, took<br />
to <strong>the</strong>ir heels without hav<strong>in</strong>g even fired. Even so, <strong>the</strong> British did not go unsca<strong>the</strong>d <strong>and</strong> suffered some losses --<br />
<strong>in</strong>deed more than once <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action <strong>the</strong>y were repulsed <strong>and</strong> obliged to reform <strong>the</strong>ir attack. Some<br />
<strong>of</strong> Brig. Gen. Thomas Eaton’s North Carol<strong>in</strong>a men were among those who did not run, <strong>and</strong> managed temporarily<br />
to hold <strong>the</strong>ir ground with Col. William Campbell’s riflemen. 2421 While Leslie, veer<strong>in</strong>g to his right, was occupied<br />
with Lee <strong>and</strong> Campbell, Cornwallis <strong>the</strong>n came up on Greene’s second l<strong>in</strong>e. Here he encountered some earnest<br />
resistance from Stevens’ Virg<strong>in</strong>ians; though accord<strong>in</strong>g to Davie, Lawson’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ians did not rema<strong>in</strong> long.<br />
Although Stevens as well (due <strong>in</strong> part possibly to his be<strong>in</strong>g taken <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear by a flank<strong>in</strong>g movement <strong>of</strong> some<br />
unidentified British unit) 2422 was f<strong>in</strong>ally forced to retire, Cornwallis suffered not <strong>in</strong>considerably attempt<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
dislodge him. In attack<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> third l<strong>in</strong>e, a somewhat similar situation took place. The 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt.<br />
contested <strong>the</strong>ir ground with a rag<strong>in</strong>g fury aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> redoubtable Guards; <strong>in</strong> a struggle which <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>the</strong> very<br />
unusual sight <strong>of</strong> sword-to-sword <strong>and</strong> bayonet-to-bayonet fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> open battle. The 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong>, however,<br />
made up mostly <strong>of</strong> new soldiers, retreated from <strong>the</strong> fray; thus oblig<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 1 st to do <strong>the</strong> same. The Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals under Lieut. Col. Samuel Hawes also fell back; while Greene directed those <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col. John<br />
Green to <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>in</strong> order to protect <strong>the</strong> army’s retreat. At one po<strong>in</strong>t, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry came up <strong>and</strong> threw<br />
<strong>the</strong> Guards <strong>in</strong>to disarray. Cornwallis at this critical juncture, <strong>in</strong> order to deny <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>the</strong>ir new found<br />
momentum, reportedly fired his artillery <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>termixed cavalry <strong>and</strong> guards. 2423 This dispersed <strong>the</strong><br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, but also <strong>in</strong>flicted losses on some <strong>of</strong> his own men. The Americans by this time now largely<br />
disorganized, Greene ordered a retreat. At <strong>the</strong> end <strong>the</strong>re was some brief fight<strong>in</strong>g 2424 between some <strong>of</strong><br />
Campbell’s militia <strong>and</strong> Lee’s Legion aga<strong>in</strong>st Tarleton’s cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Von Bose Regt., <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> latter were<br />
victorious due to lack <strong>of</strong> cooperation between Lee <strong>and</strong> Campbell; <strong>the</strong> reason for this absence <strong>of</strong> coord<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g a po<strong>in</strong>t for some debate, as say between William Johnson <strong>and</strong> Henry Lee IV; not to mention, presumably,<br />
Campbell <strong>and</strong> Lee <strong>the</strong>mselves. See, for example, JLG2 pp. 14, 16-17, 16n-17n, 19-20, LCC pp. 167-218, DKM pp.<br />
393-395, <strong>and</strong> more recently Beakes, John. “Colonel William Campbell <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guilford Courthouse<br />
Campaign <strong>of</strong> 1781” by John Beakes, March 2014 (unpublished.)<br />
Fortescue observes: “Never perhaps has <strong>the</strong> prowess <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British soldier been seen to greater advantage than<br />
<strong>in</strong> this obst<strong>in</strong>ate <strong>and</strong> bloody <strong>com</strong>bat.” Yet while Cornwallis had emerged victorious, driv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Americans from<br />
<strong>the</strong> field <strong>and</strong> captur<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong>ir cannon, his casualties were such that, ironically, <strong>the</strong> action lost him <strong>the</strong><br />
campaign <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong>, as many have contended, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> end paved <strong>the</strong> way to his defeat at<br />
Yorktown. 2425<br />
Otho Williams, at “Camp at Speedwell’s furnace,” to his bro<strong>the</strong>r 16 March: “The Sou<strong>the</strong>rn army has once more<br />
<strong>com</strong>e <strong>of</strong>f second best <strong>in</strong> a general action. Gen. Greene be<strong>in</strong>g re<strong>in</strong>forced with a few small detachments <strong>of</strong> new<br />
levies, which gave <strong>the</strong> regular battalion a respectable appearance, <strong>and</strong> a sufficient number <strong>of</strong> militia to make<br />
his force apparently superior to <strong>the</strong> British army, made <strong>the</strong> best possible arrangement <strong>of</strong> his troops, <strong>and</strong> for<br />
many reasons which rendered it almost absolutely necessary, came to a resolution <strong>of</strong> attack<strong>in</strong>g Lord Cornwallis<br />
<strong>the</strong> first opportunity. When both parties are disposed for action all obstacles are soon over<strong>com</strong>e. The two armies<br />
met at Guilford Court House yesterday at 12 o’clock. Our army was well posted; <strong>the</strong> action was <strong>com</strong>menced by<br />
<strong>the</strong> advanced parties <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> cavalry, <strong>in</strong> which our troops were successful, but <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
ground not be<strong>in</strong>g favorable <strong>in</strong> our front, our army kept its position <strong>and</strong> waited <strong>the</strong> attack <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British. They<br />
were opposed wherever <strong>the</strong>y appeared. The militia <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a behaved as usual, but those <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
dist<strong>in</strong>guished <strong>the</strong>mselves by un<strong>com</strong>mon bravery. The regular troops were <strong>the</strong> last that had <strong>com</strong>e to action <strong>and</strong><br />
generally behaved well, but as <strong>the</strong>se were <strong>the</strong> most <strong>in</strong>considerable <strong>in</strong> number, <strong>the</strong> general chose ra<strong>the</strong>r to retire<br />
2419 GDH 3 pp. 139-140, TCS p. 276.<br />
2420 WDC p. 412. Cornwallis, for his part, reported <strong>the</strong> engagement as last<strong>in</strong>g “an hour <strong>and</strong> a half.” TCS p. 307.<br />
2421 Foote: “Some <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first l<strong>in</strong>e at Guilford were N.C. marksmen, called <strong>the</strong> Irish l<strong>in</strong>e, from Alamance, <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> volunteers<br />
under Capt. John Forbes [also given elsewhere as Forbis]. Forbes received a mortal wound <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> retreat, <strong>and</strong> was one <strong>of</strong> those<br />
left wounded on <strong>the</strong> field, <strong>and</strong> only later brought to a house where he died.” FSN pp. 276, 279. Caru<strong>the</strong>rs: [speak<strong>in</strong>g at length <strong>in</strong><br />
defense <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia at Guilford remarks] “Col. McLeod, who made <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficial return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
army, reported that <strong>the</strong>y ‘got one thous<strong>and</strong> three hundred st<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> arms which had been distributed to <strong>the</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong><br />
destroyed on <strong>the</strong> field.’ Destroyed? how? when? by whom? If <strong>the</strong>se guns all belonged to <strong>the</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong> were destroyed by <strong>the</strong><br />
British after <strong>the</strong> battle, many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m must have belonged to o<strong>the</strong>r militia than those <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a; for one thous<strong>and</strong> three<br />
hundred was two hundred <strong>and</strong> forty more than all <strong>the</strong> militia from this State [N.C.], <strong>and</strong> we know a large portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m kept<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir guns. At that time, when game was plenty, every man who was <strong>of</strong> any account, would have a rifle if he had to go <strong>in</strong> debt<br />
for it; <strong>and</strong> his rifle was about <strong>the</strong> last th<strong>in</strong>g he would th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>of</strong> throw<strong>in</strong>g away.” CNS2 p. 148. See also Schenk’s at length<br />
treatment <strong>and</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> conduct <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a troops at SNC pp. 335-358.<br />
2422 LCC p. 172, CSS p. 1167.<br />
2423 Babits, however, <strong>in</strong> his recently published (2009) Long, Obst<strong>in</strong>ate, <strong>and</strong> Bloody, disputes this long accepted <strong>in</strong>terpretation <strong>and</strong><br />
version <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ use <strong>of</strong> his artillery at Guilford; s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> story is based on Lee’s account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>and</strong> who was not <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> immediate vic<strong>in</strong>ity at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong> alleged event took place.<br />
2424 TCS pp. 275-276.<br />
2425 KJO p. 14, LOB Part IV, NGP7 pp. 433-441, 444n, 453n, 455, RCO pp. 177-178, SCP4 pp. 7-9, 17-20, 39, 41, 46, 63-73, 109,<br />
114, ATR81a pp. 331-332, AR81 pp. 65-70, RSC2 pp. 217-223, TCS pp. 271-278, GHA4 pp. 53-57, SAW2 pp. 337-348, MLW4A pp.<br />
364-379, MLW3 pp. 118-122, (aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> as with <strong>the</strong> Race to <strong>the</strong> Dan, Marshall’s account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle would seem to some extent<br />
to have drawn from Otho Williams [<strong>and</strong> William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton also], <strong>and</strong> whom he may actually be quot<strong>in</strong>g directly), LMS pp. 275-<br />
286, DRS pp. 31-32, JLG2 pp. 1-25, LCC pp. 167-218, GAR1 pp. 70-71, GAR2 p. 186 LFB2 p. 400-403, TOW pp. 18-19, CNS2 pp.<br />
104-174, SNC pp. 293-387, FWI pp. 225-232, WAR2 pp. 784-794, TPY pp. 169-187, RNC p. 308, LSY pp. 169-175, DRR pp. 191,<br />
193, 207-208, BAV, MGC, BLO.<br />
431
than risk a defeat. The retreat was made <strong>in</strong> tolerable good order, <strong>and</strong> so stern was <strong>the</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong> our<br />
regular force, that <strong>the</strong> enemy did not th<strong>in</strong>k proper to press our rear, nor cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>the</strong> pursuit more than three<br />
miles. Our greatest loss is four pieces <strong>of</strong> artillery <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> field.” 2426<br />
BRITISH FORCES AT GUILFORD COURT HOUSE<br />
Lieut. Gen. Charles Lord Cornwallis<br />
Maj. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Leslie, second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
Brig. Gen. Howard, serv<strong>in</strong>g as a volunteer<br />
* Leslie’s Division (right w<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
1 st Bttn., Guards, Lieut. Col. Chapel Norton<br />
Thomas Baker gives <strong>the</strong> 1 st Bttn., Guards rank <strong>and</strong> file strength as 200, Lumpk<strong>in</strong> as 241. 2427<br />
2 nd Bttn., 71 st Regt., Capt. Robert Hutcheson, Ensign Edward Fraser. 2428<br />
Regiment von Bose, Lieut. Col. Johann Christian de Puis<br />
Baker gives <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed rank <strong>and</strong> file strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2/71 st Regt. <strong>and</strong> von Bose as 565 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men,<br />
Lumpk<strong>in</strong> gives <strong>the</strong> 2/71 st strength as 530, <strong>and</strong> von Bose’s as 313.<br />
* Webster Division (left w<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
23 rd Regt., Lieut. Col. James Webster<br />
33 rd Regt. “ “ “ “<br />
Baker has a <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed total for 23 rd <strong>and</strong> 33 rd at 472 rank <strong>and</strong> file. Lumpk<strong>in</strong> gives <strong>the</strong> 23 rd at 258 <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 33 rd at<br />
322. 2429<br />
Light Infantry Company (Guards): 50, Capt. William Maynard<br />
German Jaeger <strong>com</strong>pany, Capt. Friedrich Wilhelm von Roeder 2430<br />
Baker: 84 rank <strong>and</strong> file, Lumpk<strong>in</strong>: 97 rank <strong>and</strong> file<br />
* Reserve, Brig. Gen. Charles O’Hara<br />
2 nd Battalion, Guards: Lieut. Col. James Stuart.<br />
Baker: 240 rank <strong>and</strong> file, Lumpk<strong>in</strong>: 250 rank <strong>and</strong> file<br />
Grenadier Company (Guards): 50, probably Capt. Augustus Maitl<strong>and</strong> or else Capt. Christie<br />
* Cavalry<br />
British Legion Cavalry: 154-156 rank <strong>and</strong> file, 2431 Lieut. Col. Banastre Tarleton<br />
* Royal artillery: 40-50, Lieut. John McLeod<br />
1 (or 2) six-pounders<br />
2 three-pounders<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> “Leslie“ Orderly Book, Cornwallis had 4 six-pounders <strong>and</strong> 2 three-pounders while <strong>in</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Whe<strong>the</strong>r he possessed all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se at Guilford is not clear. Lumpk<strong>in</strong> gives his artillery at Guilford as 3<br />
three-pounders. What would seem likely is that he had with him at <strong>the</strong> battle 2 three-pounders <strong>and</strong> 1 (possibly<br />
2) six-pounders); while <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g six-pounders were kept with <strong>the</strong> baggage due to lack <strong>of</strong> men to man<br />
<strong>the</strong>m. 2432<br />
TOTAL STRENGTH OF CORNWALLIS’ ARMY<br />
In his letter to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>of</strong> April 10 th , at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, Cornwallis stated: “Our force was one thous<strong>and</strong> three<br />
hundred sixty <strong>in</strong>fantry, rank <strong>and</strong> file, <strong>and</strong> about two hundred cavalry.”<br />
In a return made on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 15 March he gave his rank <strong>and</strong> file strength as 1,638, <strong>and</strong> his total effectives<br />
as 1,924. 2433<br />
2426 TOW pp. 18-19.<br />
2427 BAV pp. 51-52, LSY p. 297.<br />
2428 BLO p. 87.<br />
2429 BAV pp. 51-52, LSY p. 297.<br />
2430 Babits identifies <strong>the</strong> German jaegar <strong>com</strong>pany as be<strong>in</strong>g from Ansbach-Bayreuth ra<strong>the</strong>r than Hesse Cassel, but which “may have<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded a few Hessians as well.” BLO p. 81.<br />
2431 British Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry was effectively destroyed as a unit at Cowpens, <strong>and</strong> contrary to some orders <strong>of</strong> battle was not present<br />
at Guilford Court House; though a small h<strong>and</strong>ful <strong>of</strong> its <strong>in</strong>dividual members were <strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Legion cavalry. In his May<br />
return, Cornwallis gave Tarleton’s strength as 174 rank <strong>and</strong> file. If <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> 20 dragoons left to guard <strong>the</strong> baggage are subtracted<br />
from 174 (<strong>and</strong> possibly m<strong>in</strong>us say 2 <strong>of</strong>ficers from <strong>the</strong> 20 man total), gives a number somewhere around 154-156. Also, this is not<br />
tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account losses suffered <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early morn<strong>in</strong>g skirmishes.<br />
2432 LJA p. 344, LOB part IV, LSY pp. 296-298, BAV, pp. 51-52.<br />
2433 RCC pp. 85-86, SAW2 pp. 344-346.<br />
432
His rank <strong>and</strong> file losses s<strong>in</strong>ce 1 February were listed as 11 killed, 86 wounded <strong>and</strong> 97 miss<strong>in</strong>g, or 194 total. His<br />
losses for <strong>of</strong>ficers were 1 killed, 2 wounded, 3 miss<strong>in</strong>g. The <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed total losses for both rank <strong>and</strong> file, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>the</strong>n was 200.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> return for 1 February, Cornwallis gave his rank <strong>and</strong> file strength as 2,440, though this,<br />
<strong>of</strong> course, <strong>in</strong>cludes Hamilton <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 20 dragoons assigned to <strong>the</strong> baggage. 2434 Bryan’s N.C. Volunteers were not<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> Cornwallis’ <strong>of</strong>ficial returns. If we subtract <strong>the</strong> losses s<strong>in</strong>ce 1 February given <strong>in</strong> this morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 15<br />
March return, he would have had 2,246. If we allow Hamilton a strength <strong>of</strong> 200 <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 20 dragoons, this would<br />
<strong>the</strong>n have made Cornwallis’s Guilford army (approx.) 2,026 rank <strong>and</strong> file.<br />
Lee: 2,400, both <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> rank <strong>and</strong> file. “Lord Cornwallis’ army engaged is put down at one thous<strong>and</strong> four<br />
hundred <strong>and</strong> forty-n<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>fantry; <strong>the</strong> cavalry has generally been estimated at three hundred. Allow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
artillery to make two hundred, it will br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British force nearly to two thous<strong>and</strong>, probably <strong>the</strong> real number at<br />
Guilford Court-House. Lieutenant-Colonel [John] Hamilton, with his own regiment, one hundred <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> twenty dragoons, was left with <strong>the</strong> baggage sent <strong>of</strong>f on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 14 th to Bell’s mill. The<br />
British force <strong>in</strong> toto may be put down as two thous<strong>and</strong> four hundred: one hundred less than it was when<br />
Cornwallis destroyed his baggage at Ramseur’s mill, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry raised while he<br />
lay at Hillsborough, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r small accessions.” 2435<br />
William Johnson: 2,000 rank <strong>and</strong> file. Cornwallis <strong>in</strong>itially claimed 1,360 rank <strong>and</strong> file as his strength at Guilford.<br />
2436 However, as Johnson po<strong>in</strong>ts out, Cornwallis admits a loss <strong>of</strong> 500 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded at that battle, yet <strong>in</strong> his<br />
return <strong>of</strong> 1 April gives a total <strong>of</strong> 1723. “Deduct from this number, Hamilton’s loyal regiment, which does not<br />
appear to have been <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re will rema<strong>in</strong> more than 2000, exclusive <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery. It is also<br />
observable, that Colonel Tarleton admits his cavalry to have amounted to 200, <strong>and</strong> yet <strong>the</strong> whole legionary corps<br />
is set down, <strong>in</strong> Cornwallis’ account, at 174. By <strong>the</strong> returns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>of</strong> March, it appears that his total was 2213,<br />
which will leave 2000 after deduct<strong>in</strong>g Hamilton’s regiment.” 2437<br />
Caru<strong>the</strong>rs: “How many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British were engaged <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle [<strong>of</strong> Guilford Court House] is uncerta<strong>in</strong>. There<br />
may have been a good many Tories, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> this way <strong>the</strong> discrepancies between <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> American<br />
authorities might be reconciled; for his lordship, from prudential considerations, makes no mention <strong>of</strong> that class,<br />
except <strong>the</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g notice <strong>in</strong> his Order Book, which he did not expect would ever be seen <strong>in</strong> this country. They<br />
had some from <strong>the</strong> Scotch region [<strong>of</strong> N.C.]; for I have been told that Colonels Ray <strong>and</strong> McDougal [Duncan Ray <strong>and</strong><br />
Archibald McDougald] were <strong>the</strong>re; but how many men <strong>the</strong>y had was never known. It is probable that Colonel<br />
Field <strong>and</strong> [Samuel] Bryan were <strong>the</strong>re with <strong>the</strong>ir respective corps; for it is said that Col. Field cont<strong>in</strong>ued with<br />
<strong>the</strong>m until <strong>the</strong>y surrendered at Yorktown. How many men <strong>the</strong>y had we cannot tell; but, when mentioned <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Order Book, <strong>the</strong>y had each <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m men enough to have a special, separate <strong>and</strong> important service assigned<br />
<strong>the</strong>m. Hardly any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American historians estimate his force at less than from two thous<strong>and</strong> to twenty-four<br />
hundred, <strong>and</strong> count<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Tories, it may have been considerably more.” 2438<br />
Schenck: “It is also observable that Colonel Tarleton admits his cavalry to have amounted to 200, <strong>and</strong> yet <strong>the</strong><br />
whole Legionary corps is set down <strong>in</strong> Cornwallis’ account at 174. By <strong>the</strong> army returns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1st March, it appears<br />
that his total was 2213, which will leave 2000 after deduct<strong>in</strong>g Hamilton’s regiment. Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton supposes<br />
that Lord Cornwallis ought to have had with him, after <strong>the</strong> affair <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cowpens, 3000 men, exclusive <strong>of</strong> cavalry<br />
<strong>and</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong> General Greene constantly <strong>in</strong>sists that his force, when at Hillsboro, as ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed from his daily<br />
rations <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r means resorted to by military men, exceeded 2500 <strong>and</strong> approached 3000. No author, that we<br />
recollect, ventures to state it at less than 2000.” 2439<br />
Lumpk<strong>in</strong>: The British force is not known with certa<strong>in</strong>ty, but estimated between 1,981 <strong>and</strong> 2,253, both <strong>of</strong>ficers<br />
<strong>and</strong> rank <strong>and</strong> file. 2440<br />
Hugh Rank<strong>in</strong>: 2,192 rank <strong>and</strong> file. Cornwallis claimed his strength at time <strong>of</strong> battle was 1,360, but his return <strong>of</strong><br />
April 1, 1781 gives 1,723 rank <strong>and</strong> file fit for duty; while his casualties at Guilford were listed as 469 killed <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded. Rank<strong>in</strong> estimates his force at “around” 2,192 exclusive <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> non-<strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficers. 2441<br />
Thomas Baker: 1,924 troops total effectives. 2442<br />
AMERICAN FORCES AT GUILFORD COURT HOUSE<br />
Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene<br />
Brig. Gen. Isaac Huger, second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
2434 Babits mentions some 117 British regulars be<strong>in</strong>g also attached to <strong>the</strong> baggage. See BLO p. 50-51.<br />
2435 LMS p. 284n.<br />
2436 See Cornwallis to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, dated from Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, April 10, 1781, CAC p. 9.<br />
2437 JLG2 p. 4.<br />
2438 CNS2 pp. 105-106.<br />
2439 SNC p. 313.<br />
2440 LSY p. 298.<br />
2441 RNC p. 301n.<br />
2442 BAV pp. 76-77.<br />
433
CONTINENTALS<br />
* Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigade, Col. Otho Williams<br />
1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt., Col. John Gunby, Lieut. Col. John Eager Howard<br />
2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt., 2443 Lieut. Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Ford<br />
William Johnson gives as total effectives for <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>and</strong> 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> regiments toge<strong>the</strong>r as 630. Lumpk<strong>in</strong> 632. 2444<br />
* Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Brigade, Brig. Gen. Isaac Huger 2445<br />
Green’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment, Lieut. Col. John Green<br />
Hawes Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment, Lieut. Col. Samuel Hawes<br />
William Johnson <strong>and</strong> Lumpk<strong>in</strong> give <strong>the</strong> total effectives for both Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regiments toge<strong>the</strong>r as 778. Relatively<br />
few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>in</strong>fantrymen which <strong>com</strong>prised <strong>the</strong>se units had previous <strong>com</strong>bat experience.<br />
* Independent Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Units<br />
Delaware Company: 80, Capt. Robert Kirkwood 2446<br />
William Johnson gives 80, Rank<strong>in</strong> 110, Baker 40. 2447<br />
* North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, 30-100.<br />
* 1 st <strong>and</strong> 3 rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons: 90, Lieut. Col. William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
William Johnson says not more than 90, Rank<strong>in</strong> 86. 2448<br />
* Partizan Corps, (Lee’s Legion, cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry), Lieut. Col. Henry Lee<br />
William Johnson: The strength <strong>of</strong> Lee’s Legion cavalry was not more than 75, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry 82. Lumpk<strong>in</strong> lists<br />
<strong>the</strong> cavalry as 62 <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry at 82. Possibly Lumpk<strong>in</strong>’s lower number for <strong>the</strong> cavalry is calculat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> losses<br />
suffered <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early morn<strong>in</strong>g skirmish. Baker echoes Johnson with 75 <strong>and</strong> 80 respectively.<br />
* 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Artillery, Capt. Anthony S<strong>in</strong>gleton, Capt. Ebenezer F<strong>in</strong>ley<br />
2 batteries <strong>of</strong> 2 six-pounders<br />
William Johnson: “60 matrosses <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>.” Lumpk<strong>in</strong> gives a figure <strong>of</strong> 100. 2449<br />
Gordon, however, ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>s that 2 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American guns lost at Guilford were those captured at Cowpens which<br />
would make <strong>the</strong>m three-pounders ra<strong>the</strong>r than six-pounders. If this is not correct <strong>the</strong>n presumably <strong>the</strong> threepounders<br />
were away at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>in</strong> safekeep<strong>in</strong>g. Though not mentioned <strong>in</strong> reports, Col. Charles<br />
Harrison was with Greene’s army at this time, <strong>and</strong> so would have been <strong>in</strong> overall <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery. He’s<br />
mentioned by Greene as hav<strong>in</strong>g arrived at camp on March 4 th . 2450<br />
NORTH CAROLINA MILITIA<br />
* Butler’s Brigade, Brig. Gen. John Butler<br />
* Eaton’s Brigade, Brig. Gen. Thomas Eaton<br />
William Johnson states that both Eaton’s <strong>and</strong> Butler’s brigades had about 500 men. 2451<br />
Schenck: “To sum up <strong>the</strong> organized ‘volunteer’ force <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> Guilford Court-House,<br />
<strong>of</strong> whom no <strong>of</strong>ficial report gives any account, we have <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
“Colonel James Read’s men, 200<br />
Major Joseph W<strong>in</strong>ston’s men, -- 100<br />
Major Armstrong, -- 100<br />
[Capt.] Forbis’ men from Guilford, -- 100<br />
Sevier’s men under Robertson, -- 1OO<br />
Total, -- 600 men.<br />
“Add to <strong>the</strong>se <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
cavalry, 40 men,<br />
And we have a total <strong>of</strong> -- 640<br />
“North Carol<strong>in</strong>a volunteers who were <strong>in</strong> this battle, besides <strong>the</strong> 1000 militia who jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene on <strong>the</strong> 11 th day<br />
<strong>of</strong> March.” 2452<br />
2443 Bakers states that <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> was a new regiment formed after Oct. 1780. These recruits arrived at <strong>the</strong> time Gates was<br />
<strong>in</strong> Charlotte <strong>and</strong> Greene was at Hick’s Creek on <strong>the</strong> Peedee. BAV p.46<br />
2444 JLG2 pp. 2-3, LSY p. 296.<br />
2445 Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals were <strong>in</strong>experienced recruits. WDC p. 409.<br />
2446 Although Kirkwood’s <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>in</strong>itially acted as separate detachment, <strong>the</strong>y later jo<strong>in</strong>ed up with Jacquett’s Delaware<br />
<strong>com</strong>pany which was already <strong>in</strong>formally <strong>in</strong>tegrated <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> battalion.<br />
2447 JLG2 pp. 2-3, RNC p. 303, BAV p. 44.<br />
2448 JLG2 pp. 2-3.<br />
2449 GHA4 p. 56, JLG2 pp. 2-3.<br />
2450 NGP7 p. 396, NGP8 p. 4.<br />
2451 JLG2 pp. 2-3.<br />
2452 SNC p. 302/<br />
434
Some work rema<strong>in</strong>s to be done as to men from what counties made up Butler’s <strong>and</strong> Eaton’s brigades. Yet this<br />
said, go<strong>in</strong>g through some pension statements, I have been able to confirm that Butler’s conta<strong>in</strong>ed men from<br />
Granville, Orange, <strong>and</strong> Guilford counties; while Eaton’s had some from Bute, Halifax, Granville, <strong>and</strong> <strong>War</strong>ren. Yet<br />
though <strong>the</strong>re seems a certa<strong>in</strong> demarcation here, one should not assume that Butler did not have men from say<br />
Halifax <strong>and</strong> <strong>War</strong>ren, or that Eaton did not have men from Orange or Guilford. Men from Mecklenburg, Caswell,<br />
Rowan, Surry, Mart<strong>in</strong>, Edge<strong>com</strong>b, <strong>and</strong> Stokes counties have also been identified as present, but I was not able to<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>e which brigade <strong>the</strong>y belonged to. 2453<br />
* North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rifle corps, Maj. Joseph W<strong>in</strong>ston<br />
William Johnson gives <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a riflemen who served with Lynch’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ians as 60,<br />
Odell McQuire speaks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir number as 150. 2454<br />
* North Carol<strong>in</strong>a cavalry: 40, Capt. Marquis de Bretigney. Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were actually mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry.<br />
William Johnson gives <strong>the</strong> total for <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia as 1,060. 2455<br />
VIRGINIA MILITIA<br />
* First Virg<strong>in</strong>ia brigade, Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens<br />
* Second Virg<strong>in</strong>ia brigade, Brig. Gen. Robert Lawson<br />
* Militia <strong>com</strong>pany or troop <strong>of</strong> dragoons, from Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, Thomas Watk<strong>in</strong>s. 2456<br />
William Johnson: Both Virg<strong>in</strong>ia brigades had about 600, for a <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed 1,200.<br />
Caru<strong>the</strong>rs: “The two brigades <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia amounted to one thous<strong>and</strong> six hundred <strong>and</strong> n<strong>in</strong>ety-three, six<br />
hundred <strong>and</strong> thirty-three more than <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia.” 2457<br />
McQuire: “Robert Lawson’s brigade on <strong>the</strong> north was drawn ma<strong>in</strong>ly from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia’s southside counties:<br />
Pittsylvania, Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward, Cumberl<strong>and</strong>, Amelia, etc. 2458 Edward Stevens’ was <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>in</strong> considerable part <strong>of</strong><br />
men from <strong>the</strong> western Virg<strong>in</strong>ia ‘rifle counties’ Rockbridge, Augusta, Rock<strong>in</strong>gham, <strong>and</strong> perhaps o<strong>the</strong>rs. Their<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> many <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ranks were experienced soldiers who had fought <strong>in</strong> earlier campaigns, mostly aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
Indians.”<br />
* Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Rifle Corps, made up <strong>of</strong> Campbell’s <strong>and</strong> Lynch’s units<br />
~ Campbell’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Rifle Corps, Col. William Campbell<br />
McQuire: “The rifle <strong>com</strong>ponent was <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Colonel William Campbell, victor <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. It<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>the</strong> sixty frontiersmen he had brought with him from <strong>the</strong> ridges <strong>and</strong> hollows <strong>of</strong> southwest Virg<strong>in</strong>ia…A<br />
few <strong>of</strong> Major Rowl<strong>and</strong>’s Botetourts rema<strong>in</strong>ed. Of <strong>the</strong> riflemen from Augusta County, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, who had recently<br />
<strong>com</strong>e to <strong>the</strong> army, <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> Thomas Smith, James Tate, <strong>and</strong> David Gw<strong>in</strong> to a total <strong>of</strong> about 130 men, all<br />
under Colonel George M<strong>of</strong>fett, were assigned to Campbell’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>.” McQuire also mentions that Col. Samuel<br />
McDowell’s 150 militia from Rockbridge County should be <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 340-350 total <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Rifle Corps,<br />
see 9 March. It is not clear if <strong>the</strong>se were with Campbell or Lynch. 2459<br />
Baker gives 250 for William Campell’s force. 2460<br />
~ Lynch’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Rifle Corps, Col. Charles Lynch<br />
McQuire: “Colonel Charles Lynch had brought 360 men down from <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong> fastness <strong>of</strong> Bedford County,<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, all but 60 armed with rifles.” See also (above) North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rifle corps listed with <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
militia.<br />
2453 S<strong>in</strong>ce this writ<strong>in</strong>g, Babits <strong>in</strong> his Bloody, Long <strong>and</strong> Obst<strong>in</strong>ate: The Battle <strong>of</strong> Guilford Courthouse (BLO) has fur<strong>the</strong>r identified<br />
where by county <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia participants came from, <strong>and</strong> to which work <strong>the</strong> reader is referred for more on <strong>the</strong><br />
subject.<br />
2454 McQuire: “Major Joseph W<strong>in</strong>ston’s <strong>and</strong> Capt. John [or Mart<strong>in</strong>] Armstrong’s North Carol<strong>in</strong>ian stayed for <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>and</strong> possibly<br />
a few with Colonel John Peasly <strong>of</strong> Guilford <strong>and</strong> Colonel Joseph Williams <strong>of</strong> Surry: perhaps 150 <strong>in</strong> all.”<br />
2455 JLG1 p. 471.<br />
2456 Schenck: “It is as well established that Thomas Watk<strong>in</strong>s, with a militia <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> dragoons, from Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia,<br />
was present at this battle, as it is that Lee’s Legion was <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>and</strong> yet this troop <strong>of</strong> Watk<strong>in</strong>s is nowhere mentioned by Lee or<br />
Campbell, or <strong>in</strong> Greene’s <strong>of</strong>ficial report. It is also well established that Watk<strong>in</strong>s’ dragoons did gallant service <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> charge on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Guards, <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed to cover Greene’s retreat after. Lee had, without orders, left <strong>the</strong> field.” SNC p. 303.<br />
2457 CNS2 pp. 126-127.<br />
2458 Southside refers to area <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia generally south <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> James River.<br />
2459 MGC<br />
2460 BAV p. 45.<br />
435
William Johnson gives 340 rank <strong>and</strong> file for <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Rifle Corps, <strong>and</strong> 60 rank <strong>and</strong> file for <strong>the</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>ians, or 200 under Campbell <strong>and</strong> 200 under Lynch. McQuire states that <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Rifle Troops numbered<br />
340-350 for Campbell <strong>and</strong> 360 for Lynch, with possibly 150 for <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians attached to Lynch. 2461<br />
TOTAL for all <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed, says William Johnson, was 1,693. 2462<br />
TOTAL STRENGTH OF GREENE’S ARMY<br />
Greene: In a return <strong>of</strong> 13 March, two days before <strong>the</strong> battle, Greene listed his army’s strength as 4,943.<br />
However, some number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se, probably militia, would have been detached to guard <strong>the</strong> baggage. 2463<br />
Gordon: “On <strong>the</strong> 14 th he [Greene] marched his army to Guildford court-house, <strong>and</strong> took a position with<strong>in</strong> eight<br />
miles <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’s encampment. His force consisted <strong>of</strong> Huger’s brigade <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia cont<strong>in</strong>entals, 778 present<br />
<strong>and</strong> fit for duty, <strong>of</strong> Williams’s Maryl<strong>and</strong> brigade <strong>and</strong> Delawares, 630; <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> Lee’s partizan legion,<br />
82 total <strong>of</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ental regulars, 1490: besides <strong>the</strong>se <strong>the</strong>re were 1060 militia from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> 1693 from<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>in</strong> all 2753. The whole army confided <strong>of</strong> 4243 foot, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> 161 cavalry, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s light<br />
dragoons 86, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Lee’s legion 75. Before <strong>the</strong> engagement began, <strong>the</strong> marquis <strong>of</strong> Bretagney [Bretigney] jo<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
<strong>the</strong> army with about 40 horse, very few accoutered as horsemen, but mounted as <strong>in</strong>fantry. On <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 15 th <strong>the</strong> Americans were supplied with provisions, <strong>and</strong> a gill <strong>of</strong> rum per man; <strong>and</strong> orders were issued for <strong>the</strong><br />
whole to be <strong>in</strong> perfect read<strong>in</strong>ess for action.” 2464<br />
Tarleton states Greene’s army numbered 7,000. 2465<br />
Lee, add<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> numbers he gives, says Greene’s army amounted to 4,449 total men. He states <strong>the</strong>re were<br />
1,670 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, <strong>and</strong>, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se, 1,490 rank <strong>and</strong> file, plus (approximately <strong>and</strong> extracted from <strong>the</strong> 4,449 total)<br />
2,779 militia. “Our field return, a few days before <strong>the</strong> action, rates Greene’s army at four thous<strong>and</strong> four<br />
hundred <strong>and</strong> forty-n<strong>in</strong>e, horse, foot <strong>and</strong> artillery, <strong>of</strong> which one thous<strong>and</strong> six hundred <strong>and</strong> seventy were<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental; <strong>the</strong> residue militia. The enemy rate us at upward <strong>of</strong> five thous<strong>and</strong>. He is mistaken: we did not reach<br />
that number, though some call us seven thous<strong>and</strong>…” Elsewhere he writes: “General Greene’s veteran <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g only <strong>the</strong> first regiment <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> Delaware, under Kirkwood (to whom none could be<br />
superior), <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry; altoge<strong>the</strong>r mak<strong>in</strong>g on that day not more than five hundred rank <strong>and</strong> file. The<br />
second regiment <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> two regiments <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia were <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> raw troops; but <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers<br />
were veteran, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldier is soon made fit for battle by experienced <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers. Unit<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se corps to<br />
those recited, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> total (as per <strong>of</strong>ficial return) amounted to one thous<strong>and</strong> four hundred <strong>and</strong> n<strong>in</strong>ety...” 2466 If<br />
we allow <strong>the</strong> numbers based on Greene’s return, Johnson <strong>and</strong> Lumpk<strong>in</strong>, Lee is still technically correct that <strong>the</strong><br />
army did not number 5,000, though it obviously wasn’t that far distant ei<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
William Johnson, <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g his totals <strong>of</strong> both effectives <strong>and</strong> rank <strong>and</strong> file present puts Greene’s army at 4,468<br />
total effectives <strong>and</strong> 4,090 rank <strong>and</strong> file. He says <strong>the</strong>re were 1490 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals (rank <strong>and</strong> file) <strong>and</strong> 2753 militia<br />
(total effectives). Consecutively, <strong>and</strong> add<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> specific unit strengths he lists (see above), <strong>the</strong> total<br />
strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals would be 1,715 (tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 60 artillerymen mentioned as total effectives ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
than rank <strong>and</strong> file.) But given <strong>the</strong> round numbers he uses for some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> units listed, this 1,715 figure is to be<br />
taken as an approximate total. Similarly, but reversed, <strong>the</strong> total rank <strong>and</strong> file for <strong>the</strong> consecutively summed<br />
militia would be 2,600 (out <strong>of</strong> 2,753.) 2467<br />
Lumpk<strong>in</strong>: 4,384-4,444<br />
CASUALTIES<br />
BRITISH<br />
Cornwallis’ return <strong>of</strong> losses suffered, conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> his dispatch to Lord Germa<strong>in</strong>, <strong>of</strong> March 17, 1781, reports <strong>the</strong><br />
total British casualties, both <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> rank <strong>and</strong> file as 93 killed (75 rank <strong>and</strong> file), 413 wounded (369 rank <strong>and</strong><br />
file), 26 miss<strong>in</strong>g (25 rank <strong>and</strong> file.) 2468<br />
Tarleton: “On <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British, <strong>the</strong> honourable Lieutenant-colonel Stewart [James Stuart], <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards,<br />
two lieutenants, two ensigns, thirteen serjeants, <strong>and</strong> seventy-five rank <strong>and</strong> file, were killed: Brigadier-generals<br />
O’Hara <strong>and</strong> Howard, Lieutenant-colonels Webster <strong>and</strong> Tarleton, n<strong>in</strong>e capta<strong>in</strong>s, four lieutenants, five ensigns,<br />
two staff <strong>of</strong>ficers, fifteen serjeants, five drummers, <strong>and</strong> three hundred <strong>and</strong> sixty-n<strong>in</strong>e rank <strong>and</strong> file, were<br />
wounded; <strong>and</strong> twenty-five rank <strong>and</strong> file were miss<strong>in</strong>g.” Webster died from his wounds not many days later, as<br />
did Capta<strong>in</strong>s Maynard, 2469 Goodricke [or Goodrickes; who was <strong>in</strong>jured <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early morn<strong>in</strong>g skirmish on New<br />
2461 JLG2 pp. 2-3, MGC.<br />
2462 JLG1 p. 471.<br />
2463 NGP7 p. 453.<br />
2464 GHA4 p. 54.<br />
2465 TCS p. 271.<br />
2466 LMS pp. 283n, 284.<br />
2467 GHA4 p. 54, JLG2 pp. 2-3.<br />
2468 TCS p. 310, SAW2 pp. 345-348.<br />
2469 For an anecdote regard<strong>in</strong>g Maynard, see SAW2 pp. 345n-346n.<br />
436
Garden Meet<strong>in</strong>g House road], <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Lord Dunglass, all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guards. Lieut. [Augustus] O’Hara, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Royal artillery <strong>and</strong> nephew to <strong>the</strong> General was among those killed.” 2470<br />
Brig. Gen. Charles O’Hara, shortly after <strong>the</strong> battle, <strong>in</strong> a letter to a friend wrote: “nearly one Half <strong>of</strong> our best<br />
soldiers <strong>and</strong> Officers <strong>and</strong> Soldiers, were ei<strong>the</strong>r killed or wounded, <strong>and</strong> what rema<strong>in</strong>s are so <strong>com</strong>pletely worn<br />
out.” 2471<br />
Greene wrote to Samuel Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton, President <strong>of</strong> Congress, on March 30, 1781: “I have it from good authority<br />
that <strong>the</strong> Enemy suffered <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> Guilford 633 exclusive <strong>of</strong> Officers, <strong>and</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir pr<strong>in</strong>cipal <strong>of</strong>ficers<br />
were killed or wounded...S<strong>in</strong>ce we have recrossed <strong>the</strong> Dan River we have taken at different times upwards <strong>of</strong> a<br />
hundred <strong>and</strong> twenty prisoners <strong>and</strong> several Officers.” 2472<br />
64 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most badly wounded had to be left beh<strong>in</strong>d at New Garden Quaker Meet<strong>in</strong>g house <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>se became<br />
Greene’s prisoners; though by April 6 th , 18 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se had died. 2473<br />
Annual Register: “(T)he loss on <strong>the</strong> British side, <strong>in</strong> any <strong>com</strong>parative estimate, drawn from <strong>the</strong> length,<br />
circumstances, <strong>and</strong> severity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action, would appear very moderate; but if considered, ei<strong>the</strong>r with respect to<br />
<strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, its ability to bear <strong>the</strong> loss, or <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tr<strong>in</strong>sic value <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brave men who fell or were<br />
disabled, it was great <strong>in</strong>deed. In <strong>the</strong> whole it exceeded 500 men; <strong>of</strong> whom, though scarcely a fifth were killed on<br />
<strong>the</strong> spot, many died afterwards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir wounds; <strong>and</strong> undoubtedly a much greater number were disabled from all<br />
future service. At any rate, <strong>the</strong> army was deprived <strong>of</strong> about one-fourth <strong>in</strong> number <strong>and</strong> that by no means <strong>the</strong><br />
least effective) <strong>of</strong> its present force.” 2474<br />
AMERICAN<br />
Taken from Otho Williams’ return: 2475<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals<br />
Key: rank <strong>and</strong> file/total effectives<br />
Brig. Gen Huger wounded slightly <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong><br />
Brigade <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regulars: 23/29 killed, 35/39 wounded, 39/39 miss<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Brigade <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> regulars: 11/15 killed, 36/42 wounded, 88/97 miss<strong>in</strong>g. 2476<br />
Delaware battalion: 7/7 killed, 11/13 wounded, 13/15 miss<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s 1 st <strong>and</strong> 3 rd regiments <strong>of</strong> cavalry: 3/3 killed, 4/8 wounded (also accounted as prisoners <strong>of</strong> war), 3/3<br />
miss<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Partizan Legion (Lee’s Legion): 3/3 killed, 7/9 wounded, 7/7 miss<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Total Cont<strong>in</strong>ental losses: 290/330 casualties.<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Militia:<br />
Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens wounded.<br />
First brigade, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia (Stevens): 9/11 killed, 30/35 wounded, 133/141 miss<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Second brigade Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia (Lawson): 1/1 killed, 13/16 wounded, 83/87 miss<strong>in</strong>g. 2477<br />
Rifle regiments, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Colonels Campbell <strong>and</strong> Lynch: 1/3 killed, 13/16 wounded, 78/94 miss<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Total casualties for <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia: 361/415.<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia:<br />
Two brigades <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Brigadier-generals Butler <strong>and</strong> Eaton: 6 killed (all rank <strong>and</strong> file), 5 (3) wounded,<br />
miss<strong>in</strong>g: 552/563.<br />
Total casualties for North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia: 561/574. 2478<br />
2470 TCS pp. 276, 310.<br />
2471 Quoted <strong>in</strong> NGP7 p. 440n.<br />
2472 NGP8 pp. 8-9.<br />
2473 WCO p. 314.<br />
2474 AR81 pp. 69-70.<br />
2475 Note -- numbers given <strong>in</strong> paren<strong>the</strong>sis are rank <strong>and</strong> file.<br />
2476 McQuire: “…Colonel Gunby was also disabled when his wounded horse fell on him. Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> was soon<br />
passed to John Eager Howard, who had capably <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed Morgan’s l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen at <strong>the</strong><br />
Cowpens.” MGC<br />
2477 Stevens, returned to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia after <strong>the</strong> battle, <strong>and</strong> did not subsequently rejo<strong>in</strong> Greene; though he did serve with Lafayette <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> latter part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia campaign.<br />
2478 Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> after Guilford most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. deserted. NGP7 p. 444n.<br />
437
Also:<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a cavalry [militia] lost 1 man killed <strong>and</strong> 1 wounded. 2479<br />
Annual Register “The action was spread through so wide an extent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> so thickly wooded, that<br />
<strong>the</strong> victors could form no estimate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sla<strong>in</strong>. But whatever that might be, <strong>the</strong>ir pr<strong>in</strong>cipal loss consisted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
desertion <strong>of</strong> that part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia who were with<strong>in</strong> any reach <strong>of</strong> home; for <strong>the</strong>y, accord<strong>in</strong>g to established<br />
custom, seized <strong>the</strong> opportunity <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g dispersed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods by an action, to make <strong>the</strong> best <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir way, <strong>and</strong><br />
without once look<strong>in</strong>g back.” 2480<br />
Ramsay: “About three hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> one hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia were killed <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded, among <strong>the</strong> former was Major [Robert] Anderson, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, a valuable <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> same<br />
who behaved so well <strong>in</strong> general Gates’ defeat. Among <strong>the</strong> latter were general Huger <strong>and</strong> general Stevens. The<br />
early retreat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North-Carol<strong>in</strong>ians saved <strong>the</strong>m from much loss. Though <strong>the</strong> Americans had fewer killed <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded than <strong>the</strong> British, yet <strong>the</strong>ir army susta<strong>in</strong>ed a greater dim<strong>in</strong>ution by <strong>the</strong> numerous fugitives from <strong>the</strong><br />
militia, who no more rejo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> camp.” 2481<br />
William Johnson: “The American killed <strong>and</strong> wounded could never be ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed with any degree <strong>of</strong> precision.<br />
The returns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day could furnish no correct ideas on <strong>the</strong> subject; for one half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia,<br />
<strong>and</strong> a large number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ians, never halted after separat<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers, but pushed on to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
own homes. Nei<strong>the</strong>r do those returns exhibit a correct view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loss susta<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> regular troops, for <strong>the</strong>y<br />
are dated on <strong>the</strong> 17 th ; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> those who are marked miss<strong>in</strong>g, afterward rejo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>ir corps. This<br />
<strong>in</strong>ference is drawn from a return now before us, made two days after, <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia brigade is set down<br />
at 752, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> brigade at 660. Admitt<strong>in</strong>g that those two corps went <strong>in</strong>to battle with 1490 men, this<br />
will reduce <strong>the</strong>ir loss to 188, <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> 261, as represented <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> returns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th . This error was to be<br />
expected from <strong>the</strong> confusion <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> 2d Maryl<strong>and</strong> regiment ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong> field. Reduc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> whole loss <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> same proportion, it will barely exceed 200…The loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia brigades <strong>and</strong> rifle corps, were surpris<strong>in</strong>gly<br />
small, not exceed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole eighty men, killed <strong>and</strong> wounded…But, <strong>the</strong>se corps were reduced by desertion<br />
to one half <strong>the</strong> numbers <strong>the</strong>y reckoned before <strong>the</strong> battle. The Virg<strong>in</strong>ians now amounted to only 1021, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Lynch’s riflemen – <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians to 556. The whole army, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g men <strong>of</strong> all arms, amounted on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 19 th to 3115.” 2482<br />
CAPTURES<br />
On 19 March, Maj. Charles Magill reported to Gov. Jefferson that Cornwallis had taken custody <strong>of</strong> 75 wounded<br />
Americans. 2483<br />
“Return <strong>of</strong> ordnance, ammunition, <strong>and</strong> arms, taken at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Guildford, March 15, 1781.<br />
Brass Ordnance<br />
Mounted on travell<strong>in</strong>g carriages, with limbers <strong>and</strong> boxes <strong>com</strong>plete, 4 six-pounders. Shot, round, fixed with<br />
powder, 160 six-pounders. Case, fixed with ditto, 50 six-pounders; 2 ammunition waggons, 1300 st<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> arms<br />
distributed among <strong>the</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong> destroyed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field.” 2484<br />
Cornwallis to Lord Germa<strong>in</strong>, dated from Guilford, March 17, 1781: “The neighborhood <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fords <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dan <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir rear, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> extreme difficulty <strong>of</strong> subsist<strong>in</strong>g my troops <strong>in</strong> that exhausted country putt<strong>in</strong>g it out <strong>of</strong> my<br />
power to force <strong>the</strong>m, my resolution was to give our friends time to jo<strong>in</strong> us, by cover<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir country;...at <strong>the</strong><br />
same time I was determ<strong>in</strong>ed to fight <strong>the</strong> rebel army. With <strong>the</strong>se views, I moved to <strong>the</strong> Quaker Meet<strong>in</strong>g (house),<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> forks <strong>of</strong> Deep River, on <strong>the</strong> 13 th ; <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 14 th I received <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation which occasioned <strong>the</strong><br />
movement which brought about <strong>the</strong> action at Guildford...” 2485<br />
Some 1,300 muskets <strong>and</strong> rifles left on <strong>the</strong> field were destroyed by <strong>the</strong> British. 2486<br />
Kirkwood: “15 th . This day <strong>com</strong>menced <strong>the</strong> Action at Guilford Court House between Genls. Green[e] <strong>and</strong><br />
Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong> which many were Killed <strong>and</strong> wounded on both sides, Genl. Green Drew <strong>of</strong>f his Army, with <strong>the</strong> loss<br />
<strong>of</strong> his artillery. Marched this day...16” [miles]. 2487<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> James Roper, <strong>of</strong> Caswell County, N.C. “In his 3 rd campaign he served under Capt. Edward<br />
Dickerson <strong>and</strong> marched from <strong>the</strong> Court House to meet <strong>the</strong> brigade <strong>of</strong> Gen. [John] Butler <strong>and</strong> marched to Rav<strong>in</strong><br />
Town to Gen. Green[e]’s army across <strong>the</strong> Haw River along with Gen. [Thomas] Eaton’s brigade marched to<br />
2479 TCS pp. 317-320.<br />
2480 AR81 p. 70.<br />
2481 RSC2 p. 222.<br />
2482 JLG2 pp. 18-19. See also GHA4 p. 57, SAW2 pp. 344-346, TCS pp. 276-277.<br />
2483 NGP7 p. 441.<br />
2484 TCS p. 312.<br />
2485 CAC p. 32, SCP4 p. 12.<br />
2486 WCO pp. 308-309.<br />
2487 KJO p. 14.<br />
438
Guilford Courthouse to engage <strong>the</strong> British Army under Lord Cornwallis. The first l<strong>in</strong>e up to battle consisted <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia under Gen. Butler & Eaton. About <strong>the</strong> time Gen. Green had his army arrayed for battle<br />
Cornwallis came up with his troops, <strong>and</strong> a desparate [sic] battle ensued. This affiant [sic] states as well as he<br />
can now recollect that it was about one or two oclock <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day P.M. when <strong>the</strong> battle began between Gen.<br />
Green & Cornwallis. The battle lasted for some time with various success on both sides <strong>and</strong> at last Gen. Green<br />
had to retreat & leave <strong>the</strong> battle ground.”<br />
Davie (who was present at <strong>the</strong> battle): “[Gordon] speaks true to be sure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> No Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia as <strong>the</strong>y<br />
deserved, but it is justice to observe <strong>the</strong>y were never so wretchedly <strong>of</strong>ficered as <strong>the</strong>y were that day 2488 -- but he<br />
attributes <strong>the</strong> glory acquired by Stevens brigade to <strong>the</strong> whole Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Militia, when <strong>the</strong> truth is Lawson’s brigade<br />
fought as illy as <strong>the</strong> No Carol<strong>in</strong>ians The only difference was <strong>the</strong>y did not run entirely home...<strong>the</strong> fact is <strong>the</strong><br />
whole battle was fought by Stevens brigade <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> first Maryl<strong>and</strong> regiment.:.” Referr<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> a different writ<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
to <strong>the</strong> clash between <strong>the</strong> Guards <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt., Davie says: “[Capt. John] Smith <strong>and</strong> his men were <strong>in</strong><br />
a throng, kill<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Guards <strong>and</strong> Grenadiers like so many Furies. Colonel Stewart [James Stuart], see<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
mischief Smith was do<strong>in</strong>g, made a lunge at him with his small sword…It would have run through his body but for<br />
<strong>the</strong> haste <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Colonel, <strong>and</strong> happen<strong>in</strong>g to set his foot on <strong>the</strong> arm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> man Smith had just cut down, his<br />
unsteady step, his violent lunge, <strong>and</strong> miss<strong>in</strong>g his aim brought him down to one knee on <strong>the</strong> dead man. The<br />
Guards came rush<strong>in</strong>g up very strong. Smith had no alternative but to wheel around <strong>and</strong> give Stewart a backh<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
blow over or across <strong>the</strong> head, on which he fell.” 2489<br />
William Seymour: “Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, with his cavalry, <strong>in</strong> this action deserved <strong>the</strong> highest praise, who meet<strong>in</strong>g<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Third Regiment <strong>of</strong> Foot Guards [Scots Guards], <strong>and</strong> charged <strong>the</strong>m so furiously that <strong>the</strong>y ei<strong>the</strong>r killed or<br />
wounded almost every man <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment, charg<strong>in</strong>g through <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> break<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir ranks three or four times.<br />
This action began about n<strong>in</strong>e o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued about <strong>the</strong> space <strong>of</strong> an hour <strong>and</strong> a half, <strong>in</strong><br />
which <strong>the</strong> enemy lost <strong>in</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> wounded fifteen hundred men, our loss not exceed<strong>in</strong>g one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty<br />
<strong>in</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, <strong>of</strong> which twenty-seven belonged to Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Light Infantry, <strong>of</strong> which Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
Kirkwood had <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>.” 2490<br />
Otho Williams: “The contest was long <strong>and</strong> severe: but <strong>the</strong> British carried <strong>the</strong>ir po<strong>in</strong>t by superior discipl<strong>in</strong>e. They<br />
broke <strong>the</strong> second Maryl<strong>and</strong> regiment, turned <strong>the</strong> American left flank, <strong>and</strong> got <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
brigade, <strong>and</strong> appeared to be ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Greene’s right, which would have encircled <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
troops, so that he thought it advisable to retreat. About this time Wash<strong>in</strong>gton made a charge with <strong>the</strong> horse on a<br />
part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brigade <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British guards, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> first regiment <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>ers follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> horse with <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
bayonets, near a whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> party fell a sacrifice. Huger with <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia brigade was <strong>the</strong> last that engaged;<br />
<strong>and</strong> gave <strong>the</strong> enemy a check.” 2491<br />
Tarleton: “The thickness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods where <strong>the</strong>se conflicts happened prevented <strong>the</strong> cavalry mak<strong>in</strong>g a charge<br />
upon <strong>the</strong> Americans on <strong>the</strong>ir retreat to <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>entals, <strong>and</strong> impeded <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong>fantry mov<strong>in</strong>g forwards <strong>in</strong> a<br />
well-connected l<strong>in</strong>e. Some corps meet<strong>in</strong>g with less opposition <strong>and</strong> embarrassment than o<strong>the</strong>rs, arrived sooner <strong>in</strong><br />
presence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>entals, who received <strong>the</strong>m with resolution <strong>and</strong> firmness.<br />
“At this period <strong>the</strong> event <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action was doubtful, <strong>and</strong> victory alternately presided over each army. On <strong>the</strong><br />
left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Colonel Webster carried on <strong>the</strong> yagers, <strong>the</strong> light <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 33d regiment,<br />
after two severe struggles, to <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>entals, whose superiority <strong>of</strong> numbers <strong>and</strong> weight <strong>of</strong> fire<br />
obliged him to recross a rav<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> take ground upon <strong>the</strong> opposite bank. This manoeuvre was planned with<br />
great judgement, <strong>and</strong>, be<strong>in</strong>g executed with coolness <strong>and</strong> precision, gave Webster an excellent position till he<br />
could hear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> progress <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops upon his right. In <strong>the</strong> center <strong>the</strong> 2d battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards,<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Lieutenant-colonel Stewart [James Stuart], supported by <strong>the</strong> grenadiers, made a spirited <strong>and</strong><br />
successful attack on <strong>the</strong> enemy’s six pounders, which <strong>the</strong>y took from <strong>the</strong> Delaware regiment; but <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong><br />
brigade, followed by Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry, mov<strong>in</strong>g upon <strong>the</strong>m before <strong>the</strong>y could receive assistance, retook <strong>the</strong><br />
cannon, <strong>and</strong> repulsed <strong>the</strong> guards with great slaughter. The ground be<strong>in</strong>g open, Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s dragoons<br />
killed Colonel Stewart <strong>and</strong> several <strong>of</strong> his men, <strong>and</strong> pursued <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> wood. General O’Hara,<br />
though wounded, rallied <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2d battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards to <strong>the</strong> 23d <strong>and</strong> 71 st regiments, who had<br />
<strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed from <strong>the</strong> divisions on <strong>the</strong> right <strong>and</strong> left, <strong>and</strong> were now approach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> open ground. The grenadiers,<br />
after all <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers were wounded, attached <strong>the</strong>mselves to <strong>the</strong> artillery <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry, who were advanc<strong>in</strong>g<br />
upon <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> road. At this crisis, <strong>the</strong> judicious use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> three pounders, <strong>the</strong> firm countenance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry, obliged <strong>the</strong> enemy to retreat, leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir cannon <strong>and</strong> ammunition<br />
waggons beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m. Colonel Webster soon after connected his corps with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> action on<br />
<strong>the</strong> left <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> center was f<strong>in</strong>ished.<br />
“Earl Cornwallis did not th<strong>in</strong>k it advisable for <strong>the</strong> British cavalry to charge <strong>the</strong> enemy, who were retreat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
good order, but directed Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton to proceed with a squadron <strong>of</strong> dragoons to <strong>the</strong> assistance<br />
<strong>of</strong> Major-general Leslie on <strong>the</strong> right, where, by <strong>the</strong> constant fire which was yet ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>the</strong> affair seemed<br />
not to be determ<strong>in</strong>ed. The right w<strong>in</strong>g, from <strong>the</strong> thickness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods <strong>and</strong> a jealousy for its flank, had<br />
imperceptibly <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to <strong>the</strong> right, by which movement it had a k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> separate action after <strong>the</strong> front l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong><br />
2488 Maj. Gen. Richard Caswell had argued that militia <strong>of</strong>ficers with seniority should <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> before N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers, <strong>and</strong> this view, much to <strong>the</strong> disapproval <strong>of</strong> such as Davie, prevailed with <strong>the</strong> N.C. legislature.<br />
2489 DRS pp. 31-32, BAV p. 68.<br />
2490 SJS. Kirkwood’s Delaware’s were partnered with Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry to form an ad hoc legion or partisan corps.<br />
2491 GHA4 p. 56.<br />
439
<strong>the</strong> Americans gave way, <strong>and</strong> was now engaged with several bodies <strong>of</strong> militia <strong>and</strong> riflemen above a mile distant<br />
from <strong>the</strong> center <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army. The 1 st battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Lieutenant-colonel Norton,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment <strong>of</strong> [von] Bose, under Major De Buy [de Puis], had <strong>the</strong>ir share <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> difficulties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day, <strong>and</strong>,<br />
ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light troops opposed to <strong>the</strong>m, could never make any decisive impression: As <strong>the</strong>y<br />
advanced, <strong>the</strong> Americans gave ground <strong>in</strong> front, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to <strong>the</strong>ir flanks: This sort <strong>of</strong> conflict had cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />
some time, when <strong>the</strong> British cavalry, on <strong>the</strong>ir way to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, found <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men <strong>of</strong> both corps wounded,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy: The prisoners were quickly rescued from <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir captors, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
dragoons reached General Leslie without delay. As soon as <strong>the</strong> cavalry arrived, <strong>the</strong> guards <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hessians were<br />
directed to fire a volley upon <strong>the</strong> largest party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong>, under <strong>the</strong> cover <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> smoke, Lieutenantcolonel<br />
Tarleton doubled round <strong>the</strong> right flank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards, <strong>and</strong> charged <strong>the</strong> Americans with considerable<br />
effect. The enemy gave way on all sides, <strong>and</strong> were routed with confusion <strong>and</strong> loss. Thus ended a general, <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>, a well-contested action, which had lasted upwards <strong>of</strong> two hours. General Leslie soon afterwards<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed Earl Cornwallis, who had advanced a short distance on <strong>the</strong> Reedy-fork road, with <strong>the</strong> 23d <strong>and</strong> 71 st<br />
regiments, to support <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r squadron <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British legion, who followed <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>entals.” 2492<br />
Col. William Campbell to Rev. Mr. Gumm<strong>in</strong>g (date <strong>of</strong> this letter is not clear but would o<strong>the</strong>rwise appears to have<br />
been written sometime <strong>in</strong> April 1781]: “Our army, upon <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 14 th [Wednesday], got up to Guilford<br />
C. H., <strong>and</strong> encamped about a mile above it that night. Myself <strong>and</strong> Col. C. Lynch [Charles Lynch], hav<strong>in</strong>g each <strong>of</strong><br />
us <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> a corps <strong>of</strong> riflemen, with Lieut.-Colonels Lee <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Light Dragoons, were<br />
that even<strong>in</strong>g advanced about a mile <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, <strong>and</strong> about seven miles from <strong>the</strong> enemy. Next morn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
early, we had <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> motion, <strong>and</strong> march<strong>in</strong>g towards us; upon which Col. Lee, with his<br />
legion, <strong>and</strong> about thirty <strong>of</strong> my riflemen, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Capt. [James] Tate, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Augusta militia, went<br />
out to meet <strong>the</strong>m, while <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> riflemen, <strong>and</strong> Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s horse, formed at our encampment, to<br />
support <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir retreat back. They met with <strong>the</strong> enemy near two miles from our encampment, <strong>and</strong><br />
immediately began to skirmish <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> retreat<strong>in</strong>g for about half-an-hour, which<br />
disconcerted <strong>and</strong> retarded <strong>the</strong> enemy very considerably. In <strong>the</strong> meantime, <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> our army was<br />
formed about three-quarters <strong>of</strong> a mile <strong>in</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> us; <strong>and</strong> upon <strong>the</strong> legions rejo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g us, we were ordered back, to<br />
take our position <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> battle. We had not been formed <strong>the</strong>re above ten m<strong>in</strong>utes, before <strong>the</strong> cannonade<br />
began <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> centre, which lasted about twenty m<strong>in</strong>utes, <strong>in</strong> which time <strong>the</strong> enemy were form<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong><br />
battle, by fil<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f to <strong>the</strong> right <strong>and</strong> left, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n immediately advanced upon our troops, upon which <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> small arms began. The Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regulars <strong>and</strong> militia, with <strong>the</strong> first Maryl<strong>and</strong> regiment, behaved with <strong>the</strong><br />
greatest bravery, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> riflemen who acted upon <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>gs, have done <strong>the</strong>mselves honor; but, unhappily, a<br />
whole brigade <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, <strong>of</strong> about 1,000 men, ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong>ir party from <strong>the</strong> first onset.<br />
Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m never fired <strong>the</strong>ir guns, <strong>and</strong> almost <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m threw away <strong>the</strong>ir arms, <strong>and</strong> fled with <strong>the</strong><br />
greatest precipitation. To this misfortune is attributed our be<strong>in</strong>g obliged to quit <strong>the</strong> field, though <strong>the</strong> battle was<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed long <strong>and</strong> obst<strong>in</strong>ately. All agree that it lasted two hours <strong>and</strong> a half, <strong>and</strong> I th<strong>in</strong>k myself it was<br />
considerably more. The enemy followed us no fur<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>the</strong> heights just above Guilford C. H., <strong>and</strong> our army<br />
retreated <strong>in</strong> tolerable order to Speedwell Furnace, which is about ten miles below. There <strong>the</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
troops, who were dispersed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action, assembled next day. The enemy lay at Guilford C. H. from Thursday<br />
[15 March] till Sunday [18 March], 12 o’clock, (be<strong>in</strong>g employed <strong>in</strong> bury<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir dead, <strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g care <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
wounded,) <strong>and</strong> that even<strong>in</strong>g retreated to New Garden Court House, where <strong>the</strong>y left a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir wounded,<br />
<strong>and</strong> wrote to Gen. Greene, request<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>y might not be ill-treated by <strong>the</strong> Americans. The next day<br />
(Monday) <strong>the</strong>y cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong>ir retreat to Centre Meet<strong>in</strong>g House, <strong>and</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g I left camp, <strong>and</strong> have not had<br />
any certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence from <strong>the</strong>m s<strong>in</strong>ce, though I make no doubt but <strong>the</strong>re has been ano<strong>the</strong>r battle, as every<br />
person seems to believe that Gen. Greene <strong>in</strong>tended a pursuit.” 2493<br />
Henry Lee IV: “Greene’s army united, was ra<strong>the</strong>r more than two to one to that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy; <strong>and</strong> upon this<br />
numerical superiority he ventured to engage. By separat<strong>in</strong>g it <strong>in</strong>to three <strong>in</strong>sulated l<strong>in</strong>es, it was attacked, with a<br />
force <strong>of</strong> about twenty-two to fifteen aga<strong>in</strong>st each division, <strong>and</strong> Lord Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>g an army <strong>of</strong><br />
forty-five hundred men, defeated successively, three detachments <strong>of</strong> fifteen hundred; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> each action had a<br />
superiority or, at least, an equality <strong>of</strong> force.” 2494<br />
Annual Register: “The news <strong>of</strong> this victory <strong>in</strong> Engl<strong>and</strong>, for a while, produced <strong>the</strong> usual effects upon <strong>the</strong> m<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> people <strong>in</strong> general. A very little time <strong>and</strong> reflection gave rise to o<strong>the</strong>r thoughts; <strong>and</strong> a series <strong>of</strong> victories,<br />
caused, for <strong>the</strong> first time, <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a general despair. The fact was that while <strong>the</strong> British army<br />
astonished both <strong>the</strong> old <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> new world, by <strong>the</strong> greatness <strong>of</strong> its exertions <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rapidity <strong>of</strong> its marches, it<br />
had never advanced any nearer to <strong>the</strong> conquest <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. And such was <strong>the</strong> hard fate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> victors who<br />
had ga<strong>in</strong>ed so much glory at Guildford, as, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first place, to ab<strong>and</strong>on a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir wounded; <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> a<br />
second, to make a circuitous retreat <strong>of</strong> 200 miles, before <strong>the</strong>y could f<strong>in</strong>d shelter or rest.” 2495<br />
Roger Lamb: “At last <strong>the</strong> Americans [first l<strong>in</strong>e] gave way, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> brigade advanced, to <strong>the</strong> attack <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
second l<strong>in</strong>e. Here <strong>the</strong> conflict became still more fierce. But it was <strong>com</strong>pletely routed, where I stood…I observed<br />
an American <strong>of</strong>ficer attempt<strong>in</strong>g to fly. I immediately darted after him, but he perceiv<strong>in</strong>g my <strong>in</strong>tention to capture<br />
him, fled with <strong>the</strong> utmost speed. I pursued, <strong>and</strong> was ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g on him, when, hear<strong>in</strong>g a confused noise on my left,<br />
2492 TCS pp. 273-276.<br />
2493 GDH3 pp. 139-140.<br />
2494 LCC p. 217.<br />
2495 AR81 pp. 71-72.<br />
440
I observed several bodies <strong>of</strong> Americans drawn up with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> distance <strong>of</strong> a few yards. Whoever has been <strong>in</strong> an<br />
engagement well knows that, <strong>in</strong> such moments all fears <strong>of</strong> death are over. See<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards among <strong>the</strong><br />
sla<strong>in</strong>, where I stood, I stopped <strong>and</strong> replenished my own pouch with <strong>the</strong> cartridges that rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> his; dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> time I was thus employed, several shots were fired at me; but not one took effect. Glanc<strong>in</strong>g my eye <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r way, I saw a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards advanc<strong>in</strong>g to attack <strong>the</strong>se parties. The Reader may perhaps be<br />
surprised at <strong>the</strong> bravery <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops, thus with calm <strong>in</strong>trepidity attack<strong>in</strong>g superior numbers, when formed <strong>in</strong>to<br />
separate bodies, <strong>and</strong> all act<strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r; but I can assure him this <strong>in</strong>stance was not peculiar; it frequently<br />
occurred <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> American war…” 2496<br />
Stedman: “The wounded <strong>of</strong> both armies were collected by <strong>the</strong> British as expeditiously as possible after <strong>the</strong><br />
action: It was, however, a service that required both time <strong>and</strong> care, as from <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action <strong>the</strong>y lay<br />
dispersed over a great extent <strong>of</strong> ground. Every assistance was furnished to <strong>the</strong>m, that <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> present<br />
circumstances <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army could be afforded; but, unfortunately, <strong>the</strong> army was destitute <strong>of</strong> tents, nor was <strong>the</strong>re<br />
a sufficient number <strong>of</strong> houses near <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> battle to receive <strong>the</strong> wounded. The British army had marched<br />
several miles on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day on which <strong>the</strong>y came to action. They had no provisions <strong>of</strong> any species<br />
whatever on that day, nor until between three <strong>and</strong> four <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> succeed<strong>in</strong>g day, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n but a<br />
scanty allowance, not exceed<strong>in</strong>g one quarter <strong>of</strong> a pound <strong>of</strong> flower, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> fame quantity <strong>of</strong> very lean beef. The<br />
night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day on which <strong>the</strong> action happened was remarkable for its darkness, ac<strong>com</strong>panied with ra<strong>in</strong>, which<br />
fell <strong>in</strong> torrents. Near fifty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wounded, it is said, s<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g under <strong>the</strong>ir aggravated miseries, expired before <strong>the</strong><br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g. The cries <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wounded <strong>and</strong> dy<strong>in</strong>g who rema<strong>in</strong>ed on <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> action dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night exceed all<br />
description. Such a <strong>com</strong>plicated scene <strong>of</strong> horror <strong>and</strong> distress, it is hoped, for <strong>the</strong> fake <strong>of</strong> humanity, rarely<br />
occurs, even <strong>in</strong> a military life.” 2497<br />
15-16 March. Slowed by <strong>the</strong> ra<strong>in</strong> while collect<strong>in</strong>g stragglers, Greene withdrew towards Reedy Fork, cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
ford <strong>the</strong>re about three miles from <strong>the</strong> Guilford battlefield. By next morn<strong>in</strong>g, he had moved ano<strong>the</strong>r seven miles<br />
distance to Speedwell’s Iron works on Troublesome Creek; where he <strong>the</strong>n camped for four days; hop<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
British would advance. Cornwallis, even so <strong>and</strong> meanwhile, rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Guilford. 2498<br />
In his dispatch to President <strong>of</strong> Congress Samuel Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>of</strong> 16 March, Greene wrote: “We retreated <strong>in</strong> good<br />
order to <strong>the</strong> Reedy Fork River, <strong>and</strong> crossed at <strong>the</strong> ford about 3 Miles from <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> Action, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re halted<br />
<strong>and</strong> drew up <strong>the</strong> Troops untill [sic] we collected most <strong>of</strong> our Stragglers.” 2499<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> John Chumbley <strong>of</strong> Amelia County, VA.: “The army halted 2 or 3 miles from <strong>the</strong><br />
battleground to take refreshment, <strong>and</strong> called stragglers, which be<strong>in</strong>g done, <strong>the</strong> proceeded through muddy roads<br />
a day <strong>and</strong> night <strong>and</strong> cold driv<strong>in</strong>g ra<strong>in</strong> 8 to 10 miles, to <strong>the</strong> draw works on what was called Cobblestone Creek.<br />
Declarant well recollects that <strong>the</strong> horrors <strong>of</strong> that night were equally appall<strong>in</strong>g to him with <strong>the</strong> thunders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
recent battle.”<br />
William Johnson: “The depth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> road, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> precautions <strong>in</strong>dispensable on a retreat, protracted <strong>the</strong> march<br />
until <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g. The distance from <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> battle to <strong>the</strong> [Speedwell] iron works on<br />
Troublesome Creek, is estimated at ten miles, yet <strong>the</strong> army did not reach this place until near daylight…It<br />
happened that a corps <strong>of</strong> about three hundred militia, who had arrived [at Speedwell’s Iron Works] <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> army, had established <strong>the</strong>ir camp, <strong>and</strong> k<strong>in</strong>dled <strong>the</strong>ir fires <strong>in</strong> that quarter by which <strong>the</strong> legion [Lee’s Legion]<br />
approached. See<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se red cloaks through <strong>the</strong> woods, <strong>the</strong> militiamen th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> whole British army was<br />
upon <strong>the</strong>m, broke away <strong>and</strong> returned no more.” 2500<br />
Sam Houston, 2501 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rockbridge VA. militia, wrote <strong>in</strong> his diary: “Friday, 16 th -- As soon as day appeared<br />
(be<strong>in</strong>g wet) we decamped, <strong>and</strong> marched through <strong>the</strong> ra<strong>in</strong> to Speedwell furnace, where Green had retreated from<br />
Guilfordtown, where <strong>the</strong> battle was fought, sixteen miles distant; <strong>the</strong>re we met many <strong>of</strong> our <strong>com</strong>pany with great<br />
joy, <strong>in</strong> particular Colonel [Joseph] M’Dowell; where we learned that we lost four pieces <strong>of</strong> cannon after hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
retaken <strong>the</strong>m, also <strong>the</strong> 71 st regiment we had captured. After visit<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> tents we eat <strong>and</strong> hung about <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
tents <strong>and</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>, when frequently we were rejoiced by men <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> we had given out for lost. In <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g we<br />
struck tents <strong>and</strong> encamped on <strong>the</strong> left, when <strong>the</strong> orders were read to draw provisions <strong>and</strong> ammunition, which<br />
order struck a panic <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> m<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>of</strong> many. Our march five miles.” 2502<br />
Mid March. [skirmish] Portsmouth (Portsmouth County, VA.) SQR pp. 184-185.<br />
Mid March. [raid] Dutchman’s Creek (Fairfield County, S.C.) Rawdon ordered a detachment <strong>of</strong> mounted New<br />
York Volunteers to disperse a body <strong>of</strong> whig militia assembl<strong>in</strong>g at Dutchman’s Creek, some (some 7 to 13 miles<br />
east <strong>of</strong> W<strong>in</strong>nsborough). The whig force was routed <strong>and</strong> lost 18 men killed <strong>and</strong> 18 captured. 2503<br />
2496 LJA pp. 348-362.<br />
2497 SAW2 p. 346.<br />
2498 NGP8 p. 435, AR81 pp. 70-71, MLW4A pp. 378-380, JLG2 pp. 22-23, 25-26, LFB2 p. 406, MGC.<br />
2499 NGP8 p. 435.<br />
2500 JLG2 pp. 22-23.<br />
2501 Houston was <strong>the</strong> fa<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> founder <strong>and</strong> first President <strong>of</strong> Texas (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same name.) Whe<strong>the</strong>r this is <strong>the</strong> same Houston<br />
who fought at Ramseur’s Mill is not clear.<br />
2502 MGC.<br />
2503 MSC2 p. 746, RBG p. 153, LSC p. 13.<br />
441
Mid March. After a dispute <strong>in</strong> which, it is alleged (historian John Beakes believes mistakenly), Col. William<br />
Campbell claimed Lee, at Guilford, unnecessarily put <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia men <strong>in</strong> harm’s way by fail<strong>in</strong>g to protect<br />
<strong>the</strong>m from Tarleton’s dragoons with <strong>the</strong> Legion cavalry, Campbell resigned his <strong>com</strong>mission <strong>and</strong> left service with<br />
Greene. In any case <strong>and</strong> however, he was back <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field <strong>in</strong> his home state by summer, hav<strong>in</strong>g by <strong>the</strong>n been<br />
<strong>com</strong>missioned by Virg<strong>in</strong>ia a Brigadier General <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia. 2504<br />
Mid March. Cornwallis had Rawdon at Camden send Lieut. Col. John Watson to once aga<strong>in</strong> attempt to root out<br />
Marion. Watson by <strong>the</strong> 28 th had left Blakely’s (see Mount Hope Swamp, 10 March) <strong>and</strong> moved to Nelson’s Ferry;<br />
<strong>and</strong> which Lee says he fortified. Then, leav<strong>in</strong>g his baggage at Nelson’s, he marched towards Georgetown <strong>in</strong><br />
fur<strong>the</strong>rance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se orders with <strong>the</strong> idea <strong>of</strong> lur<strong>in</strong>g forth <strong>and</strong> or distract<strong>in</strong>g Marion from Doyle who was advanc<strong>in</strong>g<br />
on Snow’s Isl<strong>and</strong> (see 29 March.) 2505<br />
Mid March. Caru<strong>the</strong>rs: “Accord<strong>in</strong>g to a tradition, which I am told is reliable, while <strong>the</strong> British were at, or not far<br />
from Bell’s mill, Colonel [William] Wash<strong>in</strong>gton went over on Back creek, for <strong>the</strong> purpose ma<strong>in</strong>ly, <strong>of</strong> suppress<strong>in</strong>g<br />
or over-aw<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Tories. When near <strong>the</strong> place now [1856] known as <strong>the</strong> Widow Moss’s, he met some thirty or<br />
more Quakers, from Uwharie, Caraway, Back Creek, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r neighborhoods <strong>in</strong> that portion <strong>of</strong> R<strong>and</strong>olph<br />
county. The posit<strong>in</strong>g which he or <strong>the</strong>y occupied be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> elevated one, he descried <strong>the</strong>m at a considerable<br />
distance, <strong>and</strong> not feel<strong>in</strong>g certa<strong>in</strong>, perhaps, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir character or <strong>in</strong>tentions, he ordered his men to retire a little<br />
from <strong>the</strong> road, where <strong>the</strong>y would be concealed by a thicket <strong>of</strong> bushes or undergrowth; but <strong>the</strong>ir broad brimmed<br />
hats <strong>and</strong> drab colored clo<strong>the</strong>s soon satisfied him that <strong>the</strong>y were Quakers, <strong>and</strong> he quietly awaited <strong>the</strong>ir approach.<br />
On <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g up, <strong>the</strong>y saluted him <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir usual style, ‘Well, how does <strong>the</strong>e do to-day friend?’ <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n went on to<br />
ask a number <strong>of</strong> questions perta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess at h<strong>and</strong>. ‘Is <strong>the</strong>e an <strong>of</strong>ficer?’ ‘Does <strong>the</strong>e belong to <strong>the</strong><br />
army?’ ‘Where is friend Cornwallis?’ To each <strong>of</strong> which <strong>in</strong> succession, he k<strong>in</strong>dly <strong>and</strong> civilly replied--that he was an<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> that he belonged to <strong>the</strong> army; that <strong>the</strong> army was at or near Bell’s mill, <strong>and</strong> that Cornwallis would<br />
soon be along. These answers were ra<strong>the</strong>r equivocal; but, hav<strong>in</strong>g no idea that an American <strong>of</strong>ficer would dare to<br />
show his face so near to <strong>the</strong> head-quarters <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis, <strong>the</strong>y took it for granted that he was an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
British army; <strong>and</strong> disclosed <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>tentions without reserve or hesitation. They told him hat as Greene had been<br />
defeated <strong>and</strong> driven from <strong>the</strong> country, or obliged to retreat <strong>in</strong>to Rock<strong>in</strong>gham, <strong>the</strong> British were now <strong>com</strong>pletely<br />
triumphant, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>y were go<strong>in</strong>g to pay <strong>the</strong>ir respects to friend Cornwallis, <strong>and</strong> tell him <strong>the</strong>y were peacelov<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
sober, quiet people, hav<strong>in</strong>g no enmity to him or <strong>the</strong> British government. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>the</strong>m<br />
who he was, <strong>and</strong> assured <strong>the</strong>m that General Greene had not left <strong>the</strong> State, nor had, <strong>in</strong> fact, been defeated, but<br />
would soon be along <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis. With his usual urbanity, he told <strong>the</strong>m fur<strong>the</strong>r, that <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
not act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> accordance with to <strong>the</strong>ir own bus<strong>in</strong>ess. He now ordered his men to surround <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g done<br />
so, some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m po<strong>in</strong>ted out to him a man among <strong>the</strong> Quakers who was a noted Tory, <strong>and</strong> who was known to<br />
have been guilty, long before, <strong>of</strong> robbery <strong>and</strong> murder. He did not, <strong>of</strong> course, belong to <strong>the</strong> Quaker society; but,<br />
whe<strong>the</strong>r by accident or design, is not known, he had fallen <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> was go<strong>in</strong>g to pay his respects to<br />
Lord Cornwallis, <strong>and</strong> acknowledge his submission to British authority. Be<strong>in</strong>g satisfied <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> facts, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
ordered two <strong>of</strong> his men to take him <strong>and</strong> hang him to <strong>the</strong> limb <strong>of</strong> a large persimmon tree which was near, <strong>and</strong> on<br />
which Hartwell Hunter, my <strong>in</strong>formant, says, had not long before been hung by <strong>the</strong> Tories. This was at<br />
Beckerdite’s store, near <strong>the</strong> Widow Wood’s, where <strong>the</strong> tree is yet st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g.<br />
“When <strong>the</strong> Tory was swung <strong>of</strong>f so unceremoniously, <strong>the</strong>re were two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Quakers sitt<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong>ir horses not far<br />
from <strong>the</strong> tree <strong>and</strong> one said to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r, ‘Well, don’t that beat <strong>the</strong> devil?’ Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>the</strong>n marched <strong>the</strong><br />
Quakers, half dead with fear, to a barn which stood at a short distance, where he made six <strong>of</strong> those who were<br />
most f<strong>in</strong>ely dressed, <strong>and</strong> six <strong>of</strong> his own men whose regimentals had be<strong>com</strong>e most shabby look<strong>in</strong>g, go <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> ban<br />
<strong>and</strong> exchange clo<strong>the</strong>s from top to toe. When <strong>the</strong>y came out so <strong>com</strong>pletely metamorphosed, <strong>and</strong> all, <strong>of</strong> both<br />
parties, mak<strong>in</strong>g such a ludicrous appearance, he ordered <strong>the</strong>m to make a similar exchange <strong>of</strong> horses, <strong>the</strong><br />
Quakers giv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir f<strong>in</strong>e fat horses <strong>in</strong> exchange for <strong>the</strong> lean, war-worn horses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs. At first, <strong>the</strong> Quakers<br />
objected mist strenuously to this whole proceed<strong>in</strong>g, one alleg<strong>in</strong>g that his horse was borrowed <strong>of</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r, that<br />
his hat or some part <strong>of</strong> his dress did not belong to him; <strong>and</strong> every one <strong>of</strong>fer<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> most plausible reason he<br />
could; but it was all <strong>in</strong> va<strong>in</strong>. The Quakers had to go <strong>of</strong>f with <strong>the</strong>ir poor horses <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir old tattered cavalry<br />
dress; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalrymen kept <strong>the</strong>ir fat horses, <strong>the</strong>ir drab suits <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir broad brims. Before dismiss<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m,<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton gave <strong>the</strong>m ano<strong>the</strong>r friendly talk, <strong>and</strong> advised <strong>the</strong>m to go home <strong>and</strong> stay <strong>the</strong>re, attend to <strong>the</strong>ir own<br />
concerns <strong>in</strong> future, <strong>and</strong> live up to <strong>the</strong>ir pr<strong>of</strong>essions <strong>of</strong> peace <strong>and</strong> good will to all men. The old Friend, my<br />
<strong>in</strong>formant says, who gave him <strong>the</strong> above account, or ra<strong>the</strong>r confirmed it, for it had long been a tradition <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
country, said he had <strong>of</strong>ten heard his fa<strong>the</strong>r tell<strong>in</strong>g how he looked <strong>and</strong> felt when he returned to his family, rid<strong>in</strong>g<br />
on a broken down cavalry horse <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> f<strong>in</strong>e animal which he had taken from home, <strong>and</strong> wear<strong>in</strong>g an old<br />
greasy look<strong>in</strong>g horseman’s cap <strong>and</strong> tattered regimentals, <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> his broad brimmed beaver <strong>and</strong> his f<strong>in</strong>e drab<br />
suit <strong>of</strong> broad cloth. Before dismiss<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m, he laid his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s on <strong>the</strong>m to keep quiet <strong>and</strong> not make it known<br />
that <strong>the</strong>y had seen Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>in</strong> those parts, or it might not be as well for <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“I have been told by Jeremiah Yorke, <strong>and</strong> a man by <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> Morgan, both <strong>of</strong> whom lived on or near Deep<br />
River, were at this time, with Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> gave him <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation about <strong>the</strong> Tory. How <strong>the</strong>y came to be<br />
with him I have not learned; but when <strong>the</strong> Quakers left, York, Morgan, <strong>and</strong> several o<strong>the</strong>rs were perhaps on <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
return home, or on a scout, when <strong>the</strong>y fell <strong>in</strong> with some British, probably stragglers or a small forag<strong>in</strong>g party,<br />
<strong>and</strong> had a little skirmish, <strong>in</strong> which Yorke was badly wounded, <strong>and</strong> one or two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army were killed; but<br />
2504 NGP7 p. 445, JLG2 pp. 16-17, 16n, LCC pp. 194-203, DKM pp. 394-395<br />
2505 MMS2 pp. 224-230, LMS p. 331.<br />
442
<strong>of</strong> this affair I have no particulars, nor any very def<strong>in</strong>ite <strong>in</strong>formation, <strong>and</strong> give it only as I heard it <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
country.” 2506<br />
16 March. [naval battle] The First Battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Capes, also Cape Henry, Chesapeake Bay. The British<br />
fleet, under Vice Admiral Marriot Arbuthnot, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> French fleet, under Admiral Charles Chevalier Destouches<br />
fought <strong>the</strong> first battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Capes. Although <strong>in</strong>conclusive tactically <strong>and</strong> no ships were lost by ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
side, <strong>the</strong> naval engagement prevented <strong>the</strong> French from l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g Viomenil with 1,100 French chasseurs to support<br />
Lafayette <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia aga<strong>in</strong>st Arnold, while reassert<strong>in</strong>g British control <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake. Despite this, Arbuthnot<br />
was severely criticized by some for not more soundly defeat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> French. Destouches for his part returned to<br />
Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong>. 2507<br />
Ships Engaged:<br />
BRITISH<br />
Vice Admiral Marriot Arbuthnot<br />
London, 98 guns; Royal Oak, 74 guns; Bedford, 74 guns; Robust, 74 guns; America, 64 guns; Prudent, 64 guns;<br />
Europe, 64 guns; Adamant, 50 guns; Europe, 64 guns (all coppered) 2508<br />
FRENCH<br />
Admiral Charles Chevalier Destouches<br />
Duc de Bourgogne, coppered, 84 guns; Le Neptune, coppered, 74 guns; Conquerant, 74 guns; Provence, 64 guns<br />
Ardent, 64 guns; Jason, 64 guns; Eveillé, coppered, 64 guns; Romulus, 44 guns<br />
17 March. Cornwallis, still camped at Guilford Court House, wrote to Lord Germa<strong>in</strong>: “This part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country is<br />
so totally destitute <strong>of</strong> subsistence, that forage is not nearer than n<strong>in</strong>e miles, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldiers have been two<br />
days without bread; 2509 <strong>the</strong> shall <strong>the</strong>refore leave about seventy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> worst wounded cases at <strong>the</strong> New-Garden<br />
Quaker meet<strong>in</strong>g-house, with proper assistance, <strong>and</strong> move <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der with <strong>the</strong> army to-morrow morn<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
Bell’s-mill.” By this time many <strong>of</strong> his men were without shoes <strong>and</strong> worn down with fatigue. 2510<br />
17 March. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Bethabara congregation): “Yesterday we heard that <strong>the</strong>re had been a<br />
battle between <strong>the</strong> English <strong>and</strong> our army, <strong>and</strong> today we heard more about it from o<strong>the</strong>r men <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong><br />
front, <strong>and</strong> a letter from Br. Marshall showed that it was true.” 2511<br />
18 March. Col. Thomas Wade, at Haley’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Peedee, received <strong>the</strong> additional detachment <strong>of</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia he had requested <strong>of</strong> Greene <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong>directly, Maj. Gen. Caswell. On 2 April, Wade wrote Greene<br />
that his orders to Caswell to send Wade some men to protect cattle <strong>and</strong> stores was not <strong>com</strong>plied with till March<br />
18 th . As it turned out, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men sent were poor soldiers <strong>and</strong> did not meet Wade’s expectations <strong>in</strong> a<br />
subsequent engagement. See 2 April. 2512<br />
18 March. 2513 Hav<strong>in</strong>g camped two days at Guilford, Cornwallis retreated to Bell’s Mill, sixteen miles south <strong>of</strong><br />
Guilford, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> south bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Deep River, where he gave his men two days rest. His troops hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
suffered from lack <strong>of</strong> meal before <strong>the</strong> battle, <strong>the</strong>y fared no better after. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>y rema<strong>in</strong>ed at<br />
Bell’s till <strong>the</strong> 20 th tend<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> wounded. Count<strong>in</strong>g those taken at Guilford, Cornwallis’ artillery now had 8 sixpounders<br />
<strong>and</strong> 2 three-pounders. Sometime this same day, he issued a proclamation summon<strong>in</strong>g all loyal servants<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> crown, as well as hoped for waver<strong>in</strong>g or neutrals, to <strong>com</strong>e forth <strong>in</strong> support <strong>of</strong> good government; <strong>and</strong><br />
which was followed with no response except for a small h<strong>and</strong>ful <strong>of</strong> loyalists who came <strong>in</strong> to express <strong>the</strong>ir moral<br />
support. 2514<br />
Cornwallis’ proclamation: “Whereas, by <strong>the</strong> bless<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Almighty God, His Majesty’s arms have been crowned<br />
with signal success, by <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>plete victory obta<strong>in</strong>ed over <strong>the</strong> rebel forces on <strong>the</strong> 15 th <strong>in</strong>stant, I have thought<br />
proper to issue this proclamation to call upon all loyal subjects to st<strong>and</strong> forth, <strong>and</strong> take an active part <strong>in</strong><br />
restor<strong>in</strong>g good order <strong>and</strong> government. And whereas it has been represented to me, that many persons <strong>in</strong> this<br />
prov<strong>in</strong>ce, who have taken a share <strong>in</strong> this unnatural rebellion, but hav<strong>in</strong>g experienced <strong>the</strong> oppression <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>justice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebel government, <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g seen <strong>the</strong> errors <strong>in</strong>to which <strong>the</strong>y have been deluded by falsehoods<br />
<strong>and</strong> misrepresentations, are s<strong>in</strong>cerely desirous <strong>of</strong> return<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>ir duty <strong>and</strong> allegiance, I do hereby notify <strong>and</strong><br />
promise persons, (murderers excepted) that if <strong>the</strong>y will surrender <strong>the</strong>mselves, with <strong>the</strong>ir arms <strong>and</strong> ammunition,<br />
2506 CNS2 pp. 178-181. For a very similar anecdote but <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g Lee with some Quakers, see GAR1 pp. 361-362.<br />
2507 NGP7 p. 468n, GHA4 pp. 61-62, RCO pp. 178-179, AR81 pp. 78-79, CAR 255n, GHA4 pp. 61-62, MLW4A pp. 422-423, LMS pp.<br />
307-308, WAR2 p. 870, CGP p. liv.<br />
2508 “Coppered” refers to <strong>the</strong> ship hav<strong>in</strong>g copper sheet<strong>in</strong>g cover<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> hull below <strong>the</strong> waterl<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> which <strong>in</strong>creases a ship’s<br />
speed <strong>and</strong> reduces <strong>the</strong> need for hull scrap<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>tenance.<br />
2509 It would perhaps have been more accurate for Cornwallis to have added that American light parties regularly endangered his<br />
forag<strong>in</strong>g parties so badly as almost to ensure losses among <strong>the</strong> British on <strong>the</strong>ir out<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>and</strong> it was perhaps this as much or more<br />
so than lack <strong>of</strong> provisions as such that proscribed his susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g his army adequately.<br />
2510 LOB part IV, SCP4 p. 17, TCS pp. 266-267, CAC p. 43.<br />
2511 FRM p. 1748. Note how, <strong>in</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g reference to <strong>the</strong> Guilford battle, it is not emphatically stated who won or lost, as was <strong>the</strong><br />
case earlier with battle <strong>of</strong> Camden when <strong>the</strong> Moravians (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Salem congregation) made mention <strong>of</strong> that battle <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
m<strong>in</strong>utes.<br />
2512 NGP8 p. 31.<br />
2513 The “Leslie“ Orderly Book says that <strong>the</strong> army camped at Tes<strong>in</strong>’s [Tison’s?] Plantation on this date. LOB part IV.<br />
2514 LOB part IV, STL, NGP7 pp. 456n, 461n, ATR81b p. 26, TCS pp. 279, 322, GHA4 pp. 57-58, CAC p. 44, JLG2 p. 26, WAR2 p.<br />
796, WCO p. 312.<br />
443
at head quarters, or to <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> district contiguous to <strong>the</strong>ir respective places <strong>of</strong> residence,<br />
on or before <strong>the</strong> 20 th day <strong>of</strong> April next, <strong>the</strong>y shall be permitted to return to <strong>the</strong>ir homes, upon giv<strong>in</strong>g a military<br />
parole, <strong>and</strong> shall be protected <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir persons <strong>and</strong> properties from all sort <strong>of</strong> violence from <strong>the</strong> British troops,<br />
<strong>and</strong> will be restored as soon as possible to all <strong>the</strong> privileges <strong>of</strong> legal <strong>and</strong> constitutional government.” 2515<br />
“Scottish Travel Log”: [18 Mar.] “Swa<strong>in</strong>[’]s Plantation”; [19 Mar.] “Clark[’]s Plantation Deep River”; [20-21 Mar.]<br />
“Halt.”<br />
Annual Register: “Such was <strong>the</strong> penury <strong>and</strong> miserable state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, that <strong>the</strong> troops were without bread<br />
for two days that <strong>the</strong>y cont<strong>in</strong>ued at Guilford; nor could even forage be procured at a nearer distance than n<strong>in</strong>e<br />
miles. And though this victory was ga<strong>in</strong>ed at <strong>the</strong> entrance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> loyalists were supposed to<br />
be numerous, it does not appear, that it was capable <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>duc<strong>in</strong>g any body <strong>of</strong> that people, deserv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> name or<br />
consideration, to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> royal army.” 2516<br />
18 March. [skirmish] Scott’s Creek (Portsmouth County, VA.) SQR pp. 185-186.<br />
19 March. The day before Greene began his pursuit <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis, Charles Magill, Jefferson’s liaison <strong>of</strong>ficer,<br />
wrote his Governor Jefferson: “...I am sorry to <strong>in</strong>form your Excellency that a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Militia have<br />
sully’d [sic] <strong>the</strong> Laurels reap’d <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Action by mak<strong>in</strong>g one frivolous pretence <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r to return home. A<br />
number have left <strong>the</strong> Army very precipitately. The best Men from Augusta <strong>and</strong> Rockbridge have been foremost<br />
on this occasion...” 2517<br />
19 March. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Bethabara congregation): “Yesterday <strong>and</strong> today many passed, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
from <strong>the</strong> camp with horses <strong>and</strong> wagons. Those who arrived today dem<strong>and</strong>ed cornmeal <strong>and</strong> br<strong>and</strong>y, <strong>and</strong> gave a<br />
Ticket <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> pay<strong>in</strong>g. Our wagon brought corn from Mr. Banner.<br />
“March 21. Yesterday <strong>and</strong> today it has been beautifully quiet <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town a number <strong>of</strong> persons were here, but<br />
<strong>the</strong>re was no <strong>com</strong>motion. Oats were sowed.” 2518<br />
20 March. Cornwallis left Bell’s Mill, mov<strong>in</strong>g east, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> 22 nd arrived at (possibly) Walcher’s Plantation. (See<br />
22 March.) On <strong>the</strong> same day he left Bell’s Mill, Greene began follow<strong>in</strong>g after. On April 18 th , at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton,<br />
Cornwallis wrote to Germa<strong>in</strong>: “I marched from Guildford on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18 th <strong>of</strong> March, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> next day<br />
arrived at Bell’s mill, where I gave <strong>the</strong> troops two days rest, <strong>and</strong> procured a small supply <strong>of</strong> provisions. From<br />
<strong>the</strong>nce I proceeded slowly towards Cross-creek, attend<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> convenience <strong>of</strong> subsistence, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> movement<br />
<strong>of</strong> our wounded. On my march I issued <strong>the</strong> enclosed proclamation, <strong>and</strong> took every means <strong>in</strong> my power to<br />
reconcile enemies, <strong>and</strong> to encourage our friends to jo<strong>in</strong> us.” Along <strong>the</strong> way, <strong>the</strong> British occasionally took some<br />
prisoners; which <strong>the</strong>y later paroled after arriv<strong>in</strong>g at Cross Creek. 2519<br />
20 March. Lieut. Col. Henry Lee, at “camp New Garden,” wrote to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong><br />
“Roan [Rowan], Surry, <strong>and</strong> Mecklenburgh” counties: “You have already heard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> general action between <strong>the</strong><br />
two armies on <strong>the</strong> 15 th <strong>in</strong>stant. It is unnecessary to acqua<strong>in</strong>t you with <strong>the</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> engagement, as <strong>the</strong><br />
retreat <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> General Greene, best discover <strong>the</strong> real loss on each side. But a<br />
very small part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regular troops engaged; some new raised troops behaved dastardly, which confused <strong>the</strong><br />
regiments nearest <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> rendered it prudent to retire <strong>and</strong> postpone <strong>the</strong> decision to ano<strong>the</strong>r day. Cornwallis<br />
is runn<strong>in</strong>g with his broken army to some place <strong>of</strong> safety. His deluded friends, our unhappy brethren called tories,<br />
experience <strong>the</strong> imbecility <strong>of</strong> his pretenses to protect <strong>the</strong>m. Come <strong>the</strong>n, my friends, fly to your arms. Recollect<br />
your glorious exertion <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> last campaign <strong>and</strong> let it not be said that you shr<strong>in</strong>k from danger at this time <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g crisis.” 2520<br />
20 March. Follow<strong>in</strong>g his return to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, Pickens reached <strong>the</strong> Catawba River (see 8 March.) 2521<br />
20 March. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton dispatched Maj. Gen. William Phillips to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia with 2,000-2,500 men to provide security for<br />
Arnold’s force, <strong>and</strong> to support Cornwallis by <strong>in</strong>terrupt<strong>in</strong>g supplies <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to Greene’s army from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia.<br />
Transports carry<strong>in</strong>g Phillips troops left New York March 20 th <strong>and</strong> arrived at Portsmouth on March 26 th . Tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
Arnold’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, Phillips now had some 3,500 men at his disposal; with some time be<strong>in</strong>g spent to shore up<br />
Portsmouth’s defenses <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n proceed with l<strong>and</strong> operations <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. See 27 March. 2522<br />
2515 CNC17 pp. 1007-1008, TCS pp.312-313.<br />
2516 AR81 p. 71, <strong>and</strong> also p. 64.<br />
2517 Quoted <strong>in</strong> “Many Were Sore Chased And Some Cut Down Fight<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis with <strong>the</strong> Rockbridge Militia by Odell McGuire.<br />
Says McQuire <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same piece: “[Capt. James] Tate’s Company [<strong>of</strong> Augusta County] was discharged generally some short time<br />
after that battle [<strong>of</strong> Guilford CH], <strong>in</strong> consequence as was supposed <strong>of</strong> its hav<strong>in</strong>g suffered excessively <strong>in</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> genl.<br />
engagement at that place -- not more than 20 or 25 men hav<strong>in</strong>g survived...” MGC.<br />
2518 FRM p. 1748.<br />
2519 SCP4 p. 104, NGP7 pp. 456n, 461n, AR81 p. 71, GHA4 pp. 57-58, MLW4A p. 382, CAC p. 44, CNS2 pp. 185-192.<br />
2520 LLC Appendix xxx, TPY p. 237n. It has been conjectured that Lee <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r American <strong>of</strong>ficers were under <strong>the</strong> mistaken<br />
impression that Cornwallis might retreat through <strong>the</strong>se or nearby southwest N.C. counties; hence his writ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> militia leaders<br />
<strong>the</strong>re.<br />
2521 NGP8 p. 71n.<br />
2522 EHJ p. 294, NGP7 p. 459n, CAR pp. 254-255, 495-497, AR81 pp. 79-80, GHA4 p. 62, MLW4A pp. 425-426, LMS pp. 307-308,<br />
JLG2 p. 51, WAR2 p. 870.<br />
444
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s <strong>in</strong>structions to Major General William Phillips (<strong>and</strong> which, as Cl<strong>in</strong>ton after <strong>the</strong> war po<strong>in</strong>ted out,<br />
Cornwallis later improperly read <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terpreted as be<strong>in</strong>g directed to him): “You will be pleased to proceed with<br />
<strong>the</strong> troops embarked under your <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> to Chesapeak[e] Bay, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re form a junction as soon as possible<br />
with Brigadier-general Arnold, whom, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> corps with him, you will take under your orders.<br />
“Should any unforeseen accident prevent your form<strong>in</strong>g an immediate junction with Brigadier-general Arnold, you<br />
will, however, exert every endeavour [sic] to <strong>com</strong>municate with him. And as <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal object <strong>of</strong> your<br />
expedition is <strong>the</strong> security <strong>of</strong> him, <strong>the</strong> troops at present under his orders, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> posts he occupies on Elizabeth<br />
River, near <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> James River <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, you will, <strong>of</strong> course, use every means to atta<strong>in</strong> this very<br />
material purpose. -- <strong>the</strong> properest [sic] methods to be pursued on this occasion cannot be exactly po<strong>in</strong>ted out to<br />
you, but must be left to your discretion.<br />
“When you shall have formed your junction with Brigadier-general Arnold, if you f<strong>in</strong>d that General act<strong>in</strong>g under<br />
<strong>the</strong> orders <strong>of</strong> Earl Cornwallis, you will, <strong>of</strong> course, endeavour to fulfil [sic] those orders. -- If this should not be<br />
<strong>the</strong> case; after receiv<strong>in</strong>g every <strong>in</strong>formation respect<strong>in</strong>g his probable situation, you will make such movements<br />
with <strong>the</strong> corps <strong>the</strong>n under your orders as can be made consistent with <strong>the</strong> security <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> post on Elizabeth<br />
River, or you shall th<strong>in</strong>k will most effectually assist his Lordships operations, by destroy<strong>in</strong>g or tak<strong>in</strong>g any<br />
magaz<strong>in</strong>es <strong>the</strong> enemy may have on James River, or at Petersburg, on <strong>the</strong> Appamatox. After which, if it should be<br />
thought necessary, you will establish a post, or posts, at such stations on James River, as shall appear best<br />
calculated to open <strong>the</strong> way for, <strong>and</strong> secure <strong>the</strong> safety, as far as possible, <strong>of</strong> a rapid movement <strong>of</strong> troops to give<br />
jealousy for Upper James River, <strong>and</strong> to <strong>in</strong>terrupt <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> supplies to <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as.<br />
“The object <strong>of</strong> co-operation with Lord Cornwallis be<strong>in</strong>g fulfilled, you are at liberty to carry on such desultory<br />
expeditions for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy’s public stores <strong>and</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong> any part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Chesapeak[e], as you shall judge proper.<br />
“If <strong>the</strong> Admiral, disapprov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Portsmouth, <strong>and</strong> requir<strong>in</strong>g a fortified station for large ships <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak,<br />
should propose York Town or Old Po<strong>in</strong>t Comfort, if possession <strong>of</strong> ei<strong>the</strong>r can be acquired <strong>and</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed without<br />
great risk or loss, you are at liberty to take possession <strong>the</strong>re<strong>of</strong>: but if <strong>the</strong> objections are such as you shall th<strong>in</strong>k<br />
forcible, you must, after stat<strong>in</strong>g those objections, decl<strong>in</strong>e it, till solid operations take place <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak.<br />
“As to whatever relates to <strong>the</strong> people <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g received <strong>and</strong> armed, or be<strong>in</strong>g more for <strong>the</strong><br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s service that <strong>the</strong>y should rema<strong>in</strong> quietly at <strong>the</strong>ir houses, or respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> oaths that should be <strong>of</strong>fered to<br />
<strong>the</strong>m, or for your general conduct <strong>in</strong> matters <strong>of</strong> this k<strong>in</strong>d, I refer you to my Instructions to Major-general Leslie,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Brigadier-general Arnold, copies <strong>of</strong> which will be given to you.<br />
“And concern<strong>in</strong>g your return to this place, you will receive ei<strong>the</strong>r my orders or Lord Cornwallis’s, as<br />
circumstances may make necessary.<br />
“’Tis presumed your Lordship will be able to spare troops to station at Portsmouth, &c. but should that not be<br />
<strong>the</strong> case, you are at liberty to leave ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> regiment <strong>of</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Hereditaire [aka Erb Pr<strong>in</strong>z] or <strong>the</strong> seventysixth,<br />
or both, for that purpose, under any <strong>of</strong>ficer, be<strong>in</strong>g a general <strong>of</strong>ficer, Lord Cornwallis may choose to<br />
appo<strong>in</strong>t; but if it should be an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> your own appo<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g, with <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant-colonel; I th<strong>in</strong>k<br />
Lieutenant-colonel Dundas, as be<strong>in</strong>g acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong> spot, should rema<strong>in</strong>.<br />
“It is probable, whenever <strong>the</strong> objects <strong>of</strong> this expedition are fulfilled, <strong>and</strong> that you have streng<strong>the</strong>ned <strong>the</strong><br />
present works, <strong>and</strong> added such o<strong>the</strong>rs as you shall th<strong>in</strong>k necessary, that you may return to this place. -- In which<br />
case, you must br<strong>in</strong>g with you Brigadier-general Arnold, <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry, Colonel Rob<strong>in</strong>son’s corps [<strong>the</strong> Loyal<br />
American Regt.], or <strong>the</strong> seventy-sixth, <strong>and</strong>, if it should be possible, <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers.<br />
“The moment you have <strong>com</strong>municated with Lord Cornwallis, <strong>and</strong> heard from his Lordship, you are to consider<br />
yourself as under his Lordship’s orders, until he, or you shall hear fur<strong>the</strong>r from me.” 2523<br />
21 March. Greene’s army camped at Thom’s Mill, on South Buffalo Creek. He wrote Lee that his men had been<br />
without bread for two days. He consequently, had to pause <strong>in</strong> order allow provisions to <strong>com</strong>e up. The ma<strong>in</strong> army<br />
was also sorely lack<strong>in</strong>g cartridges which, meanwhile, were be<strong>in</strong>g made “as fast as possible.” When Greene was<br />
ready, he ordered Lee, <strong>and</strong> some Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen to trail Cornwallis’ rear guard. William Johnson, <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>gly,<br />
likens Greene’s follow-up on Cornwallis as a sort <strong>of</strong> reversal <strong>of</strong> roles seen <strong>the</strong> “Race to <strong>the</strong> Dan;” with here<br />
Greene be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> pursuer <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis <strong>the</strong> pursued <strong>in</strong> what we ourselves might call <strong>the</strong> “Race to <strong>the</strong> Deep.” 2524<br />
Lee: “Without money to purchase, <strong>the</strong> subsistence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops depended upon <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pulsory collection from<br />
<strong>the</strong> country through which <strong>the</strong> army marched; <strong>and</strong> Colonel Davie could with difficulty procure with<strong>in</strong> one day<br />
enough for that; so that <strong>the</strong> general would be <strong>of</strong>ten obliged to extend or contract his march to correspond with<br />
<strong>the</strong> fluctuat<strong>in</strong>g supply <strong>of</strong> provisions. To settlements which had from <strong>the</strong>ir distance escaped <strong>the</strong> British forag<strong>in</strong>g<br />
parties, it became necessary for our <strong>com</strong>missary general to resort; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> conveyance <strong>of</strong> supply, when<br />
collected, devolved upon <strong>the</strong> quartermaster-general. [Lieut. Col. Edward Carr<strong>in</strong>gton.]”…[Such maneuver<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
ac<strong>com</strong>modate forag<strong>in</strong>g] “sometimes menaced <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> temporary separation <strong>of</strong> his (Greene’s) troops, by<br />
detach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to different districts for <strong>the</strong> procurement <strong>of</strong> food.” 2525<br />
22 March. Greene wrote Malmedy stat<strong>in</strong>g that he lacked 30 or 40 wagon horses, without which <strong>the</strong> army could<br />
not move. Malmedy <strong>the</strong>refore was directed to collect <strong>and</strong> forward horses as soon as possible. There had been<br />
efforts to secure additional mounts from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia by impressments about this time, <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong> Gov.<br />
Jefferson; however, resistance from horse owners soon forced a halt to this. As William Johnson po<strong>in</strong>ts out, it<br />
was with no small irony that <strong>in</strong> May when he <strong>in</strong>vaded Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cornwallis seized horses enough to mount a whole<br />
2523 COC pp. 61-64.<br />
2524 NGP7 pp. 456-457, MLW4A pp. 382-383, JLG2 pp. 26-30.<br />
2525 LMS pp. 288-289.<br />
445
attalion -– many <strong>of</strong> which animals might <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rwise have been <strong>in</strong> service with Greene (<strong>and</strong> who<br />
required only small fraction <strong>of</strong> what was f<strong>in</strong>ally seized by <strong>the</strong> British.) 2526<br />
22 March. Admiral François Joseph Paul, Marquis de Grasse Tilly, Comte de Grasse, whose fleet was to play a<br />
decisive role <strong>in</strong> subsequent events, debarked from Brest with 20 ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e. He reached Mart<strong>in</strong>ique by <strong>the</strong><br />
close <strong>of</strong> April. 2527<br />
22-25 March. Cornwallis on he 22 nd arrived at Walcher’s Plantation, 2528 six miles west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Haw River, <strong>and</strong><br />
twenty-three miles southwest <strong>of</strong> Hillsborough (<strong>the</strong> “Scottish Travel Log” entry for this date has “Walker’s<br />
Plantation.”) From <strong>the</strong>re he subsequently marched south along <strong>the</strong> Haw to Ramsey’s Mill, on Rocky River which<br />
flows <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Deep River. From Walcher’s, Cornwallis subsequently moved <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Ramsey’s Mill on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Deep River. 2529<br />
“Scottish Travel Log”: [23 Mar.] “Dixon’s Mill”; [24 Mar.] “Pile[’]s Plantation”; [25 Mar.] “Chatham Court<br />
House.”<br />
23 March (also given as 21 March <strong>and</strong> 24 March). [battle] Beattie’s Mill, also Little Hogsk<strong>in</strong> Creek (Abbeville or<br />
McCormick County, S.C.) Col. Elijah Clark (who had only recently recovered from <strong>the</strong> wound he had received <strong>in</strong><br />
December 1780) was retreat<strong>in</strong>g from Long Canes; where he had aga<strong>in</strong> apparently had been try<strong>in</strong>g to enlist<br />
recruits. On <strong>the</strong> 23 rd , with 180 he fought a skirmish at Beattie’s Mill aga<strong>in</strong>st 90 loyalists under Maj. James Dunlop<br />
who were out forag<strong>in</strong>g. 2530 Both sides were mounted; though <strong>the</strong> loyalists had some regular cavalry. 2531 Even<br />
though Clark’s force was twice as large as Dunlop’s, many <strong>of</strong> his men were without arms. In any case, Dunlop’s<br />
men were, never<strong>the</strong>less, thoroughly defeated <strong>and</strong> himself captured. Pickens, who subsequently met up with<br />
Clark, reported loyalist casualties to Greene as 34 killed <strong>and</strong> 42 captured. A few days later, while be<strong>in</strong>g held<br />
prisoner <strong>in</strong> Gilbertown, Dunlop was murdered by a guard or someone connected with <strong>the</strong> person(s) guard<strong>in</strong>g him.<br />
Genu<strong>in</strong>ely <strong>in</strong>furiated, Pickens <strong>of</strong>fered a reward for <strong>the</strong> apprehension <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> perpetrator, but he was never<br />
found. 2532<br />
William Johnson: “Pickens very soon succeeded <strong>in</strong> break<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> Tory settlements so effectually, that <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were obliged to take refuge under <strong>the</strong> guns <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, <strong>and</strong> embody <strong>the</strong>mselves for mutual protection under<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> [Brig.] General [Robert] Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham. Even here <strong>the</strong>y were not permitted to rest, but were<br />
pursued <strong>and</strong> attacked by night; <strong>and</strong> but for <strong>the</strong> unfortunate mistake <strong>of</strong> a guide, would have been destroyed <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> midst <strong>of</strong> fancied security. M’Call [Lieut. Col. James McCall], who possessed greatly <strong>the</strong> confidence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Georgians, was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Whigs from that state, <strong>and</strong> fall<strong>in</strong>g upon a party <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by a Major<br />
Dunlap [Dunlop], a tory <strong>of</strong>ficer, who had rendered himself <strong>in</strong>famous by his barbarity, succeeded <strong>in</strong> captur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
whole party. [Elijah] Clark, [John] Twiggs, Jackson <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> dist<strong>in</strong>guished Georgians, now returned <strong>in</strong>to<br />
action, <strong>and</strong> such a change was produced <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs, as to extort from Major [actually Lieut. Col. John<br />
Harris] Cruger <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, <strong>in</strong> a letter to Colonel Balfour which was <strong>in</strong>tercepted, <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
exclamation: -- ‘<strong>the</strong> exertions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebels have been very great -- <strong>the</strong>y have stolen most <strong>of</strong> our new-made<br />
subjects <strong>in</strong> Long-Cane, <strong>and</strong> many to <strong>the</strong> southward <strong>of</strong> us, whose treachery exceeds every idea I ever had <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
most faithless men. It will soon be a matter <strong>of</strong> little consequence who has this part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, as noth<strong>in</strong>g is<br />
like to be planted this season, every man be<strong>in</strong>g ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> arms or hid <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> swamps, <strong>and</strong> a great consumption <strong>of</strong><br />
last year’s crops.’” 2533<br />
23 March. Von Steuben, at Williamsburg, wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g he was send<strong>in</strong>g 4 six-pounders from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to<br />
replace those Greene lost at Guilford Court House. Ammunition re-supply was not readily available however.<br />
Capt. Anthony S<strong>in</strong>gleton, Greene’s artillery <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, had been sent north after Guilford to Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward<br />
Court House to obta<strong>in</strong> cartridges needed for <strong>the</strong> army. Although he apparently did not get much <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong><br />
cartridges, S<strong>in</strong>gleton did, even so, pick up <strong>the</strong> guns 2534 at “Hood’s” [Po<strong>in</strong>t], near Williamsburg; which von<br />
Steuben spoken <strong>of</strong>. Also about this same time, Greene sent for two cannon that had been earlier removed from<br />
<strong>the</strong> army for repairs <strong>and</strong> stored at Oliphant’s Mill, near Sherrald’s Ford on <strong>the</strong> Catawba. 2535 These last two guns<br />
were with Greene by <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Hobkirk’s Hill, <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m (subsequently <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by F<strong>in</strong>ley) was that<br />
which later <strong>in</strong> April was dispatched to assist Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee. 2536<br />
2526 NGP7 p. 462, JLG2 pp. 40-42, 59, 114-115.<br />
2527 AR81 pp. 106-107, GHA4 p. 79, MLW4A p. 468, CGP p. lv.<br />
2528 Accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> Von Bose Journal, p.53, cited <strong>in</strong> NGP7 p. 461n. Yet if so, it is someth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a mystery why, on <strong>the</strong> 26 th ,<br />
Greene was approach<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis, at Ramsey’s Mill, from Rigdon’s Ford, on Rocky River (to <strong>the</strong> west <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis) ra<strong>the</strong>r than<br />
from up <strong>the</strong> Haw River (north <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis.) Also <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> distance, by go<strong>in</strong>g by way <strong>of</strong> Walcher’s to Ramsey’s Mill from Bell’s<br />
Mill, Cornwallis would have been tak<strong>in</strong>g a wide detour.<br />
2529 STL, CAC p. 44, NGP7 pp. 456n, 461n.<br />
2530 Sumter, <strong>in</strong> a letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> 28 March, speaks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action tak<strong>in</strong>g place near <strong>the</strong> Savannah River, <strong>and</strong> that Dunlop had<br />
80, <strong>of</strong> whom 70 were killed or wounded or taken prisoner, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Dunlop. BGC p. 143.<br />
2531 Dunlop himself, had also, not long before, just returned to <strong>the</strong> field after recover<strong>in</strong>g from wounds which he (<strong>in</strong> his case), had<br />
received <strong>in</strong> September 1780.<br />
2532 NGP8 pp. 71-72, GDH2 p. 46, MHG p. 510, MSC2 pp. 119n-120n, 127-128, 746, BGC p. 143, RBG p. 153. See also<br />
http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/beattiesmill.htm<br />
2533 JLG2 p. 107.<br />
2534 Ostensibly, <strong>the</strong>re were four cannon sent from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, yet <strong>in</strong> his ensu<strong>in</strong>g battles Greene only had four <strong>and</strong> not six (i.e.,<br />
add<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> two already at Oliphant’s), so that S<strong>in</strong>gleton may have only returned with 2.<br />
2535 Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> site <strong>of</strong> Oliphant’s Mill, see SNC p. 393.<br />
2536 NGP7 p. 468n, JLG2 pp. 67, 74, SNC pp. 393-394.<br />
446
24-25 March. [raid] Road to Ramsey’s Mill (Chatham County, N.C.) S<strong>in</strong>ce Greene was at Rigdon’s Ford 2537 on <strong>the</strong><br />
26 th , Cornwallis probably arrived at Ramsey’s Mill, N.C., (situated on <strong>the</strong> north bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Deep River) on <strong>the</strong><br />
26 th . On <strong>the</strong> day <strong>the</strong>n previous to Cornwallis’ halt<strong>in</strong>g at Ramsay’s, some <strong>of</strong> his Jägers were surprised <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
encampment by 20 <strong>of</strong> Col. Marquis de Malmedy’s militia horsemen (probably his cavalry), <strong>and</strong> three <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jägers<br />
taken prisoner. That Cornwallis felt <strong>the</strong> need to mention <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>cident <strong>in</strong> a letter to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton (<strong>of</strong> April 10 th ) speaks<br />
to <strong>the</strong> bravery <strong>and</strong> cleverness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> raid. The British rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Ramsey’s for a few days; dur<strong>in</strong>g which time<br />
Cornwallis built an impressive bridge for his troops over <strong>the</strong> Deep River. An effort was made by an advanced<br />
party <strong>of</strong> Lee’s Legion <strong>and</strong> some riflemen to destroy <strong>the</strong> it, but this expedition was called <strong>of</strong>f when <strong>the</strong><br />
detachment guard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> structure was re<strong>in</strong>forced. 2538<br />
Tarleton: “The day before <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops arrived at Ramsey’s, <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>in</strong>sulted <strong>the</strong> yagers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
encampment: The royalists rema<strong>in</strong>ed a few days at Ramsey’s, for <strong>the</strong> benefit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> to <strong>com</strong>plete a<br />
bridge over Deep river, when <strong>the</strong> light troops <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans aga<strong>in</strong> disturbed <strong>the</strong> pickets, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> army were<br />
ordered under arms. “ 2539<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> John Chumbley <strong>of</strong> Amelia County, VA.: “We rema<strong>in</strong>ed a few days <strong>in</strong> Green[e]’s army at <strong>the</strong><br />
draw works [Speedwell’s Iron Works] till <strong>the</strong> retreat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>com</strong>menced, <strong>and</strong> Green began to hurry. He<br />
recollects that <strong>the</strong>y overtook <strong>the</strong> enemy at <strong>the</strong> bridge at Ramsay’s [Mill] by even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a forced march, but <strong>the</strong>y<br />
escaped without <strong>in</strong>jury. He dist<strong>in</strong>ctly recollects <strong>the</strong> bridge <strong>the</strong> enemy had thrown across Deep River at<br />
[Ramsey’s] Mills. At this place large rocks rise <strong>in</strong> several places <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy had taken <strong>the</strong> trunks<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> largest trees <strong>and</strong> placed <strong>the</strong>m along on <strong>the</strong>se rocks so as to form a bridge. He recollects he was astonished<br />
to conjecture how human strength could have placed so large trees <strong>in</strong> that position across <strong>the</strong> river.”<br />
25 March. [skirmish] Stewart’s Creek, N.C. ONB3 pp. 164-165.<br />
25 March. Hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French naval defeat, <strong>and</strong> resultant loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> anticipated re<strong>in</strong>forcements under de<br />
Viomenil, Lafayette returned from meet<strong>in</strong>g von Steuben to Annapolis, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re, his men not very happy be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
situated so far south, contemplated march<strong>in</strong>g back with his army to rejo<strong>in</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, but later at Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s<br />
behest decided aga<strong>in</strong>st do<strong>in</strong>g so.<br />
On March 26, at Annapolis, he <strong>in</strong>formed General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “I have directed that Arnold [at Portsmouth] be<br />
circumscribed with<strong>in</strong> his works on both sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dismal Swamp. The water is still opened him, but every<br />
armed vessel <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rivers is gett<strong>in</strong>g ready to do what little service can be expected from <strong>the</strong>m. The detachment<br />
at Annapolis is also ordered to be <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most perfect read<strong>in</strong>ess.” 2540<br />
26 March. On this date, Greene, “On <strong>the</strong> March to Regdon’s [Rigdon’s] Ford,” N.C., wrote to Capta<strong>in</strong> Pleasant<br />
Henderson <strong>of</strong> Granville County, N.C., <strong>and</strong> directed him to move with his mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry to Cross Creek to<br />
remove public stores <strong>the</strong>re <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis. “The supply <strong>of</strong> provisions <strong>of</strong> provisions should be sent eight<br />
or ten miles <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> country on <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cape Fear River if wagons are available. If wagons cannot<br />
be collected, <strong>the</strong> provisions should be left at different po<strong>in</strong>ts along <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> all boats with<strong>in</strong> 15 or 20 miles<br />
<strong>of</strong> Cross Creek should be collected <strong>and</strong> put under guard.” Most valuable stores should be secured first, <strong>and</strong> those<br />
which cannot move should be destroyed.” The editor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nathanael Greene Papers, cit<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Von Bose Regiment, states: “Cornwallis’s troops found ‘500 rebels’ at Cross Creek, who ‘withdrew’ after hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
“partly burnt <strong>the</strong>ir stores <strong>and</strong> partly carried <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong>f. The rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g stores <strong>of</strong> provisions was collected toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
<strong>and</strong> distributed amongst <strong>the</strong> [British] troops.” (Von Bose Journal, p. 52.) 2541 Meanwhile, additional baggage <strong>and</strong><br />
stores <strong>of</strong> Greene’s army not already with him were be<strong>in</strong>g sent on via <strong>the</strong> Saura Towns <strong>and</strong> Shallow Ford to<br />
Charlotte. 2542<br />
Caru<strong>the</strong>rs: “Stores <strong>of</strong> provisions for <strong>the</strong> American army had been collected at Cross creek, but when General<br />
Greene found that Cornwallis would go down on that side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, he dispatched couriers to General<br />
Lill<strong>in</strong>gton, who was stationed <strong>in</strong> that region with a body <strong>of</strong> militia, to remove <strong>the</strong>se stores, <strong>and</strong> annoy <strong>the</strong>m as<br />
much as possible. The removal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stores to a place where <strong>the</strong>y were safe, or could easily be protected left<br />
<strong>the</strong> British army no resource, except <strong>the</strong> immediate neighborhood, <strong>and</strong> that, especially after it had been so<br />
much ravaged, could hardly afford one ration for fifteen hundred or two thous<strong>and</strong> men. They were obliged to<br />
leave; but <strong>the</strong>y could not descend <strong>the</strong> river <strong>in</strong> boats; for Lill<strong>in</strong>gton had destroyed or removed <strong>the</strong>m all for a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> miles; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re were many Whigs dar<strong>in</strong>g spirits <strong>and</strong> good riflemen, who would have made a descent<br />
on <strong>the</strong> river, if <strong>the</strong> boats had been at <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, ra<strong>the</strong>r a hazardous bus<strong>in</strong>ess.” 2543<br />
27 March (also given as 26 March, while Ewald’s diary entry has <strong>the</strong> 31 st .) British Maj. Gen. William Phillips,<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g left New York on <strong>the</strong> 20 th , l<strong>and</strong>ed at Portsmouth, VA. with some 2,000-2,500 troops (2,200 be<strong>in</strong>g Ewald’s<br />
figure); this consisted <strong>of</strong> two battalions <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry (toge<strong>the</strong>r at 1,000 men), 2544 <strong>the</strong> 76 th Regt. (600), <strong>the</strong><br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Hereditaire Regt. (i.e., Erb Pr<strong>in</strong>z, 500), <strong>and</strong> a detachment <strong>of</strong> artillery (100). Before leav<strong>in</strong>g New York, he<br />
had been <strong>in</strong>structed by Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to cont<strong>in</strong>ue what Arnold started, namely destroy<strong>in</strong>g bases <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia (particularly<br />
2537 Rigdon’s Ford (also “Rigden’s Ford”), on Rocky Creek, was upriver, about twelve miles west-northwest <strong>of</strong> Ramsey’s Mill.<br />
2538 STL, NGP7 p. 475, TCS pp. 278-280, LMS pp. 288-289, JLG2 pp. 26-30.<br />
2539 TCS p. 279.<br />
2540 GHA4 pp. 109-110, LLW p. 165.<br />
2541 NGP7 pp. 468-469, 469n, JLG2 pp. 28-30.<br />
2542 NGP7 pp. 481-482.<br />
2543 CNS2 pp. 189-190.<br />
2544 These specific figures <strong>com</strong>e from Ewald, EHJ p. 294.<br />
447
Petersburg <strong>and</strong> those on <strong>the</strong> James River) <strong>and</strong> to support Cornwallis by <strong>in</strong>terrupt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> flow <strong>of</strong> supplies to<br />
Greene’s army. 2545<br />
27 March (possibly 26 March). On <strong>the</strong> 27 th , Greene had <strong>the</strong> opportunity to attack Cornwallis; who was camped at<br />
Ramsey’s Mill (with William Johnson characteriz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Americans, despite <strong>the</strong>ir own fatigue <strong>and</strong> shortages <strong>of</strong><br />
supply, as still animated <strong>and</strong> spoil<strong>in</strong>g for a fight aga<strong>in</strong>st Cornwallis’ sore <strong>and</strong> weary column.) Though <strong>the</strong> British<br />
were encumbered with many wounded, Greene decl<strong>in</strong>ed to engage; probably because he was now without<br />
artillery, short <strong>of</strong> ammunition, <strong>and</strong> because most <strong>of</strong> his militia were gone as well. Hav<strong>in</strong>g moved far<strong>the</strong>r from his<br />
own supply sources, <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> British fall<strong>in</strong>g back toward <strong>the</strong>irs, <strong>the</strong> gamble <strong>in</strong> sum <strong>the</strong>n was not worth<br />
hazard<strong>in</strong>g. The next morn<strong>in</strong>g (<strong>the</strong> 28 th ), Cornwallis departed Ramsey’s over <strong>the</strong> bridge he had constructed.<br />
Greene followed him <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n occupied <strong>the</strong> mill. American accounts make it sound as if Cornwallis’ flee<strong>in</strong>g<br />
prevented <strong>the</strong> battle, but this perhaps was read<strong>in</strong>g too much <strong>in</strong>to Cornwallis’ retreat; while ignor<strong>in</strong>g o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
factors present. The truth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> matter seems to be nei<strong>the</strong>r was <strong>in</strong> much <strong>of</strong> a condition to resume fight<strong>in</strong>g. 2546<br />
In a letter to Samuel Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>of</strong> March 30 th , Greene reported: “I wrote your Excellency on <strong>the</strong> 23d from<br />
Buffalo Creek. S<strong>in</strong>ce which we have been <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy, <strong>and</strong> tho’ without Cannon I was determ<strong>in</strong>ed to<br />
br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to Action aga<strong>in</strong>. As most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Inhabitants between Pedee <strong>and</strong> Haw River are disaffected we found<br />
<strong>the</strong> greatest difficulty <strong>in</strong> procur<strong>in</strong>g supplies <strong>and</strong> obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>telligence. Our reconnoiter<strong>in</strong>g parties were<br />
frequently shot down by <strong>the</strong> Tories, while <strong>the</strong>y furnished <strong>the</strong> Enemy with a plenty <strong>of</strong> every th<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> doubtless<br />
gave <strong>the</strong>m good <strong>in</strong>telligence. On <strong>the</strong> 27 th we arrived at Rigdens [Rigdon’s] ford twelve Miles above this,<br />
expect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Enemy would have crossed <strong>the</strong> Day before <strong>and</strong> that we should have found <strong>the</strong> River fordable, <strong>and</strong><br />
that we could have fallen <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong> Enemy at <strong>the</strong> junction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Roads 12 Miles beyond <strong>the</strong> ford. But on my<br />
arrival <strong>the</strong>re I found <strong>the</strong> Enemy had not crossed but still lay at Ramsays [Ramsey’s] Mill, from which I expected<br />
<strong>the</strong>y meant to wait an attack. I left our Baggage on <strong>the</strong> ground <strong>and</strong> put <strong>the</strong> Army <strong>in</strong> motion without loss <strong>of</strong> time.<br />
But we found <strong>the</strong> Enemy had crossed some Hours before our arrival, <strong>and</strong> with such precipitation that <strong>the</strong>y left<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir dead unburied on <strong>the</strong> ground. The want <strong>of</strong> provision <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> greater part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Militia’s time <strong>of</strong><br />
service be<strong>in</strong>g out prevented our fur<strong>the</strong>r pursuit. Our Men had suffered so much for <strong>the</strong> want <strong>of</strong> provisions that<br />
many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m fa<strong>in</strong>ted on <strong>the</strong> march. The Enemy was on <strong>the</strong> route to Cross Creek, <strong>and</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton.” 2547<br />
Tarleton: “Before <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month, <strong>the</strong> British crossed <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> same day General Greene reached<br />
Ramsey’s with an <strong>in</strong>tention to attack <strong>the</strong>m. The halt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops at that place nearly occasioned an<br />
action, which would not probably have been advantageous to <strong>the</strong> royal forces, on account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> badness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
position, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> dishearten<strong>in</strong>g circumstance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g encumbered with so many wounded <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> action at Guildford. Deep river, over which <strong>the</strong> rear guard broke <strong>the</strong> bridge, <strong>the</strong> want <strong>of</strong> provisions,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> desert country through which <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops now <strong>com</strong>menced <strong>the</strong>ir march, impeded <strong>the</strong> immediate<br />
advance <strong>of</strong> General Greene, <strong>and</strong> Earl Cornwallis, without any material occurrence, entered Cross creek.” 2548<br />
Otho Williams: “So great was <strong>the</strong> avidity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans to renew <strong>the</strong> conflict with Cornwallis, that<br />
notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> wea<strong>the</strong>r was very wet <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> roads deep, <strong>the</strong>y marched almost constantly without any<br />
regular supply <strong>of</strong> provisions. On <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 28 th , <strong>the</strong>y arrived at Ramsay’s [Ramsey’s] mills on Deep river,<br />
a strong position which his lordship evacuated a few hours before, by cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> river on a bridge erected for<br />
that purpose. Evident signs <strong>of</strong> precipitation were found <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> about his lordship’s environment. Several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
dead were left on <strong>the</strong> ground unburied. Beef <strong>in</strong> quarters was found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> slaughter pen on which <strong>the</strong> hungry<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>entals set greedily; but that not be<strong>in</strong>g sufficient to allay <strong>the</strong>ir keen appetites, <strong>the</strong>y eat without a murmur<br />
<strong>the</strong> garbage which was meant for <strong>the</strong> buzzards.” 2549<br />
28 March. Greene set up headquarters at Ramsey’s Mill where he stayed till 6 April. Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> meantime,<br />
<strong>and</strong> who had left Ramsey’s that same morn<strong>in</strong>g, marched (along <strong>the</strong> west bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cape Fear River) on to<br />
Cross Creek; which he reached by ei<strong>the</strong>r March 30 th or 31 st . 2550<br />
Kirkwood: “28 th Marched <strong>and</strong> Crossed Deep River at Ramsey[’]s Mill, on <strong>the</strong> bridge <strong>the</strong> British made for<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves. This day we expected a Genl. Action to have <strong>com</strong>menced but his Lordship thought it most prudent<br />
to decl<strong>in</strong>e it, by a speedy march to Cross Creek...14 [miles].” 2551<br />
William Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> twentieth March our army encamped on Deep River at Ramsey’s Mill after a march <strong>of</strong><br />
a hundred <strong>and</strong> twenty miles. On our march hi<strong>the</strong>r we came through a very barren part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>habitants be<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> most part Tories, which rendered our march <strong>the</strong> more unpleasant. Here <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
built a bridge over <strong>the</strong> river, which <strong>the</strong>y left st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>y not hav<strong>in</strong>g time to pull it down, so close did we<br />
pursue <strong>the</strong>m. From this place was Colonel Lee dispatched with his Horse <strong>and</strong> Infantry, Capta<strong>in</strong> Oldham, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Fourth Maryl<strong>and</strong> regiment, with his <strong>com</strong>pany, <strong>and</strong> one six-pounder.” 2552<br />
2545 EHJ p. 294, NGP7 p. 474n, SQR pp. 186-187, CAR pp. 254-255, JLG2 p. 51, CBA p. 566.<br />
2546 NGP7 pp. 472-473, 475, NGP8 pp. 7-8, RSC2 pp. 223-224, TCS pp. 279-280, GHA4 pp. 58-59, MLW4A pp. 382-383, LMS p. 290,<br />
JLG2 pp. 26-30.<br />
2547 NGP8 pp. 7-8.<br />
2548 TCS pp. 279-280.<br />
2549 GHA4 p. 58.<br />
2550 KJO p. 15, GHA4 pp. 58-59, LMS p. 290.<br />
2551 KJO p. 15.<br />
2552 SJS.<br />
448
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> Benjam<strong>in</strong> Williams <strong>of</strong> Chatham County, N.C.: “(T)hey went <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis, whom<br />
<strong>the</strong>y followed, to...on Deep River, here <strong>the</strong>y <strong>of</strong>fered <strong>the</strong> British...<strong>and</strong> Cornwallis sent a reply that he would fight<br />
<strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, but dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night had built a bridge over <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> Col. Green [Gen. Nathanael<br />
Greene] now returned to [Ramsey’s Mill?]...where <strong>the</strong> army stayed ...”<br />
Lee: “Lord Cornwallis, conceiv<strong>in</strong>g it probable that <strong>the</strong> American army was not far <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear, seek<strong>in</strong>g battle,<br />
which his situation now made him anxious to avoid. At length he reached Ramsay’s mill, on Deep river, where he<br />
halted a few days to renew his humane exertions for <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>fort <strong>of</strong> his wounded, <strong>and</strong> to collect, if possible,<br />
provisions; <strong>the</strong> country between this place <strong>and</strong> Cross creek be<strong>in</strong>g sterile <strong>and</strong> sparsely settled. Dur<strong>in</strong>g this delay<br />
his lordship threw a bridge over <strong>the</strong> river, by which he might readily pass as he moved down on its nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
bank. Noth<strong>in</strong>g material occurred between <strong>the</strong> adverse van <strong>and</strong> rear corps; nor did <strong>the</strong> British general even make<br />
any serious attempt to drive from his neighborhood <strong>the</strong> corps <strong>of</strong> Lee; so sorely did he cont<strong>in</strong>ue to feel <strong>the</strong><br />
effects <strong>of</strong> his dear bought victory.<br />
“General Greene lost a moment <strong>in</strong> mov<strong>in</strong>g from his camp on <strong>the</strong> Troublesome, after <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> his military<br />
stores; <strong>and</strong> notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>clemency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wea<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> deepness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> roads, he pressed forward<br />
from day to day by forced marches; but <strong>in</strong>terruptions, unavoidable, occasionally delayed his progress. When <strong>the</strong><br />
quarter master general assumed <strong>the</strong> duties <strong>of</strong> his station at Guilford court house, as has been before remarked,<br />
all that department <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army was entirely deranged; <strong>and</strong> such had been <strong>the</strong> rapid succession <strong>of</strong> keen <strong>and</strong><br />
active service, that with all his laborious application, he had not been able to <strong>in</strong>troduce <strong>in</strong>to full operation his<br />
own system, although he had contrived to afford <strong>the</strong> means <strong>of</strong> prompt motion to <strong>the</strong> army. New duties became,<br />
from <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> case, connected with his department. Without money to purchase, <strong>the</strong> subsistence <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> troops depended upon <strong>com</strong>pulsory collection form <strong>the</strong> country through which <strong>the</strong> army marched; <strong>and</strong> colonel<br />
Davie could with difficulty procure with<strong>in</strong> one day enough for that day; so that <strong>the</strong> general would be <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
obliged to extend or contract his march to correspond with <strong>the</strong> fluctuat<strong>in</strong>g supply <strong>of</strong> provisions. Our difficulties<br />
<strong>in</strong> this l<strong>in</strong>e were considerably <strong>in</strong>creased, as <strong>the</strong> British army had preceded us; <strong>and</strong> noth<strong>in</strong>g but <strong>the</strong> glean<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong><br />
an exhausted country were left for our subsistence. To settlements which had form <strong>the</strong>ir distance escaped <strong>the</strong><br />
British forag<strong>in</strong>g parties, it became necessary for our <strong>com</strong>missary general to resort; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> conveyance to camp<br />
<strong>of</strong> supply when collected, devolved upon <strong>the</strong> quarter master general…Equally affectionate <strong>and</strong> equally<br />
provident, he [Greene] could not present to his much-loved troops refitments [sic] <strong>and</strong> refreshments so much<br />
wanted. No magaz<strong>in</strong>es were opened for our ac<strong>com</strong>modation; rest to our weary limbs was <strong>the</strong> only boon with<strong>in</strong><br />
his grasp. The meager beef <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> p<strong>in</strong>e barrens, with corn-ash cake was our food, <strong>and</strong> water our dr<strong>in</strong>k; yet we<br />
were content; we were more than content -- we were happy.” 2553<br />
28 March. 2554 Watson removed from Blakely’s on <strong>the</strong> afternoon <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 28 th <strong>and</strong> made for Georgetown with Marion<br />
on his heels tak<strong>in</strong>g occasional stragglers. His passage was obstructed by fallen trees at Ox Swamp, seven miles<br />
below Blakely’s; <strong>the</strong> swamp itself an un<strong>in</strong>vit<strong>in</strong>g obstacle. He <strong>the</strong>n turned south <strong>and</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> p<strong>in</strong>e barrens<br />
made for <strong>the</strong> Santee Road, some <strong>of</strong> Marion’s men snip<strong>in</strong>g at his column along <strong>the</strong> way. It was evidently Watson’s<br />
purpose to refresh <strong>and</strong> re-streng<strong>the</strong>n his detachment at Georgetown before hav<strong>in</strong>g ano<strong>the</strong>r go at his guerilla<br />
adversary. 2555<br />
Bass: “Ox Swamp, not to be confused with Ox Swamp <strong>in</strong> Clarendon County, runs <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Black river about<br />
twelve miles below K<strong>in</strong>gstree.” 2556<br />
29 March (or with<strong>in</strong> a day or two). [skirmish] Sampit Bridge (Georgetown County, S.C.) Marion sent Peter Horry’s<br />
horsemen ahead <strong>of</strong> Watson, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y destroyed <strong>the</strong> Sampit Bridge <strong>in</strong> Watson’s path as <strong>the</strong> later cont<strong>in</strong>ued down<br />
<strong>the</strong> road toward Georgetown. Horry’s men set <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> place to receive Watson, but <strong>the</strong> British drove<br />
forward with <strong>the</strong> bayonet. Yet while this was tak<strong>in</strong>g place, Marion attacked Watson’s rear. His own horse shot<br />
out from under him, Watson <strong>the</strong>n opened up his cannon on <strong>the</strong> rebels <strong>and</strong> drove <strong>the</strong>m back. Leav<strong>in</strong>g twenty dead<br />
beh<strong>in</strong>d, he <strong>the</strong>n proceeded to Trapier’s Plantation where he camped. The next day, with a reported two wagon<br />
loads <strong>of</strong> wounded, he f<strong>in</strong>ally made it to Georgetown. Although <strong>the</strong>re is apparently no accurate count <strong>of</strong> his losses<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g his expedition aga<strong>in</strong>st Marion dur<strong>in</strong>g this month, <strong>the</strong> total was reportedly not <strong>in</strong>considerable -- 40 be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
both a reasonable <strong>and</strong> conservative estimate. Marion casualties, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, appear to have been<br />
negligible. 2557<br />
John Watson: “Over Sampit Creek was a bridge ris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> pyramid form, so that till upon it, you could not see that<br />
<strong>the</strong> boards had been taken up on <strong>the</strong> opposite side. Order<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>refore a few Light Infantry to get over upon <strong>the</strong><br />
rafters <strong>and</strong> make that exam<strong>in</strong>ation, so suspicious a circumstance warranted. They soon discovered <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> thickets <strong>and</strong> rail<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> a house adjo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g; who upon this came out <strong>and</strong> began fir<strong>in</strong>g upon <strong>the</strong> troops<br />
at <strong>the</strong> Bridge, whilst Mr. Marion at <strong>the</strong> same <strong>in</strong>stant appeared formed to attack our rear. Hav<strong>in</strong>g ordered one gun<br />
up with Major [Thomas] Barclay <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry to face <strong>the</strong> Bridge, I formed <strong>the</strong> 64 th to receive Mr. Marion.<br />
A better regiment than this never took <strong>the</strong> field.<br />
“The spirit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se hardy veterans soon broke his [Marion’s] l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> put <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> confusion. The enemy be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
driven by <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bridge secured, I ordered part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 64 th to pursue, whilst <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer, with <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der, followed <strong>in</strong> good order. But observ<strong>in</strong>g a little knot <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, who from eagerness to<br />
run different ways, had got huddled, <strong>the</strong>y could not clear <strong>the</strong>mselves. I led those twenty mounted men <strong>of</strong><br />
2553 LMS pp. 288-289, 296.<br />
2554 Ripley gives <strong>the</strong> date as 18 March.<br />
2555 MMS2 pp. 224-230, BSF p. 154, RBG p. 151<br />
2556 BSF p. 259n. And see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/oxswamp2.htm<br />
2557 BSF pp. 154-155, RBG p. 151.<br />
449
Capta<strong>in</strong> Harrison’s [Maj. John Harrison <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> S.C. Rangers], before mentioned, to charge <strong>the</strong>m, when by one on<br />
those panics, which are never meant to be accounted for, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> very <strong>in</strong>stant <strong>of</strong> charge, where each <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy were twist<strong>in</strong>g how to avoid <strong>the</strong> stroke, every <strong>in</strong>dividual man, turned about, galloped <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> would have<br />
rode over <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regiment, if Capta<strong>in</strong> [Dennis] Kelly, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed it, had not ordered his men to present<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir arms <strong>and</strong> swore he would fire upon <strong>the</strong>m, call<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>and</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g to where <strong>the</strong>y had left me; for not<br />
feel<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> destruction <strong>the</strong>y expected, <strong>the</strong> enemy, turn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir heads over <strong>the</strong>ir shoulders, saw me alone. Our<br />
surprise was mutual, but Parthian like, <strong>the</strong>y fired a volley as <strong>the</strong>y fled <strong>and</strong> shot my horse. On see<strong>in</strong>g him fall <strong>and</strong><br />
me lay<strong>in</strong>g under him, one fellow more determ<strong>in</strong>ed than <strong>the</strong> rest, separated himself to fire at me, but a black<br />
servant I had, who always carried a fowl<strong>in</strong>g piece <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>e, seized by anxiety, at see<strong>in</strong>g my horse fall, ran up,<br />
stood over me <strong>and</strong> shot him. Providentially, I was not hurt <strong>and</strong> preserv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> pursuit, as far as could be any<br />
advantage to <strong>in</strong>fantry, we cont<strong>in</strong>ued our march, <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry hav<strong>in</strong>g repaired <strong>the</strong> Bridge.” 2558<br />
29 March (or 28 March) [raid] Snow’s Isl<strong>and</strong> (Florence County, S.C.) While Marion had been sparr<strong>in</strong>g with Watson,<br />
Col. Welbore Ellis Doyle, with <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers, were ordered from Camden by Rawdon as <strong>the</strong> second<br />
prong <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plan to catch <strong>the</strong> Peedee guerilla. The date Doyle set out is not clear, but sometime near <strong>the</strong> end<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month, “after cross<strong>in</strong>g Lynch s Creek at McCallam’s Ferry, he had moved down on <strong>the</strong> east <strong>of</strong> that<br />
river,” 2559 subsequently assail<strong>in</strong>g Marion’s base at Snow’s Isl<strong>and</strong>. The isl<strong>and</strong> was defended by Col. Hugh Erv<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
a small detachment. Of this latter force, 7 were killed <strong>and</strong> 15 were captured; most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were reportedly too<br />
ill to flee; while a remnant escaped. Erv<strong>in</strong>’s men did, however, have enough advanced notice to be able to<br />
throw supplies <strong>and</strong> ammunition <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> river. Doyle liberated some prisoners <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Cornet Merritt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Queen’s Rangers <strong>and</strong> 25 o<strong>the</strong>r men; while himself suffer<strong>in</strong>g 2 wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action. The loss to Marion <strong>of</strong> his<br />
arms <strong>and</strong> ammunition was quite serious <strong>and</strong> afterward <strong>and</strong> for <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> year it was with some difficulty<br />
that he endeavored to make up for <strong>the</strong> shortfall; secur<strong>in</strong>g supplies when <strong>and</strong> where he could. 2560<br />
Capt. John Saunders, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, gives this version <strong>of</strong> what transpired: “They [Marion’s men] crammed<br />
[Thomas] Merritt, with about twenty o<strong>the</strong>rs, serjeants [sic] <strong>and</strong> privates <strong>of</strong> different British regiments, <strong>in</strong> a<br />
small, nasty, dark place, made <strong>of</strong> logs, called a bull-pen; but he was not long here before he determ<strong>in</strong>ed to<br />
extricate himself <strong>and</strong> his fellow prisoners, which he thus effected: after hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>municated his <strong>in</strong>tention to<br />
<strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> found <strong>the</strong>m ready to support him, he pitched upon <strong>the</strong> strongest <strong>and</strong> most dur<strong>in</strong>g soldier, <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
waited some days for a favourable opportunity, he observed that his guards (militia) were much alarmed, which<br />
he found was occasioned by a party <strong>of</strong> British hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong>to that neighbourhood. He <strong>the</strong>n ordered this soldier<br />
to seize <strong>the</strong> sentry, who was posted at a small square hole cut through <strong>the</strong> logs, <strong>and</strong> which s<strong>in</strong>gly served <strong>the</strong><br />
double purposes <strong>of</strong> door <strong>and</strong> w<strong>in</strong>dow, which he <strong>in</strong>stantly executed, draw<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> astonished sentry to this hole<br />
with one h<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> threatn<strong>in</strong>g [sic] to cut his throat with a large knife which beheld <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r, if he made <strong>the</strong><br />
smallest resistance, or out-cry; <strong>the</strong>n Cornet Merritt, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole party, crawled out <strong>the</strong> one after <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r,<br />
undiscovered by <strong>the</strong> guard, though it was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day time, until <strong>the</strong> whole had got out. He <strong>the</strong>n drew <strong>the</strong>m up,<br />
which <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guard observ<strong>in</strong>g, got his men under arms, as fast as he could, <strong>and</strong> threatened to fire on<br />
<strong>the</strong>m if <strong>the</strong>y attempted to go <strong>of</strong>f: Merritt replied, that if he dared to fire a s<strong>in</strong>gle shot at him, that he would cut<br />
<strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> his guard to pieces, (hav<strong>in</strong>g concerted with his men <strong>in</strong> such a case, to rush upon <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>and</strong><br />
tear <strong>the</strong>ir arms out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir h<strong>and</strong>s,) which so <strong>in</strong>timidated him, that, although Merritt’s party was armed only with<br />
<strong>the</strong> spoils <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sentry <strong>and</strong> with clubs, he yet permitted <strong>the</strong>m to march <strong>of</strong>f, unmolested, to a river at some<br />
distance, where Cornet Merritt knew, from conversation which he had had with <strong>the</strong> sentries, that <strong>the</strong>re was a<br />
large rice-boat, <strong>in</strong> which he embarked <strong>and</strong> brought his party through a country <strong>of</strong> above fifty miles safe <strong>in</strong>to<br />
George Town. To you <strong>the</strong> undaunted spirit <strong>and</strong> bravery <strong>of</strong> this young man, is not unknown: <strong>the</strong>y obta<strong>in</strong>ed for him<br />
<strong>in</strong> his distress your friendship <strong>and</strong> protection. Col. Balfour was pleased to approve his conduct, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a letter to<br />
me, dated Charles Town 2d April 1781, expresses it <strong>the</strong>n ‘I rejoice most s<strong>in</strong>cerely that your Cornet has escaped,<br />
his conduct <strong>and</strong> resolution does him great credit, <strong>and</strong> I wish I had it <strong>in</strong> my power to show him my sense <strong>of</strong> it by<br />
more substantial marks than this testimony; but <strong>the</strong> only mode I have is by <strong>of</strong>fer<strong>in</strong>g him a Lieutenancy <strong>of</strong> a<br />
prov<strong>in</strong>cial troop:’ this Cornet Merritt decl<strong>in</strong>ed.” 2561<br />
29 March. Greene, at Ramsey’s Mill, reported to Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “In this critical <strong>and</strong> distress<strong>in</strong>g situation I am<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>ed to carry <strong>the</strong> <strong>War</strong> immediately <strong>in</strong>to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. The Enemy will be obliged to follow us or give up<br />
<strong>the</strong> posts <strong>in</strong> that State. If <strong>the</strong> former takes place it will draw <strong>the</strong> <strong>War</strong> out <strong>of</strong> this State <strong>and</strong> give it an opportunity<br />
to raise its proportion <strong>of</strong> Men. If <strong>the</strong>y leave <strong>the</strong>ir posts to fall <strong>the</strong>y must lose more than <strong>the</strong>y can ga<strong>in</strong> here. If we<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>in</strong> this State <strong>the</strong> Enemy will hold <strong>the</strong>ir possessions <strong>in</strong> both.” By April 6 th , Greene subsequently left<br />
Ramsey’s Mill to head south towards Camden. 2562<br />
2558 WNR.<br />
2559 MSC2 p. 118.<br />
2560 JFM pp. 43-44, MSC2 pp. 118-119, MSC2 p. 746, BSF pp. 156-157, RBG pp. 151-152.<br />
2561 SQR pp. 245-246.<br />
2562 Lee suggests that he himself first proposed Greene’s move south. Though vigorously disputed by some, such as William<br />
Johnson, or else expla<strong>in</strong>ed by say<strong>in</strong>g that Greene had <strong>com</strong>e up with <strong>the</strong> idea simultaneous with Lee, <strong>the</strong>re seems no <strong>com</strong>pell<strong>in</strong>g<br />
reason to dismiss Lee’s version as false or mistaken as some have. Lee, while with Marion, had already gone fur<strong>the</strong>r south than<br />
Greene <strong>and</strong> to that extent was more familiar with <strong>the</strong> country. At <strong>the</strong> same time, a move south would have allowed <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Partizan Corps to act aga<strong>in</strong> more <strong>in</strong>dependently; which, when Greene strategically moved south, Lee was soon<br />
able to do. Robert E. Lee’s own defense <strong>of</strong> his fa<strong>the</strong>r (not to mention that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prolix Henry Lee IV) <strong>in</strong> this matter (LMS pp.<br />
319n-320n), we need to add, is more vehement than this, but not, as some will feel, without strong evidence <strong>and</strong> justice to<br />
susta<strong>in</strong> it. Respect<strong>in</strong>g Henry Lee IV’s address<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> this issue, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, if we believe him, we are almost forced to<br />
conclude that <strong>the</strong> idea <strong>of</strong> return<strong>in</strong>g south could never even have occurred to Greene himself. NGP7 p. 482n, NGP8 pp. 168, 173,<br />
178-179, RSC2 pp. 225-226, MLW4A pp. 383-384, LMS pp. 315-325, GAR1 pp. 63-67, JLG2 pp.32-39, LCC pp. 220-244, 288-290,<br />
297-306, 399n-404n, <strong>and</strong> appendix pp. xxviii-xxx, TPY pp. 193-195.<br />
450
After <strong>the</strong> war, Cornwallis wrote: “The march <strong>of</strong> General Greene <strong>in</strong>to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> Lord Rawdon’s danger,<br />
made my situation very critical. Hav<strong>in</strong>g heard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> a pacquet [sic] from Europe, without any certa<strong>in</strong><br />
accounts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fail<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements, I thought it too hazardous to rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>active; <strong>and</strong>, as it was<br />
impossible to receive <strong>in</strong> any time any orders or op<strong>in</strong>ions from Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to direct me, it became my duty<br />
to act from my own judgment <strong>and</strong> experience; I <strong>the</strong>refore upon mature deliberation, decided to march <strong>in</strong>to<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, as <strong>the</strong> safest <strong>and</strong> most effectual means <strong>of</strong> employ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> small corps, under my <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong><br />
contribut<strong>in</strong>g towards <strong>the</strong> general success <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. I came to this resolution pr<strong>in</strong>cipally for <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
reasons, -- I could not rema<strong>in</strong> at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, lest General Greene should succeed aga<strong>in</strong>st Lord Rawdon, <strong>and</strong>, by<br />
return<strong>in</strong>g to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, have it <strong>in</strong> his power to cut <strong>of</strong>f every means <strong>of</strong> sav<strong>in</strong>g my small corps, except that<br />
disgraceful one <strong>of</strong> an embarkation, with <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> every horse <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army: From <strong>the</strong> shortness<br />
<strong>of</strong> Lord Rawdon’s stock <strong>of</strong> provisions, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> great distance from Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton to Camden, it appeared impossible<br />
that any direct move <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>e could afford him <strong>the</strong> least prospect <strong>of</strong> relief: <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> attempt, <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> a<br />
misfortune to him, <strong>the</strong> safety <strong>of</strong> my own corps might have been endangered; or if he extricated himself, <strong>the</strong><br />
force <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, when assembled, was, <strong>in</strong> my op<strong>in</strong>ion, sufficient to secure what was valuable to us, <strong>and</strong><br />
capable <strong>of</strong> defence <strong>in</strong> that prov<strong>in</strong>ce. I was likewise <strong>in</strong>fluenced by hav<strong>in</strong>g just received an account from Charlestown<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> a frigate with disptaches [sic] from <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> Chief, <strong>the</strong> substance <strong>of</strong> which, <strong>the</strong>n<br />
transmitted to me, was, that General Phillips had been detached to <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake <strong>and</strong> put under my orders;<br />
which <strong>in</strong>duced me to hope, that solid operations might be adopted <strong>in</strong> that quarter: <strong>and</strong> I was firmly persuaded<br />
that until Virg<strong>in</strong>ia was reduced, we could not hold <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn prov<strong>in</strong>ces; <strong>and</strong> that, after its reduction, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
would fall without much resistance, <strong>and</strong> be reta<strong>in</strong>ed without much difficulty.” 2563<br />
Tarleton: “The aspect <strong>of</strong> public affairs at this juncture presented various <strong>and</strong> opposite designs to <strong>the</strong> noble earl<br />
at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. Upon <strong>the</strong> different <strong>in</strong>vestigations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> subject, it was too successfully described, that <strong>the</strong><br />
country between Cape-fear river <strong>and</strong> Camden was barren, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tersected with creeks <strong>and</strong> rivers; that <strong>the</strong> road<br />
to George town was replete with <strong>the</strong> same difficulties; that an embarkation for Charles town was disgraceful,<br />
<strong>and</strong> would occasion delay whilst <strong>the</strong> transports were <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g round; <strong>and</strong> that Virg<strong>in</strong>ia was more accessible, where<br />
General Phillips <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a respectable force. Happy would it have been, as far as general probability can<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>e, had Earl Cornwallis directed his chief attention to <strong>the</strong> critical state <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>menced his return by any route to secure it: But it was represented, that <strong>the</strong> plan <strong>of</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong>to so<br />
opulent a prov<strong>in</strong>ce as Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, would recall General Greene from <strong>the</strong> southward as soon as he had <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong><br />
Lord Cornwallis’s design; <strong>and</strong> that his Lordship would have <strong>the</strong> advantage <strong>of</strong> an early movement, to form a<br />
powerful army, by jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> corps at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton to <strong>the</strong> troops under Major-general Phillips, on <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong><br />
James river. This large scale <strong>of</strong> operations co<strong>in</strong>cid<strong>in</strong>g with Earl Cornwallis’s present views, he determ<strong>in</strong>ed to<br />
make an <strong>in</strong>stant attempt upon Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. For this purpose, orders were given to <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal <strong>of</strong>ficers to prepare<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir troops as well as <strong>the</strong>y could for a long march, <strong>and</strong> Lieutenant-colonel Balfour was directed to send<br />
transports from Charles town to Cape-fear river, to be <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess to receive <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>in</strong> case <strong>the</strong> expedition was<br />
frustrated.”<br />
30 March. At Ramsey’s Mill, Greene formally discharged <strong>the</strong> vast majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
militia; though most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se had already left (without <strong>the</strong>ir term <strong>of</strong> service hav<strong>in</strong>g expired). He, <strong>in</strong> effect, was<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficially acknowledg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>n what was already pretty much a foregone fact. In defense <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia, some<br />
have po<strong>in</strong>ted out that it was plant<strong>in</strong>g season <strong>and</strong> many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m were very much needed at home. Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia<br />
had been enlisted for six weeks, but many left sooner than this to help plant crops. A small body <strong>of</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia did, even so, stayed with Greene; while o<strong>the</strong>r militia from that state cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field<br />
elsewhere. 2564 After Greene had departed Ramsey’s by <strong>the</strong> 7 th , a corps <strong>of</strong> N.C. militia under Brig. Gen. Butler<br />
posted at <strong>the</strong> mill to recruit volunteers <strong>and</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>r supplies for <strong>the</strong> army; with <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia hav<strong>in</strong>g been<br />
dismissed to <strong>the</strong>ir homes by Brig. Gen. Lawson on April 2 nd . In a letter to Samuel Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton, President <strong>of</strong><br />
Congress, <strong>of</strong> March 30 th , Greene said: “S<strong>in</strong>ce we recrossed <strong>the</strong> Dan river we have taken at different times<br />
upwards <strong>of</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> twenty Prisoners <strong>and</strong> several Officers.” 2565<br />
William Johnson: “The fatigues <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> marches <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> scant<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> supplies, had over<strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> constancy<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y dem<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>ir discharge. The volunteers had engaged for six weeks, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> drafted<br />
militia had been called out for <strong>the</strong> same term…The cares <strong>of</strong> agriculture called <strong>the</strong> men to <strong>the</strong>ir farms. Every step<br />
<strong>of</strong> pursuit was a step fur<strong>the</strong>r from <strong>the</strong>ir homes. A dreary country, afford<strong>in</strong>g but small quantities <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
necessaries <strong>of</strong> life, was before <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>and</strong> what it did afford would be consumed by <strong>the</strong> necessities <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy.<br />
Almost to a man <strong>the</strong>y refused to proceed; <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 30 th , he [Greene] was under <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> grant<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m<br />
a discharge. His chagr<strong>in</strong> on <strong>the</strong> occasion, did not withhold from <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ians a well merited <strong>com</strong>pliment on<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir gallantry <strong>and</strong> zeal. Nor did <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians, who still adhered to him, depart without <strong>the</strong> warmest<br />
thanks for <strong>the</strong>ir perseverance <strong>in</strong> adher<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> army under many pa<strong>in</strong>ful <strong>and</strong> discourag<strong>in</strong>g circumstances.” 2566<br />
William Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> 30 th Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, with his Horse <strong>and</strong> Infantry [Kirkwood’s Delaware <strong>com</strong>pany],<br />
marched towards Wilcox’s Iron Works, <strong>in</strong> order to have <strong>the</strong> troop horses shod, which at this time <strong>the</strong>y stood <strong>in</strong><br />
great need <strong>of</strong>.” 2567<br />
2563 NGP7 p. 481, TCS pp. 283-284, CAC pp. vi-viii, LMS pp. 315-325.<br />
2564 Many <strong>of</strong> both <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia were to have served six months, but ended up serv<strong>in</strong>g at most two.<br />
2565 NGP7 p. 472n, NGP8 p. 9, JLG2 p. 28, RNC pp. 311, 317.<br />
2566 JLG2 p. 28.<br />
2567 SJS.<br />
451
30 March. Cornwallis reached Cross Creek (Fayetteville’s previous name) apparently on <strong>the</strong> nigh <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 29 th , <strong>and</strong><br />
left that town by April 1 st . There <strong>the</strong> local loyalists showed support for British army, <strong>and</strong> brought <strong>the</strong>m many<br />
needed supplies. With <strong>the</strong>se, Cornwallis’ troops were somewhat rejuvenated, <strong>and</strong> some wagons were loaded<br />
with much needed additional provisions. He had earlier hoped to stay at Cross Creek, but <strong>the</strong> difficulty <strong>of</strong><br />
receiv<strong>in</strong>g supplies from Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton due to <strong>the</strong> Cape Fear River’s be<strong>in</strong>g too narrow at some po<strong>in</strong>ts for certa<strong>in</strong><br />
crafts <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> hostility <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants along its course forbade it. 2568 And as far as actual recruits, Cornwallis was<br />
unable to get even a hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cross Creek loyalists to jo<strong>in</strong> him. In a letter to Germa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> April 18 th , dated<br />
Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, he wrote: “For all my <strong>in</strong>formation I <strong>in</strong>tended to have halted at Cross-Creek, as a proper place to<br />
refresh <strong>and</strong> refit <strong>the</strong> troops; <strong>and</strong> I was much disappo<strong>in</strong>ted, on my arrival <strong>the</strong>re, to f<strong>in</strong>d it totally impossible:<br />
provisions were scarce, not four days forage with<strong>in</strong> twenty miles, <strong>and</strong> to us <strong>the</strong> navigation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cape Fear river<br />
to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton impracticable; for <strong>the</strong> distance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water is upwards <strong>of</strong> one hundred miles, <strong>the</strong> bredth [sic]<br />
seldom above one hundred yards, <strong>the</strong> banks high, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants on each side generally hostile...” 2569<br />
Caru<strong>the</strong>rs relates that on his way to Cross Creek Cornwallis encountered some resistance from isolated parties <strong>of</strong><br />
whig sharpshooters under Cato Riddle <strong>and</strong> who attempted to impede <strong>and</strong> harass his march; regard<strong>in</strong>g which see<br />
CNS2 pp. 189-192.<br />
“Scottish Travel Log”: [27 Mar.] “Halt [at Ramsey’s]”; [28 Mar.] “Little River”; [29 Mar.] “Lower little River<br />
MackNeel[’]s [MacNeil’s?] Plantation”; [30 Mar.] “Cross Creek.”<br />
Stedman: “Upon <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er at Cross Creek, he found himself disappo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> all his<br />
expectations: Provisions were scarce: Four days forage not to be procured with<strong>in</strong> twenty miles; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>munication expected to be opened between Cross Creek <strong>and</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, by means <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, was found<br />
to be impracticable, <strong>the</strong> river itself be<strong>in</strong>g narrow, its banks high, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants, on both sides, for a<br />
considerable distance, <strong>in</strong>veterately <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> hostile. Noth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>refore now rema<strong>in</strong>ed to be done but to proceed<br />
with <strong>the</strong> army to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> which it arrived on <strong>the</strong> seventh <strong>of</strong> April. The settlers upon Cross<br />
Creek, although <strong>the</strong>y had undergone a variety <strong>of</strong> persecutions <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir previous unfortunate<br />
<strong>in</strong>surrections, still reta<strong>in</strong>ed a warm attachment to <strong>the</strong>ir mo<strong>the</strong>r-country, <strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> short stay <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army<br />
amongst <strong>the</strong>m, all <strong>the</strong> provisions <strong>and</strong> spirits that could be collected with<strong>in</strong> a convenient distance, were readily<br />
brought <strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> sick <strong>and</strong> wounded plentifully supplied with useful <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>fortable refreshments.” 2570<br />
Roger Lamb: “On his [Cornwallis’] arrival at <strong>the</strong> Creek, every hope was disappo<strong>in</strong>ted. Four days forage could not<br />
be had <strong>in</strong> twenty miles, all <strong>com</strong>munication, with Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton from <strong>the</strong> narrowness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, was<br />
impracticable, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> scattered <strong>in</strong>habitants on its l<strong>of</strong>ty banks were irreconcilably hostile.” 2571<br />
31 March. Greene ordered Col. Malmedy <strong>and</strong> his mounted militia to jo<strong>in</strong> Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Lill<strong>in</strong>gton’s force<br />
outside Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. Capt. Pleasant Henderson’s <strong>com</strong>pany was with Malmedy, <strong>and</strong> when Cornwallis evacuated<br />
Cross Creek (April 1), Malmedy left Henderson with Col. James Emmet at Stewart’s Creek. 2572<br />
31 March. Hav<strong>in</strong>g been re<strong>in</strong>forced with Innes’ South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists, Lieut. Col. John Harris Cruger, on <strong>the</strong><br />
31 st , with 300 Prov<strong>in</strong>cials <strong>and</strong> 200 loyalist militia marched to Harrison’s Store on Fair Forest Creek to establish a<br />
garrison <strong>the</strong>re. When Pickens collected some South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia men to attack him, Cruger retreated to<br />
Ft. Williams. Even so, Pickens had a difficult time keep<strong>in</strong>g his men toge<strong>the</strong>r ow<strong>in</strong>g to scarcity <strong>of</strong> provisions, <strong>and</strong><br />
wrote Sumter for assistance. 2573<br />
Late March. At this time upwards <strong>of</strong> 100 men were enlisted <strong>in</strong> William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Cont<strong>in</strong>ental cavalry for<br />
duration <strong>of</strong> war; with a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m be<strong>in</strong>g from North with a few from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. 2574<br />
Late March. [ambush] Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon’s Ferry (Florence County, S.C.) After <strong>the</strong> raid on Snow’s Isl<strong>and</strong>, Doyle<br />
retraced his steps six or seven miles to Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon’s Ferry where he bivouacked on <strong>the</strong> north bank <strong>of</strong> Lynches<br />
River. When Marion returned from his pursuit <strong>of</strong> Watson, he camped at Indiantown; at which time his active<br />
brigade had dropped down to about 70 men. In spite <strong>of</strong> this, he sent out Lieut. Col. Hugh Horry <strong>and</strong> Capt.<br />
William McCottry who ambushed some <strong>of</strong> Doyle’s men forag<strong>in</strong>g near <strong>the</strong> plantations on Lynches River, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n<br />
attacked ano<strong>the</strong>r party who were engaged <strong>in</strong> s<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> boat at <strong>the</strong> ferry. Doyle is said to have lost 9 killed or<br />
wounded, <strong>and</strong> 15 or 16 taken captive <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> encounter. Ei<strong>the</strong>r just before or after this event, Marion was<br />
bolstered with a re<strong>in</strong>forcement under Col. Able Kolb to assist aga<strong>in</strong>st Doyle. The latter, however, made haste to<br />
withdraw with his prisoners, <strong>and</strong> destroy<strong>in</strong>g his heavy baggage retired to Camden. 2575<br />
Henry Nase: “27 th . March -- a Detachment <strong>of</strong> thirty Cavalry set <strong>of</strong>f [from] Nelson[’]s ferry, as an escort to a<br />
Number <strong>of</strong> wagons [sic].<br />
28 th . March. <strong>the</strong> [sic] Cavalry, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.Y. Vols. under Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Majr. [John] C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>, March’d for Lt. Colo.<br />
[Welbore] Doyle[’]s Comm<strong>and</strong> [Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>]--<br />
2568 Cross Creek <strong>and</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, about a hundred miles separate from each o<strong>the</strong>r, are both situated on <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>refore l<strong>in</strong>ked by<br />
<strong>the</strong> Cape Fear River.<br />
2569 SCP4 p. 104, AR81 pp. 71-72, STL, CAR pp. 268, 508, CAC p. 45, SAW2 pp. 351-352, CNS2 pp. 186-192, DRO pp. 166-168.<br />
2570 SAW2 p. 352.<br />
2571 LJA p. 357.<br />
2572 Stewart’s Creek runs <strong>in</strong>to Rockfish Creek, a tributary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cape Fear river. NGP8 pp. 11, 29-30.<br />
2573 NGP8 p. 71.<br />
2574 HWW p. 114.<br />
2575 NGP8 p. 32n, JFM p. 44, MSC2 p. 746, BSF pp. 157-158,162, RBG pp. 151-152.<br />
452
“Apl. 1 st . 1781 -- <strong>the</strong> whole Comm<strong>and</strong>, under Lt Colo. Doyle, Returns, with fourteen rebel Prisoners –” 2576<br />
Late March or early April. A “small detachment” <strong>of</strong> 1,000 re<strong>in</strong>forcements (Gordon states 1,800) for Phillips <strong>and</strong><br />
Arnold was sent from New York to Portsmouth. This group was separate from that <strong>of</strong> Phillips; which had earlier<br />
arrived <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia on March 27 th . 2577<br />
2576 NDI.<br />
2577 GHA4 pp. 111, CAR p. 276.<br />
453
APRIL 1781<br />
April. Col. Alured Clarke took a portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Savannah garrison to St. August<strong>in</strong>e, FLA. to help shield that post<br />
from possible Spanish <strong>in</strong>vasion; while Lieut. Col. Friedrich von Porbeck stayed <strong>in</strong> Savannah as <strong>the</strong> senior British<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> Georgia. Clarke returned with his detachment to Savannah by June 7 th . 2578<br />
April. [skirmish] Hang<strong>in</strong>g Tree (R<strong>and</strong>olph County?, N.C.) Sometime <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781, possibly April, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
location not clear, Capt. David Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> his men were surrounded at a house <strong>of</strong> a friend by 14 whig militia<br />
under a Capt. John H<strong>in</strong>ds, with both sides los<strong>in</strong>g a man killed. Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> most <strong>of</strong> his b<strong>and</strong> were <strong>com</strong>pelled to<br />
retreat <strong>and</strong> made <strong>the</strong>ir escape. One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> his men, none<strong>the</strong>less, was captured by H<strong>in</strong>ds, <strong>and</strong> says Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> his<br />
Narrative, hanged “on <strong>the</strong> spot where we had killed <strong>the</strong> man [a whig] a few days before.” For this, he says “we<br />
were determ<strong>in</strong>ed to have satisfaction;” which on 11 May he did. 2579<br />
David Fann<strong>in</strong>g: “Two days follow<strong>in</strong>g [Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s meet<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis at Dixon’s Mill on Cane Creek], I returned to<br />
<strong>the</strong> army at Chatham Court house, after be<strong>in</strong>g surprised <strong>and</strong> dispersed by <strong>the</strong> Rebel Dragoons; on my br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
70 Loyalists. I jo<strong>in</strong>ed my <strong>com</strong>pany aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> went with his Lordship [Cornwallis], to Cross Creek, <strong>and</strong> as we had<br />
lost most <strong>of</strong> our horses, we determ<strong>in</strong>ed to return to Deep River, <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong> his Lordship when on his way to<br />
Hillsborough. General Green[e] followed his lordship as far as Little River, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n returned to Ramsey[’]s Mills<br />
on his way to Camden; his men marched <strong>in</strong> small partiees [sic] <strong>and</strong> distressed <strong>the</strong> friends to Government,<br />
through <strong>the</strong> Deep Rivet settlement; I took 18 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m at different times, <strong>and</strong> paroled <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> after that we<br />
were not distressed by <strong>the</strong>m for some little time; after a little while some <strong>of</strong> us had assembled at a friends<br />
house, where we were surrounded by a party <strong>of</strong> 14 Rebels under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Capt. John H<strong>in</strong>ds.” 2580<br />
April. [skirmish] Cashua Ferry (Marlboro County, S.C.) 2581<br />
April. [skirmish] McPherson’s Plantation (East side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee River <strong>in</strong> S.C.) 2582<br />
April. [skirmish] Bear Bluff, also “Capt. Daniel Morrall vs. Capt. Joshua Long” (Horry County, S.C.) See<br />
http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/bearbluff.htm<br />
Early April. After hav<strong>in</strong>g received a <strong>com</strong>mission <strong>and</strong> authorization from Marion, Col. William Harden, along with<br />
Colonel John Baker <strong>and</strong> Major George Cooper, rode with 75 to 100 “choice” 2583 men to carry out partisan activity<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Edisto (at <strong>the</strong> time called “Pon Pon”) region roughly between Charlestown, Savannah, <strong>and</strong> Augusta; <strong>and</strong><br />
where he <strong>and</strong> most <strong>of</strong> his men resided. Previously (<strong>in</strong> early to mid January 2584 ), Harden had endeavored to enlist<br />
recruits <strong>in</strong> this area, but with little success. Yet overtime, says William Johnson, his new <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> would ga<strong>the</strong>r<br />
up to two hundred men. This said, Harden’s numbers would frequently fluctuate as his volunteers usually came<br />
<strong>and</strong> went as <strong>the</strong>y pleased. In <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g months it became impossible for <strong>the</strong> British to entrap him, <strong>and</strong> he<br />
achieved many small successes. 2585<br />
Tarleton Brown: “On <strong>the</strong> 1 st day <strong>of</strong> April, 1780 [sic], I left General Marion on <strong>the</strong> Big Peedee River, <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany<br />
with eighty o<strong>the</strong>rs, form<strong>in</strong>g a detachment under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Colonel Harden <strong>and</strong> [John] Baker, <strong>and</strong> Major<br />
John [i.e., George] Cooper. The two last mentioned <strong>of</strong>ficers were from Midway settlement, Georgia. There were<br />
also several o<strong>the</strong>r brave <strong>and</strong> energetic men who rendered <strong>the</strong>mselves conspicuous <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> our detachment,<br />
Fount<strong>in</strong> Stewart, Robert Salley, <strong>the</strong> Sharpes <strong>and</strong> Gold<strong>in</strong>gs, from Georgia. Our route lay by <strong>the</strong> ‘Four Holes.’<br />
Cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Edisto [i.e., Pon Pon] at Givham’s Ferry, we fell <strong>in</strong> with a man who assisted Brown <strong>in</strong> hang<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
five brace fellows at ‘Wigg<strong>in</strong>s’ Hill.’ We have him his due, <strong>and</strong> left his body at <strong>the</strong> disposal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> birds <strong>and</strong> wild<br />
beasts. Pursu<strong>in</strong>g our march, we came to ‘Red Hill,’ with<strong>in</strong> about two miles <strong>of</strong> Patterson’s Bridge, Salkahachie, It<br />
was now <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night, but <strong>the</strong> moon be<strong>in</strong>g full strength, <strong>and</strong> not a cloud to darken her rays, it was most as bright<br />
as day. Near this place were stationed a body <strong>of</strong> Tories, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Capta<strong>in</strong> Baron [John Barton]. They were<br />
desperate fellows, kill<strong>in</strong>g, plunder<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> robb<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants without mercy or feel<strong>in</strong>g, A <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> men,<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Major Cooper, were now sent to see what <strong>the</strong>y could do with those murders. In a few m<strong>in</strong>utes<br />
after <strong>the</strong>ir departure we heard <strong>the</strong>m fight<strong>in</strong>g, which cont<strong>in</strong>ued for nearly one hour, when Major Cooper returned<br />
<strong>and</strong> told us he bad killed <strong>the</strong> greater part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, with but <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> one man, John Steward, from<br />
Georgia.” 2586<br />
Early April (or 13 May or <strong>the</strong>reabouts <strong>in</strong> May 2587 ). [skirmish] Rockfish, also Legat’s bridge, “Capt. Fletcher vs.<br />
Col. David Fann<strong>in</strong>g” present day Parkton (Robeson County, N.C.) 2588<br />
2578 CGA p. 137<br />
2579 FNA pp. 15-16.<br />
2580 FNA pp. 15-16.<br />
2581 LSC p. 14. And see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/cashuaferry.htm<br />
2582 LSC p. 14.<br />
2583 Marion’s description. NGP8 p. 129.<br />
2584 See Wigg<strong>in</strong>s’ Hill, 13 Jan.1781.<br />
2585 NGP8 p. 129, RSC2 pp. 227-228, JLG2 pp. 119-120, MSC pp. 129-136, BSF pp. 172-175, RBG p. 154.<br />
2586 Brown’s chronology is ra<strong>the</strong>r confus<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong>, at least <strong>in</strong> part, <strong>in</strong> error. A certa<strong>in</strong> caution <strong>the</strong>n is called for <strong>in</strong> accept<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
sequence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> events as he gives <strong>the</strong>m. Yet, needless to say, his value as an orig<strong>in</strong>al, not to mention colorful <strong>and</strong> vivid, source<br />
outweighs such defects. BMS.<br />
2587 Conjectured May date is O’Kelley’s.<br />
2588 CNS2 pp. 229-231, ONB3 pp. 235-237. And see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/rockfish.htm<br />
454
Caru<strong>the</strong>rs: “As <strong>the</strong> Tories began to rise <strong>and</strong> form <strong>in</strong>to small parties, <strong>the</strong> Whigs began to rally for <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
suppression, <strong>and</strong> various little conflicts ensued, which were attended with success, sometimes on one side <strong>and</strong><br />
sometimes on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r, but gradually <strong>in</strong>creased <strong>in</strong> frequency <strong>and</strong> magnitude until <strong>the</strong> last. Capta<strong>in</strong> Fletcher,<br />
from Fayetteville [Cross Creek, or Campbellton], with about twenty-five men, met a much larger body <strong>of</strong> Tories,<br />
who are said to have been <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Colonel [David] Fann<strong>in</strong>g, at Legat’s now Davis’ Bridge on Rockfish<br />
[Creek]. Fletcher gave <strong>the</strong>m one fire <strong>and</strong> retreated. ‘Big’ Daniel Shaw, a whig was wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> shoulder.<br />
Daniel Campbell, a Tory, was mortally wounded <strong>and</strong> died on <strong>the</strong> third day. He had been a Lieutenant <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
British army; <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g been taken prisoner <strong>and</strong> exchanged, had jo<strong>in</strong>ed this second ris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists now <strong>in</strong><br />
its <strong>in</strong>cipient stage. This is all that I have been able to learn, says Doctor Smith, as to <strong>the</strong> results <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> skirmish<br />
on Rockfish, unless it gave rise to <strong>the</strong> unfortunate reencounter or ‘meet<strong>in</strong>g,’ between Fletcher <strong>and</strong> [fellow whig<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer] Colonel Armstrong which took place soon after [<strong>in</strong> which Armstrong accused Fletcher <strong>of</strong> cowardice]…” 2589<br />
On April 13, John Ramsey, at “Deep River,” wrote to Gov. Thomas Burke (spell<strong>in</strong>g left as <strong>in</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al): “Mr. Jones<br />
& my Self returned from Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton Last Thursday Even<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemeys force <strong>the</strong>re<br />
permitted us <strong>in</strong>to town to see our friends who we found all <strong>in</strong> Good helth <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enimy [sic] were<br />
advanced <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country. We had no Certa<strong>in</strong>ty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g higher advanced than Rockfish Bridge where <strong>the</strong>y<br />
defeated our post <strong>the</strong>re <strong>of</strong> which you must <strong>of</strong> had a particular acct. <strong>of</strong> before now & need only Observe to your<br />
Excellency that it seemed to be a f<strong>in</strong>ish<strong>in</strong>g Stroke to <strong>the</strong> well Affected <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Lower Counties it Gives me pa<strong>in</strong> to<br />
See <strong>the</strong>m Go <strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong> bodies to Surrender & <strong>in</strong>deed I found when I Gott home much <strong>the</strong> Same Effect, from <strong>the</strong><br />
dar<strong>in</strong>g Spirit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories, almost all <strong>the</strong> whigs was gone to oppose Fann<strong>in</strong>g & Last Saturday morn<strong>in</strong>g a body <strong>of</strong><br />
Scotch Supposed to be 50 fell <strong>in</strong> below on Cape Fear with<strong>in</strong> ten miles <strong>of</strong> Elizabethtown From <strong>the</strong> Spirit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g few turn<strong>in</strong>g out aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong>y Retreated with <strong>the</strong>ir plunder. I do assure you Sir we are<br />
Exceed<strong>in</strong>gly distressed <strong>in</strong> this Quarter what few <strong>the</strong>re is <strong>of</strong> us, is Oblidge[d] to be out Constantly or Lay <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
woods, I am not able to <strong>in</strong>form you anyth<strong>in</strong>g from our party aga<strong>in</strong>st [David] Fann<strong>in</strong>g, report says both Sides<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forced, its Certa<strong>in</strong> that Edwards from Orrange [Orange] Sett <strong>of</strong>[f] with Sixty odd men…” 2590<br />
Early April (also 3 April for Hammond’s Mill). [skirmishes] Horn’s Creek <strong>and</strong> Hammond’s Mill also (with respect to<br />
<strong>the</strong> first action) Horner’s Corner, Horne’s Creek, Horner’s Creek, <strong>and</strong> Hammond’s mill. (Edgefield County, S.C.)<br />
Capt. Thomas McKee 2591 defeated <strong>and</strong> took prisoner a group <strong>of</strong> loyalists under a Capt. Clark, who himself was<br />
killed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> encounter. 2592 Follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> action at Horn’s Creek, McKee fur<strong>the</strong>r essayed <strong>and</strong> routed a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong><br />
loyalists at Hammond’s Mill on <strong>the</strong> Savannah River; <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some taken prisoner. Hammond speaks <strong>of</strong> provisions<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g captured <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> mill destroyed. However, if <strong>the</strong> mill belonged to <strong>the</strong> Hammond’s own family, as it may<br />
have been, it seems somewhat strange why McKee would have destroyed it. 2593<br />
Samuel Hammond (pension statement): “Applicant halted on <strong>the</strong> South fork <strong>of</strong> Catawba river, several <strong>of</strong> his men<br />
taken with <strong>the</strong> Small Pox, he had <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>oculated upwards <strong>of</strong> 100, which deta<strong>in</strong>ed him<br />
sometime, after which [small pox <strong>in</strong>oculation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops under Clark’s, McCall’s <strong>and</strong> Hammond’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> –<br />
[see Late April], he jo<strong>in</strong>ed Genl. Pickens & was immediately ordered to prepare for <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> a<br />
detachment <strong>in</strong>tended to pass <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> District <strong>of</strong> 96 to cause <strong>the</strong> people friendly to <strong>the</strong> cause to jo<strong>in</strong> & give <strong>the</strong>m<br />
aid to expel <strong>the</strong> Enemy from Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia -- selected for such service & with <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> support <strong>in</strong><br />
Company with Major [James] Jackson <strong>of</strong> Georgia, an Officer <strong>of</strong> much popularity & superior military<br />
underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, left Genl. Pickens, date not remembered & not material, passed through District <strong>of</strong> 96 with one<br />
hundred Citizen Soldiers & arrived safe on <strong>the</strong> marg<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Savannah river near Paces Ferry. Jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>re by<br />
Capt. Thomas [Mc]Kee <strong>of</strong> Col. L. [LeRoy] Hammond[’]s Regiment & Capt. Henry Graybill <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same with a<br />
considerable number <strong>of</strong> Volunteers, detached Capt. Kee to attack a British post on Horn’s Creek <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by<br />
a Capt. Clark. The British party were defeated, <strong>the</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> killed & <strong>the</strong> Company taken & paroled. Major<br />
[James] Jackson passed over to Georgia, jo<strong>in</strong>ed Cols. [John] Baker, [John] Stark & Williamson, who had collected<br />
a considerable force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Georgia militia & were near Augusta, <strong>the</strong> British outposts were driven <strong>in</strong> on both<br />
sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Savannah River & a Siege <strong>com</strong>menced.” 2594<br />
Samuel Hammond as quoted <strong>in</strong> Joseph Johnson: “Soon after he [Samuel Hammond] rejo<strong>in</strong>ed General Pickens, he<br />
was ordered to march with about one hundred men to <strong>the</strong> district <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, to <strong>in</strong>vite <strong>the</strong> citizens <strong>of</strong> that<br />
place to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir friends <strong>in</strong> arms <strong>and</strong> aid <strong>in</strong> expell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir enemies. Major James Jackson, <strong>of</strong> Georgia, jo<strong>in</strong>ed S.<br />
Hammond, be<strong>in</strong>g charged to pass <strong>in</strong>to Georgia for similar purposes. Pass<strong>in</strong>g through N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six District, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
arrived on <strong>the</strong> Savannah river, near Pace’s Ferry (<strong>the</strong> day <strong>and</strong> date not now remembered,) <strong>the</strong>y were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> Thomas [Mc]Kee, <strong>of</strong> Colonel LeRoy Hammond’s regiment, with a number <strong>of</strong> men, not now remembered.<br />
Next day, detached Capta<strong>in</strong> Kee to attack a party <strong>of</strong> tories, assembled under Capta<strong>in</strong> Clarke, at his residence,<br />
on Horne’s Creek. Clark was killed <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany all made prisoners; <strong>and</strong> [follow<strong>in</strong>g Horne’s Creek] <strong>the</strong>y <strong>the</strong>n<br />
marched to Colonel L. Hammond’s mill on Savannah river, attacked a British fort <strong>the</strong>re, broke up <strong>the</strong> mill, <strong>and</strong><br />
took all <strong>the</strong> provisions belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> enemy. -- Jo<strong>in</strong>ed by between two <strong>and</strong> three hundred men, from LeRoy<br />
Hammond’s regiment, <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> a few days, that number was so far <strong>in</strong>creased, as to justify Major. S. Hammond <strong>in</strong><br />
detach<strong>in</strong>g a part with Major [James] Jackson, to cross to Georgia, <strong>and</strong> act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> concert, <strong>the</strong>y, <strong>in</strong> a few days<br />
after, <strong>com</strong>menced <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Fort Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> Grierson <strong>in</strong> Augusta. The Georgia militia to a considerable<br />
number, had been drawn near Augusta, by Colonels Baker, Starke <strong>and</strong> Williamson, but on Jackson’s arrival it was<br />
2589 CNS2 pp. 229-231.<br />
2590 CNC15 p. 437.<br />
2591 McCrady gives Samuel Hammond as whig <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, or else it may be that McKee was one <strong>of</strong> Hammond’s lieutenants.<br />
2592 HMP, JTR p. 514, RBG p. 236, MSC2 p. 748,.<br />
2593 MSC2 p. 748, RBG p. 236. See also http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/hornscreek.htm <strong>and</strong> which gives McKee’s name as “Key.”<br />
2594 HMP.<br />
455
unanimously agreed by <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men, that he should take <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> until <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> Colonel E. Clarke,<br />
whose wounds yet deta<strong>in</strong>ed him from service. Maj. S. Hammond rema<strong>in</strong>ed with <strong>the</strong>se detachments, all under<br />
General Pickens, aid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> forts under Colonel Thomas Browne, at Augusta; after which<br />
Hammond became a lieutenant-colonel.” 2595<br />
1 April. On this date <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a legislature enacted a law decree<strong>in</strong>g that those who were deemed<br />
deserters (with a m<strong>in</strong>d to those that fled at Guilford Court House) were potentially subject to be drafted <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. 2596 Collection po<strong>in</strong>ts for <strong>the</strong> draftees were established at Edenton, Smithfield,<br />
Dupl<strong>in</strong> Court House, Halifax, Hillsborough <strong>and</strong> Salisbury. Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner for a time rema<strong>in</strong>ed at<br />
Hillsborough ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g provisions to feed <strong>the</strong>se prospective Cont<strong>in</strong>ental troops; which he himself would be<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g. Brig. Gen. Butler, <strong>in</strong> his behalf, had already collected 240 <strong>of</strong> those who fled at Guilford for this<br />
twelve-month service. As William Johnson <strong>in</strong>timates, it was <strong>the</strong> f<strong>in</strong>e quality <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a’s Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer corps that <strong>of</strong>fset that state’s <strong>the</strong>n arduous challenge <strong>of</strong> both secur<strong>in</strong>g volunteers <strong>and</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g good<br />
soldiers out <strong>of</strong> coerced draftees. 2597<br />
Davie: “After <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Guilford Genl [Allen] Jones w[I]t[h] a board <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers turned over about 400 men<br />
<strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Contal [Cont<strong>in</strong>ental] service for 12 months for desertion from <strong>the</strong> army at <strong>and</strong> before <strong>the</strong> battle.” 2598<br />
1 April. [skirmish] Bear Bluff (Horry County, S.C.) 2599<br />
1 April.<br />
Forces under Cornwallis.<br />
Rank <strong>and</strong> file:<br />
Brigade <strong>of</strong> Guards: 411<br />
23 rd Regt.: 182<br />
33 rd Regt.: 229<br />
2 nd Bttn., 71 st Regt. : 161<br />
Hessian von Bose Regt.: 245<br />
German Jägers: 97<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers: 224<br />
British Legion (cavalry only): 174<br />
Total: 1,723. 2600<br />
1 April. Cornwallis quit Cross Creek, <strong>and</strong> started mov<strong>in</strong>g towards Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton (see 7 April), <strong>and</strong> sometime this<br />
same day reached “Gray’s Mill.” Along <strong>the</strong> march, Lieut. Col. James Webster, died <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wounds <strong>in</strong>flicted at<br />
Guilford. He was later <strong>in</strong>terred at a location, now unknown, just south <strong>of</strong> Elizabethtown. 2601<br />
“Scottish Travel Log”: [1 Apr.] “Gray’ Mill”; [2 Apr.] “Ca<strong>in</strong>’s Plantation”; [3 Apr.] no entry ; [4 Apr.] “Two miles<br />
beyond Elizabethtown”; [5 Apr.] “Alston’s Plantation”; [6 Apr.] “Halt.”<br />
Roger Lamb: “It was reported <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, that when Lord Cornwallis received <strong>the</strong> news <strong>of</strong> colonel Webster’s<br />
death, his lordship was struck with a pungent sorrow, that turn<strong>in</strong>g himself, he looked on his sword, <strong>and</strong><br />
emphatically exclaimed, ‘I have lost my scabbard.’” 2602<br />
1 April (possibly 31 March). [skirmish] Cole’s Bridge (Scotl<strong>and</strong> County, N.C.) In a letter <strong>of</strong> April 2 nd , Col. Thomas<br />
Wade, at Haley’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Peedee, wrote to Greene that he had conveyed stores from Cross Creek 2603 to<br />
Haley’s Ferry down river. He had tried to move his men quickly by forced marches. Never<strong>the</strong>less, his 95 North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia were attacked near Cole’s Bridge, on Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek, by 300 loyalists <strong>and</strong> 100 British soldiers<br />
(all <strong>of</strong> whom were presumably mounted) who had pursued <strong>the</strong>m. Wade’s column was routed. Some <strong>of</strong> his men,<br />
who were captured <strong>and</strong> paroled, reported that <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia losses were three killed, two wounded, <strong>and</strong><br />
seven taken prisoner. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, slaves, wagons, <strong>and</strong> all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> horses were taken. This left Wade now with<br />
only 20 men. The British casualties were 4 killed. Some meal (though much <strong>of</strong> it damaged), <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
2595 JTR p. 514.<br />
2596 Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, Greene made a couple <strong>com</strong>ments which are <strong>in</strong>sightful <strong>of</strong> his own view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m: “The<br />
back-country people are bold <strong>and</strong> dar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir make, but <strong>the</strong> people upon <strong>the</strong> sea-shore are sickly <strong>and</strong> but <strong>in</strong>different militia.<br />
The ru<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State is <strong>in</strong>evitable if <strong>the</strong>re are such large bodies <strong>of</strong> militia kept on foot.” Greene to Adjutant General Joseph<br />
Reed, 9 January 1781. NGP7 pp. 84-85 (<strong>the</strong>re paraphrased.)<br />
In an unsent portion <strong>of</strong> a letter to Samuel Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton, President <strong>of</strong> Congress, <strong>of</strong> 4 May 1781, he wrote: “[The North Carol<strong>in</strong>a have<br />
few militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field] <strong>and</strong> those <strong>the</strong> worst <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> World for <strong>the</strong>y have nei<strong>the</strong>r pride nor pr<strong>in</strong>ciple to b<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m to any party or<br />
to discharge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir duty. There are some Counties where <strong>the</strong>re is a good Militia such as <strong>the</strong> Counties <strong>of</strong> Rowan <strong>and</strong><br />
Mecklenburg; but <strong>the</strong>se people have been ru<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong>ir last years exertions <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ravages <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy.” NGP8 pp. 199-202.<br />
2597 JLG2 pp. 67-68, SNC pp. 394-398, RNC pp. 322-323.<br />
2598 DRS p. 35.<br />
2599 LSC p. 14.<br />
2600 CAC p. 53.<br />
2601 STL, RSC2 pp. 223, TCS pp. 281, 322, NGP8 p. 25, SNC pp. 370-371, WCO p. 316. For <strong>the</strong> story <strong>of</strong> Webster’s reported<br />
exhumation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early 19 th century, see CNS2 pp. 191-192.<br />
2602 LJA P. 360n.<br />
2603 Greene had earlier ordered stores at Cross Creek removed. Malmedy’s militia had also assisted <strong>in</strong> relocat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same stores<br />
prior to Cornwallis’ arrival <strong>the</strong>re. See 26 March.<br />
456
oats Greene had Kosciuszko build earlier were at Haley’s Ferry; where <strong>the</strong>y were be<strong>in</strong>g guarded by some locals.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> same letter, he requested wagons to send <strong>the</strong> meal to Greene; which Greene sent on his approach to<br />
Camden. Wade later <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>ed that <strong>the</strong> men Maj. Gen. Caswell had sent him (see 9 March) were <strong>in</strong>ferior<br />
soldiers <strong>and</strong> he asked for better <strong>in</strong> future if <strong>the</strong> supplies <strong>and</strong> provisions <strong>in</strong> his charge were to be kept secure. See<br />
18 April. 2604<br />
2 April. After collect<strong>in</strong>g at Ramsey’s Mill, <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia under Brig. Gen. Lawson, <strong>and</strong> who hadn’t already<br />
left on <strong>the</strong>ir own, were assembled <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n dismissed to <strong>the</strong>ir homes. Elsewhere, 100 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia, at “Camp<br />
Wm Daniels,” N.C., 2605 previously under Col. Charles Lynch, went home without <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers. Both states’<br />
militiamen had been enlisted for six weeks, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> time needed to get home was calculated by <strong>the</strong>m as part <strong>of</strong><br />
that same duration. Before depart<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>y left beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>ir muskets; which were <strong>the</strong>n sent to Greene. In a<br />
letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> this date, Lynch excused his men say<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>y were “Poor” <strong>and</strong> anxious to get home. 2606<br />
2 April [skirmish] Georgetown (Georgetown County, S.C.) 60 militia under Major Lemuel Benson <strong>of</strong> Marion’s<br />
Brigade scrapped with 20 mounted Queen’s Rangers, under Lt. John Wilson, <strong>and</strong> some loyalist militia out<br />
forag<strong>in</strong>g. Benson lost a lieutenant killed, <strong>and</strong> a number wounded; <strong>the</strong> British 6 wounded <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Wilson, <strong>and</strong><br />
which latter subsequently receiv<strong>in</strong>g a <strong>com</strong>mendation from Balfour. 2607<br />
Capt. John Saunders <strong>in</strong> Simcoe’s Journal: “Lt. [John] Wilson was sent on <strong>the</strong> 2d <strong>of</strong> April, with twenty men,<br />
attended by a galley, to cover a party sent to load some flats with forage, at a plantation on Black river: he<br />
debarked <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed on shore several hours before he saw a s<strong>in</strong>gle rebel; but when he had nearly <strong>com</strong>pleted<br />
his bus<strong>in</strong>ess, he was attacked by about sixty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> a Major [Lemuel] Benson: he<br />
repulsed <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> two attempts that <strong>the</strong>y made to get with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> place where he had posted himself; he <strong>the</strong>n<br />
charged <strong>and</strong> drove <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong>f. 2608<br />
Saunders: “Lt. Wilson was sent, on <strong>the</strong> 2d <strong>of</strong> April, with twenty men, attended by a galley, to cover a party sent<br />
to load some flats with forage, at a plantation on Black river: he debarked <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed on shore several hours<br />
before he saw a s<strong>in</strong>gle rebel; but when he had nearly <strong>com</strong>pleted his bus<strong>in</strong>ess, he was attacked by above sixty <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> a Major Benson: he repulsed <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> two attempts that <strong>the</strong>y made to get with<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> place where he had posted himself; he <strong>the</strong>n charged <strong>and</strong> drove <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong>f. A rebel Lieutenant was mortally<br />
wounded, several o<strong>the</strong>rs slightly: Lt. [John] Wilson <strong>and</strong> five <strong>of</strong> his men were wounded. Col. Balfour expressed his<br />
approbation <strong>of</strong> Wilson’s conduct <strong>in</strong> this affair.” 2609<br />
2-3 April. [siege] Fort Nashborough, TN. ONB3 pp. 174-176.<br />
3 April. William Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> third <strong>of</strong> April, 1781, we [Greene’s army] encamped on one Mr. Cheek’s<br />
plantation [not far from Wilcox’s Iron Works], 2610 after a march <strong>of</strong> to thous<strong>and</strong> four hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty-six miles<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ce we left our quarters at Morristown.<br />
“General Greene f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g it impracticable to follow Lord Cornwallis any far<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> see<strong>in</strong>g he could not <strong>com</strong>e up<br />
with him, he <strong>the</strong>refore bent his course towards Campden [sic], march<strong>in</strong>g over <strong>the</strong> same ground which our army<br />
went <strong>the</strong> last summer along with General Gates. This is a poor barren part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. The <strong>in</strong>habitants are<br />
chiefly <strong>of</strong> Scottish extraction, liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> mean cottages, <strong>and</strong> are much disaffected, be<strong>in</strong>g great enemies to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
country.” 2611<br />
3 April. Maj. Gen. William Phillips, at Portsmouth, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “I have from <strong>the</strong> moment <strong>of</strong> my l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g here,<br />
pursued <strong>the</strong> first object <strong>of</strong> your Excellency’s <strong>in</strong>structions: ‘The security <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> post upon Elizabeth river, near<br />
<strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> James river.’<br />
“And your Excellency may be assured, I shall use every means to atta<strong>in</strong> this very material purpose, so necessary,<br />
<strong>and</strong> which alone can enable me, with four thous<strong>and</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> our front <strong>and</strong> near us, to pursue <strong>the</strong> second part <strong>of</strong><br />
your <strong>in</strong>structions: ‘A move <strong>in</strong> force upon <strong>the</strong> enemy’s <strong>com</strong>munications between Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, at<br />
Petersburgh, <strong>in</strong> assistance to Lord Cornwallis.’ And I shall do this <strong>the</strong> moment it may be possible, consistent with<br />
<strong>the</strong> security <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> post on Elizabeth river.<br />
“It is unlucky for us, that we know so little <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong> favour <strong>of</strong> whom, <strong>and</strong> his operations we are<br />
directed by your Excellency to exert our utmost attention. I shall do all <strong>in</strong> my power to assist <strong>and</strong> co-operate<br />
with his Lordship, <strong>and</strong> shall from <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ation, as well as <strong>in</strong> obedience to your Excellency’s <strong>in</strong>structions, do all I<br />
can to effect this most desirable end.<br />
“I apprehend from various rebel accounts that Lord Cornwallis, although he kept <strong>the</strong> field, has suffered very<br />
much after <strong>the</strong> action <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 15 th ultimo, <strong>and</strong> to be fortify<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Haw river, near Guildford, which<br />
seems a good position, hav<strong>in</strong>g that river <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>munication quite down to Cross-Creek <strong>and</strong> Cape<br />
Fear.<br />
“Should his Lordship want support, he must <strong>in</strong> course draw it from Charles-town to Cape Fear river, by direct<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Lord Rawdon to ab<strong>and</strong>on <strong>the</strong> frontier, <strong>and</strong> keep only a garrison <strong>in</strong> Charles-town.<br />
2604 NGP8 pp. 31-32.<br />
2605 Separate <strong>and</strong> dist<strong>in</strong>ct, obviously, from Greene’s camp at Ramsey’s Mill.<br />
2606 NGP8 p. 29. TPY pp. 191-192, RNC p. 317.<br />
2607 SQR pp. 246-247.<br />
2608 SQR p. 246.<br />
2609 SQR pp. 246-247.<br />
2610 Regard<strong>in</strong>g Mr. Cheek’s, see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/thompson.htm<br />
2611 SJS.<br />
457
“I embrace your idea, Sir, that should La Fayette rema<strong>in</strong> at Annapolis, which must proceed from <strong>the</strong> enemy’s<br />
fear <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g attacked <strong>in</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>, it will be possible to carry him Annapolis <strong>and</strong> Baltimore; <strong>and</strong> if you will send<br />
me <strong>the</strong> British grenadiers <strong>and</strong> forty-second regiment, I will, with almost certa<strong>in</strong> hopes <strong>of</strong> success, go upon <strong>the</strong><br />
attempt; <strong>and</strong> will make an expedition <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia at <strong>the</strong> same <strong>in</strong>stant, as shall effectually prevent any support<br />
from <strong>the</strong>nce to Maryl<strong>and</strong>.<br />
“I <strong>com</strong>e now to <strong>the</strong> particulars <strong>of</strong> this post [Portsmouth], <strong>and</strong> as it is not possible <strong>in</strong> so short a time, to go<br />
through <strong>the</strong> proper form <strong>of</strong> a regular report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g eng<strong>in</strong>eer, who came with me, I will, until that<br />
can be done, very freely <strong>of</strong>fer my op<strong>in</strong>ion that it has not been, I should imag<strong>in</strong>e, properly expla<strong>in</strong>ed to your<br />
Excellency, by Generals Mat<strong>the</strong>ws <strong>and</strong> Leslie. The object <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> post, from its situation, respect<strong>in</strong>g James river<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak[e], with its connection with <strong>the</strong> waters to <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Albemarle sound, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> consequent<br />
connections it may have with any army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as, are subjects I do not th<strong>in</strong>k myself at liberty to touch<br />
upon. I mean to conf<strong>in</strong>e myself merely to <strong>the</strong> locality <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> post itself; <strong>and</strong> under that description, I declare, I<br />
th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong> present situation not calculated for a post <strong>of</strong> force, or for one for a small number <strong>of</strong> troops. In <strong>the</strong> first<br />
idea, I th<strong>in</strong>k three po<strong>in</strong>ts should be taken, as at Mill Po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>and</strong> Norfolk positively; <strong>the</strong> third must depend on more<br />
exam<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Elizabeth river, than I have yet been able to give. These po<strong>in</strong>ts taken would mutually assist<br />
<strong>the</strong> navy stationed here, which might lay with<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> be protected; <strong>and</strong> one po<strong>in</strong>t forced, a retreat is left by <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r two: <strong>and</strong> your Excellency will immediately observe, that it must require a large force <strong>in</strong>deed, to attack<br />
<strong>the</strong> three po<strong>in</strong>ts at once.<br />
“Should it be required by your Excellency merely to keep a post here, without <strong>in</strong>tend<strong>in</strong>g more than a station, I<br />
th<strong>in</strong>k Mill Po<strong>in</strong>t, where <strong>the</strong> old fort stood, well calculated for such a purpose; <strong>and</strong> it would require not more<br />
than a strong battalion equal to six hundred effective rank <strong>and</strong> file to be <strong>the</strong> garrison.<br />
“In both <strong>in</strong>stances <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak must be secure, for even allow<strong>in</strong>g every exertion <strong>of</strong> defence aga<strong>in</strong>st a fleet, it<br />
would be difficult to preserve <strong>the</strong> river under <strong>the</strong> first idea <strong>of</strong> an extensive plan. Under <strong>the</strong> latter, I consider it<br />
scarcely to be done. Old Po<strong>in</strong>t Comfort shall be explored, as it seems a po<strong>in</strong>t which a small force might defend,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> shipp<strong>in</strong>g have scope to act <strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> by try<strong>in</strong>g various methods <strong>of</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>and</strong> tides, would be able possibly<br />
to escape from even a superior naval force; whereas, once blocked up <strong>in</strong> Elizabeth river, <strong>the</strong> ships must at last<br />
fall with <strong>the</strong> post.<br />
“I <strong>com</strong>e now to <strong>the</strong> Norfolk <strong>and</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>cess Ann counties, where we cannot much depend for assistance. They are<br />
timorous, cautious, at best, but half friends, <strong>and</strong> perhaps some, if not many, concealed enemies. Suppos<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>m perfectly ours, we should not be able to arm more than five or six hundred men, who would be<strong>com</strong>e a<br />
charge to us while we rema<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g left, would be undone. At present, <strong>the</strong>y act a sort <strong>of</strong> sav<strong>in</strong>g game,<br />
but are <strong>of</strong> no use to us. Upon <strong>the</strong> whole, Sir, it may be perceived that I lean <strong>in</strong> favour <strong>of</strong> a small post, where <strong>the</strong><br />
army can assist <strong>the</strong> navy, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter have a chance <strong>of</strong> escap<strong>in</strong>g, suppos<strong>in</strong>g a superior force to arrive <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
bay; <strong>and</strong> where <strong>the</strong> post can be ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed with five or six hundred men, for some time, even perhaps till some<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcement naval <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong> might be sent to raise a siege.” 2612<br />
3 April. Follow<strong>in</strong>g his personal visit with von Steuben (see 15 March), Lafayette rejo<strong>in</strong>ed his troops at Annapolis,<br />
<strong>and</strong> disappo<strong>in</strong>ted by <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>ability <strong>of</strong> Destouches to re<strong>in</strong>force him, began march<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m back north. Even so, by<br />
April 8 th , he had received <strong>in</strong>structions from Wash<strong>in</strong>gton to return to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; much to <strong>the</strong> disappo<strong>in</strong>tment <strong>of</strong><br />
many <strong>of</strong> his men who, disgruntled <strong>and</strong> with some desert<strong>in</strong>g, had hoped <strong>the</strong> move south was only a temporary<br />
measure.<br />
3 April. Brig. Gen. Butler was ordered by Greene to rema<strong>in</strong> at Ramsey’s Mill to collect militia, <strong>and</strong> to forward<br />
supplies to Greene’s army which would soon to be head<strong>in</strong>g south towards Camden. See 6 April. 2613<br />
Butler, at “Camp at Ramsey’s Mill,” to Sumner: “General Greene marched <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body from this place on<br />
Fryday last he went by <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> Wilcoxes [Wilcox’s] Furnace on Tick Creek but his rout from <strong>the</strong>nce I am not<br />
yet <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong>. I am ordered to rema<strong>in</strong> at this post with part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>of</strong> this State to collect provision <strong>and</strong><br />
with all to collect <strong>the</strong> scattered Militia <strong>and</strong> send <strong>the</strong>m on to Headquarters. We have now <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field 240 men<br />
[N.C. militia] <strong>of</strong> those that fled from <strong>the</strong> battle on <strong>the</strong> 15 th ulto. <strong>the</strong>y are for one year <strong>and</strong> will <strong>in</strong> a few days<br />
jo<strong>in</strong> Headquarters. My orders were to <strong>in</strong>form you from time to time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir numbers <strong>in</strong> order that you might<br />
send on as many <strong>of</strong>ficers as were necessary to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. Major P. [P<strong>in</strong>kertham] Eaton, Capt. James Reed,<br />
Capt. Yarbrough, & Lieut. John Campbel are <strong>in</strong> service <strong>and</strong> mean to cont<strong>in</strong>ue with your leave.” 2614<br />
3 April. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Bethabara congregation): “The militia who ga<strong>the</strong>red here yesterday<br />
went home today, as did <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers. The latter have called a General Muster for <strong>the</strong> 13 th , when every<br />
fifteenth man will be called out, toge<strong>the</strong>r with those already drafted…” 2615<br />
5 April. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Maj. Gen. Phillips: “I need not say how important success <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> [New York] Highl<strong>and</strong>s would<br />
be. I beg you will without loss <strong>of</strong> time, consult General Arnold upon <strong>the</strong> subject. I beg I may have his [own]<br />
project, <strong>and</strong> your op<strong>in</strong>ion, as well as his, respect<strong>in</strong>g it, as soon as possible. When I have considered it, <strong>and</strong> if I<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>e to undertake it, I will send for him; <strong>and</strong> if operation should be at a st<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak[e] at <strong>the</strong><br />
time, I will request you also to be <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> party; <strong>the</strong> proportion <strong>of</strong> artillery I desired you to make, will <strong>of</strong> course<br />
be ready.<br />
2612 COC pp. 75-79, JLG2 p. 51.<br />
2613 CNC15 pp. 433-434, RNC p. 317.<br />
2614 CNC15 pp. 433-434.<br />
2615 FRN p. 1748.<br />
458
“P.S. If General Arnold does not th<strong>in</strong>k it expedient at this time to attempt it, which however, I should be sorry<br />
for, perhaps a <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed move between us aga<strong>in</strong>st Philadelphia, may take place. You, by l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong><br />
Elk; I, at Newcastle, or Chester; -- if <strong>the</strong> first, General Arnold must let me have his plan as soon as possible, <strong>and</strong><br />
be ready to follow it himself, or may br<strong>in</strong>g it, if you can spare him.” 2616<br />
5 April. Greene wrote Brig. Gen. Lill<strong>in</strong>gton, who had earlier been directed to remove what stores rema<strong>in</strong>ed at<br />
Cross Creek to <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cape Fear River, <strong>and</strong> now ordered him to steer clear <strong>of</strong> British troops at Cross<br />
Creek; so as to avoid be<strong>in</strong>g caught <strong>of</strong>f guard <strong>and</strong> surprised (by Tarleton.) 2617<br />
5 April. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Bethabara congregation): “Ten men <strong>and</strong> someth<strong>in</strong>g over twenty-five<br />
horses passed. On account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle at Guilford <strong>the</strong>y had left <strong>the</strong>ir wagons at Dan River, loaded with<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental stores, <strong>and</strong> were now go<strong>in</strong>g after <strong>the</strong>m. They were from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. They asked for corn today,<br />
<strong>and</strong> will want hay when <strong>the</strong>y return.” 2618<br />
6 April. Lee, with his Legion <strong>and</strong> a Maryl<strong>and</strong> light <strong>com</strong>pany under Capt. Edward Oldham -- toge<strong>the</strong>r total<strong>in</strong>g<br />
about 300 men -- left Ramsey’s Mill to jo<strong>in</strong> Marion. 2619<br />
Lee: “Lee, <strong>in</strong> obedience to his orders, took <strong>the</strong> route toward Cross Creek, which, it was <strong>in</strong>ferred, would very<br />
much conceal his real object, by <strong>in</strong>duc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British general to believe that Greene proposed to place himself <strong>in</strong><br />
his neighborhood.<br />
“After advanc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> this course, as long as was <strong>com</strong>patible with a speedy union with Marion, <strong>the</strong> light corps<br />
turned to <strong>the</strong> right, <strong>and</strong>, by a very expeditious march, ga<strong>in</strong>ed Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek, a branch <strong>of</strong> Little Pedee. In a<br />
large field, on <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn side <strong>of</strong> this stream, Lee encamped for <strong>the</strong> night, when a very extraord<strong>in</strong>ary<br />
occurrence took place, worthy, from its s<strong>in</strong>gularity, <strong>of</strong> relation…[Here omitted, but <strong>the</strong> gist <strong>of</strong> which is that<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night Lee <strong>and</strong> his men, from hear<strong>in</strong>g multiple shots fired by separated sent<strong>in</strong>els, apprehended an<br />
imm<strong>in</strong>ent attack by a strong detachment from Cornwallis. But when daylight came, it was discovered, to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
own not little amusement, that <strong>the</strong> seem<strong>in</strong>g threat was only a pack <strong>of</strong> roam<strong>in</strong>g wolves.]” 2620<br />
6 April (also 7 April.) In fur<strong>the</strong>rance <strong>of</strong> his gr<strong>and</strong> strategy to take his operations southward (ra<strong>the</strong>r than follow<br />
after Cornwallis), Greene left his Ramsay’s Mill encampment, <strong>and</strong> headed towards Camden. That town <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
area through which he would be march<strong>in</strong>g to reach it was largely barren, “<strong>the</strong> produce <strong>of</strong> its soil scanty, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>habitants disaffected,” but now especially so due to <strong>the</strong> devastation wrought by <strong>the</strong> war. Lee gives Greene’s<br />
total strength at this time as 1,800 effectives, (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> this count militia present, Lee’s Legion <strong>and</strong> Oldham’s<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany.) Greene’s own force (m<strong>in</strong>us Lee, etc.) when he arrived just north <strong>of</strong> Camden (not count<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Lee <strong>and</strong> Oldham) was about 1,500, exclusive <strong>of</strong> a small body <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia. He hoped a substantial<br />
number <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia would be jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g him, but <strong>the</strong>se stayed <strong>in</strong> that state to contend with Phillips <strong>and</strong> later<br />
Cornwallis; despite Greene’s cont<strong>in</strong>ued wish <strong>and</strong> expectation that <strong>the</strong>y be with him. 2621<br />
7 April (also, as per STL, 8 April.) Cornwallis atta<strong>in</strong>ed Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. 2622<br />
Tarleton: “Brigadier-general O’Hara, by great strength <strong>of</strong> constitution <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> skill <strong>of</strong> his surgeons, surmounted<br />
two pa<strong>in</strong>ful wounds, which he had borne with s<strong>in</strong>gular fortitude, <strong>and</strong> was restored to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> he had filled<br />
with such dist<strong>in</strong>guished reputation: Many <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men daily recovered <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>ir regiments: Capta<strong>in</strong>s<br />
Lord Dunglass <strong>and</strong> [William] Maynard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards were unfortunately attacked by fevers, <strong>and</strong> died, s<strong>in</strong>cerely<br />
lamented by <strong>the</strong>ir numerous friends throughout <strong>the</strong> army.” 2623<br />
“Scottish Travel Log”: [7 Apr.] “Encamp at Maclean[’]s Bluff”; [8 Apr.] “Wilm<strong>in</strong>gon.”<br />
7 April. Greene, mov<strong>in</strong>g west from Ramsey’s Mill, reached Evans’ Mill on Rocky River where he made additional<br />
supply preparations for his journey south.<br />
7 April. Sumter, at his camp on <strong>the</strong> Catawba River, wrote to Greene expla<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to him what was <strong>in</strong>formally to<br />
be<strong>com</strong>e known as “Sumter’s Law.” It was an edict Sumter himself promulgated which provided that slaves taken<br />
from loyalists were to be used as pay for those who served <strong>in</strong> his Brigade for ten months. He said he expected<br />
500 men with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> week, <strong>and</strong> 600 to 700 before <strong>the</strong> 20 th . Pickens forces at this date were scattered; while<br />
Marion probably had 400 to 400. Marion, as his biographer has put it, refused to have anyth<strong>in</strong>g to do with<br />
Sumter’s Law. Pickens, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, raised a regiment <strong>of</strong> ten months men under its plan. Yet it was not<br />
without some difficulty; s<strong>in</strong>ce, although a Brigadier General, he had to <strong>com</strong>pete with Sumter’s <strong>of</strong>ficers engaged<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same activity.<br />
As outl<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Bass, <strong>the</strong> pay scale accord<strong>in</strong>g to Sumter’s law was as follows:<br />
Colonel: three <strong>and</strong> one half slaves per annum<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong>: two<br />
Lieutenant: one <strong>and</strong> a half<br />
2616 COC pp. 79-80.<br />
2617 NGP7 p. 469n, JLG2 pp. 28-29.<br />
2618 FRM p. 1749.<br />
2619 LMS pp. 325-327, 333, MSC2 pp. 170-171, WAR2 p. 799.<br />
2620 LMS pp. 326-330.<br />
2621 NGP8 pp. 60-61, AR81 p. 80, GHA4 pp. 80-81, LMS p. 333, JLG2 p. 44, WAR2 pp. 798-799.<br />
2622 RSC2 pp. 223, SCP4 pp. 42-44, 162, TCS p. 322, DRO pp. 169-173.<br />
2623 TCS pp. 284-285.<br />
459
Private one slave per 10 month enlistment<br />
In addition to pay each soldier would share two-thirds <strong>of</strong> plunder, except for slaves <strong>and</strong> military stores. Dragoons<br />
with family would receive a half-bushel <strong>of</strong> salt. 2624<br />
Although decried by many for various reasons, <strong>the</strong> plan did br<strong>in</strong>g men out; <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs felt that given this under<br />
<strong>the</strong> circumstances <strong>and</strong> as a temporary policy Sumter was justified. In March, Col. William Polk had begun<br />
recruit<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Rowan <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r nearby North Carol<strong>in</strong>a counties; Col. William Hill <strong>in</strong> New Acquisition; Col. John<br />
Thomas, Jr. at <strong>the</strong> headwaters <strong>of</strong> Enoree <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pacelot Rivers; <strong>and</strong> Col. Charles Myddleton (with Richard<br />
Hampton as his Major) between Congaree <strong>and</strong> Wateree. Col. Henry Hampton dismissed his volunteer riflemen<br />
<strong>and</strong> began enlist<strong>in</strong>g dragoons 2625 along <strong>the</strong> Broad River. 2626 At a later time, Pickens also used it to enlist more<br />
men. In <strong>the</strong> same letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> this same date, Sumter reported that <strong>the</strong> British had ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
“fort” at Belleville (Col. Thompson’s Plantation). They did, however, even so establish a substitute at <strong>the</strong> Motte<br />
residence about a mile away. Sumter also wrote that he expected to have 600 or 700 men (ten months men) by<br />
<strong>the</strong> 20 th , “(b)ut it at present appears that I Shall be Obliged to Move to <strong>the</strong> Westward for a few days…Genl<br />
Pickens Men are Much Scattered. He will have but few Out that is <strong>in</strong> any Short Time.” 2627<br />
Joseph Graham: “It may be fur<strong>the</strong>r remembered that <strong>the</strong> Brigade <strong>of</strong> State troops raised by <strong>the</strong> State <strong>of</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781, when each man furnished his own horse <strong>and</strong> Military equipments –- <strong>the</strong> Regiments<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Colos. [William] Polk, [Wade] Hampton <strong>and</strong> Hill were mostly raised <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Counties aforesaid<br />
[i.e., <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>n counties <strong>of</strong> Mecklenburgh <strong>and</strong> Rowan].” 2628<br />
7 April. Hav<strong>in</strong>g left Georgetown a day or so earlier, <strong>and</strong> crossed <strong>the</strong> Peedee at Britton’s Ferry, Watson arrived on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 7 th at “Widow Jenk<strong>in</strong>s;” where he bivouacked. With him were 500 men, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Light<br />
Infantry, <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regt., Harrison Prov<strong>in</strong>cials, some loyalist militia, <strong>and</strong> 2 field pieces. 2629<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “Col. Watson, hav<strong>in</strong>g refreshed <strong>and</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forced his party, <strong>and</strong> received a fresh supply <strong>of</strong><br />
military stores <strong>and</strong> provisions at Georgetown, proceeded aga<strong>in</strong> towards <strong>the</strong> Pedee [Peedee]. On his march he<br />
had noth<strong>in</strong>g to impede him but a few bridges broken down. He took <strong>the</strong> nearest route across Black river at<br />
Wragg’s ferry, <strong>and</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Pedee at Euhany [Euhaney], <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> little Pedee at Potato bed ferry, he halted<br />
at Catfish creek, a mile from where Marion court house now st<strong>and</strong>s. -- Here Ganey’s party flocked <strong>in</strong> to him <strong>in</strong><br />
such numbers that he was soon n<strong>in</strong>e hundred strong.” 2630<br />
7 April. Balfour, at Charlestown, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “I am honoured with your letters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2d <strong>of</strong> January, <strong>and</strong> 19 th <strong>of</strong><br />
last month; as also with one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 14 th ult. by your Excellency’s directions, from Capta<strong>in</strong> Smith.<br />
“As Lord Cornwallis is <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> greatest want <strong>of</strong> every supply, I have sent him to Cape Fear what can be procured<br />
here, <strong>and</strong> as he will have many calls on <strong>the</strong> Hospital, <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> late marches <strong>and</strong> action, I have<br />
taken care to furnish a supply <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> stores to that department at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton; <strong>and</strong> shall by that way<br />
forward to his Lordship your Excellency’s dispatches, whenever an occasion <strong>of</strong>fers.” 2631<br />
7-8 April. [ambush <strong>and</strong> a surrender] Four Holes <strong>and</strong> Barton’s Post, also Red Hill (Colleton County, S.C) Harden, <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Four Holes Swamp <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Edisto region, with 70 (to possibly a 100) mounted men surprised <strong>and</strong> captured 26<br />
loyalists under Capt. John Barton. The next day (<strong>the</strong> 8 th ), Harden’s subord<strong>in</strong>ate Major George Cooper (formerly<br />
one <strong>of</strong> Marion’s men), surrounded <strong>and</strong> assaulted Barton’s post. Some fir<strong>in</strong>g was exchanged, <strong>and</strong> Barton, hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
lost three men <strong>and</strong> himself mortally wounded, f<strong>in</strong>ally surrendered. McCrady lists <strong>the</strong> whig losses as 1 killed <strong>and</strong> 2<br />
wounded. He gives <strong>the</strong> loyalist losses as 1 killed, 3 wounded <strong>and</strong> 3 prisoners. 2632<br />
Harden, at “Camp on Salketcher,” on April 18 th wrote to Marion: “This will be h<strong>and</strong>ed to you by Mr. Cannon, who<br />
will acqua<strong>in</strong>t you <strong>of</strong> many particulars which I can’t mention at this present. -- On Saturday [7 April], on <strong>the</strong> Four<br />
Holes, I came to a musterfield, where I took a Capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> 25 men, <strong>and</strong> paroled <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> on Sunday night got<br />
with<strong>in</strong> six miles <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> [John] Barton, <strong>and</strong> six men to guard him. I detached Major [George] Cooper <strong>and</strong><br />
fifteen men who surrounded his houses <strong>and</strong> ordered him to surrender, but he refused; a smart fire <strong>com</strong>menced<br />
<strong>and</strong> Major Cooper soon got <strong>the</strong> better, wound<strong>in</strong>g Barton, who is s<strong>in</strong>ce dead, <strong>and</strong> one o<strong>the</strong>r, killed three <strong>and</strong> took<br />
two prisoners. The Major got slightly wounded <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> his men, <strong>and</strong> lost a f<strong>in</strong>e youth, Stewart, who rushed up<br />
<strong>and</strong> was shot dead.” 2633<br />
8 April. [skirmish] Pocotaligo Road, also Patterson’s Bridge, Saltketcher Bridge. (Colleton County, S.C.) Lieut.<br />
Col. Edward Fenwick <strong>and</strong> 35 South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Light Dragoons, a recently formed loyalist cavalry troop, repulsed an<br />
advance party <strong>of</strong> Harden’s under Maj. George Cooper; <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter’s attempt to surprise <strong>the</strong> loyalists. The<br />
sabers apparently proved too much for Harden’s mounted men, who were <strong>the</strong>n scattered. Cooper lost 2<br />
2624 GDH2 pp. 47-48.<br />
2625 Where not supplied by <strong>the</strong> men <strong>the</strong>mselves, both uniforms <strong>and</strong> accoutrements for Sumter’s prospective dragoons came from<br />
supplies brought by wagons sent to Newbern by Sumter for that purpose <strong>in</strong> December. The convoy carry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m had to move<br />
around <strong>the</strong> northwest area <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> order to avoid Cornwallis It <strong>the</strong>n moved south after <strong>the</strong> latter camped at<br />
Hillsborough, <strong>and</strong> only reached Sumter at New Acquisition about this time. BGC p. 145.<br />
2626 Regard<strong>in</strong>g recruitment. See 8 March.<br />
2627 NGP8 pp. 65-68, GDH2 p. 47-48, RSC2 p. 227, BGC pp. 144-145.<br />
2628 GAM2 p. 214.<br />
2629 Balfour to German, 1 May, 1781, TCS p. 466, NGP8 p. 78, JFM p. 44, BSF pp. 164-168, BGC p. 147, RBG pp. 151-152.<br />
2630 900 seems ra<strong>the</strong>r high, so this number may fairly be considered open to question. JFM p. 44.<br />
2631 COC pp. 82-83.<br />
2632 GDH2 pp. 53-55, RSC2 pp. 227-228, MMS2 p. 274, MSC2 pp. 134-135, 746, RBG p. 154.<br />
2633 GDH2 pp. 53-55.<br />
460
wounded <strong>and</strong> one taken prisoner. Harden reported Fenwick’s casualties as 1 killed <strong>and</strong> 7 wounded. In all three <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se engagements with Barton <strong>and</strong> Fenwick, McCrady (<strong>in</strong> his appendix) lists <strong>the</strong> American <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er as<br />
Cooper, ra<strong>the</strong>r than Harden. However, <strong>the</strong> latter was certa<strong>in</strong>ly <strong>in</strong> some measure oversee<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> proceed<strong>in</strong>gs if<br />
not physically present at <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>stant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g. 2634<br />
Tarleton Brown: “We <strong>the</strong>n proceeded on for Pocataligo. Soon after we left Red Hill we entered upon a long, high<br />
causeway; a man came meet<strong>in</strong>g us <strong>and</strong> told us Colonel Fenwick, with <strong>the</strong> British horse, were march<strong>in</strong>g on just<br />
beh<strong>in</strong>d. We paid no attention to him not know<strong>in</strong>g who he was, but went ahead; however, we did not go many<br />
rods before <strong>the</strong> advance parties met <strong>and</strong> hailed each o<strong>the</strong>r -- a charge now ordered on both sides, <strong>and</strong> we<br />
directly came toge<strong>the</strong>r on <strong>the</strong> causeway, so a fight was <strong>in</strong>evitable, <strong>and</strong> at it we went like bull dogs. The British<br />
at length made <strong>the</strong>ir way through, though <strong>the</strong>y found it tough work <strong>in</strong> do<strong>in</strong>g so. We put one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir men to his<br />
f<strong>in</strong>al sleep on <strong>the</strong> causeway, <strong>and</strong> wounded eight more badly, one <strong>of</strong> whom <strong>the</strong>y had to leave on <strong>the</strong> road. They<br />
wounded one <strong>of</strong> our men, Capta<strong>in</strong> James Moore, <strong>in</strong> thirteen places, though very slightly, <strong>and</strong> two o<strong>the</strong>rs who<br />
never laid up for <strong>the</strong>ir wounds.”<br />
8 April. Lafayette, at Head <strong>of</strong> Elk, by this time received <strong>in</strong>structions from Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton direct<strong>in</strong>g him to<br />
return to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. As many had expected Lafayette’s southward expedition was to have been for a much shorter<br />
period, some desertion among his troops resulted; such that <strong>the</strong> Marquis was down from 1,200 to about 900 to<br />
1,100 men, plus a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> artillery. For units specifically with him see 29 April. 2635<br />
Lafayette to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton on this date: “The troops I have with me be<strong>in</strong>g taken from every nor<strong>the</strong>rn regiment,<br />
have <strong>of</strong>ten (tho’ without mention<strong>in</strong>g it to me) been very uneasy at <strong>the</strong> idea <strong>of</strong> jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Army. They<br />
want clo<strong>the</strong>s, shoes particularly, <strong>the</strong>y expect to receive cloa<strong>the</strong>s [sic] <strong>and</strong> monney [sic] from <strong>the</strong>ir States. This<br />
would be a great disappo<strong>in</strong>tment for both <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men. Both thought at first <strong>the</strong>y were sent out for a few<br />
days <strong>and</strong> provided <strong>the</strong>mselves accord<strong>in</strong>gly. Both came chearfully [sic] to this expedition, but both have had<br />
already <strong>the</strong>ir fears on <strong>the</strong> idea <strong>of</strong> go<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> south ward. They will certa<strong>in</strong>ly obey, but <strong>the</strong>y will be unhappy<br />
<strong>and</strong> some will desert.” 2636<br />
8 April. Phillips, at Portsmouth, to Cornwallis: “The works here will be <strong>in</strong> a state to allow <strong>of</strong> a movement on <strong>the</strong><br />
12 th <strong>in</strong>stant <strong>and</strong> it will be made with a force <strong>of</strong> 2,000 effective men, <strong>the</strong> garrison be<strong>in</strong>g left <strong>in</strong> a situation to<br />
resist any attempt from <strong>the</strong> mass <strong>of</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> our front. The plan will be to break up <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>munications from<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> it may possibly call upon Green[e] to fall back [to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia], <strong>in</strong> which case it will allow<br />
your Lordship to persue such operations as you may judge necessary, but should <strong>the</strong> distance be so great as not<br />
to affect Green as I describe, he will assuredly receive no re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> militia except perhaps from <strong>the</strong><br />
lower part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Roanoke, where <strong>the</strong> enemy have ordered a large draught to be made from that militia <strong>in</strong> aid to<br />
Green. The time I shall be able to rema<strong>in</strong> above cannot be ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed. It will depend on what La Fayette does.<br />
If he moves from An[n]apolis with his corps <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental troops (1,500 men) susta<strong>in</strong>ed by numerous militia, it<br />
will oblige me to return here to guard this place <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> do<strong>in</strong>g so I shall destroy every publick store, all vessels,<br />
boats, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> corn <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r mills so as to render <strong>the</strong> country as much <strong>in</strong>capable <strong>of</strong> act<strong>in</strong>g as possible…” 2637<br />
8 April. Greene’s army, on its way south, halted briefly at Wilcox’s Iron Works (aka Cox’s <strong>and</strong> Coxe’s Mill), N.C.,<br />
situated just south <strong>of</strong> Rocky River, N.C. <strong>and</strong> along <strong>the</strong> Deep River. 2638<br />
8 April. Pickens’ camped at <strong>the</strong> Enoree River, after hav<strong>in</strong>g just l<strong>in</strong>ked up with Col. Elijah Clark at Broad River.<br />
Clark had just retreated from <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> Beattie’s Mill near <strong>the</strong> Savannah River.<br />
9 April. Com<strong>in</strong>g from W<strong>in</strong>dow Jenk<strong>in</strong>s’ earlier <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day, Watson halted at Rae’s Hill 2639 across <strong>the</strong> Peedee from<br />
Snow’s Isl<strong>and</strong>. On <strong>the</strong> 10 th with Ganey hav<strong>in</strong>g jo<strong>in</strong>ed him, 2640 he marched to Wahee <strong>and</strong> camped on Catfish<br />
Creek. 2641 The move north was prompted as a cont<strong>in</strong>gency to assist <strong>and</strong> help shield Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> Tarleton<br />
should <strong>the</strong>y return to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. 2642<br />
John Watson: “Go<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Great Peedee River [7 April] <strong>in</strong> order to cross through <strong>the</strong> heart <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> country, which showed <strong>the</strong> strongest marks <strong>of</strong> disaffection, I received a deputation from <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Little Peedee, to say if I would only cross <strong>the</strong> Great One, to cover <strong>the</strong>m whilst <strong>the</strong>y assembled, <strong>the</strong>y would<br />
jo<strong>in</strong> to a man. I did <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> day follow<strong>in</strong>g about 200 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m rode <strong>in</strong>to our camp. The assembl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
people, Mr. Marion’s latter ill success, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> show<strong>in</strong>g ourselves <strong>in</strong> that quarter; toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> declarations<br />
we have out that, whenever Marion <strong>in</strong>sists upon <strong>the</strong>m turn<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>in</strong> arms, we only advise <strong>the</strong>m to stay at home,<br />
cultivate <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> that every man found at home might rely upon protection, had reduced <strong>the</strong>ir Partisan<br />
numbers from 400 to less than 150, daily dim<strong>in</strong>ish<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
“Hav<strong>in</strong>g now marched <strong>the</strong> eastern limits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce, I trusted that our march, with a force that <strong>in</strong> militia<br />
was hourly <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> a k<strong>in</strong>d too, who when collected, w<strong>in</strong> by <strong>the</strong>mselves, not <strong>the</strong> least afraid <strong>of</strong> Marion,<br />
would restore, if not quiet, our supremacy <strong>in</strong> that district. The boats were collected for our cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> river at<br />
2634 RSC2 pp. 227-228, MMS2 p. 274, JFM p. 47, MSC2 pp. 134-135, 746, RBG p. 154.<br />
2635 NGP8 p. 107, TCS p. 292, MLW4A pp. 423-425.<br />
2636 LLW p. 171.<br />
2637 SCP5 p. 65.<br />
2638 NGP8 p. 69.<br />
2639 In his biography <strong>of</strong> Marion, Bass had said that on <strong>the</strong> 9 th Watson camped at Catfish Creek. He corrected this <strong>in</strong> his later book<br />
on Sumter by giv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Rae’s Hill location. BSF p. 165, BGC p. 147.<br />
2640 Ganey by this time had recovered from <strong>the</strong> severe wound he received near Georgetown on 28 Dec. 1780.<br />
2641 Respect<strong>in</strong>g Watson’s Catfish Creek campsite, see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/catfishcreek.htm<br />
2642 JFM pp. 44-45, BSF p. 165, BGC p. 147.<br />
461
four <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> three days I had promised, march<strong>in</strong>g by <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> L<strong>in</strong>cho [Lynches] Creek <strong>and</strong><br />
Black River, to have restored to his Lordship, <strong>the</strong> 64 th at Camden.<br />
“Judge <strong>of</strong> my astonishment at twelve that night [9 April] to be <strong>in</strong>formed by one <strong>of</strong> those faithful men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Peedee, that he had seen <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cheraw District assembl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> heard <strong>the</strong> Major read <strong>the</strong>re a letter<br />
he had received from Greene, direct<strong>in</strong>g him to order every man to take arms; that Lord Cornwallis had quitted<br />
<strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce, that he [Greene] himself was go<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>st Camden, where his success might not be certa<strong>in</strong> but at<br />
all events he might make sure <strong>of</strong> me. He directed <strong>the</strong>y [<strong>the</strong> militia] should occupy all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> passes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river<br />
<strong>and</strong> that to <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole militia, he had attached Colonel Lee, with his cavalry, guns <strong>and</strong> some<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals.<br />
“To have heard noth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> this, nei<strong>the</strong>r from Lord Rawdon nor Georgetown, seemed strange. But <strong>the</strong> assembl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> militia where we had even been successful, when <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir neighborhood, <strong>and</strong> with our militia collect<strong>in</strong>g, put<br />
it past doubt <strong>and</strong> I began to suggest what proved to be <strong>the</strong> fact: that our respective messenger to & from<br />
Camden, had been <strong>in</strong>tercepted.<br />
“This melancholy <strong>in</strong>telligence soon confirmed by accounts from one <strong>of</strong> our people; <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant Colonel<br />
Tarleton be<strong>in</strong>g at some place, <strong>the</strong>y said, with<strong>in</strong> forty miles <strong>of</strong> us, <strong>and</strong> as <strong>the</strong>se precautions were said to be taken<br />
(by <strong>the</strong> enemy) respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> passes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, our guides re<strong>com</strong>mended our mov<strong>in</strong>g up to jo<strong>in</strong> Lord<br />
Cornwallis, as <strong>the</strong> ferries (be<strong>in</strong>g) secured, we could not reach Georgetown.<br />
“Lord Rawdon’s accumulated force, was, I know <strong>in</strong>sufficient to oppose Greene, out <strong>of</strong> which he had lent <strong>the</strong> 64 th<br />
Regiment, <strong>and</strong> as he had no cavalry, he could not easily move, unless I jo<strong>in</strong>ed him. It was <strong>the</strong>refore <strong>of</strong> little<br />
import, <strong>in</strong> that great l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> consequence, should I fail <strong>in</strong> attempt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> junction; <strong>and</strong> whilst I made it, <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
detachments aga<strong>in</strong>st me, <strong>and</strong> those I presumed <strong>the</strong>y would make aga<strong>in</strong>st our Post, must I knew summon <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy’s collective force less considerable. I moved with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> hour, <strong>and</strong> march<strong>in</strong>g fifty miles that day, fell back<br />
upon <strong>the</strong> Little Peedee. I had just thrown troops enough over, to secure <strong>the</strong> post on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side, when <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy came to possess <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong> it. I <strong>the</strong>n crossed <strong>the</strong> Wacamaw [Waccamaw] River, as our own militia left<br />
us, whilst those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy ever daily augment<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> marched down to Georgetown.<br />
“Here to my amazement, I found an order from Lieutenant Colonel Balfour to leave forty men to re<strong>in</strong>force that<br />
post. I represented to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer [<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> post], I conceived <strong>the</strong>re must be some mistake as Lord<br />
Rawdon’s situation called for more troops than I had to carry if I could get to jo<strong>in</strong> him. That when it was<br />
considered I was to attempt this, with Greene’s whole army to <strong>in</strong>tercept me upon <strong>the</strong> Congaree River, <strong>and</strong><br />
Colonel Lee’s detachment, with <strong>the</strong> aggregate militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce, now said to be 1,500, to oppose my<br />
cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Santee, one <strong>of</strong> which two (rivers) must be affected. If success crowned our endeavors, it surely<br />
could never be meant, but to streng<strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> party, who was to attempt what appeared next to be an<br />
improbability. I <strong>the</strong>refore presumed he was to give me <strong>the</strong> forty men [ra<strong>the</strong>r than vice versa] for if Lord Rawdon<br />
succeeded, his front was secure, if not, it must be evacuated. This sir, said he, is <strong>the</strong> order.<br />
“I am not disposed to remember this gentleman’s name [Capt. John Saunders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers], for upon<br />
his produc<strong>in</strong>g it, I said <strong>the</strong>re was no disput<strong>in</strong>g an order <strong>and</strong> picked out forty men, whom I left. As he told me<br />
(however) he thought it strange, I should leave only disabled men.<br />
“This noble Corps, <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regiment, were almost all grey headed men, but such men, that if <strong>the</strong>y had no legs,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y would have crawled upon <strong>the</strong>ir h<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> knees to jo<strong>in</strong> Lord Rawdon. I <strong>the</strong>refore did not th<strong>in</strong>k it worth while<br />
to tell him, that <strong>in</strong> a march <strong>of</strong> fifty miles, not a man was left beh<strong>in</strong>d; nor that every poor fellow, <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> distance he had marched, had each accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>ir respective strengths, carried sails for miles, as to<br />
reach this place. We had crossed two swamps, presumed impassible, one <strong>of</strong> which, Catfish Swamp, tradition<br />
reported, had never before been trod by human foot. With <strong>the</strong>se sails we made platforms as we went without<br />
loss [<strong>of</strong>] our guns <strong>and</strong> men.<br />
“We proceeded up <strong>the</strong> hi<strong>the</strong>r side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee, to a po<strong>in</strong>t near <strong>the</strong> confluence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two rivers, <strong>and</strong> which,<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g supposed impracticable, was left unguarded. Here we crossed [24 April] <strong>and</strong> after wad<strong>in</strong>g six creeks, which<br />
though deep, were fordable. We built a bridge <strong>of</strong> sixty feet over <strong>the</strong> seventh that was not so [fordable]; <strong>the</strong>n<br />
cutt<strong>in</strong>g away for about a mile <strong>and</strong> a half, through <strong>the</strong> canes that grow <strong>in</strong> those swamps, we, <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed his Lordship without molestation.” 2643<br />
Early to Mid April. [raid-ambush] Catfish Creek, also Rae’s Hill (Marion County, S.C.) In a letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> 21<br />
April, Marion reports an action Greene himself had <strong>in</strong>quired about; viz. sometime <strong>in</strong> about mid April, Marion had<br />
ordered Col. Hugh Horry <strong>and</strong> 70 men over <strong>the</strong> Peedee to <strong>in</strong>tercept loyalists head<strong>in</strong>g to jo<strong>in</strong> Watson. Horry fell <strong>in</strong><br />
with a party <strong>of</strong> 30 foragers “& as many more to cover <strong>the</strong>m,” <strong>and</strong> whom Horry attacked. 2 British were killed;<br />
while 13 British, 2 loyalists <strong>and</strong> 2 negroes were captured. Although Horry was forced to retreat under heavy fire,<br />
he withdrew without suffer<strong>in</strong>g any loss (see 9 April.) 2644<br />
9 April (or 10 April.) [raid] Waxhaws Church, also Waxhaws Meet<strong>in</strong>g House (Lancaster County, S.C.): The<br />
Waxhaws settlement was raided, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>g house <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>and</strong> several homes, set afire by a mounted party<br />
<strong>of</strong> 150 Prov<strong>in</strong>cials <strong>and</strong> loyalists under Capt. John C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>. An unknown number <strong>of</strong> whigs were killed, wounded <strong>and</strong><br />
14 were captured. Sumter’s men, under Col. Thomas Taylor <strong>and</strong> Col. Henry Hampton, were unable catch C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> pursuit. Sumter <strong>the</strong>n later struck back by raid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mobley <strong>and</strong> S<strong>and</strong>y Run settlements. See<br />
Mid to Late April. 2645<br />
On 13 April, <strong>and</strong> from his camp on <strong>the</strong> Catawba, Sumter wrote to Greene: “On Tuesday night a party <strong>of</strong> horse &<br />
foot to <strong>the</strong> Number <strong>of</strong> about one hundred & fifty men from Camden appeard [sic] <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Waxsaws [Waxhaws],<br />
2643 WNR.<br />
2644 NGP8 p. 129.<br />
2645 NGP8 pp. 91-92, MSC2 p. 748, BGC p. 151, RBG p. 155.<br />
462
<strong>the</strong>y Marched with Great precipitation as far as <strong>the</strong> Meet<strong>in</strong>g House, Which <strong>the</strong>y burnt toge<strong>the</strong>r with Some o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
houses Barns &C. They have Kild [sic] Wound[ed] & Taken Several persons Carried <strong>of</strong>f all K<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>of</strong> horses,<br />
plundered <strong>the</strong> Settlement <strong>of</strong> as much as <strong>the</strong>y Could Carry. As Soon as I Received Intelligence <strong>of</strong> Their approach, I<br />
Detached Cols Hampton [Wade or Henry?] <strong>and</strong> Taylor after <strong>the</strong>m, but as <strong>the</strong>y began to Retreat on Wednesday<br />
Night, Don’t expect <strong>the</strong>y will be overtaken. By accounts Just Received from Genl Pickens Who Wrote me about<br />
ten days ago that he had Collected Men <strong>of</strong> his Brigade, <strong>and</strong> also a few Georgians, but was unable to attempt<br />
anyth<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Enemy. I give orders to <strong>the</strong> Cols Comm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g four Regemnts [sic] <strong>in</strong> My Brigade Westward<br />
<strong>of</strong> Broad River to Jo<strong>in</strong> Genl Pickens, Which has been Done accord<strong>in</strong>gly. I Requested Genl Pickens to Move Down &<br />
Take a position upon Tyger River Near <strong>the</strong> Fish Dam Ford to <strong>in</strong>deavor [sic] to Cover <strong>the</strong> Country <strong>and</strong> Collect<br />
Provisions...” 2646<br />
Andrew Jackson biographer James Parton (1861): “The next time 2647 <strong>the</strong> Jackson boys smelt powder, <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
not so fortunate. The activity <strong>and</strong> zeal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Waxhaw whigs <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> ears <strong>of</strong> Lord Rawdon, whom<br />
Cornwallis had left <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, he dispatched a small body <strong>of</strong> dragoons to aid <strong>the</strong> tories <strong>of</strong> that <strong>in</strong>fected<br />
neighborhood. The Waxhaw people hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> this hostile force, resolved upon resist<strong>in</strong>g it <strong>in</strong><br />
open fight, <strong>and</strong> named <strong>the</strong> Waxhaw meet<strong>in</strong>g-house as <strong>the</strong> rendezvous. Forty whigs assembled on <strong>the</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>ted<br />
day, mounted <strong>and</strong> armed; <strong>and</strong> among <strong>the</strong>m were Robert <strong>and</strong> Andrew Jackson. In <strong>the</strong> grove about <strong>the</strong> old church,<br />
<strong>the</strong>se forty were wait<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> arrival -- hourly expected -- <strong>of</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> whigs from a neighbor<strong>in</strong>g<br />
settlement. The British <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dragoons, apprised <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rendezvous by a tory <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
neighborhood, determ<strong>in</strong>ed to surprise <strong>the</strong> patriot party before <strong>the</strong> two <strong>com</strong>panies had united. Before <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
sight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> church, he placed a body <strong>of</strong> tories, wear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> dress <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, far <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> his soldiers,<br />
<strong>and</strong> so marched upon <strong>the</strong> devoted b<strong>and</strong>. The Waxhaw party saw a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> armed men approach<strong>in</strong>g, but<br />
conclud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to be <strong>the</strong>ir expected friends, made no preparations for defense. Too late <strong>the</strong> error was<br />
discovered. Eleven <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> forty were taken prisoners, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest sought safety <strong>in</strong> flight, fiercely pursued by <strong>the</strong><br />
dragoons. The bro<strong>the</strong>rs were separated. Andrew found himself gallop<strong>in</strong>g for life <strong>and</strong> liberty by <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> his<br />
cous<strong>in</strong>, Lieutenant Thomas Crawford; a dragoon close beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g rapidly on. They tore<br />
along <strong>the</strong> road awhile, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n took to a swampy field, where <strong>the</strong>y came soon to a wide slough <strong>of</strong> water <strong>and</strong><br />
mire, <strong>in</strong>to which <strong>the</strong>y plunged <strong>the</strong>ir horses. Andrew floundered across, <strong>and</strong> on reach<strong>in</strong>g dry l<strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong>, looked<br />
round for his <strong>com</strong>panion, whose horse had sunk <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> mire <strong>and</strong> fallen. He saw him entangled, <strong>and</strong> try<strong>in</strong>g va<strong>in</strong>ly<br />
to ward <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> blows <strong>of</strong> his pursuers with his sword. Before Andrew could turn to assist him, <strong>the</strong> lieutenant<br />
received a severe wound <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> head, which <strong>com</strong>pelled him to give up <strong>the</strong> contest <strong>and</strong> surrender. The youth put<br />
spurs to his horse <strong>and</strong> succeeded <strong>in</strong> elud<strong>in</strong>g pursuit. Robert, too, escaped unhurt, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day<br />
<strong>the</strong> bro<strong>the</strong>rs were reunited, <strong>and</strong> took refuge <strong>in</strong> a thicket, <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y passed a hungry <strong>and</strong> anxious night.<br />
“The next morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> pangs <strong>of</strong> hunger <strong>com</strong>pelled <strong>the</strong>m to leave <strong>the</strong>ir safe retreat <strong>and</strong> go <strong>in</strong> quest <strong>of</strong> food. The<br />
nearest house was that <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant Crawford. Leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir horses <strong>and</strong> arms <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> thicket, <strong>the</strong> lads crept<br />
toward <strong>the</strong> house, which <strong>the</strong>y reached <strong>in</strong> safety. Meanwhile, a tory-traitor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood had scented out<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir lurk<strong>in</strong>g- place, found <strong>the</strong>ir horses <strong>and</strong> weapons, <strong>and</strong> set a party <strong>of</strong> dragoons upon <strong>the</strong>ir track. Before <strong>the</strong><br />
family had a suspicion <strong>of</strong> danger, <strong>the</strong> house was surrounded, <strong>the</strong> doors were secured, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> boys were<br />
prisoners.” 2648<br />
9 April. Lill<strong>in</strong>gton camped at Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s Mill, near modern Burgaw, after return<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> not <strong>in</strong>considerable<br />
distance from Heron’s Bridge (see 9 March) on <strong>the</strong> North East Cape Fear river, just to <strong>the</strong> north <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton.<br />
He had sent “light horse” to run <strong>of</strong>f cattle near Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y brought <strong>of</strong>f 150 head; though lost 10 men<br />
when some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy attacked. Lill<strong>in</strong>gton had 400-500, but could not keep <strong>the</strong>m long due to scarce<br />
provisions. A pro-American observer described Lill<strong>in</strong>gton’s force as a “confused rabble.” 2649<br />
9 April. Marion deployed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wahees with some 500 men. With him were Col. Peter Horry, Lieut. Col. Hugh<br />
Horry, Col. John Erv<strong>in</strong>, Col. James Postell, Major John James, Major John Baxter, Major Alex<strong>and</strong>er Sw<strong>in</strong>ton, Capt<br />
Gav<strong>in</strong> Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon. He contemplated a withdrawal <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> Watson’s advance, but his <strong>of</strong>ficers voted<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st it. Their confidence was no doubt soon bolstered by <strong>the</strong> news <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> Lee <strong>and</strong> Oldham to<br />
re<strong>in</strong>force <strong>the</strong>m. 2650<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “Gen. Marion return<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Doyle, <strong>and</strong> hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong><br />
Watson, crossed <strong>the</strong> Pedee <strong>and</strong> encamped at <strong>the</strong> <strong>War</strong>hees [Wahees], five miles from him. At this place he<br />
consulted with his field <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> camp, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>the</strong>m that although his force was now recruited to<br />
five hundred men, that yet he had no more ammunition than about two rounds to each man, <strong>and</strong> asked <strong>the</strong>m ‘if<br />
he should retreat <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> upper parts <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, or if necessary to <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s, whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y would<br />
follow him.’ With a firm <strong>and</strong> unanimous voice <strong>the</strong> resolution to follow him was adopted. These field <strong>of</strong>ficers,<br />
whose names should be engraved on tablets <strong>of</strong> brass, were Cols. Peter Horry, Hugh Horry, James Postell <strong>and</strong><br />
John Erv<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Majors John James, John Baxter <strong>and</strong> Alex<strong>and</strong>er Sw<strong>in</strong>ton.” 2651<br />
2646 NGP8 pp. 91-92.<br />
2647 For <strong>the</strong> earlier alluded to encounter, see March 1781 skirmish Capt. S<strong>and</strong>s’ House.<br />
2648 Life <strong>of</strong> Andrew Jackson (1861), vol. I, by James Parton, pp. 86-88.<br />
2649 NGP8 pp. 75, 114, DRO pp. 157, 182.<br />
2650 JFM p. 44, BSF p. 165.<br />
2651 JFM p. 44.<br />
463
10 April. Lee, at <strong>the</strong> Peedee River on his way south to jo<strong>in</strong> Marion, reported to Greene that <strong>the</strong> British garrison<br />
at Georgetown had only 50 men; 2652 while <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment posted <strong>the</strong>re earlier had been moved to<br />
Camden. He also said Rawdon at Camden had 400 men, though William Johnson remarks that 500 was more like<br />
<strong>the</strong> correct figure. 2653<br />
10 April. Cornwallis, at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, wrote to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “With a third <strong>of</strong> my army sick <strong>and</strong> wounded, which I was<br />
obliged to carry <strong>in</strong> waggons or on horseback, <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der without shoes <strong>and</strong> worn down with fatigue, I thought<br />
it was time to look for some place <strong>of</strong> rest <strong>and</strong> refitment [sic]; I, <strong>the</strong>refore, by easy marches, tak<strong>in</strong>g care to pass<br />
through all <strong>the</strong> settlements that had been described to me as most friendly, proceeded to Cross-Creek. On my<br />
arrival <strong>the</strong>re, I found, to my great mortification, <strong>and</strong> contrary to all former accounts, that it was impossible to<br />
procure any considerable quantity <strong>of</strong> provisions, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>re was not four days forage with<strong>in</strong> twenty miles.<br />
The navigation <strong>of</strong> Cape Fear, with <strong>the</strong> hopes <strong>of</strong> which I had been flattered, was totally impracticable, <strong>the</strong><br />
distance from Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton by water be<strong>in</strong>g one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty miles, <strong>the</strong> breadth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river seldom exceed<strong>in</strong>g<br />
one hundred yards, <strong>the</strong> banks generally high, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants on each side almost universally hostile. Under<br />
<strong>the</strong>se circumstances I determ<strong>in</strong>ed to move immediately to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. By this measure <strong>the</strong> Highl<strong>and</strong>ers have not<br />
had so much time as <strong>the</strong> people <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper country, to prove <strong>the</strong> s<strong>in</strong>cerity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir former pr<strong>of</strong>essions <strong>of</strong><br />
friendship. But, though appearances are ra<strong>the</strong>r more favourable among <strong>the</strong>m, I confess <strong>the</strong>y are not equal to my<br />
expectations.<br />
“General Greene marched down as low as <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> Deep-River, where he rema<strong>in</strong>ed four days ago; he never<br />
came with<strong>in</strong> our reach after <strong>the</strong> action, nor has a shot been s<strong>in</strong>ce fired, except at Ramsay’s-Mill on Deep-River,<br />
where Colonel Malmedy, with about twenty <strong>of</strong> a gang <strong>of</strong> plunderers that are attached to him, galloped <strong>in</strong> among<br />
<strong>the</strong> centries <strong>and</strong> carried <strong>of</strong>f three iagers...[see 24-25 March 1781]<br />
“I am now employed <strong>in</strong> dispos<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sick <strong>and</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> procur<strong>in</strong>g supplies <strong>of</strong> all k<strong>in</strong>ds, to put <strong>the</strong><br />
troops <strong>in</strong>to a proper state to take <strong>the</strong> field. I am, likewise, impatiently look<strong>in</strong>g out for <strong>the</strong> expected<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcement from Europe, part <strong>of</strong> which will be <strong>in</strong>dispensably necessary to enable me ei<strong>the</strong>r to act <strong>of</strong>fensively,<br />
or even to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> myself <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, where alone I can hope to preserve <strong>the</strong> troops<br />
from <strong>the</strong> fatal sickness which so nearly ru<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> army last autumn.<br />
“I am very anxious to receive your Excellency’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s, be<strong>in</strong>g yet totally <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> dark as to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tended<br />
operations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> summer. I cannot help express<strong>in</strong>g my wishes that <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake may be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> seat <strong>of</strong> war,<br />
even (if necessary) at <strong>the</strong> expense <strong>of</strong> ab<strong>and</strong>on<strong>in</strong>g New York. Until Virg<strong>in</strong>ia is <strong>in</strong> a manner subdued, our hold <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as must be difficult if not precarious. The rivers <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia are advantageous to an <strong>in</strong>vad<strong>in</strong>g army; but<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a is <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ces <strong>in</strong> America <strong>the</strong> most difficult to attack (unless material assistance could be<br />
got from <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants, <strong>the</strong> contrary <strong>of</strong> which I have sufficiently experienced), on account <strong>of</strong> its great extent,<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> numberless rivers <strong>and</strong> creeks, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> total want <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>terior navigation.” 2654<br />
The same day Cornwallis wrote Phillips: “Now my dear friend, what is your plan? Without one we cannot succeed<br />
<strong>and</strong> I assure you that I am quite tired <strong>of</strong> march<strong>in</strong>g about <strong>the</strong> country <strong>in</strong> quest <strong>of</strong> adventures. If we mean an<br />
<strong>of</strong>fensive war <strong>in</strong> America, we must ab<strong>and</strong>on New York, <strong>and</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g our whole force <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; we <strong>the</strong>n have a<br />
stake to fight for, <strong>and</strong> a successful battle may give us America. If our plan is defensive, mixed with desultory<br />
expeditions, let us quit <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as (which cannot be held defensively while Virg<strong>in</strong>ia can be so easily armed<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st us) <strong>and</strong> stick to our salt pork at New York, send<strong>in</strong>g now <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n a detachment to steal tobacco, etc.”<br />
2655<br />
10 April. Balfour, at Charlestown, to Maj. McArthur: “You will be pleased to proceed this Even<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> British<br />
Troops under your Comm<strong>and</strong> from hence to Dorchester, <strong>and</strong> on your gett<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re, draw to you as soon as<br />
possible, if not already arrived, Colonel [Edward] Fenwick’s Troop <strong>of</strong> Dragoons, tak<strong>in</strong>g care by sheer Field<br />
Officers, to embody <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>of</strong> that <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> near Districts.<br />
“Should you f<strong>in</strong>d that no <strong>in</strong>considerable numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy are <strong>in</strong> those parts, you will <strong>the</strong>n proceed to jo<strong>in</strong><br />
Lieut. Col Small, at Monk’s [Monck’s] Corner & put yourself under his orders, send<strong>in</strong>g me advice <strong>the</strong>re<strong>of</strong> --<br />
“But <strong>in</strong> case you f<strong>in</strong>d that <strong>the</strong> Lieut. Colonel is moved onwards, <strong>and</strong> likely to be opposed by an equal or superior<br />
force, you will with all possible Disptach endeavor with your corps, to re<strong>in</strong>force him, avoid<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> this endeavor,<br />
by all means any Partial action, which would only weaken without answer<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> essential ends or forward<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> Chief Objects <strong>of</strong> this March.” 2656<br />
10 April. Cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g en route to Camden by later way <strong>of</strong> Colston’s, Greene pitched camp at Kimbrough’s on <strong>the</strong><br />
north side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pee Dee.<br />
10 April. [raid] Hul<strong>in</strong>’s Mill, also Hulen’s Mill (Dillon County, S.C.) At Hul<strong>in</strong>’s Mill on Catfish Creek, Col. Abel Kolb<br />
with a group <strong>of</strong> his men under Maj. Lemuel Benson <strong>and</strong> Capt. Joseph Dabbs surprised some loyalists under John<br />
Deer <strong>and</strong> Osborne Lane; kill<strong>in</strong>g Deer <strong>and</strong> wound<strong>in</strong>g Osborne who escaped <strong>in</strong>to Catfish swamp. Ano<strong>the</strong>r loyalist,<br />
Caleb Williams, Kolb hanged. Deer, Williams, <strong>and</strong> Lane were reputed to be notorious murderers <strong>and</strong> plunderers<br />
by <strong>the</strong>ir enemies, but, as is <strong>of</strong>ten <strong>the</strong> case <strong>in</strong> war, notorious is <strong>of</strong>ten a matter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eyes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> beholder. Lane<br />
2652 On April 20 th , Balfour wrote Cornwallis, prior to Watson’s arrival, that <strong>the</strong> garrison at Georgetown was <strong>the</strong> “86 <strong>in</strong>fy [<strong>in</strong>fantry]<br />
with twenty mounted [men].” NGP8 p. 78n.<br />
2653 NGP8 pp. 77-78, JLG2 pp. 68-69.<br />
2654 CAC pp. 10-14, COC pp. 84-85, RCC pp. 86-87, SCP4 p. 109.<br />
2655 RCC p. 87, SCP4 p. 114, WCO p. 319. Yet, as Lee notes, tobacco was America’s best substitute for ready money at <strong>the</strong> time,<br />
LMS p. 310.<br />
2656 BLB pp. 52-53.<br />
464
lived on for many years <strong>and</strong> was reportedly looked upon as a respected citizen <strong>in</strong> his <strong>com</strong>munity. It was forays<br />
like this which no doubt fomented Kolb’s own murder; which transpired on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> 27 April. While this<br />
<strong>in</strong>cident is <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>imal military significance, it is never<strong>the</strong>less representative <strong>of</strong> numerous like occurrences, many<br />
unrecorded, which took place dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> south. 2657<br />
Early to Mid April. [capture] Elizabethtown (Bladen County, N.C)<br />
On 13 April, Brig. Gen. John Butler, at “Camp at Ramsey’s Mill,” wrote to Maj. Gen. Richard Caswell: “Yesterday<br />
Col. [Thomas] Robeson <strong>of</strong> Bladen County brought <strong>in</strong> fourteen prisoners to wit five British <strong>and</strong> n<strong>in</strong>e Torys taken<br />
near Elisabeth Town [Elizabethtown]. The Col. <strong>in</strong>forms that Cornwallace [sic] has taken <strong>the</strong> Road for Brunswick<br />
perhaps with design to cross <strong>in</strong> Boats at that place <strong>and</strong> march up on <strong>the</strong> North side to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton but from some<br />
h<strong>in</strong>ts droped by <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer some th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong>y mean to take ship<strong>in</strong>g for Charles Town or Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>the</strong> party I sent<br />
out to discover <strong>the</strong>m is not yet returned.” 2658<br />
11 April. Greene’s army encamped at <strong>the</strong> Little River (N.C.), a tributary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee. The location was only a<br />
few miles north <strong>of</strong> Mask’s <strong>and</strong> Haley’s Ferries on <strong>the</strong> Peedee.<br />
11 April. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Phillips: “Your letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3d <strong>in</strong>stant, by Capta<strong>in</strong> Chads, which I am this day favoured with,<br />
makes me apprehensive lest you may have misconceived my <strong>in</strong>tentions with regard to <strong>the</strong> order <strong>in</strong> which I<br />
wished that <strong>the</strong> different objects re<strong>com</strong>mended to you <strong>in</strong> my <strong>in</strong>structions should be attended to; <strong>and</strong> that your<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> consequence proposed to <strong>com</strong>mence with streng<strong>the</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> works at Portsmouth, may occasion some<br />
delay <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> operations desired to favour those <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis, whose situation after <strong>the</strong> action <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 15 th<br />
ult. might not only derive <strong>the</strong> greatest advantage from, but <strong>in</strong>deed might possibly be so critical as even to<br />
require a timely exertion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops under your <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>.<br />
“You will, <strong>the</strong>refore, have <strong>the</strong> goodness to forgive me, if I request you to recollect, that at <strong>the</strong> time those<br />
<strong>in</strong>structions were drawn up, General Arnold was partly <strong>in</strong>vested by a considerable body <strong>of</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong><br />
threatened with an attack from <strong>the</strong> French armament from Rhode-isl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Fayette’s corps <strong>the</strong>n on <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
march to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, which naturally po<strong>in</strong>ted out <strong>the</strong> security <strong>of</strong> him, <strong>the</strong> troops under his orders, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> posts on<br />
Elizabeth-river, as <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal object <strong>of</strong> your expedition; which words were certa<strong>in</strong>ly <strong>in</strong>tended to mean no<br />
more than reliev<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m from <strong>the</strong>ir supposed danger, by ei<strong>the</strong>r form<strong>in</strong>g a junction with General Arnold, or<br />
tak<strong>in</strong>g such measures aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> enemies opposed to him as might most effectually enable you to throw <strong>in</strong>to his<br />
l<strong>in</strong>es an immediate supply <strong>of</strong> provisions <strong>and</strong> men; for how could I imag<strong>in</strong>e that <strong>the</strong> post at Portsmouth, which<br />
General Arnold had but just <strong>in</strong>formed me, <strong>in</strong> his letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 27 th <strong>of</strong> February, he could defend aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> force<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> two thous<strong>and</strong> French troops, until a re<strong>in</strong>forcement arrived from hence, would require<br />
additional works for its security, after you had jo<strong>in</strong>ed him with so considerable a re<strong>in</strong>forcement, or was act<strong>in</strong>g<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> rebel stations <strong>in</strong> its neighbourhood? And I could not but suppose that you yourself <strong>com</strong>prehended<br />
what I <strong>in</strong>tended to be <strong>the</strong> first object <strong>of</strong> my <strong>in</strong>structions, when you tell me <strong>in</strong> your letter, by Serjeant [sic]<br />
Coulter, that <strong>the</strong> proposed consultation would go, ‘<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first <strong>in</strong>stance to <strong>the</strong> security <strong>of</strong> this post, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
next to <strong>the</strong> fulfill<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> first object <strong>of</strong> your Excellency’s <strong>in</strong>structions.’ Which, (excuse me for repeat<strong>in</strong>g it) has<br />
been <strong>in</strong>variably <strong>in</strong> all my <strong>in</strong>structions to <strong>the</strong> General <strong>of</strong>ficers sent to <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak[e], operation <strong>in</strong> favour <strong>of</strong><br />
Lord Cornwallis. But, if you will have <strong>the</strong> goodness to read those I gave you once more, I am sure you will<br />
perceive that what I have said about streng<strong>the</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> present works on Elizabeth-river, <strong>and</strong> add<strong>in</strong>g such o<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
as you shall th<strong>in</strong>k necessary, is placed subsequent <strong>in</strong> order to most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r objects re<strong>com</strong>mended to you,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>of</strong> course designed to have been taken <strong>in</strong>to consideration after those had been ac<strong>com</strong>plished, <strong>and</strong><br />
you were upon <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> return<strong>in</strong>g to me with part <strong>of</strong> your present force.<br />
“I am always happy to receive your op<strong>in</strong>ions respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> different operations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> this country,<br />
particularly those immediately connected with your own station. I, <strong>the</strong>refore, <strong>of</strong> course, shall pay every<br />
attention to what you say about <strong>the</strong> post at Portsmouth, <strong>and</strong> feel myself greatly obliged to you for <strong>the</strong> trouble<br />
you have taken to <strong>in</strong>vestigate its good <strong>and</strong> bad properties. My ideas <strong>of</strong> a post on Elizabeth-river have cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />
uniformly <strong>the</strong> same s<strong>in</strong>ce I first took a view <strong>of</strong> it, hav<strong>in</strong>g always considered it merely as a station to protect <strong>the</strong><br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s ships, which might occasionally sail from <strong>the</strong>nce to cruize <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> waters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak[e], <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> its entrance. I, <strong>the</strong>refore, only wished to have <strong>the</strong>re such a number <strong>of</strong> troops as might be sufficient for<br />
its defence, <strong>and</strong> which, be<strong>in</strong>g occasionally re<strong>in</strong>forced, as circumstances should require <strong>and</strong> our abilities admit,<br />
might act <strong>of</strong>fensively <strong>in</strong> distress<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> embarrass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> measures <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong> its neighbourhood. -- For,<br />
God forbid I should th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>of</strong> bury<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> elite <strong>of</strong> my army <strong>in</strong> Nansemond <strong>and</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>cess Anne! These ideas I<br />
<strong>com</strong>municated to <strong>the</strong> General <strong>of</strong>ficers I sent on that service, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y each adopted such as appeared to <strong>the</strong>m<br />
best calculated to answer <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tended purpose. My own op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>in</strong>deed was that we should possess a close work<br />
at Mill Po<strong>in</strong>t, (which Fyers fortified by my order <strong>in</strong> 1776, as he will remember,) ano<strong>the</strong>r at Norfolk, <strong>and</strong> a third<br />
somewhere on <strong>the</strong> opposite side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river: but as I had been <strong>the</strong>re only for a very short time, I could not <strong>of</strong><br />
course but be <strong>in</strong>fluenced by <strong>the</strong> representations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> General <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> Eng<strong>in</strong>eers on <strong>the</strong> spot, who had<br />
more time, <strong>and</strong> better opportunity to exam<strong>in</strong>e all <strong>the</strong> different positions on that river. General Leslie <strong>the</strong>refore<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed me that he had, with <strong>the</strong> unanimous suffrage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sea <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers on <strong>the</strong> expedition,<br />
made choice <strong>of</strong> Portsmouth, (which probably he did with a view <strong>of</strong> putt<strong>in</strong>g our friends <strong>of</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>cess Anne, &c.<br />
under cover <strong>and</strong> protection, but, by your account, a small house, I fear, will be sufficient for <strong>the</strong>m all,) <strong>and</strong> his<br />
Eng<strong>in</strong>eer, Capta<strong>in</strong> Su<strong>the</strong>rl<strong>and</strong>, hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> consequence began a work <strong>the</strong>re, which he was <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion could <strong>in</strong> a few<br />
days be <strong>in</strong> a state to be perfectly secure with a small garrison; I was <strong>in</strong>duced to re<strong>com</strong>mend to General Arnold<br />
<strong>the</strong> occupy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same ground: <strong>and</strong> though I must do <strong>the</strong> justice to that General <strong>of</strong>ficer to acknowledge that he<br />
2657 NGP8 pp. 53, 54n, BSF p. 183. See also http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/hul<strong>in</strong>smill.htm<br />
2658 CNC15 p. 438.<br />
465
gave me, <strong>in</strong> his letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23d <strong>of</strong> January, a very different representation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> post at Portsmouth, from <strong>the</strong><br />
one given me by Major-general Leslie; circumstances became so critical at <strong>the</strong> time I received it, <strong>in</strong> consequence<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French preparations at Rhode-Isl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> numerous militia who were collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, that I thought it an improper time to change <strong>the</strong> station, because good or bad, such as it was, it must<br />
for <strong>the</strong> present be defended. I accord<strong>in</strong>gly thought it right to defer, to some more proper occasion, <strong>the</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to General Arnold on <strong>the</strong> subject; <strong>and</strong> I was afterwards happy to f<strong>in</strong>d by his letter to me <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 27 th <strong>of</strong> February,<br />
that his works <strong>the</strong>re were <strong>in</strong> such forwardness; <strong>and</strong> that he was even prepar<strong>in</strong>g to send up James River, <strong>and</strong><br />
expedition <strong>of</strong> five hundred men. All <strong>the</strong>se circumstances considered, I was led to suppose that <strong>the</strong> post at<br />
Portsmouth, was now rendered an eligible one by <strong>the</strong> manner <strong>in</strong> which it was fortified. However, as I <strong>in</strong>timated<br />
before, it is by no means a position <strong>of</strong> my choice, <strong>and</strong> if you <strong>and</strong> General Arnold have such good reasons to<br />
condemn it, it may be right to return to our orig<strong>in</strong>al object, a station to protect <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s ships, which is<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed by a garrison <strong>of</strong> about five or six hundred men; <strong>and</strong> if Mill-Po<strong>in</strong>t will answer <strong>the</strong>se<br />
purposes without Norfolk, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> correspond<strong>in</strong>g station on <strong>the</strong> opposite side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, I can have no<br />
objection; but leave it to you to act as you judge best for <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s service.” 2659<br />
12 April. Major P<strong>in</strong>kertham Eaton marched from Ramsey’s Mill 2660 with 200 N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, to replace Col.<br />
James Read’s North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, number<strong>in</strong>g 400, already with Greene. Eaton’s men though not well-armed<br />
or equipped were to take up <strong>the</strong> weapons <strong>of</strong> Read’s men before <strong>the</strong> latter returned home. By <strong>the</strong> 17 th , however,<br />
Eaton was down to 140 men. A number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m hav<strong>in</strong>g been forced to serve due to alleged cowardice at Guilford<br />
Court House, <strong>and</strong> not be<strong>in</strong>g given fair hear<strong>in</strong>g with respect to <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>dividual cases, deserted. None<strong>the</strong>less,<br />
Eaton <strong>and</strong> those that rema<strong>in</strong>ed with him later acquitted <strong>the</strong>mselves with honor <strong>and</strong> dist<strong>in</strong>ction. 2661<br />
12 April. Lafayette arrived at <strong>the</strong> Susquehanna Rive <strong>in</strong> his cont<strong>in</strong>ued march <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. 2662<br />
13 April. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Cornwallis: “As it appears, even from <strong>the</strong> Rebel account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action, that your Lordship has<br />
ga<strong>in</strong>ed a victory over Greene; <strong>and</strong> it is probable he may <strong>in</strong> consequence have repassed <strong>the</strong> Roanoke, I beg leave<br />
to submit to your Lordship, <strong>the</strong> propriety <strong>of</strong> your <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to Chesapeak[e] Bay <strong>in</strong> a frigate as soon as you have<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ished you[r] arrangements for <strong>the</strong> security <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as, <strong>and</strong> you judge that affairs <strong>the</strong>re are <strong>in</strong> such a<br />
tra<strong>in</strong> as no longer to require your presence, direct<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> same time such troops to follow you thi<strong>the</strong>r, as your<br />
Lordship is <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion can be best spared.<br />
“By Lieutenant-Colonel Bruce’s arrival I am made acqua<strong>in</strong>ted that six British regiments are <strong>in</strong>tended as an<br />
immediate re<strong>in</strong>forcement to <strong>the</strong> army under my <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>; should <strong>the</strong>refore any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se corps stop at Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
your Lordship may probably direct <strong>the</strong>m ei<strong>the</strong>r to replace such troops as follow you, or to proceed immediately<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak.<br />
“Agreeable to what I have already said to your Lordship <strong>in</strong> my letters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>of</strong> June <strong>and</strong> 6 th <strong>of</strong> November, it is<br />
my wish that you should cont<strong>in</strong>ue to conduct operations as <strong>the</strong>y advance nor<strong>the</strong>rly: for, except as a visitor, I<br />
shall not probably move to Chesapeak, unless Wash<strong>in</strong>gton goes thi<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> great force. The success which has<br />
hi<strong>the</strong>rto attended your Lordship excites <strong>the</strong> fullest assurance <strong>of</strong> its cont<strong>in</strong>uance; <strong>and</strong> as it is my <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ation to<br />
assist your operations to <strong>the</strong> utmost extent <strong>of</strong> my power, I am conv<strong>in</strong>ced, from your dis<strong>in</strong>terestedness, that you<br />
will not ask from me a larger proportion <strong>of</strong> troops than I can possibly spare.” 2663<br />
13 April. Maj. P<strong>in</strong>kertham Eaton, at “Camp Chatham Court House,” to Sumner: “I this day received <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col.<br />
Wm. L<strong>in</strong>ton one hundred <strong>and</strong> seventy men who are turned over <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental service but am without a<br />
s<strong>in</strong>gle Officer to assist me. I shall by General Greene’s orders march <strong>the</strong>m immediately to Head Quarters <strong>and</strong><br />
hope you will order some <strong>of</strong>ficers to <strong>com</strong>e on to take charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>panies. I am surprised to f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> district know so little <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir duty as to send <strong>of</strong>f a party <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental troops without first <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g you<br />
<strong>of</strong> it, that you might have given <strong>the</strong> necessary orders for <strong>the</strong> attendance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers. I would not have moved<br />
a foot from this place until I had received your orders, had not General Greene left particular <strong>in</strong>structions<br />
respect<strong>in</strong>g it. I shall be happy to see you, or receive your orders as soon as possible, <strong>and</strong> will send an express to<br />
this place, Capt. Ramsey will send it on to you immediately.” 2664<br />
13 April (also 14 April). Lee, go<strong>in</strong>g by way <strong>of</strong> Port’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Peedee, 2665 l<strong>in</strong>ked up with Marion at Benbow’s<br />
Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Black River. By this time, Marion’s b<strong>and</strong> had dw<strong>in</strong>dled to some 80 men. Yet when he received word<br />
<strong>of</strong> Greene’s approach he was able to assemble a force <strong>of</strong> 380 to 400. By <strong>the</strong> afternoon <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 15 th , he <strong>and</strong> Lee<br />
advanced <strong>the</strong>ir jo<strong>in</strong>t forces to <strong>in</strong>vest Ft. Watson. 2666<br />
Lee: “Lieutenant-Colonel Lee was ordered to jo<strong>in</strong> Marion after Greene determ<strong>in</strong>ed to turn <strong>the</strong> war back to South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> 1781. An <strong>of</strong>ficer with a small party, preceded Lee a few days’ march to f<strong>in</strong>d out Marion, who was<br />
known to vary his position <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> swamps <strong>of</strong> Pedee; sometimes <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, sometimes <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
<strong>and</strong> sometimes on <strong>the</strong> Black River. With <strong>the</strong> greatest difficulty did this <strong>of</strong>ficer learn how to <strong>com</strong>municate with<br />
<strong>the</strong> brigadier; <strong>and</strong> that by <strong>the</strong> accident <strong>of</strong> hear<strong>in</strong>g among our friends on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pedee, <strong>of</strong> a small<br />
2659 CAC pp. 90-95. “Received by Earl Cornwallis, at Petersburg, May 24.”<br />
2660 Where Brig. Gen. John Butler was with most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia left over from Greene’s army.<br />
2661 NGP8 p. 83.<br />
2662 TCS p. 192.<br />
2663 CAC pp. 18-20.<br />
2664 CNC15 p. 438.<br />
2665 In anticipation <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g, Marion had collected boats for Lee’s cross<strong>in</strong>g at Port’s.<br />
2666 NGP8 pp. 124-125, 128-129, 139, MLW4A p. 517, LMS pp. 174n, 330-331, JLG2 pp. 69-70, LCC pp. 290-291, 307-309, MSC2 pp.<br />
170-171, BSF p. 169, BGC pp. 148-149, 154.<br />
466
provision party <strong>of</strong> Marion’s be<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> same side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river. Mak<strong>in</strong>g himself known to this party, he was<br />
conveyed to <strong>the</strong> general, who had changed his ground s<strong>in</strong>ce his party left him, which occasioned many hours’<br />
search even before his own men could f<strong>in</strong>d him.” 2667<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “As all <strong>the</strong> accounts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> movements <strong>of</strong> Greene <strong>and</strong> Col. Lee, <strong>in</strong>to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, are<br />
confused, from a want <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> local situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> clash<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> names <strong>of</strong><br />
places; <strong>the</strong> present note has been subjo<strong>in</strong>ed to rectify misconceptions. From Ensign Johnson Baker’s account we<br />
have seen Lee at <strong>the</strong> Long Bluff, s<strong>in</strong>ce called Greenville, now Society-hill. At that time, <strong>the</strong> marshes <strong>of</strong> Black<br />
creek, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> bogs <strong>of</strong> Black river, were impassable (except to Marion,) on any direct route to Camden, or<br />
Scott’s lake, or Santee; but <strong>the</strong>re was an Indian path, by <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present Darl<strong>in</strong>gton court house <strong>and</strong><br />
Day’s ferry, on Lynch’s creek, to K<strong>in</strong>gstree; <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong> latter place <strong>the</strong>re was a road to Murray’s ferry on<br />
Santee. From <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> case, <strong>the</strong>refore, this must have been Lee’s route, for he cannot expla<strong>in</strong> it<br />
himself. Lee had been <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal adviser <strong>of</strong> Greene to return to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, for which <strong>the</strong> country can<br />
never be too grateful to him; <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g now about to <strong>in</strong>vest fort Watson, he sent Dr. Mat<strong>the</strong>w Irv<strong>in</strong>e, for whom<br />
both leaders had a great friendship, <strong>and</strong> who, from his persuasive powers was highly fitted for <strong>the</strong> mission, to<br />
<strong>in</strong>spire Greene with hope <strong>and</strong> confidence. Irv<strong>in</strong>e obta<strong>in</strong>ed a guide <strong>and</strong> an escort from Col. Richardson, <strong>and</strong><br />
proceeded by <strong>the</strong> route <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> P<strong>in</strong>y l<strong>and</strong>s, back <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee hills, <strong>the</strong>n a pathless wilderness, now a thickly<br />
settled country, <strong>and</strong> -- on <strong>the</strong> first broad road -- he fell <strong>in</strong> with <strong>in</strong> this tract, he unexpectedly met with Greene,<br />
about fifteen miles from Camden. Irv<strong>in</strong>e cont<strong>in</strong>ued with him, until descend<strong>in</strong>g a range <strong>of</strong> S<strong>and</strong> hills between<br />
little <strong>and</strong> great P<strong>in</strong>etree creeks, about a mile from Camden, he crossed great P<strong>in</strong>etree creek at <strong>the</strong> place now<br />
called M’Crae’s mill. From <strong>the</strong> latter place, Greene proceeded about three miles to an old mill on Town creek,<br />
called English’s; <strong>and</strong> here Irv<strong>in</strong>e left him, <strong>and</strong> Cantey met with him as a general <strong>and</strong> his army emerg<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong><br />
wilderness. This -- first broad road -- must aga<strong>in</strong> from <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> case, for <strong>the</strong>re was no o<strong>the</strong>r at that<br />
time, have been <strong>the</strong> road from Cheraw hill to Camden.<br />
“Thus have <strong>the</strong> accounts <strong>of</strong> two respectable witnesses, Dr. Irv<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> Gen. Cantey, been reconciled, which<br />
appeared at first sight impossible.” 2668<br />
13-14 April. (The 13 th , <strong>in</strong>cidentally, was Good Friday.) Hav<strong>in</strong>g arrived <strong>the</strong>re on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 11 th , Greene’s<br />
army was camped on <strong>the</strong> north bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Colston’s (also Colson’s) Mill (located on <strong>the</strong><br />
south side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> Rocky River, S.C.) Earlier on Colson’s had been set up as a depot<br />
for provisions, <strong>and</strong> it was <strong>in</strong> part to feed his men <strong>the</strong>re that <strong>the</strong> temporary halt <strong>in</strong> that location was made; as<br />
Colston’s was not on <strong>the</strong> most direct <strong>and</strong> shortest route to Camden from Ramsey’s. Greene apparently crossed<br />
over <strong>the</strong> Peedee at Colston’s itself but was delayed <strong>in</strong> do<strong>in</strong>g so due to a dearth <strong>of</strong> boats supposed to have been<br />
collected for that purpose, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>refore was not able to depart from Colston’s till <strong>the</strong> 15 th (or else <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 14 th .) 2669<br />
14 April. On this date, Malmedy was with his North Carol<strong>in</strong>a horsemen at Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s Mill. He wrote Greene<br />
say<strong>in</strong>g that his men would be discharged on April 26; add<strong>in</strong>g fur<strong>the</strong>r that he was unwill<strong>in</strong>g to serve with a twomonths<br />
corps aga<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> desired a <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> 200 mounted troops raised “upon a regular Establishment” for<br />
n<strong>in</strong>e months. 2670<br />
14 April. Capta<strong>in</strong>s John Howell <strong>and</strong> John McCleaur, as privateers, on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> 14 April, surprised, boarded<br />
<strong>and</strong> captured <strong>the</strong> Britannia which lay at anchor <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Great Ogeechee River, with rice loaded for<br />
<strong>the</strong> West Indies. Capt. Wade, <strong>the</strong> British capta<strong>in</strong>, had been ashore at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>and</strong> thus escaped be<strong>in</strong>g taken.<br />
See 24 April. 2671<br />
15 April. 60 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men from <strong>the</strong> three Hessian Regiments <strong>in</strong> Charlestown, i.e., von Dittfurth, von Huyne,<br />
<strong>and</strong> von d’Angelleli, were brought toge<strong>the</strong>r for <strong>the</strong> formation <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Friedrich Starckl<strong>of</strong>f’s troop <strong>of</strong> light<br />
dragoons.<br />
15 April. A return <strong>of</strong> this date 2672 gives Cornwallis’ strength <strong>in</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton as:<br />
Officers, (also Chapla<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Surgeons)…..127<br />
Sgts, Drummers, <strong>and</strong> Privates………………..2059<br />
TOTAL: 2186, Of <strong>the</strong>se, Rank <strong>and</strong> File, 1829.<br />
On <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> district... 544<br />
Prisoners <strong>of</strong> war………………………………………..694<br />
Sick.…………………………………………………………. 436 2673<br />
Wounded…………………………….…………………... 397<br />
Detached…………………………………………………. 214<br />
Includ<strong>in</strong>g Officers.…………………………………. 2273<br />
2667 LMS p. 174n.<br />
2668 JFM p. 50n.<br />
2669 This is a different Rocky River than that which flows <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Haw-Cape Fear River. NGP8 p. 88, FRM p. 1750.<br />
2670 NGP8 p. 95.<br />
2671 JHG p. 499.<br />
2672 RCC pp. 87-89, 516-523.<br />
2673 See also NGP8 p. 115n.<br />
467
Bear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d that his army now <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>the</strong> regulars <strong>and</strong> loyalists that had been under Maj. James Craig<br />
already at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton prior to his arrival. Stedman states that Cornwallis own orig<strong>in</strong>al force that arrived at<br />
Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton itself numbered only 1,435. 2674<br />
15 April. Phillips, at Portsmouth, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “I am free to declare Portsmouth to be a bad post, its locality not<br />
calculated for defence, <strong>the</strong> collateral po<strong>in</strong>ts necessary to be taken up so many, that altoge<strong>the</strong>r it would require<br />
so great a number <strong>of</strong> troops as no general <strong>of</strong>ficer I imag<strong>in</strong>e would venture to propose to <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>er-<strong>in</strong>-Chief<br />
to leave here for mere defence -- A spot might be found, I apprehend, for a post for five hundred men, should<br />
it be necessary to have one <strong>in</strong> Elizabeth River.” 2675<br />
15 April (Easter Sunday). Greene arrived at May’s Mill, N.C. (<strong>in</strong> Anson County) on his march toward Camden. At<br />
this time he had 300-400 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia with him led by Col. James Read. Yet <strong>the</strong>se soon decreased due<br />
to desertion to about 150. 2676 Guilford Dudley: “Lieutenant Colonel Webb’s battalion <strong>of</strong> militia, which with my<br />
own constituted <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Colonel Read, <strong>in</strong>sisted on <strong>the</strong>ir discharge, alleg<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>ir term <strong>of</strong> service<br />
had expired. This was at first refused <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> allegation denied, when Webb[’]s Btnn left ironworks <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
subsequent tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g. My battalion, with Colonel Read still at its head, were now <strong>the</strong> only militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
army, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y were soon to experience <strong>the</strong> reality <strong>of</strong> un<strong>com</strong>mon active service <strong>and</strong> hard fight<strong>in</strong>g. There was<br />
General Greene, <strong>in</strong> a moment, <strong>and</strong> that one <strong>of</strong> danger <strong>and</strong> difficulty too, deprived <strong>of</strong> 250 <strong>of</strong> his efficient force --<br />
men who, though but militia, he had considerable hopes from <strong>the</strong>ir services s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> change <strong>of</strong> field <strong>of</strong>ficers [at<br />
Ramsey’s Mill]…” 2677<br />
15 April (also possibly 16 April). [raid] Wolf’s Den, also Big Glades, Riddle’s Knob 2678 (Watauga County, N.C.) Tory<br />
Capt. William Riddle, Zachariah Wells <strong>and</strong> 5 or 7 o<strong>the</strong>rs captured Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Cleavl<strong>and</strong> with a view to tak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
him to N<strong>in</strong>ety Six to receive a reward. They already had a Capt. Ross, a whig militia <strong>of</strong>ficer, with <strong>the</strong>m as<br />
captive for <strong>the</strong> same purpose. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to one version Cleavl<strong>and</strong> was abducted at gun po<strong>in</strong>t while rest<strong>in</strong>g under<br />
a tree at Old Fields; which was twenty miles northwest <strong>of</strong> Wilkesboro, N.C. 2679 Ano<strong>the</strong>r says that Riddle stole<br />
some horses with a view to sett<strong>in</strong>g a trap. Cleavl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> a few o<strong>the</strong>rs followed Riddle’s trail, <strong>and</strong> were<br />
ambushed. His men ran <strong>and</strong> Cleavl<strong>and</strong> himself was taken prisoner after attempt<strong>in</strong>g to seek shelter <strong>in</strong> a nearby<br />
house armed with only his pistol. Riddle took him up to New River, <strong>the</strong>n to Wolf’s Den or Elk Knob, on Elk Creek<br />
ten miles distant from Old Fields; where <strong>the</strong> tories kept <strong>the</strong>ir camp. Capt. Robert Cleavl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong><br />
Cleavl<strong>and</strong>’s men from K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> soon received word <strong>of</strong> what had occured <strong>and</strong> formed a party <strong>of</strong> 20 to 30<br />
to go free him. On April 15 th or 16 th (possibly <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night between <strong>the</strong> two days), 9 men <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs,<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> tories trail, surprised <strong>and</strong> dispersed Riddle’s camp, rescu<strong>in</strong>g Cleavl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Capt. Ross <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
process.<br />
“Shortly after this occurrence,” says Draper, “Riddle <strong>and</strong> a b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> followers captured two <strong>of</strong> Clevel<strong>and</strong>’s<br />
soldiers, David <strong>and</strong> John Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon prisoner at <strong>the</strong>ir home near K<strong>in</strong>g’s Creek, several miles from Wilkesboro.<br />
The two were taken <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Watauga area many miles away <strong>and</strong> made to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists, to which <strong>the</strong>y<br />
agreed. Possibly Riddle had reason, as he thought, to suspect <strong>the</strong>ir loyalty to <strong>the</strong> whigs, <strong>and</strong> despite <strong>the</strong><br />
abduction had treated <strong>the</strong>m o<strong>the</strong>rwise <strong>in</strong> a friendly manner. When <strong>the</strong> Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon bro<strong>the</strong>rs returned home,<br />
David Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoon contacted Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Herndon <strong>and</strong> reported what happened. Herndon soon ga<strong>the</strong>red a<br />
party toge<strong>the</strong>r. Guided by <strong>the</strong> Wi<strong>the</strong>rspoons, he <strong>and</strong> his men waylaid Riddle’s camp, captur<strong>in</strong>g Riddle <strong>and</strong> two<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs, while kill<strong>in</strong>g or rout<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rest. Riddle <strong>and</strong> his two followers were taken back to Wilkesboro where <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were subsequently hanged under <strong>the</strong> oversight <strong>of</strong> Clevel<strong>and</strong>.” 2680<br />
15 April (also given as <strong>the</strong> 16 th ) to 23 April. [siege] Fort Watson (Clarendon County, S.C.) On <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
15 th (Bass has <strong>the</strong> 16 th ), Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee, <strong>the</strong> latter formally under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Marion, 2681 laid siege to Fort<br />
Watson, built upon an Indian mound. Earlier <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same day (or else <strong>the</strong> day before), Lee directed Capt. John<br />
Rudulph, with <strong>the</strong> Legion cavalry, down <strong>the</strong> Santee to watch Watson’s movements. 2682 This left Lee with his<br />
Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> 100 under Capt. Edward Oldham. Marion, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Siege, was<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forced by a few men from Col. Abel Kolb, <strong>and</strong> by siege’s end had 300. Ft. Watson itself was defended by<br />
Lieut. James McKay, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt., with 5 <strong>of</strong>ficers, 73 Prov<strong>in</strong>cials <strong>and</strong> 36 loyalists, with one<br />
cannon. One source speaks <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col. Watson’s Prov<strong>in</strong>cial<br />
Light <strong>in</strong>fantry as be<strong>in</strong>g present. Marion cut <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> forts water supply, but McKay was able to dig a well <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
fort on <strong>the</strong> 18 th . Smallpox broke out among some <strong>of</strong> Marion’s men, <strong>and</strong> a number deserted. By means <strong>of</strong> a Maham<br />
2674 SAW2 p. 354.<br />
2675 COC p. 81.<br />
2676 NGP8 p. 97.<br />
2677 DRR pp. 218-219, DSK.<br />
2678 This entry also <strong>in</strong>cludes <strong>the</strong> separate engagement <strong>of</strong> “Riddle’s Camp“ referred to at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> this paragraph.<br />
2679 Old Fields situated near <strong>the</strong> present day Ashe <strong>and</strong> Watauga County border. Daniel Barefoot, Tour<strong>in</strong>g North Carol<strong>in</strong>a’s<br />
<strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> Battle Sites, p. 215.<br />
2680 WNC pp. 444-445, DKM pp. 437-443.<br />
2681 As well as be<strong>in</strong>g a Brig. Gen. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia, Marion’s <strong>com</strong>mission as a Lieut. Col. In <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army antedated Lee’s.<br />
None<strong>the</strong>less, as McCrady remarks, Lee made it sound as if his subord<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g himself was merely someth<strong>in</strong>g brought about by his<br />
own request, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>deed <strong>the</strong> highly educated Lee ostensibly viewed <strong>the</strong> semi-literate Marion as a bit <strong>of</strong> a rustic. Henry Lee IV,<br />
notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g such arguments, <strong>in</strong>sists that as a practical matter it was jo<strong>in</strong>t <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. MSC2 pp. 177, 208, JLG2 pp. 69-70,<br />
LCC pp. 72, 290-291, 307.<br />
2682 William Johnson questions whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>re was enough time for Rudulph to have taken watch <strong>of</strong> Watson’s movements, <strong>and</strong><br />
hence discounts such as tak<strong>in</strong>g place, JLG2 pp. 103-104, LCC pp. 314-315.<br />
468
tower, an oblong tower <strong>of</strong> logs, suggested by one <strong>of</strong> Marion’s lieutenants, Maj. Hezekiah Maham, Marion’s<br />
riflemen, under Capt. William McCottry, were able to fire down <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> fort. After a siege <strong>of</strong> seven or eight<br />
days McKay was forced to capitulate on <strong>the</strong> 23 rd . The editor to <strong>the</strong> Greene Papers notes: “Accord<strong>in</strong>g to a journal<br />
that one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> posts British <strong>of</strong>ficer’s kept dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege, it was ‘<strong>the</strong> cowardly <strong>and</strong> mut<strong>in</strong>ous behavior <strong>of</strong> a<br />
majority <strong>of</strong> men, hav<strong>in</strong>g grounded <strong>the</strong>ir arms <strong>and</strong> refused to defend <strong>the</strong> post any longer’ that forced <strong>the</strong><br />
surrender. The <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cials soldiers were paroled; while <strong>the</strong> “irregulars” (loyalist militia) were taken<br />
prisoner. 2683 A large quantity <strong>of</strong> stores <strong>and</strong> ammunition were captured also. The ammunition was particularly<br />
wel<strong>com</strong>e to Marion who was frequently short <strong>of</strong> it. He himself reported los<strong>in</strong>g 2 killed, with Lee suffer<strong>in</strong>g 2<br />
wounded. Loss<strong>in</strong>g says <strong>the</strong> Americans lost 2 killed, three Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> 3 militia wounded; while McCrady<br />
gives <strong>the</strong> total casualties as 2 killed <strong>and</strong> 6 wounded. After <strong>the</strong> surrender, <strong>the</strong> fort was dismantled. 2684<br />
“Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Blockade at Scott’s Lake”:<br />
“Sunday [April] 15 th<br />
“At four <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Afternoon, a party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Horse & foot appeared <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Skirts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wood on our front.<br />
A party Sallied out, when as Skirmish ensued, <strong>in</strong> which we had One Private <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Infantry mortally wounded. At<br />
<strong>the</strong> same time <strong>the</strong>y appeared <strong>in</strong> Force on our Left, <strong>the</strong> Party was recalled & <strong>the</strong> Works Manned. A Flag was sent<br />
to Summons <strong>the</strong> Post to surrender at Discretion but was returned with <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g Reply ‘That A British Officer<br />
Comm<strong>and</strong>ed, & <strong>the</strong>y timidly never surrendered Posts, -- if <strong>the</strong>y wanted it, <strong>the</strong>y must <strong>com</strong>e <strong>and</strong> take it.’ A Fir<strong>in</strong>g<br />
ensued, <strong>in</strong> which we had A Corporal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 64 th wounded, <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy cannot be ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed but<br />
several were seen to fall -- at night <strong>the</strong>y set Fire to <strong>the</strong> Hospital hav<strong>in</strong>g taken out <strong>the</strong> Wounded, & made <strong>the</strong><br />
Nurse Prisoner -- A Private <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 64 th deserted.<br />
“Monday [April] 16 th<br />
“Some Shots were exchanged, <strong>in</strong> which we had Two Privates wounded <strong>the</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 64 th , <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Infantry, <strong>the</strong> latter <strong>of</strong> -- some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy were seen carried <strong>of</strong>f wounded, no Provision or Water <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Works.<br />
“Tuesday [April] 17 th<br />
“The Enemy fired a few Shot, & killed A Private <strong>of</strong> Mr. Harrison’s Rangers at night[.] A party was employed <strong>in</strong><br />
gett<strong>in</strong>g up Provisions <strong>and</strong> S<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g A Well.<br />
“Wednesday [April] 18 th<br />
“Some Shot as usual from <strong>the</strong> Enemy, & as opportunity <strong>of</strong>fered were returned, through <strong>the</strong> Day <strong>the</strong> Enemy had<br />
One Man killed at Night to Our Satisfaction had it <strong>in</strong> our power to relieve, <strong>in</strong> some measure Our Distressed Troops<br />
-– with an half P<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> Water per Man -- hav<strong>in</strong>g been s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> first Appearance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy without Provisions<br />
or Water. Under cover <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Darkness, <strong>the</strong> Enemy broke ground with<strong>in</strong> one hundred Yards <strong>of</strong> our Works & retook<br />
part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Baggage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd & 64 th Baggage, but <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> attempt lost several Men killed & Wounded.<br />
“Thursday [April] 19 th<br />
“The Enemy as usual kept Fir<strong>in</strong>g but without effect, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Day we sunk our Well deeper our Water<br />
threaten<strong>in</strong>g to fail us. Two Militia Men went privately through <strong>the</strong> Enemys Cent<strong>in</strong>els [sic] to Nelson’s Ferry for<br />
Express, employed A Party as usual to fetch up Provision & Water, <strong>the</strong> Enemy at Work at <strong>the</strong>ir Entrenchments –-<br />
took <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63rd & 64th Baggage, but <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> attempt lost several Men killed & Wounded.<br />
“Friday [April] 20 th<br />
“Some Fir<strong>in</strong>g as usual from <strong>the</strong> Enemy, when we lost Corpl Shanks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Infantry -– <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day a<br />
covered Passage was made to <strong>the</strong> Wall. The last night we brought 3 barrels <strong>of</strong> Pork & 4 do. [ditto] Of Flour<br />
likewise deserted Sergt Brown <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Infantry, with <strong>the</strong> Provision Returns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Garrison.<br />
“Saturday [April] 21 st<br />
“Some Fir<strong>in</strong>g as wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Face by a Spl<strong>in</strong>ter, & a Negro <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>. The Enemy ask’d permission to bury<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir Dead -– but <strong>the</strong>y refus<strong>in</strong>g to desert Fir<strong>in</strong>g dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> time, <strong>the</strong>ir request was denied, <strong>the</strong>y likewise <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Afternoon brought down a Wooden Mach<strong>in</strong>e which <strong>the</strong>y had built, & were busy <strong>in</strong> rais<strong>in</strong>g a Scaffold made <strong>of</strong> Rails<br />
& Mold, nearly level with <strong>the</strong> top <strong>of</strong> our Works for <strong>the</strong>ir Marksmen to pick <strong>of</strong>f our Cent<strong>in</strong>els, this Night employed<br />
<strong>in</strong> gett<strong>in</strong>g up Rum & Water & rais<strong>in</strong>g a Traverse to counteract <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Scaffold -- & s<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> our Ditches.<br />
“Sunday [April] 22 nd<br />
“Some fir<strong>in</strong>g as usual from <strong>the</strong> Enemy but without Effect -– at night <strong>the</strong>y broke fresh ground opposite our Well,<br />
with an <strong>in</strong>tent to cut us <strong>of</strong>f from our Water –- employed <strong>in</strong> gett<strong>in</strong>g up Rum & Water. Evacuated <strong>the</strong> Store, &<br />
placed a Guard over <strong>the</strong> Well.<br />
“Monday [April] 23 rd<br />
“Some fir<strong>in</strong>g as usual from <strong>the</strong> Enemy <strong>in</strong> which Lt. McKay was wounded & Two Men killed. Mr. Cru <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia,<br />
died <strong>of</strong> a Putrid Fever [Typhus], & <strong>the</strong> Private <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 64 th died <strong>of</strong> his Wound. The Enemy hav<strong>in</strong>g f<strong>in</strong>ished <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
Entrenchments under cover <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Fire made a lodgment under our Works, with <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tention to Underm<strong>in</strong>e us.<br />
A Flag was a second time sent to Summons <strong>the</strong> Post, when we were reduced to <strong>the</strong> disagreeable necessity <strong>of</strong><br />
Capitulat<strong>in</strong>g, by <strong>the</strong> Cowardly & Mut<strong>in</strong>ous behavior <strong>of</strong> A Majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Men hav<strong>in</strong>g grounded <strong>the</strong>ir Arms &<br />
2683 Accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> surrender, as pr<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> Tarleton, <strong>the</strong>re are two clauses, which state <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers were to be<br />
paroled, <strong>and</strong> a third which states <strong>the</strong> “irregulars” were to be made prisoner. No mention is made <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regular soldiers. This<br />
may be a pr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g error <strong>and</strong> perhaps one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> clauses referr<strong>in</strong>g to “British <strong>of</strong>ficers” is meant to read “British soldiers”, <strong>and</strong> that<br />
<strong>the</strong> regular soldiers were to be paroled along with <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers, as <strong>the</strong> separate <strong>and</strong> isolated clause specifically speak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Tories be<strong>in</strong>g made prisoner seems to imply. In a letter to Marion <strong>of</strong> 26 April, Greene spoke <strong>of</strong> his approv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> articles <strong>of</strong><br />
capitulation, perhaps suggest<strong>in</strong>g that, liberal as <strong>the</strong> terms were, <strong>the</strong>y needed approv<strong>in</strong>g (as Sumter later <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>ed.) Lee was<br />
later criticized by some for grant<strong>in</strong>g parole to Maxwell’s garrison at Fort Granby when it surrendered, yet we see here he had<br />
(except for <strong>the</strong> smaller group <strong>of</strong> irregulars) done <strong>the</strong> same th<strong>in</strong>g at Fort Watson.<br />
2684 NGP8 pp. 134n, 139-141, 143, GDH2 pp. 57-58, GHA4 p. 81, RSC2 pp. 228-229, TCS pp. 471-473, SAW2 pp. 359-361, MLW4A<br />
pp. 517-518, LMS pp. 331-332, JLG2 pp. 70-71, LCC p. 253, JFM pp. 45-46, LFB2 pp. 501-502, MSC2 pp. 172-175, WAR2 pp. 799-<br />
800, BSF pp. 170-171, BGC pp. 154-157, SCAR vol. 4, nos. 4-5-6, pp. 52 –53.<br />
469
efused to defend <strong>the</strong> Post any longer, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g every Exertion made by <strong>the</strong> Officers to encourage &<br />
force <strong>the</strong>m to <strong>the</strong>ir Duty.<br />
“[Signed] James Mackay, Lt., P.L. Iy. [Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Light Infantry]<br />
Robt Rob<strong>in</strong>son, Ensign, P. Lt Infy.<br />
Thom. B. Campbell, Surgeon, Provl. Lt Infy.” 2685<br />
Marion on <strong>the</strong> day <strong>of</strong> Watson’s surrender (<strong>the</strong> 23 rd ), wrote Greene: “Lieutenant-colonel Lee jo<strong>in</strong>ed me on <strong>the</strong><br />
Santee <strong>the</strong> 14 th <strong>in</strong>stant, after a rapid march from Ramsey’s mills on Deep river, which he f<strong>in</strong>ished <strong>in</strong> eight days.<br />
The 15 th we marched to this place, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>vested it: Our chief hope was to cut <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> water: Some riflemen <strong>and</strong><br />
cont<strong>in</strong>entals were, for this purpose, posted between <strong>the</strong> fort <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> lake. The fort lies on a ris<strong>in</strong>g ground, about<br />
forty feet high, surrounded by three rows <strong>of</strong> abbatis. There were no trees near enough to cover us from <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy’s fire. The third day after we had begun <strong>the</strong> siege, we perceived that <strong>the</strong> enemy had dug a well near <strong>the</strong><br />
abbatis without meet<strong>in</strong>g with any opposition from us, which was for want <strong>of</strong> several very necessary implements,<br />
without which we could not make trenches <strong>in</strong> order to make our approach to <strong>the</strong> fort; we <strong>the</strong>refore resolved<br />
immediately to erect a work as high as <strong>the</strong> fort, <strong>and</strong> it was f<strong>in</strong>ished this morn<strong>in</strong>g by Major [Hezekiah] Maham; we<br />
<strong>the</strong>n made a lodgement on <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> em<strong>in</strong>ence near <strong>the</strong> abbatis; this was ac<strong>com</strong>plished with great spirit<br />
<strong>and</strong> address by Ensign Rob<strong>in</strong>son <strong>and</strong> Mr. R. Lee, a volunteer <strong>in</strong> Colonel Lee’s regiment, who, surmount<strong>in</strong>g every<br />
difficulty, got up to <strong>the</strong> abbatis, <strong>and</strong> pulled it away: By this <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort found himself obliged to<br />
hoist a white flag. I enclose <strong>the</strong> capitulation, which I hope will meet with your approbation. Our loss was only<br />
two militiamen killed, <strong>and</strong> three cont<strong>in</strong>entals wounded. I shall demolish <strong>the</strong> fort without loss <strong>of</strong> time, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n<br />
proceed to <strong>the</strong> heights <strong>of</strong> Santee, <strong>and</strong> shall halt at Capta<strong>in</strong> Richardson’s plantation to wait for far<strong>the</strong>r orders.”<br />
“Petition to Lieut Colonel Isaac Allen, 3d Btn, New Jersey Volunteers, Comm<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, SC from<br />
Robert <strong>and</strong> James Bowman, Camden District, SC, who both had a lieutenant’s <strong>com</strong>mission <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia”: “They<br />
lived on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee River. They crossed <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> raised a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> 25 volunteers, who<br />
were lost <strong>in</strong> Fort Watson, near Wright’s Bluff. Their house at Manigault’s Ferry was plundered <strong>and</strong> burned. They<br />
<strong>the</strong>n left for Florida, but were captured <strong>and</strong> carried to Georgetown, where <strong>the</strong>y were paroled.” 2686<br />
“[Back pay] Petition <strong>of</strong> [Sgt.] Absolom Shirley”: “He jo<strong>in</strong>ed Capta<strong>in</strong> Nutwell’s Company, Jackson Creek Militia,<br />
<strong>and</strong> did duty under him from 13 Jun 1780 until <strong>the</strong> Congaree Fort surrendered, at which time he was made<br />
prisoner <strong>and</strong> sent to Charlestown. He afterwards jo<strong>in</strong>ed Lord Rawdon <strong>and</strong> went with him to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six; he has<br />
kept constantly with <strong>the</strong> army do<strong>in</strong>g his duty until <strong>the</strong>y came to <strong>the</strong> Quarter House. His capta<strong>in</strong> is now<br />
dead…[dated] 9 Feb 1782.” 2687<br />
16 April. [siege] Second Siege <strong>of</strong> Augusta (Richmond County, GA.) Number<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> all some 600 Georgia militia, 2688<br />
Colonels Elijah Clark <strong>and</strong> Micajah Williamson’s detachments assembled at an appo<strong>in</strong>ted rendezvous on Little<br />
River (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Savannah River), <strong>and</strong> marched on Augusta; where <strong>the</strong>y were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Colonel John Baker, <strong>and</strong> also<br />
by capta<strong>in</strong>s Dunn <strong>and</strong> Irw<strong>in</strong> with a few men from Burke county. The partisans <strong>in</strong>itially posted <strong>the</strong>mselves about<br />
1200 yards from <strong>the</strong> town; <strong>in</strong>itiat<strong>in</strong>g a siege that would last <strong>in</strong>to June. Colonel Samuel Hammond <strong>and</strong> Major<br />
James Jackson were employed <strong>in</strong> embody<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a, near Augusta, <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m a few days<br />
later. Not long after <strong>the</strong> siege began (though it is possible he wasn’t at <strong>the</strong> siege even <strong>the</strong>n), Clark fell ill with<br />
small pox but returned with some additional men by 15 May. Defend<strong>in</strong>g Augusta was Lieut. Col. Thomas Brown<br />
with 330 Prov<strong>in</strong>cials <strong>and</strong> loyalist militia, <strong>and</strong> 300 Cherokees. Pickens, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> meantime <strong>and</strong> send<strong>in</strong>g out<br />
detachments under Colonels Br<strong>and</strong>on <strong>and</strong> Hayes, positioned himself so as to prevent re<strong>in</strong>forcements <strong>and</strong> supplies<br />
from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six reach<strong>in</strong>g Augusta. 2689<br />
Samuel Hammond (pension statement): “Major [James] Jackson passed over to Georgia, jo<strong>in</strong>ed Cols. [John]<br />
Baker, Stark & Williamson, who had collected a considerable force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Georgia militia & were near Augusta,<br />
<strong>the</strong> British outposts were driven <strong>in</strong> on both sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Savannah River & a Siege <strong>com</strong>menced. The Georgians<br />
under Col. Jackson [Maj. James Jackson] raided a Battery near Fort Greyonson [Grierson] & <strong>the</strong> Applicant<br />
simultaneously erected a Battery opposite Fort Cornwallis on <strong>the</strong> North side <strong>of</strong> Savannah River, & held <strong>the</strong><br />
Enemy with<strong>in</strong>, cut <strong>of</strong>f from all <strong>com</strong>munication with <strong>the</strong> Country with <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> Genl. Pickens, Col. Clark &<br />
Col. Lee. Applicant cont<strong>in</strong>ued with Genl. Pickens aid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Garrisons <strong>in</strong> Augusta until<br />
Col. Brown surrendered when he was detached towards Orangeburgh Co. & <strong>the</strong>n o<strong>the</strong>r Troops under Pickens <strong>and</strong><br />
Lee marched to & jo<strong>in</strong>ed Genl. Greene at 96. While <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British under Lord Rawdon, advanc<strong>in</strong>g toward<br />
96, Rec’d by express, ordered to retreat & jo<strong>in</strong>ed Gent. Pickens west <strong>of</strong> that place & with him retreated towards<br />
<strong>the</strong> North & rejo<strong>in</strong>ed Genl. Greene on <strong>the</strong> Congaree River below Broad River.” 2690<br />
16 April. Moultrie, <strong>in</strong> Charlestown a captive, to Marion: “[H]ave this day received <strong>in</strong>formation from Lieut. Col.<br />
Balfour <strong>in</strong> Charles Town, that your troops have been guilty <strong>of</strong> many cruelties upon <strong>the</strong> people <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> country,<br />
particularly <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> murders <strong>of</strong> Mr. John Inglis, Capt. Clark, <strong>and</strong> John Frazee (Mr. Maxwell s over seer). As I know<br />
you are well acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong> customs <strong>of</strong> war, <strong>and</strong> that your disposition will not countenance such cruelties,<br />
2685 “Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Blockade at Scott’s Lake,” [S.C.], 15-23 April 1781, British Headquarters (Carleton) Papers, TNA 30/55/9915.<br />
SCAR vol. 4, nos. 4-5-6, pp. 52 –53.<br />
2686 CLS p. 151.<br />
2687 There was a Capt. Nutwell’s Co. <strong>in</strong> Phillip’s Camden Regiment. CLS p. 155.<br />
2688 BEA p. 50.<br />
2689 NGP8 p. 150n, GDH2 p. 50, RSC2 pp. 236-240, LCC pp. 389, HMP, MHG p. 514, WHG pp. 609-614, JTR pp. 532-533, LFB2 pp.<br />
510-511, MSC2 p. 263, BEA p. 50. See Briar Creek, Late April.<br />
2690 HMP.<br />
470
especially as it cannot answer any good purpose, I am <strong>the</strong>refore to request <strong>the</strong> favour, you will give such orders<br />
as will prevent private animosities from tak<strong>in</strong>g revenge at this time by such unwarrantable practices, as can only<br />
serve to disgrace <strong>the</strong> generous <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> brave. I dare say <strong>the</strong> people that have been guilty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se outrages will<br />
be called to a proper account.” 2691<br />
17 April (also given as 12 <strong>and</strong> 18 April). [ambush-surrender] Fort Balfour, also Vanbibber’s Tavern, Pocotaligo<br />
(Beaufort County, S.C.) Ft. Balfour, which was situated above a bridge on <strong>the</strong> Pocotaligo River, was garrisoned<br />
by about 100 men; <strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> some loyalist militia under Col. Fletcher Kelsell, <strong>and</strong> about 25 to 30 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Light Dragoons under Col. Edward Fenwick. Col. William Harden with about 100 (possibly up to<br />
200) managed to surprise <strong>and</strong> capture Fenwick, Col. Nicholas Lechmere <strong>and</strong> 7 dragoons when <strong>the</strong> latter were<br />
outside <strong>the</strong> fort visit<strong>in</strong>g an adjacent hospital. Kelsell <strong>the</strong>n became <strong>the</strong> fort’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, replac<strong>in</strong>g Lechmere.<br />
Kelsell, when threatened with be<strong>in</strong>g stormed, after a brief refusal, was warned a second time, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n gave <strong>in</strong>.<br />
Ramsay states that <strong>the</strong> British lost 32 regular dragoons <strong>and</strong> 56 privates <strong>of</strong> royal militia who surrendered as<br />
captives. McCrady gives <strong>the</strong> loyalists losses as 91 captured. Ripley states “one colonel, a major, three capta<strong>in</strong>s,<br />
three lieutenants, 60 privates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regular garrison, plus a lieutenant <strong>and</strong> 22 dragoons…” were taken <strong>and</strong><br />
paroled. The dragoon horses <strong>and</strong> supplies <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort were also taken; <strong>the</strong> supplies be<strong>in</strong>g transported from <strong>the</strong><br />
area dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night or else destroyed. Charlestown area loyalist Lieut. Col. Robert Ball<strong>in</strong>gall with 130<br />
Prov<strong>in</strong>cials (70 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se mounted), plus 40 militia, who was some sixty miles away, attempted to pursue Harden,<br />
who l<strong>in</strong>gered <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area momentarily but <strong>the</strong>n escaped. Bass gives <strong>the</strong> date as be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 17 th or 18 th , <strong>and</strong> states<br />
<strong>the</strong> loyalist lost 8 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> 82 men captured. On <strong>the</strong> 18 th , Harden wrote Marion request<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>missions from<br />
him as an <strong>in</strong>centive to keep his (i.e., Harden’s) men with him. 2692<br />
Harden, at “Camp on Salketcher,” on April 18 th wrote to Marion: “…I <strong>the</strong>n heard Col. [Edward] Fenwick <strong>and</strong> his<br />
corps <strong>of</strong> horse Dragoons was at Pocotaligo, 35 <strong>in</strong> number, I proceeded on my march to surprise <strong>the</strong>m, but <strong>the</strong><br />
Colonel had heard I was <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> he attempted <strong>the</strong> like on me. Our advance party met <strong>and</strong> hailed, when I<br />
ordered my men to turn out <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods, but unluckily, went too far from <strong>the</strong> road. I fired a few shots when<br />
<strong>the</strong>y retreated; I rushed out, but <strong>the</strong>y charged <strong>and</strong> my men gave way; I had one man taken, <strong>and</strong> two wounded,<br />
we shot one <strong>of</strong> his men dead, <strong>and</strong> wounded seven; next morn<strong>in</strong>g took two <strong>of</strong> his Dragoons <strong>and</strong> retreated back<br />
about ten miles, <strong>and</strong> stayed two days, when I marched on aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> got with<strong>in</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> Fort Balfour, at<br />
Pocotaligo, at 12 o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day. I placed my men <strong>and</strong> sent ten <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> best horses to draw <strong>the</strong>m out, but<br />
luckily, Colonels Fenwick <strong>and</strong> Letchmere [Nicholas Lechmere] were at Vanbiber’s <strong>and</strong> were taken, with seven <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Dragoons, <strong>and</strong> brought to me, <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m were <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort. I <strong>the</strong>n sent Capta<strong>in</strong> Harden [William Jr.,<br />
Harden’s son] with a flag to dem<strong>and</strong> a surrender <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> men <strong>in</strong> it; <strong>the</strong>y sent for answer <strong>the</strong>y would<br />
not give it up; I sent <strong>the</strong> second time, <strong>and</strong> told <strong>the</strong>m that if I was obliged to storm it, that I would give no<br />
quarter. Col. [Fletcher] Kelsell <strong>the</strong>n desired half an hour to consider, I gave him twenty m<strong>in</strong>utes; <strong>the</strong>y <strong>the</strong>n<br />
agreed to give up <strong>the</strong> fort on terms which I granted, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> two hours <strong>the</strong> fort with one Militia Colonel, one<br />
major, three Capta<strong>in</strong>s, three Lieutenants, <strong>and</strong> sixty privates <strong>of</strong> Col. Fenwick’s, one Lieutenant <strong>and</strong> 22 dragoons<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir horses gave up to me, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y marched out <strong>and</strong> piled <strong>the</strong>ir arms without <strong>the</strong> abbatis, <strong>and</strong> I marched<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> took possession <strong>of</strong> it, <strong>and</strong> that night <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> next day had it destroyed, as I had <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> a party<br />
<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Town which did <strong>the</strong> day after. Col. [Robert] Ball<strong>in</strong>gall with one hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Seventy-first, thirty<br />
Highl<strong>and</strong>ers mounted, <strong>and</strong> about forty militia mounted came, but I could not give <strong>the</strong>m battle, as I had sent a<br />
party up <strong>the</strong> Savannah River with Capta<strong>in</strong> Barton <strong>and</strong> McKoy [Rannal McKay] <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> seven boats go<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
Augusta, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y have not yet returned; but hope <strong>the</strong>y will jo<strong>in</strong> me to-morrow at far<strong>the</strong>st. The enemy left<br />
Pocotaligo <strong>and</strong> is now ly<strong>in</strong>g at Blake’s Plantation, I imag<strong>in</strong>e for some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m; however, I hope<br />
but few will jo<strong>in</strong>, as I have been about <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y all took <strong>the</strong> swamp. I am obliged to haul <strong>of</strong>f southwardly<br />
to collect all <strong>the</strong> men I can <strong>in</strong> those parts, <strong>and</strong> ma <strong>in</strong> hopes <strong>the</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men near <strong>the</strong> Okaties will jo<strong>in</strong><br />
me…” 2693<br />
Joseph Johnson: “When Colonel Harden captured Fort Balfour, near Pocataligo, Tarleton Brown, late <strong>of</strong> Barnwell<br />
District, was an <strong>of</strong>ficer under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. Mr. Brown, <strong>in</strong>forms us that <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> that fort,<br />
with one or two next to him <strong>in</strong> rank, were, at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans’ advance, visit<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir sick <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded, outside <strong>the</strong> fort; that <strong>the</strong>se <strong>of</strong>ficers hav<strong>in</strong>g been captured by <strong>the</strong> Americans, De Veaux was <strong>the</strong> highest<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison, <strong>and</strong> surrendered <strong>the</strong> fort without fir<strong>in</strong>g a gun. This is more probable, as Colonel<br />
Lechmere, De Veaux’s bro<strong>the</strong>r-<strong>in</strong>-law, late <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort, was <strong>the</strong>n a prisoner. Colonel Fenwick was<br />
also captured outside <strong>the</strong> fort.” 2694<br />
Tarleton Brown: “We now lay by for two or three days, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n marched for <strong>the</strong> fort at Pocataligo. When we<br />
came <strong>in</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> it, I took thirteen <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> best mounted men to survey <strong>the</strong> premise, <strong>and</strong> to lead <strong>the</strong>m out if<br />
possible. When we had got with<strong>in</strong> about two hundred yards <strong>of</strong> Bambifer’s [Vanbibber’s] house, where <strong>the</strong> British<br />
had deposited <strong>the</strong>ir wounded, I saw a negro run <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> house, <strong>and</strong> immediately I saw several men runn<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong><br />
fort; we struck spurs to our horses, <strong>and</strong> soon came up with <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> took <strong>the</strong>m prisoners. When we had gotten<br />
<strong>the</strong>m to our <strong>com</strong>pany, we found <strong>the</strong>m to be Colonels Fennick [Edward Fenwick] <strong>and</strong> Leachmore [Nicholas<br />
Lechmere], who had been out to see <strong>the</strong>ir wounded. When we arrived at <strong>the</strong> fort, we had not <strong>the</strong> smallest hope<br />
<strong>of</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g it, but now f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g we had two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir most efficient <strong>of</strong>ficers, (Major Andrew Devo <strong>the</strong> only one <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
fort), Colonels Harden <strong>and</strong> [John] Baker sent a flag <strong>in</strong> form <strong>the</strong>m to give up <strong>the</strong> fort. When <strong>the</strong> flag was pass<strong>in</strong>g<br />
2691 GDH2 p. 52.<br />
2692 NGP7 p. 129n, RSC2 pp. 227-228, JLG2 pp. 119-120, JFM p. 47, MSC2 pp. 135-136, 748, BSF p. 176, RBG p. 157.<br />
2693 GDH2 pp. 53-55.<br />
2694 JTR p. 178.<br />
471
y Colonel Fennick, he asked what that meant. On be<strong>in</strong>g told it was for <strong>the</strong>m to surrender <strong>the</strong> fort, he ripped<br />
<strong>and</strong> swore, <strong>and</strong> hoped ‘that if <strong>the</strong>y did surrender it, <strong>the</strong>y might all be <strong>in</strong> hell before <strong>the</strong> morrow,’ After<br />
deliberation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort for <strong>the</strong> space <strong>of</strong> two hours, <strong>the</strong>y all marched out, well armed, tied <strong>the</strong>ir horses to what<br />
was <strong>the</strong>n called ‘Abatis,’ advanced some little distance from <strong>the</strong> fort, <strong>and</strong> formed a l<strong>in</strong>e. We <strong>the</strong>n marched<br />
between <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort <strong>and</strong> took <strong>the</strong>m prisoners -- <strong>the</strong>y hav<strong>in</strong>g one hundred <strong>and</strong> ten men <strong>and</strong> we eighty. If<br />
all <strong>the</strong> men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort had been brace <strong>and</strong> true to <strong>the</strong>ir cause, I don’t th<strong>in</strong>k one thous<strong>and</strong> men could have taken<br />
<strong>the</strong>m, for <strong>the</strong> fort was advantageously located <strong>and</strong> well fortified, approachable only at three po<strong>in</strong>ts, all <strong>of</strong> which<br />
were well guarded by a deep creek <strong>and</strong> cannons. Part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort were as good Whigs as we had --<br />
Colonel Stafford, Colonel Davis, Capta<strong>in</strong>s Felts <strong>and</strong> Green, whose son was with us, also o<strong>the</strong>rs. We now paroled<br />
<strong>the</strong> prisoners <strong>and</strong> sent <strong>the</strong>m to Charlestown, <strong>the</strong>n burnt <strong>the</strong> house <strong>and</strong> leveled <strong>the</strong> fort with <strong>the</strong> ground…”<br />
Paul Hamilton <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia: “In two days we were aga<strong>in</strong> collected <strong>and</strong> retorted this defeat [see 8<br />
April, Pocotaligo Road] by surpris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g prisoners <strong>of</strong> part <strong>of</strong> this cavalry at Pocataligo, among <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
Colonel Fenwicke <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers.<br />
“This success led to <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Fort Balfour, at <strong>the</strong> above place, under <strong>the</strong> ramparts almost <strong>of</strong><br />
which this surprise was made. I must, as I am writ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> myself, be allowed to be somewhat particular as to this<br />
little, but h<strong>and</strong>some military exploit. Colonel Harden, know<strong>in</strong>g that we had some staunch friends who had been<br />
<strong>com</strong>pelled to enter <strong>and</strong> garrison <strong>the</strong> fort, thought that if he could destroy <strong>the</strong> cavalry, he might <strong>in</strong>duce a<br />
surrender <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison, which were militia, <strong>and</strong> perhaps one half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m friendly to <strong>the</strong><br />
American cause; some <strong>of</strong> whom were men <strong>of</strong> considerable <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>and</strong> weight. He <strong>the</strong>refore drew near <strong>the</strong> fort<br />
<strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> effective force he had rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g formed an ambuscade. Twelve well-mounted young men, <strong>of</strong> whom<br />
I was one, named as Light Horsemen, were selected <strong>and</strong> ordered to decoy <strong>the</strong> cavalry out.<br />
“With this view we moved on briskly <strong>and</strong> openly toward Von Bitter’s [sic] Tavern, which stood almost a quarter<br />
<strong>of</strong> a mile from <strong>the</strong> fort <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> full view. While approach<strong>in</strong>g we discovered that some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy were at <strong>the</strong><br />
tavern, on which we darted forward <strong>and</strong> captured as follows: Col Fenwicke, Lieut. Bond, a sergeant <strong>and</strong> 1 5<br />
privates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry with Lieut. Col. Lechmere <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British militia. Lechmere was taken as he ran with<strong>in</strong> 100<br />
yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort, <strong>and</strong> brought <strong>of</strong>f by one <strong>of</strong> our young men named Green. Our prisoners had <strong>com</strong>e out on foot to<br />
<strong>the</strong> tavern to regale <strong>the</strong>mselves [<strong>and</strong>], hav<strong>in</strong>g only <strong>the</strong>ir swords, made no attempt to resist. They were hurried<br />
<strong>of</strong>f to <strong>the</strong> ambuscade <strong>and</strong> delivered. After which, re<strong>in</strong>forced by eight more swordsmen, we returned, 20 <strong>in</strong><br />
number, to <strong>the</strong> tavern, drew up <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> adjo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g pasture, <strong>of</strong>fered battle to <strong>the</strong> British cavalry whose number we<br />
had reduced now to about our st<strong>and</strong>ard, a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir force hav<strong>in</strong>g been previously detached to Charleston<br />
immediately after we had been defeated by <strong>the</strong>m at Saltketchie. The cavalry made a show <strong>of</strong> advanc<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong><br />
charge, but f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g us firm <strong>the</strong>y turned about <strong>and</strong> were <strong>in</strong>sulted by us as <strong>the</strong>y retired to <strong>the</strong> fort.<br />
“Col. Harden now came up with <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> his force. Leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> servants <strong>and</strong> baggage just partly <strong>in</strong> view<br />
to keep up <strong>the</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong> a reserve, Major Harden, <strong>the</strong> bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> colonel, was now sent to summon <strong>the</strong><br />
fort to surrender with threats <strong>of</strong> an assault if refused. I ac<strong>com</strong>panied <strong>the</strong> major. We were met by Major De<br />
Veaux (after Col DeVeaux who took <strong>the</strong> Bahamas from Spa<strong>in</strong>) at so short a distance from <strong>the</strong> fort that we could<br />
recognize countenances <strong>and</strong> exchanged an occasional nod with some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison.<br />
“At first <strong>the</strong> answer through Major DeVeaux was a refusal from CoL Kitsall [Fletcher Kelsell], who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
<strong>the</strong> fort, to surrender, on which I was desired by Major Harden to <strong>com</strong>municate to his bro<strong>the</strong>r this answer. The<br />
colonel <strong>in</strong>quired <strong>of</strong> me if we could dist<strong>in</strong>guish any <strong>of</strong> our friends <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort. I replied that Major Harden had<br />
recognized Cols. Stafford <strong>and</strong> Davis <strong>and</strong> Mr. Thomas Hutson [Hudson?], with none <strong>of</strong> whom I had any<br />
acqua<strong>in</strong>tance, but that I thought that I discovered some confusion <strong>and</strong> clamour <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort. On which <strong>the</strong> colonel,<br />
his countenance brighten<strong>in</strong>g, formed his men <strong>in</strong> column <strong>and</strong> ordered <strong>the</strong>m to prepare for immediate action.<br />
“This done, he turned to me <strong>and</strong> said, ‘Go to Major Harden <strong>and</strong> say to him that I allowed ten m<strong>in</strong>utes to Col.<br />
Kitsall to consider <strong>of</strong> a surrender, after which, if he refuses, you are both to return immediately to me <strong>and</strong>, by<br />
God, I will be <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort!’<br />
“The major <strong>com</strong>municated this to Major De Veaux with whom he had been chatt<strong>in</strong>g with great familiarity, be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
acqua<strong>in</strong>tances <strong>and</strong> closely related by blood. The latter went <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> delivered this last message to Col. Kitsall,<br />
who, hav<strong>in</strong>g discovered a division among his militia, agreed to lay down his arms.<br />
“Thus was Fort Balfour, which had for some months <strong>com</strong>pletely bridled that part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, surrendered<br />
without a shot. The garrison consisted <strong>of</strong> 92 militia, about 25 regulars, cavalry well mounted <strong>and</strong> equipped <strong>and</strong><br />
uniformed as Light Dragoons. In <strong>the</strong> fort we found an abundance <strong>of</strong> provisions, some muskets <strong>and</strong> a six-pound<br />
cannon, with a good supply <strong>of</strong> ammunition for it.” 2695<br />
17 April. Greene camped at “Widow Shoemakers” close by Lynches Creek. 2696<br />
17 April. Maj. P<strong>in</strong>kertham Eaton, at Little River, N.C. hav<strong>in</strong>g marched from Chatham Court House, with 180<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals (twelve months men, mostly from Halifax County), wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g he was<br />
on his way to jo<strong>in</strong> him. Eaton had only one <strong>of</strong>ficer with him, Lt. John Campbell, though ano<strong>the</strong>r Capt. Robert<br />
Smith (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> old 4 th N.C. Regt.) was sent later. By <strong>the</strong> time Eaton reached Greene, his forced numbered only<br />
140. 2697<br />
2695 “Extracts from a Private Manuscript,” Charleston Year Book, 1898, pp. 315-320, CSS p. 1171-1173.<br />
2696 NGP8 p. 117.<br />
2697 NGP8 p. 106, RNC p. 329.<br />
472
17 April. Col. Thomas Wade wrote Greene from Haley’s Ferry stat<strong>in</strong>g that Lieut. Col. Watson was stationed on<br />
<strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Peedee River, <strong>and</strong> about thirty miles below Cheraw, with 200 Loyalists. He also mentioned<br />
that two large <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> Col. Kolb’s regiment were serv<strong>in</strong>g with Marion. 2698<br />
17 April. [skirmish] Brown’s Mill, also Muddy Creek, “Capt. Malachi Murphey vs. Micajah Ganey <strong>and</strong> David<br />
Fann<strong>in</strong>g” (Marlboro County, S.C.) See http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/brownsmill.htm<br />
17-18 April. Lafayette <strong>and</strong> his troops arrived at Baltimore. He had with him three battalions <strong>of</strong> New Jersey <strong>and</strong><br />
Massachusetts light <strong>in</strong>fantry, number<strong>in</strong>g 1,100-1,200. Us<strong>in</strong>g his own private credit, he was able to purchase<br />
“shoes, l<strong>in</strong>en, spirits, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r articles <strong>of</strong> immediate necessity” (quot<strong>in</strong>g Marshall) to placate his dissatisfied<br />
men, <strong>and</strong> which thus made it possible to resume his march to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. 2699<br />
18 April. Cornwallis, still at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, wrote to Lord Germa<strong>in</strong>, stat<strong>in</strong>g that after all this while <strong>in</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, not more than 200 loyalists “have been prevailed upon to follow us, ei<strong>the</strong>r as prov<strong>in</strong>cials or militia.”<br />
He fur<strong>the</strong>r noted, “…<strong>the</strong> immense extent <strong>of</strong> this country, cut with numberless rivers <strong>and</strong> creeks, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> total<br />
want <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternal navigation, which renders it impossible for our army to rema<strong>in</strong> long <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> heart <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country,<br />
will make it very difficult to reduce this prov<strong>in</strong>ce to obedience by a direct attack upon it.” 2700<br />
18-21 April. [raids] Burwell’s Ferry (Charles City County, VA.), Williamsburg (James City County, VA.) <strong>and</strong><br />
Yorktown. Hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>pleted <strong>the</strong> fortifications at Portsmouth, which Leslie <strong>and</strong> Arnold had begun, Maj. Gen.<br />
William Phillips embarked on <strong>the</strong> 18 th with about 2,300 rank <strong>and</strong> file troops (leav<strong>in</strong>g 1,200 to man Portsmouth),<br />
<strong>and</strong> sailed up <strong>the</strong> James River; first to Hampton Road, <strong>the</strong>n as far as Burwell’s ferry; which he reached on <strong>the</strong><br />
20 th . A brief skirmish took place at that location with some rebel militia on <strong>the</strong> 21 st ; while Simcoe <strong>the</strong> same day<br />
probed Yorktown dispers<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same. 2701<br />
On <strong>the</strong> 19 th , Phillips, at Hampton Road, wrote to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “The face <strong>of</strong> affairs seems changed, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as,<br />
like all America, are lost <strong>in</strong> rebellion. My letters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 15 th , 16 th , <strong>and</strong> yesterday, will go now <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Amphitrite,<br />
for I stopped <strong>the</strong> express boat last night. -- I have noth<strong>in</strong>g far<strong>the</strong>r to add, than that I conceive Lord Cornwallis<br />
will not have it <strong>in</strong> his power to br<strong>in</strong>g with him many troops, it will depend on your Excellency from his Lordship’s<br />
letters, <strong>and</strong> from those <strong>of</strong> Brigadier-general Arnold <strong>and</strong> me, whe<strong>the</strong>r you shall th<strong>in</strong>k it proper to have an<br />
operation <strong>in</strong> force <strong>in</strong> Chesapeak[e] -- if yes, <strong>the</strong> troops here are too few -- if no, too many.<br />
“I hope to hear from your Excellency directly, <strong>and</strong> perhaps it may not be so well to trust such a serious dispatch,<br />
as your next, Sir, will probably be, to an unarmed vessel, but that a frigate will be sent.<br />
“The operations I had proposed aga<strong>in</strong>st Williamsburg, shall take place to-morrow morn<strong>in</strong>g, but I th<strong>in</strong>k it my duty<br />
to call a council <strong>of</strong> war, circumstanced as Lord Cornwallis is, to judge whe<strong>the</strong>r an attempt on Petersburg may<br />
now be proper.” 2702<br />
Arnold, at Petersburg, wrote to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton on May 12 th : “On <strong>the</strong> 18 th <strong>of</strong> April, <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 76 th <strong>and</strong><br />
80 th regiments, <strong>the</strong> Queen’s rangers, yagers, <strong>and</strong> American legion, embarked at Portsmouth, <strong>and</strong> fell down to<br />
Hampton road [Hampton Roads]: on <strong>the</strong> 19 th , proceeded up James river to Burwell’s ferry; on <strong>the</strong> 20 th ,<br />
Lieutenant-colonel Abercrombie [Robert Abercromby], with <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, proceeded up <strong>the</strong> Chickahomany<br />
<strong>in</strong> boats; Lieutenant-colonel Simcoe, with a detachment, to York; Lieutenant-colonel [Thomas] Dundass, with<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r detachment, l<strong>and</strong>ed at <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chickahomany; <strong>and</strong> Major-general Phillips <strong>and</strong> myself l<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
with part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army at Williamsburg, VA. where about five hundred militia were posted, who retired upon our<br />
approach. The militia at York crossed <strong>the</strong> river before <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant-colonel Simcoe, who made a few<br />
prisoners, spiked <strong>and</strong> destroyed some cannon, <strong>and</strong> next day returned to Williamsburgh.” 2703<br />
19 April. Leav<strong>in</strong>g beh<strong>in</strong>d his heavy cannon, baggage <strong>and</strong> sick to follow when <strong>the</strong>y could, Lafayette left<br />
Baltimore, <strong>and</strong> proceeded by forced marches to Richmond. 2704<br />
19 April. Watson who had been <strong>in</strong> a position to threaten Haley’s Ferry, where an American provision magaz<strong>in</strong>e<br />
was located, fell back <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Georgetown when he learned <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> Lee, <strong>and</strong>, for all he<br />
knew, <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> Greene’s entire army. In <strong>the</strong> retreat, many <strong>of</strong> his militia under Ganey ei<strong>the</strong>r deserted or<br />
were discharged. So precipitate was Watson’s movement that, along <strong>the</strong> way, he burned his heavy baggage <strong>and</strong><br />
ab<strong>and</strong>oned his artillery <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> swamp. 2705<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “About <strong>the</strong> same time, Capt. John Brock<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tories, had been up to his<br />
plantation at Cashway, <strong>and</strong> hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same news with Baker Johnson [concern<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong> Lee <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
region], pushed over <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> gave Watson <strong>the</strong> like <strong>in</strong>formation. He [Watson] lost no time, but immediately<br />
rolled his two field pieces <strong>in</strong>to Catfish creek, destroyed all his heavy baggage, re-crossed <strong>the</strong> little Pedee, <strong>and</strong><br />
not ventur<strong>in</strong>g by Euhany [Euhaney], he passed <strong>the</strong> Waccamaw at Greene’s ferry, <strong>and</strong> retreat<strong>in</strong>g through <strong>the</strong><br />
2698 NGP8 p.111, GHA4 pp. 109-110.<br />
2699 NGP8 p. 197, RSC2 p. 313, GHA4 pp. 109-110, MLW4A pp. 423-425, JLG2 pp. 46-51.<br />
2700 TCS p. 324, RCC p. 98, SCP4 p. 105.<br />
2701 TCS p. 334, SQR pp. 189-192, LMS p.309.<br />
2702 COC pp. 81-82.<br />
2703 TCS p. 334.<br />
2704 JYC p. 34.<br />
2705 NGP8 pp. 121, 121n-122n, JFM p. 45, RBG p. 152.<br />
473
neck, between that river <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> sea, crossed W<strong>in</strong>yaw bay, three miles wide, <strong>and</strong> thus arrived <strong>in</strong> Georgetown.”<br />
2706<br />
19-20 April. [skirmish-raid] Logtown (Kershaw County, S.C.) On <strong>the</strong> 19 th , Greene’s army marched to “S<strong>and</strong> Hills,<br />
four miles from Camden,” (Hobkirk’s Hill), with<strong>in</strong> a two miles, <strong>of</strong> Camden where he camped. 2707 By even<strong>in</strong>g, his<br />
light troops <strong>the</strong>n engaged some <strong>of</strong> Rawdon’s forces (whom <strong>and</strong> which specifically is not clear) outside <strong>the</strong><br />
Camden fortifications (i.e., Logtown) for <strong>the</strong> next couple days. See also Wateree, 21 April. 2708<br />
Greene wrote to Lee on this date: “We are with<strong>in</strong> two Miles <strong>of</strong> Camden <strong>and</strong> shall march to LogTown <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g which is with<strong>in</strong> half a mile <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir advance works.” On <strong>the</strong> 24 th , He wrote Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton: “We began our<br />
march from Deep River <strong>the</strong> 7 th , <strong>and</strong> arrived <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood <strong>of</strong> Camden <strong>the</strong> 19 th . All <strong>the</strong> Country through<br />
which we past is disaffected, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> same Guides <strong>and</strong> escorts were necessary to collect Provisions <strong>and</strong> forage,<br />
as if <strong>in</strong> an open <strong>and</strong> avowed Enemies Country. On our arrival at Camden we took post at Logtown, about half a<br />
mile, <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Works, which upon reconnoiter<strong>in</strong>g were found to be much stronger that had been<br />
represented, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison much larger…Our force was too small ei<strong>the</strong>r to <strong>in</strong>vest or storm <strong>the</strong> Works, which<br />
obliged us to take a position a little distance from it.” 2709<br />
Stedman: “Upon <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American army, a very general spirit <strong>of</strong> revolt shewed itself amongst <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, particularly <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> district <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six on <strong>the</strong> western frontier, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>ast<br />
<strong>in</strong> that tract <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country which lies between <strong>the</strong> two great rivers Peedee <strong>and</strong> Santee.” 2710<br />
20 April. Lieut. Col. John Small <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a British detachment at Monck’s Corner (that served as a supply<br />
magaz<strong>in</strong>e) <strong>of</strong> 250 men (or possibly only 100-150); which probably consisted <strong>of</strong> troops from Small’s own Regiment,<br />
<strong>the</strong> 84 th , plus some militia. Lee, <strong>in</strong> a letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> April 20, speaks <strong>of</strong> Small <strong>and</strong> Watson’s potential<br />
<strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed force as number<strong>in</strong>g 600. 2711<br />
Balfour to Cornwallis, 20 April: “The enemy <strong>in</strong> partys <strong>of</strong> two <strong>and</strong> three hundred have over run all <strong>the</strong> country to<br />
<strong>the</strong> southward, <strong>and</strong> I had detached McArthur with <strong>the</strong> debris <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British to Pocotaligo <strong>in</strong> order to cover that<br />
country <strong>and</strong> relieve Fenwick, who with <strong>the</strong> militia were posted <strong>in</strong> a redoubt <strong>the</strong>re. We came too late for <strong>the</strong><br />
purpose <strong>of</strong> sav<strong>in</strong>g Fenwick, who was taken partly from his own imprudence <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong> treachery <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> [Royal]<br />
militia, but McArthur, hav<strong>in</strong>g forced <strong>the</strong> enemy to retire, must now be recalled to Dorchester, where a post must<br />
be established to prevent <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to our gates.<br />
“The situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> posts at present will be, viz, at Mon[c]k’s Corner 200 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> fifty mounted, at<br />
Dorchester 150 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> sixty mounted, at Nielson’s 56 <strong>in</strong>fantry, at Motte’s House 54 <strong>in</strong>fantry, at Congarees<br />
[Fort Granby] 76 <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> at George Town 86 <strong>in</strong>fantry with twenty mounted.” 2712<br />
20 April. Brig. Gen. Robert Lawson, at Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward Court House, wrote Greene say<strong>in</strong>g that he expected to<br />
<strong>com</strong>e south with a force <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia to re<strong>in</strong>force <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn army. Despite this, about May 18, Lafayette<br />
counterm<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> eerier order <strong>and</strong> Lawson rema<strong>in</strong>ed with <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. 2713<br />
20 April. Balfour at Charlestown, wrote to Cornwallis, stat<strong>in</strong>g that [Edmund] Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s Corps (<strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
American Regt.) was at Camden, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Light <strong>in</strong>fantry were with Watson who was unable to<br />
arrive at Camden. He also said that Major Archibald McArthur 2714 had been moved, with “<strong>the</strong> debris <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
to Pocotaligo, <strong>in</strong> order to cover that country” (see 10 April.) Never<strong>the</strong>less, Balfour <strong>in</strong>tended to have him move to<br />
Dorchester to establish a post to protect Charlestown. In consequence, after Fenwick’s defeat at Fort Balfour,<br />
McArthur was ordered to Dorchester where he <strong>and</strong> his men assisted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> erect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> fortifications <strong>the</strong>re. 2715<br />
The same day Balfour wrote to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “I have <strong>the</strong> honour to acqua<strong>in</strong>t your Excellency, that by <strong>the</strong> letters from<br />
Lord Rawdon <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 12 th , 13 th , <strong>and</strong> 15 th <strong>in</strong>stant, <strong>the</strong>re is <strong>the</strong> fullest <strong>in</strong>formation, that General Greene with his<br />
army is advanc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to this prov<strong>in</strong>ce, <strong>and</strong> that his light troops have actually passed <strong>the</strong> Pedee [Peedee]. The<br />
object <strong>of</strong> this movement <strong>the</strong>re is every reason to believe is Camden, which at present is but weak, Lord Rawdon<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g detached Lieutenant-colonel Watson, with two battalions from that post; so that <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> end it may be<br />
expedient for <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g our force, to rel<strong>in</strong>quish every th<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side Santee -- a measure, however,<br />
which your Excellency may be assured will not be taken but <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> utmost necessity.<br />
“As this movement <strong>of</strong> Greene’s may considerably change Lord Cornwallis’s views, (who is now at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton) I<br />
have judged it fit to lay before your Excellency as soon as possible this <strong>in</strong>telligence, which is likewise forwarded<br />
to Lord Cornwallis by an express boat.” 2716<br />
2706 JFM p. 45.<br />
2707 Greene’s own letters <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r sources give his camp as two or else four miles from Camden. Hobkirk’s Hill is actually about<br />
2 miles from Camden; so this is assumed to be <strong>the</strong> correct distance; ra<strong>the</strong>r than four miles as Greene gives <strong>in</strong> his “Orders” for 19<br />
April, NGP8 p. 117. It isn’t known, even so, how much if at all Greene moved his camp <strong>in</strong> that area (north <strong>of</strong> Camden) between<br />
19 April to 22 April; as well as when he came back on <strong>the</strong> 24 th . His correspondence dur<strong>in</strong>g this period, even after he shifted on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 22 nd , is dated “Camp near Camden.” Conceivably <strong>the</strong>n his encampment after <strong>the</strong> skirmishes at LogTown was actually four<br />
miles from <strong>the</strong> battlefield. Yet when he returned to <strong>the</strong> area, he moved closer towards Camden <strong>and</strong> lay at Hobkirk’s Hill. On <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, Seymour speaks <strong>of</strong> return<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> “same ground from whence we came.” See 23 April.<br />
2708 NGP8 pp. 64, 117, LMS pp. 333-334, JLG2 p. 45, HWW p. 128.<br />
2709 NGP8 p. 131.<br />
2710 SAW2 p. 399.<br />
2711 NGP8 p. 125, JLG2 p. 71, BSF p. 168.<br />
2712 SCP4 pp. 171-172.<br />
2713 NGP8 pp. 124, 466.<br />
2714 McArthur, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt., captured at Cowpens, had recently been exchanged.<br />
2715 PRO. 30/11/5, 231-4), NGP8 p. 118n.<br />
2716 COC pp. 90-91.<br />
474
20 April. O’Hara, at “camp near Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton,” to <strong>the</strong> Duke <strong>of</strong> Grafton: “A report prevails this morn<strong>in</strong>g that<br />
Green[e] with his Army has march’d <strong>in</strong>to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, if that should prove true a general Revolt will take<br />
place <strong>and</strong> we shall certa<strong>in</strong>ly loose <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a’s forever -- it will be impossible for Lord Cornwallis to return by<br />
L<strong>and</strong> to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> equally impracticable for us to rema<strong>in</strong> here. I believe we shall endeavor to jo<strong>in</strong> Major<br />
General [William] Phillips who is said to be at Petersbourg [sic] at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> James River <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia.” 2717<br />
Mid to late April. [raid] Mobley <strong>and</strong> S<strong>and</strong>y Run Settlements (Fairfield County, S.C.) Sumter retaliated for C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>’s<br />
raid <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws (see 9 April) by send<strong>in</strong>g men to set aflame <strong>the</strong> Mobley <strong>and</strong> S<strong>and</strong>y Run settlements. About<br />
this same time, he sent Pickens Col. Flagg’s regiment to help suppress <strong>the</strong> loyalists around N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. 2718<br />
On April 25 th , Sumter, from Davis’ on <strong>the</strong> Broad River, wrote to Greene: “As I found some delay unavoidable, I<br />
marched <strong>in</strong>to Mobley’s <strong>and</strong> S<strong>and</strong>y River [Chester County] settlements, with a view to harass <strong>the</strong> enemy, which<br />
has been effectually done, <strong>and</strong> will, I hope, <strong>in</strong> a great Measure relieve our friends <strong>in</strong> that part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country<br />
from <strong>the</strong> unnatural cruelties that were daily exercised over <strong>the</strong>m. Some small skirmishes have happened, I have<br />
lost no men. Several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy have fallen; <strong>and</strong> many o<strong>the</strong>rs taken prisoners...Genl Pickens jo<strong>in</strong>ed me today.<br />
He has none <strong>of</strong> his brigade with him. Many men belong<strong>in</strong>g to m<strong>in</strong>e gone after Col. [James] McCall, who is <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> neighborhood <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six with a considerable number <strong>of</strong> men with him. Genl Pickens will set <strong>of</strong>f to-morrow<br />
with Col. Hay’s [Joseph Hayes’] regiment <strong>of</strong> my Brigade to take <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>in</strong> that quarter. The<br />
Georgians have gone <strong>in</strong>to that State, <strong>and</strong> are jo<strong>in</strong>ed, I am <strong>in</strong>formed, by almost every man <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Upper Country.<br />
The enemy have burnt what works <strong>the</strong>y had at Williams’ [i.e., Williams’ Fort], <strong>and</strong> mov<strong>in</strong>g toward <strong>the</strong><br />
Congarees. Numbers <strong>of</strong> Tories hid<strong>in</strong>g out until <strong>the</strong>y Know what terms may be <strong>of</strong>fered. I f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> country stripped<br />
very bare <strong>of</strong> provision, <strong>and</strong> stripped <strong>of</strong> chief <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Negroes <strong>and</strong> horses.” 2719<br />
Mid to late April. [defense <strong>of</strong> a domestic dwell<strong>in</strong>g] Downes Home (Kershaw County, S.C.)<br />
Lambert: “Just before battle at Hobkirk’s Hill Maj. William Downes, formerly <strong>of</strong> Royal Irish artillery <strong>and</strong> who<br />
held a <strong>com</strong>mission <strong>in</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Camden, a large party <strong>of</strong> Whigs surrounded his house <strong>and</strong> dem<strong>and</strong>ed his<br />
surrender. He <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> overseer defended <strong>the</strong> home, kill<strong>in</strong>g several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> attackers with firearms, loaded by his<br />
wife <strong>and</strong> children. His wife testified that after he’d surrendered <strong>the</strong>y fired n<strong>in</strong>e balls <strong>in</strong>to him.” 2720<br />
20 April, or 21 April. Lieut. [raid] Wateree (Kershaw County, S.C.) Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Capt. Kirkwood launched<br />
a surprise raid on around <strong>the</strong> western side <strong>of</strong> Camden; where <strong>the</strong>y burned a fortified house <strong>and</strong> redoubt near <strong>the</strong><br />
Wateree. As well as sett<strong>in</strong>g fire to <strong>the</strong> fortified house <strong>and</strong> redoubt, <strong>the</strong>y seized 50 cattle <strong>and</strong> 40 horses. Haller<br />
gives <strong>the</strong> date for this action as 21 April <strong>and</strong> says Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Kirkwood, <strong>in</strong> addition to sett<strong>in</strong>g fire to <strong>the</strong><br />
fortified house <strong>and</strong> redoubt, seized 50 cattle <strong>and</strong> 40 horses. 2721<br />
Kirkwood: “19 [April] Marched with<strong>in</strong> 4 miles <strong>of</strong> Camden, took Eleven <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy prisoners...15 [miles]<br />
“This even<strong>in</strong>g Genl. Green gave me orders if possible to take possession <strong>of</strong> Logtown, which was <strong>in</strong> full view <strong>of</strong><br />
Camden & if I could take it, to menta<strong>in</strong> [sic] it until [sic] fur<strong>the</strong>r orders, Leav<strong>in</strong>g Camp about 8 at night, arrived<br />
before <strong>the</strong> town between 9 & 10 <strong>and</strong> about 12 Oclock got full possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> place, A scattered fir<strong>in</strong>g was<br />
kept up all night, And at sun rise next morn<strong>in</strong>g, had a sharp schirmage [scrimmage], Beat <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy, About<br />
two hours afterwards had <strong>the</strong> Very agreeable Sight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Army<br />
“20 th . This day Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton with my Infantry went Westerly round Camden, Burnt a house <strong>in</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Enemys Redoubts on <strong>the</strong> Wateree River; took 40 horses <strong>and</strong> fifty Head <strong>of</strong> cattle <strong>and</strong> returned to Camp...4<br />
[miles].” 2722<br />
Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> n<strong>in</strong>eteenth April, 1781, we encamped before Campden [Camden], after a march <strong>of</strong> one<br />
hundred <strong>and</strong> sixty-four miles. We took this day eleven <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy prisoners, who were straggl<strong>in</strong>g through <strong>the</strong><br />
country. The same night Capta<strong>in</strong> Kirkwood, be<strong>in</strong>g detached <strong>of</strong>f with his <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>in</strong> order to take post before<br />
Campden, accord<strong>in</strong>gly hav<strong>in</strong>g arrived <strong>the</strong>re about ten o’clock, drove <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir picquets <strong>and</strong> took his post near <strong>the</strong><br />
town till morn<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
“(T)<strong>the</strong> twentieth, General Greene with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army arrived, <strong>and</strong> encamped before Camden.<br />
“On <strong>the</strong> twenty-first <strong>the</strong> horse <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry under Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton marched to <strong>the</strong> Wateree, <strong>the</strong>re destroy<strong>in</strong>g<br />
a house <strong>and</strong> fortification, marched towards camp <strong>and</strong> brought away three hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty horses <strong>and</strong> cattle<br />
belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> enemy.” 2723<br />
21 April. In a letter to Greene, Marion estimated <strong>the</strong> enemy detachments <strong>and</strong> garrisons around Charlestown to<br />
number fewer than 500 men. 2724<br />
21 April. Greene wrote Brig. Gen. John Butler, who was at Ramsey’s Mill, say<strong>in</strong>g he should jo<strong>in</strong> his N.C. militia<br />
forces with those <strong>of</strong> Lill<strong>in</strong>gton outside <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton; which Butler <strong>the</strong>n did. 2725<br />
2717 RCO p. 179.<br />
2718 BGC pp. 151, 153.<br />
2719 NGP8 pp. 149-150.<br />
2720 LSL pp. 201-202.<br />
2721 SCP4 p. 177, HWW p. 128.<br />
2722 KJO p. 16.<br />
2723 SJS.<br />
2724 NGP8 pp. 128-129.<br />
2725 NGP8 p.126.<br />
475
21 April. Marion, at Fort Watson, reported himself to Greene as hav<strong>in</strong>g 300 men. He awaited, at this time,<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcements, but was <strong>in</strong> want <strong>of</strong> ammunition. He also mentioned captur<strong>in</strong>g a boat-load <strong>of</strong> corn dest<strong>in</strong>ed for<br />
Camden. 2726<br />
21 April. Hav<strong>in</strong>g passed <strong>the</strong> Potomac River, Lafayette entered Alex<strong>and</strong>ria, VA.<br />
21 April (or 22 April.) A detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists, under Major Thomas Fraser, probably<br />
mounted, managed to reach Camden from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six to re<strong>in</strong>force Rawdon; <strong>in</strong> spite <strong>of</strong> efforts by Sumter to<br />
<strong>in</strong>tercept <strong>the</strong>m. Earlier, Fraser, to fill <strong>the</strong> ranks <strong>of</strong> his dragoons, had recruited from settlements between Broad<br />
<strong>and</strong> Saluda from Robert Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham’s loyalist militia, <strong>and</strong> survivors <strong>of</strong> Ferguson corps. Bass says he arrived on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 21 st . The Greene Papers editor says <strong>the</strong> 22 nd ; bas<strong>in</strong>g this apparently on Greene’s assert<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a letter (to<br />
Sumter) that it was on <strong>the</strong> 22 nd that he learned <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fact. About or shortly before this same time, Rawdon<br />
ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong> British post at Nelson’s ferry. 2727<br />
Henry Nase: “21 st . Captn. Gray, N.Y. Vols. under Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Majr. C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>, Charg’d <strong>the</strong> Rebel Regt. & Kill’d four<br />
& took <strong>the</strong> Same Number [<strong>of</strong>] Prisoners without <strong>the</strong> least Damage, <strong>the</strong> Same even<strong>in</strong>g Majr. Frazer [Thomas<br />
Fraser], with <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regt. Arrives from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six –” 2728<br />
22 April. [skirmish] Camden Mill (Kershaw County, S.C.) Apprehensive <strong>of</strong> Watson’s enter<strong>in</strong>g Camden <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g with Rawdon to attack him, Greene relocated his camp from two miles north <strong>of</strong> Camden to a few<br />
miles east <strong>of</strong> it. In <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terim, he directed Lieut. Col. Edward Carr<strong>in</strong>gton with <strong>the</strong> baggage <strong>and</strong> artillery “to <strong>the</strong><br />
strong country north <strong>of</strong> Lynch’s [Lynches] Creek.” The next day, however, <strong>the</strong> Americans returned to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
former camp ground, ostensibly Hobkirk’s Hill. While <strong>the</strong>re, he had ordered that Sumter <strong>com</strong>e <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong> him<br />
(William Johnson disputes actually Greene did this 2729 ), but <strong>the</strong> latter refused. Greene later blamed <strong>the</strong> upset at<br />
Hobkirk’s Hill on him, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>deed was so <strong>in</strong>dignant at <strong>the</strong> latter’s th<strong>in</strong>ly disguised disobedience that he would<br />
have had Sumter arrested “but [says Davie] from considerations aris<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country at <strong>the</strong><br />
time” did not do so. Greene’s <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> Davie tended <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir respective memoirs <strong>and</strong> post war rem<strong>in</strong>iscences<br />
to blame Sumter for be<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>and</strong> not will<strong>in</strong>g to suffer <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> any. Yet his absence at<br />
Hobkirk may have been due to a circumstances beyond his control; o<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g William Johnson, ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><br />
he had been given no such orders by Greene to beg<strong>in</strong> with. So that Greene’s assumption he would be <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> disappo<strong>in</strong>tment <strong>of</strong> which caused him such acute vexation, may have been unfairly presum<strong>in</strong>g; unfamiliar as<br />
Greene must have been, at that time, with Sumter’s men <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> peculiarities <strong>of</strong> draw<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>, arm<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong><br />
actuat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m. As with William Johnson, some also have called <strong>in</strong>to question whe<strong>the</strong>r Sumter actually received<br />
explicit <strong>in</strong>structions from Greene to be with him at Hobkirk. 2730<br />
Henry Nase: “Apl. 22d. 1781 -- About 6 oClock even<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> Rebels Attackd. <strong>the</strong> Mill, where only an Offr.<br />
[Officer] & Eighteen men were Posted, with some Militia, <strong>the</strong> Lt. Infy. Compy. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Voluns. <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong> was sent<br />
down, who soon repulsed <strong>the</strong>m -- “ 2731<br />
Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> twenty-second we moved our encampment quite round Campden [Camden], <strong>the</strong> horse <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry be<strong>in</strong>g sent about three miles down <strong>the</strong> Wateree <strong>the</strong>re to procure forage, which hav<strong>in</strong>g done, we<br />
returned to camp without anyth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> consequence happen<strong>in</strong>g. The same day happened a skirmish between a<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> Colonel [Richard] Campbell’s [Virg<strong>in</strong>ia] Regiment <strong>and</strong> a picquet <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s at a mill near<br />
Campden, <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> enemy were obliged to ab<strong>and</strong>on <strong>the</strong>ir post. Of our men were slightly wounded one<br />
Lieutenant <strong>and</strong> one private. Of <strong>the</strong> enemy were four killed <strong>and</strong> five wounded.” 2732<br />
22 April. [raid] Chickahom<strong>in</strong>y (Charles City County, VA.) As part <strong>of</strong> his newly launched raid<strong>in</strong>g expedition, Phillips<br />
<strong>and</strong> Arnold sent Simcoe with a detachment to <strong>the</strong> Chickahom<strong>in</strong>y shipyard; where Simcoe set alight <strong>the</strong> Thetis<br />
<strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r smaller craft. Thereafter, Phillips <strong>and</strong> Simcoe aga<strong>in</strong> re-embarked <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong>ir advance up <strong>the</strong><br />
James River towards <strong>the</strong>ir ma<strong>in</strong> objective, Petersburg. 2733<br />
Arnold <strong>in</strong> his letter to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>of</strong> May 12 th : “On <strong>the</strong> 22d, <strong>the</strong> troops marched to Chickahomany. We were met on<br />
<strong>the</strong> road, five miles from <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, by Lieutenant-colonel [Thomas] Dundass with his detachment:<br />
This even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> troops, cavalry, artillery, &c. were re-embarked.” 2734<br />
22 April. In anticipation <strong>of</strong> Phillips <strong>and</strong> Arnold’s raids, <strong>the</strong> Americans evacuated <strong>the</strong>ir munitions <strong>and</strong> stores from<br />
Petersburg to Po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> Fork; which latter already conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> state’s pr<strong>in</strong>cipal munitions laboratory.<br />
23 April. On this date, Lafayette, at Alex<strong>and</strong>ria, VA. wrote to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “With <strong>the</strong> help <strong>of</strong> some waggons <strong>and</strong><br />
horses we got <strong>in</strong> two days from <strong>the</strong> camp near Baltimore to this place. We halted yesterday, <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g made a<br />
small barga<strong>in</strong> for a few shoes [Lafayette on his own personal credit had purchased <strong>the</strong>m for his men] are<br />
2726 NGP8 pp. 128-129.<br />
2727 NGP8 pp. 135, 136n, AR81 p. 81, BGC p. 153.<br />
2728 NDI.<br />
2729 JLG2 p. 109, <strong>and</strong> also <strong>the</strong> same at pp. 105-111.<br />
2730 NGP8 p. 133, DRS pp. 44-45, MLW4A pp. 508-509, LMS pp. 333-334, JLG2 pp. 44, 105-106, LCC pp. 275-276, 298, 338-341,<br />
BGC pp. 158-161.<br />
2731 NDI.<br />
2732 SJS.<br />
2733 NGP7 p. 474n, SQR pp. 194-195, CBA p. 589.<br />
2734 TCS p. 334.<br />
476
march<strong>in</strong>g to Fredreksburg. No <strong>of</strong>ficial account from Phil[l]ips, but I am told <strong>the</strong>y are remov<strong>in</strong>g stores from<br />
Richmond <strong>and</strong> Petersburg. I am surprised no body writes to me, <strong>and</strong> hope soon to receive <strong>in</strong>telligences.<br />
“Our men are <strong>in</strong> high spirits. Their honor hav<strong>in</strong>g been <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> this affair, <strong>the</strong>y have made it a po<strong>in</strong>t to <strong>com</strong>e<br />
with us, <strong>and</strong> discontents as well as desertion are entirely out <strong>of</strong> fashion.” 2735<br />
23 April. Cornwallis, at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “I have <strong>the</strong> honour to <strong>in</strong>close [sic] to you a duplicate <strong>of</strong> my letter<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 10 th , sent by <strong>the</strong> Amphitrite, <strong>and</strong> copies <strong>of</strong> all my letters to <strong>the</strong> Secretary <strong>of</strong> State [Lord Germa<strong>in</strong>]; as <strong>the</strong>y<br />
conta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most exact account <strong>of</strong> every transaction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> campaign, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present state <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> this<br />
district, <strong>of</strong> my great apprehensions from <strong>the</strong> movement <strong>of</strong> General Greene towards Camden, <strong>and</strong> my resolutions<br />
<strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> it, I have noth<strong>in</strong>g to add to it for your Excellency’s satisfaction. Nei<strong>the</strong>r my cavalry or <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
are <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess to move; <strong>the</strong> former are <strong>in</strong> want <strong>of</strong> every th<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> latter <strong>of</strong> every necessary but shoes, <strong>of</strong><br />
which we have received an ample supply; I must however beg<strong>in</strong> my march to-morrow. It is very disagreeable to<br />
me to decide upon measures so very important, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> such consequence to <strong>the</strong> general conduct <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war,<br />
without an opportunity <strong>of</strong> procur<strong>in</strong>g your Excellency’s directions or approbation; but <strong>the</strong> delay <strong>and</strong> difficulty <strong>of</strong><br />
convey<strong>in</strong>g letters, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> impossibility <strong>of</strong> wait<strong>in</strong>g for answers, render it <strong>in</strong>dispensibly [sic] necessary. My<br />
present undertak<strong>in</strong>g sits heavy on my m<strong>in</strong>d; I have experienced <strong>the</strong> distresses <strong>and</strong> dangers <strong>of</strong> march<strong>in</strong>g some<br />
hundreds <strong>of</strong> miles, <strong>in</strong> a country chiefly hostile, without one active or useful friend; without <strong>in</strong>telligence, <strong>and</strong><br />
without <strong>com</strong>munication with any part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. The situation <strong>in</strong> which I leave South Carol<strong>in</strong>a adds much to<br />
my anxiety; yet I am under <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> adopt<strong>in</strong>g this hazardous enterprise hastily, <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> appearance<br />
<strong>of</strong> precipitation, as I f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>re is no prospect <strong>of</strong> speedy re<strong>in</strong>forcement from Europe, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> return <strong>of</strong><br />
General Greene to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, ei<strong>the</strong>r with or without success, would put a junction with General Phillips out<br />
<strong>of</strong> my power.” 2736<br />
23 April. Greene, suffer<strong>in</strong>g from lack <strong>of</strong> victuals <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> quarter south east <strong>of</strong> Camden he had posted himself to<br />
(for purposes <strong>of</strong> catch<strong>in</strong>g or forestall<strong>in</strong>g Watson), scrapped his plan <strong>of</strong> act<strong>in</strong>g as an unencumbered light corps,<br />
<strong>and</strong> returned to a position north <strong>of</strong> Camden, camp<strong>in</strong>g at Hobkirk’s Hill. In <strong>the</strong> meantime, Carr<strong>in</strong>gton was resummoned<br />
with <strong>the</strong> artillery <strong>and</strong> baggage (see 22 April.) 2737<br />
Seymour: “The twenty-third we moved our encampment to <strong>the</strong> same ground from whence we came <strong>the</strong> day<br />
before.” 2738<br />
23 April. Fort Watson surrendered (See 15 April.) The prisoners were sent across Black River towards Greene’s<br />
depot at Rugeley’s. The same day (<strong>the</strong> 23 rd ) Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee withdrew to Richardson’s plantation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> High Hills<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee. By <strong>the</strong> 25 th , Lee’s cavalry under Capt. John Rudulph, which had been keep<strong>in</strong>g an eye on Watson,<br />
had re-jo<strong>in</strong>ed Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee at Richardson’s plantation. While at Richardson’s, Marion, whose corps had been<br />
augmented with two strong <strong>com</strong>panies sent by Col. Abel Kolb dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege, ordered Col. Hugh Erv<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> 80<br />
men to Raft<strong>in</strong>g Creek to prevent <strong>the</strong> loyalists from driv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f cattle. 2739<br />
24 April. Lieut. Col. Edward Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, with <strong>the</strong> army baggage at Upton’s Mill (located eight miles north <strong>of</strong><br />
Little Lynches Creek Bridge), wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g that Maj. P<strong>in</strong>kertham Eaton’s North Carol<strong>in</strong>a (see 12 <strong>and</strong> 17<br />
April), <strong>and</strong> Capt. [probably Robert] Smith’s 2740 detachments had arrived <strong>the</strong>re <strong>and</strong> totaled 220 men. Carr<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
said <strong>the</strong>y would march with <strong>the</strong> artillery to Greene. Both <strong>the</strong> artillery <strong>and</strong> Smith were with Greene at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong><br />
Hobkirk’s Hill. Ironically, it was a deserter’s report<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> British <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guns that help prompt<br />
Rawdon to attack; <strong>and</strong> yet at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Hobkirk <strong>the</strong>y had returned to Greene. 2741<br />
24 April. Cornwallis, at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, wrote to Maj. Gen. William Phillips: “My situation here is very distress<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
Greene took <strong>the</strong> advantage <strong>of</strong> my be<strong>in</strong>g obliged to <strong>com</strong>e to this place, <strong>and</strong> has marched to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. My<br />
expresses to Lord Rawdon on my leav<strong>in</strong>g Cross Creek, warn<strong>in</strong>g him <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> possibility <strong>of</strong> such a movement, have<br />
all failed; mounta<strong>in</strong>eers <strong>and</strong> militia have poured <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> back part <strong>of</strong> that prov<strong>in</strong>ce, <strong>and</strong> I much fear that Lord<br />
Rawdon’s posts will be so distance from each o<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> his troops so scattered, as to put him <strong>in</strong> danger <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
beat <strong>in</strong> detail; <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> worst <strong>of</strong> consequences may happen to most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops out <strong>of</strong> Charles-town.<br />
“By a direct move toward Camden I cannot get enough time to relieve Lord Rawdon. And, should he have fallen,<br />
my army would be exposed to <strong>the</strong> utmost danger from <strong>the</strong> great rivers. I should have to pass, <strong>the</strong> exhausted<br />
state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>the</strong> numerous militia, <strong>the</strong> almost universal spirit <strong>of</strong> revolt which prevails <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> Green[e]’s army (whose Cont<strong>in</strong>entals alone are at least as numerous as I am); <strong>and</strong> I could be<br />
<strong>of</strong> no use on my arrival at Charlestown, <strong>the</strong>re be<strong>in</strong>g noth<strong>in</strong>g to apprehend for that post. I shall, <strong>the</strong>refore,<br />
immediately march up <strong>the</strong> country by Dupl<strong>in</strong> Court House, po<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g toward Hillsborough, <strong>in</strong> hopes to withdraw<br />
Greene.” 2742<br />
2735 GHA4 p. 110, MLW4A pp. 424-425, LLW pp. 188, m.<br />
2736 CAC pp. 20-21, SCP4 p. 112.<br />
2737 LMS pp. 333-335, JLG2 pp. 72-75, LCC pp. 275-276.<br />
2738 SJS.<br />
2739 NGP8 p. 163, LMS p. 342, JLG2 pp. 70-72, 99-105, LCC pp. 313-326, BSF pp. 179-180.<br />
2740 If Eaton’s detachment numbered 140, this would put Smith’s at 80. The editor to <strong>the</strong> Greene Papers suggests that Smith had<br />
been detached possibly to escort supplies. It is not clear if this is Capt. Robert Smith <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a l<strong>in</strong>e, or Capt. John<br />
Smith <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e: as <strong>in</strong>dicated, I surmise it was more likely <strong>the</strong> former.<br />
2741 NGP8 p. 145, JLG2 pp. 72-75, LCC pp. 267-271, 275.<br />
2742 TCS pp. 324-329, CAR p. 513, COC pp. 95-96, SCP4 p. 116, AR81 p.89, SAW2 pp. 353-355, LMS p. 236.<br />
477
Robert Gray believes Cornwallis should have returned to Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> that by do<strong>in</strong>g so, he with Rawdon’s help,<br />
could have defeated Greene. And even as late as Yorktown, Johann Ewald also ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>s a move south would<br />
have worked <strong>in</strong> Cornwallis’ favor. 2743<br />
Tarleton: “The aspect <strong>of</strong> public affairs at this juncture presented various <strong>and</strong> opposite designs to <strong>the</strong> noble earl<br />
at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. Upon <strong>the</strong> different <strong>in</strong>vestigations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> subject, it was too successfully described, that <strong>the</strong><br />
country between Cape-fear river <strong>and</strong> Camden was barren, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tersected with creeks <strong>and</strong> rivers; that <strong>the</strong> road<br />
to George town was replete with <strong>the</strong> same difficulties; that an embarkation for Charles town was disgraceful,<br />
<strong>and</strong> would occasion delay whilst <strong>the</strong> transports were <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g round; <strong>and</strong> that Virg<strong>in</strong>ia was more accessible, where<br />
General Phillips <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a respectable force. Happy would it have been, as far as general probability can<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>e, had Earl Cornwallis directed his chief attention to <strong>the</strong> critical state <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>menced his return by any route to secure it: But it was represented, that <strong>the</strong> plan <strong>of</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong>to so<br />
opulent a prov<strong>in</strong>ce as Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, would recall General Greene from <strong>the</strong> southward as soon as he had <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong><br />
Lord Cornwallis’s design; <strong>and</strong> that his Lordship would have <strong>the</strong> advantage <strong>of</strong> an early movement, to form a<br />
powerful army, by jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> corps at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton to <strong>the</strong> troops under Major-general Phillips, on <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong><br />
James river. This large scale <strong>of</strong> operations co<strong>in</strong>cid<strong>in</strong>g with Earl Cornwallis’s present views, he determ<strong>in</strong>ed to<br />
make an <strong>in</strong>stant attempt upon Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. For this purpose, orders were given to <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal <strong>of</strong>ficers to prepare<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir troops as well as <strong>the</strong>y could for a long march, <strong>and</strong> Lieutenant-colonel Balfour was directed to send<br />
transports from Charles town to Cape-fear river, to be <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess to receive <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>in</strong> case <strong>the</strong> expedition was<br />
frustrated.” 2744<br />
Stedman: “At this time colonel Tarleton proposed to lord Cornwallis that he might be permitted to march back<br />
through <strong>the</strong> country to Charlestown with his cavalry; which proposition his lord-ship very judiciously rejected.<br />
Colonel Tarleton, <strong>in</strong> his publication, has thought proper to ensure lord Cornwallis for not return<strong>in</strong>g to South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> go<strong>in</strong>g to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. But Colonel Tarleton, throughout his whole History, betrays great<br />
impatience to get rid <strong>of</strong> that burden <strong>of</strong> gratitude which was due to his lordship for past benefits conferred on<br />
him without any extraord<strong>in</strong>ary degree <strong>of</strong> merit. 2745<br />
24 April. Greene, at Hobkirk’s Hill, to Lee: “Last night I got <strong>in</strong>telligence that Watson had gone to George town,<br />
<strong>the</strong> moment I received it, I sent an Express to Col. [Edward] Carr<strong>in</strong>gton who is with <strong>the</strong> baggage, to send you a<br />
field piece, <strong>and</strong> 100 wt [weight] powder & 400 wt lead for <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> General Marian’s [Marion’s] Corps.” 2746<br />
McCrady: “The meanwhile Greene lay beyond P<strong>in</strong>e Tree Creek, sou<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> Camden, at a place called <strong>the</strong> South<br />
Quarter, until <strong>the</strong> 24th, when, learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> body <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a levies under Major Eaton,<br />
<strong>and</strong> despair<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> tempt<strong>in</strong>g Lord Rawdon from his stronghold, he sent orders to Marion to march up as soon as he<br />
should have ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> fort <strong>and</strong> to assist him to <strong>in</strong>vest Camden.” 2747<br />
On April 26 th , Balfour reported to Cornwallis: “The movements <strong>of</strong> Lt[.] Colonel Watson <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> unfortunate idea<br />
<strong>of</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g him <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regiment has been <strong>of</strong> more prejudice than it is possible to describe, <strong>and</strong> it has not only<br />
lost us so very considerable a force but <strong>the</strong> troops have been let down <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>of</strong> course have ga<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
much ground.<br />
“The disaffection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia is almost universal <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y have jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> enemy wherever <strong>the</strong>y have <strong>com</strong>e.<br />
Those to <strong>the</strong> southward are <strong>the</strong> worst. One Hard<strong>in</strong>g [Harden] leads <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong> that quarter <strong>and</strong> has overrun<br />
all <strong>the</strong> country to <strong>the</strong> southward <strong>of</strong> Dorchester with a very few men.” 2748<br />
24 April. On <strong>the</strong> 24 th <strong>of</strong> April 1781 H.M.S. Cormorant, under Capt. McEvoy gave chase to <strong>the</strong> captured Britannia,<br />
which after flee<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> some resistance was run aground near Blackbeard Isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> burnt by rebel Capt.<br />
Howell. The latter, after parol<strong>in</strong>g his prisoners, made his escape. See 14 April. 2749<br />
25 April. [battle] HOBKIRK’S HILL, also Hobkirk Hill, Camden, Hobkick’s Hill (Kershaw County, S.C.) Sometime<br />
after 9 a.m., Rawdon marched with his 800 to 950 man Camden garrison (arm<strong>in</strong>g everyone who “could carry a<br />
firelock,” <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g musicians), <strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>direct route, moved to attack Greene’s 1,200 to 1,400 army<br />
camped on an em<strong>in</strong>ence some two miles north <strong>of</strong> Camden called Hobkirk’s Hill. 2750 While <strong>the</strong> degree to which<br />
2743 GWC pp. 157-158, EHJ p. 338.<br />
2744 TCS pp. 283-284.<br />
2745 SAW2 p. 354n.<br />
2746 NGP8 p. 143.<br />
2747 MSC2 pp. 189-190.<br />
2748 SCP4 p. 177.<br />
2749 JHG p. 499.<br />
2750 <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong> researcher Jane Semple: “Sergeant (Drum Major) William Jones <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment was captured<br />
by <strong>the</strong> British at <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> Camden on 16 August1780, <strong>and</strong> recaptured by Francis Marion at Fort Watson on 23 April 1781 along<br />
with three <strong>of</strong> his friends. They jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene on 24 April, claim<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>y had jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> British after <strong>the</strong>ir capture because <strong>the</strong>y<br />
thought that would be <strong>the</strong> quickest way to rejo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans. They were allowed back <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> ranks. Jones was <strong>the</strong>n able to<br />
assess <strong>the</strong> American situation. Late that night, Jones sneaked out <strong>of</strong> camp <strong>and</strong> went to <strong>the</strong> British at Camden. He <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>the</strong>m<br />
that <strong>the</strong> Americans had no artillery, were low on provisions, <strong>and</strong> that Sumter had not jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene. He also <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>the</strong> British<br />
<strong>of</strong> American troop positions. With this <strong>in</strong>formation, <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed with <strong>the</strong> knowledge that Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee were on <strong>the</strong>ir way to jo<strong>in</strong><br />
Greene, Rawdon decided to attack <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g 25 April 1781. Unbeknownst to Rawdon or Jones, <strong>the</strong> artillery <strong>and</strong> provisions<br />
arrived <strong>in</strong> camp shortly before <strong>the</strong> battle. Upon hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> American artillery fire, Rawdon believed Jones had <strong>in</strong>tentionally led<br />
him (Rawdon) <strong>in</strong>to a trap <strong>and</strong> ordered Jones to be hanged. After <strong>the</strong> battle, this order was resc<strong>in</strong>ded when Rawdon <strong>in</strong>quired <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> American prisoners (probably Capt. John Smith) as to <strong>the</strong> arrival time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery. It is assumed that Jones went with <strong>the</strong><br />
British when <strong>the</strong>y left Camden.” See also MLW4A p. 509, LMS p. 335, Samuel Mathis’ account <strong>of</strong> Hobkirk’s Hill <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American<br />
478
Greene’s ma<strong>in</strong> army was taken unawares may by chroniclers have been somewhat exaggerated, it is never<strong>the</strong>less<br />
fair to say that it did not have that much time to prepare to receive <strong>the</strong> Loyalist assault -– for <strong>in</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> fact<br />
almost all <strong>of</strong> Rawdon’s troops were Loyalist Prov<strong>in</strong>cials. The American pickets under Capt. Simon Morgan <strong>of</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Perry Benson <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forced by Kirkwood, managed to stay Rawdon for a<br />
space; while <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> Greene’s army quickly left <strong>the</strong>ir breakfasts to form up.<br />
The battle <strong>com</strong>menced about 11 a.m., with <strong>the</strong> two sides keep<strong>in</strong>g up a steady fire. Rawdon hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>e up on a<br />
narrow front was for <strong>the</strong> most part engaged with Greene’s left made up <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment; while to<br />
Greene’s right <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong>, under Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Ford, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> two Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiments maneuvered forward<br />
to attempt a flank<strong>in</strong>g movement. In response, Rawdon extended his l<strong>in</strong>es to meet <strong>the</strong> threat <strong>of</strong> envelopment.<br />
The 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment came forward to deliver a bayonet charge, but due to <strong>the</strong> sudden fall <strong>of</strong> Capt.<br />
William Beatty who had been encourag<strong>in</strong>g his men, <strong>and</strong> perhaps also at fault an ill-advised order by Col. John<br />
Gunby to fall back <strong>and</strong> reform, <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e soon became unraveled <strong>and</strong> disorganized. The confusion became panic,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> fled, followed by <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment; whose leader, Benjam<strong>in</strong> Ford, had fallen<br />
mortally wounded at or about <strong>the</strong> same time <strong>the</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> found itself <strong>in</strong> disarray. The Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>n moved forward <strong>in</strong> chase. The Virg<strong>in</strong>ians <strong>in</strong> turn became disrupted <strong>in</strong> reaction to <strong>the</strong> flight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>and</strong> were able to rally, “but not,” wrote Greene afterward, “<strong>in</strong> such spirit as to recover <strong>the</strong><br />
fortunes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day,” or as Marshall puts it “The Maryl<strong>and</strong> brigade was <strong>in</strong> part rallied; but Lord Rawdon had<br />
ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> hill, <strong>and</strong> it was thought too late to retrieve <strong>the</strong> fortune <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day.” Elsewhere, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s<br />
dragoons, sent by Greene, had swooped beh<strong>in</strong>d Rawdon’s l<strong>in</strong>es <strong>and</strong> took some prisoners. Yet his absence from<br />
<strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> action may have cost <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>the</strong> battle. But for <strong>the</strong> gallant exertions <strong>of</strong> Capt. John Smith <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> men under him, followed up by some <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s late arriv<strong>in</strong>g cavalry, <strong>the</strong> British would have taken <strong>the</strong><br />
artillery. “The action,” Loss<strong>in</strong>g writes, “cont<strong>in</strong>ued at <strong>in</strong>tervals until about four o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon, when<br />
<strong>the</strong> Americans had retreated four or five miles, closely pursued by parties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, with<br />
cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>the</strong>n turned upon <strong>the</strong> pursuers, <strong>and</strong> charg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> mounted New York Volunteers with great<br />
<strong>in</strong>trepidity, killed n<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> dispersed <strong>the</strong> rest.” Later that afternoon, Greene retreated <strong>and</strong> crossed Saunders<br />
Creek, about four miles northwest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battlefield, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re stayed <strong>the</strong> night. Guilford Dudley states that<br />
<strong>in</strong>itially only <strong>the</strong> American left w<strong>in</strong>g moved to Saunder’s Creek, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> troops on <strong>the</strong> right, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia, did not know what had happened to <strong>the</strong>m. The right w<strong>in</strong>g, however, found out soon<br />
enough <strong>and</strong> followed <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army.<br />
While perhaps not <strong>of</strong> pronounced strategic importance (both sides tak<strong>in</strong>g about equal losses), 2751 Hobkirk’s Hill<br />
st<strong>and</strong>s (though, upon closer consideration, probably wrongly) as one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most embarrass<strong>in</strong>g American defeats<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. For a brief time afterward, so dejected was Greene by it that he seriously contemplated remov<strong>in</strong>g<br />
his army from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, but was dissuaded by his subord<strong>in</strong>ates (such as Lee <strong>and</strong> Williams) <strong>and</strong><br />
Rawdon’s later ab<strong>and</strong>onment <strong>of</strong> Camden from do<strong>in</strong>g so. 2752 Rawdon <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Loyalists, for <strong>the</strong>ir part, cannot be<br />
too highly <strong>com</strong>mended for <strong>the</strong>ir conduct on <strong>the</strong> field; though Greene’s pickets who held <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong>f for some time,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> efforts <strong>of</strong> Capt. Smith <strong>and</strong> his men to save <strong>the</strong> guns are also deserv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> high praise. Yet despite <strong>the</strong><br />
failure overall, Greene did not <strong>com</strong>e away <strong>com</strong>pletely empty-h<strong>and</strong>ed ei<strong>the</strong>r. He did manage to take a large<br />
number <strong>of</strong> prisoners. Fur<strong>the</strong>r it should be noted, <strong>the</strong> reason Greene was without Lee’s Legion <strong>and</strong> 100<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong>ers -- troops who would have proven decisive <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight -- was because, along with Marion, <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
elsewhere mak<strong>in</strong>g significant <strong>in</strong>roads on <strong>the</strong> British defenses <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Had <strong>the</strong>y been present also,<br />
Rawdon’s gamble would have proven far greater than it turned out to be. 2753<br />
BRITISH FORCES AT HOBKIRK HILL 2754<br />
Col. Francis Lord Rawdon<br />
63 rd Regt., probably Maj. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Campbell<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regiment, Lieut. Col. George Campbell<br />
New York Volunteers, Capt. Bernard Kane<br />
Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, Maj. John Doyle<br />
Historical <strong>Record</strong> (1872-1874); Mar. 1873; 2, 15; pp. 103-110; Archives <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>, vol. 18. Muster Rolls <strong>and</strong> O<strong>the</strong>r <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong><br />
Service <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Troops <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution 1775-1783. pp. 127, 357, GJG pp. 228-229; Kirkl<strong>and</strong>, Thomas J. <strong>and</strong><br />
Robert M. Kennedy. Historic Camden: Part One, Colonial <strong>and</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> (1905) by Thomas J. Kirkl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Robert M.<br />
Kennedy, pp. 228-229; <strong>and</strong> BEA p. 504.<br />
2751 Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton was emphatic, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g an opposite view: “But this [Hobkirk’s Hill] was perhaps <strong>the</strong> most<br />
important victory <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole war, for defeat would have occasioned <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> Charleston, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>n open state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> works<br />
<strong>of</strong> that capitol, <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as <strong>and</strong> Georgia.” CAR p. 295.<br />
2752 MSC2 pp. 222-224.<br />
2753 NGP8 pp. 155-160, 159n, 168-189, RCC p. 97, ATR81b p. 27, AR81 pp. 80-83, GHA4 pp. 80-86, CSS pp. 1173-1178, RSC2 pp.<br />
229-231, SCP4 pp. 170, 179, 180-183, 286, TCS pp. 459-467, MMS2 pp. 275-278, SAW2 pp. 355-359, MLW4A pp. 504-516, MLW4<br />
pp. 5-8 (which account <strong>of</strong> Hobkirk materially differs <strong>and</strong> improves on <strong>the</strong> earlier MLW4A version), LMS pp. 335-340, DRS pp. 43-<br />
46, JFM p. 48, JLG2 pp. 75-95, LCC pp. 259-297, DRR pp. 219-221, American Historical <strong>Record</strong>, Mar. 1873, pp. 103-110, LFB2 pp.<br />
472-474, GLG3 pp. 239-353, FWI pp. 236-238, GJG, WAR2 pp. 802-808, BGC pp. 159-160, LSY pp. 176-185, 298-300, DRR pp. 195-<br />
196, 211, 219-221, BEA pp. 503-508, SCAR vol. 3, no.1, pp. 16-23, SCAR vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 13-19.<br />
2754 Rawdon <strong>in</strong> his report to Cornwallis <strong>of</strong> 26 April 1781 names <strong>the</strong> proceed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers as be<strong>in</strong>g with him: Lieut. Col. Campbell,<br />
Major [Alex<strong>and</strong>er?] Campbell, Major Fraser, Major C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>, Capt. St. Leger, Capta<strong>in</strong> Kane, Capt. Rob<strong>in</strong>son. The Royal Artillery was<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> by Lieutenant Laye. Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> possible role <strong>and</strong> identity <strong>of</strong> “Capt. Rob<strong>in</strong>son,” Johnson states <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g: “Lord<br />
Rawdon’s l<strong>in</strong>e was <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63d regiment on <strong>the</strong> right, <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> center, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>g’s American<br />
regiment on <strong>the</strong> left. The right was supported by <strong>the</strong> volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> left by a detachment under Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
Robertson [Rob<strong>in</strong>son?]. The regiment posted with <strong>the</strong> cavalry, was that raised <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, so that on this bloody day, <strong>the</strong><br />
number <strong>of</strong> European troops engaged was <strong>com</strong>paratively small.” Rawdon to Cornwallis, Apr. 26, 1781, CAR p. 525, JLG2 p. 79.<br />
479
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists, Maj. Thomas Fraser 2755<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Loyalist dragoons or “New York Dragoons”: 60, 2756 Brevet Maj. John C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong><br />
Some histories have referred to this unit as <strong>the</strong> New York Dragoons (or dragoons created form <strong>the</strong> New York<br />
Volunteers), but this may (or may not) be amended to <strong>in</strong>clude some South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists; for C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> after this<br />
battle <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a troop <strong>of</strong> cavalry made up <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists, i.e., <strong>the</strong> re-formed South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Rangers. It is correct, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong> also, that he had operated earlier with a mounted detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
N.Y. Volunteers. So apparently that detachment was converted to cavalry -- <strong>and</strong>, given C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>’s subsequent<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, may have had some S.C. Royalists <strong>and</strong> or S.C. Rangers (Harrison’s) <strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong>to it; such that <strong>the</strong><br />
British cavalry unit at Hobkirk’s were <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong>se same “New York” or “York” dragoons. In any case, we don’t<br />
afterward hear <strong>of</strong> C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> rid<strong>in</strong>g with New York Volunteers as cavalry, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>stead is spoken <strong>of</strong> as lead<strong>in</strong>g S.C.<br />
Royalists <strong>and</strong> or S.C. Rangers as cavalry (both names are found used, but by mid-1781 “Rangers” would seem <strong>the</strong><br />
one most agreed to for this corps.)<br />
Royal Artillery: 40-50, Lieut. Francis Laye, 2 six-pounders<br />
Note. Rawdon had some loyalist riflemen, who operated effectively on his flanks. 2757<br />
TOTAL STRENGTH OF RAWDON’S ARMY<br />
Lieut. Col. Nisbet Balfour <strong>in</strong> a letter to Lord Germa<strong>in</strong> dated 1 May, Charlestown speaks <strong>of</strong> Rawdon’s strength at<br />
Camden as “about 800;” to which Fortescue <strong>and</strong> Boatner concur. 2758<br />
Gordon, William Johnson, Loss<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>War</strong>d give Rawdon’s strength as 900, presumably rank <strong>and</strong> file. 2759<br />
Carr<strong>in</strong>gton gives Rawdon with 950, Lumpk<strong>in</strong> 900 to 950. 2760<br />
AMERICAN FORCES AT HOBKIRK’S HILL<br />
Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene<br />
Brig. Gen. Isaac Huger, second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
CONTINENTALS<br />
* Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigade, Col. Otho Williams<br />
1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt., Col. John Gunby, Lieut. Col. John Eager Howard<br />
2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt., Lieut. Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Ford<br />
A detachment <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> troops under Capt. John Smith was serv<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> artillery; while ano<strong>the</strong>r with<br />
Capt. Oldham was away with Lee <strong>and</strong> Marion. 2761<br />
* Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Brigade, Brig. Gen Isaac Huger<br />
1 st Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regt. [<strong>of</strong> 1781], Lieut. Col. Richard Campbell<br />
2 nd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regt. [<strong>of</strong> 1781], Lieut. Col. Samuel Hawes<br />
William Johnson: “The Virg<strong>in</strong>ia l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong>n under Greene, numbered about seven hundred, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re were about<br />
five hundred recruits <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> depot at Chesterfield. Baron Steuben had written to General Greene that he could<br />
calculate on no more re-enforcements <strong>in</strong> that quarter: <strong>and</strong> no more ever jo<strong>in</strong>ed him, not even <strong>the</strong> recruits <strong>the</strong>n<br />
<strong>in</strong> depot, with <strong>the</strong> exception <strong>of</strong> about two hundred near <strong>the</strong> close <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war.” 2762<br />
Delaware Company: [est.] 60-70, Capt. Robert Kirkwood<br />
1 st <strong>and</strong> 3 rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons: 87 (only 56 mounted however), Lieut. Col. William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
Apparently <strong>the</strong> reason not all <strong>of</strong> Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s men were mounted was <strong>the</strong> suddenness <strong>of</strong> Rawdon’s attack;<br />
which did not allow <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong> horses be<strong>in</strong>g saddled <strong>in</strong> time for battle. 2763 William Johnson, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>,<br />
speaks at length about Greene lack<strong>in</strong>g horses. He also states: “(O)ne half <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry consisted <strong>of</strong><br />
recruits lately taken from <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia l<strong>in</strong>e.” 2764<br />
2755 Lee mentions “Robertson’s Corps” as among Rawdon’s units, <strong>and</strong> by which (as best as I can surmise) he means <strong>the</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists. Boatner speaks <strong>of</strong> Maj. “Simon Fraser” <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st as be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Fraser, mentioned by Rawdon <strong>in</strong> his post battle<br />
letter to Cornwallis, as <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> that last name present at Hobkirk Hill. However Maj. Thomas Fraser seems <strong>the</strong> more likely<br />
<strong>in</strong>dividual referred to given <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Regt.” (i.e., S.C. Royalists), i.e., Thomas Fraser’s<br />
regiment. BEA p. 397, CAR p. 515.<br />
2756 Cl<strong>in</strong>ton refers to “60” dragoons. CAR p. 295.<br />
2757 JLG2 p. 79.<br />
2758 TCS p. 465.<br />
2759 JLG2 p. 78, LFB2 p. 472, WAR2 p. 809.<br />
2760 CBA p. 577, LSY p. 300.<br />
2761 JLG2 pp. 77-78<br />
2762 JLG2 pp. 56.<br />
2763 LFB2 p. 472.<br />
2764 JLG2 pp. 78, 112-116.<br />
480
1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Artillery: 40, Col. Charles Harrison, Capt. Anthony S<strong>in</strong>gleton 2765<br />
3 six-pounders<br />
William Johnson: The whole regular <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American army, at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Hobkirk’s Hill, was eight<br />
hundred <strong>and</strong> forty-three present fit for duty. 2766<br />
MILITIA<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia: 250 to 254, Col. James Read<br />
150 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se “under Col. Reid [Read], had jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene soon after he crossed <strong>the</strong> Dan, <strong>and</strong> had faithfully<br />
adhered to him from that time.” The rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia were men who had escorted supplies <strong>and</strong><br />
were sent to Greene by Davie; possibly <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> also just arriv<strong>in</strong>g Maj. P<strong>in</strong>kertham Eaton’s 140 N.C.<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. The militia did not engage <strong>and</strong> acted as a reserve. 2767<br />
TOTAL STRENGTH OF GREENE’S ARMY<br />
William Johnson: 1,220, evidently rank <strong>and</strong> file. That is: 843 Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>in</strong>fantry fit for duty, with <strong>the</strong> approach<br />
towards Camden hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>creased desertions. 87 <strong>in</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Cavalry (only 56 mounted), 250 with <strong>the</strong> N.C.<br />
militia, <strong>and</strong> 40 artillerymen. Lumpk<strong>in</strong> similarly gives 1,200-1,224.<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: 1,500. 2768<br />
Carr<strong>in</strong>gton: 1,446. He also notes that <strong>the</strong> after battle return <strong>of</strong> 26 April had Greene with 1,184 men fit for<br />
duty. 2769<br />
<strong>War</strong>d: 1,551, that is 1,174 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, 87 <strong>in</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Cavalry (only 56 mounted), 250 with <strong>the</strong> N.C.<br />
militia, <strong>and</strong> 40 artillerymen.<br />
CASULATIES AND CAPTURES<br />
BRITISH<br />
In his report to Cornwallis <strong>of</strong> April 26, Rawdon said he lost 220, <strong>of</strong> which at least 38 were killed. His <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
return lists 258 total casualties. 2770<br />
Balfour <strong>in</strong> his letter to Germa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> 1 May wrote: “[Rawdon’s casualties did not exceed] one hundred, <strong>in</strong> which is<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded one <strong>of</strong>ficer killed <strong>and</strong> eleven wounded.” 2771<br />
Tarleton: “The loss on <strong>the</strong> British side, however moderate <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r respects, was much greater than <strong>the</strong>y could<br />
afford, <strong>and</strong> exceeded one fourth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir whole number: It amounted, <strong>in</strong> killed, <strong>and</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> miss<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
two hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty-eight: Of <strong>the</strong>se, only thirty-eight were sla<strong>in</strong>; but <strong>the</strong> wounded were equally a detraction<br />
from immediate strength, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> present circumstances, a very heavy <strong>in</strong>cumbrance [sic]. Only one <strong>of</strong>ficer<br />
fell; but twelve were wounded, <strong>and</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m were discharged upon parole. The spirit <strong>and</strong> judgement shewn<br />
[sic] by <strong>the</strong> young <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British forces, deserves great <strong>com</strong>mendation. He was most gallantly<br />
seconded by his <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> troops.” 2772<br />
The Annual Register for 1781 states Rawdon lost 238 killed, wounded, miss<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se only 38 were sla<strong>in</strong>, <strong>of</strong><br />
which only 1 was an <strong>of</strong>ficer. O<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficer casualties (<strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 238 total) were 12 wounded. 2773<br />
AMERICAN<br />
Otho Williams reported 270 casualties after <strong>the</strong> battle, nearly half <strong>of</strong> whom were listed as miss<strong>in</strong>g. “Many <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se,” accord<strong>in</strong>g to Williams, “had not understood <strong>the</strong> order to rally at Saunders Creek;” a third <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> miss<strong>in</strong>g<br />
had s<strong>in</strong>ce “been heard <strong>of</strong>” <strong>and</strong> would soon rejo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, he hoped...It is not known how many returned, but<br />
Rawdon reported that a large number, whose retreat had been cut <strong>of</strong>f, went <strong>in</strong>to Camden <strong>and</strong> “claimed<br />
protection as Deserters.” 2774<br />
Tarleton: “The enemy’s killed <strong>and</strong> wounded were scattered over such an extent <strong>of</strong> ground, that <strong>the</strong>ir loss could<br />
not be ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed. Lord Rawdon th<strong>in</strong>ks <strong>the</strong> estimate would be low if it were rated at five hundred; Greene’s<br />
account makes it too low to be credited. About an hundred prisoners were taken; besides that, a number <strong>of</strong><br />
2765 NGP8 p. 156.<br />
2766 JLG2 p. 77.<br />
2767 JLG2 pp. 77-78, SJS, WAR2 p. 803, LSY pp. 298-299.<br />
2768 LFB2 p. 471.<br />
2769 CBA pp. 573, 577.<br />
2770 NGP8 p. 160n, TCS p. 464, CAR p. 525.<br />
2771 BLB pp. 57-59, TCS p. 466.<br />
2772 TCS pp. 464-465.<br />
2773 AR81 p. 83.<br />
2774 NGP8 p. 160n.<br />
481
men, f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir retreat cut <strong>of</strong>f, went <strong>in</strong>to Camden, <strong>and</strong> claimed protection, under pretence <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
deserters.” 2775<br />
Balfour <strong>in</strong> his letter to Germa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> 1 May wrote: “My Lord Rawdon states <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy on this occasion<br />
as upwards <strong>of</strong> one hundred made prisoners, <strong>and</strong> four hundred killed <strong>and</strong> wounded; his own not exceed<strong>in</strong>g one<br />
hundred, <strong>in</strong> which is <strong>in</strong>cluded one <strong>of</strong>ficer killed <strong>and</strong> eleven wounded.” 2776<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “The dead, alone, occupied <strong>the</strong> battle-field. So well was <strong>the</strong> retreat conducted, that most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
American wounded (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g six <strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficers), <strong>and</strong> all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir artillery <strong>and</strong> baggage, with<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s fifty prisoners, were carried <strong>of</strong>f. The loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>in</strong> killed, wounded, <strong>and</strong> miss<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
accord<strong>in</strong>g to Greene’s return to <strong>the</strong> Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong>, was two hundred <strong>and</strong> sixty-six; that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, accord<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to Rawdon’s statement, two hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty-eight. The killed were not very numerous. Greene estimates his<br />
number at eighteen, among whom were Ford <strong>and</strong> Beatty, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e.” 2777<br />
McCrady: “The Americans lost <strong>in</strong> this action 19 killed, 113 wounded, <strong>and</strong> 136 miss<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> all 268. 1 The British<br />
lost 258, <strong>of</strong> which about 38 were killed. 2 The loss to <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers was severe. Lieutenant-Colonel<br />
Ford’s wound proved mortal, <strong>and</strong>, as has been seen, Capta<strong>in</strong> [William] Beatty was killed. The British lost no<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> prom<strong>in</strong>ence. One only was sla<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> 11 wounded. The respective losses on <strong>the</strong> two sides were thus as<br />
nearly equal as was <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> contend<strong>in</strong>g armies.” 2778<br />
Col. Benjam<strong>in</strong> Ford was so badly wounded that his arm had to be amputated, <strong>and</strong> he died with<strong>in</strong> a few days. 2779<br />
Capt. John (“Jack”) Smith <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt. was wounded <strong>and</strong> taken prisoner, but was left on parole at<br />
Camden when Rawdon evacuated <strong>the</strong> town. 2780<br />
Henry Nase: “Apl. 25th. 1781 Lord Rawdon, march’d with 900 men, from <strong>the</strong> Garrison, & Attackd. Mr. Green<br />
[sic] at Log Town, who had About 5000, <strong>the</strong> fight was Obst<strong>in</strong>ate for Some M<strong>in</strong>utes, when <strong>the</strong> Rebels were<br />
Charg’d, with Such Spirit, by our little Army, that, a total Rout ensued, which was followed by our Troops, for<br />
Near Two Miles, when Excessive heat & fatigue Obliged <strong>the</strong>m to give up <strong>the</strong> Pursuit, <strong>the</strong> number Kill’d <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Rebels is not Known, tho from <strong>the</strong>re own Accou[n]ts over 300, About 120 Prisrs. Were Taken -- Our loss was<br />
<strong>in</strong>considerable.” 2781<br />
Kirkwood: “25 th . The Enemy sallied out <strong>and</strong> drove us back...7 [miles].”<br />
Greene to Joseph Reed, 4 May: “The event was <strong>the</strong> most unfortunate that can be imag<strong>in</strong>ed, not from <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>jury<br />
we received, but <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> opportunity to take <strong>the</strong> place. Camden seems to have some evil genius about it.<br />
Whatever is attempted near that place is unfortunate. <strong>War</strong> is a critical bus<strong>in</strong>ess, <strong>and</strong> best concerted plans,<br />
subject to disappo<strong>in</strong>tments, from <strong>the</strong> most trifl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>cidents.” 2782<br />
The same to Sumter, on May 5 th , wrote: “Noth<strong>in</strong>g can be more unfortunate than our repulse <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r day, which<br />
was ow<strong>in</strong>g entirely to an order <strong>of</strong> Col Gunbies [Gunby’s], order<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> first Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment to take a new<br />
position <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear. This impressed <strong>the</strong> Regiment with <strong>the</strong> idea <strong>of</strong> retreat, <strong>and</strong> drew <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> second regiment<br />
with it. The Enemy were all <strong>in</strong> confusion <strong>and</strong> retir<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> same time. Victory was ours if <strong>the</strong> troops had stood<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir ground one M<strong>in</strong>ute longer, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> defeat would have given us full possession <strong>of</strong> Camden, as <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
would not have got back <strong>in</strong>to town.” 2783<br />
Otho Williams, writ<strong>in</strong>g to his bro<strong>the</strong>r Elie Williams, from “Camp before Camden,” 27 April: “We have been here<br />
ever s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> 19 th <strong>in</strong>stant, <strong>and</strong> have made several manoeuvres, upon different quarters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, but have<br />
nei<strong>the</strong>r been able to discover advantages, that promised success by a storm, nor to <strong>com</strong>pletely <strong>in</strong>vest <strong>the</strong> place.<br />
The town is flanked on <strong>the</strong> West by <strong>the</strong> Wateree, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> East by two deep creeks; <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r quarters are<br />
strongly fortified. A villa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> a drummer went <strong>in</strong> to <strong>the</strong> enemy on <strong>the</strong> 24 th , when we were encamped with<strong>in</strong> a<br />
mile <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, <strong>and</strong> gave <strong>the</strong>m such <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> our circumstances, position <strong>and</strong> numbers, as <strong>in</strong>duced Lord<br />
Rawdon to sally with all his best troops <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g, about eleven o’clock.<br />
“This was what we wished, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> only hope we had <strong>of</strong> a speedy reduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> post. Lieut. Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
was ordered to pass <strong>the</strong> right flank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy with his cavalry, which he did, <strong>and</strong> threw himself <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir rear.<br />
Capt. Kirkwood, with two small <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, was behav<strong>in</strong>g bravely <strong>in</strong> front, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> picquets<br />
were do<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir duty upon <strong>the</strong> flanks, when <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e was ordered to advance, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery to play upon <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy. The first Maryl<strong>and</strong> regiment particularly, was ordered to charge bayonets, without fir<strong>in</strong>g, but for some<br />
cause not yet clearly ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>the</strong> regiment received orders to retire <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n broke. The second regiment<br />
retired <strong>in</strong> consequence. The second Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regiment was ordered <strong>of</strong>f, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> first broke. The unfavorable<br />
2775 TCS pp. 464-465.<br />
2776 TCS p. 466.<br />
2777 LFB2 p. 474.<br />
2778 MSC p. 197.<br />
2779 NGP8 p. 151n.<br />
2780 JLG2 pp. 96-97.<br />
2781 NDI.<br />
2782 NGP8 p. 201.<br />
2783 NGP8 p. 208.<br />
482
consequences were, that <strong>the</strong> army lost a glorious opportunity <strong>of</strong> ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a <strong>com</strong>plete victory, tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> town,<br />
<strong>and</strong> bias<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> beam <strong>of</strong> fortune greatly <strong>in</strong> favor <strong>of</strong> our cause.<br />
“The action was at no time very warm, but it was durable, <strong>and</strong> our troops by <strong>the</strong> gallant exertions <strong>of</strong> our<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers, were rallied frequently, but always fought at long shot. A conv<strong>in</strong>c<strong>in</strong>g testimony that this was generally<br />
<strong>the</strong> case, is that none or very few <strong>of</strong> our men were wounded with buck shot or bayonet. The baggage <strong>of</strong> our<br />
army was sent <strong>of</strong>f to Rugely’s [Rugeley’s], <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops halted at Saunder’s [sic] Creek, about two miles South<br />
<strong>of</strong> where we fought last year, <strong>and</strong> about five miles from Camden. The loss was nearly equal on both sides, if we<br />
do not consider <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> opportunity. We lost about 130 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> from every account <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy were not more lucky.<br />
“The cavalry, <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards, acquired all <strong>the</strong> honor, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battalions all <strong>the</strong><br />
disgrace that fell upon our shoulders. The cavalry, led on by Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, behaved <strong>in</strong> a manner truly heroic. He<br />
charged <strong>the</strong> British army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear, took a great number <strong>of</strong> prisoners, sent many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong>f with small<br />
detachments, <strong>and</strong> when he saw we were turn<strong>in</strong>g our backs upon victory <strong>in</strong> front, by a circuitous manoeuvre, he<br />
threw his dragoons <strong>in</strong>to our rear, passed <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> ‘charged <strong>the</strong> York volunteers, (a f<strong>in</strong>e corps <strong>of</strong> cavalry,)<br />
killed a number <strong>and</strong> drove <strong>the</strong> rest out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> field. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton is an elegant <strong>of</strong>ficer; his reputation is deservedly<br />
great. Many <strong>of</strong> our <strong>of</strong>ficers are mortally mortified at our late <strong>in</strong>glorious retreat. I say mortally, because I cannot<br />
doubt that some <strong>of</strong> us must fall, <strong>in</strong> endeavor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> next opportunity, to re-establish our reputation. Dear<br />
Reputation, what trouble do you not occasion, what danger do you not expose us to! Who but for it, would<br />
patiently persevere <strong>in</strong> prosecut<strong>in</strong>g a war, with <strong>the</strong> mere remnant <strong>of</strong> a fugitive army, <strong>in</strong> a country made desolate<br />
by repeated ravages, <strong>and</strong> rendered sterile by streams <strong>of</strong> blood. Who but for reputation would susta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> varied<br />
evils that daily attend <strong>the</strong> life <strong>of</strong> a soldier, <strong>and</strong> expose him to jeopardy every hour. Liberty, thou basis <strong>of</strong><br />
reputation, suffer me not to forget <strong>the</strong> cause <strong>of</strong> my country, nor to murmur at my fate.” 2784<br />
Moultrie: “So little did <strong>the</strong> Americans expect <strong>the</strong> British out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>in</strong>es, that <strong>the</strong> second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, General<br />
[Isaac] Huger, told me that <strong>the</strong>y had just <strong>com</strong>e to <strong>the</strong>ir ground, <strong>and</strong> that a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers with himself were<br />
wash<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir feet, <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> soldiers were wash<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir kettles <strong>in</strong> a small rivulet that run by <strong>the</strong>ir camp,<br />
when <strong>the</strong>ir picket was engaged with <strong>the</strong> enemy. They ran to camp as fast as <strong>the</strong>y could, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British was soon<br />
after <strong>the</strong>m, when a general action took place, <strong>and</strong> it would probably hare been a serious surprise upon General<br />
Greene, had it not been for Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry, which were saddled, <strong>and</strong> only <strong>the</strong> bits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir bridles out <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir mouths; <strong>the</strong>y were soon got ready, <strong>and</strong> General Greene ordered <strong>the</strong>m to charge <strong>the</strong> enemy’s right flank,<br />
which <strong>the</strong>y did, <strong>and</strong> soon got <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir rear; this threw <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> greatest confusion, <strong>and</strong> gave General Greene<br />
time to make a good retreat to Gun-swamp, about five miles. Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton paroled a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers<br />
upon <strong>the</strong> field, <strong>and</strong> amongst <strong>the</strong>m eleven surgeons who were dress<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir wounded. General Greene<br />
immediately sent <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> to Lord Rawdon, (know<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>y would be wanted for <strong>the</strong> wounded) who was so pleased<br />
with General Greene’s liberal conduct, that he immediately sent to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>in</strong> Charleston to allow<br />
General Moultrie to exchange <strong>the</strong> like number <strong>of</strong> his medical l<strong>in</strong>e, such as he pleased, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>y should be<br />
conducted to any American post that he required.” 2785<br />
Davie: “I conversed with Colonel [Benjam<strong>in</strong>] Ford [lead<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt. at <strong>the</strong> battle], who was my<br />
<strong>in</strong>timate friend, soon after <strong>the</strong> action. He told me he was <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> his regiment, endeavor<strong>in</strong>g to execute <strong>the</strong><br />
maneuver ordered by <strong>the</strong> general [Greene], when he received his wound; that at that moment <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
exposed only to a loose, scatter<strong>in</strong>g fire from some flank or light <strong>com</strong>panies, which, however, drew a fire from<br />
his regiment, <strong>and</strong> which altoge<strong>the</strong>r with his wound, prevented <strong>the</strong> execution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> order.” 2786<br />
Samuel Mathis, <strong>of</strong> Camden, to William R, Davie, written on 26 June 1813: “[Greene] galloped up to Capt. John<br />
[“Jack”] Smith <strong>and</strong> ordered him to fall <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>and</strong> save <strong>the</strong> cannon. Smith <strong>in</strong>stantly came <strong>and</strong> found <strong>the</strong><br />
artillery men haul<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> pieces with <strong>the</strong> drag-ropes; he <strong>and</strong> his men laid hold <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong>y went <strong>in</strong> a trot,<br />
but had not gone far until he discovered that <strong>the</strong> British cavalry were <strong>in</strong> pursuit. He formed his men across <strong>the</strong><br />
road, gave <strong>the</strong>m a full fire at a short distance <strong>and</strong> fled with <strong>the</strong> guns as before. The volley checked <strong>the</strong> horses<br />
<strong>and</strong> threw many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> riders; but <strong>the</strong>y after some time remounted <strong>and</strong> pushed on aga<strong>in</strong>. Smith formed his men,<br />
gave <strong>the</strong>m ano<strong>the</strong>r fire with <strong>the</strong> same effect, <strong>and</strong> proceeded as before. This he repeated several times until <strong>the</strong>y<br />
had got two or three miles from <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> action. Here one <strong>of</strong> Smith’s men fired or his gun went <strong>of</strong>f by<br />
accident before <strong>the</strong> word was given, which produced a scatter<strong>in</strong>g fire, on which <strong>the</strong> cavalry rushed <strong>in</strong> among<br />
<strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> cut all to pieces. They fought like-bulldogs <strong>and</strong> all were killed or taken. This took up some time,<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g which <strong>the</strong> artillery escaped.” 2787<br />
Balfour <strong>in</strong> his letter to Germa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> 1 May: “For some days General Greene kept vary<strong>in</strong>g his Position, wait<strong>in</strong>g as is<br />
supposed, to be re<strong>in</strong>forced by <strong>the</strong> corps under Brigadier Marian [sic] <strong>and</strong> Colonel Lee, which were on <strong>the</strong>ir way,<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g ordered to jo<strong>in</strong> him.<br />
“Judg<strong>in</strong>g it necessary to strike a blow before this junction could take place, <strong>and</strong> learn<strong>in</strong>g that General Greene<br />
had detached to br<strong>in</strong>g up his baggage <strong>and</strong> provisions, Lord Rawdon, with <strong>the</strong> most marked decision, on <strong>the</strong><br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 25 th , marched with <strong>the</strong> greater part <strong>of</strong> his force to meet him, <strong>and</strong> about ten o’clock attak’d [sic]<br />
<strong>the</strong> rebels <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir camp at Hobkirk’s with that spirit, which, prevail<strong>in</strong>g over superior numbers <strong>and</strong> an obst<strong>in</strong>ate<br />
resistance, <strong>com</strong>pelled <strong>the</strong>m to give way, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> pursuit was cont<strong>in</strong>ued for three miles. To accident only <strong>the</strong>y<br />
2784 TOW pp. 19-20.<br />
2785 MMS2 pp. 276-277.<br />
2786 JLG2 p. 94.<br />
2787 American Historical <strong>Record</strong>, Mar. 1873, pp. 103-110, CSS pp. 1177-1178.<br />
483
were <strong>in</strong>debted for sav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir guns, which be<strong>in</strong>g drawn <strong>in</strong>to a hollow, out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> road, were overlooked by our<br />
troops <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> flush <strong>of</strong> victory <strong>and</strong> pursuit, so that <strong>the</strong>ir cavalry, <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y greatly exceeded us, had an<br />
opportunity <strong>of</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong>f<br />
“My Lord Rawdon states <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy, on this occasion, as upwards <strong>of</strong> an hundred made Prisoners, &<br />
four hundred killed & wounded; his own not exceed<strong>in</strong>g an hundred <strong>in</strong> which is <strong>in</strong>cluded one Officer killed &<br />
Eleven wounded ---<br />
“After this defeat, General Greene retired to Rugeley’s mills, twelve miles from Camden, <strong>in</strong> order to call <strong>in</strong> his<br />
troops, <strong>and</strong> receive <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements; but as Lieutenant-colonel Watson, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards, who had been for<br />
some time detached by Lord Rawdon, with a corps <strong>of</strong> five hundred men, to cover <strong>the</strong> eastern frontiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
prov<strong>in</strong>ce, is directed by me to jo<strong>in</strong> his lordship, I am <strong>in</strong> hopes he will be able speedily to ac<strong>com</strong>plish this; & Lord<br />
Rawdon be placed <strong>in</strong> such a Situation, as will empower him, ei<strong>the</strong>r to make head aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Enemy, should <strong>the</strong>y<br />
attempt anyth<strong>in</strong>g fur<strong>the</strong>r or retire with security, on this side [<strong>of</strong>] <strong>the</strong> Santee, as Circumstances may require--” 2788<br />
25 April. Lafayette reached Fredericksburg, VA.<br />
25-26 April. [raid-skirmish] Petersburg, also City Po<strong>in</strong>t (Petersburg City County, VA.) Phillips, with Arnold <strong>and</strong><br />
Simcoe, on <strong>the</strong> 24 th l<strong>and</strong>ed at City Po<strong>in</strong>t, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. The next day he marched for Petersburg; where Steuben <strong>and</strong><br />
Muhlenberg were stationed with 1,000 militia. The two sides skirmished briefly at Bl<strong>and</strong>ford, about a mile east<br />
<strong>of</strong> Petersburg. Then von Steuben, hav<strong>in</strong>g lost only 20 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, skillfully withdrew <strong>and</strong> managed to recross<br />
<strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> avoid a direct engagement with <strong>the</strong> British. Arnold, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, reported Steuben’s<br />
casualties as 100 men killed <strong>and</strong> wounded with <strong>the</strong> British only los<strong>in</strong>g one killed <strong>and</strong> ten wounded. He fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
reported 4,000 hogsheads <strong>of</strong> tobacco, one ships, <strong>and</strong> several smaller vessels on <strong>the</strong> stocks <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> river<br />
destroyed. By <strong>the</strong> 27 th , Phillip, divid<strong>in</strong>g his force <strong>in</strong> two detachments, proceeded on to Chesterfield Court House<br />
<strong>and</strong> Osborne’s. 2789<br />
Arnold to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, May 12 th : “The next morn<strong>in</strong>g [<strong>the</strong> 23 rd ] we were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Lieutenant-colonel Abercrombie<br />
[Robert Abercromby] with <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, who had been ten or twelve miles up <strong>the</strong> Chickahomany, <strong>and</strong><br />
destroyed several armed ships, <strong>the</strong> state ship yards, warehouses, &c. &c. At ten o’clock <strong>the</strong> fleet weighed, <strong>and</strong><br />
proceeded up <strong>the</strong> James river with<strong>in</strong> four miles <strong>of</strong> Westover. The 24 th , weighed anchor at eleven o’clock, <strong>and</strong><br />
run up to City po<strong>in</strong>ts [sic], where <strong>the</strong> troops, &c. were all l<strong>and</strong>ed at six o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g. The 25 th ,<br />
marched at ten o’clock for Petersburg, where we arrived about five o’clock P.M. We were opposed about one<br />
mile from town by a body <strong>of</strong> militia, under <strong>the</strong> orders <strong>of</strong> Brigadier-general Muhlenburg [Peter Muhlenberg],<br />
supposed to be about one thous<strong>and</strong> men, who were soon obliged to retire over <strong>the</strong> bridge with <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> near<br />
one hundred men killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, as we have s<strong>in</strong>ce been <strong>in</strong>formed; our loss only one man killed, <strong>and</strong> ten<br />
wounded. The enemy took up <strong>the</strong> bridge, which prevented our pursu<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m. 26 th , destroyed at Petersburg four<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> hogsheads <strong>of</strong> tobacco, one ship, <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> small vessels on <strong>the</strong> stocks <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> river.” 2790<br />
25-26 April. With 1,435 rank <strong>and</strong> file, Cornwallis left Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> marched north to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; hop<strong>in</strong>g, va<strong>in</strong>ly,<br />
that he might draw Greene after him. 2791 It took a few days before his army <strong>and</strong> baggage had fully departed <strong>the</strong><br />
N.C. seaport. Craig <strong>the</strong>n was left at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton with a garrison <strong>of</strong> about 394 rank <strong>and</strong> file regulars, which<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>the</strong> Hesse Cassel jaegers whom were left with Craig’s garrison. 2792<br />
On April 23 rd , Cornwallis wrote to Lord Germa<strong>in</strong>: “The distance from hence to Camden, <strong>the</strong> want <strong>of</strong> forage <strong>and</strong><br />
subsistence on <strong>the</strong> greatest part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> road, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> difficulty <strong>of</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Pedee when opposed by an enemy,<br />
render it utterly impossible for me to give immediate assistance, <strong>and</strong> I apprehend a possibility <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> utmost<br />
hazard to this little corps, without <strong>the</strong> chance <strong>of</strong> a benefit <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> attempt; for if we are so unlucky as to suffer a<br />
severe blow <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>the</strong> spirit <strong>of</strong> revolt <strong>in</strong> that prov<strong>in</strong>ce would be<strong>com</strong>e very general, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
numerous rebels <strong>in</strong> this prov<strong>in</strong>ce be encouraged to be more than ever active <strong>and</strong> violent. This might enable<br />
General Greene to hem me <strong>in</strong> among <strong>the</strong> great rivers, <strong>and</strong> by cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f our subsistence, render our arms<br />
useless; <strong>and</strong> to rema<strong>in</strong> here for transports to carry us <strong>of</strong>f, would be a work <strong>of</strong> time, would lose our cavalry, <strong>and</strong><br />
be o<strong>the</strong>rwise as ru<strong>in</strong>ous <strong>and</strong> disgraceful to Brita<strong>in</strong> as most events could be. I have, <strong>the</strong>refore, under so many<br />
embarrass<strong>in</strong>g circumstances, (but look<strong>in</strong>g upon Charles town as safe from any immediate attack from <strong>the</strong> rebels)<br />
resolved to take advantage <strong>of</strong> General Greene’s hav<strong>in</strong>g left <strong>the</strong> back part <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia open, <strong>and</strong> march<br />
immediately <strong>in</strong>to that prov<strong>in</strong>ce, to attempt a junction with General Phillips. I have more readily decided upon<br />
this measure, because if General Greene fails <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> object <strong>of</strong> his march, his retreat will relieve South Carol<strong>in</strong>a;<br />
<strong>and</strong> my force be<strong>in</strong>g very <strong>in</strong>sufficient for <strong>of</strong>fensive operations <strong>in</strong> this prov<strong>in</strong>ce, may be employed usefully <strong>in</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>in</strong> conjunction with <strong>the</strong> corps under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> General Phillips.” 2793<br />
Robert Gray: “[Previously] I have only mentioned such circumstances <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ill fortune that attended our<br />
exertions, exclusive <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ fall. The want <strong>of</strong> a sufficient concurrence on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> people<br />
<strong>com</strong>pelled Ld Rawdon to leave <strong>the</strong> back country after hav<strong>in</strong>g missed <strong>of</strong> crush<strong>in</strong>g Green’s army. To that & to Genl<br />
Greene <strong>in</strong>vad<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce when we had not a sufficient force to meet him <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field & at <strong>the</strong> same [time]<br />
to persevere our outposts, we are to attribute <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. Had Ld Cornwallis followed Greene to <strong>the</strong><br />
2788 BLB pp. 57-59, TCS pp. 465-466.<br />
2789 ATR81b pp. 60-63, SQR pp. 195-198, TCS pp. 334-335, CAR pp. 280-281, GHA4 pp. 107-108, SQR pp. 226-228, MLW4A pp. 426-<br />
427, LMS pp. 309-310, CBA p. 590, WAR2 p. 871.<br />
2790 ATR81b pp. 60-63, TCS pp. 334-335.<br />
2791 In a letter <strong>of</strong> May 4 th to Greene, Sumter reported that some <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ wounded from Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton had arrived <strong>in</strong><br />
Charlestown, where <strong>the</strong> fortifications were be<strong>in</strong>g improved. NGP8 p. 204.<br />
2792 NGP8 p. 119, AR81 pp.89-90, TCS pp. 283-284, JLG2 pp. 57-58, WCO pp. 321, 326, DRO pp. 169-175.<br />
2793 TCS pp. 326-327, SCP4 p. 107.<br />
484
Southward or had <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements from Irel<strong>and</strong> arrived a month sooner, <strong>in</strong> ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se cases, we should<br />
have had an army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field superior to Greene & all our posts would have been safe, w[hic]h would have soon<br />
crushed any <strong>in</strong>ternal <strong>in</strong>surrection that took place; & we should have been <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same situation as we were<br />
before Ld Cornwallis marched <strong>in</strong>to N. Ca. -– when he lay at W<strong>in</strong>nsboro & obliged Green[e] to keep a respectful<br />
distance at Waexhaws [sic]. But not hav<strong>in</strong>g a sufficient army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field enabled Greene to reduce our outposts<br />
especially as Ld Rawdon had not sufficient warn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Ld Cornwallis go<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, w[hic]h prevented him<br />
from withdraw<strong>in</strong>g his posts <strong>in</strong> time to form a sufficient army -– but even if he could have effected this issue <strong>the</strong><br />
measure would have been ru<strong>in</strong>ous because remov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> posts would have laid open <strong>the</strong> whole country to <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy.<br />
“The re-<strong>in</strong>forcements [sic] not hav<strong>in</strong>g arrived until <strong>the</strong> posts were broke up rendered <strong>the</strong>ir re-establishment<br />
impossible without crush<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy’s army.” 2794<br />
Tarleton: “Before <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> April, Earl Cornwallis prepared to leave Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, hav<strong>in</strong>g decided upon his plan<br />
<strong>of</strong> operation, <strong>and</strong> given his orders to Major Craig, to embark his garrison <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> sick for Charles town as soon as<br />
he heard that <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops had passed <strong>the</strong> Roanoke. A corps <strong>of</strong> about one thous<strong>and</strong> six hundred men,<br />
consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a detachment <strong>of</strong> royal artillery, with four pieces <strong>of</strong> cannon, <strong>the</strong> brigade <strong>of</strong> guards, <strong>the</strong> 23d, <strong>the</strong><br />
33d, <strong>the</strong> second battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st , <strong>the</strong> regiment <strong>of</strong> Bose, a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> pioneers, <strong>the</strong> British legion, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
82d <strong>and</strong> Hamilton’s light <strong>com</strong>panies [i.e., <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal N.C. Regt.] , received orders to be <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess to march<br />
as soon as <strong>the</strong> quarter-master-general’s waggons were loaded with an ample supply <strong>of</strong> rum, salt, <strong>and</strong> flour. This<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g ably <strong>and</strong> expeditiously <strong>com</strong>pleted under <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>spection <strong>of</strong> Major [Robert] Engl<strong>and</strong>, deputy quarter-master<br />
general, Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton, with <strong>the</strong> advanced guard, was directed to seize as many boats as possible<br />
on <strong>the</strong> north-east branch <strong>of</strong> Cape-fear river, <strong>and</strong> collect <strong>the</strong>m at a place about fifteen miles above Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton.<br />
Some boats were secured, <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Ingles, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> royal navy, dispatched o<strong>the</strong>rs from <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s ships, to<br />
protect <strong>and</strong> expedite <strong>the</strong> passage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army. The advanced guard crossed without loss <strong>of</strong> time, <strong>and</strong> took post<br />
on <strong>the</strong> opposite bank, till <strong>the</strong> stores, waggons, cannon, <strong>and</strong> troops, were brought over. As many rivers <strong>and</strong><br />
creeks <strong>in</strong>tersected <strong>the</strong> country between this place <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, it was thought expedient to mount two boats<br />
upon carriages, which could proceed with <strong>the</strong> army, <strong>and</strong> might facilitate <strong>the</strong> passage <strong>of</strong> any waters.” 2795<br />
MacKenzie: “[Despite statements made by Tarleton] it is from <strong>the</strong> most careful <strong>in</strong>quiry, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> best <strong>in</strong>formation<br />
that I am enabled to declare, that General Leslie’s health, however bad, prevented him not from a zealous<br />
performance <strong>of</strong> his duty, as second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> this very fatigu<strong>in</strong>g march; nor was he all<br />
that time nearer to <strong>the</strong> sea than Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> general upwards <strong>of</strong> one hundred miles from it, though so<br />
much benefited by <strong>the</strong> visionary voyage which our author represents him to have made.” 2796 While Leslie did not<br />
<strong>the</strong>n go to New York from Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, he did sail <strong>the</strong>re, however, about mid August, but from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; after<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g been with Cornwallis’ forces up to that time. By December 1781, he came back to Charlestown to<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> British forces <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn department <strong>in</strong> December 1781.<br />
26 April. [skirmish] Ambush <strong>of</strong> C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> (Kershaw County, S.C.) Rawdon hav<strong>in</strong>g ensconced himself <strong>in</strong> Camden with<br />
most <strong>of</strong> his army, Col. William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton was sent to <strong>in</strong>spect <strong>the</strong> area. Before long he descried <strong>and</strong> lured Maj.<br />
John C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> a force <strong>of</strong> 40 mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> dragoons <strong>in</strong>to an ambush; <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> loyalists lost 20 men<br />
killed, wounded <strong>and</strong> or taken. C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> was <strong>the</strong>n <strong>com</strong>pelled to retire <strong>in</strong>to to Camden. Rawdon, meanwhile, was<br />
mak<strong>in</strong>g plans to jettison Camden to <strong>the</strong> enemy. 2797<br />
Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> 26 th Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s horse <strong>and</strong> a detachment from l<strong>in</strong>e went to reconnoiter <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es.”<br />
2798<br />
Rawdon, <strong>in</strong> his letter <strong>of</strong> 24 May, wrote to Cornwallis: “After <strong>the</strong> action <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 25 th <strong>of</strong> April, (an account <strong>of</strong> which I<br />
had <strong>the</strong> honour <strong>of</strong> transmitt<strong>in</strong>g to your lordship) Major General Greene rema<strong>in</strong>ed for some days beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong><br />
far<strong>the</strong>st branch <strong>of</strong> Granby’s Quarter Creek. A second attempt upon his army could not, <strong>in</strong> that situation, be<br />
undertaken upon <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ciple which advised <strong>the</strong> former. In <strong>the</strong> first <strong>in</strong>stance, I made so short an excursion from<br />
my works, that I could venture, without hazard, to leave <strong>the</strong>m very slightly guarded; <strong>and</strong> I had <strong>the</strong> confidence,<br />
that, had fortune proved unfavorable, we should easily have made good our retreat, <strong>and</strong> our loss, <strong>in</strong> all<br />
probability, would not have disabled us from <strong>the</strong> far<strong>the</strong>r defence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> place. To get at General Greene <strong>in</strong> his<br />
retired situation, I must have made a very extensive circuit, <strong>in</strong> order to head <strong>the</strong> creek, which would have<br />
presented to him <strong>the</strong> fairest opportunity <strong>of</strong> slipp<strong>in</strong>g by me to Camden; <strong>and</strong> he was still so superior to me <strong>in</strong><br />
numbers, that, had I left such a garrison at my post as might enable it to st<strong>and</strong> an assault, my force <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field<br />
would have been totally unequal to cope with <strong>the</strong> enemy’s army. I had much to hope from <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong><br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcements to me, <strong>and</strong> little to fear from any probable addition to my antagonist’s force.” 2799<br />
Moultrie: “The next day [follow<strong>in</strong>g Hobkirk’s Hill] Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton went down with fifty men, to reconnoitre<br />
<strong>the</strong> British l<strong>in</strong>es; he showed but a few <strong>of</strong> his men, <strong>and</strong> kept his ma<strong>in</strong> body concealed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> bushes. His scheme<br />
answered very well; his <strong>in</strong>tention was to draw out <strong>the</strong>ir cavalry. As soon as <strong>the</strong>y saw this small party, Major<br />
C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> sallied out <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, with forty Irish volunteers [New York Volunteers is perhaps or apparently<br />
2794 GWC pp. 157-158.<br />
2795 TCS p. 286.<br />
2796 MST pp. 121-122.<br />
2797 NGP8 p. 160n, LMS p. 339n, JLG2 p. 34, HWW p. 133.<br />
2798 SJS.<br />
2799 Rawdon to Cornwallis, 24 May 1781, SCP5 p. 288, ATR81b pp. 151-153, TCS pp. 475-479.<br />
485
meant]: <strong>the</strong>y immediately rode <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> drew him <strong>in</strong>to an ambuscade, <strong>and</strong> as <strong>the</strong>y passed, <strong>the</strong> Americans rushed<br />
out from <strong>the</strong> bushes, <strong>and</strong> attacked <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear, <strong>and</strong> killed about twenty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m.” 2800<br />
26 April. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Phillips (received by Cornwallis, at Petersburg, May 24): “Lord Cornwallis’s arrival at<br />
Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton has considerably changed <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>plexion <strong>of</strong> our affairs to <strong>the</strong> southward, <strong>and</strong> all operations to <strong>the</strong><br />
northward must probably give place to those <strong>in</strong> favour <strong>of</strong> his Lordship [Cornwallis], which at present appear to<br />
require our more immediate attention. I know noth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> his Lordship’s situation but what I have learnt from his<br />
letter to me <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 10 th , which you have read, <strong>and</strong> as I have <strong>the</strong> strongest reason to believe that he had above<br />
three thous<strong>and</strong> men (exclusive <strong>of</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> militia) when he entered North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, I am totally at a loss to<br />
conjecture how his numbers came to be reduced before <strong>the</strong> day <strong>of</strong> action to one thous<strong>and</strong> three hundred <strong>and</strong><br />
sixty <strong>in</strong>fantry, except by suppos<strong>in</strong>g (as you have done) that he had previously weakened his army by<br />
detachments. Of this however, I shall probably be <strong>in</strong>formed when I receive <strong>the</strong> copy <strong>of</strong> his Lordship’s letter to<br />
<strong>the</strong> M<strong>in</strong>ister; <strong>and</strong> I shall most likely be at <strong>the</strong> same time <strong>in</strong>formed what prospects he may still have <strong>of</strong> arm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
numerous friends we were taught to expect his f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> districts he has visited <strong>in</strong> his march to, <strong>and</strong> retreat<br />
from, Guildford [sic]; without whose assistance we shall, I fear, hold those prov<strong>in</strong>ces by a very precarious<br />
tenure.<br />
“I had great hopes before I received Lord Cornwallis’s letter, that his Lordship would have been <strong>in</strong> a condition to<br />
have spared a considerable part <strong>of</strong> his army from Carol<strong>in</strong>a for <strong>the</strong> operations <strong>in</strong> Chesapeak[e], but you will<br />
observe from it that, <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> send<strong>in</strong>g any part <strong>of</strong> his present force thi<strong>the</strong>r, he proposes to deta<strong>in</strong> a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Europe for his more sou<strong>the</strong>rn operations, even though <strong>the</strong>y should be defensive. I<br />
shall <strong>the</strong>refore take <strong>the</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> General <strong>of</strong>ficers near me upon <strong>the</strong> present state <strong>of</strong> our affairs, <strong>and</strong> I<br />
propose afterwards to send you such a fur<strong>the</strong>r detachment from this army as we may judge can be done with<br />
tolerable security to this post, at least while we rema<strong>in</strong> superior at sea.<br />
“With so large a force as you will <strong>the</strong>n have, I flatter myself that you will be able to make <strong>the</strong> most effectual<br />
exertions ei<strong>the</strong>r directly or <strong>in</strong>directly <strong>in</strong> Lord Cornwallis’s favour, as far as your efforts on <strong>the</strong> shores <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Chesapeak can co-operate with what he may be do<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a. What <strong>the</strong>se, however, may be, you, as be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
upon <strong>the</strong> spot, must certa<strong>in</strong>ly be <strong>the</strong> best judge, until you ei<strong>the</strong>r hear fur<strong>the</strong>r from or see his Lordship.<br />
“In yours <strong>and</strong> Brigadier General Arnold’s jo<strong>in</strong>t letter, you mention that from one thous<strong>and</strong> six hundred to two<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> more men, would enable you to take a post <strong>in</strong> force at Petersburg; from whence you might break up<br />
Mr. Greene’s <strong>com</strong>munications with Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> co-operation with Lord Cornwallis, probably disperse <strong>the</strong><br />
Rebel army. And that you could moreover, with this <strong>in</strong>creased strength, attempt Fayette’s corps, Baltimore, <strong>and</strong><br />
Annapolis, with great probability <strong>of</strong> success, <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ally attempt Philadelphia, <strong>and</strong> take post <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> lower<br />
counties <strong>of</strong> Delaware, for which you apprehend your force would <strong>the</strong>n be sufficient.<br />
“The security <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two Carol<strong>in</strong>as is certa<strong>in</strong>ly an object <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> greatest importance, <strong>and</strong> should at all events be<br />
first attended to. Success also aga<strong>in</strong>st any considerable corps <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, which may be collected any where<br />
with<strong>in</strong> reach, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g or destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir public stores, magaz<strong>in</strong>es, &c. are undoubtedly very important<br />
advantages. But <strong>the</strong>re is <strong>in</strong> my humble op<strong>in</strong>ion still ano<strong>the</strong>r operation, which if successful would be most solidly<br />
decisive <strong>in</strong> its consequences, <strong>and</strong> is <strong>the</strong>refore well worth our consideration. It is <strong>the</strong> try<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same experiment<br />
(which has hi<strong>the</strong>rto unfortunately not succeeded to <strong>the</strong> southward) <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r districts, which have been<br />
represented as most friendly to <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s <strong>in</strong>terests. Virg<strong>in</strong>ia has been <strong>in</strong> general looked upon as universally<br />
hostile; Maryl<strong>and</strong> has not been as yet tried, but is supposed to be not quite so much so: but <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong><br />
Pennsylvania on both sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Susquehannah, York, Lancaster, Chester, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pen<strong>in</strong>sula between<br />
Chesapeak <strong>and</strong> Delaware, are represented to me to be friendly. There or <strong>the</strong>reabouts, I th<strong>in</strong>k this experiment<br />
should now be tried, but it cannot be done fairly until we have a force sufficient not only to go <strong>the</strong>re, but to<br />
reta<strong>in</strong> a respectable hold <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country afterwards, should it be judged necessary. I wish that our numbers were<br />
<strong>com</strong>petent to <strong>the</strong> occupy<strong>in</strong>g two correspond<strong>in</strong>g stations at Baltimore <strong>and</strong> Elk river. Agreeable to what I<br />
mentioned to you <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> conversations we have had toge<strong>the</strong>r on this subject, to which that you may be able on<br />
occasion to refer, I have <strong>com</strong>mitted <strong>the</strong> substance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m to writ<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> send <strong>the</strong>m to you <strong>in</strong>closed [sic]. This I<br />
should have done sooner, had I had a safe opportunity before. I have now <strong>the</strong> greater reason to be conv<strong>in</strong>ced<br />
that <strong>the</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ions I <strong>the</strong>n gave you were right, from a conversation I have s<strong>in</strong>ce had with a very <strong>in</strong>telligent friend<br />
<strong>of</strong> ours from <strong>the</strong> country, known to Colonel Simcoe, who goes to you by this opportunity, <strong>and</strong> will be able to give<br />
you <strong>the</strong> fullest <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>the</strong>reon.” 2801<br />
26 April. From Saunders Creek, Greene marched rapidly <strong>and</strong> bivouacked at a location a mile <strong>and</strong> a half above<br />
Rugeley’s Mill. 2802<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> Guilford Dudley <strong>of</strong> Halifax County, N.C.: “On <strong>the</strong> twenty-sixth (<strong>the</strong> day after <strong>the</strong> battle),<br />
Colonel [James] Read <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia (who was a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental major) was sent back <strong>in</strong>to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a to attend<br />
to some matters <strong>the</strong>re, when I became <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g militia <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued so until expiration <strong>of</strong><br />
our tour, as may be seen by my discharge from <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army. On <strong>the</strong> twenty-sixth also, General Greene fell<br />
back from Saunders Creek <strong>and</strong> by a rapid march passed by Rugeley’s Mill <strong>and</strong> took post that night about one <strong>and</strong><br />
a half miles higher up <strong>the</strong> Waxhaw Road, thirteen miles above Camden.” 2803<br />
2800 MMS2 p. 278.<br />
2801 CAC pp. 95-100.<br />
2802 NGP8 pp. 159n, 160, LMS p. 339, JLG2 p. 84, DRR p. 221.<br />
2803 DRR p. 221, DSK.<br />
486
27 April. From Richardson’s, Marion wrote to Greene on this date that Watson, now mov<strong>in</strong>g south, had crossed<br />
<strong>the</strong> Santee on <strong>the</strong> 24 th Monck’s Corner where Lieut. Col. Welbore Ellis Doyle 2804 was with 300 men. With<strong>in</strong> a few<br />
days, Watson, refreshed <strong>and</strong> refitted, began a march back towards Camden, though ostensibly without Small.<br />
Marion also stated that Balfour ‘came out’ <strong>of</strong> Charlestown with 200. This detachment, under McArthur, later<br />
moved to Dorchester, 2805 <strong>and</strong> was <strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> about 100 to 200 <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> 100 cavalry. The <strong>in</strong>fantry was<br />
made up <strong>of</strong> men left beh<strong>in</strong>d by assorted British, Prov<strong>in</strong>cial (such as <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Regt.) <strong>and</strong> loyalist<br />
detachments, recruits <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>valids. The cavalry, which <strong>in</strong>cluded Starkl<strong>of</strong>f’s dragoons, had been created from<br />
drafts from <strong>the</strong> Hessian regiments <strong>and</strong> local loyalists. 2806<br />
27 April. At Greene’s camp just north <strong>of</strong> Rugeley’s a trial was held for 20 to 25 men captured <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong><br />
Hobkirk’s Hill, <strong>and</strong> who were accused <strong>of</strong> desertion. 2807<br />
Dudley: “(O)n <strong>the</strong> twenty-seventh, General Greene directed a court-martial to convene near headquarters for<br />
<strong>the</strong> trial <strong>of</strong> twenty or twenty-five deserters whom we had taken <strong>in</strong> battle on Hobkirk’s Hill on <strong>the</strong> twenty-fifth.<br />
They were all equally guilty as to matter <strong>of</strong> fact, but some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m were more notorious <strong>of</strong>fenders than <strong>the</strong> rest.<br />
The general <strong>the</strong>refore was pleased to order <strong>the</strong> execution <strong>of</strong> five <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m only. The rest were pardoned <strong>and</strong><br />
returned to <strong>the</strong>ir duty <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir respective <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e.”<br />
Seymour: “The 27 th were parties sent to bury our dead. Same day <strong>the</strong> enemy marched <strong>and</strong> encamped at<br />
Rugeley’s mill. Ten miles.” 2808<br />
27 April. [raid] Chesterfield Court House (Chesterfield County, VA.) Phillips marched to Chesterfield Court House<br />
burned barracks for 2,000 men <strong>and</strong> destroyed 300 barrels <strong>of</strong> flour. 2809<br />
Arnold to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, May 12 th : “27 th , Major-general Phillips, with <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Queen’s rangers, <strong>and</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> yagers, marched to Chesterfield court house, where <strong>the</strong>y burnt a range <strong>of</strong><br />
barracks for two thous<strong>and</strong> men, <strong>and</strong> three hundred barrels <strong>of</strong> flour, &c.” 2810<br />
27 April. [raid] Osborne’s (Chesterfield County, VA.) Arnold’s separate detachment, as directed by Phillips,<br />
moved on Osborne’s, situated below <strong>the</strong> James River <strong>and</strong> some fifteen miles south <strong>of</strong> Richmond. After rout<strong>in</strong>g<br />
some militia, he set to <strong>the</strong> torch <strong>and</strong> sunk two ships, five brigant<strong>in</strong>es, five sloops. One schooner loaded with<br />
tobacco, cordage flour, etcs., fell <strong>in</strong>to British h<strong>and</strong>s. On board <strong>the</strong> whole fleet were 2,000 hogsheads <strong>of</strong> tobacco<br />
most <strong>of</strong> which was also destroyed. Arnold afterward rendezvoused with Phillips on <strong>the</strong> route to Manchester, with<br />
more tobacco be<strong>in</strong>g set ablaze at <strong>War</strong>wick. Lafayette, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terim, had reached Hanover Court House on his<br />
way to Richmond. 2811<br />
Arnold to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, May 12 th : “The same day I marched to Osborn[e]’s, with <strong>the</strong> 76 th <strong>and</strong> 80 th regiments, Queen’s<br />
rangers, part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> yagers, <strong>and</strong> American legion, where we arrived about noon. F<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy had very<br />
considerable force <strong>of</strong> ships four miles above Osborn’s, drawn up <strong>in</strong> a l<strong>in</strong>e to oppose us, I sent a flag to <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>modore, propos<strong>in</strong>g to treat with him for <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong> his fleet, which he refused, with this answer, ‘That<br />
he was determ<strong>in</strong>ed to defend it to <strong>the</strong> last extremity.’ I immediately ordered down two six <strong>and</strong> two threepounders,<br />
brass field pieces, to a bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, nearly level with <strong>the</strong> water, <strong>and</strong> with<strong>in</strong> one hundred yards <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Tempest, a twenty-gun state ship, which began immediately to fire upon us, as did <strong>the</strong> Renown, <strong>of</strong> twentysix<br />
guns, <strong>the</strong> Jefferson, a state brigant<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> fourteen guns, <strong>and</strong> several o<strong>the</strong>r armed ships <strong>and</strong> brigant<strong>in</strong>es;<br />
about two or three hundred militia on <strong>the</strong> opposite shore at <strong>the</strong> same time kept up a heavy fire <strong>of</strong> musketry<br />
upon us: Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g which, <strong>the</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery, under <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Fage <strong>and</strong> Lieutenant<br />
Rogers, took such place, that <strong>the</strong> ships were soon obliged to strike <strong>the</strong>ir colours, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia drove from <strong>the</strong><br />
opposite shore. Want <strong>of</strong> boats, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d blow<strong>in</strong>g hard, prevented our captur<strong>in</strong>g many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> seamen, who<br />
took to <strong>the</strong>ir boats, <strong>and</strong> escaped on shore; but not without first scuttl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> sett<strong>in</strong>g fire to some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir ships,<br />
which could not be saved. Two ships, three brigant<strong>in</strong>es, five sloops, <strong>and</strong> two schooners, loaded with tobacco,<br />
cordage, flour, &c. fell <strong>in</strong>to our h<strong>and</strong>s. Four ships, five brigant<strong>in</strong>es, <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> small vessels, were sunk<br />
<strong>and</strong> burnt: On board <strong>the</strong> whole fleet (none <strong>of</strong> which escaped) were taken <strong>and</strong> destroyed about two thous<strong>and</strong><br />
hogsheads <strong>of</strong> tobacco, &c. &c., <strong>and</strong> very fortunately we had not a man killed or wounded this day; but have<br />
reason to believe <strong>the</strong> enemy suffered considerably. About five o’clock we were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Major-general Phillips<br />
with <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry. 28 th , <strong>the</strong> troops rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Osborn’s, wait<strong>in</strong>g for boats from <strong>the</strong> fleet; part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m<br />
were employed <strong>in</strong> secur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> prizes, <strong>and</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to Osborn’s as a place <strong>of</strong> safety.” 2812<br />
27 April. Sumter, at “Boyley’s” Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Broad River, wrote to Greene: “I am just <strong>in</strong>formed that <strong>the</strong> Tories<br />
which have fled from above are embody<strong>in</strong>g West <strong>of</strong> Saluda River. I have prepaired [sic] a proper party to Send<br />
after <strong>the</strong>m, Which if Dispersed will leave all <strong>the</strong> Back Country open <strong>and</strong> Secoure [sic], quite to 96. So that <strong>the</strong><br />
2804 Apparently <strong>the</strong> force identified by Marion as Doyle’s was Col. John Small’s; though Doyle, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> N.Y.<br />
Volunteers, may have been present as well. See 20 April.<br />
2805 Bass, draw<strong>in</strong>g on a letter <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s, speaks <strong>of</strong> McArthur be<strong>in</strong>g at Monck’s Corner ra<strong>the</strong>r than Dorchester. It may be that<br />
McArthur went to Monck’s Corner <strong>the</strong>n Dorchester, or else Sumter’s identified Small’s detachment as McArthur’s. In a letter to<br />
Greene <strong>of</strong> May 2 nd , Sumter wrote: “I am Not Well <strong>in</strong>formed Where Majr McArthur is at This time but have No apprehensions that<br />
he Can Git [sic] to Camden Without My Know<strong>in</strong>g it is Time to prevent his Design.” NGP8 p. 193, BGC p. 163.<br />
2806 NGP8 p. 163, GHA4 p. 108, JLG2 pp. 70-72, 99-105, MSC2 pp. 213-213.<br />
2807 JLG2 pp. 97-99.<br />
2808 SJS.<br />
2809 SQR pp. 198-201, TCS p. 335, LMS p. 310, WAR2 p. 871.<br />
2810 ATR81b pp. 60-63, TCS p. 335, LMS p. 310.<br />
2811 ATR81b pp. 60-63, SQR pp. 198-201, TCS pp. 336-337, GHA4 pp. 108-109, MLW4A p. 427, CBA p. 590, SCAR vol. 3, no.4, pp.<br />
37-41.<br />
2812 ATR81b pp. 60-63, AR81 p. 88, TCS pp. 336-337.<br />
487
Inhabitants Can have No Good excuse for Not Turn<strong>in</strong>g out. Genl Pickens set out yesterday for 96 Where <strong>the</strong>re is a<br />
Number <strong>of</strong> men emboyed [embodied] under Col. [James] McCall.” As it turned out, <strong>the</strong> Loyalists retreated <strong>in</strong>to<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six before Pickens could attack <strong>the</strong>m. 2813<br />
27 April. Maj. P<strong>in</strong>kertham Eaton with 140 N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, (mostly recruits, see 12 <strong>and</strong> 17 April)) <strong>and</strong> Capt.<br />
Ebenezer F<strong>in</strong>ley with a six-pounder (see 23 March) by this date, possibly hav<strong>in</strong>g been ordered out by Greene on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 25 th or 26 th , were at <strong>the</strong> Black River on <strong>the</strong>ir way to unite with Lee <strong>and</strong> Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee. They soon, however,<br />
reversed <strong>the</strong>ir march for reasons not at present clearly established (possibly a counterm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g order from<br />
Greene); thus caus<strong>in</strong>g a delay <strong>in</strong> form<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tended junction. See 24 April <strong>and</strong> 29 April. 2814<br />
27 April. Henry Nase at Camden with <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt.: “The Rebels Seam [sic] to be Collect<strong>in</strong>g at<br />
Rudgleys [Rugeley’s] Mills, 8 Miles from Camden; we rema<strong>in</strong>’d <strong>in</strong> our battle Positions, <strong>the</strong> Troops were every<br />
Night on <strong>the</strong> field, ly<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong>ir Arms –-” 2815<br />
27-28 April. [raid] The Death <strong>of</strong> Abel Kolb (Marlboro County, S.C.) On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> 27-28 April, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
militia leader Col. Abel Kolb, known for his relentless suppression <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists around Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
upper Peedee, was seized at his home by 50 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a tories. The latter had ga<strong>the</strong>red on Catfish Creek <strong>and</strong><br />
were led by Capt. Joseph Jones. In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> what took place, Kolb was shot by one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>and</strong> his<br />
home burned down. The action was probably <strong>in</strong> direct retaliation for Kolb’s kill<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> John Deer <strong>and</strong> hang<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
Caleb Williams at Hul<strong>in</strong>’s Mill some days earlier (see 10 April.) Afterward, Kolb’s death seemed to have<br />
emboldened many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British sympathizers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek region. Although Kolb may correctly be<br />
seen to have been at times ruthless himself <strong>in</strong> his methods, never<strong>the</strong>less, he was a formidable militia leader who<br />
was <strong>of</strong> significant assistance <strong>in</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forc<strong>in</strong>g Marion after Doyle’s raid on Snow’s Isl<strong>and</strong>, send<strong>in</strong>g men to Marion<br />
when <strong>the</strong> latter was before Fort Watson, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g down <strong>the</strong> loyalists to <strong>the</strong> north <strong>of</strong> Marion’s operations<br />
generally. Follow<strong>in</strong>g Kolb’s death, says Alex<strong>and</strong>er Gregg, Kolb’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> devolved upon Maj. Lemuel Benson. 2816<br />
Mr. Pugh’s Journal: “Saturday, 28 th . Went to <strong>the</strong> Mill. Col. Kolb is killed, <strong>and</strong> 6 or 7 men by <strong>the</strong> Tories.” [To<br />
which Alex<strong>and</strong>er Gregg adds:] The report <strong>of</strong> six or seven men killed, besides Col. Kolb, if it was true, must have<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded o<strong>the</strong>rs who were murdered by <strong>the</strong> Tory party on <strong>the</strong>ir return down <strong>the</strong> river.” 2817<br />
28 April. Greene, cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Wateree River, about n<strong>in</strong>e miles above, Camden marched down river to <strong>the</strong> ferry<br />
opposite <strong>and</strong> just below it. It was <strong>in</strong> a letter to Chevalier de La Luzerne on this date that he declared: “We fight<br />
get beat rise <strong>and</strong> fight aga<strong>in</strong>. The whole Country is one cont<strong>in</strong>ued scene <strong>of</strong> blood <strong>and</strong> slaughter.” 2818<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> Guilford Dudley <strong>of</strong> Halifax, N.C.: “This [<strong>the</strong> trial execution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> deserters on <strong>the</strong> 27 th )<br />
<strong>and</strong> some o<strong>the</strong>r transaction which took place <strong>in</strong> our camp above Rugeley’s be<strong>in</strong>g f<strong>in</strong>ished, <strong>and</strong> General Sumter<br />
not yet jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g as was expected when we first sat down before Camden on <strong>the</strong> n<strong>in</strong>eteenth, General Greene<br />
became restless for want <strong>of</strong> employment <strong>and</strong> from his too-remote position from <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>in</strong> Camden. He<br />
<strong>the</strong>refore determ<strong>in</strong>ed to change his position once more, from <strong>the</strong> eastern to <strong>the</strong> western side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree,<br />
<strong>and</strong> accord<strong>in</strong>gly, on <strong>the</strong> twenty-eighth, broke up from that camp, <strong>and</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g down by Rugeley’s a mile or two,<br />
filed <strong>of</strong>f from <strong>the</strong> Camden Road to <strong>the</strong> right, <strong>and</strong> soon reached <strong>the</strong> Wateree at a very rocky ford about n<strong>in</strong>e miles<br />
above that town, four or five hundred yards wide, which we forded, horse, foot, <strong>and</strong> artillery, as we had done<br />
before at Colson’s on Big Peedee, <strong>and</strong>, keep<strong>in</strong>g out from <strong>the</strong> river a mile or two until we entered <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> road<br />
lead<strong>in</strong>g down from Rocky Mount, etc., to <strong>the</strong> ferry below Camden, pitched our tents opposite to that village, <strong>in</strong><br />
an open pla<strong>in</strong> covered with p<strong>in</strong>e about two miles from us <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> river <strong>in</strong>terposed. This movement was<br />
made for <strong>the</strong> double purpose <strong>of</strong> more effectually cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> supplies <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g down on that side or from<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, if that should be attempted, as well as to <strong>in</strong>tercept Colonel Watson on his return to <strong>the</strong> garrison,<br />
should he evade Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee on Santee <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n, cross<strong>in</strong>g Congaree at Fort Motte [aka Buckhead] or<br />
elsewhere, force his way to Camden on <strong>the</strong> upper road, on <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree...” 2819<br />
28 April. By this date, Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee had left Richardson’s <strong>and</strong> moved to Long Branch, a tributary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Pocotaglio River located <strong>in</strong> present day Sumter County. Henry Lee IV speculates that on <strong>the</strong> 26 th Lee, who was<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise engaged or prepar<strong>in</strong>g to obstruct Watson, received orders to return to Greene’s army. But while on his<br />
way back on <strong>the</strong> 27 th , he received <strong>com</strong>munications from Greene revok<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> previous <strong>in</strong>structions; so that he<br />
returned to Marion <strong>and</strong> who on that same day had “plunged…<strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> swamps <strong>of</strong> Black river;” somewhat<br />
imperiled <strong>and</strong> distressed by his absence. It is <strong>the</strong>n surmised that <strong>the</strong> delay caused by Lee’s be<strong>in</strong>g called back by<br />
Greene, only to <strong>the</strong>n have to return to Marion, contributed to Watson’s not be<strong>in</strong>g halted on his march to<br />
Rawdon. See 7 May. 2820<br />
2813 NGP8 p. 164.<br />
2814 NGP8 p. 16, JLG2 pp. 72-75, 104-105.<br />
2815 NDI.<br />
2816 NGP8 p. 53n, LMS p. 563n, GHC pp. 359-367, BSF p. 183.<br />
2817 GHC p. 372.<br />
2818 NGP8 p. 168. On May 1 st , Greene wrote to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>in</strong> a somewhat different tone: “My public letters to Congress will<br />
<strong>in</strong>form your Excellency <strong>of</strong> our situation <strong>in</strong> this quarter. We fight get beat <strong>and</strong> fight aga<strong>in</strong>. We have so much to do <strong>and</strong> so little to<br />
do it with, that I am much afraid <strong>the</strong>se States must fall never to rise aga<strong>in</strong>; <strong>and</strong> what is more I am perswaded [sic] <strong>the</strong>y will lay a<br />
tra<strong>in</strong> to sap <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> foundation.” NGP8 p. 185. See also to Lafayette NGP8 pp. 182-183.<br />
2819 DRR pp. 221-222, DSK.<br />
2820 NGP8 p. 171n, JLG2 pp. 70-72, 99-105, LCC pp. 318-326.<br />
488
28 April (also 29 April). [skirmish] Barbeque Church, also Barbeque Presbyterian Church, “Capt. Daniel Buie vs.<br />
Lt. Col. Tarleton” (Harnett County, N.C.) ONB3 pp. 214-215 <strong>and</strong> DRO p. 166.<br />
And see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/barbeque.htm<br />
29 April. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Bethabara congregation): “Sunday. Just as service was beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g<br />
fourteen wagons arrived from Rowan County, go<strong>in</strong>g to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia for Cont<strong>in</strong>ental stores. They wanted corn <strong>and</strong><br />
br<strong>and</strong>y <strong>and</strong> tar, which made a disturbance.” 2821<br />
29 April. Lafayette with a full total <strong>of</strong> 900-1,100 rank <strong>and</strong> file Cont<strong>in</strong>ental light <strong>in</strong>fantry (3 battalions), made up<br />
<strong>of</strong> New Engl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> New Jersey troops, reached Richmond; where Brig. General Thomas Nelson was with a small<br />
force <strong>of</strong> militia. With Lafayette were: Col. Joseph Vose’s Battalion <strong>of</strong> 8 Massachusetts light <strong>com</strong>panies; Col.<br />
Jean-Joseph Sourbader de Gimat’s 2822 battalion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 5 th Connecticut Regt., <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Massachusetts Regt., a light<br />
<strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong> Regt., five Connecticut light <strong>com</strong>panies; <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. Francis Barber’s<br />
battalion made up <strong>of</strong> light <strong>com</strong>panies from New Hampshire, New Jersey regiments, <strong>and</strong> one light <strong>com</strong>pany from<br />
<strong>the</strong> 1 st Canadian regiments. Added to <strong>the</strong>se were (at this time) under 100 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen, plus a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong><br />
artillery with 6 small guns. As well, <strong>the</strong> remnants <strong>of</strong> Arm<strong>and</strong>’s Legion <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Lt. Dragoons would<br />
soon re<strong>in</strong>force him. Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers Muhlenberg <strong>and</strong> Weedon, who subsequently jo<strong>in</strong>ed Lafayette, were<br />
already <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g cont<strong>in</strong>gents <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia (toge<strong>the</strong>r number<strong>in</strong>g 1,200 to 2,000),<br />
as was Brig. General Thomas Nelson. Von Steuben, who was with Muhlenberg <strong>and</strong> who had led <strong>the</strong> American<br />
forces <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state prior to Lafayette’s tak<strong>in</strong>g charge, cont<strong>in</strong>ued collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> form<strong>in</strong>g 18 month Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental regiments, orig<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>in</strong>tended for Greene’s army. 2823<br />
29 April. Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> 29 th , at night, happened an alarm occasioned by a wagon <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g our <strong>of</strong> Campden<br />
[sic] with one <strong>of</strong> our capta<strong>in</strong>s, wounded, which our light horse took for cannon; upon which our <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> a<br />
party <strong>of</strong> horse were sent to observe <strong>the</strong>ir motion, when, meet<strong>in</strong>g with said wagon, we discovered <strong>the</strong> mistake<br />
<strong>and</strong> returned to camp. Six miles.” 2824<br />
29 April. Due ei<strong>the</strong>r to Greene chang<strong>in</strong>g orders or Capt. James Conyers gett<strong>in</strong>g lost <strong>in</strong> reach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
party, P<strong>in</strong>kertham Eaton <strong>and</strong> F<strong>in</strong>ley (see 27 April) had made a retrograde movement from Black River, <strong>and</strong> were<br />
with<strong>in</strong> five miles south <strong>of</strong> Rugeley’s on this date. This caused a delay <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment’s reach<strong>in</strong>g Marion <strong>and</strong><br />
Lee; which cunctation William Johnson blames for <strong>the</strong> escape <strong>of</strong> Watson. Henry Lee IV, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>,<br />
suggests that Greene’s order<strong>in</strong>g Lee back to camp, only to <strong>the</strong> next day resc<strong>in</strong>d that directive (see 28 April), is<br />
actually (as much as any reason) what prevented Lee <strong>and</strong> Marion from thwart<strong>in</strong>g Watson. Respect<strong>in</strong>g Eaton <strong>and</strong><br />
F<strong>in</strong>ley, <strong>the</strong>y afterward resumed <strong>the</strong>ir march south to jo<strong>in</strong> Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee <strong>and</strong> were with <strong>the</strong>m by <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
May 2 nd . See 2-3 <strong>and</strong> 7 May. 2825<br />
30 April. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Cornwallis: “With regard to <strong>the</strong> operations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> summer, which your Lordship is anxious to<br />
receive my directions about, you cannot but be sensible that <strong>the</strong>y must <strong>in</strong> a great measure depend on your<br />
Lordship’s successes <strong>in</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>the</strong> certa<strong>in</strong>ty <strong>and</strong> numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> expected re<strong>in</strong>forcement from Europe, <strong>and</strong><br />
likewise your Lordship’s send<strong>in</strong>g back to me <strong>the</strong> corps I had spared to you under Major-general Leslie (which Lord<br />
Rawdon <strong>in</strong> his letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 31 st <strong>of</strong> October told me you could return <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g) for until I am <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
particulars <strong>of</strong> your Lordship’s march through North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>the</strong> effective strength <strong>of</strong> your mov<strong>in</strong>g army, your<br />
plan <strong>of</strong> operations for carry<strong>in</strong>g those objects you had or may have <strong>in</strong> view <strong>in</strong>to execution, as well by <strong>the</strong> corps<br />
act<strong>in</strong>g under your immediate orders, as those act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> co-operation under Major-general Phillips, it must be<br />
obviously impossible for me to determ<strong>in</strong>e f<strong>in</strong>ally upon a plan <strong>of</strong> operations for <strong>the</strong> campaign.<br />
“I was <strong>in</strong>deed <strong>in</strong> great hopes that your successes <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a would have been such as to have put it <strong>in</strong> my<br />
power to avail myself <strong>of</strong> a large portion <strong>of</strong> your Lordship’s army, <strong>the</strong> whole Chesapeak[e] corps, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcements from Europe, for this campaign’s operations to <strong>the</strong> northward <strong>of</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a; but I observe with<br />
concern from your Lordship’s letter, that so far from be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a condition to spare me any part <strong>of</strong> your present<br />
force, you are <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion that part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> European re<strong>in</strong>forcement will be <strong>in</strong>dispensably [sic] necessary to enable<br />
you to act <strong>of</strong>fensively, or even to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> yourself <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country.<br />
“Had I known what your Lordship’s fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>fensive measures were <strong>in</strong>tended to be for <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
season, I might now have given an op<strong>in</strong>ion upon <strong>the</strong>m, as well as on <strong>the</strong> probable co-operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> corps <strong>in</strong><br />
Chesapeak; without hav<strong>in</strong>g which it will be scarcely possible for me to form any. For as I said before, I fear no<br />
solid operation can be carried on to <strong>the</strong> northward <strong>of</strong> Chesapeak, before those to <strong>the</strong> southward <strong>of</strong> it are<br />
entirely at an end, ei<strong>the</strong>r from success or <strong>the</strong> season; <strong>and</strong> my letter to your Lordship <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 6 th <strong>of</strong> November will<br />
have <strong>in</strong>formed you what were my ideas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> operations proper to be pursued <strong>in</strong> Chesapeak, <strong>and</strong> my<br />
expectations from <strong>the</strong>m, had circumstances admitted <strong>of</strong> my pursu<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> plan to its full extent. But I must now<br />
defer <strong>the</strong> fix<strong>in</strong>g ultimately on a plan for <strong>the</strong> campaign, until I am made acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong> f<strong>in</strong>al success <strong>of</strong> your<br />
Lordship’s operations, your prospects <strong>and</strong> sentiments, <strong>and</strong> I can judge what force I can collect for such measures<br />
as I can <strong>the</strong>n determ<strong>in</strong>e upon.” 2826<br />
2821 FRM p. 1751.<br />
2822 Gimat was a French Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> who’d previously served as an aide to Lafayette.<br />
2823 GHA4 pp. 111-112, CBA pp. 585-586, JYC p. 34-35, WAR2 p. 872.<br />
2824 SJS.<br />
2825 NGP8 p. 174, JLG2 pp. 104-111, LCC pp. 318-326.<br />
2826 COC pp. 88-90.<br />
489
30 April. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Maj. Gen. Phillips (Received by Cornwallis at Petersburg): “I cannot judge from Lord<br />
Cornwallis’s letter, whe<strong>the</strong>r he proposes any fur<strong>the</strong>r operations <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as -- what <strong>the</strong>y may be -- <strong>and</strong> how<br />
far you can operate <strong>in</strong> his favour. If I was to give a private op<strong>in</strong>ion from read<strong>in</strong>g his letter -- I would say, I cannot<br />
conceive from it that he has any <strong>of</strong>fensive object <strong>in</strong> view. He says, that North-Carol<strong>in</strong>a is a country, <strong>in</strong> which it is<br />
impossible for an army to act or move without <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> friends: he does not seem to th<strong>in</strong>k we have any<br />
<strong>the</strong>re -- nor do you. I shall give no op<strong>in</strong>ion respect<strong>in</strong>g that at present, or until I receive his Lordship’s account <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> his w<strong>in</strong>ter campaign.<br />
“His Lordship tells me that he wants re<strong>in</strong>forcement. -- With n<strong>in</strong>e British battalions, <strong>and</strong> detachments from seven<br />
more, (besides those from <strong>the</strong> Artillery <strong>and</strong> seventeenth Dragoons) -- five Hessian battalions, <strong>and</strong> a detachment<br />
<strong>of</strong> Yagers -- <strong>and</strong> eleven Prov<strong>in</strong>cial battalions, exclusive <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Light Infantry; -- I would ask, -- How can that be possible? And if it is, what hopes can I have <strong>of</strong> a<br />
force sufficient to undertake any solid operation?<br />
“To be brief -- If his Lordship proposes no operation to you soon, <strong>and</strong> you see none that will operate for him<br />
directly -- (that is, before <strong>the</strong> first <strong>of</strong> June,) -- I th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong> best <strong>in</strong>direct one <strong>in</strong> his favour will be, what you <strong>and</strong><br />
General Arnold proposed to me <strong>in</strong> No. 10. <strong>of</strong> your jo<strong>in</strong>t letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18 th <strong>in</strong>stant, beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> attempt on<br />
Philadelphia. The only risk you run is from a temporary superiority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy at sea. -- L<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> naval<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcements from France are talked <strong>of</strong> -- If <strong>the</strong>y <strong>com</strong>e immediately from Europe, we must have some<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y will, I hope, be followed; -- if from <strong>the</strong> West-Indies, I hope <strong>the</strong> same. It is<br />
however an important move, <strong>and</strong> ought (<strong>in</strong> my op<strong>in</strong>ion) to be tried, even with some risk. If our friends are as<br />
numerous <strong>and</strong> hearty as Colonel Rank<strong>in</strong> represents <strong>the</strong>m to be, with <strong>the</strong>ir assistance added to what you carry<br />
thi<strong>the</strong>r, you will be able to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> yourself. But if, after hav<strong>in</strong>g given <strong>the</strong> experiment a fair trial, you f<strong>in</strong>d it<br />
will not do; you may ei<strong>the</strong>r retire to Portsmouth, or by transports <strong>and</strong> boats <strong>in</strong> Delaware pass to Jersey -- where,<br />
<strong>in</strong> all events, I must pick you up, by receiv<strong>in</strong>g you at, or near, Mount Holly. Give me timely notice <strong>of</strong> your<br />
<strong>in</strong>tended move, <strong>and</strong>, if possible, I will follow you <strong>in</strong>to Delaware with such a small re<strong>in</strong>forcement as I can at <strong>the</strong><br />
time spare.” 2827<br />
30 April. Hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>e down to <strong>the</strong> Congaree from <strong>the</strong> Broad River, Sumter, with 500 men (300 <strong>of</strong> which were ten<br />
months men), camped at Ancrum’s Plantation; which lay north just across <strong>the</strong> river from Granby. 2828<br />
30 April. Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee by this date had relocated to Salem, S.C,. or what Lee refers to <strong>in</strong> his letters to as<br />
“Swamps <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Black River.” Their movement to this area was <strong>in</strong> order to remove <strong>the</strong> prisoners taken at Fort<br />
Watson to safety <strong>and</strong> to help quell <strong>the</strong> agitation aris<strong>in</strong>g from renewed loyalist activity on Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek.<br />
Watson, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> meantime, with 500 to 600 men <strong>and</strong> four field pieces, rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Monck’s Corner; while a<br />
separate British force <strong>of</strong> some 200, under Maj. Archibald McArthur, occupied Dorchester. Col. John Small’s<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> 100 at Monck’s Corner, which <strong>in</strong>cluded some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 84 th , was reported by reports as be<strong>in</strong>g with<br />
Watson at this time, but did not <strong>in</strong> actual fact jo<strong>in</strong> him on <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g march to Camden. 2829<br />
30 April. Greene, at <strong>the</strong> camp north <strong>of</strong> Rugeley’s, wrote to Sumter, ask<strong>in</strong>g him to send <strong>in</strong>formation regard<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Watson’s <strong>and</strong> McArthur’s movements, “<strong>the</strong> latter <strong>of</strong> whom with Hessian horse, I fear got <strong>in</strong>to Camden last<br />
even<strong>in</strong>g. However, this is not certa<strong>in</strong>.” On May 2 nd , Sumter, at Ancrum’s (“Camp at Congrees”), said he would<br />
keep an eye on McArthur <strong>and</strong> believed he could keep him from reach<strong>in</strong>g Camden. Watson, however, <strong>in</strong> May, did<br />
pass <strong>in</strong>to Camden safely. In order to create a cavalry force, <strong>the</strong> British, earlier <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month, drafted men from<br />
<strong>the</strong> three Hessian Regiments stationed <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were with <strong>the</strong> ones mentioned as be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
with McArthur. The latter did not go to Camden, but about this time or somewhat earlier end up leav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Dorchester <strong>and</strong> mov<strong>in</strong>g towards Nelson’s Ferry. From <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong> Nelson’s Ferry where he acted as a screen<br />
to Watson, <strong>and</strong> where also he aga<strong>in</strong> was engaged <strong>in</strong> establish<strong>in</strong>g m<strong>in</strong>or fortifications, as he had at Dorchester <strong>the</strong><br />
previously. These fortifications were <strong>in</strong>tended to facilitate Rawdon’s retreat, while furnish<strong>in</strong>g his own men<br />
protection. Sumter, <strong>in</strong> a letter to Greene, reported McArthur’s presence at Nelson’s Ferry on May 4 th , while<br />
mak<strong>in</strong>g reference to McArthur hav<strong>in</strong>g already been <strong>the</strong>re a few days. McArthur’s corps, orig<strong>in</strong>ally reported as 200<br />
by Marion (see 27 April) apparently was augmented by 100 men from Lieut. Col. John Small’s detachment (<strong>and</strong><br />
or <strong>the</strong> garrison at Dorchester) <strong>and</strong> some Hessian dragoons because McArthur is later spoken <strong>of</strong> by Balfour, on 17<br />
May <strong>in</strong> a letter to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, as hav<strong>in</strong>g 300 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 100 cavalry. 2830 One source states that about <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong><br />
McArthur’s be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Dorchester <strong>the</strong>re was already a garrison <strong>of</strong> 150 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 60 cavalry <strong>the</strong>re.<br />
Whe<strong>the</strong>r this was separate, or to some extent added, to McArthur’s own force is not clear. If <strong>the</strong>y were added<br />
than this would expla<strong>in</strong> how McArthur’s orig<strong>in</strong>al 200 became 400. This would seem to assume, even so, that<br />
Dorchester was <strong>the</strong>reby ab<strong>and</strong>oned, or at least left much dim<strong>in</strong>ished <strong>in</strong> strength. See 21 May. Also should be<br />
noted, Nelson’s Ferry (on <strong>the</strong> south side) already had a small garrison, which <strong>in</strong>cluded some Hessians. See Early<br />
May <strong>and</strong> 21 May. 2831<br />
Chesney: “I <strong>the</strong>n returned to Charles Town [May] <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> wish <strong>of</strong> Col. Balfour, raised a troop <strong>of</strong> horse <strong>and</strong> was<br />
stationed at Dorchester, a strong British post, <strong>and</strong> moved my wife <strong>and</strong> child thi<strong>the</strong>r.” 2832<br />
2827 CAC pp. 107-109.<br />
2828 BGC pp. 162, 170.<br />
2829 NGP8 pp. 124-125, 139n, 163, 179. LMS pp. 341-343, JLG2 pp. 70-72, 99-105.<br />
2830 McCrady speaks <strong>of</strong> Rawdon be<strong>in</strong>g subsequently jo<strong>in</strong>ed with 300 foot <strong>and</strong> 80 (Hessian) dragoons under McArthur. MSC2 pp. 212-<br />
213, 250.<br />
2831 NGP8 pp. 163n, 177, 194n, 204, BGC p. 163.<br />
2832 CDI.<br />
490
30 April. [raid] Manchester (Chesterfield County, VA.) Phillips, <strong>in</strong> an advance on Richmond, marched to<br />
Manchester <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re set fire to 1,200 hogsheads <strong>of</strong> tobacco; as well as hav<strong>in</strong>g forced <strong>the</strong> destruction by <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans <strong>of</strong> a flotilla <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia navy on <strong>the</strong> James River. Believ<strong>in</strong>g, however, that Lafayette, across <strong>the</strong><br />
river <strong>in</strong> Richmond, would be re<strong>in</strong>forced by von Steuben <strong>and</strong> Muhlenberg (who were just upriver), he withdrew to<br />
Osborne’s by nightfall. Lafayette, meantime, moved Brig. Gen. Nelson <strong>and</strong> his militia to Williamsburg; while<br />
order<strong>in</strong>g Brig. Gen. Weedon with his corps <strong>of</strong> militia corps to Fredericksburg. 2833<br />
Arnold to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, May 12 th : “29 th , <strong>the</strong> boats hav<strong>in</strong>g arrived, <strong>the</strong> troops were put <strong>in</strong> motion. Major-general Phillips<br />
marched with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body; at <strong>the</strong> same time I proceeded up <strong>the</strong> river with a detachment <strong>in</strong> boats, <strong>and</strong> met<br />
him between Cary’s mills <strong>and</strong> <strong>War</strong>wick. 30 th , <strong>the</strong> troops marched to Manchester, <strong>and</strong> destroyed twelve hundred<br />
hogsheads <strong>of</strong> tobacco. The Marquis de la Fayette hav<strong>in</strong>g arrived with his army at Richmond, opposite to<br />
Manchester, <strong>the</strong> day before, <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g jo<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> militia drove from Petersburg <strong>and</strong> Williamsburgh, <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
spectators <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> conflagration without attempt<strong>in</strong>g to molest us. The same even<strong>in</strong>g we returned to <strong>War</strong>wick,<br />
where we destroyed a magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> five hundred barrels <strong>of</strong> flour, <strong>and</strong> Colonel [James] Cary’s f<strong>in</strong>e mills were<br />
destroyed <strong>in</strong> burn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> flour. We also burnt several warehouses, with one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty<br />
hogsheads <strong>of</strong> tobacco, a large ship <strong>and</strong> a brigant<strong>in</strong>e afloat, <strong>and</strong> three vessels on <strong>the</strong> stocks, a large range <strong>of</strong><br />
public rope walks <strong>and</strong> storehouses, <strong>and</strong> some tan <strong>and</strong> bark houses full <strong>of</strong> hides <strong>and</strong> bark.” 2834<br />
Late April (18 April <strong>and</strong> sometime <strong>the</strong>reafter) [raids] Alex<strong>and</strong>ria, VA., <strong>and</strong> Cedar, MD. A small detachment <strong>of</strong><br />
troops carried by a flotilla <strong>of</strong> six frigates <strong>and</strong> brigs, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> same number <strong>of</strong> smaller craft, were sent by Phillips<br />
raid<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake Bay to <strong>the</strong> Potomac River <strong>and</strong> Tidewater area. Their mission was also to <strong>in</strong>terfere<br />
with or prevent re<strong>in</strong>forcements <strong>and</strong> supplies reach<strong>in</strong>g Lafayette. They briefly took Alex<strong>and</strong>ria, <strong>and</strong> moved on to<br />
burn tobacco <strong>and</strong> free plantation slaves <strong>in</strong> Cedar Maryl<strong>and</strong>. At one po<strong>in</strong>t Capt. Graves <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Acteon menaced<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s home Mount Vernon with burn<strong>in</strong>g (though his orders actually forbade it.) Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s nephew,<br />
Lund Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>in</strong> order to save <strong>the</strong> estate paid a ransom <strong>and</strong> even went so far as serv<strong>in</strong>g up dr<strong>in</strong>ks <strong>and</strong><br />
refreshments to <strong>the</strong> British <strong>of</strong>ficers on one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir ships. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton was afterward <strong>in</strong>dignant at his nephew’s<br />
appeasement <strong>and</strong> wrote him say<strong>in</strong>g “he would ra<strong>the</strong>r have had <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>gs destroyed, than saved by such “a<br />
pernicious example.” 2835<br />
Late April. North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia serv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> eastern <strong>the</strong> eastern part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’<br />
thrust toward Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, are listed by Davie as: 200 under Brig. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Lill<strong>in</strong>gton, 200 under Maj. Gen.<br />
Richard Caswell, 150 under Brig. Gen. Allen Jones.<br />
Davie: “These troops never made a junction <strong>and</strong> were too feeble to oppose <strong>the</strong> progress <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy.” 2836<br />
Late April. Caru<strong>the</strong>rs: “Cornwallis reached Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton on <strong>the</strong> 17 th <strong>of</strong> April, <strong>and</strong> while he had his head-quarters <strong>in</strong><br />
town, <strong>the</strong> army was encamped <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> immediate vic<strong>in</strong>ity. He left on <strong>the</strong> 25 th , I believe, <strong>and</strong> about <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong><br />
May entered Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. They met with no serious opposition on <strong>the</strong>ir march across <strong>the</strong> eastern end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State,<br />
but were, all <strong>the</strong> time, under apprehensions <strong>of</strong> an attack, <strong>and</strong> were harassed occasionally by <strong>in</strong>dividuals, who<br />
would lie <strong>in</strong> ambush about <strong>the</strong> swamps <strong>and</strong> shoot down stragglers, or by small parties <strong>of</strong> Whigs who would attack<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir forag<strong>in</strong>g parties <strong>and</strong> dim<strong>in</strong>ish <strong>the</strong>ir number. Tarleton, with about a thous<strong>and</strong> men, quartered himself for a<br />
day <strong>and</strong> night on <strong>the</strong> plantation <strong>of</strong> Col. Slocum, he himself with his pr<strong>in</strong>cipal <strong>of</strong>ficers, occupy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> house while<br />
<strong>the</strong> army was encamped <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> orchard, some two or three hundred yards distant. Mrs. Elliot, <strong>in</strong> her book<br />
entitled The Women <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution, gives an enterta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g account <strong>of</strong> what passed between Col. Tarleton <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> courageous <strong>and</strong> ready-witted Mrs. Slocum, when he took possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> house; <strong>and</strong> also <strong>of</strong> a dar<strong>in</strong>g feat <strong>of</strong><br />
her husb<strong>and</strong>, Col. Slocum, <strong>and</strong> a few <strong>of</strong> his neighbors. Soon after arriv<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> place, Tarleton sent out a Tory<br />
capta<strong>in</strong> with his <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> Tories to scour <strong>the</strong> country for two or three miles round, <strong>and</strong>, while thus engaged,<br />
Col. Slocum with his little Whig b<strong>and</strong> came upon <strong>the</strong>m. A terrible onslaught followed, <strong>and</strong> half <strong>the</strong> Tories were<br />
killed or wounded. The Capta<strong>in</strong> was wounded <strong>and</strong> fled with four or five <strong>of</strong> his men towards head-quarters; <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Colonel, with about <strong>the</strong> same number <strong>of</strong> Whigs, went <strong>in</strong> hot pursuit. So great was <strong>the</strong>ir eagerness to kill <strong>the</strong><br />
capta<strong>in</strong> or take him prisoner that <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> midst <strong>of</strong> a thous<strong>and</strong> British, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m mounted, before<br />
<strong>the</strong>y thought <strong>of</strong> any danger, or were even aware that <strong>the</strong> enemy was on <strong>the</strong> plantation, but by great presence <strong>of</strong><br />
m<strong>in</strong>d <strong>and</strong> an act <strong>of</strong> most dar<strong>in</strong>g courage, <strong>the</strong>y dashed through <strong>and</strong> made <strong>the</strong>ir escape. Col. Slocum with a few<br />
<strong>in</strong>trepid <strong>and</strong> patriotic men like himself, hung on <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army, cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f stragglers <strong>and</strong><br />
sometimes attack<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir forag<strong>in</strong>g parties all <strong>the</strong> way <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, when <strong>the</strong>y made <strong>the</strong>ir way to Yorktown <strong>and</strong><br />
were present at <strong>the</strong> surrender.” 2837<br />
Late April or first week <strong>of</strong> May. Lieut. Col. James McCall expired from smallpox. See Pickens to Greene 3<br />
May. 2838 About 12 April both Clark <strong>and</strong> McCall had <strong>com</strong>e down with <strong>the</strong> illness, very likely after an attempt at<br />
<strong>in</strong>oculation which Samuel Hammond mentions. While Clark was recuperat<strong>in</strong>g, his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> went to Micajah<br />
Williamson. McCall had also left to recuperate, but did not recover. 2839<br />
2833 ATR81b pp. 60-63, AR81 p. 88, TCS p. 337, SQR pp. 201-202, GHA4 pp. 108-109, MLW4A p. 427, LMS pp. 310-312, CBA pp.<br />
590-591.<br />
2834 ATR81b pp. 60-63, TCS p. 337.<br />
2835 NGP7 p. 474n, GHA4 p. 118, CSS p. 1199-1200, MLW4A pp. 437n-438n, MLW3 p. 137n, CBA p. 589, LFB2 p. 229n.<br />
2836 DRS p. 35. Davie made <strong>the</strong> above list <strong>of</strong> N.C. leaders <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir strengths years after <strong>the</strong> war had ended.<br />
2837 Due to <strong>the</strong> paucity <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation on this purported occurrence, it is not been <strong>in</strong>cluded as a formal skirmish entry. CNS2 pp.<br />
194-195.<br />
2838 NGP8 pp. 197, 198n.<br />
2839 HMP, MHG p. 510.<br />
491
Samuel Hammond (pension statement): “…<strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th <strong>of</strong> March [Guilford] as memory now serves him --<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ued with <strong>the</strong> Army until <strong>the</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis was given over. He was <strong>the</strong>re ordered to jo<strong>in</strong> Genl.<br />
Pickens previously detached to <strong>the</strong> Western part <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, to rally <strong>the</strong> friends <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a &<br />
Georgia with those <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a with <strong>the</strong> view <strong>of</strong> recover<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> South from <strong>the</strong> Enemy. Applicant halted<br />
on <strong>the</strong> South fork <strong>of</strong> Catawba river, several <strong>of</strong> his men taken with <strong>the</strong> Small Pox, he had <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>oculated upwards <strong>of</strong> 100, which deta<strong>in</strong>ed him sometime…” 2840<br />
2840 HMP.<br />
492
MAY 1781<br />
May. Admiral de Destouches, <strong>in</strong> Newport, R.I., was succeeded by Admiral de Barras as head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French<br />
squadron anchored <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>and</strong> who would subsequently play a key role <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Allied victory at Yorktown. 2841<br />
May. [skirmish] St. Ma<strong>the</strong>ws County, S.C. ONB3 p. 268.<br />
Early May. Watson left Monck’s Corner <strong>and</strong> marched towards Nelson’s Ferry on his way to Camden. He, however<br />
(see 5 May), ended up pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Santee at <strong>the</strong> lesser known <strong>and</strong> used cross<strong>in</strong>g, Buchanan’s Ferry, not very<br />
distant from Nelson’s. Lee believes he could have fallen upon Watson before <strong>the</strong> latter was <strong>in</strong> a position to<br />
<strong>com</strong>plete <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g, but that Greene’s summon<strong>in</strong>g him back to camp forestalled this. See Watson entries for 9<br />
April <strong>and</strong> 5 May. 2842<br />
Early May. Capt. William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, later known as “Bloody Bill,” <strong>and</strong> who <strong>in</strong> effect now replaced deceased<br />
Maj. James Dunlop (see 23 March, Beattie’s Mill) as British cavalry partisan <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> area, was operat<strong>in</strong>g with a<br />
small detachment <strong>of</strong> mounted loyalists out <strong>of</strong> <strong>and</strong> around N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. 2843 Somewhat At variance with this report<br />
found <strong>in</strong> Loss<strong>in</strong>g (see 10 May), Lambert states that Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham was listed as a private <strong>in</strong> Patrick Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham’s<br />
Regt. when Cruger escorted loyalists to Orangeburgh. Yet see also McJunk<strong>in</strong>’s Capture, 7 May. 2844<br />
1 May. [raid] Douglass’ Raid (Wilkes County?, GA.) Lieut. Col. Thomas Brown, at Augusta, reported to Lieut. Col.<br />
Friedrich von Porbeck, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Savannah, that Maj. James Jackson was hover<strong>in</strong>g about nearby with 80<br />
mounted militia on <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Savannah River, <strong>and</strong> that 400 to 500 “cavalry” (mounted militia)<br />
besieged Augusta from <strong>the</strong> Georgia side.<br />
Edward Cash<strong>in</strong>: “He [Brown] sent John Douglass on a dar<strong>in</strong>g raid with a detachment <strong>of</strong> royal militia. Brown later<br />
testified that Douglass surprised a group <strong>of</strong> rebels guard<strong>in</strong>g horses. The guards were bayoneted, <strong>and</strong> Douglass<br />
captured four hundred horses. What Brown did with four hundred horses is not clear. Ranger <strong>of</strong>ficers were sent<br />
out to seek help from <strong>the</strong> Indians. Capta<strong>in</strong> Alex<strong>and</strong>er Wylly went among <strong>the</strong> Cherokees with <strong>in</strong>structions to br<strong>in</strong>g<br />
that nation <strong>in</strong>to action, but <strong>the</strong> Cherokees were discouraged by <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>cursions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
<strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Brown hoped to receive assistance from <strong>the</strong> Creeks also, but most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m were away on <strong>the</strong><br />
Pensacola campaign.” 2845<br />
With Von Porbeck hav<strong>in</strong>g at his disposal 500 troops <strong>in</strong> Savannah <strong>and</strong> about 350 militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbor<strong>in</strong>g<br />
countryside, Royal Gov. James Wright, Sr. <strong>and</strong> his council entreated him to re<strong>in</strong>force Augusta with 100 regulars,<br />
but he refused. In retrospect this refusal may have proved decisive, for two likely th<strong>in</strong>gs might have occurred<br />
had <strong>the</strong> 100 regulars been sent, ei<strong>the</strong>r a) <strong>the</strong>y would have been lost at Augusta, or else b) <strong>the</strong> Rebels would have<br />
been repulsed. Porbeck’s choice would seem to reflect a greater fear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> former than hope for <strong>the</strong> latter, <strong>and</strong><br />
shows aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> tendency, whe<strong>the</strong>r forced or chosen, by British <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>in</strong> late Spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781 to rel<strong>in</strong>quish<br />
any idea <strong>of</strong> go<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>fensive; <strong>and</strong> this perhaps due <strong>in</strong> no small part due to <strong>the</strong> split, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>refore<br />
<strong>in</strong>decisive, nature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> structure -- with Cornwallis away <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia -– Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>in</strong> New York -– Rawdon<br />
<strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a -– <strong>and</strong> Balfour <strong>in</strong> Charlestown. 2846<br />
Cornwallis left <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> defenses <strong>in</strong> S.C. <strong>and</strong> GA. confused <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> abeyance. Indeed, <strong>the</strong>re was little or no<br />
plann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Deep South at this time, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British essentially found <strong>the</strong>mselves react<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> Americans;<br />
while not hav<strong>in</strong>g enough <strong>of</strong> a punch left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own (due to aforesaid divided leadership <strong>and</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> numbers)<br />
to cause <strong>the</strong> Americans to have to respond much. It is <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g that, aside from some <strong>in</strong> N.C., Greene<br />
received <strong>the</strong> regular cooperation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia leadership, <strong>and</strong> his tak<strong>in</strong>g exception, for example to Sumter’s<br />
fail<strong>in</strong>g to assist him at Hobkirk, shows an assumption <strong>of</strong> Greene’s authority that left little or no room to question<br />
who was actually <strong>in</strong> charge. At <strong>the</strong> same time, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> fairness to Sumter, <strong>and</strong> despite Greene’s just or unjust<br />
blame <strong>of</strong> him, he never for once attempted to assert ei<strong>the</strong>r superiority or equality to Greene as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er.<br />
Rawdon, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> when all was said <strong>and</strong> done, found himself hav<strong>in</strong>g to wait<strong>in</strong>g on Cl<strong>in</strong>ton or<br />
Cornwallis 2847 s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>y alone as “<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers” <strong>in</strong> chief had <strong>the</strong> men <strong>and</strong> material to make a counter <strong>of</strong>fensive<br />
<strong>in</strong> S.C. possible. Greene with help <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> locals <strong>and</strong> partisans, by contrast, had <strong>the</strong> advantage -- along with <strong>the</strong><br />
disadvantage -- <strong>of</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g to rely on his own powers <strong>and</strong> resources, <strong>and</strong> if <strong>the</strong>y failed <strong>the</strong>re was no one really to<br />
fall back on to shore up or make up for any serious loss he might <strong>in</strong>cur -- hence <strong>the</strong> pronounced caution he<br />
displayed <strong>in</strong> almost all his engagements. Although <strong>the</strong>re were still many loyalists <strong>in</strong> S.C. at <strong>the</strong> time, <strong>the</strong> whigs<br />
were by <strong>and</strong> large far more aggressive <strong>and</strong> enterpris<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> it was this f<strong>in</strong>ally which gave <strong>the</strong> Greene <strong>the</strong><br />
momentum to cont<strong>in</strong>ue on <strong>the</strong> attack (such as Rawdon could not do.) And as undisputed sou<strong>the</strong>rn chief he could<br />
coord<strong>in</strong>ate an <strong>of</strong>fensive with much greater freedom <strong>and</strong> flexibility than had it been necessary for him, as it was<br />
for Rawdon, to answer to <strong>and</strong> rely on a superior far away for greater strength than he himself had.<br />
The Annual Register: “The war was now parcelled out <strong>in</strong> a strange manner, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British force broken <strong>in</strong>to<br />
small divisions, <strong>and</strong> placed <strong>in</strong> such distant situations, as to be little capable <strong>of</strong> concert <strong>and</strong> mutual support. We<br />
2841 BEA p. 329.<br />
2842 LMS pp. 341-343, JLG2 pp. 70-72, 99-111, MSC2 pp. 205-206, BGC p. 164.<br />
2843 There had been plans, as early as October, to raise a dragoon <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> 60 men at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six for one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cunn<strong>in</strong>ghams;<br />
whe<strong>the</strong>r Patrick or William is not clear. But from <strong>the</strong> context <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ letter to Balfour <strong>of</strong> 1 st Oct., particularly with<br />
respect to rank, it would seem Patrick was implied, SCP2 p. 105.<br />
2844 LSL p. 207.<br />
2845 CKR p. 130.<br />
2846 CKR p. 130.<br />
2847 Not count<strong>in</strong>g Balfour <strong>in</strong> Charlestown who was formally his superior.<br />
493
have seen that it raged pretty equally <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; while <strong>the</strong> force seems<br />
every where to be sufficient for destroy<strong>in</strong>g considerable tracts <strong>of</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> accumulat<strong>in</strong>g a great deal <strong>of</strong><br />
spoil, but wholly <strong>in</strong>adequate to <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> purpose; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>capable <strong>of</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g matters to any decisive conclusion.<br />
Thus numbers <strong>of</strong> brave men were cont<strong>in</strong>ually lost without any equivalent effect; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> veteran battalions were<br />
worn down <strong>and</strong> consumed, by <strong>in</strong>credible but fruitless exertions <strong>of</strong> valour, <strong>and</strong> by a series <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most brilliant<br />
successes, which produced no permanent advantage.” 2848<br />
1 May. [skirmish] Friday’s Ferry, also (<strong>and</strong> more correctly) Fridig’s Ferry (Lex<strong>in</strong>gton County, S.C.) Some<br />
prov<strong>in</strong>cial soldiers guard<strong>in</strong>g Friday’s Ferry, near Ft. Granby, were surprised by a group <strong>of</strong> dragoons under Col.<br />
Wade Hampton. Bass says it was Henry Hampton; while Sumter’s report to Greene <strong>of</strong> May 2 nd states merely “Col<br />
Hampton.” 13 Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Volunteers were killed. As well, Hampton waylaid ano<strong>the</strong>r small detachment on<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir way to Granby with ano<strong>the</strong>r 5 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy killed. Numbers <strong>of</strong> men <strong>in</strong>volved on both sides is not recorded<br />
but probably <strong>the</strong>y were relatively few; say 50 or less. Before openly tak<strong>in</strong>g side with <strong>the</strong> whigs, Wade Hampton<br />
owned <strong>and</strong> ran a “store” <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Congaree area; which <strong>the</strong> British subsequently confiscated. In <strong>the</strong> same letter<br />
report<strong>in</strong>g this skirmish, Sumter said: “The Hessian horse is Gone Downwards [i.e., headed south] Except Twenty<br />
five that Crosed [sic] from <strong>the</strong> fort at Motts [Fort Motte] & Went <strong>in</strong> to Camden With Majr Doyl [John Doyle].” See<br />
William Johnson quoted at 7 May” 2849<br />
1 May. [ambush] Bush River (Newberry County, S.C.) Col. John Thomas, Jr. act<strong>in</strong>g for Sumter, ambuscaded a<br />
group <strong>of</strong> loyalists. The whigs slew 3; while tak<strong>in</strong>g 12 prisoners <strong>and</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f with 4 wagons. 2850<br />
1 May.<br />
Forces under Cornwallis.<br />
Rank <strong>and</strong> File:<br />
Guards: 387<br />
23 rd Regt.: 194<br />
33 rd Regt.: 209<br />
82 nd Regt., Light Company: 36<br />
2 nd Bttn, 71 st Regt.: 175<br />
Hessian von Bose Regt.: 228<br />
Lt. Company <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers: 33<br />
British Legion (cavalry only): 173<br />
Total: 1,435. 2851<br />
Cornwallis had departed Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton on April 25 th (ferry<strong>in</strong>g his troops across <strong>the</strong> Cape Fear River; with Heron’s<br />
Bridge by that time be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> disrepair), <strong>and</strong> by even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same camped at Swan’s Plantation. Subsequently<br />
march<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> Dupl<strong>in</strong> Road (with much reported forag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> loot<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> whig plantations en route), he next<br />
made stops at Thunder Swamp Bridge (<strong>in</strong> modern Wayne County), by May 3 rd at William Reeve’s Plantation on<br />
Brooks’ Swamp (situated above Mount Olive, says historian Robert M. Dunkerly); over Gray’s Ford on <strong>the</strong> Neuse<br />
River; <strong>the</strong>n by May 5 th , Nahunta Creek <strong>and</strong> Cobbs’ Mill, camp<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> former location, aga<strong>in</strong> states Dunkerly,<br />
“about two <strong>and</strong> a half miles sou<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> present Fremont.” 2852<br />
On May 3 rd , Cornwallis wrote Balfour: “The difficulties I allude to are pr<strong>in</strong>cipally <strong>the</strong> troops be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g sickly <strong>and</strong><br />
many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> [gr<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g] mills be<strong>in</strong>g useless by <strong>the</strong> dryness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> season, which prevents my keep<strong>in</strong>g up my stock<br />
<strong>of</strong> provisions so as to enable me to return if necessary from any po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> march to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton.” 2853<br />
1 May. Greene, at Rugeley’s, directed Lafayette to take charge <strong>of</strong> military operations <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. Before<br />
Lafayette had arrived <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state, von Steuben had been <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army <strong>the</strong>re; though<br />
<strong>the</strong>re were very few Cont<strong>in</strong>ental forces operat<strong>in</strong>g actively <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> state dur<strong>in</strong>g that period. Yet despite an most<br />
admirable job <strong>in</strong> gett<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> local Cont<strong>in</strong>ental forces organized, discipl<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>and</strong> on a needed proper foot<strong>in</strong>g, he<br />
<strong>in</strong>curred <strong>the</strong> displeasure <strong>of</strong> some state <strong>of</strong>ficials for what was seen as his too strenuous <strong>and</strong> abrupt dem<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong><br />
re<strong>com</strong>mendations. Also, Lafayette, both <strong>in</strong> his person <strong>and</strong> as a symbol <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French alliance, was a more well<br />
known <strong>and</strong> popular figure by <strong>com</strong>parison, <strong>and</strong> to that extent could more easily generate support <strong>and</strong> secure<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia’s assistance <strong>and</strong> cooperation. 2854<br />
2 May. Court martial proceed<strong>in</strong>gs were held for Col. John Gunby, at Gunby’s own solicitation, for consideration<br />
<strong>of</strong> whe<strong>the</strong>r he gave an improper order at Hobkirk’s Hill. The tribunal, made up <strong>of</strong> Greene’s highest rank<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers, wound up rul<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Gunby’s favor. The day before (i.e., <strong>the</strong> 1 st ), five men, taken prisoner at Hobkirk,<br />
were executed this day at Greene’s camp for desertion. Sometime no later than July, Gunby came down with<br />
dysentery, <strong>and</strong> was placed <strong>in</strong> Charlotte to oversee <strong>the</strong> hospital <strong>the</strong>re. By late August he was so ill that Greene,<br />
with humble k<strong>in</strong>dness <strong>and</strong> expressions <strong>of</strong> regret at his departure, granted him leave to go home to Maryl<strong>and</strong>. 2855<br />
2848 AR81 pp. 88-89.<br />
2849 NGP8 p. 193, MSC2 p. 748, RBG p. 166, BGC p. 162.<br />
2850 NGP8 p. 193, MSC2 p. 748, RBG p. 166.<br />
2851 CAC p. 77, DRO p. 175.<br />
2852 TCS p. 286 DRO pp. 173-179.<br />
2853 Did this meteorological circumstance <strong>the</strong>n necessarily <strong>com</strong>pel Cornwallis <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia? SCP4 p. 176.<br />
2854 NGP8 pp. 182-185, JLG1 pp. 354-355.<br />
2855 NGP8 p. 187, NGP9 pp. 21n, 234, JLG2 p. 85.<br />
494
2 May. From Osborne’s, Phillips embarked for Westover, which latter he reached on <strong>the</strong> 3 rd . Follow<strong>in</strong>g him,<br />
Lafayette (from Richmond) moved across <strong>the</strong> Chickahom<strong>in</strong>y River, at Bottom’s Bridge (16 miles from Richmond),<br />
to a position <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Jamestown; where, with<strong>in</strong> a few days on <strong>the</strong> heels <strong>of</strong> Phillips, he halted. On <strong>the</strong><br />
7 th , near Hog’s Isl<strong>and</strong>, Phillips received <strong>in</strong>structions from Cornwallis to meet him at Petersburg. 2856<br />
Arnold to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, May 12 th : “May 1 st , marched to Osborn[e]’s, <strong>and</strong> dispatched our prizes <strong>and</strong> boats down <strong>the</strong><br />
river; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g marched to Bermuda hundreds, opposite City po<strong>in</strong>t. May 2d, embarked <strong>the</strong> troops, &c.<br />
&c. May 3d, fell down <strong>the</strong> river to Westover. May 4 th , proceeded down to Tappahannock. 5 th <strong>and</strong> 6 th , part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
fleet fell down to Hog isl<strong>and</strong>.” 2857<br />
2-3 May. Maj. P<strong>in</strong>kertham Eaton with 140 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, <strong>and</strong> Capt. Ebenezer F<strong>in</strong>ley with a sixpounder<br />
2858 formed a junction with Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee at Benbow’s Ferry, on <strong>the</strong> Black River, <strong>and</strong> that took place<br />
after nightfall on May 2 nd . Marion, who was formally <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole body, moved <strong>the</strong> next day to attempt<br />
<strong>in</strong>tercept<strong>in</strong>g Watson’s force dash<strong>in</strong>g toward Camden. The effort, however, proved unsuccessful. Respect<strong>in</strong>g<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs matters, Marion’s brigade, at <strong>the</strong> time, suffered from desertion. Also, 25 <strong>of</strong> Eaton’s N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>entals<br />
were detached to Lee’s Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry; with whom <strong>the</strong>y served <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir enlistments <strong>and</strong> under<br />
<strong>the</strong> supervision Lieut. Laurence Mann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion. Eaton was short <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> measure ostensibly<br />
was adopted both to augment <strong>the</strong> Legion while tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a men. 2859<br />
William Johnson: “The time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> year, (be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> height <strong>of</strong> plant<strong>in</strong>g,) <strong>the</strong> unfortunate affair <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 25 th<br />
[Hobkirk‘s Hill], <strong>the</strong> ris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tories on <strong>the</strong> Peedee, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> detach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> eighty men, under Colonel John<br />
Erv<strong>in</strong>, to Raft<strong>in</strong>g Creek, to cut <strong>of</strong>f supplies from Camden, all had <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed to cause a great reduction <strong>of</strong><br />
Marion’s force.” 2860<br />
2-14 May (also 3 May is given as start<strong>in</strong>g date). [siege] Initial siege <strong>of</strong> Fort Granby, also Congaree Fort (Lex<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
County, S.C.) With about 400 to 500 men, Sumter laid siege to Ft. Granby, 2861 <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Maj. Maxwell, <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Regt., <strong>and</strong> whose garrison numbered 340 men, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 60 regulars (mostly Prov<strong>in</strong>cials,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g soldiers from Maxwell’s own regiment, <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Volunteers). As well with him were some<br />
local loyalists, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g a militia unit from <strong>the</strong> Orangeburgh area, under Capt. Samuel Tolless; with <strong>the</strong> artillery<br />
at <strong>the</strong> fort consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 2 twelve-pounders, <strong>and</strong> 3 or 4 smaller cannon. Sumter had written Greene on May 2 nd<br />
ask<strong>in</strong>g for a field piece <strong>and</strong> ammunition. He himself sent Greene 10 wagons <strong>of</strong> meal, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a few days received<br />
back ammunition <strong>in</strong> those same wagons, plus a six- pounder cannon. Sumter <strong>the</strong>n took his ma<strong>in</strong> force, along with<br />
<strong>the</strong> cannon, <strong>and</strong> moved aga<strong>in</strong>st Orangeburgh; while, at <strong>the</strong> same time, leav<strong>in</strong>g a detachment, under Col. Thomas<br />
Taylor, to besiege Granby. 2862<br />
3 May. Pickens, at “Camp Near McEl[roees?] Mill,” wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g that after <strong>the</strong> Tories escaped <strong>in</strong>to<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, he had crossed <strong>the</strong> Saluda River <strong>and</strong> rendezvoused with Col. Robert Anderson <strong>and</strong> a corps <strong>of</strong> men that<br />
Anderson <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> late Lieut. Col. James McCall 2863 had organized <strong>and</strong> collected. Learn<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> Georgians<br />
were besieg<strong>in</strong>g Augusta, Pickens directed Maj. Samuel Hammond 2864 to assist <strong>the</strong>m on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Savannah River (Augusta itself, <strong>of</strong> course, be<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> south bank.) Sumter added <strong>the</strong>re was a general<br />
disposition <strong>of</strong> people to jo<strong>in</strong> “us,” but a lack <strong>of</strong> arms prevented it. 2865<br />
The Indians had re-<strong>com</strong>menced hostilities on <strong>the</strong> frontier <strong>of</strong> Georgia <strong>and</strong> South-Carol<strong>in</strong>a; which obliged Pickens<br />
to weaken his force by detachments<br />
3-4 May. On May 3 rd , Greene’s army departed its camp north <strong>of</strong> Rugeley’s <strong>and</strong> crossed over to <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Wateree River; <strong>in</strong> part with <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> depriv<strong>in</strong>g surrounded <strong>and</strong> stricken Camden <strong>of</strong> supplies <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
from an area which hi<strong>the</strong>rto <strong>the</strong> garrison had been receiv<strong>in</strong>g some from. They <strong>the</strong>n headed north to Sawney<br />
Creek; where <strong>the</strong>y halted briefly. The next day, <strong>the</strong>y marched fur<strong>the</strong>r down river <strong>and</strong> camped at Twenty Five<br />
Mile Creek, “7 Miles above Camden.” It is not quite clear what cross<strong>in</strong>g Greene took <strong>in</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g it over <strong>the</strong><br />
Wateree. “The river Wateree,” Tarleton remarks “…abounded with public ferrys <strong>and</strong> private boats, besides<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g fordable <strong>in</strong> many places.” Rawdon, meanwhile, had entrenched himself <strong>in</strong> Camden. 2866<br />
Kirkwood: “3 rd . Marched <strong>and</strong> crossed <strong>the</strong> Wateree…11 [miles]<br />
“4 th . March’d to <strong>the</strong> Ferry <strong>and</strong> took <strong>the</strong> Redoubt, <strong>and</strong> burn’d <strong>the</strong> Block House on <strong>the</strong> South side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree,<br />
<strong>the</strong>n Return’d to <strong>the</strong> Army at <strong>the</strong> 25 mile Creek…9 [miles].” 2867<br />
Seymour; “On <strong>the</strong> third we marched from this place <strong>and</strong> crossed <strong>the</strong> Wateree without anyth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> consequence<br />
happen<strong>in</strong>g. Marched this day eleven miles.<br />
2856 ATR81b pp. 60-63, SQR pp. 201-203, TCS pp. 337-338, MLW4A pp. 428-429, CBA p.591.<br />
2857 ATR81b pp. 60-63, TCS pp. 337-338.<br />
2858 This may have been a four-pounder, or else, as Boatner states, a three-pounder.<br />
2859 NGP8 pp. 178-179, 192, 199n, LMS pp. 342-343, JLG2 pp. 101, 104-105, MSC2 pp. 205-206, BSF p. 187, RNC p. 329.<br />
2860 JLG2 p. 105.<br />
2861 In his letter <strong>of</strong> May 4 th to Greene, Sumter said he expected to have 500 men with him by next week, with parties en route to<br />
jo<strong>in</strong> him. See 6 May. NGP8 p. 204.<br />
2862 NGP8 pp. 193, 204, 205n, 245n, JLG2 p. 121, BSF p. 192.<br />
2863 McCall had died a short while earlier, perhaps only a day or a few days before.<br />
2864 Hammond had moved toward Augusta by <strong>the</strong> 16 th , ei<strong>the</strong>r with Clark or on his own <strong>in</strong>itiative. See Pickens to Greene 8 May.<br />
2865 NGP8 pp.198-198.<br />
2866 See Greene to Marion 7 May 1781, NGP8 p. 219. It may have been possible for Greene to have used <strong>the</strong> Wateree Ferry, <strong>and</strong><br />
Kirkwood’s <strong>and</strong> Seymor’s Journals seem to suggest this was <strong>the</strong> Ferry used. KJO p. 17, NGP8 pp. 195, 205, 219, TCS p. 111, GHA4<br />
p. 87.<br />
2867 KJO p. 17.<br />
495
“On <strong>the</strong> fourth we marched six miles from this place. The horse <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry marched to <strong>the</strong> Wateree, <strong>the</strong>re<br />
destroyed a house <strong>and</strong> fortification, <strong>and</strong> returned to camp. Sixteen miles.” 2868<br />
4 May. Tarleton, at “Davis’s Mill” (7 p.m.), to Cornwallis: “I left Gray’s Plantation at four this Morng. [Morn<strong>in</strong>g]<br />
The Inhabitants <strong>in</strong> general at Home except <strong>the</strong> rich & lead<strong>in</strong>g Men who are fled -- Burke’s Mill about 8 Miles<br />
distant from Grays is now employ’d. all <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Mills between this Place & <strong>the</strong> Nuse [Neuse River] except <strong>the</strong><br />
two named last Night want Water. Cobb[’]s Mill <strong>the</strong> best <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country <strong>and</strong> well supply’d with Corn I have<br />
dispatched a Patrole to. It lyes [sic] on <strong>the</strong> Coteckney 15 Miles above Peacock[’]s Bridge & from hence.<br />
“The Country is alarm’d but <strong>the</strong> Militia will not turn out -- They were very near [?] <strong>the</strong>ir Leaders -- Many People<br />
have this Day apply’d for Paroles. They all mention a Detachment <strong>of</strong> British Troops be<strong>in</strong>g lately at Halifax [North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a] -- some say that Philips [William Phillips] & Arnold are po<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g towards Roanoke -- I have dispatch’d<br />
two good People to ascerta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> News <strong>in</strong> that Quarter which I shall gladly <strong>com</strong>municate to your Lordship -- No<br />
News this Day from any Place beside -- I shall collect all <strong>the</strong> Provisions possible to morrow & move but not over<br />
<strong>the</strong> Coteckney till I receive Your Lordship’s Instructions -- I wish to hear from you, but if any Account worth<br />
attend<strong>in</strong>g to, occurs before that Honor I will <strong>in</strong>stantly <strong>in</strong>form your Lordship If Accounts are confirmed no time is<br />
to be lost…tomorrow to Cobbs Mills” 2869<br />
5 May. Tarleton, at “Cobbs [Mill],” to Cornwallis: “Here you will f<strong>in</strong>d 4000 Weight <strong>of</strong> Flour -– Cobb[’]s Lambs<br />
Viveretts [Mill?] & ano<strong>the</strong>r Mill are all busily imploy’d [sic] & will furnish any Supplies I write to day by one Vicars<br />
-- Intelligence still <strong>the</strong> same -- I march <strong>in</strong> six hours by Lemond’s -- Rixes Mill is near <strong>the</strong> Ford.<br />
“The Cypher to General Philips [Phillips] I underst<strong>and</strong> -- I shall reach Halifax on <strong>the</strong> 7 th -- Prudence <strong>and</strong> exertion<br />
shall be my guides Notes <strong>in</strong> Cypher shall be <strong>of</strong>ten sent -- support I wish as soon as I get <strong>the</strong> Boats -–” 2870<br />
Cornwallis, at “Nahunta Creek,” wrote Tarleton (though it is not per se clear which dispatch preceded <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r): “If Cob’s mill can gr<strong>in</strong>d fifteen hundred weight <strong>in</strong> twenty-four hours, <strong>and</strong> if it appears by your<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation that General Phillips is certa<strong>in</strong>ly with<strong>in</strong> reach <strong>of</strong> jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, you may go on to Halifax to secure a<br />
passage, report<strong>in</strong>g to me <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs, to direct <strong>the</strong> movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry: Forward <strong>the</strong> enclosed by<br />
different h<strong>and</strong>s.” 2871<br />
5 May. Watson, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Nelson’s Ferry, crossed <strong>the</strong> Santee at Buchanan’s (referred to by<br />
Sumter as “Buckenhams”) Ferry, a small ferry “about ten miles below <strong>the</strong> confluence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Congaree <strong>and</strong><br />
Wateree Rivers.” 2872 Although it was rough go<strong>in</strong>g, hav<strong>in</strong>g to pass a number <strong>of</strong> creeks <strong>and</strong> swamps, Watson made it<br />
to Camden on <strong>the</strong> 7 th . On May 4 th , Marion with Lee, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> Black River, <strong>and</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g Wright’s Bluff,<br />
tried without success to stop him, but had been deceived as to his cross<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>and</strong> or else, as Lee expla<strong>in</strong>s,<br />
Greene’s temporary (<strong>and</strong> quickly resc<strong>in</strong>ded) recall <strong>of</strong> Lee to camp, prevented it. Subsequently, <strong>the</strong>re was<br />
dispute <strong>and</strong> blame, carried on at considerable length, by later historians as to whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y could have<br />
<strong>in</strong>tercepted Watson. In a letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 6 th to Greene, Marion reported <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g at Buchanan’s Ferry, <strong>and</strong> said<br />
Watson numbered 200 men with 2 cannon; though we know from a letter <strong>of</strong> Balfour’s to Germa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> 1 May, he<br />
actually had 500. 2873<br />
6 May. Sumter, still at Granby, wrote to Greene, stat<strong>in</strong>g that he now had 500, men <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong>cluded, 150 <strong>of</strong><br />
whom came from Mecklenburg County, N.C. In all, 300 <strong>of</strong> his force had enlisted as 10 months men. At this po<strong>in</strong>t,<br />
he expected to have 800 by <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> week. “But this number may not be last<strong>in</strong>g as <strong>the</strong> Distresses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
people Generally are excessive...” In a letter <strong>of</strong> 9 May to Greene, Col. Thomas Polk, at Charlotte, also reported<br />
that 150 Mecklenburg men were with Sumter. 2874<br />
6 May. Doctor James Brown, at <strong>the</strong> General Hospital located at Col. Perk<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Pittsylvania, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, wrote to<br />
Greene say<strong>in</strong>g that s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> establishment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hospital more than 200 soldiers have returned to Greene’s<br />
army. Brown said he anticipated send<strong>in</strong>g 60 or 70 more; many <strong>of</strong> whom were wounded at Guilford Court House.<br />
Even though it had been difficult to acquire provisions, only three men died <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir wounds. Also, <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>pliance<br />
with Greene’s order, 3 doctors had been sent to Charlotte. 2875<br />
6 May. [skirmish] Peacock’s Bridge (Wilson County, N.C.) After pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Neuse River, Tarleton advance column<br />
came upon a force <strong>of</strong> 400 Pitt County, N.C. militia under a Col. James Gorham await<strong>in</strong>g him at Peacock’s Bridge.<br />
The bridge passed over Contentnea Creek near Stantonsburg. Tarleton dispersed <strong>the</strong> militia, but reportedly not<br />
without receiv<strong>in</strong>g losses himself. There is relatively little documentation on this engagement; so it may actually<br />
be <strong>the</strong> same engagement as Tarboro, 6 May (though this, at present, is purely an <strong>in</strong>ference on my part.) For<br />
more, see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/peacocksbr.htm 2876<br />
Tarleton, on this date, to Cornwallis: “My Lord, I am now at Williams’s on Tar -- a Ford half a Mile above<br />
Lemon’s.<br />
2868 SJS.<br />
2869 PRO. 30/11/6/41-42, TCS pp. 286-287.<br />
2870 PRO. 30/11/6/48-49.<br />
2871 TCS pp. 330-331, SCP4 p. 156.<br />
2872 BSF p. 260n.<br />
2873 NGP8 pp. 214, 215n, TCS p. 466, LMS pp. 341-343, JLG2 pp. 99-111, LCC pp. 318-326, BSF pp. 187, 260n, BGC p. 164.<br />
2874 NGP8 pp. 218, 233; for fur<strong>the</strong>r regard<strong>in</strong>g Sumter at this time, see JLG2 pp. 105-111.<br />
2875 NGP8 pp. 212-213.<br />
2876 TCS pp. 286-287, DRO p. 178.<br />
496
“I rec[eive]d your Lordship’s Letter this Morn[<strong>in</strong>]g[’]s date -– Vivaret[’]s Mill is <strong>the</strong> best <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country & would<br />
suit <strong>the</strong> advanced corps -- <strong>the</strong> Lt Infantry Gds here.<br />
“An <strong>of</strong>ficer shall be sent from Halifax [N.C.] -- Jackson was at Lemon’s. His son went to Halifax & brought<br />
account that Philips was at Petersburg. La Fayette at Richmond.<br />
“Dawson came over Roanoke & says that <strong>the</strong> advanced Party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British were at Meher<strong>in</strong> -- Crawford’s Bridge<br />
Monday last --” 2877<br />
6 May (also possibly 5 May). [skirmish] Tarboro (Edge<strong>com</strong>be County, N.C.) Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner, at Halifax,<br />
N.C., wrote to Greene on May 6 th say<strong>in</strong>g that by <strong>the</strong> best accounts <strong>the</strong> British were near Tarboro. Their cavalry<br />
routed a party <strong>of</strong> militia near that place before <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis’ army “was <strong>in</strong> view.” Sumner<br />
expected that most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stores at Halifax would be removed before <strong>the</strong>y arrived. As it turned out, while some<br />
were retrieved, much was subsequently captured or destroyed. Sumner added he had been able to arm only a<br />
100 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N. C. Cont<strong>in</strong>ental draftees. Brig. Gen. Allen Jones, meanwhile, was with him at Halifax with 80 N.C.<br />
militiamen, <strong>and</strong> expected ano<strong>the</strong>r 200 from Edge<strong>com</strong>b County. 2878<br />
Tarleton: “In <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> May, Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton, with one hundred <strong>and</strong> eighty dragoons, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
light <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 82d <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Hamilton’s [Royal] North-Carol<strong>in</strong>a regiment, both mounted on horses,<br />
advanced <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, crossed <strong>the</strong> Nahunta <strong>and</strong> Coteckney creeks, <strong>and</strong> soon reached <strong>the</strong> Tarr river. On<br />
his route he ordered <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants to collect great quantities <strong>of</strong> provisions for <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops, whose<br />
numbers he magnified <strong>in</strong> order to awe <strong>the</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong> secure a retreat for his detachment, <strong>in</strong> case <strong>the</strong> Roanoke<br />
could not be passed. When Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton had proceeded over <strong>the</strong> Tarr, he received <strong>in</strong>structions, if<br />
<strong>the</strong> country beyond that river could afford a tolerable supply <strong>of</strong> flour <strong>and</strong> meal for <strong>the</strong> army, to make every<br />
possible effort to procure <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> General Phillips: Upon f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> districts more fruitful as he<br />
advanced, he determ<strong>in</strong>ed, by a rapid march, to make an attempt upon Halifax, where <strong>the</strong> militia were<br />
assembl<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> by that measure open a passage across <strong>the</strong> Roanoke, for some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> emissaries, who had been<br />
dispatched <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, to return to <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a.” 2879<br />
6 May. Lieut. Col. Nisbet Balfour, <strong>in</strong> Charlestown to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “In my letters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 20 th <strong>and</strong> 23d ultimo, I had <strong>the</strong><br />
honour to <strong>in</strong>form your Excellency, that our post at Wright’s bluff [Fort Watson] was <strong>in</strong>vested by <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> apprehensions I was <strong>the</strong>n under <strong>of</strong> Camden be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same situation.<br />
“I am now to <strong>in</strong>form you that <strong>the</strong> former has s<strong>in</strong>ce been surrendered. The circumstances which led to this cannot<br />
be more fully expla<strong>in</strong>ed, or with more honour to himself than by Lieutenant Mackay’s journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege; which<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> articles <strong>of</strong> capitulation, I <strong>the</strong>refore <strong>in</strong>close [sic] for your Excellency’s <strong>in</strong>spection.<br />
“By to-morrow I am <strong>in</strong> hopes Lord Rawdon will be re-<strong>in</strong>forced by Lieutenant-colonel Watson, with his corps <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> sixty-fourth regiment.<br />
“But notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g Lord Rawdon’s brilliant success, I must <strong>in</strong>form Your Excellency that <strong>the</strong> general state <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> country is most distress<strong>in</strong>g [<strong>and</strong>] that <strong>the</strong> enemy’s parties are everywhere. The <strong>com</strong>munication by l<strong>and</strong> with<br />
Savannah no longer exists; Col. [Thomas] Brown is <strong>in</strong>vested at Augusta, <strong>and</strong> Colonel Cruger <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most critical<br />
situation at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. Indeed, I should betray <strong>the</strong> duty I owe Your Excellency did I not represent <strong>the</strong> defection<br />
<strong>of</strong> this prov<strong>in</strong>ce [as] so universal that I know <strong>of</strong> no mode short <strong>of</strong> depopulation to reta<strong>in</strong> it. This spirit <strong>of</strong> revolt is<br />
<strong>in</strong> a great measure kept up by <strong>the</strong> many <strong>of</strong>ficers prisoners <strong>of</strong> war here; <strong>and</strong> I should <strong>the</strong>refore th<strong>in</strong>k it advisable<br />
to remove <strong>the</strong>m, as well as to make <strong>the</strong> most strik<strong>in</strong>g examples <strong>of</strong> such, as hav<strong>in</strong>g taken protection, snatch every<br />
occasion to rise <strong>in</strong> arms aga<strong>in</strong>st us.” 2880<br />
6-7 May 2881 [skirmishes] Swift Creek, Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek, 2882 <strong>and</strong> Halifax [three separate actions], (Nash County, <strong>and</strong><br />
Halifax County, N.C.) Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g his way from Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton toward Virg<strong>in</strong>ia found <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>and</strong><br />
eastern districts <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a more barren than earlier described, <strong>and</strong> provisions very difficult to obta<strong>in</strong>.<br />
S<strong>in</strong>ce his leav<strong>in</strong>g Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton on <strong>the</strong> 25 th or 26 th <strong>of</strong> April, some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bladen County militia dismantled some<br />
bridges over <strong>the</strong> creeks ahead <strong>of</strong> him <strong>in</strong> order to retard his progress. O<strong>the</strong>rwise, he encountered no opposition<br />
till <strong>the</strong> 7 th (possibly <strong>the</strong> 6 th ) when his advance parties <strong>of</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> light troops skirmished some N.C. militia at<br />
Swift Creek, <strong>and</strong> afterward <strong>the</strong> same day at Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek. In both <strong>in</strong>stances, <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia were routed. Later<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day (presumably), <strong>the</strong> advance guard entered Halifax, N.C. <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> British lost 3 wounded <strong>and</strong> a few<br />
horses killed, but aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans were send flee<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> 15 <strong>of</strong> Sumner’s draftees were taken. Some<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental supplies, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g provisions <strong>and</strong> cloth<strong>in</strong>g were captured <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town; which had been <strong>the</strong> site <strong>of</strong> a<br />
relatively important American depot for <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army. Active efforts to remove <strong>the</strong> supplies had not taken<br />
place till <strong>the</strong> 5 th , <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong>n it was too late. Cornwallis himself did not reach Halifax till <strong>the</strong> 10 th , <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear<br />
<strong>of</strong> his column not till <strong>the</strong> 12 th . 2883<br />
Tarleton: “On this move <strong>the</strong> Americans at Swift creek, <strong>and</strong> afterwards at Fish<strong>in</strong>g creek, attempted to stop <strong>the</strong><br />
progress <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advanced guard; but <strong>the</strong>ir efforts were baffled, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y were dispersed with some loss. The<br />
British took <strong>the</strong> shortest road to Halifax, to prevent <strong>the</strong> militia receiv<strong>in</strong>g re<strong>in</strong>forcements, <strong>and</strong> recover<strong>in</strong>g from<br />
2877 PRO. 30/11/6/56, SCP4 p. 159.<br />
2878 NGP8 p. 224, TCS pp. 286-287.<br />
2879 TCS pp. 286-287.<br />
2880 CAR p. 520, COC pp. 97-98.<br />
2881 Malmedy, <strong>in</strong> a letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> 11 May, makes mention <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> confusion caused when <strong>the</strong> British came <strong>in</strong> site <strong>of</strong> Halifax,<br />
N.C. on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th . Also Butler speaks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British hav<strong>in</strong>g possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town by 10 a.m. <strong>in</strong> a letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same<br />
day. Therefore Swift Creek <strong>and</strong> Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek may <strong>in</strong> fact have occurred on <strong>the</strong> 6 th , <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> action at Halifax on <strong>the</strong> 7 th . NGP8<br />
pp. 240-241. See also http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/halifax.htm<br />
2882 Both Swift Creek <strong>and</strong> Fish<strong>in</strong>g Creek are <strong>in</strong> Nash County.<br />
2883 NGP8 pp. 240-243, TCS pp. 287-288, LMS p. 412.<br />
497
<strong>the</strong> consternation probably diffused throughout that place by <strong>the</strong> fugitives from <strong>the</strong> creeks. The event answered<br />
<strong>the</strong> expectation: The Americans were charge <strong>and</strong> defeated <strong>in</strong> detached parties, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> environs <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town,<br />
before <strong>the</strong>y had settled any regular plan <strong>of</strong> operation: The ground about half a mile <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> Halifax afforded<br />
a strong position, <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y did not avail <strong>the</strong>mselves; but <strong>the</strong>y were surprised whilst assembl<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong><br />
wrong side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bridge over a deep rav<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> were routed with confusion <strong>and</strong> loss: The only useful expedient<br />
which <strong>the</strong>y had adopted was <strong>the</strong> secur<strong>in</strong>g a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boats belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> place on <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, where a party began to <strong>in</strong>trench [sic] <strong>the</strong>mselves, <strong>and</strong> from whence <strong>the</strong>y fired upon <strong>the</strong><br />
British when <strong>the</strong>y approached <strong>the</strong> bank: This circumstance, however, could only be a temporary <strong>in</strong>convenience<br />
to <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops, because <strong>the</strong> Americans would be obliged to ab<strong>and</strong>on that post on <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cannon,<br />
<strong>the</strong> em<strong>in</strong>ence on <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> Halifax so perfectly <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> opposite shore.<br />
“The damage susta<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> light troops <strong>in</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g possession <strong>of</strong> Halifax amounted only to three men wounded,<br />
<strong>and</strong> a few horses killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. Some stores <strong>of</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ental cloath<strong>in</strong>g [sic] <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r supplies were found <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> place. Without loss <strong>of</strong> time, guards were placed on all <strong>the</strong> avenues to <strong>the</strong> post, <strong>and</strong> spies were dispatched<br />
over <strong>the</strong> river above <strong>and</strong> below <strong>the</strong> town, to ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> General Phillips. These precautions <strong>and</strong><br />
necessary proceed<strong>in</strong>gs were speedily <strong>com</strong>pleted, ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant-colonel [John] Hamilton,<br />
who had formerly been connected with that quarter <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> was a volunteer on this<br />
expedition.” 2884<br />
6-12 May. (also given as 8 May) [siege] Fort Motte, also Buckhead, Buckhead Hill (Calhoun County, S.C.) In March<br />
1781, Ft. Motte (also known as “Buckhead”) was established as a post after <strong>the</strong> British ab<strong>and</strong>oned Thompson’s<br />
Plantation, at Belleville, about a mile from Motte’s. 2885 Like Thompson’s, Motte’s served as a sanctuary for<br />
convoys <strong>of</strong> supplies <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Charlestown on <strong>the</strong>ir way to Camden <strong>and</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Defend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> post was<br />
Lieut. Donald McPherson, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt., with 140 men -- 120 <strong>of</strong> which were Prov<strong>in</strong>cials (Greene states British)<br />
<strong>and</strong> Hessians, plus 7 or 8 <strong>of</strong>ficers. In his letter to Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>of</strong> 14 May, Greene reported that a carronade was<br />
taken at <strong>the</strong> fort. Despite this, a footnote by <strong>the</strong> editor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Greene papers states that <strong>the</strong> fort was defended<br />
with an enlarged firelock mounted as a swivel, but had no artillery. Possibly <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> carronade was not <strong>in</strong><br />
actual use.<br />
Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee arrived before <strong>the</strong> fort on <strong>the</strong> 6 th . At first <strong>the</strong>re was some uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty whe<strong>the</strong>r Lee would<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ue with Marion, but by <strong>the</strong> 8 th it had been decided that he would do so. Marion had 150 men; while Lee<br />
had 300 regulars, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry, Oldham’s Maryl<strong>and</strong> Company, <strong>and</strong> 140 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals under Maj. P<strong>in</strong>kertham Eaton. The Legion cavalry was elsewhere keep<strong>in</strong>g an eye on Watson. With<br />
<strong>the</strong>m also was a six-pounder (or possibly a four-pounder) under Capt. Ebenezer F<strong>in</strong>ley. After a stalemate <strong>of</strong><br />
almost a week, <strong>the</strong> besiegers hit upon <strong>the</strong> idea <strong>of</strong> sett<strong>in</strong>g fire to <strong>the</strong> ro<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> house; 2886 which occupyied most<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> area with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fortifications. This was done with an <strong>in</strong>cendiary sent by a projectile. Moultrie <strong>and</strong> Lee<br />
state that <strong>the</strong> projectile was a bow shot arrow; which arrow <strong>and</strong> bow had been provided by Mrs. Motte, owner <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> residence (see LMS p. 347.) Accord<strong>in</strong>g to William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James account, <strong>the</strong> ro<strong>of</strong> was set alight by one <strong>of</strong><br />
Marion’s men us<strong>in</strong>g a ball <strong>of</strong> ros<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> brimstone thrown by a sl<strong>in</strong>g. Bass suggests it was both. McCrady, draw<strong>in</strong>g<br />
on testimony, asserts <strong>the</strong> arrows were shot from rifles -– not bows. 2887 In any case, <strong>the</strong> tactic succeeded, <strong>and</strong><br />
when McPherson men tried to climb on <strong>the</strong> ro<strong>of</strong> to put out <strong>the</strong> fire, <strong>the</strong>y were shot at by Marion’s riflemen.<br />
Evidently, McPherson surrendered <strong>the</strong> same day (<strong>the</strong> 12 th ) <strong>the</strong> fire was put out. He <strong>and</strong> his garrison <strong>the</strong>n were<br />
made prisoners, <strong>and</strong> 140 st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> arms, a quantity <strong>of</strong> salt, provisions <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r stores were taken. The editor to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Greene papers notes that <strong>the</strong> regulars surrendered to Lee, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalist militia to Marion suggest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re<br />
may have been some friction between <strong>the</strong> two <strong>of</strong>ficers. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> measure may have been devised<br />
to spare McPherson hav<strong>in</strong>g to report that he ignom<strong>in</strong>iously surrendered to militia; even though Marion had formal<br />
overall <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans. In terms <strong>of</strong> casualties, Marion lost 2 killed at Fort Motte, <strong>the</strong> British none.<br />
While Marion was away with Lee aga<strong>in</strong>st Ft. Motte, Ganey, who had been called out aga<strong>in</strong> by Balfour, rose up<br />
with his men at Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek. 2888<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “The prisoners were treated with great humanity, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m were Tories <strong>of</strong> a most<br />
obnoxious stamp. As soon as paroled, <strong>the</strong>y were sent <strong>of</strong>f to Lord Rawdon, <strong>the</strong>n cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Santee at Nelson’s<br />
Ferry, near Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. The fall <strong>of</strong> Fort Motte greatly alarmed that <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> two days afterward [May 14.],<br />
he blew up <strong>the</strong> fortifications at Nelson’s Ferry, <strong>and</strong> hastened toward Charlestown. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> day <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
capitulation, Greene arrived with a small troop <strong>of</strong> cavalry, be<strong>in</strong>g anxious to know <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege, for he<br />
was aware Rawdon was hasten<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> relief <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison. F<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g every th<strong>in</strong>g secure, he returned to his<br />
camp, <strong>the</strong>n on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Congaree, after order<strong>in</strong>g Marion to proceed aga<strong>in</strong>st Georgetown, toward <strong>the</strong><br />
head <strong>of</strong> W<strong>in</strong>yaw Bay, near <strong>the</strong> coast, <strong>and</strong> direct<strong>in</strong>g Lee with his legion, <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> F<strong>in</strong>ley with his six pounder,<br />
to attack Fort Granby, thirty-two miles above Fort Motte, near <strong>the</strong> present city <strong>of</strong> Columbia.” 2889<br />
2884 TCS pp. 287-288.<br />
2885 Rawdon, <strong>in</strong> a letter written to Lee many years after <strong>the</strong> war, referred to Motte <strong>and</strong> Granby as “two redoubts pompously<br />
denom<strong>in</strong>ated [Fort];” at <strong>the</strong> same time not<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> two posts, <strong>and</strong> without operable cannon, were Camden’s only magaz<strong>in</strong>es.<br />
See Marquis <strong>of</strong> Hast<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n Earl Moira, to Henry Lee 24 June 1813, LMS p. 613.<br />
2886 Possibly, <strong>and</strong> allow<strong>in</strong>g ourselves to speculate, an idea <strong>of</strong> Lat<strong>in</strong> scholar Henry Lee’s; from The Aeneid, Book 2, l<strong>in</strong>es 476-477.<br />
2887 MSC2 pp. 236n-237n.<br />
2888 NGP8 pp. 68n, 110, 205n, 214-215, 251, 292, ATR81b p. 148, GHA4 pp. 89-90, RSC2 pp. 233-234, MMS2 pp. 280-281, MLW4A<br />
pp. 520-521, LMS pp. 345-348, JFM p. 51, JLG2 p. 116, LFB2 p. 481, MSC2 pp. 231-327, 748, WAR2 p. 812, BSF p. 169, 183, 189,<br />
BGC p. 166-167, 173, SCAR vol. 2, no. 1, p. 4.<br />
2889 LFB2 p. 481.<br />
498
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 10 th , <strong>the</strong> fires <strong>of</strong> Lord Rawdon’s camp were seen on <strong>the</strong> Santee hills,<br />
<strong>in</strong> his retreat from Camden, <strong>and</strong> encouraged <strong>the</strong> garrison for a while; but on <strong>the</strong> 12 th <strong>the</strong> house was set on fire,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er Lieut. M’Pherson, <strong>and</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> sixty-five men, surrendered. This deed <strong>of</strong> Mrs. Motte<br />
has been deservedly celebrated. Her <strong>in</strong>tention to sacrifice her valuable property was patriotic; but <strong>the</strong> house<br />
was not burnt, as is stated by historians, nor was it fired by an arrow from an African bow, as sung by <strong>the</strong> poet. -<br />
- Nathan Savage, a private <strong>in</strong> Marion’s brigade, made up a ball <strong>of</strong> ros<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> brimstone, to which he set fire,<br />
slung it on <strong>the</strong> ro<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> house. The British surrendered before much mischief was done to it, <strong>and</strong> Marion had<br />
<strong>the</strong> fire put out.” 2890<br />
Joseph Johnson: “Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists taken at Fort Motte came from German or Dutch immigrants who had built<br />
Orangeburg.” 2891<br />
Roger Lamb: “These disasters [Fort Watson, Fort Motte, Augusta] to <strong>the</strong> royal cause were <strong>in</strong> a great measure<br />
ascribable to <strong>the</strong> British <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> different posts, be<strong>in</strong>g ignorant <strong>of</strong> each o<strong>the</strong>rs operations,<br />
by <strong>the</strong> vigilance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> disaffected <strong>in</strong>habitants, who <strong>in</strong>tercepted almost all <strong>the</strong>ir letters, dispatches, &c. Thus<br />
<strong>the</strong> orders sent from Charlestown, <strong>and</strong> also by lord Rawdon, for <strong>the</strong> evacuation <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, never reached<br />
lieutenant colonel Cruger, <strong>and</strong> he acted on local circumstances only, <strong>and</strong> accord<strong>in</strong>gly fortified <strong>the</strong> place <strong>in</strong>stead<br />
<strong>of</strong> evacuat<strong>in</strong>g it.” 2892<br />
Balfour, a Charlestown, on 27 June wrote Lord Germa<strong>in</strong>: “On <strong>the</strong> corps under Lord Rawdon fall<strong>in</strong>g back towards<br />
this town, <strong>the</strong> enemy, by detachments, <strong>in</strong>vested <strong>the</strong> posts at Mott[e]’s House, Congarees, <strong>and</strong> Augusta, hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
previously taken that at Wright’s Bluff; <strong>the</strong>se. posts, my Lord, had been established for controul<strong>in</strong>g [sic] <strong>the</strong><br />
country, <strong>and</strong> preserv<strong>in</strong>g its <strong>com</strong>munications. Unfortunately, from <strong>the</strong> superiority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
impossibility <strong>of</strong> immediate relief, as affairs were <strong>the</strong>n circumstanced, <strong>the</strong>se garrisons were obliged to surrender,<br />
though gallantly defended: however, I have <strong>the</strong> satisfaction to <strong>in</strong>form your Lordship, that <strong>the</strong> stores <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m<br />
were but <strong>in</strong>considerable, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops have s<strong>in</strong>ce been exchanged, under a cartel which has lately taken place<br />
between my Lord Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> Major-general Greene, for <strong>the</strong> release lease <strong>of</strong> all prisoners <strong>of</strong> war <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn district.” 2893<br />
7 May. Letter from Tarleton, at Halifax (N.C.), to Cornwallis: “[2 p.m.] I have cut up several this Bank<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s. One Gun woud [sic] have all <strong>the</strong> Boats I have got one large one <strong>the</strong> rest are gone down adrift -- I<br />
have sent after <strong>the</strong>m. The Enemy have a work opposite with a 4 Pounder. Three [?] letters I have sent to [Gen.<br />
William] Phil[l]ips. -- I have sent out for two Men & shall Dispatch an Officer’s party to night as soon as I know<br />
circumstantially about Philips -–”<br />
“8 o’clock p.m.<br />
“Mr. Elbech -- a friend says that on [La]Fayettes arrival at Richmond Philips went ei<strong>the</strong>r on board or across<br />
James River from Petersburg -- I leave your Lordship to Judge. I have taken every [step?] --<br />
“I have wrote Philips 4 times. The Country I have passed is most plentiful I must have support.” 2894<br />
7 May (also 6 May.) Watson, his force “much reduced through casualties, sickness, <strong>and</strong> a re<strong>in</strong>forcement which he<br />
had left to <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>the</strong> garrison at Georgetown,” now totaled some 500 men, 2895 <strong>and</strong> two to four cannon. The<br />
units likely to have been <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> his detachment were <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regt. <strong>and</strong> his own Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Light Infantry,<br />
<strong>and</strong> he l<strong>in</strong>ked up with Rawdon <strong>in</strong> Camden on <strong>the</strong> 7 th (Wm. Johnson states <strong>the</strong> 6 th .) It has been said Col. John<br />
Small’s detachment may have ac<strong>com</strong>panied him, but this seems <strong>in</strong>correct. While <strong>the</strong>re were (<strong>and</strong> aside from)<br />
additional mounted men with Marion <strong>and</strong> Sumter, Rawdon’s cavalry now outnumbered Greene’s. The same day,<br />
early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, Greene moved upriver from his Twenty Five Mile Creek position to Sawney Creek. 2896<br />
William Johnson: “...Watson managed to elude all this preparation to cut him <strong>of</strong>f. Major M’Arthur appears on<br />
this occasion, to have exhibited <strong>the</strong> character <strong>of</strong> an active <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligent soldier. He <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed a corps <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>different cavalry, formed on a drafty from <strong>the</strong> Hessian troops, at this time <strong>in</strong> Charlestown. Scour<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
country <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> Watson, he appears to have <strong>com</strong>pletely masked his advance; <strong>and</strong> after throw<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> twenty-five <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> under Colonel [John] Doyle <strong>in</strong>to Camden, to have returned down to<br />
Motte, <strong>and</strong> succeeded <strong>in</strong> throw<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to that place a wall-piece with stores belong<strong>in</strong>g to it.” 2897<br />
7 May. [raid] McJunk<strong>in</strong>’s Capture (Union County, S.C.)<br />
Saye (with Joseph McJunk<strong>in</strong>): “[See 2 March for narrative lead<strong>in</strong>g up to.] On May 7 he [McJunk<strong>in</strong>] returned to his<br />
fa<strong>the</strong>r’s house. The Tories, hear<strong>in</strong>g that night <strong>of</strong> his arrival, a party came next morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> made him prisoner.<br />
The party was <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by one Bud Anderson. This party, immediately after his capture, set out toward <strong>the</strong><br />
iron works on Lawson’s Fork. These works have sometimes been called W<strong>of</strong>ford’s, at o<strong>the</strong>rs, Berwick’s.<br />
2890 JFM p. 51.<br />
2891 JTR p. 101.<br />
2892 LJA p. 364.<br />
2893 ATR81b pp. 172-173.<br />
2894 PRO. 30/11/6/60-61, SCP4 p. 161.<br />
2895 Marion on <strong>the</strong> 6 th , however, reported it was 200 <strong>and</strong> two field pieces. The editor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Greene papers, even so, prefers <strong>the</strong><br />
500 figure. NGP8 pp. 214-215.<br />
2896 NGP8 pp. 212, 214-215, 227n, SCP5 pp. 288-289, ATR81b pp. 151-153, AR81 pp. 83-84, TCS pp. 475-477, GHA4 pp. 88-89,<br />
MLW4A p. 508, 519-522, LMS pp. 342-344, JLG2 pp. 110-112, LCC pp. 318-338.<br />
2897 JLG2 p. 110.<br />
499
“On this march o<strong>the</strong>r prisoners were taken, some <strong>of</strong> whom were killed on <strong>the</strong>ir knees begg<strong>in</strong>g for quarter. Be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
arrived at or near <strong>the</strong> works, a k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> trial was gone through to decide what should be done with him. The<br />
sentence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> court was that he should be hanged <strong>in</strong> five m<strong>in</strong>utes from <strong>the</strong> read<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> verdict. A rope was<br />
tied around his neck, he was set upon some k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> scaffold<strong>in</strong>g under <strong>the</strong> limb <strong>of</strong> a tree <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rope fastened to<br />
it.<br />
“At this moment a party was seen approach<strong>in</strong>g on horseback at full speed. The <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> those hav<strong>in</strong>g him<br />
<strong>in</strong> charge ordered <strong>the</strong> execution stopped until <strong>the</strong> object <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach<strong>in</strong>g party was ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed. One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m<br />
came up <strong>and</strong> whispered someth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> leader. The leader ordered <strong>the</strong> execution suspended for <strong>the</strong><br />
present <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole party to mount. They hurried away, <strong>and</strong> after beat<strong>in</strong>g about <strong>the</strong> country for a short time<br />
set <strong>of</strong>f <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British garrison at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. The motive <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> delay <strong>of</strong> his execution was <strong>the</strong><br />
approach <strong>of</strong> a party <strong>of</strong> Whigs, as he afterward learned.<br />
“While <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> custody <strong>of</strong> this party <strong>of</strong> Tories no epi<strong>the</strong>ts were too abusive or <strong>in</strong>sult<strong>in</strong>g to be applied to him with<br />
<strong>the</strong> greatest freedom <strong>and</strong> frequency. When arrived with<strong>in</strong> a mile <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British post <strong>the</strong> party halted some time<br />
for consultation or some o<strong>the</strong>r purpose. While here he lay on <strong>the</strong> ground, with his wounded arm rest<strong>in</strong>g on his<br />
forehead. Ano<strong>the</strong>r party <strong>of</strong> Tories came up, <strong>the</strong>ir leader believed to have been <strong>the</strong> famous William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham.<br />
As soon as he cast his eyes on Major McJunk<strong>in</strong> he rushed upon him with his sword drawn.<br />
“Just as <strong>the</strong> major expected to receive its descend<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>t he suddenly wheeled <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> said, ‘I was mistaken <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> man.’<br />
“Thence he was carried <strong>in</strong>to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. A court martial was summoned to <strong>in</strong>vestigate his case. The forms<br />
observed were somewhat honorable. He was charged with kill<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> His Majesty’s subjects -- <strong>the</strong> man that<br />
broke his arm. He showed <strong>the</strong>m his arm, told <strong>the</strong>m where <strong>the</strong>y met <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>and</strong> where <strong>the</strong> man was killed,<br />
<strong>and</strong> asked if it was possible that a man whose sword arm was broken to pursue a man a mile <strong>and</strong> kill him. Gen.<br />
[Robert] Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, <strong>the</strong> president <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> court, said it was impossible, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole court concurred. He was<br />
<strong>the</strong>refore acquitted <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> charge, but sentenced to close conf<strong>in</strong>ement as a prisoner <strong>of</strong> war. He rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> jail<br />
at this place from that time, about <strong>the</strong> 12 th or 14 th <strong>of</strong> May, until a few days before Gen. Greene lay siege to <strong>the</strong><br />
place, <strong>the</strong> 23d <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same month. He was paroled, with some o<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>and</strong> allowed to return home.” 2898<br />
8 May. Hav<strong>in</strong>g earlier left Westover by boat, Phillips disembarked on <strong>the</strong> 7 th at Br<strong>and</strong>on; from <strong>the</strong>re he moved up<br />
to nearby Petersburg. The general was, by this time, very sick with fever; so that Arnold <strong>the</strong>n began tak<strong>in</strong>g over<br />
many <strong>of</strong> his duties. 2899<br />
Arnold to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, wrote on 12 May: “[On <strong>the</strong>] 7 th , Major-general Phillips hav<strong>in</strong>g received a letter from Lord<br />
Cornwallis, orders were given for <strong>the</strong> fleet to return up <strong>the</strong> river aga<strong>in</strong>. We arrived at Br<strong>and</strong>on about five<br />
o’clock, <strong>and</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops, cavalry, &c. were l<strong>and</strong>ed this even<strong>in</strong>g, though it blew a gale <strong>of</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d. May 8 th ,<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Br<strong>and</strong>on. Major-general Phillips be<strong>in</strong>g very ill, <strong>and</strong> unable to travel on horseback, a postchaise [sic]<br />
was procured for him.” 2900<br />
8 May. [Skirmish] Fair Forest Creek, also Mud Bridge, “Col. Joseph Hayes vs. Loyalist militia” (Union County,<br />
S.C.) Historian Patrick O’Kelley: “General Pickens sent Colonel Joseph Hayes out to attack a large force <strong>of</strong><br />
Loyalists on Fair Forest Creek. Colonel Hayes was defeated <strong>and</strong> withdrew.”<br />
For more see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/fairforestcr.htm<br />
8 May. Cornwallis reached <strong>the</strong> Tar River. 2901<br />
Cornwallis, at “Crowell’s plantation, near Tarr river,” to Tarleton: “I cannot venture to pass <strong>the</strong> Roanoke<br />
without some certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> Phillips, or <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. You will read <strong>and</strong> forward <strong>the</strong><br />
enclosed letter: Not hav<strong>in</strong>g been able to mount <strong>the</strong> light <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guards, I th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong>y would only<br />
embarrass you. You may stay two or three days at Halifax, if you th<strong>in</strong>k it safe: If <strong>in</strong> that time you hear any<br />
certa<strong>in</strong> or favourable news <strong>of</strong> Phillips, let me know it, <strong>and</strong> I will move forward immediately; if not, return by<br />
whatever route you please, <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong> me near Cob’s or Vivaret’s mill, fix<strong>in</strong>g every possible channel <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence<br />
at any price.<br />
“I underst<strong>and</strong> that General [John] Butler is at Wake court house with a few militia. Our accounts <strong>of</strong> Lord<br />
Rawdon’s success cont<strong>in</strong>ue to be confirmed.” 2902<br />
Tarleton, “Near Halifax,” on this date, to Cornwallis: “I have got 900 St<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> arms [Saberton records this figure<br />
as “300” <strong>and</strong> which, on <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> it, sounds more correct] one Pr [pair] Colours, 20 Hogsheads <strong>of</strong> Rum Boats<br />
enough Meal without. The Enemy are gone. I have sent a Flag after <strong>the</strong>m to exchange prisoners. I have sent to<br />
Philips aga<strong>in</strong> & aga<strong>in</strong> -- I hear noth<strong>in</strong>g new.” 2903<br />
Despite <strong>the</strong> British seizures at Halifax, <strong>the</strong> depot was to some extent once more up <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> operation aga<strong>in</strong> by<br />
June, as witnessed by this <strong>in</strong>voice made by Joshua Potts, “A.D.Q.M.” [Assistant Deputy Quarter Master], on 16<br />
June 1781, <strong>and</strong> which provides us with some idea <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>of</strong> stores it, <strong>and</strong> such like it, conta<strong>in</strong>ed:<br />
“7 large Barrels Gun Powder (<strong>the</strong> size <strong>of</strong> a <strong>com</strong>mon Pork Barrel.)<br />
1 smaller do.<br />
11 large Keggs [sic] ditto<br />
2898 SJM.<br />
2899 ATR81b pp. 60-63, SQR pp. 203-207, TCS p. 338, MLW4A pp. 428-429.<br />
2900 ATR81b pp. 60-63, TCS p. 338.<br />
2901 TCS pp. 286-287, BGD p. 176.<br />
2902 TCS p. 321, SCP4 p. 162.<br />
2903 PRO. 30/11/6/69, SCP4 p. 162.<br />
500
38 smaller ditto<br />
2 large Pigs Lead. amt. 500 lbs.<br />
A Quantity Cartridge Paper.<br />
4 large flat Bars Iron.<br />
29 small ditto<br />
8 Sheets Iron.<br />
13 Pair large Iron Boxes for Waggons.<br />
15 ditto small ditto<br />
2 Barrels Salt—each about 3½ Bushels.<br />
1½ Bushels ditto<br />
1 Hhd. [hogshead] Sugar 10 Inches out.<br />
2 Barrels W<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
1 ditto Six <strong>in</strong>ches out.<br />
5 Hhds. Rum, a small Ullage <strong>in</strong> each.<br />
2 Barrels C<strong>of</strong>fee.<br />
1 ditto some used.<br />
1 ditto with Buttons, Cartridge Paper, &c.<br />
40 Dozen Pair Coarse Woolen milled Stock<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
5 Soldiers’ Woolen Jackets.<br />
18 ditto Oznabrigs ditto.<br />
52 Pair ditto Spatterdashes.<br />
36 Pair Over-alls, made <strong>of</strong> light Duck.<br />
10 Dozen Soldiers black Stocks.<br />
34 Bundles, conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 72 Papers, Various Coloured sew<strong>in</strong>g Silk.<br />
3 Paper Buttons.<br />
385 Pair Soldiers Shoes.<br />
68 Pieces Coarse white Frieze.<br />
18 ditto ditto Blue ditto.<br />
7 ditto ditto Red ditto.<br />
3 ditto White Shaloon.<br />
18 Pieces light Duck.<br />
10 ditto Russia Drill.” 2904<br />
8 May. [skirmish] 2905 Sawney’s Creek, also S<strong>and</strong>y Creek (Kershaw County, S.C.) On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th , Rawdon<br />
crossed <strong>the</strong> Wateree Ferry <strong>and</strong> moved to attack what he thought was <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> American force at Sawney Creek,<br />
but which, as it turned out, was only <strong>the</strong> American light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> cavalry pickets; with Greene himself hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
withdrawn a fur<strong>the</strong>r four miles up to Colonel’s Creek. F<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g Greene’s overall position too strong, Rawdon<br />
retired to Camden. 2906<br />
Kirkwood: “7 th . Marched this day…9 [miles]<br />
“8 th . The Enemy moved over <strong>the</strong> River <strong>and</strong> was with<strong>in</strong> two miles <strong>of</strong> us before we knew <strong>the</strong>m be<strong>in</strong>g out when our<br />
Vadet Came <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>form’d us. We <strong>the</strong>n Drew up <strong>in</strong> order <strong>of</strong> battle <strong>and</strong> lay <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong> Sight <strong>of</strong> [each] o<strong>the</strong>r until<br />
Even<strong>in</strong>g when both Armys Drew <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> we marched…4 [miles].”<br />
Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> seventh we moved our encampment n<strong>in</strong>e miles. On <strong>the</strong> eighth <strong>the</strong> enemy made a movement<br />
out <strong>of</strong> Campden [sic] <strong>and</strong> were with<strong>in</strong> a little distance <strong>of</strong> us before discovered, when immediately our horse <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry was formed <strong>in</strong> front <strong>and</strong> waited <strong>the</strong>ir motion, <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army hav<strong>in</strong>g retreated to an advantageous piece<br />
<strong>of</strong> ground [i.e., Colonel’s Creek], but <strong>the</strong> enemy not advanc<strong>in</strong>g, we kept our own ground.” 2907<br />
Henry Nase: “8 th . May -- Lord Rawdon marchd. About 1400 men to Camden, Crossd. <strong>the</strong> fery [sic], <strong>in</strong> hopes <strong>of</strong><br />
br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g Mr. Greene to Renew <strong>the</strong> Action; but as he had Posted himself <strong>in</strong> Such an Advantagious [sic] manner, his<br />
Lordship did not th<strong>in</strong>k it Practicable to Attack him, he however made Several Maneovres [sic], <strong>in</strong> order to Draw<br />
him from his Advantagious [sic] Position, but to no Purpose, <strong>the</strong> 25 th . [Hobkirk‘s Hill] be<strong>in</strong>g fresh <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
Memory, <strong>the</strong>y decl<strong>in</strong>’d hav<strong>in</strong>g any confrontation with his Lordship -- The whole Return’d <strong>the</strong> Same Even<strong>in</strong>g; Lt.<br />
Colo. [George] Campbell, with <strong>the</strong> Ks. A. [K<strong>in</strong>g’s American] Regt. Rema<strong>in</strong>’d <strong>in</strong> Camden.” 2908<br />
Rawdon, <strong>in</strong> his letter <strong>of</strong> May 24 th to Cornwallis wrote: “Whilst, upon that pr<strong>in</strong>ciple, I waited for my expected<br />
succours, Gen. Greene retired from our front, <strong>and</strong>, cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Wateree, took a position beh<strong>in</strong>d Twenty-five<br />
Mile Creek. On <strong>the</strong> 7 th <strong>of</strong> May, Lieutenant-colonel Watson jo<strong>in</strong>ed me with his detachment, much reduced <strong>in</strong><br />
number through casualties, sickness, <strong>and</strong> a re<strong>in</strong>forcement which he had left to streng<strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> garrison at George<br />
Town. He had crossed <strong>the</strong> Santee near its mouth, <strong>and</strong> had recrossed it a little below <strong>the</strong> entrance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Congaree. On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th , I crossed <strong>the</strong> Wateree at Camden ferry, propos<strong>in</strong>g to turn <strong>the</strong> flank <strong>and</strong> attack<br />
2904 CNC15 pp. 484-485. Similar June 1781 returns for stores at Hillsborough <strong>and</strong> Harrisburg can be found respectively at CNC15 p.<br />
479 <strong>and</strong> CNC15 pp. 485-486.<br />
2905 I am assum<strong>in</strong>g here, based on Rawdon’s account, <strong>the</strong>re was apparently some fir<strong>in</strong>g that went on between Rawdon’s probes<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> corps <strong>of</strong> observation left by Greene.<br />
2906 NGP8 pp. 212, 214-215, 221, 227n, SCP5 pp. 288-289, ATR81b pp. 151-153, AR81 pp. 84-85, TCS pp. 475-479, GHA4 pp. 88-<br />
89, MLW4A pp. 519-520, LMS pp. 342-344, JLG2 pp. 110-112, LCC pp. 342-345, 355-358, MSC2 pp. 215-216, BGC p. 171.<br />
2907 SJS.<br />
2908 NDI.<br />
501
<strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> Greene’s army, where <strong>the</strong> ground was not strong, though it was very much so <strong>in</strong> front. The troops<br />
had scarcely crossed <strong>the</strong> river, when I received notice that Greene had moved early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, upon gett<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> my be<strong>in</strong>g re<strong>in</strong>forced, I followed him by <strong>the</strong> direct road, <strong>and</strong> found him posted beh<strong>in</strong>d Sawney’s<br />
creek. Hav<strong>in</strong>g driven <strong>in</strong> his pickets, I exam<strong>in</strong>ed every po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> his situation; I found it every where so strong, that<br />
I could not hope to force it without suffer<strong>in</strong>g such loss as must have crippled my force for any future enterprise;<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> retreat lay so open for him, I could not hope that victory would give us any advantage sufficiently<br />
decisive to counterbalance <strong>the</strong> loss. The creek (though slightly marked <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> maps) runs very high <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong><br />
country. Had I attempted to get round him, he would have evaded me with ease; for, as his numbers still<br />
exceeded m<strong>in</strong>e, I could not separate my force to fix him <strong>in</strong> any po<strong>in</strong>t, <strong>and</strong> time (at this juncture most important<br />
to me) would have been thus unpr<strong>of</strong>itably wasted. I <strong>the</strong>refore returned to Camden <strong>the</strong> same afternoon, after<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> va<strong>in</strong> attempted to decoy <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong>to action, by affect<strong>in</strong>g to conceal our retreat.” 2909<br />
8 May. Lafayette passed <strong>the</strong> James River on his way towards Petersburg. 2910<br />
8 May. Pickens, from “Cuffy Town” (about 11 or 12 miles south <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six), wrote Greene stat<strong>in</strong>g that he’d<br />
failed surpris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> remnants <strong>of</strong> Maj. Dunlop’s dragoons, now under Capt. William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham. Except for those<br />
around N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, he said <strong>the</strong> people <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area were unanimously <strong>in</strong> favor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American cause; though he<br />
was unable to arm <strong>the</strong>m. He had just learned that <strong>the</strong> post at Augusta has been blockaded by <strong>the</strong> Georgians, <strong>and</strong><br />
some South Carol<strong>in</strong>ians under Maj. Samuel Hammond. The annual present to <strong>the</strong> Indians, <strong>of</strong> ammunition <strong>and</strong><br />
cloth<strong>in</strong>g, had made it safely to Fort Galph<strong>in</strong>. Pickens said he himself would go to Augusta, but would leave Col.<br />
Robert Anderson <strong>and</strong> Col. Joseph Hayes near N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. 2911<br />
Lambert states that <strong>in</strong> September (1781) it was reported by Wells’ Royal Gazette that Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham had retired<br />
to Cane Creek, a branch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Seneca, before N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six was evacuated. He had managed to collect about 60<br />
loyalists between Enoree <strong>and</strong> Saluda. The same paper subsequently paper said that he <strong>and</strong> his men had captured<br />
several rebel blockhouses along <strong>the</strong> Reedy River; <strong>the</strong>n dispersed a party <strong>of</strong> rebels south <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Saluda. British pay<br />
records show him to have been <strong>in</strong> Charlestown by Oct. 23 rd when he received pay for his militia service <strong>in</strong> 1780.<br />
See also 10 May. 2912<br />
9 May. Leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 8 th , Greene retired fur<strong>the</strong>r up river from Sawney Creek to Colonel’s Creek; where<br />
he rema<strong>in</strong>ed till <strong>the</strong> 10 th . 2913 On <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> this day, William Richardson Davie (who was present with <strong>the</strong><br />
army at this time) was reportedly given a broad perspective <strong>and</strong> outl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> Greene’s strategic views <strong>and</strong> feel<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
by <strong>the</strong> latter, <strong>and</strong> which is related at JLG2 pp. 116-117; but <strong>the</strong> accuracy <strong>of</strong> which as recounted Henry Lee IV, at<br />
length, reasonably questions, LCC pp. 349-362.<br />
He wrote to Lee on this date: “We moved our camp night before last from Twenty Five Miles Creek to S<strong>and</strong>y<br />
Creek [Sawney Creek], five miles higher up <strong>the</strong> river. Lord Rawdon came out yesterday morn<strong>in</strong>g [8 May] as I<br />
expected he would, <strong>and</strong> I suppose, with an expectation <strong>of</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g us at <strong>the</strong> old encampment. I did not like our<br />
position to risk an action <strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> ordered <strong>the</strong> troops to take a new position at this place, four miles still higher<br />
up river, leav<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> ground <strong>the</strong> horse, <strong>the</strong> pickets, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry. The enemy came up <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> our<br />
encampment , <strong>and</strong> drew up <strong>in</strong> order <strong>of</strong> battle, but did not dare to attempt to cross <strong>the</strong> creek; <strong>and</strong> after wait<strong>in</strong>g<br />
an hour or two retired suddenly towards Camden.” 2914<br />
9 May. [surrender] PENSACOLA (Escambia County, FLA.) After a siege last<strong>in</strong>g two months, <strong>the</strong> Spanish under<br />
General (also Governor) Bernardo de Galvez <strong>com</strong>pelled <strong>the</strong> British at Fort George <strong>in</strong> Pensacola, Florida to<br />
capitulate; <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> which, control <strong>of</strong> West Florida passed over to <strong>the</strong> Spanish. See 8-9 March 1781. 2915<br />
9 May. Phillips’s forces arrived at Petersburg, as <strong>in</strong>structed by Cornwallis. There <strong>the</strong>y surprised a small militia<br />
detachment, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> took some prisoners. By <strong>the</strong> 10 th , Lafayette learned <strong>of</strong><br />
Phillips already be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Petersburg <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> himself, <strong>and</strong> retreated to Osborne’s, <strong>and</strong> after that to an area<br />
just outside Richmond, on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gsl<strong>and</strong> Ferry. 2916<br />
Arnold to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, May 12 th : “May 9 th , <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Queen’s rangers, <strong>in</strong> boats, were ordered,<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Formidable <strong>and</strong> Spitfire, to proceed to City po<strong>in</strong>t, <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re. The rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army were put <strong>in</strong><br />
motion for Petersburg, where <strong>the</strong>y arrived late <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night, hav<strong>in</strong>g marched near thirty miles this day. On our<br />
leav<strong>in</strong>g Bermuda hundred, <strong>and</strong> go<strong>in</strong>g down <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>the</strong> Marquis de la Fayette with his army moved towards<br />
Williamsburgh, <strong>and</strong>, by forced marches, had crossed <strong>the</strong> Chickahomany at Long bridge, when our fleet returned<br />
to Br<strong>and</strong>on; which retrograde motion <strong>of</strong> ours occasioned him to return as rapidly, by forced marches, to<br />
Osborn[e]’s, where he arrived <strong>the</strong> 8 th , <strong>and</strong> was prepar<strong>in</strong>g to cross <strong>the</strong> river to Petersburg when we arrived <strong>the</strong>re,<br />
which was so unexpected, that we surprised <strong>and</strong> took two majors, (one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m aid-de-camp to Baron Steubens<br />
[Von Steuben], <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r to General Smallwood); one capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> three lieutenants <strong>of</strong> dragoons; two lieutenants<br />
<strong>of</strong> foot; a <strong>com</strong>missary, <strong>and</strong> a surgeon: Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se gentlemen arrived only two hours before us, with an<br />
<strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> boats for <strong>the</strong> marquis to cross his army. On <strong>the</strong> 10 th , <strong>the</strong> marquis made his appearance<br />
on <strong>the</strong> opposite side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river with a strong escort, <strong>and</strong>, hav<strong>in</strong>g staid [sic] some time to reconnoitre [sic] our<br />
2909 ATR81b pp. 151-153, SCP5 pp. 288-289, TCS pp. 475-479.<br />
2910 ATR81b pp. 60-63.<br />
2911 See 16 April. NGP8 p. 223.<br />
2912 LSL p. 207.<br />
2913 NGP8 pp. 221, 227n, JLG2 pp. 110-112, 116-117, WAR2 p. 811.<br />
2914 NGP8 p. 221, ATR81b pp. 151-153.<br />
2915 ATR81b pp. 168-172, 250-252, 277-282, AR81 pp. 24-25, 98-100, FWI pp. 208-209, BEA pp. 410, 853-854.<br />
2916 ATR81b pp. 60-63, SQR pp. 204-210, TCS pp. 338-339, GHA4 pp. 110, MLW4A pp. 427-430, CAR p. 281.<br />
502
army, returned to his camp at Osborn’s; <strong>and</strong> we are this day <strong>in</strong>formed he is marched to Richmond, where it is<br />
said Wayne, with <strong>the</strong> Pennsylvania l<strong>in</strong>e, has arrived: This is, however, uncerta<strong>in</strong>; but he is certa<strong>in</strong>ly expected<br />
<strong>the</strong>re.” 2917<br />
10 May. Comte de Barras, who had been named to replace De Ternay, arrived to assume <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French<br />
squadron at Newport. 2918<br />
10 May. [skirmish] William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six (Greenwood County, S.C.) See also N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, 18 June.<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “Among <strong>the</strong> most active <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se parties was <strong>the</strong> “Bloody Scout,” under <strong>the</strong> notorious Bill Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham.<br />
They hovered around <strong>the</strong> American camp like vultures, <strong>and</strong> picked <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> patriots <strong>in</strong> detail. The most active<br />
opponent <strong>of</strong> this scoundrel was William Beale, <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. He formed a scout<strong>in</strong>g party <strong>of</strong> Whigs, <strong>and</strong> soon <strong>the</strong>y<br />
became a terror to <strong>the</strong> Tories. On one occasion, Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham <strong>and</strong> his party plundered <strong>the</strong> house <strong>of</strong> Beale’s<br />
mo<strong>the</strong>r, dur<strong>in</strong>g his absence. On his return, Beale went <strong>in</strong> pursuit, <strong>and</strong> approach<strong>in</strong>g Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, that marauder<br />
wheeled <strong>and</strong> fled. The race cont<strong>in</strong>ued for almost three miles, when Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham turned, <strong>and</strong> with a pistol, shot<br />
Beale’s horse dead. Beale retreated backward, dar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Tory to follow. The latter, fear<strong>in</strong>g a Whig ambush,<br />
rode <strong>of</strong>f. On ano<strong>the</strong>r occasion, Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham <strong>and</strong> his party surrounded a house where Beale <strong>and</strong> a Whig were<br />
stopp<strong>in</strong>g. They heard <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories, when, rush<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>ir horses <strong>and</strong> rattl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir swords, Beale<br />
gave <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> as if to a troop. It was dark, <strong>and</strong> Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, who had thirteen men with him, fled <strong>in</strong> great<br />
haste. Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham was so mortified, when he learned that <strong>the</strong>y had been frightened away by a couple <strong>of</strong> Whigs,<br />
that he swore vengeance aga<strong>in</strong>st Beale. -- Letter <strong>of</strong> James M. M’Cracken, Esq., to <strong>the</strong> Author.” 2919<br />
10 May. Advance detachments <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ army began its <strong>in</strong>gress <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, head<strong>in</strong>g towards Petersburg to<br />
rendezvous with Phillips. 2920<br />
Tarleton: “As soon as Earl Cornwallis reached <strong>the</strong> Roanoke, he ordered Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton to cross it<br />
with <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> two <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry, to explore <strong>the</strong> country <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d out <strong>the</strong> convenient<br />
places for pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rivers Meherr<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> Nottoway, which lay between his army <strong>and</strong> Petersburg, <strong>the</strong> place <strong>of</strong><br />
rendezvous proposed <strong>in</strong> his lordship’s letters to General Phillips. The light troops had not proceeded above four<br />
miles beyond <strong>the</strong> Roanoke, when his lordship, attended by six dragoons <strong>of</strong> his guard, overtook <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> halted<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir march. On <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> some country people, Earl Cornwallis directed Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton to<br />
dismount his dragoons <strong>and</strong> mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> to form <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to a rank entire, for <strong>the</strong> convenient <strong>in</strong>spection<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants, <strong>and</strong> to facilitate <strong>the</strong> discovery <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> villa<strong>in</strong>s who had <strong>com</strong>mitted atrocious outrages <strong>the</strong><br />
previous even<strong>in</strong>g [11 May]. A serjeant <strong>and</strong> one private dragoon were po<strong>in</strong>ted out, <strong>and</strong> accused <strong>of</strong> rape <strong>and</strong><br />
robbery: They were conducted to Halifax, where <strong>the</strong>y were condemned to death by martial law. The immediate<br />
<strong>in</strong>fliction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sentence exhibited to <strong>the</strong> army <strong>and</strong> manifested to <strong>the</strong> country <strong>the</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> justice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
British general.<br />
“The light troops reached <strong>and</strong> passed <strong>the</strong> river Meherren at Armstead’s bridge on <strong>the</strong> 14 th <strong>of</strong> May: The next day<br />
<strong>the</strong>y proceeded to <strong>the</strong> Nottoway, which <strong>the</strong>y found Lieutenant-colonel Simcoe had crossed higher up, on his<br />
march towards Earl Cornwallis, who, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mean time, had arrived at Jones’ house on <strong>the</strong> northward <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Roanoke. The light troops <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two corps hav<strong>in</strong>g removed all impediments between <strong>the</strong>ir respective armies,<br />
<strong>and</strong> discovered fords <strong>in</strong> lieu <strong>of</strong> bridges, which <strong>the</strong> Americans had destroyed, Brigadier-general Arnold, who had<br />
for a few days <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, with an escort left his own camp to meet Earl<br />
Cornwallis.” 2921<br />
10 May. Rawdon ab<strong>and</strong>oned Camden, destroy<strong>in</strong>g stores <strong>and</strong> baggage he could not take with him. As well, he<br />
damaged cannon so <strong>the</strong>y would not be usable while also sett<strong>in</strong>g fire to many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>gs. He <strong>the</strong>reafter<br />
headed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Nelson’s Ferry with <strong>the</strong> hope <strong>of</strong> reliev<strong>in</strong>g Fort Motte. McCrady, as does Lee,<br />
attributes Rawdon’s retrograde move to <strong>in</strong>terruptions to his l<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>munications by Marion, Lee <strong>and</strong> Sumter<br />
-– not Greene’s advance per se. When Greene retook Camden he reported on 14 May to Samuel Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton that<br />
Rawdon “left all our men, wounded on <strong>the</strong> 25 th [Hobkirk’s Hill], amount<strong>in</strong>g to Thirty one <strong>and</strong> fifty eight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
own <strong>and</strong> three Officers who were all too badly wounded to be moved.” Greene first ordered a detachment <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>the</strong> town <strong>and</strong> moved with his army toward Friday’s Ferry. Later, with a small escort <strong>of</strong> dragoons, he went to<br />
meet Lee <strong>and</strong> Marion at Fort Motte after <strong>the</strong> fort surrendered. At <strong>the</strong> same time, he had <strong>the</strong> army pitch camp at<br />
Widow Weston’s near McCord’s Ferry. 2922<br />
Rawdon <strong>in</strong> his May 24 th letter to Cornwallis wrote: “On <strong>the</strong> 9 th I published to <strong>the</strong> troops, <strong>and</strong> to <strong>the</strong> militia, my<br />
design <strong>of</strong> evacuat<strong>in</strong>g Camden, <strong>of</strong>fer<strong>in</strong>g to such <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter as chose to ac<strong>com</strong>pany me every assistance that we<br />
could afford <strong>the</strong>m. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g night I sent <strong>of</strong>f all our baggage, &c., under a strong escort, <strong>and</strong> destroyed<br />
<strong>the</strong> works rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g at Camden, with <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops, till ten o’clock <strong>the</strong> next day, <strong>in</strong> order to cover <strong>the</strong><br />
march.” 2923<br />
2917 ATR81b pp. 60-63, TCS pp. 338-339.<br />
2918 CGP p. lv.<br />
2919 LFB2 p. 486.<br />
2920 ATR81b pp. 60-63, AR81 p. 90, SQR pp. 206-210, TCS pp. 289-290, MLW4A pp. 427-430, LMS pp. 413, BEA p. 1152.<br />
2921 TCS pp. 289-290.<br />
2922 NGP8 p. 250, RSC2 pp. 232-232, ATR81b pp. 151-153, AR81 p. 85, RSC2 pp. 232-233, TCS pp. 474-479, GHA4 pp. 88-89, SAW2<br />
pp. 361-362, MMS2 p. 279, MLW4A p. 521, LMS pp. 344-345, JLG2 pp. 118-119, LCC pp. 364-465, JFM pp. 49-50, MSC2 pp. 222-<br />
228, RBG p. 166.<br />
2923 ATR81b pp. 151-153, SCP5 pp. 288-289, TCS pp. 475-479.<br />
503
Kirkwood: “10 th . At Night was sent out with a party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Horse to Surprise a party <strong>of</strong> Tories <strong>and</strong> Marched 18<br />
miles, but not Com<strong>in</strong>g up with, we altered our Rout <strong>and</strong> March’d for Camden hear<strong>in</strong>g it was evacuated, <strong>and</strong><br />
Reached <strong>the</strong>re <strong>the</strong> next day be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> all…29 [miles].” 2924<br />
Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> 10 th our <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> a detachment from <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e, with some horse, were sent to<br />
surprise some Tories, <strong>and</strong>, march<strong>in</strong>g twenty-six miles without meet<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry went to Campden<br />
[Camden], which <strong>the</strong> enemy had evacuated. Eleven miles.<br />
“We marched from Campden <strong>the</strong> 12 th , leav<strong>in</strong>g a guard to destroy <strong>the</strong> works, <strong>and</strong> proceeded on our march for<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, march<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> first day to Reynold’s [sic] Mills. Thirteenth, marched about eighteen miles. Fifteenth,<br />
marched eighteen miles. Sixteenth, marched six miles <strong>and</strong> encamped at Capta<strong>in</strong> Howell’s. On <strong>the</strong> seventeenth<br />
were executed five <strong>of</strong> our deserters who were taken <strong>in</strong> Fort Friday [Granby] by Colonel Lee.” 2925<br />
Ramsay: “Several families never<strong>the</strong>less ac<strong>com</strong>panied his lordship. These were cruelly neglected after <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
arrival <strong>in</strong> Charlestown. They built <strong>the</strong>mselves huts without <strong>the</strong> works. Their settlement was called Rawdon-<br />
Town, which from its poverty <strong>and</strong> wretchedness, became a term <strong>of</strong> reproach. Many women <strong>and</strong> children, who<br />
lived <strong>com</strong>fortably on <strong>the</strong>ir farms near Camden, soon died <strong>of</strong> want <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>se new habitations.” 2926<br />
Henry Nase (with Rawdon): “May 10 th . 1781 -- The Town [Camden] was Evacuated; <strong>the</strong> Ks. A. Regt. [K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
American Regt.] be<strong>in</strong>g Detachd. <strong>in</strong> front. with <strong>the</strong> Sick & Baggage. we cont<strong>in</strong>ued our March, to Moore’s<br />
Plantation, without be<strong>in</strong>g molested.<br />
“May 11 th . -- <strong>the</strong> [sic] whole Army got as far as James Plantation who was a Majr. <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebel Service, he was<br />
Taken, <strong>in</strong> Charles Town & permitted to go to his Plantation, on Parole.<br />
“May 12 th . -- <strong>the</strong> whole Army came to Nelson [’]s Ferry<br />
“13 th . -- we Marchd. to <strong>the</strong> [E]Utaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
“14 th . -- Marchd. About fifteen Miles Towards Thompson[’s] <strong>and</strong> return’d to <strong>the</strong> Spr<strong>in</strong>gs Aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same even<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
this was thought to be done to favor <strong>the</strong> Evacuation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Post at Nelson[’]s ferry --<br />
“May 16 th . 1781 -- Marchd. from <strong>the</strong> Utaw [Eutaw] Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, to Monks [Monck’s] Corner.<br />
“May 19 th . -- We Marchd. from Monks Corner, to Dorchester. Here we Arrived About 12 o Clock, on <strong>the</strong> 20 th .<br />
Dorchester is a very Pleasant place, ly<strong>in</strong>g on Ashley River lead<strong>in</strong>g to Charles Town, Distant from that last 16 Miles<br />
-- those who lived <strong>the</strong>re, were Chiefly followers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> [British] Army –-” 2927<br />
10-11 May. [surrender] Orangeburgh (Orangeburg County, S.C) On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 10 th , Orangeburgh was placed<br />
under siege by Sumter’s advanced forces, under Col. Wade Hampton. When by next morn<strong>in</strong>g Sumter with his sixpounder<br />
arrived, <strong>the</strong> garrison under loyalist Col. John Fisher surrendered by 7 a.m. 6 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> 83 men (28 <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m prov<strong>in</strong>cials), <strong>and</strong> many military stores <strong>and</strong> provisions were taken as a result, with nei<strong>the</strong>r side apparently<br />
suffer<strong>in</strong>g any casualties. Sumter found Orangeburgh well stock with supplies, <strong>and</strong> after exam<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
fortifications wrote that he considered <strong>the</strong>m extremely strong; add<strong>in</strong>g that he believed <strong>the</strong> post could have put<br />
up a stout defense had <strong>the</strong> garrison been so <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed. The prisoners were sent to Greene on May 12, but militia<br />
guards reportedly murdered a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m along <strong>the</strong> way. After tak<strong>in</strong>g Orangeburgh, Sumter headed toward<br />
Ft. Motte, but which he found Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee had already taken. He <strong>the</strong>n turned to putt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> loyalist <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>in</strong> awe, seiz<strong>in</strong>g slaves, <strong>and</strong> horses 2928 <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r means <strong>of</strong> transportation (which <strong>the</strong> British had directed,<br />
along with provisions, to be removed), <strong>and</strong> generally tak<strong>in</strong>g or mov<strong>in</strong>g supplies out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> region stretch<strong>in</strong>g from<br />
Wassamasaw to Dorchester -– all <strong>of</strong> which helped to supply <strong>the</strong> army <strong>and</strong> h<strong>in</strong>der Rawdon’s retreat. After do<strong>in</strong>g<br />
this for two days, he returned to Orangeburgh; follow<strong>in</strong>g which he retired to <strong>the</strong> Congaree (presumably<br />
Ancrum’s.) 2929<br />
Thomas Young: “Soon after this I jo<strong>in</strong>ed a detachment <strong>of</strong> Whigs under Col. [Thomas] Br<strong>and</strong>on, <strong>and</strong> scouted<br />
through <strong>the</strong> country till we reached <strong>the</strong> siege at Fort Motte. There I rema<strong>in</strong>ed for several days, when we jo<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
a detachment under <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. Hampton, to take Orangeburgh. The state troops, under Col. [Wade]<br />
Hampton, outmarched us, for we had a piece <strong>of</strong> artillery to manage. We arrived <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g after <strong>the</strong>m. The<br />
Tories were lodged <strong>in</strong> a brick house, <strong>and</strong> kept up a monstrous shout<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g to very little purpose. As soon<br />
as <strong>the</strong> piece <strong>of</strong> artillery was brought to bear upon <strong>the</strong> house, a breach was made through <strong>the</strong> gable end; <strong>the</strong>n<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r, a little lower; <strong>the</strong>n about <strong>the</strong> center, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y surrendered.” 2930<br />
11 May. Malmedy, at Williamsboro <strong>in</strong> Granville County, N.C., wrote Greene stat<strong>in</strong>g that North Carol<strong>in</strong>a was <strong>in</strong> an<br />
unfortunate situation. It had 150 men at Taylor’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Roanoke River, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> new levees; ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
150 were expected <strong>in</strong> Williamsboro “this day.” These men, toge<strong>the</strong>r with 40 dragoons protect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> governor,<br />
were all <strong>the</strong> troops North Carol<strong>in</strong>a now had <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field. Malmedy’s own regiment’s term <strong>of</strong> service had expired<br />
on April 26.<br />
The same day, Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner, also at Williamsboro, wrote Greene stat<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
draftees were <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> slowly, <strong>and</strong> few had muskets. The Marquis de Lafayette has ordered that 400 st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
arms <strong>and</strong> 20,000 cartridges be sent to Sumner as soon as possible. Sumner <strong>in</strong>tended to move <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
recruits back to Hillsborough, <strong>and</strong> later that day (<strong>the</strong> 11 th ) said he would set <strong>of</strong>f to jo<strong>in</strong> Gen. Allen Jones, who<br />
2924 KJO p. 17.<br />
2925 SJS.<br />
2926 RSC2 pp. 232-233.<br />
2927 NDI.<br />
2928 These horses were subsequently used to mount Sumter’s cavalry, JLG2 p. 125.<br />
2929 NGP8 p. 244, GHA4 p. 89, MLW4A p. 522, JLG2 pp. 121-122, LCC pp. 368-370, BGC p. 172, RBG p. 166.<br />
2930 JTR pp. 446-454, SCAR vol. 1, no. 3.<br />
504
had collected 200 militiamen <strong>and</strong> was march<strong>in</strong>g to Taylor’s ferry. By 12 June, Sumner had moved his<br />
encampment to Harrisburg, N.C. 2931<br />
11-12 May [raids] Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s First Coxe’s Mill Raid, also Cox’s Mill, Wilcox’s Mill, Wilcox’s Iron Works [<strong>the</strong> proper<br />
name <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> site] (Lee County, N.C.) 2932 A small group <strong>of</strong> whigs were raided by Capt. David Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s <strong>and</strong> 17<br />
tories some three miles from Coxe’s Mill (below modern Moncure, N.C.) The rebels lost 2 killed, 7 wounded, <strong>and</strong><br />
had 18 horses taken. The follow<strong>in</strong>g day (<strong>the</strong> 12 th ) a similar raid took place <strong>and</strong> 4 whigs were killed, 3 wounded, 1<br />
captured, <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir horses taken. Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>n returned to his base at Coxe’s Mill. Sometime later<br />
<strong>the</strong> same month, <strong>in</strong> a similar foray, Fann<strong>in</strong>g captured 3 more men <strong>and</strong> 9 more horses. See 8 June.<br />
David Fann<strong>in</strong>g: “We were exasperated at this [see “Hang<strong>in</strong>g Tree” skirmish, Early April], that we determ<strong>in</strong>ed to<br />
have satisfaction, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a few days I collected 17 men well armed, <strong>and</strong> formed an ambuscade on Deep River at<br />
Coxe’s Mills, <strong>and</strong> sent out spies. In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> two hours, one <strong>of</strong> my spies gave me <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> a party <strong>of</strong><br />
Rebels plunder<strong>in</strong>g his house, which was about three miles <strong>of</strong>f. I <strong>in</strong>stantly marched to <strong>the</strong> place <strong>and</strong> discovered<br />
<strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> a field near <strong>the</strong> house. I attacked <strong>the</strong>m immediately, <strong>and</strong> kept up a smart fire for half an hour, dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
which time, we killed <strong>the</strong>ir Capta<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> one private, on <strong>the</strong> spot -- wounded three <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> took two<br />
prisoners besides, eight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir horses well appo<strong>in</strong>ted, <strong>and</strong> several swords. This happened on <strong>the</strong> 11 th <strong>of</strong> May,<br />
1781. The same day, we persued [sic] ano<strong>the</strong>r party <strong>of</strong> Rebels, <strong>and</strong> came up with <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g follow<strong>in</strong>g;<br />
we attacked <strong>the</strong>m smartly <strong>and</strong> killed 4 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m on <strong>the</strong> spot, wounded 3 dangerously <strong>and</strong> took one prisoner with<br />
all <strong>the</strong>ir horses, <strong>and</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>tments. In about an hour after that, we took two men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same party, <strong>and</strong> killed<br />
one more <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>the</strong> same even<strong>in</strong>g we had <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r party <strong>of</strong> Rebels, which were assembl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
about 30 miles <strong>of</strong>f <strong>in</strong> order for to attack us; as I thought it best to surprise <strong>the</strong>m where <strong>the</strong>y were collect<strong>in</strong>g, I<br />
marched all night <strong>and</strong> about 10 o’clock next morn<strong>in</strong>g, we came up with <strong>the</strong>m; we <strong>com</strong>menced a fire upon each<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r, which cont<strong>in</strong>ued for about 10 m<strong>in</strong>utes when <strong>the</strong>y retreated; we killed two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> wounded 7, <strong>and</strong><br />
took 18 horses well appo<strong>in</strong>ted; we <strong>the</strong>n returned to Deep River aga<strong>in</strong> -– I still kept <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany toge<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong><br />
waited for ano<strong>the</strong>r opportunity, dur<strong>in</strong>g which time, I took two Rebel soldiers <strong>and</strong> parolled [sic] <strong>the</strong>m, who gave<br />
me <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> a Col. [Guilford] Dudley <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Gen’l Greens [Greene’s] camp at Camden, with<br />
baggage.<br />
“I mounted my men <strong>and</strong> set forward <strong>in</strong> search <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>and</strong> I concealed my men by <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> road; <strong>and</strong> I<br />
thought <strong>the</strong> time long; accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>formation I had from <strong>the</strong> soldiers -– I took one man with me, <strong>and</strong> went to<br />
see if I could make any discovery. I rode a mile <strong>and</strong> a half, when I saw Col. Dudley with his baggage -- I <strong>the</strong>n<br />
wheeled my horse <strong>and</strong> returned to my men; where I came with<strong>in</strong> a hundred yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, Dudley <strong>and</strong> his<br />
Dragoons was nose <strong>and</strong> tail <strong>and</strong> snap[p]ed <strong>the</strong>ir pistols several times. I, <strong>the</strong>n ordered a march after <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong><br />
after march<strong>in</strong>g 2 ½ miles I discovered <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> immediately took three <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m prisoners, with all <strong>the</strong> baggage<br />
<strong>and</strong> n<strong>in</strong>e Horses. The baggage I divided among my Men, which agreeably to Col. Dudley’s report was valued at<br />
₤1,000 sterl<strong>in</strong>g.” 2933<br />
11-12 May. Leav<strong>in</strong>g his camp at Stoney Creek, four miles west <strong>of</strong> Camden, Greene, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>s<strong>of</strong>ar as one can<br />
surmise, withdrew to <strong>and</strong> camped at “Jump<strong>in</strong>g Gully Creek,” a tributary <strong>of</strong> Lynches Creek, <strong>and</strong> located about 26<br />
miles north-nor<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> Camden. 2934 Camden was <strong>com</strong>pletely devastated at this time, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> move it would<br />
seem was prompted by a desire to f<strong>in</strong>d a location more suitable for supply<strong>in</strong>g his troops; now made all <strong>the</strong> more<br />
easier by <strong>the</strong> support from locals <strong>the</strong>y might get follow<strong>in</strong>g Rawdon’s evacuation <strong>of</strong> Camden. Though Greene’s<br />
army itself evidently did not itself enter Camden, a detachment was sent, <strong>and</strong> found <strong>the</strong>re were 31 Americans<br />
who had been wounded at Hobkirk, plus 58 British soldiers <strong>and</strong> 3 <strong>of</strong>ficers; too wounded to have been removed.<br />
Greene also directed local militia to collect black slaves <strong>and</strong> have <strong>the</strong>m dismantle what was left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Camden<br />
fortifications. The next day (<strong>the</strong> 12 th ) Greene was en route to a mill twelve miles sou<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> Camden, <strong>in</strong> order<br />
to better support Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee’s operations at Fort Motte. 2935<br />
Kirkwood: “12 th . March’d to R<strong>and</strong>els [sic] Mill…12[miles].”<br />
Seymour: “We marched from Campden [sic] <strong>the</strong> 12 th , leav<strong>in</strong>g a guard to destroy <strong>the</strong> works, <strong>and</strong> proceeded on our<br />
march for N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, march<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> first day to Reynold’s Mills.” 2936<br />
11 <strong>and</strong> 13 May. [skirmishes] Coharie Swamp <strong>and</strong> Myh<strong>and</strong>’s Bridge, also Cohera, <strong>and</strong> Mayh<strong>and</strong>’s Bridge <strong>and</strong> “Col.<br />
James Kenan vs. Col. Middleton Mobley“ (Sampson County, N.C.) Coharie Swamp took place on <strong>the</strong> 11 th <strong>and</strong><br />
Myh<strong>and</strong>’s on <strong>the</strong> 13 th . See ONB3 pp. 233-234, 237-238, DRO pp. 182-187;<br />
<strong>and</strong> http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/myh<strong>and</strong>sbridge.htm<br />
12 May. The rear <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ column reached Halifax, N.C. 2937<br />
Stedman: “At Halifax some enormities were <strong>com</strong>mitted by <strong>the</strong> British that were a disgrace to <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> man.” 2938<br />
2931 NGP8 pp. 24, 243.<br />
2932 John Robertson gives <strong>the</strong> situs <strong>of</strong> Wilcox’s Mill as R<strong>and</strong>olph County, N.C.; which may, ra<strong>the</strong>r than Lee County, very well be<br />
correct only I have as yet been unable to verify this myself. See http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/coxsmill.htm<br />
2933 FNA pp. 15-17.<br />
2934 Greene’s movements on <strong>the</strong> 10 th <strong>and</strong> 11 th are somewhat obscure, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jump<strong>in</strong>g Gully location is taken from <strong>the</strong> head<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
an 11 May letter, which reads “Camp Jump<strong>in</strong>g Gully Creek.”<br />
2935 KJO p. 17, NGP8 pp. 238, 246n, 250, ATR81b pp. 151-153.<br />
2936 SJS.<br />
2937 NGP8 p. 268.<br />
2938 SAW2 p. 385n, TCS p. 290, <strong>and</strong> Lee: “After reach<strong>in</strong>g Halifax, <strong>the</strong> British army halted. Here <strong>the</strong> restra<strong>in</strong>ed licentiousness <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> unpr<strong>in</strong>cipled burst out, <strong>and</strong> shock<strong>in</strong>g outrages were <strong>com</strong>mitted upon our unprotected fellow-citizens—disgraceful to British<br />
505
12 May. Fort Motte fell to Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee. See 6 May.<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “Gen. Marion soon after tak<strong>in</strong>g Fort Motte, re-crossed <strong>the</strong> Santee, <strong>and</strong> encamped at<br />
Cantey’s plantation, a little more than midway from Nelson’s to Murry’s Ferry, <strong>and</strong> here he reposed his men for<br />
some time <strong>and</strong> collected re<strong>in</strong>forcements. In consequence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> evacuation <strong>of</strong> Camden, <strong>and</strong> recent successes,<br />
<strong>the</strong> militia turned out well <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> high spirits.” 2939<br />
12 May. Sumter, at Orangeburgh, <strong>and</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> “siege” <strong>the</strong>re, wrote to Greene: “…if Lord Rawden [Rawdon]<br />
Should Pass <strong>the</strong> river or take up post at Nileson [Nelson’s] ferry, <strong>the</strong>re is every reason to believe <strong>the</strong> Country will<br />
be Strip[p]ed <strong>of</strong> everyth<strong>in</strong>g that is Valuable. I Wish to Deprive <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong> as Many horses as possible & prevent <strong>the</strong><br />
Inhabitants from Mov<strong>in</strong>g & Carry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f great quantities <strong>of</strong> Stock Which are Now Collect<strong>in</strong>g.” Sumter was so<br />
successful <strong>in</strong> cow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> loyalists that Rawdon later reported that he had been five days with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee<br />
before a s<strong>in</strong>gle one came near his army. He afterward raided Royal governor William Bull’s plantation, took 160<br />
slaves from <strong>the</strong>re whom he distributed among his men, <strong>and</strong> took as well 6,500 bushels <strong>of</strong> corn <strong>and</strong> all <strong>of</strong> Bull’s<br />
horses, cattle <strong>and</strong> wagons. These actions were “regretted” by Brig. Gen. Huger, who <strong>com</strong>municated <strong>the</strong>m to<br />
Greene <strong>in</strong> a letter <strong>of</strong> May 22. 2940 Sumter stayed at Orangeburgh till <strong>the</strong> 15 th <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 16 th moved his camp to<br />
“Arthur’s.” 2941<br />
13 May. Greene crossed <strong>the</strong> Wateree <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n moved his ma<strong>in</strong> army south along its west bank, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n camped<br />
on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> McCord’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Congaree River. This same day, accord<strong>in</strong>g to Lee <strong>and</strong> Bass, Greene<br />
personally met with Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee at Fort Motte, appris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong> his general strategy; while direct<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m<br />
to take Fort Granby. The Greene Papers nei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> letters or <strong>the</strong> notes makes reference to such a visit.<br />
However, <strong>the</strong>re is a letter from Greene to Lee <strong>of</strong> this date, written from McCord’s, direct<strong>in</strong>g him to take<br />
Granby. 2942<br />
Kirkwood: “13 th March’d to Mr. Westons…18 [miles].” 2943<br />
Seymour: “Thirteenth, marched about eighteen miles.” 2944<br />
13 May. Phillips died <strong>of</strong> fever, <strong>and</strong> was <strong>in</strong>terred <strong>in</strong> Bl<strong>and</strong>ford churchyard at Petersburg. Arnold took temporary<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British force <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. Yet when he tried to write Lafayette, <strong>the</strong> latter refused to receive his<br />
correspondence. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton upon receiv<strong>in</strong>g word <strong>of</strong> Phillips’ death started mak<strong>in</strong>g arrangements to have Maj. Gen.<br />
James Robertson sent to replace Phillips (ra<strong>the</strong>r than leave Arnold <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>), 2945 but cancelled do<strong>in</strong>g so when<br />
he learned that Cornwallis was mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to take charge <strong>the</strong>re. 2946<br />
Ewald: “The general [Phillips] drove everyone zealously to his duty, which <strong>the</strong> majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men who had<br />
served under Arnold up to now did not feel, because everyth<strong>in</strong>g had been done <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American fashion. All <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers had to be on duty, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> regular troops had to make use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> short rest period for drill<strong>in</strong>g. But he<br />
[Phillips] was <strong>the</strong> most pleasant, unselfish, <strong>and</strong> courteous man <strong>in</strong> he world. For example, he was hardly on shore<br />
when he visited all <strong>the</strong> wounded <strong>and</strong> sick, address<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> one with encourag<strong>in</strong>g words <strong>and</strong> favor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
with money or good food from his own kitchen. He had twenty <strong>of</strong>ficers daily at his table, without dist<strong>in</strong>ction <strong>of</strong><br />
rank. But despite all his, he was called a ‘very hard man,’ as well as a ‘very hard fellow,’ by <strong>the</strong> lazy <strong>and</strong><br />
worthless element <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men. However, <strong>the</strong> long faces did not help, <strong>and</strong> everyman had to do his duty. The<br />
quartermaster general department, <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>missary, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> servants were watched so closely by him that <strong>the</strong>y<br />
soon had to dr<strong>in</strong>k water <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> w<strong>in</strong>e. In short, he was a man just as a man should be.” 2947<br />
Lafayette, at “Wilton North side <strong>of</strong> James River,” on May 18 th wrote Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “When General Phillips<br />
retreated from Richmond, his project was to stop at Williamsburgh, <strong>the</strong>re to collect contributions he had<br />
imposed. This <strong>in</strong>duced me to take a position between Pamunky <strong>and</strong> Chickahomany [sic] Rivers, which equally<br />
covered Richmond <strong>and</strong> some o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State, <strong>and</strong> where I detached General Nelson with<br />
some militia towards Williamsburgh.<br />
“Hav<strong>in</strong>g got as low as that place, General Phillips seemed to discover an <strong>in</strong>tention to make a l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, but upon<br />
advices received by a vessel from Portsmouth <strong>the</strong> enemy weighed anchor <strong>and</strong>, with all <strong>the</strong> sail <strong>the</strong> could crooud<br />
[sic], hastened up <strong>the</strong> river. This <strong>in</strong>telligence made me apprehensive that <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong>tended to manoeuvre me<br />
out <strong>of</strong> Richmond, where I returned immediately <strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong> collected our small force…Apprehend<strong>in</strong>g that both<br />
armies [i.e., that <strong>of</strong> Phillips <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis] would move to meet at a central po<strong>in</strong>t, I marched towards<br />
Petersburgh <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tended to have established a <strong>com</strong>munication over Appamatox <strong>and</strong> James River, but on <strong>the</strong> 9 th<br />
arms, <strong>and</strong> degrad<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> man…[Note.] These enormities be<strong>in</strong>g discovered by Lord Cornwallis, he halted <strong>the</strong> light<br />
troops about four miles beyond <strong>the</strong> Roanoke.” LMS p. 412.<br />
2939 JFM p. 51.<br />
2940 Sometime by early May, Huger at <strong>the</strong> time was away from <strong>the</strong> army ill, <strong>and</strong> see<strong>in</strong>g to his home Mount Necessity; which was<br />
some seventeen miles north <strong>of</strong> Belleville, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wateree River. On <strong>the</strong> 6 th , he wrote Greene say<strong>in</strong>g he<br />
would return <strong>in</strong> about a day or two. However, by <strong>the</strong> 19 th he had ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>com</strong>e back to his home or else had not left it, as <strong>in</strong> a<br />
letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> that date he stated that he was very ill. Though not present <strong>the</strong>n at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, Huger did rejo<strong>in</strong><br />
Greene by early July. NGP8 pp. 293n, 316, 355, 415, 502, 511.<br />
2941 NGP8 pp. 249, 274, 293, TCS p. 483.<br />
2942 NGP8 p. 249, LMS p. 350, BSF p. 196.<br />
2943 KJO p. 17.<br />
2944 SJS.<br />
2945 Regard<strong>in</strong>g Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s distrust <strong>of</strong> Arnold, see SQR p. 325.<br />
2946 AR81 p. 90, LMS p. 413.<br />
2947 EHJ p. 296.<br />
506
General Phillips took possession <strong>of</strong> Petersburgh…I could not (even with an equal force) have got any chance <strong>of</strong><br />
fight<strong>in</strong>g him unless I had given up this side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> James River <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> country from which re<strong>in</strong>forcements are<br />
expected.<br />
“It be<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> enemy’s choice to force us to an action while <strong>the</strong>ir own position <strong>in</strong>sured <strong>the</strong>m aga<strong>in</strong>st our<br />
enterprises, I thought it proper to shift this situation <strong>and</strong> marched <strong>the</strong> greater part <strong>of</strong> our troops to this place,<br />
about ten miles below Richmond…<br />
“Hav<strong>in</strong>g received a request from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a fro ammunition, I made a detachment <strong>of</strong> 500 men under General<br />
Muhlenberg to escort 20,000 cartridges over Appamatox, <strong>and</strong> to divert <strong>the</strong> enemy’s attention[,] Colonel Gimat<br />
<strong>and</strong> 4 field pieces cannonaded <strong>the</strong>ir position from this side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river. I hope our ammunition will arrive safe,<br />
as, before General Muhlenberg returned, he put it <strong>in</strong> a safe road with proper directions.” 2948<br />
Garden: “Dur<strong>in</strong>g his late visit to America [1824-1825], he [Lafayette] was approach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> town <strong>of</strong> Petersburg,<br />
ac<strong>com</strong>panied by Judge Peter Johnston, <strong>and</strong> B. W. Leigh, Esq. Address<strong>in</strong>g himself to <strong>the</strong>se gentlemen, he said,<br />
‘General Greene had made repeated applications to me, for certa<strong>in</strong> supplies, which (<strong>the</strong> means be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> my<br />
power) I was anxious to forward to him. But <strong>the</strong> frequent detachments sent out by <strong>the</strong> enemy, for <strong>the</strong> purpose<br />
<strong>of</strong> Scour<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> country, made <strong>the</strong> attempt extremely hazardous.<br />
“‘The British General Philips was <strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town <strong>of</strong> Petersburg, <strong>and</strong> had his head quarters <strong>in</strong> a<br />
situation very conspicuous from <strong>the</strong> opposite side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river Appomattox, near which lay <strong>the</strong> army under my<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. To ga<strong>in</strong> my end, I resolved to make a movement, <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>tention to attack his post, which<br />
<strong>com</strong>pelled <strong>the</strong> General to call <strong>in</strong> all detachments, <strong>and</strong> out posts, <strong>the</strong> more effectually to resist me. I accord<strong>in</strong>gly<br />
approached <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> erected a battery, which I ordered to play <strong>in</strong>cessantly on <strong>the</strong> house occupied by <strong>the</strong><br />
British Comm<strong>and</strong>er. At <strong>the</strong> very period that my orders were executed, General Philips, who had been long sick,<br />
expired.<br />
“‘I mention this as a remarkable circumstance, s<strong>in</strong>ce, at a subsequent period, referr<strong>in</strong>g to historical documents,<br />
it appears that on <strong>the</strong> day on which <strong>the</strong> celebrated battle <strong>of</strong> M<strong>in</strong>den was fought [1 Aug. 1759], my fa<strong>the</strong>r fell by<br />
a cannon shot, fired from a battery <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> very General Philips, who now expired, while oppos<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> son <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> man, who had been destroyed by him.’” 2949<br />
13 May (or 14 May). A re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> 1,700 to 2,000 British <strong>and</strong> German troops under Col. August de Voit<br />
sailed from New York for Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>in</strong> support <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ operations <strong>the</strong>re. They arrived <strong>and</strong> anchored at City<br />
Po<strong>in</strong>t, VA. on <strong>the</strong> 22 nd . 2950<br />
13-15 May. Rawdon began pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Santee at Nelson’s Ferry, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 14 th , was safely<br />
across. McArthur met him <strong>the</strong>re with his <strong>in</strong>different corps <strong>of</strong> 300 foot <strong>and</strong> 80 dragoons; <strong>and</strong> which may have<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded Col. John Small’s detachment. Rawdon afterwards, as Marion described it, “blew up” <strong>the</strong> fort on <strong>the</strong><br />
south side <strong>of</strong> Nelson’s. 2951<br />
Rawdon, at Monck’s Corner, on <strong>the</strong> 24 th reported to Cornwallis: “Lieutenant-colonel Balfour was so good as to<br />
meet me at Nelson’s. He took this measure that he might represent his circumstances to me. He stated that <strong>the</strong><br />
revolt was universal, that from <strong>the</strong> little reason to apprehend this serious <strong>in</strong>vasion, <strong>the</strong> old works <strong>of</strong> Charlestown<br />
had been <strong>in</strong> part leveled [sic], to make way for new ones, which were not yet constructed; that its garrison<br />
was <strong>in</strong>adequate to oppose any force <strong>of</strong> consequence, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> defection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town’s people shewed [sic]<br />
itself <strong>in</strong> a thous<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>stances. I agree with him <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> conclusion to be drawn from <strong>the</strong>nce, that any misfortune<br />
happen<strong>in</strong>g to my corps might entail <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce…<br />
“On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 13 th , I began to pass <strong>the</strong> river at Nelson’s ferry, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 14 th , every th<strong>in</strong>g<br />
was safely across. Some mounted militia had attempted to harass our rear guard on <strong>the</strong> march; but a party <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m hav<strong>in</strong>g fallen <strong>in</strong>to an ambuscade, <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m gave us no far<strong>the</strong>r trouble. We brought <strong>of</strong>f all <strong>the</strong> sick<br />
<strong>and</strong> wounded, except<strong>in</strong>g about thirty, who were too ill to be moved, <strong>and</strong> for <strong>the</strong>m I left an equal number <strong>of</strong><br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ental prisoners <strong>in</strong> exchange. We brought <strong>of</strong>f all <strong>the</strong> stores <strong>of</strong> any k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> value, destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rest; <strong>and</strong> we<br />
brought <strong>of</strong>f not only <strong>the</strong> militia who had been with us at Camden, but also all <strong>the</strong> well-affected neighbors on our<br />
route, toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> wives, children, negroes <strong>and</strong> baggage, <strong>of</strong> almost all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“My first news, upon l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g at Nelson’s, was that <strong>the</strong> post at Motte’s house had fallen. It was a simple redoubt,<br />
<strong>and</strong> had been attacked formally by sap. Lieutenant M’Pherson had ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed it gallantly till <strong>the</strong> house <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
centre <strong>of</strong> it was set <strong>in</strong> flames by fire arrows, which obliged his men to throw <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> ditch, <strong>and</strong><br />
surrender at discretion.<br />
“But as Major M’Arthur had jo<strong>in</strong>ed me with near three hundred foot <strong>and</strong> eighty dragoons, I conceived I might,<br />
without hazard<strong>in</strong>g too far, endeavor to check <strong>the</strong> enemy’s operations on <strong>the</strong> Congaree. On <strong>the</strong> 14 th , at night, I<br />
marched from Nelson’s, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 15 th I reached <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t where <strong>the</strong> roads from Congarees <strong>and</strong><br />
M’Coard’s [McCord’s] ferry unite. Various <strong>in</strong>formation was brought to me thi<strong>the</strong>r, that Greene had passed <strong>the</strong><br />
Congaree, at M’Coard’s ferry, <strong>and</strong> had pushed down <strong>the</strong> Orangeburgh road. The accounts though none <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m<br />
positive or s<strong>in</strong>gly satisfactory, corresponded so much, that I was led to believe <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> matter was <strong>of</strong> such<br />
moment, that it would not admit <strong>of</strong> my paus<strong>in</strong>g for more certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation; <strong>the</strong>refore, after giv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> troops<br />
a little rest, I moved back to Eutaws <strong>the</strong> same night, but hear<strong>in</strong>g noth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re, I pursued my march hi<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
2948 SCP5 pp. 126-127.<br />
2949 TCS pp. 334, 340, SCP5 pp. 126-127, GAR2 pp. 182-183, JLG2 pp. 51-52.<br />
2950 EHJ p. 299, NGP8 p. 215n-216n, AR81 p. 90, CAR p. 280, MLW4A pp. 430-431, JLG2 p. 58, FWI p. 244.<br />
2951 NGP8 p. 274, ATR81b pp. 151-153, AR81 pp. 85-86, TCS p. 328, 475-479, 482-484, GHA4 p. 90, MLW4A pp. 521-522, LMS pp.<br />
615-616, JLG2 p. 124, LCC pp. 365-366, MSC pp. 253-255.<br />
507
“By my present situation, I cover those districts from which Charles town draws its present supplies. I am <strong>in</strong><br />
read<strong>in</strong>ess to improve any favourable occurrence, <strong>and</strong> guard aga<strong>in</strong>st any untoward event. It is a secondary, but<br />
not a trifl<strong>in</strong>g advantage, that I have been able to supply <strong>the</strong> troops with necessaries; for <strong>the</strong> want <strong>of</strong> which,<br />
occasioned by <strong>the</strong> long <strong>in</strong>terruption <strong>of</strong> our <strong>com</strong>munication, <strong>the</strong>y suffered serious distress.<br />
“I am us<strong>in</strong>g every effort to augment our cavalry, <strong>in</strong> hopes that <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> some force will speedily enable us<br />
to adopt a more active conduct.” 2952<br />
14-15 May. [surrender] Fort Granby (Lex<strong>in</strong>gton County, S.C.) Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee, with 400 to 500 <strong>in</strong>fantry, 2953 arrived<br />
at Granby on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 14 th .; with Capt. Armstrong <strong>and</strong> a troop <strong>of</strong> legion cavalry hav<strong>in</strong>g been detached<br />
by Lee for purposes <strong>of</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g watch on Rawdon’s anticipated approach. Already besieg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> post when <strong>the</strong>y<br />
arrived was a small cont<strong>in</strong>gent <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s under Col. Thomas Taylor. A morn<strong>in</strong>g’s fog concealed <strong>the</strong><br />
construction <strong>of</strong> F<strong>in</strong>ley’s battery, but when it f<strong>in</strong>ally lifted his cannon was ready to open upon Maxwell; who<br />
<strong>in</strong>timidated by <strong>the</strong> prospect <strong>of</strong> bombardment, surrendered on condition that his men be paroled to Charlestown<br />
(until later exchanged.) 2954 Lee, apprehensive <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> Rawdon (who on <strong>the</strong> 14 th was on <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong><br />
Nelson’s Ferry), was <strong>in</strong> a hurry; so he agreed. This was at noon <strong>of</strong> May 15. The British garrison conta<strong>in</strong>ed 60<br />
British regulars (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some Hessians <strong>and</strong> men from Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales Regiment), 280 Loyalists, two artillery<br />
pieces, 2955 <strong>and</strong> numerous wagons. Lee gives <strong>the</strong> garrison’s strength as 360, <strong>and</strong> that most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were loyalists<br />
(60 regulars <strong>and</strong> 290-300 loyalists states McCrady.) 2956 These taken were to march to Charlestown as prisoners <strong>of</strong><br />
war on parole. Lee, aga<strong>in</strong> concerned about <strong>the</strong> possible approach <strong>of</strong> Rawdon to relieve <strong>the</strong> fort, allowed horses<br />
belong<strong>in</strong>g as private property to <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison to be kept by <strong>the</strong>m; 2957 while <strong>of</strong>ficers were granted<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir side arms as well. Maxwell himself was permitted to reta<strong>in</strong> two wagons <strong>of</strong> private baggage. The fort was<br />
found to be well stocked with stores; which under terms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> capitulation, were left for <strong>the</strong> Americans. 2958<br />
Sumter, angered at <strong>the</strong> concessions Lee gave <strong>and</strong> by hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> prize <strong>of</strong> Granby taken from him, for about <strong>the</strong><br />
next month <strong>of</strong>fered his resignation; say<strong>in</strong>g that his old wound troubled him. Greene, each time, respectfully<br />
refused it, while allow<strong>in</strong>g him a sizable share <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> munitions <strong>and</strong> stores captured at Granby. He also<br />
gave Sumter some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> slaves taken from loyalists <strong>the</strong>re; which <strong>the</strong>n Sumter used as pay for his 10 months<br />
men. After <strong>the</strong> surrender, Lee moved to besiege Augusta. Marion, meanwhile, headed back to his base <strong>of</strong><br />
operations above <strong>the</strong> Santee with a m<strong>in</strong>d to tak<strong>in</strong>g Georgetown. The Annual Register remarks that British forces<br />
(<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region) were exceed<strong>in</strong>gly weakened by <strong>the</strong> cumulative losses brought about by <strong>the</strong> reductions <strong>of</strong> Motte,<br />
Orangeburgh <strong>and</strong> Granby. 2959<br />
William Johnson: “It is due to <strong>the</strong> just claims <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> many respectable citizens who <strong>com</strong>posed his body <strong>of</strong> militia<br />
[serv<strong>in</strong>g with Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee] to state that <strong>the</strong>y deny <strong>the</strong> correctness <strong>of</strong> Colonel Lee, <strong>in</strong> assign<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> cause <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir discontent. They assert, that <strong>the</strong>y never murmured at <strong>the</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> capitulation, although <strong>the</strong>y well<br />
knew that <strong>the</strong> covered wagons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>the</strong>n mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f before <strong>the</strong>ir eyes, drawn by heir own horses, were<br />
crammed with plunder from <strong>the</strong>ir farms, <strong>and</strong> even conveyed away some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> slaves. But when on <strong>the</strong> next<br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong>y saw Colonel Lee’s men paraded, equipped <strong>in</strong> new cloth<strong>in</strong>g, while <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army were left to<br />
prosecute <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> rags, that <strong>the</strong>y blamed his motives for precipitat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> surrender. There cannot be a<br />
doubt, <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort was unnecessarily hurried through…” 2960<br />
15 May. Col. Elijah Clark, hav<strong>in</strong>g sufficiently recovered from smallpox, <strong>and</strong> with 100 more men, rejo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
American forces besieg<strong>in</strong>g Augusta. Meanwhile, Pickens with 40 men <strong>of</strong> Anderson’s regiment was maneuver<strong>in</strong>g<br />
between Augusta <strong>and</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six to prevent Cruger from re<strong>in</strong>forc<strong>in</strong>g Brown. 2961<br />
Hugh McCall: “Clarke was unfurnished with cannon, but had picked up an old four pounder <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field which had<br />
been thrown away by <strong>the</strong> British; believ<strong>in</strong>g it might be converted for use, he had it mounted, <strong>and</strong> employed a<br />
2952 ATR81b pp. 151-153, COC pp. 91-92.<br />
2953 On Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee’s strength, see Fort Motte, 6 May. Though not clear, <strong>the</strong> Legion cavalry under Armstrong, which had been<br />
watch<strong>in</strong>g Watson, may have rejo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m by this time. After Granby, Oldham <strong>and</strong> his detachment left Lee <strong>and</strong> returned to <strong>the</strong><br />
ma<strong>in</strong> army. Rank<strong>in</strong> says that Eaton <strong>and</strong> “<strong>the</strong> artillery” arrived at Granby to jo<strong>in</strong> Lee just after <strong>the</strong> fort fell. When Eaton<br />
separated from Lee he does not say, nor does he give a source. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, Lee does not mention Eaton <strong>in</strong> his report to<br />
Greene <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 15 th . Rank<strong>in</strong> says Eaton’s men were fitted out as light <strong>in</strong>fantry; so accord<strong>in</strong>g to this version <strong>the</strong>y reunited with<br />
Greene’s army after Motte’s, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n fell <strong>in</strong> aga<strong>in</strong> with Lee just after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Granby. In ei<strong>the</strong>r case, F<strong>in</strong>ley <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> sixpounder<br />
certa<strong>in</strong>ly rema<strong>in</strong>ed with Lee. NGP8 pp. 263-264, RNC p. 331.<br />
2954 Fur<strong>the</strong>r, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> parley between Eggleston (represent<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Americans) <strong>and</strong> Maxwell, Lee’s troopers had crept up <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
fog <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terposed <strong>the</strong>mselves between Maxwell’s pickets outside <strong>the</strong> fort; for which reasons <strong>the</strong> latter were cut <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> left<br />
str<strong>and</strong>ed before <strong>the</strong>y had time to rega<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort <strong>and</strong> after <strong>the</strong> truce was suspended. LMS pp. 350-351.<br />
2955 In his letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> May 4 th , Sumter had said <strong>the</strong> fort had 2 twelve pounders <strong>and</strong> 3 or 4 smaller cannon. Aside from two<br />
smaller pieces, <strong>the</strong>se may have been dummy cannon. NGP8 p. 204.<br />
2956 In a peculiar letter <strong>in</strong> that it is addressed to “General Marion“ (<strong>and</strong> found <strong>in</strong> Gibbes’ Documentary History), we f<strong>in</strong>d a missive<br />
from Greene’s aide, Maj. Ichabod Burnet written 18 May <strong>in</strong> which it is reported that at Fort Granby five pieces <strong>of</strong> ordnance, 19<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> 329 privates “fell <strong>in</strong>to our h<strong>and</strong>s.” GDH2 p. 74.<br />
2957 Lee was later criticized by some for too readily acquiesc<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> dem<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Hessian <strong>of</strong>ficers (who were “not to be<br />
overruled by Maxwell”) <strong>in</strong> reta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir personal horses, <strong>and</strong> grant<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> garrison at Granby too easy terms <strong>of</strong> surrender<br />
generally. Yet as can be seen from Rawdon’s letter to Cornwallis, had he not done so, Granby <strong>and</strong> its stores, or Augusta <strong>and</strong> its<br />
stores for that matter, might very well not have been taken.<br />
2958 After <strong>the</strong> surrender, Granby was later dismantled <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ally demolished by May 22.<br />
2959 NGP8 pp. 204, 262-266, 273n-274n, 278, 379, 385, GDH2 p. 74, AR81 pp. 85-86, GHA4 p. 90, RSC2 pp. 234-235, MLW4A pp.<br />
522-523, LMS pp. 349-352, JLG2 pp. 120-125, LCC pp. 366-378, LFB2 p. 482, MSC2 pp. 236-246, WAR2 p. 813, BGC pp. 174-178.<br />
2960 Johnson’s source for this is ostensibly Thomas Taylor, JLG2 p. 123n. Henry Lee IV, not surpris<strong>in</strong>gly, rejects <strong>the</strong> conclusion<br />
drawn by Johnson, LCC pp. 366-378.<br />
2961 MHG pp. 514-515.<br />
508
lack-smith to form pieces <strong>of</strong> iron <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> shape <strong>of</strong> balls; <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>menced his approaches. Powder however was<br />
scarce <strong>and</strong> cannon used only when sword could not.”<br />
15 May (also given as 1 May). [skirmish] Beech Isl<strong>and</strong>, also Beach Isl<strong>and</strong> (Aiken County, S.C.) McCrady records a<br />
skirmish between men under Col. Elijah Clark <strong>and</strong> men under Col. Thomas Brown; <strong>in</strong> which Clark is known to<br />
have lost 6 killed <strong>and</strong> an unknown number wounded; while Brown’s losses are not known. Possibly Brown made a<br />
foray aga<strong>in</strong>st his besiegers, or else went to <strong>the</strong> aid <strong>of</strong> a relief or supply column (or river flotilla) on its way to<br />
Augusta. 2962<br />
15 May. Col. Thomas Polk wrote Greene say<strong>in</strong>g Col. Francis Lock had been chosen <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Salisbury<br />
militia by N.C. state <strong>of</strong>ficials; despite Greene’s wishes that <strong>the</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>tment go to Polk. 2963<br />
15 May. From <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Moravians (Bethabara congregation): “Eight Cont<strong>in</strong>ental wagons came from <strong>the</strong><br />
south, go<strong>in</strong>g to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia for <strong>the</strong> army.” 2964<br />
15 May. Col. James Read wrote to Greene from Salisbury report<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>re were about 80 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
draftees <strong>and</strong> 300 militia at Salisbury. He almost mentioned hav<strong>in</strong>g employed four gunsmiths to repair damaged<br />
weapons stored <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>and</strong> that he had sent to Guilford Court House for 300 st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> arms that had been left<br />
<strong>the</strong>re. Although, said Read, <strong>the</strong>re would not be enough cartridge boxes, Col. Thomas Polk had, meanwhile,<br />
supplied fifty hides <strong>of</strong> lea<strong>the</strong>r. 2965<br />
15 May. Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner, at Williamsboro, N.C. wrote Greene stat<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ army<br />
arrived at Halifax, N.C. on May 12. Cornwallis’ cavalry <strong>and</strong> a large part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry crossed <strong>the</strong> Roanoke on<br />
May 13, <strong>and</strong> was busy construct<strong>in</strong>g “works” on <strong>the</strong> north bank. His force was said to number 1,600 to 1,800 men,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 240 to 400 badly mounted cavalry. Boats on <strong>the</strong> Roanoke River have reportedly ei<strong>the</strong>r been destroyed<br />
to prevent capture, or else taken to Taylor’s ferry. The few stores saved from Halifax <strong>and</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gston had been<br />
moved to Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward Court House <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. 2966<br />
15 May. Greene camped on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> Friday’s Ferry (on <strong>the</strong> Congaree <strong>and</strong> adjacent to Granby), <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
next day (<strong>the</strong> 16 th ) moved a short distance to Ancrum’s Plantation. 2967<br />
15 May. Leav<strong>in</strong>g Halifax, N.C., Cornwallis with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> his army crossed <strong>the</strong> Roanoke River <strong>and</strong> entered<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. Streams had by now be<strong>com</strong>e so dry that mills <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region could not gr<strong>in</strong>d. 2968<br />
Cornwallis, at “Jones’ plantation,” to Tarleton: “I am mak<strong>in</strong>g all possible expedition, <strong>and</strong> hope to be at<br />
Nottoway on Friday even<strong>in</strong>g. I would have you proceed to-morrow to <strong>the</strong> Nottoway, <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong> near Simcoe’s<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry. Arnold is ordered to march immediately to meet me on <strong>the</strong> Nottoway. Wayne’s hav<strong>in</strong>g jo<strong>in</strong>ed La<br />
Fayette, makes me ra<strong>the</strong>r uneasy for Arnold until we jo<strong>in</strong>. If you should hear <strong>of</strong> any movement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong><br />
force to disturb Arnold’s march, you will give him every assistance <strong>in</strong> your power.” 2969<br />
Mid May. [raids] Richard Hampton’s Raid<strong>in</strong>g Expedition (Berkeley, Dorchester, <strong>and</strong> Colleton counties, S.C.) Col.<br />
Richard Hampton carried out a series <strong>of</strong> mounted raids, which took him to Dorchester, Ashley River <strong>and</strong> Round<br />
O, kill<strong>in</strong>g at least 1 <strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g a number prisoners. Reference is also made to his hav<strong>in</strong>g destroyed a boat,<br />
probably conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g supplies. In all, he reportedly covered some two hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty miles <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se forays. 2970<br />
Mid to late May. William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “About this period, Gen. Marion sent Col. Peter Horry with a force to<br />
negociate [sic] a treaty with Major Ganey <strong>and</strong> his party. As he could not well turn his arms aga<strong>in</strong>st him, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Whig settlements on Pedee were left exposed to his depredations, it was good policy to awe him, <strong>and</strong> to<br />
endeavour to keep him quiet. After a little time Horry negociated [sic] a treaty, humiliat<strong>in</strong>g enough to Ganey; by<br />
which, among o<strong>the</strong>r matters, he <strong>and</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers agreed to lay down <strong>the</strong>ir arms <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong> neutral, to deliver up<br />
all those who refused to <strong>com</strong>ply with <strong>the</strong> treaty <strong>and</strong> all deserters from <strong>the</strong> Americans, <strong>and</strong> also to restore all<br />
negroes <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r plundered property. This treaty was ratified on <strong>the</strong> 17 th <strong>of</strong> June, but was not strictly <strong>com</strong>plied<br />
with until Marion afterwards found leisure to enforce it…” See 17 June. 2971<br />
Mid to Late May. 2972 [skirmishes] Briar Creek <strong>and</strong> Bugg’s Plantation, also known as (with respect to Briar Creek)<br />
Walker’s Bridge, <strong>and</strong> (with respect to Bugg’s Plantation) New Savannah (Screven County, GA.) A loyalist relief<br />
force under Maj. Dill, on its way to relieve Augusta (under siege), was defeated at Walker’s Bridge on Briar<br />
Creek (a sou<strong>the</strong>rn tributary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Savannah River) by a whig force <strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> over-mounta<strong>in</strong> men under Capt.<br />
2962 MSC2 p. 748. See http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/beachisl<strong>and</strong>.htm<br />
2963 NGP8 p. 266.<br />
2964 FRM p. 1752.<br />
2965 NGP8 pp. 266-267.<br />
2966 NGP8 p. 268.<br />
2967 NGP8 pp. 259, 271, LMS p. 352.<br />
2968 NGP8 p. 284n.<br />
2969 TCS p. 333, SCP4 p. 164.<br />
2970 NGP8 p. 297, BGC p. 179.<br />
2971 JFM p. 52, LMS p. 553.<br />
2972 The Bugg’s Plantation skirmish is given as 2 May by one account; for more, see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/newsavannah.htm<br />
509
Moses (also given as Isaac) Shelby 2973 <strong>and</strong> Georgians under Patrick (or Paddy) Carr; who had been sent by Lieut.<br />
Col. Elijah Clark. Dill’s losses were reported as 40 killed while McCrady speaks <strong>of</strong> half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalist force be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
killed -– though <strong>the</strong>se seem absurdly high estimates. This engagement was followed by a subsequent action at<br />
Bugg’s Plantation at New Savannah where Shelby <strong>and</strong> Carr ambushed some <strong>of</strong> Brown’s men. 2974<br />
Hugh McCall: “About <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Clarke’s arrival, major Dill collected a party <strong>of</strong> loyalists, with <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong><br />
jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g [loyalist, Thomas] Brown <strong>and</strong> forc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Americans to raise <strong>the</strong> siege. Clarke detached capta<strong>in</strong>s Shelby<br />
<strong>and</strong> Carr, with a party <strong>of</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>eers <strong>and</strong> Georgians, to advance on Dill; whom <strong>the</strong>y attacked by surprise, at<br />
Walker’s bridge, on Brier creek; killed <strong>and</strong> wounded a number, <strong>and</strong> dispersed <strong>the</strong> rest, without susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g any<br />
loss…When Clarke believed himself secure aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> a retreat, he sent <strong>the</strong> horses <strong>of</strong> his troops,<br />
with a guard <strong>of</strong> six men, to Beech isl<strong>and</strong>, below Augusta, where <strong>the</strong>re was plenty <strong>of</strong> forage to be had: Brown was<br />
<strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> this circumstance, <strong>and</strong> sent a detachment <strong>of</strong> regular troops, militia, <strong>and</strong> Indians, down on <strong>the</strong> river<br />
bank, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> canoes, to cut <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> guard <strong>and</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> horses. Clarke was apprised <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment, <strong>and</strong><br />
ordered Shelby <strong>and</strong> Carr <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> it. Brown’s detachment succeeded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> enterprise, murdered <strong>the</strong> guard,<br />
<strong>and</strong> were return<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> booty; when Shelby <strong>and</strong> Carr, <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> result, lay wait[<strong>in</strong>g] <strong>in</strong> a thicket, near<br />
Mrs. Bugg’s plantation, <strong>and</strong> attacked <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>and</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> example which had just been set before <strong>the</strong>m by<br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>the</strong>y spared <strong>the</strong> life <strong>of</strong> none who fell <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong>ir h<strong>and</strong>s: nearly half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
were killed <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest ran away, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> property recovered without loss.” 2975<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “The British rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> Augusta until <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> summer <strong>of</strong> 1781, when <strong>the</strong>ir repose<br />
was disturbed. After <strong>the</strong> battle at Guilford Court House, <strong>and</strong> when <strong>the</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> Greene to march <strong>in</strong>to<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a was made known, Clark <strong>and</strong> M’Call proceeded to co-operate with him by annoy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British<br />
posts <strong>in</strong> Georgia. M’Call soon afterward died <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> small-pox, <strong>and</strong> Clark suffered from <strong>the</strong> same disease. After<br />
his recovery, he, with several o<strong>the</strong>r partisans, was actively engaged at various po<strong>in</strong>ts between Savannah <strong>and</strong><br />
Augusta, <strong>and</strong> had frequent skirmishes with <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> Tory scouts. In an engagement near Coosawhatchie, <strong>in</strong><br />
Beaufort District, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, where Colonel Brown <strong>the</strong>n <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed, <strong>the</strong> Americans were defeated; <strong>and</strong><br />
several who were taken prisoners were hanged, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir bodies given to <strong>the</strong> Indians to scalp <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rwise<br />
mutilate. This was Brown’s <strong>com</strong>mon practice, <strong>and</strong> made his name as hateful at <strong>the</strong> South as that <strong>of</strong> ‘Bloody Bill<br />
Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham.’<br />
“On <strong>the</strong> sixteenth <strong>of</strong> April [1781], <strong>the</strong> Georgia militia, under Colonels Williams [Micajah Williamson], [John]<br />
Baker, <strong>and</strong> [Samuel] Hammond, Major James Jackson (afterward governor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state), <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers,<br />
assembled near Augusta, <strong>and</strong> placed <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>in</strong> a state <strong>of</strong> siege. Williams, who had <strong>the</strong> general <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g Clark’s sickness, encamped with<strong>in</strong> twelve hundred yards <strong>of</strong> Forts Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> Grierson, <strong>and</strong> fortified his<br />
camp. Colonel Brown, who was aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at Augusta, deceived respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans, dared not attack <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> this position <strong>the</strong> respective forces rema<strong>in</strong>ed until <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> May,<br />
when Clark came with one hundred new recruits <strong>and</strong> resumed <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. About that time, Major Dill<br />
approached Augusta with a party <strong>of</strong> Loyalists to force <strong>the</strong> Americans to raise <strong>the</strong> siege. A detachment <strong>of</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
mounta<strong>in</strong>eers <strong>and</strong> Georgians, under Shelby <strong>and</strong> Carr, sent by Clark, met <strong>the</strong>m at Walker’s bridge, on Brier Creek<br />
[sic], killed <strong>and</strong> wounded several, <strong>and</strong> dispersed <strong>the</strong> rest. O<strong>the</strong>r little successes made <strong>the</strong> Americans at Augusta<br />
feel so strong that Clark determ<strong>in</strong>ed to attempt an assault. An old iron five pounder, which he had picked up,<br />
was mounted with<strong>in</strong> four hundred yards <strong>of</strong> Fort Grierson, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r dispositions for an attack were made.<br />
Powder was scarce, <strong>and</strong> he sent a message to Colonel Pickens, 18 who was maneuver<strong>in</strong>g between Augusta <strong>and</strong><br />
Fort N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, ask<strong>in</strong>g for a supply, <strong>and</strong> also a re-enforcement <strong>of</strong> men.” 2976<br />
15-16 May. On <strong>the</strong> 15 th , Rawdon marched to “<strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t where <strong>the</strong> roads from Congarees <strong>and</strong> McCord’s ferry<br />
unite,” hop<strong>in</strong>g to relieve Granby, but after learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> its fall he resumed his march toward Charlestown. Sumter<br />
reported that by even<strong>in</strong>g, Rawdon was twenty miles below Thompson’s. He arrived <strong>the</strong> next day at Monck’s<br />
Corner. 2977<br />
16 May. [skirmish] Portevent’s Mill, N.C., also “Col. James Kenan vs. Col. Middleton Mobley“ (Sampson County,<br />
N.C.) ONB3 pp.239-242, <strong>and</strong> see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/portevent.htm<br />
16 May. Marion to Greene wrote from Ferguson’s Swamp, S.C., say<strong>in</strong>g he would try to catch Rawdon’s baggage;<br />
which had taken a route separate route from Rawdon’s ma<strong>in</strong> column. He mentioned as well he had sent orders<br />
to Col. William Harden, who was operat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area east <strong>and</strong> south east <strong>of</strong> Charlestown, to jo<strong>in</strong> him. As it<br />
turned out, Marion’s raid had only limited success, <strong>and</strong> Harden was not able to <strong>com</strong>ply, <strong>in</strong>stead assist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
siege at Augusta. Also, it was about <strong>and</strong> shortly after this time that Marion, after be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>sulted by some<br />
<strong>in</strong>s<strong>in</strong>uations <strong>of</strong> Lee <strong>and</strong> Greene that he could provide <strong>the</strong> army with much needed horses but was withhold<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>m, tendered his resignation. This Greene rejected <strong>and</strong> Marion was persuaded to cont<strong>in</strong>ue. 2978<br />
16 May. Lee received orders from Greene to unite with Pickens <strong>and</strong> advance on Augusta; <strong>in</strong> part to prevent<br />
Cruger’s escap<strong>in</strong>g to Georgia <strong>and</strong> unit<strong>in</strong>g with Brown. He had requested he be permitted to take Oldham’s<br />
<strong>com</strong>pany with him, but Greene decided aga<strong>in</strong>st it. Then, with his Legion, Lee moved with all celerity (march<strong>in</strong>g<br />
2973 Bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> Isaac Shelby. DKM pp. 171, 417, MSC p. 264n.<br />
2974 MHG pp. 514-515, LFB2 p.510-511, MSC2 pp. 263-264, CGA p. 135, BEA p. 50, CKR p. 131.<br />
2975 MHG p. 515.<br />
2976 LFB2 pp. 510-511.<br />
2977 NGP8 pp. 269, 274, ATR81b pp. 151-153, AR81 p. 86, TCS pp. 475-479, 482, LMS pp. 615-616.<br />
2978 NGP8 p. 274, JLG2 pp. 114-116, LCC pp. 345-348.<br />
510
a full 13 miles <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> with<strong>in</strong> a few hours <strong>of</strong> Granby’s surrender) on his way to Augusta; that had<br />
already been under siege by Clark <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Georgians s<strong>in</strong>ce mid-April. En route, he paused very briefly to send<br />
Capt. Rudulph to scout <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> around N<strong>in</strong>ety Six itself; with Rudolph f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g that Cruger <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> garrison were busy fortify<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves. Lee about <strong>the</strong> same time also sent Cap. Ferd<strong>in</strong><strong>and</strong> O’Neal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Legion with a small group <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> Lee’s ma<strong>in</strong> force to reconnoiter Augusta <strong>and</strong> what was tak<strong>in</strong>g place<br />
<strong>the</strong>re.<br />
At Gr<strong>and</strong>by, Eaton with his 140 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, F<strong>in</strong>ley <strong>and</strong> his six-pounder, plus 2 two-<strong>in</strong>ch pieces,<br />
captured at Granby (<strong>and</strong> artillerymen necessary to man <strong>the</strong> three guns) were to follow Lee <strong>in</strong> his wake <strong>and</strong> arrive<br />
a Augusta when <strong>the</strong>y could. In cavalry, Lee probably had around 90. In a letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> 24 May, he said he<br />
had 110 Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry. 2979<br />
17 May. Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> seventeenth were executed five <strong>of</strong> our deserters who were taken <strong>in</strong> Fort Friday<br />
[Granby] by Colonel Lee.” 2980<br />
17 May. In a return sent by Greene’s aide, Maj. Ichabod Burnet, to Brig. Gen. Lawson, it is stated that from <strong>the</strong><br />
reduction <strong>of</strong> Motte, Orangeburgh <strong>and</strong> Granby that <strong>the</strong> Americans had captured “2 cannon, 10 British <strong>of</strong>ficers, 205<br />
privates, 22 tory <strong>of</strong>ficers plus 375 tories.” In letters to Sumner <strong>and</strong> Gen. Butler, written on <strong>the</strong> 23 rd , Greene said<br />
that near 800 prisoner <strong>and</strong> 50 <strong>of</strong>ficers had been taken <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> past month. Although we are <strong>of</strong>ten rem<strong>in</strong>ded <strong>of</strong><br />
how Greene so <strong>of</strong>ten failed on <strong>the</strong> open battlefield, <strong>the</strong>se numbers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ground he recovered, shows his<br />
ga<strong>in</strong>s to have been as material as any pitched engagement could have been; while <strong>of</strong> course acknowledg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
spirited efforts <strong>of</strong> Marion, Sumter, <strong>and</strong> Lee <strong>in</strong> support <strong>of</strong> him. 2981<br />
Tarleton: “The first <strong>in</strong>telligence Lord Rawdon received on pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Santee, was <strong>the</strong> unwel<strong>com</strong>e news, that<br />
<strong>the</strong> post at Motte’s house, after a gallant defence, had already fallen <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. This was a<br />
heavy stroke, as that place had been made a deposit for all <strong>the</strong> provisions that were <strong>in</strong>tended for <strong>the</strong> supply <strong>of</strong><br />
Camden: Th<strong>in</strong>gs were, however, worse than he yet knew, for <strong>the</strong> strong post at Orangeburgh was already taken,<br />
<strong>and</strong> fort Granby not long after. Thus <strong>the</strong> British force <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce was exceed<strong>in</strong>gly weakened, by <strong>the</strong> number<br />
<strong>of</strong> brave <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> soldiers who fell <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, through this sudden <strong>and</strong> unexpected attack<br />
upon <strong>the</strong>ir detached posts <strong>in</strong> every part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country.” 2982<br />
17 May. Balfour wrote <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g letter to prisoners be<strong>in</strong>g held aboard <strong>the</strong> Charlestown prison ships: “Many<br />
have been <strong>the</strong> representations which <strong>the</strong> outrages <strong>com</strong>mitted by <strong>the</strong> American troops, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir violations <strong>of</strong> all<br />
<strong>the</strong> humaner pr<strong>in</strong>ciples <strong>of</strong> war, have <strong>com</strong>pelled me to make to such <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed parties <strong>in</strong><br />
this prov<strong>in</strong>ce; but more particularly have I been obliged to remonstrate aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> rigorous treatment, <strong>in</strong> many<br />
cases extend<strong>in</strong>g to death, which <strong>the</strong> loyal militia, when made prisoners, most <strong>in</strong>variably experience.<br />
“These representations, gentlemen, hav<strong>in</strong>g been grounded on <strong>the</strong> truest pr<strong>in</strong>ciples <strong>of</strong> benevolence, <strong>and</strong> which it<br />
beho[o]ves each side equally to have advanced, I was as much surprised as I was mortified, to f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> all<br />
cases practically disregarded, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> many, wholly neglected. It is <strong>the</strong>refore be<strong>com</strong>e my duty, however irksome<br />
to myself, to try how far a more decided l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> conduct will prevail, <strong>and</strong> whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> safety <strong>of</strong> avowed<br />
adherents to <strong>the</strong>ir cause, may not <strong>in</strong>duce <strong>the</strong> American troops to extend a proper clemency to those whose<br />
pr<strong>in</strong>ciples arm <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> British government.<br />
“Induced by <strong>the</strong>se motives, I have conceived it an act <strong>of</strong> expediency to seize on your persons, <strong>and</strong> reta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m as<br />
hostages for <strong>the</strong> good usage <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong> loyal militia who are, or may be made prisoners <strong>of</strong> war, resolv<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
regulate, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> full extent, your treatment by <strong>the</strong> measure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>irs, <strong>and</strong> which my feel<strong>in</strong>gs make me hope<br />
hereafter be most lenient.<br />
“And as I have thought it necessary that those persons, who some time s<strong>in</strong>ce were sent from <strong>the</strong>nce to St.<br />
August<strong>in</strong>e, should, <strong>in</strong> this respect, be considered <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> view as yourselves, I shall send notice<br />
<strong>the</strong>re, that <strong>the</strong>y be likewise held as sureties for a future propriety <strong>of</strong> conduct towards our militia prisoners.<br />
Reasons, so cogent, <strong>and</strong> which have only <strong>the</strong> most humane purposes for <strong>the</strong>ir objects, will, I doubt not, be<br />
considered by every reasonable person as a sufficient justification <strong>of</strong> this most necessary measure, even <strong>in</strong> those<br />
po<strong>in</strong>ts where it may militate with <strong>the</strong> capitulation <strong>of</strong> Charlestown; though <strong>in</strong>deed <strong>the</strong> daily <strong>in</strong>fractions <strong>of</strong> it, by<br />
<strong>the</strong> breach <strong>of</strong> paroles, would alone well warrant this procedure.<br />
“Hav<strong>in</strong>g been this c<strong>and</strong>id <strong>in</strong> stat<strong>in</strong>g to you <strong>the</strong> causes for this conduct, I can have no objections to your mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
any proper use <strong>of</strong> this letter you may judge to your advantage, <strong>and</strong> will <strong>the</strong>refore, should you deem it<br />
expedient, grant what flags <strong>of</strong> truce may be necessary to carry out copies <strong>of</strong> it to any <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
American troops <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>se parts, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mean time <strong>the</strong> fullest directions will be given, that your present<br />
situation be rendered as eligible as <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> circumstances will admit.” 2983<br />
On <strong>the</strong> 19 th , from <strong>the</strong> “Torbay Prison-Ship, <strong>of</strong>f Charlestown,” Lieut. Col. Stephen Moore, “<strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs,” wrote<br />
back <strong>in</strong> reply: “Yesterday we transmitted to you a letter, enclos<strong>in</strong>g a copy <strong>of</strong> yours, with a list <strong>of</strong> one hundred<br />
<strong>and</strong> twenty-n<strong>in</strong>e prisoners <strong>of</strong> war, conf<strong>in</strong>ed on board this ship, which we hope is forwarded to Major Genl<br />
Greene, agreeably to your promise, <strong>and</strong> make no doubt but that your feel<strong>in</strong>gs as a gentleman will, upon this<br />
occasion, <strong>in</strong>duce you to do every th<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> your power to liberate, from a most <strong>in</strong>jurious <strong>and</strong> disagreeable<br />
conf<strong>in</strong>ement, those aga<strong>in</strong>st whom <strong>the</strong>re can exist no charge <strong>of</strong> dishonor, <strong>and</strong> whose only crime, if such it can<br />
2979 NGP8 pp. 272-273, 293, 309, 311, LMS pp. 352-354, JLG2 pp. 125-126, MSC2 p. 264., WAR2 pp. 814-815.<br />
2980 SJS.<br />
2981 NGP8 pp. 275, 302, 305.<br />
2982 TCS p. 482.<br />
2983 ATR82a pp. 288-289.<br />
511
possibly be termed by men <strong>of</strong> liberal ideas, is an <strong>in</strong>flexible attachment to what <strong>the</strong>y conceive to be <strong>the</strong> rights <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir country, <strong>and</strong> who have scorned to deceive you by unmean<strong>in</strong>g pr<strong>of</strong>essions. In justice to ourselves we must<br />
say, that if <strong>the</strong> Americas have at any time so far divested <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong> that character <strong>of</strong> humanity <strong>and</strong><br />
generosity, which ever dist<strong>in</strong>guished <strong>the</strong>m, we feel ourselves most sensibly mortified, but are <strong>in</strong>duced, from <strong>the</strong><br />
generous treatment <strong>of</strong> Cols. [Nicholas] Lechmere, Rugely [Henry Rugeley], [Edward] Fenwick <strong>and</strong> [Fletcher]<br />
Kelsell, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir parties, <strong>and</strong> from a number <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>stances which might be easily adduced, to believe, that<br />
<strong>the</strong> outrages which you <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong>, must be <strong>the</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> private resentment (subsist<strong>in</strong>g between British<br />
subjects <strong>and</strong> those who, after hav<strong>in</strong>g availed <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> royal proclamation, have resumed <strong>the</strong>ir arms, <strong>in</strong><br />
opposition to that government) <strong>and</strong> totally unsanctioned by any American <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> which we are well<br />
conv<strong>in</strong>ced <strong>the</strong>y would reprobate <strong>and</strong> would punish <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most exemplary manner, could <strong>the</strong> perpetrators <strong>of</strong> such<br />
horrid acts be detected.<br />
“In a war, circumstanced as <strong>the</strong> present, <strong>the</strong>re will be some <strong>in</strong>stances <strong>of</strong> enormities on both sides. We would not<br />
wish to particularize [sic], but doubt not <strong>the</strong>re are acts <strong>of</strong> cruelty frequently <strong>com</strong>mitted by <strong>the</strong> irregulars <strong>of</strong> your<br />
army, <strong>and</strong> are conv<strong>in</strong>ced, that on your part, as well as our own, <strong>the</strong>y are generally to be attributed to an<br />
ignorance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rules <strong>of</strong> warfare, <strong>and</strong> a want <strong>of</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>e; but <strong>the</strong> idea <strong>of</strong> deta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> close custody as hostages<br />
a number <strong>of</strong> men fairly taken <strong>in</strong> arms, <strong>and</strong> entitled to <strong>the</strong> benefits <strong>of</strong> a solemn capitulation, is so repugnant to<br />
<strong>the</strong> laws <strong>of</strong> war, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> usage <strong>of</strong> civilized nations, that we apprehend it will ra<strong>the</strong>r be <strong>the</strong> means <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g<br />
its horrors, than answer<strong>in</strong>g those purposes <strong>of</strong> humanity you expect.<br />
“As a most strict adherence to <strong>the</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> our paroles, <strong>and</strong> a firm reliance on your honor, have been <strong>the</strong> only<br />
reasons <strong>of</strong> our be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> your power at present, we trust, that upon equitable proposals be<strong>in</strong>g made for our<br />
exchange by Gen. Greene, no objections will be raised, but every th<strong>in</strong>g done to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> matter to <strong>the</strong> most<br />
speedy issue.<br />
“As you have thought proper to publish your reasons for seiz<strong>in</strong>g upon our persons, we request our answer may<br />
also be <strong>in</strong>serted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> next Gazette.” 2984<br />
18 May. Lee’s advance party, en route to Augusta, reached Pickens camp not very distant from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Eaton<br />
(with his North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians) <strong>and</strong> F<strong>in</strong>ley arrived <strong>the</strong>re <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g (<strong>the</strong> 19 th .) 2985 It was agreed by Lee <strong>and</strong><br />
Pickens that Lee should take Fort Galph<strong>in</strong>, located downriver from Augusta a few miles. Eaton <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> meantime would beg<strong>in</strong> deploy<strong>in</strong>g before Augusta.<br />
Although this is what Lee later reported to Greene, it is not entirely clear that this is what actually took place.<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to William Johnson it was Pickens who went to Galph<strong>in</strong> while Lee moved to Augusta. In his letter to<br />
Greene, Lee did not state where he jo<strong>in</strong>ed Pickens, but it would probably have been <strong>in</strong> modern Aiken County, at<br />
a location to <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. 2986<br />
18 May. Lafayette received <strong>the</strong> letter from Greene formally assign<strong>in</strong>g him <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> military operations <strong>in</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. On this same date, he took up a position between <strong>the</strong> Pamunkey <strong>and</strong> Chickahom<strong>in</strong>y Rivers, <strong>the</strong>reby<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g better situated to safeguard Richmond <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> surround<strong>in</strong>g area. General Thomas Nelson, meanwhile,<br />
was sent with <strong>the</strong> militia toward Williamsburg. 2987<br />
18 May. Hav<strong>in</strong>g now ample ammunition available to him as a result <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> capitulations <strong>of</strong> Watson, Motte, <strong>and</strong><br />
Granby, Greene left Ancrum’s <strong>and</strong> began his march for N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, pass<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> Saluda River. By day’s end he<br />
had crossed <strong>the</strong> Broad River. Before leav<strong>in</strong>g he directed Marion to be ready to cooperate with his army. Sumter,<br />
<strong>in</strong> turn, was ordered by Greene to “cont<strong>in</strong>ue at this post [Ancrum’s] to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> organize <strong>the</strong> militia.” To<br />
this Sumter acquiesced, writ<strong>in</strong>g Greene from <strong>the</strong>re on <strong>the</strong> 22 nd . Before <strong>the</strong> decision to besiege N<strong>in</strong>ety Six had<br />
been decided on, Sumter had earlier re<strong>com</strong>mended <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g American forces <strong>and</strong> attack<strong>in</strong>g Rawdon <strong>in</strong>stead –-<br />
a move, argues McCrady, which had it been adopted at that time (<strong>and</strong> before <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements from Irel<strong>and</strong><br />
had arrived), would likely have resulted <strong>in</strong> success. 2988<br />
Kirkwood: “Marched <strong>and</strong> crossed <strong>the</strong> Broad River…15 [miles].” 2989<br />
Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> eighteenth marched <strong>and</strong> crossed Broad River <strong>and</strong> encamped on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side, fifteen miles.<br />
“[19-20 May.] On <strong>the</strong> n<strong>in</strong>eteenth marched twenty-five miles. This day were executed three more <strong>of</strong> our<br />
deserters, who were taken <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> late fort [Granby]. Next day, be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> twentieth, we marched seventeen<br />
miles.” 2990<br />
19 May. Lafayette moved to Wilton, some ten miles below Richmond, VA. His force at this time numbered less<br />
than 2,800 (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g militia) <strong>and</strong> less than 100 regular cavalry. <strong>War</strong>d, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, states he had 3,000<br />
total with which to face Cornwallis’ soon to be 7,200. 2991<br />
19 May. Deserters captured at Fort Granby were executed dur<strong>in</strong>g a halt on Greene’s march to N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. 2992<br />
Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> n<strong>in</strong>eteenth marched twenty-five miles. This day were executed three more <strong>of</strong> our deserters,<br />
who were taken <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> late fort. Next day, be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> twentieth, we marched seventeen miles.” 2993<br />
2984 ATR82a pp. 289-291, GDH2 pp. 72-73, 76-77. For more regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Torbay, see DRO p.100.<br />
2985 Lee was able to hurry his movement by hav<strong>in</strong>g his cavalrymen walk, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n mount<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>the</strong>n vice versa, etc.<br />
2986 NGP8 p. 293, GHA4 pp. 90-91, JLG2 pp. 129-131, WAR2 pp. 814-815.<br />
2987 CBA p. 594.<br />
2988 KJO p. 17, NGP8 pp. 279, 297, AR81 p. 91, JLG2 pp. 125-126, MSC2 pp. 251-252, BSF p. 198, BGC p. 178.<br />
2989 KJO p. 17.<br />
2990 SJS.<br />
2991 LMS pp. 414-415, CBA pp. 594, 598.<br />
512
19 May. Marion, near St. Stephen’s, seized four boats <strong>of</strong> Rawdon’s <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g down <strong>the</strong> Santee; however, <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
carry<strong>in</strong>g few stores <strong>and</strong> were lightly manned. On <strong>the</strong> 20 th he wrote that most <strong>of</strong> his militia have gone home for a<br />
few days, but when <strong>the</strong>y returned he expected to be stronger than ever. 2994<br />
19 May. Rawdon rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Monck’s corner. On <strong>the</strong> 19 th , a detachment <strong>of</strong> 200 from his army left <strong>the</strong>re <strong>and</strong><br />
arrived at Dorchester <strong>the</strong> next day (<strong>the</strong> 20 th .) 2995<br />
19 May. Georgetown had at this time 80 British <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison, plus a few loyalists. Marion gave a total <strong>of</strong><br />
“about” 100 for <strong>the</strong> whole. Many, if not all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers seemed to have been already evacuated from<br />
<strong>the</strong> town. Loyalist activity was up between <strong>the</strong> Peedee <strong>and</strong> Waccamaw rivers, <strong>and</strong> Marion believed that tak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Georgetown would quiet <strong>the</strong>m. 2996<br />
19 May. [sortie] Augusta (Richmond County, GA.) The day prior to Lee’s arrival at Augusta, Brown led a sally out<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort <strong>and</strong> scattered <strong>the</strong> Georgia <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia. Loyalist Alex<strong>and</strong>er McLean carried a report<br />
back to Savannah claim<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> (K<strong>in</strong>g’s) Rangers killed upwards <strong>of</strong> n<strong>in</strong>ety <strong>and</strong> at least eighty horses (many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
American militia be<strong>in</strong>g mounted.) Ano<strong>the</strong>r attack was planned for <strong>the</strong> 20 th but this was postponed. 2997<br />
20 May. Cornwallis reached <strong>in</strong> Petersburg, <strong>and</strong> effected a junction with Arnold’s (previously Phillips’) forces.<br />
Phillips had died <strong>of</strong> fever just a few days before. With Cornwallis, just prior to Petersburg, were <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt.,<br />
<strong>the</strong> 33 rd Regt., <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt., <strong>the</strong> von Bose Regt., British Legion Cavalry, Hamilton’s Corps (Royal North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Regt.), 200 loyalists, some light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guards. About this same time Lafayette, near Richmond,<br />
reorganized his corps. His strength is estimated to have been about 1,000-1,200 rank <strong>and</strong> file Cont<strong>in</strong>ental light<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry, plus 2 brigades <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia under Brig. Gen. Peter Muhlenberg <strong>and</strong> Brig. Gen. Thomas Nelson<br />
(number<strong>in</strong>g between 1,200 <strong>and</strong> 2,000), about 40 cavalrymen (dragoons that rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> Arm<strong>and</strong>’s Legion, <strong>and</strong><br />
some volunteer horsemen under Lieut. Colonels John Francis Mercer <strong>and</strong> Nicholas Moore), <strong>and</strong> 6 pieces <strong>of</strong><br />
artillery. The militia presented a serious problem as many were constantly <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> go<strong>in</strong>g. 2998<br />
20 May. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Cornwallis: “When I first heard <strong>of</strong> your Lordship’s retreat from Cross Creek to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, I<br />
confess that I was <strong>in</strong> hopes you had reason to consider Greene so totally hors de <strong>com</strong>bat as to be perfectly at<br />
ease for Lord Rawdon’s safety. And after your arrival at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton I flattered myself that, if any change <strong>of</strong><br />
circumstances should make it necessary, you could always have been able to march to <strong>the</strong> Walkamaw<br />
[Waccamaw], where I imag<strong>in</strong>ed vessels might have passed you over to George-town. I cannot <strong>the</strong>refore conceal<br />
from your Lordship <strong>the</strong> apprehensions I felt on read<strong>in</strong>g your letter to me <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 24 th ult. where<strong>in</strong> you <strong>in</strong>form me<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> critical situation which you supposed <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as to be <strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> that you should probably attempt to<br />
effect a junction with Major-general Phillips.<br />
“Lord Rawdon’s <strong>of</strong>ficer-like <strong>and</strong> spirited exertions, <strong>in</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g advantage <strong>of</strong> Greene’s hav<strong>in</strong>g detached from his<br />
army, have <strong>in</strong>deed eased me <strong>of</strong> my apprehensions for <strong>the</strong> present. But <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> disordered state <strong>of</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong><br />
Georgia, as represented to me by Lieutenant-colonel Balfour, I shall dread what may be <strong>the</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> your<br />
Lordship’s move, unless a re<strong>in</strong>forcement arrives very soon <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> such <strong>in</strong>structions are sent to<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re, as may <strong>in</strong>duce him to exert himself <strong>in</strong> restor<strong>in</strong>g tranquility <strong>in</strong> that prov<strong>in</strong>ce at<br />
least. These I make no doubt your Lordship has already sent to Lord Rawdon, <strong>and</strong> that every necessary measure<br />
for this purpose will be taken by your Lordship <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, should he rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. But<br />
as <strong>the</strong>re are many <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiments <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g out who are older than Lord Rawdon, I have to lament <strong>the</strong><br />
probability <strong>of</strong> his be<strong>in</strong>g superseded <strong>in</strong> it, as I can scarce flatter myself that any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m will be possessed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
knowledge requisite for conduct<strong>in</strong>g operations <strong>in</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a without hav<strong>in</strong>g ever served <strong>in</strong> that country, or be so<br />
<strong>com</strong>petent to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re as <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> more local experience. I <strong>the</strong>refore beg leave to submit to your<br />
Lordship <strong>the</strong> propriety <strong>of</strong> send<strong>in</strong>g ei<strong>the</strong>r Major-general Leslie or Brigadier-general O’Hara to Charles-town, to<br />
take <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>in</strong> that district; which <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> present critical situation <strong>of</strong> affairs <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Colonies, will certa<strong>in</strong>ly require an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> experience, <strong>and</strong> a perfect knowledge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. Had it been<br />
possible for your Lordship <strong>in</strong> your letter to me <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 10 th ult. to have <strong>in</strong>timated <strong>the</strong> probability <strong>of</strong> your <strong>in</strong>tention<br />
to form a junction with General Phillips, I should certa<strong>in</strong>ly have endeavoured to have stopped you, as I did <strong>the</strong>n,<br />
as well as now, consider such a move as likely to be dangerous to our <strong>in</strong>terests <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Colonies. And<br />
this, my Lord, was not my only fear; for I will be free to own, that I was apprehensive for <strong>the</strong> corps under your<br />
Lordship’s immediate orders, as well as for that under Lord Rawdon: <strong>and</strong> I should not have thought even <strong>the</strong> one<br />
under Major-general Phillips <strong>in</strong> safety at Petersburg, at least for so long a time, had I not fortunately on hear<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong> your be<strong>in</strong>g at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton sent ano<strong>the</strong>r detachment from this army to re<strong>in</strong>force him.<br />
“I am persuaded your Lordship will have <strong>the</strong> goodness to excuse my say<strong>in</strong>g thus much; but what is done, cannot<br />
now be altered: <strong>and</strong> as your Lordship has thought proper to make this decision, I shall most gladly avail myself <strong>of</strong><br />
your very able assistance <strong>in</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g on such operations as you shall judge best <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, until we are<br />
<strong>com</strong>pelled, as I fear we must be, by <strong>the</strong> climate, to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m more northward. Your Lordship will have been<br />
2992 KJO p. 18. NGP8 p. 279.<br />
2993 SJS.<br />
2994 NGP8 p. 285.<br />
2995 NGP8 pp. 285, 293, 294n.<br />
2996 NGP8 pp. 285, 287.<br />
2997 CKR p. 132.<br />
2998 AR81 pp. 90-91, SQR p. 210, SAW2 p. 385, CAC p. viii, SCP5 pp. 111-113 (“Return <strong>of</strong> Muhlenberg’s brigade, 1 st June 1781”),<br />
GHA4 pp. 110-111, MLW4A pp. 429-430, LMS p. 413, JLG2 p. 58, JYC p. 38n.<br />
513
<strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> my ideas respect<strong>in</strong>g operations to <strong>the</strong> northward <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as, by my <strong>in</strong>structions to <strong>the</strong><br />
different General <strong>of</strong>ficers detached to <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak[e]; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> substance <strong>of</strong> some conversations with General<br />
Phillips on that subject, which I <strong>com</strong>mitted to writ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> sent to him with my last dispatch, with directions to<br />
<strong>com</strong>municate it to your Lordship. By <strong>the</strong>se your Lordship will observe that my first object has ever been a cooperation<br />
with your measures; but your Lordship’s situation at different periods, made it necessary for me<br />
occasionally to vary my <strong>in</strong>structions to those General <strong>of</strong>ficers accord<strong>in</strong>g to circumstances. They were orig<strong>in</strong>ally<br />
directed to assist your Lordship’s operations <strong>in</strong> secur<strong>in</strong>g South <strong>and</strong> recover<strong>in</strong>g North Carol<strong>in</strong>a; <strong>the</strong>ir attention was<br />
afterwards po<strong>in</strong>ted to <strong>the</strong> sav<strong>in</strong>g South Carol<strong>in</strong>a; <strong>and</strong> now your Lordship may possibly th<strong>in</strong>k it necessary to<br />
employ your force <strong>in</strong> recover<strong>in</strong>g both or ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> those prov<strong>in</strong>ces, by ei<strong>the</strong>r a direct or <strong>in</strong>direct operation. With<br />
respect to <strong>the</strong> first, your Lordship must be <strong>the</strong> sole judge; with respect to <strong>the</strong> last, you have my op<strong>in</strong>ions, which<br />
may however probably give way to yours, should <strong>the</strong>y differ from <strong>the</strong>m, as <strong>the</strong>y will have <strong>the</strong> advantage <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
formed on <strong>the</strong> spot, <strong>and</strong> upon circumstances, which at this distance I cannot <strong>of</strong> course judge <strong>of</strong>: I shall <strong>the</strong>refore<br />
leave <strong>the</strong>m totally to your Lordship to decide upon, until you ei<strong>the</strong>r hear from me or we meet.” 2999<br />
20 May. Major John Armstrong, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, wrote Greene from Salisbury that about 300 tories have<br />
embodied on <strong>the</strong> Deep River <strong>and</strong> “done some damage,” <strong>and</strong> had obliged certa<strong>in</strong> local whigs to flee to Salisbury<br />
for protection. By June 13, however, Armstrong wrote Sumner say<strong>in</strong>g that “The tories <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country is all<br />
surrendered <strong>the</strong>ir selves <strong>and</strong> glad <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> opportunity.” 3000<br />
20 May. Greene, at “Camp on <strong>the</strong> East side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Saluda,” wrote to Pickens: “We are on our march for N<strong>in</strong>ety-<br />
Six <strong>and</strong> shall be with<strong>in</strong> ten miles <strong>of</strong> that place tonight.” 3001<br />
21 May. Balfour wrote Cornwallis that he had ordered 150 men to a fortified church <strong>in</strong> Dorchester. These, it<br />
would appear, were sent <strong>the</strong>re to replace <strong>the</strong> garrison which apparently had been attached or mostly attached<br />
to McArthur (see 30 April.) In a separate letter <strong>of</strong> this same day to Royal Governor Wright, he also stated:<br />
“…such is <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> this Prov<strong>in</strong>ce as to require, ra<strong>the</strong>r than afford assistance; The Posts at Wright’s Bluff [Fort<br />
Watson], Buckhead [Fort Motte] <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Congarees [Fort Granby] be<strong>in</strong>g all taken by <strong>the</strong> Enemy, & Lord Rawdon<br />
fallen back to Monk’s [Monck’s] Corner -– Nor thus circumstanced is it <strong>in</strong> our power to succour <strong>the</strong> Garrison <strong>of</strong><br />
n<strong>in</strong>ety Six [sic] & Augusta, which are <strong>the</strong>refore directed to retreat to Ebenezer, or some safe situation, where<br />
<strong>the</strong>y may cover <strong>the</strong> lower parts <strong>of</strong> Georgia, & be enabled, on occasion, to re<strong>in</strong>force Savannah --” 3002<br />
21 May. [skirmish] The March to N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, also Saluda River (Newberry County, S.C.) On 21 May, Greene<br />
camped on Bush River, arriv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> next day at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Along <strong>the</strong> way, some <strong>of</strong> his light troops skirmished<br />
with some loyalists as described by Kirkwood <strong>and</strong> Seymour below. 3003<br />
Kirkwood: “21 st . Was ordered with Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Horse to Surprise a party <strong>of</strong> tories under <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col.<br />
Young; Com<strong>in</strong>g up to <strong>the</strong> place found it evacuated, <strong>the</strong> Horse left me, with expectation to Come up with <strong>the</strong>m,<br />
when I moved on at Leisure. The Tories tak<strong>in</strong>g us for some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m selves <strong>com</strong>e out <strong>of</strong> a Swamp <strong>in</strong> our rear; &<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g undeceived took one <strong>of</strong> my men prisoners [sic]; upon which A fir<strong>in</strong>g Commenced, but <strong>the</strong>y be<strong>in</strong>g on horse<br />
back pushed <strong>of</strong>f with <strong>the</strong> Loss <strong>of</strong> one man Killed & one Horse taken, A Short time Afterwards <strong>the</strong> Horse jo<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
me, <strong>and</strong> before Dark killed 4 more tak<strong>in</strong>g 6 Prisoners; Marched this day...23 [miles].” 3004<br />
Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> twenty-first <strong>of</strong> May we took <strong>and</strong> killed about twelve Tories. Marched sixteen miles.” 3005<br />
21 May (also given as <strong>the</strong> 19 th ). [surrender] Fort Galph<strong>in</strong>, also Fort Dreadnought, <strong>and</strong> Silver Bluff (Aiken County,<br />
S.C.) Ft. Galph<strong>in</strong>, or as it was also known Ft. Dreadnought, was <strong>the</strong> fortified plantation house <strong>of</strong> George Galph<strong>in</strong>,<br />
a veteran Indian trader. It was situated about twelve miles down river from Augusta on <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Savannah. The post was <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Capt. Samuel Rowarth <strong>and</strong> conta<strong>in</strong>ed 70 K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers (to which unit<br />
Rowarth belonged), 42 Georgia loyalist militia, <strong>and</strong> 61 Blacks many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m armed. While <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Augusta<br />
had been go<strong>in</strong>g on, Col. Elijah Clark <strong>in</strong>itially <strong>in</strong>vested Fort Galph<strong>in</strong>. Then on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 21 st <strong>of</strong> May<br />
(which Lee describes as be<strong>in</strong>g “sultry beyond measure”), Clark was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Pickens with Maj. Samuel<br />
Hammond <strong>and</strong> his regiment m<strong>in</strong>us one <strong>com</strong>pany, Col. William Harden, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> Lee’s Legion, under<br />
Capt. Michael Rudulph -- <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Augusta. The fort had recently received <strong>the</strong> presents which <strong>the</strong> British<br />
made annually to <strong>the</strong> Indians (<strong>and</strong> that, for reasons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war, had been substantially <strong>in</strong>creased); made up <strong>of</strong><br />
powder ball liquor salt, blankets, sundry small articles, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some fowl<strong>in</strong>g pieces <strong>and</strong> small arms -– items<br />
underst<strong>and</strong>ably much desired by <strong>the</strong> rebels. Despite <strong>the</strong> account he gives, Lee himself, as William Johnson<br />
reasonably demonstrates was not actually with <strong>the</strong> Ft. Galph<strong>in</strong> expedition, but rema<strong>in</strong>ed with his cavalry,<br />
Eaton’s North Carol<strong>in</strong>a light <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> Pickens <strong>and</strong> Clark’s men at Augusta itself. Also<br />
accord<strong>in</strong>g to Lee, British were tricked out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir fort <strong>in</strong>to an ambush; which <strong>the</strong>n allowed <strong>the</strong> Americans to<br />
enter <strong>the</strong> fort. Aga<strong>in</strong> Johnson disputes Lee’s claim say<strong>in</strong>g that he possessed documents show<strong>in</strong>g that Galph<strong>in</strong> had<br />
been surrendered after some negotiations between <strong>the</strong> besiegers <strong>and</strong> besieged. However, what may have<br />
happened was that a party was captured us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> ruse described by Lee, but ei<strong>the</strong>r this <strong>of</strong> itself did not take<br />
<strong>the</strong> fort, or was prelim<strong>in</strong>ary to <strong>the</strong> fort’s formal surrender; that, <strong>in</strong>cidentally occurred <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g. The<br />
Americans lost one from <strong>the</strong> heat, loyalist 3 or 4 from <strong>the</strong> skirmish. Not count<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Blacks, 126 were made<br />
2999 COC pp. 99-104. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton with between 10 an 11,000 at New York was apprehensive <strong>of</strong> attack. CGP p. lv.<br />
3000 NGP8 pp. 286, 287n.<br />
3001 NGP8 p. 286, JLG2 p. 126.<br />
3002 BLB p. 69, NGP8 p. 246.<br />
3003 GNS p. 121.<br />
3004 KJO p. 18.<br />
3005 SJS.<br />
514
prisoners, about 70 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m Prov<strong>in</strong>cial regulars. The presents to <strong>the</strong> Indians, as well as <strong>the</strong> fort’s stores, were<br />
captured. Both Lee <strong>and</strong> Pickens requested Greene to use some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stores taken at Fort Dreadnought for <strong>the</strong><br />
benefit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia serv<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong>m; which request Greene granted. Lee, <strong>in</strong>cidentally, later asserted <strong>the</strong><br />
prizes taken were not all that considerable <strong>in</strong> quantity. Although it may be reasonable to dispute Lee’s actual<br />
presence at Fort Galph<strong>in</strong>, never<strong>the</strong>less, what is clear is that his swiftness <strong>in</strong> mov<strong>in</strong>g on Augusta made <strong>the</strong><br />
surprise at Galph<strong>in</strong> possible, <strong>and</strong> thus hastened <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal forts at Augusta: Cornwallis <strong>and</strong><br />
Grierson. 3006<br />
Tarleton Brown (who was with Col. William Harden): “…we marched 3007 for <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Augusta. On our way up,<br />
we learned that Colonel Brown’s (a Tory) boats were go<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> Savannah River. We went <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m,<br />
<strong>and</strong> attacked <strong>the</strong>m about opposite <strong>the</strong> place <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> late Stephen Smith, <strong>of</strong> Savannah River, but <strong>the</strong>y got on <strong>the</strong><br />
Georgia side, <strong>and</strong> we could do noth<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong>m. From this we marched to Augusta, where we met Generals<br />
Pickens <strong>and</strong> [Benjam<strong>in</strong>] Twiggs, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>menced <strong>the</strong> work <strong>of</strong> exterm<strong>in</strong>ation. The first attack that we made was<br />
on <strong>the</strong> fort at Silver Bluff, now <strong>the</strong> property <strong>of</strong> Governor Hammond, <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Brown’s boats had now<br />
arrived, <strong>and</strong> stowed away <strong>the</strong>ir goods <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort. The British not be<strong>in</strong>g will<strong>in</strong>g to yield without a struggle, we<br />
stove a cannon ball through <strong>the</strong> brick house <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y immediately marched out <strong>and</strong> surrendered, for<br />
fear we would serve <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong> like trick.”<br />
Gordon: “On <strong>the</strong> 21 st , <strong>the</strong> British post at Silver Bluff, called fort Dreadnought, with six <strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong><br />
70 staff, non-<strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>and</strong> privates, beside a field piece <strong>and</strong> a large quantity <strong>of</strong> stores, surrendered to a<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion under capt. Rudolph [Michael Rudulph].” 3008<br />
21 May to 5 June. [siege] Augusta, which here <strong>in</strong>cludes overviews <strong>of</strong> <strong>and</strong> citations for Forts Cornwallis 3009 <strong>and</strong><br />
Grierson. (Richmond County, GA.) See also Fort Grierson, 24 May, <strong>and</strong> Fort Cornwallis Sorties, 28-30 May, <strong>and</strong><br />
Augusta, 5 June. Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir men hav<strong>in</strong>g arrived <strong>in</strong> advance on <strong>the</strong> 21 st , Pickens <strong>and</strong> Lee 3010 united <strong>the</strong> full<br />
body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir forces with <strong>the</strong> Georgians under Col. Elijah Clark; who had already been before Augusta s<strong>in</strong>ce mid<br />
April. With Clark were Col. Micajah Williamson, Col. John Baker, Maj. Samuel Jackson <strong>and</strong> Maj. James Jackson.<br />
Augusta was made up <strong>of</strong> two forts with<strong>in</strong> a half mile <strong>of</strong> each o<strong>the</strong>r, a smaller one at Fort Grierson, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong><br />
defenses at Fort Cornwallis (see Fort Grierson, 24 May.) In Fort Cornwallis, 3011 <strong>the</strong> larger <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two posts, was<br />
Col. Thomas Brown with 240 men, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers, <strong>and</strong> an additional 200 blacks, some <strong>of</strong> whom may<br />
have been armed. Fort Grierson was defended by Lieut. Col. James Grierson with two pieces <strong>of</strong> artillery <strong>and</strong><br />
about 80 Georgia loyalists. The ground around Augusta was fairly flat <strong>and</strong> level, so <strong>the</strong>re was no terra<strong>in</strong><br />
overlook<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> town, though <strong>the</strong>re were some houses situated not far outside Cornwallis.<br />
In mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir approaches to Fort Cornwallis, <strong>the</strong> Americans dug trenches, <strong>and</strong> later used a Maham tower.<br />
Erected on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> 30-31 May, <strong>the</strong> structure was thirty feet high, constructed <strong>of</strong> logs <strong>and</strong> filled with dirt <strong>and</strong><br />
rocks. It mounted a six-pounder; which disabled Brown’s own six-pounder (or else two cannon, one <strong>of</strong> which was<br />
a six-pounder.) 3012 Brown had tried unsuccessfully, by means <strong>of</strong> sorties, to sabotage both <strong>the</strong> trench (when it was<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g worked on) <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> tower. In <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> towers, subterfuge, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> form <strong>of</strong> British soldier<br />
masquerad<strong>in</strong>g as a deserter from Brown, was attempted also. At one po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege, Brown also had set<br />
explosives <strong>in</strong> a nearby house used by Rebel marksmen, hop<strong>in</strong>g to catch <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong>re. None<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong> explosives<br />
were detonated at a time when <strong>the</strong> house was empty. Compared to earlier sieges <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British outposts,<br />
Augusta was especially long <strong>and</strong> try<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>volved ongo<strong>in</strong>g shell<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> snip<strong>in</strong>g between <strong>the</strong> besiegers <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
garrison. Two <strong>of</strong> Brown’s field pieces were subsequently dismounted on June 2 nd . By <strong>the</strong> 5 th , after some<br />
exchanges <strong>in</strong> correspondence between both sides, he decided he could no longer hold out aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> artillery<br />
<strong>and</strong> riflemen mounted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> towers. Despite what had been vigorous <strong>and</strong> valiant defense on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> himself<br />
<strong>and</strong> his prov<strong>in</strong>cials, Brown was <strong>the</strong>n <strong>com</strong>pelled to surrender <strong>the</strong> fort to Pickens <strong>and</strong> Lee: to <strong>the</strong> former as rank<strong>in</strong>g<br />
American <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter as represent<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army.<br />
British casualties, based on immediate after siege reports were 52 killed, <strong>and</strong> 334 captured, i.e., Brown plus, 7<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers, 7 loyalist <strong>of</strong>ficers, 162 Prov<strong>in</strong>cials, <strong>and</strong> 130 Tory militia <strong>and</strong> “about” 200 Blacks. Loss<strong>in</strong>g says <strong>the</strong><br />
“Americans had sixteen killed <strong>and</strong> thirty-five wounded. The loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British was fifty-two killed; <strong>and</strong> three<br />
hundred <strong>and</strong> thirty-four, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> wounded, were made prisoners <strong>of</strong> war.” The <strong>of</strong>ficers taken were paroled<br />
to Savannah; while <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>and</strong> file were sent north as prisoners. These latter were escorted to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six by<br />
Maj. Samuel Hammond’s regiment, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment <strong>of</strong> N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, which were now under <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Capt. Robert Smith. Smith had replaced Maj. P<strong>in</strong>kertham Eaton; after Eaton’s death on <strong>the</strong> 24 th.<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g at Fort Grierson. No mention is made <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Creek Indians who were present <strong>in</strong> April, but who<br />
apparently were able to escape homeward some weeks before <strong>the</strong> surrender. 3013<br />
3006 NGP8 pp. 293, 294n, GHA4 pp. 90-91, MLW4A pp. 525-526, LMS pp. 353-355, MHG pp. 516-517, JLG2 pp. 129-133, LCC pp.<br />
389-391, LFB2 pp. 511-512, MSC2 pp. 264-265, RBG p. 173-174, SCAR vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 22-26.<br />
3007 See 8 April<br />
3008 GHA4 p. 91.<br />
3009 Fort Cornwallis was situated around Mckay’s Trad<strong>in</strong>g post -- see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/fortcornwallis.htm<br />
3010 On <strong>the</strong> Legion’s numbers at this time, see 16 May. Based on his strength shortly after <strong>the</strong> siege, Pickens probably had from<br />
200 to 400. Boatner said Clark had “an old iron 5 pdr.” Follow<strong>in</strong>g Loss<strong>in</strong>g, he also states that <strong>the</strong> six-pounder used <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maham<br />
tower came from Fort Grierson. BEA p. 51.<br />
3011 Fort Cornwallis was located at <strong>the</strong> present day <strong>in</strong>tersection <strong>of</strong> Eighth <strong>and</strong> Reynold’s streets <strong>in</strong> Augusta.<br />
3012 Cash<strong>in</strong> says <strong>the</strong> tower was <strong>com</strong>pleted by June 1 st , <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> six-pounder mounted <strong>in</strong> it on <strong>the</strong> 2 nd . CKR p. 134.<br />
3013 NGP8 pp. 352n, 354, 355, 357n, ATR81b p. 153-154, RSC2 pp. 236-240, TCS pp. 487-495, GHA4 pp. 90-91, MHG pp. 516-524,<br />
MLW4A pp. 525-526, LMS pp. 355-358, 360-370, JLG2 pp. 132-137, LFB2 pp. 511-513, JTR pp. 354-361 532-533, FWI pp. 238-239,<br />
MSC2 pp. 264-277, BEA p. 51, CKR pp. 130-138.<br />
515
Tarleton Brown: “We now <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> [Thomas] Brown <strong>of</strong> Brown’s fort [Fort Cornwallis]. In tak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
this fort, we had great difficulty. We raised a platform fifteen or twenty feet high, <strong>and</strong> mounted a cannon upon<br />
it, <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong>nce fired at <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort. In this way we destroyed a good many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, but f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g we<br />
were too hard for <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> this way, <strong>and</strong> to screen <strong>the</strong>mselves from <strong>the</strong> thunder <strong>and</strong> lightn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> our platform,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y dug several caves <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> walls <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort <strong>and</strong> crawled <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong>m, We <strong>the</strong>n cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong><br />
entrenchment, <strong>and</strong> as we entrenched, we rolled up cowhides <strong>and</strong> placed <strong>the</strong>m on <strong>the</strong> embankment for portholes<br />
to shoot through. One morn<strong>in</strong>g I was st<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g next to young Stafford, who was about to shoot through one <strong>of</strong> our<br />
portholes, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re came a ball from <strong>the</strong> fort <strong>and</strong> killed him dead. Young Stafford was [earlier] with me <strong>in</strong><br />
General Marion’s Army, <strong>and</strong> he was, <strong>in</strong>deed, a brave <strong>and</strong> patriotic fellow, <strong>and</strong> dy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> freedom’s cause, his<br />
memory should never fade from our recollection. Before Brown would surrender, we entrenched so near his fort<br />
that I ran a hoe-halve from <strong>the</strong> entrenchment <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> fort. On f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g we were so near upon him, he marched<br />
out <strong>and</strong> surrendered with all his force <strong>and</strong> goods. Brown had been such a desperate fellow, <strong>the</strong>re existed great<br />
anxiety to kill him; but as he came under capitulation, we had not chance to do so at this time, but I determ<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
to do so on his way down <strong>the</strong> river. I took a few brave fellows, <strong>and</strong> slipped down <strong>the</strong> river to carry <strong>in</strong>to execution<br />
my determ<strong>in</strong>ation, but he made his escape, through <strong>the</strong> shades <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> night, <strong>in</strong> a small canoe.”<br />
22 May. A re<strong>in</strong>forcement for Cornwallis <strong>of</strong> some 1,700 to possibly 2,000 -– Cl<strong>in</strong>ton says “about 1800” -- British<br />
<strong>and</strong> German troops, under Col. August de Voit, <strong>and</strong> sailed <strong>in</strong> to City Po<strong>in</strong>t, located at <strong>the</strong> juncture <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> James<br />
<strong>and</strong> Appomattox Rivers, where he lay at anchor <strong>and</strong> later, apparently sailed on to Portsmouth be disembarked by<br />
<strong>the</strong> 29 th . Todd Braisted states: “This [de Voit’s re<strong>in</strong>forcement] was <strong>the</strong> 17 th & 43 rd Regiments <strong>of</strong> Foot, with <strong>the</strong> 1 st<br />
& 2 nd Anspach, <strong>and</strong> some convalescents;” with Donald M. Londahl-Smidt confirm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same :”Colonel August<br />
von Voit’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> consisted <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th <strong>and</strong> 43 rd Regiments <strong>of</strong> Foot, Colonel von Voit’s 1 st or Anspach Regiment,<br />
Colonel von Seybo<strong>the</strong>n’s 2 nd or Bayreuth Regiment, <strong>the</strong> Ansbach artillery attached to <strong>the</strong>se two regiments, <strong>and</strong><br />
detachments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British light <strong>in</strong>fantry, 76 th <strong>and</strong> 80 th Regiments, Erbpr<strong>in</strong>z Regiment, Queens’s Rangers <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Loyal American Regiment.” The convalescents <strong>the</strong>n mentioned by Mr. Braisted are <strong>the</strong> detachments to which Mr.<br />
Londal-Smidt refers. 3014<br />
22 May. Rochambeau <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton met to at We<strong>the</strong>rsfield, Connecticut to plan <strong>and</strong> discuss up<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
operations. They decided to make New York <strong>the</strong>ir primary target, but to possibly try a movement southward if<br />
advantageous circumstances arose. 3015<br />
Marshall: “The prospect <strong>of</strong> expell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy from New York, roused <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn states from that apathy <strong>in</strong>to<br />
which <strong>the</strong>y appeared to have been s<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>and</strong> vigorous measures were immediately taken to fill <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
regiments. Yet those measures were far from be<strong>in</strong>g entirely successful. When, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month <strong>of</strong> June, <strong>the</strong> army<br />
moved out <strong>of</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter quarters, <strong>and</strong> encamped at Peeks kill, six thous<strong>and</strong> five hundred <strong>and</strong> ten rank <strong>and</strong> file were<br />
wanted to <strong>com</strong>plete <strong>the</strong> regiments under <strong>the</strong> immediate <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> general Wash<strong>in</strong>gton. The total <strong>of</strong> every<br />
description <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> garrison at West Po<strong>in</strong>t, <strong>and</strong> those on <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> elsewhere, amounted to<br />
seven thous<strong>and</strong> eight hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty-four men. Of <strong>the</strong>se, four thous<strong>and</strong> five hundred <strong>and</strong> forty-one were fit<br />
for action, <strong>and</strong> might be brought <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> field. In this estimate, however, was not <strong>com</strong>prehended a detachment<br />
from <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> New York under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> general Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, which had garrisoned <strong>the</strong> posts on <strong>the</strong><br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn frontier <strong>of</strong> that state, <strong>and</strong> had not yet jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> gr<strong>and</strong> army.<br />
“Such was <strong>the</strong> American force with which <strong>the</strong> campaign <strong>of</strong> 1781 was opened…” 3016<br />
22 May. Maj. Henry Dixon 3017 at Hillsborough, to Sumner: “I came from Caswell yesterday <strong>and</strong> expect <strong>the</strong> troops<br />
from that County on Thursday next. They are pretty well clo<strong>the</strong>d; There is but very few imbodied <strong>in</strong> this County,<br />
<strong>the</strong> Chatham <strong>and</strong> Wake troops were expected yesterday but have not heard from <strong>the</strong>m yet. We are very scarce<br />
<strong>of</strong> arms <strong>and</strong> what we have are bad. The Tories are very mischievous between this <strong>and</strong> Deep River; <strong>the</strong> day<br />
before yesterday <strong>the</strong>y were plunder<strong>in</strong>g with<strong>in</strong> five or six miles <strong>of</strong> this. Yesterday <strong>the</strong>re was a man found with<strong>in</strong><br />
three miles that had been murdered by <strong>the</strong>m a few days before <strong>the</strong>m as he was haul<strong>in</strong>g wood. Provision is like to<br />
be scarce without it is sent from o<strong>the</strong>r counties, <strong>the</strong>re is a plenty <strong>in</strong> Wake. I shall be glad to know if it will be<br />
agreeable to send <strong>the</strong>re for what provision we want until we can get <strong>the</strong> men collected. I cannot hear <strong>of</strong> any<br />
fl<strong>in</strong>ts but what is <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> public store <strong>in</strong> Petersburg, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. I shall be glad to receive your orders whe<strong>the</strong>r I am<br />
to wait here any time to get <strong>the</strong> men paid <strong>the</strong>ir bounty, <strong>and</strong> to collect such as fail to appear. Gen. Butler will<br />
immediately order a draught <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>and</strong> says that he will give orders that any man that will br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a<br />
deserter or del<strong>in</strong>quent shall be clear <strong>of</strong> a tower [tour] <strong>of</strong> militia duty.” 3018<br />
22 May. [siege] N<strong>in</strong>ety Six (Greenwood County, S.C.) On a day that was dark <strong>and</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>y, Greene arrived at <strong>and</strong><br />
began <strong>the</strong> formal <strong>in</strong>vestiture <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Prior to that some <strong>of</strong> his advanced parties <strong>and</strong> militia skirmished with<br />
<strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>and</strong> started <strong>the</strong> process <strong>of</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r assistance out. At <strong>the</strong> time, Greene<br />
had little more than 1,000 men, not count<strong>in</strong>g local militia <strong>and</strong> his detachments at Augusta. Tarleton states <strong>the</strong><br />
works at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six were <strong>com</strong>pleted by this time; a claim MacKenzie disputes. Before Greene’s arrival, Cruger<br />
had taken pa<strong>in</strong>s to lay <strong>in</strong> an abundance <strong>of</strong> supplies; <strong>in</strong> which he was only partially successful; as obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m<br />
was ra<strong>the</strong>r difficult. Simultaneously, he had removed or destroyed provisions from <strong>the</strong> area; mak<strong>in</strong>g it<br />
subsequently necessary for Greene to supply his men from outly<strong>in</strong>g locations. Rawdon had orig<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>in</strong>tended to<br />
3014 EHJ pp. 299, 302 NGP8 p. 215n-216n, AR81 p. 90, CAR p. 280, MLW4A pp. 430-431, JLG2 p. 58, FWI p. 244.<br />
3015 LMS pp. 481-484, WFK p. 236.<br />
3016 MLW4A pp. 455-456.<br />
3017 As a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Dixon ranked a major, though when he <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> militia he was a colonel.<br />
3018 CNC15 p. 464.<br />
516
evacuate N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, but Greene’s advance had prevented dispatches with such <strong>in</strong>structions from reach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
fort. For specific troops strengths present at siege <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six see 18 June. 3019<br />
Kirkwood: “22 nd [May] This Day Crossed <strong>the</strong> Saluda. Surprised a party <strong>of</strong> Tories with<strong>in</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, Killed<br />
four, Spent <strong>the</strong> day <strong>in</strong> reconnoiter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Garrison, which was <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Col. Cruger. Marched …9 [miles].<br />
“At Night were employed <strong>in</strong> rais<strong>in</strong>g a three Gun Battery, about 130 yards from <strong>the</strong>ir works <strong>and</strong> under a Scater<strong>in</strong>g<br />
[sic] Fire from <strong>the</strong> Enemy all night.” 3020<br />
Seymour. “Next day, be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> twenty-second, we crossed at Isl<strong>and</strong> Ford, <strong>and</strong> encamped before N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. N<strong>in</strong>e<br />
miles. This day we took <strong>and</strong> killed eleven <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir encampment. We were employed this night <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> next day <strong>in</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g breast-works <strong>and</strong> batteries before <strong>the</strong> town.” 3021<br />
23 May. 400 South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Bass states that without consult<strong>in</strong>g Sumter,<br />
Greene had called out <strong>the</strong> regiments <strong>of</strong> Br<strong>and</strong>on, Hayes, Thomas <strong>and</strong> Lyle. 3022 On June 7 th , Sumter, at Ancrum’s,<br />
wrote Greene that <strong>the</strong> summon<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> his troops, <strong>in</strong> addition to lessen<strong>in</strong>g his own strength, had prevented him<br />
from <strong>in</strong>quir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong>ir state <strong>and</strong> order. “(B)ut as you have had a Call for <strong>the</strong>m, I am Glad <strong>the</strong>y Was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> way<br />
<strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g Servicable.” He also said “<strong>the</strong> men are turn<strong>in</strong>g out very well,” even though <strong>the</strong> harvest was pend<strong>in</strong>g. 3023<br />
23 May. [sortie] N<strong>in</strong>ety Six (Greenwood County, S.C.) On <strong>the</strong> advisement <strong>of</strong> Kosciuszko, a sap was begun with<strong>in</strong><br />
seventy paces (that is accord<strong>in</strong>g to Stedman, or hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty yards accord<strong>in</strong>g to Moultrie) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Star fort<br />
portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, which position was <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Maj. Joseph Greene with 150 men from his own<br />
regiment, <strong>the</strong> 1 st Bttn. Delancey, plus 50 loyalist militia. Greene <strong>and</strong> Kosciuszko’s belief was that if <strong>the</strong> Star Fort<br />
could be taken that <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six would fall. Cruger erected a platform on which he placed his artillery;<br />
from which, along with some musketry, he fired down on <strong>the</strong> American approach. Then a sortie was sent out<br />
under Lt. John Roney, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Bttn. Delancey, <strong>and</strong> which bayoneted a number <strong>of</strong> American sappers before<br />
assistance could arrive. Although Roney himself was killed, Cruger suffered no o<strong>the</strong>r loss. The next day, Greene<br />
withdrew to a safer distance to beg<strong>in</strong> new approaches. 3024<br />
MacKenzie: “By eleven o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 22d <strong>of</strong> May, <strong>the</strong> platform <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> salient angle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Star,<br />
nearest to <strong>the</strong> Americans, was <strong>com</strong>pleted, <strong>and</strong> mounted with guns, to fire en barbet. These, with <strong>in</strong>cessant<br />
platoons <strong>of</strong> musquetry [musketry], played on <strong>the</strong> works constructed by <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>the</strong> preced<strong>in</strong>g night, under<br />
cover <strong>of</strong> which, thirty men, march<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Indian-file, entered <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> put every man <strong>the</strong>y could reach to <strong>the</strong><br />
bayonet. This party was immediately followed by ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyal militia, who, <strong>in</strong> an <strong>in</strong>stant, levelled [sic]<br />
those works, <strong>and</strong> loaded a number <strong>of</strong> negroes with <strong>the</strong> entrench<strong>in</strong>g tools <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans. Though General<br />
Greene put his whole army <strong>in</strong> motion to support <strong>the</strong> advanced corps, <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>in</strong>tirely [sic] routed before he<br />
could effect his design. The h<strong>and</strong>ful <strong>of</strong> brave men that performed this service, retired <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Star, without any<br />
loss, except<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer who led <strong>the</strong>m, Lieutenant Roney. He was mortally wounded, <strong>and</strong> died <strong>the</strong><br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g night, much esteemed, <strong>and</strong> justly lamented.” 3025<br />
23 or 24 May. [surrender] Fort Grierson, also Augusta (Richmond County, GA.) On <strong>the</strong> 23 rd <strong>of</strong> May (William<br />
Johnson says <strong>the</strong> 24 th , but it may be what took place occurred over two days), Fort Grierson, was surrounded by<br />
Pickens, Lee <strong>and</strong> Maj. Eaton, with a battery open<strong>in</strong>g up aga<strong>in</strong>st it. Ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>and</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g watch on<br />
Fort Cornwallis simultaneously were <strong>the</strong> Legion cavalry under Major Eggleston, <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia. Brown<br />
tried to make a sortie to thwart <strong>the</strong> effort, but was himself driven back <strong>in</strong>to Fort Cornwallis; where he<br />
cannonaded <strong>the</strong> besiegers <strong>in</strong>stead. A while after, Lieut. Col. Grierson issued from <strong>the</strong> fort that bore his name, <strong>in</strong><br />
an effort to escape to Fort Cornwallis. A sharp skirmish ensued, <strong>and</strong> upwards <strong>of</strong> 40 <strong>of</strong> Grierson’s men were<br />
captured; while Grierson with a h<strong>and</strong>ful <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs, by mov<strong>in</strong>g under <strong>the</strong> cover <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river bank, were able to<br />
reach Fort Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> safety. In addition, <strong>the</strong> loyalists lost 30 killed. Pickens <strong>and</strong> Lee captured two cannon<br />
from Grierson; which <strong>the</strong>y <strong>the</strong>n proceeded to deploy aga<strong>in</strong>st Fort Cornwallis. The Americans lost two wounded,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Maj. P<strong>in</strong>kertham Eaton killed. Some accounts claim that <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> shuffle <strong>of</strong> what transpired Eaton was taken<br />
prisoner <strong>and</strong> his death occurred moments after <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g had already ceased. Capt. Robert Smith<br />
subsequently replaced him <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>ental detachment. 3026<br />
Lee, <strong>in</strong> his memoirs, praises <strong>the</strong> effort <strong>of</strong> a Capt. H<strong>and</strong>y who led <strong>the</strong> “Maryl<strong>and</strong>ers“ aga<strong>in</strong>st one <strong>of</strong> Brown’s<br />
forays. Evidently this was Capt. George H<strong>and</strong>y, from Maryl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion Infantry, <strong>and</strong> it was that unit (not a<br />
detachment from <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regiment as might o<strong>the</strong>rwise seem to have been implied) which took part <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
skirmish with Brown. 3027<br />
On 25 May, Pickens wrote Greene: “The Lt. Col <strong>and</strong> forty odd are prisoners <strong>and</strong> a Major <strong>and</strong> About thirty o<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
were found dead on <strong>the</strong> field (Without any loss on our side but Two men slightly Wounded,) Some few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy escaped <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Woods, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Colonel [Grierson] with a few followers were So fortunate as to escape<br />
our fire <strong>and</strong> reach Brown’s fort [Fort Cornwallis] <strong>in</strong> Safety. Two field pieces fell <strong>in</strong>to our h<strong>and</strong>s on this occasion<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Troops took possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper fort without any resistance. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Action, Capt. [James]<br />
3019 KJO p. 18, TCS p. 485, GHA4 pp. 92-96, AR81 p. 91, CSS pp. 1181-1185, MHG pp. 518-519, MLW4A pp. 523-525, LMS pp. 358-<br />
359, MST pp. 147-148, MLW4A pp. 9-10, JLG2 p. 141, JTR pp. 471-473, LSY pp. 192-196, GNS, CKR pp. 132-133.<br />
3020 KJO p. 18.<br />
3021 SJS.<br />
3022 M. A. Moore says that Lacey also subsequently jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene, though I have not seen this elsewhere. MLL p. 19.<br />
3023 NGP8 p. 304, BGC pp. 179-180.<br />
3024 SAW2 p. 367, LMS pp. 359-360, MMS2 pp. 285-286, CSS pp. 1181-1185.<br />
3025 MST pp. 147-148.<br />
3026 KJO p. 19, NGP8 pp. 309, 311, LMS pp. 356-357, JLG2 pp. 133-134, RNC p. 333.<br />
3027 Regard<strong>in</strong>g H<strong>and</strong>y see LMS pp. 362, 382.<br />
517
Armstrong <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion drove <strong>the</strong> enemy[’]s outposts from <strong>the</strong> town, <strong>and</strong> took possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir redoubts, thus<br />
we are fully masters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country <strong>and</strong> Town <strong>and</strong> have Circumscribed Colonel Brown to one fort.” 3028<br />
Kirkwood: “Received express from Col. Lee that he had taken two redoubts [Ft. Grierson, <strong>and</strong> apparently mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
reference to Ft. Galph<strong>in</strong> as well] at Augusta <strong>in</strong> Georgia, mak<strong>in</strong>g 70 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m prisoners & Killed about 40, tak<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
Quantity <strong>of</strong> stores, Rum, etcs.” 3029<br />
Tarleton Brown: “The next fort we attacked [after Fort Balfour, see 17 April] was that <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong><br />
wretched Grason [Grierson], at <strong>the</strong> upper end <strong>of</strong> town. This we soon stormed <strong>and</strong> took -- Capta<strong>in</strong> Alex<strong>and</strong>er<br />
shoot<strong>in</strong>g Grason for his villa<strong>in</strong>ous conduct <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. Some made <strong>the</strong>ir escape from us by flee<strong>in</strong>g to [loyalist,<br />
Thomas] Brown’s fort [Fort Cornwallis], near <strong>the</strong> river. Before we laid siege to Brown’s fort, a fellow by <strong>the</strong><br />
name <strong>of</strong> Ru<strong>the</strong>rford (a villa<strong>in</strong> withal) took a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>and</strong> slipped out <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night down <strong>the</strong> river, opposite Beach<br />
Isl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> just at <strong>the</strong> break <strong>of</strong> day surprised our horse guard. It be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> bend <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong><br />
Tories got round <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g a superior force, our men took to <strong>the</strong> river, but <strong>the</strong>y killed several <strong>of</strong> our<br />
brave fellows while <strong>the</strong>y were swimm<strong>in</strong>g, some mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir escape -- my bro<strong>the</strong>r Bartlett Brown, was one<br />
among that number. We heard <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir trip after our guard, <strong>and</strong> pushed to cut <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong>f, but were too late by a<br />
few momentarily, for as we got with<strong>in</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty yards on <strong>the</strong> lane, we saw <strong>the</strong>m enter. A few<br />
moments sooner, <strong>and</strong> we would have fixed <strong>the</strong>m smugly.”<br />
24 May. Public statement by Lord Rawdon addressed to <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> which appeared <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Royal Gazette <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a: “Although attention to <strong>the</strong> general security <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce has obliged his<br />
Majesty’s troops, for <strong>the</strong> present, to rel<strong>in</strong>quish some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper parts <strong>of</strong> it; we trust, that it is unnecessary for<br />
us to exhort <strong>the</strong> loyal <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> those districts to st<strong>and</strong> firm <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir duty <strong>and</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ciples; or to caution <strong>the</strong>m<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>sidious artifices <strong>of</strong> an enemy, who must shortly ab<strong>and</strong>on to <strong>the</strong>ir fate, those unfortunate people<br />
whom <strong>the</strong>y have deluded <strong>in</strong>to revolt.<br />
“But be<strong>in</strong>g well <strong>in</strong>formed that many persons s<strong>in</strong>cerely attached to his Majesty’s cause, have, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g,.<br />
been forced to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, as <strong>the</strong> only means <strong>of</strong> preserv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir families from <strong>the</strong> savage<br />
cruelty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebel militia, until escape should be practicable; we desire all such to be confident, that <strong>the</strong>y run<br />
no risque <strong>of</strong> suffer<strong>in</strong>g from us, through <strong>in</strong>discrim<strong>in</strong>ate vengeance; rem<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m, that <strong>the</strong> British government<br />
never extends its h<strong>and</strong> to blood, without <strong>the</strong> most conv<strong>in</strong>c<strong>in</strong>g pro<strong>of</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>tentional guilt.<br />
“And we advise all persons <strong>in</strong>: <strong>the</strong> above predicament (as likewise those who, from <strong>the</strong> oppressions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy, have been obliged, to quit <strong>the</strong>ir possessions) to take <strong>the</strong> earliest opportunity <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>, with <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
arms, to any post or detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> royal army. We give <strong>the</strong>m assurances <strong>of</strong> every support, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> every<br />
endeavour on our part, to mitigate <strong>the</strong>ir present suffer<strong>in</strong>gs: Fur<strong>the</strong>r declar<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>m, that we shall feel<br />
ourselves no less bound to reward <strong>the</strong> fidelity <strong>of</strong> those who have rema<strong>in</strong>ed unshaken <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir allegiance, than to<br />
<strong>in</strong>flict <strong>the</strong> punishment due to reiterated perfidy. Nor would we give <strong>the</strong>m this <strong>in</strong>vitation, were we not certa<strong>in</strong><br />
that, <strong>in</strong> conjunction with <strong>the</strong> army, (daily expect<strong>in</strong>g powerful re<strong>in</strong>forcement) <strong>the</strong>ir exertions will very shortly<br />
re<strong>in</strong>state <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> full <strong>and</strong> peaceable possession <strong>of</strong> that property, which <strong>the</strong>y will thus have only yielded for a<br />
time, to receive aga<strong>in</strong> with confirmed security.<br />
“Given under cur b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>in</strong> camp, at Mon[c]k’s Corner, <strong>the</strong> twenty fourth day <strong>of</strong> May, 1781, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> twentyfirst<br />
year <strong>of</strong> his Majesty’s reign.” 3030<br />
24 May. At 300 yards (or 400 per Stedman) distance from <strong>the</strong> Star fort two s<strong>in</strong>gle gun batteries were erected by<br />
<strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>in</strong> renewal <strong>of</strong> siege approaches aga<strong>in</strong>st N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. 3031<br />
Kirkwood: “24 [May] This Day opened our first Battery on <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Star Redoubt [at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six].” 3032<br />
24 May. Col. Robert Anderson, <strong>of</strong> Pickens’ brigade, wrote to Greene, from “Puddens quarter” (near N<strong>in</strong>ety Six),<br />
say<strong>in</strong>g he had dispatched some <strong>of</strong> his men to <strong>the</strong> frontier to protect aga<strong>in</strong>st a party <strong>of</strong> Cherokee raiders. A<br />
m<strong>in</strong>ority <strong>of</strong> Indians, despite peace negotiations <strong>the</strong>n go<strong>in</strong>g on, cont<strong>in</strong>ued mak<strong>in</strong>g war sporadic war aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong><br />
settlers. When Anderson learned <strong>of</strong> Greene’s arrival at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, he sent some men to get what wagons he<br />
could, <strong>and</strong> to collect <strong>and</strong> drive cattle to <strong>the</strong> army. Even so, <strong>the</strong> local people had suffered so greatly <strong>in</strong> loss <strong>of</strong><br />
horses, wagons, <strong>and</strong> provisions, Anderson expected <strong>the</strong>re would be little he could supply Greene’s army with. 3033<br />
24 May. Cornwallis, hav<strong>in</strong>g added Arnold’s-Phillips’ force to his own; as well as some 1,700-2,000 re<strong>in</strong>forcements<br />
that had arrived on 14 th , marched from St. Petersburg to Maycox to <strong>com</strong>mence his advance on Lafayette <strong>and</strong><br />
Richmond; mak<strong>in</strong>g arrangements to pass <strong>the</strong> James River, he <strong>the</strong>nce went from Meads to Westover. With <strong>the</strong> use<br />
<strong>of</strong> boats previously constructed by Arnold, <strong>and</strong> by swimm<strong>in</strong>g horses, his entire army <strong>com</strong>pleted <strong>the</strong> passage <strong>in</strong><br />
three days (by <strong>the</strong> 26 th <strong>and</strong> 27 th .) At Westover, he made his headquarters at Byrd’s Plantation; with his sundry<br />
forag<strong>in</strong>g parties (<strong>and</strong> as <strong>the</strong>y would cont<strong>in</strong>ue to do <strong>in</strong> succeed<strong>in</strong>g months) seiz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g swift <strong>and</strong> sturdy<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia horses with which to mount soon to be utilized mobile detachments. About this same time, Arnold left<br />
Cornwallis, embark<strong>in</strong>g from Westover, <strong>and</strong> returned to New York. Also it was here that re<strong>in</strong>forcements (see 22<br />
May) arrived.<br />
His lordship orig<strong>in</strong>ally came from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a with 1,500 to 1,800; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re may have been 5,305 under<br />
Phillips/Arnold. Additional re<strong>in</strong>forcements -- <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 17 th <strong>and</strong> 43 rd Regts., <strong>and</strong> 2 Anspach Battns., plus<br />
3028 NGP8 p. 311.<br />
3029 KJO p. 19.<br />
3030 ATR81b pp. 188-189.<br />
3031 KJO p. 19, LSY pp. 197-198.<br />
3032 KJO p. 19, MMS2 p. 285.<br />
3033 NGP8 p. 308.<br />
518
additional recruits for <strong>the</strong> Guards -- sent by Cl<strong>in</strong>ton brought this total strength <strong>the</strong>n to about 7,200 to 7,500. It<br />
must be borne <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d however, that Cornwallis suffered attrition all this while due to a high rate <strong>of</strong> illness. Lee<br />
writes “Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton states <strong>the</strong> force <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, previous to <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis, to be five<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> three hundred <strong>and</strong> four. S<strong>in</strong>ce his Lordship’s assumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, General Leslie...jo<strong>in</strong>ed with<br />
three regiments from New York, <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong> forty-third was added to <strong>the</strong> Army.” Cornwallis reta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> 43 rd<br />
with him at Westover, Va. as a field force <strong>and</strong> sent Maj. Gen. Leslie with <strong>the</strong> 17 th regiment <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> two Anspach<br />
battalions to garrison Portsmouth. See Cornwallis to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, dated Byrd’s Plantation (Westover), May 26, 1781.<br />
Leslie as Mackenzie makes clear, did not arrive with <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements from New York as asserted by Tarleton,<br />
but ra<strong>the</strong>r had rema<strong>in</strong>ed with Cornwallis s<strong>in</strong>ce first jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g up with him at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough <strong>in</strong> January. See 22 <strong>and</strong><br />
29 May <strong>the</strong> for re<strong>in</strong>forcements Cornwallis received from New York. 3034<br />
24 May. Lafayette, at Richmond, to Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “Had <strong>the</strong> Pennsylvanians [under Wayne] arrived before<br />
Lord Cornwallis I was determ<strong>in</strong>ed to attack <strong>the</strong> ennemy [sic] <strong>and</strong> have no doubt but what we would have been<br />
successful [sic]. Their unaccountable delay cannot be too much lamented, <strong>and</strong> will make an immense difference<br />
to <strong>the</strong> fate <strong>of</strong> this <strong>com</strong>paign. Should <strong>the</strong>y have arrived time enough to support me <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> reception <strong>of</strong> Lord<br />
Cornwallis’s first stroke, I would still have thought it well enough. But from an answer <strong>of</strong> General Wa<strong>in</strong>e [Wayne]<br />
received this day <strong>and</strong> dated <strong>the</strong> 19 th I am afraid that <strong>in</strong> this moment <strong>the</strong>y have hardly left York town.<br />
“Public stores <strong>and</strong> private property be<strong>in</strong>g removed from Richmond [mostly to Albemarle County Court House],<br />
this place is a less important object. I don’t believe it would be prudent to expose <strong>the</strong> troops for <strong>the</strong> sake <strong>of</strong> a<br />
few houses most <strong>of</strong> which are empty. But I am waver<strong>in</strong>g betwen two <strong>in</strong>conveniences. Was I to fight a battle, I’ll<br />
be cut to pieces, <strong>the</strong> militia dispersed, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> arms lost. Was I to decl<strong>in</strong>e fight<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> country would th<strong>in</strong>k<br />
herself given up. I am <strong>the</strong>refore determ<strong>in</strong>ed to scarmish, but not to engage too far, <strong>and</strong> particularly to take care<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>ir immense <strong>and</strong> excellent body <strong>of</strong> horse whom <strong>the</strong> militia fears like <strong>the</strong>y would so many wild beasts…<br />
“Was I any ways equal to <strong>the</strong> enemy, I would be extremely happy <strong>in</strong> my present <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. But I am not strong<br />
enough even to get beaten. Governement [sic] <strong>in</strong> this state has no energy, <strong>and</strong> laws have no force. But I hope<br />
this assembly will put matters up on a better foot<strong>in</strong>g. I had great deal <strong>of</strong> trouble to put <strong>the</strong> departements <strong>in</strong> a<br />
tolerable tra<strong>in</strong>. Our expenses were enormous, <strong>and</strong> yet we can get noth<strong>in</strong>g. Arrangements for <strong>the</strong> present seem<br />
to put on a better face but for this superiority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ennemy which will chase us where <strong>the</strong>y please. They can<br />
over run <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> untill <strong>the</strong> Pennsylvanians arrive we are next to noth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> opposition to so<br />
large a force. This country beg<strong>in</strong>s to be as familiar to rne as Tappan <strong>and</strong> Bergen. Our soldiers are hi<strong>the</strong>rto very<br />
healthy <strong>and</strong> I have turned doctor to regulate <strong>the</strong>ir diet.” 3035<br />
25 May. Rawdon fell back from Monck’s Corner to Goose Creek Bridge, due to a false report that <strong>the</strong> French fleet<br />
was approach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> area. 3036<br />
25 May. Greene appo<strong>in</strong>ted Lieut. Col. William Henderson to arrange <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six until<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r orders. 3037<br />
26 May. William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 26 th <strong>of</strong> May, <strong>the</strong> celebrated Kosciusko [Kosciuszko], who<br />
acted at that time as an eng<strong>in</strong>eer for Greene, raised two block batteries with<strong>in</strong> three hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty yards <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> besieged [at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six.] Soon after a third <strong>and</strong> a fourth were erected, <strong>and</strong> lastly a rifle battery with<strong>in</strong><br />
thirty yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ditch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort. The abbatis was turned, <strong>and</strong> two trenches <strong>and</strong> a m<strong>in</strong>e were extended with<strong>in</strong><br />
six feet <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ditch.” 3038<br />
26 May. Von Steuben, at Albemarle Court House, where most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stores removed from Richmond had been<br />
sent, wrote Greene say<strong>in</strong>g he <strong>in</strong>tended to march south to jo<strong>in</strong> Greene with 560 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>ental recruits <strong>and</strong><br />
30 to 40 <strong>of</strong> Arm<strong>and</strong>’s Legion. He had hope to march by June 5 th or 6 th . None<strong>the</strong>less, events <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia later<br />
prevented such a move. 3039<br />
26 May. Lafayette, camped at Richmond, wrote to von Steuben: “Our baggage <strong>and</strong> stores were sent <strong>of</strong>f<br />
yesterday by <strong>the</strong> route <strong>of</strong> Brook’s Bridge; <strong>and</strong> should <strong>the</strong> enemy’s movements [Cornwallis’] be rapid toward<br />
Richmond, I must trust to you for giv<strong>in</strong>g direction relative to <strong>the</strong> remov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> stores <strong>and</strong> secur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boats at Tuckahoe. I have deta<strong>in</strong>ed De Contun with twelve <strong>of</strong> Arm<strong>and</strong>’s corps, which I could not possibly<br />
do without; <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m you will order as you please. There are fifty men <strong>of</strong> [Anthony] White’s<br />
dragoons at Staunton, which I wish most earnestly to have mounted <strong>and</strong> equipped. Our want <strong>of</strong> cavalry is most<br />
sensibly felt. Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia horse are gone, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> times <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der will be out next week.”<br />
Lafayette <strong>the</strong>n did what he could to evacuate stores from Richmond, <strong>the</strong>n marched northward toward <strong>the</strong><br />
Rappahannock <strong>in</strong> order to more speedily effect a junction with Brig. Gen. Wayne’s forces <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g south.) 3040<br />
26 May. Cornwallis, at “Bird’s [Byrd’s] Plantation, North <strong>of</strong> James-river,” to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “The arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcement has made me easy about Portsmouth for <strong>the</strong> present. I have sent General Leslie thi<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong><br />
seventeenth regiment, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> two battalions <strong>of</strong> Anspach, keep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> forty-third regiment with <strong>the</strong> army.<br />
3034 SQR p. 210, TCS pp. 291-293, SAW2 p. 386, MLW4A pp. 430-431, MST pp. 121-122, LMS pp. 415-416, CBA p. 600, JYC p. 38.<br />
3035 LLW pp. 197-199, CSS p. 1204.<br />
3036 NGP8 p. 316n.<br />
3037 NGP8 p. 310.<br />
3038 JFM p. 52.<br />
3039 NGP8 p. 351.<br />
3040 CBA p. 599, MLW4A pp. 434-435, JYC p. 38n.<br />
519
“I shall now proceed to dislodge La Fayette from Richmond, <strong>and</strong> with my light troops to destroy any magaz<strong>in</strong>es<br />
or stores <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood [sic], which may have been collected ei<strong>the</strong>r for his use, or for General Greene’s<br />
army. From <strong>the</strong>nce I purpose to move to <strong>the</strong> neck at Williamsburg, which is represented as healthy, <strong>and</strong> where<br />
some subsistence may be procured; <strong>and</strong> keep myself unengaged from operations, which might <strong>in</strong>terfere with<br />
your plan for <strong>the</strong> campaign, until I have <strong>the</strong> satisfaction <strong>of</strong> hear<strong>in</strong>g from you. I hope I shall <strong>the</strong>n have an<br />
opportunity to receive better <strong>in</strong>formation than has hi<strong>the</strong>rto been <strong>in</strong> my power to procure, relative to a proper<br />
harbour <strong>and</strong> place <strong>of</strong> arms. At present I am <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to thick well <strong>of</strong> York. The objections to Portsmouth are, that<br />
it cannot be made strong without an army to defend it; that it is remarkably unhealthy; <strong>and</strong> can give no<br />
protection to a ship <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e. [Anthony] Wayne has not yet jo<strong>in</strong>ed La Fayette, nor can I positively learn where<br />
he is, or what is his force. Greene’s cavalry are said to be <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g this way; but I have no certa<strong>in</strong> accounts <strong>of</strong> it.<br />
“Your Excellency desires Generals Phillips <strong>and</strong> Arnold to give you <strong>the</strong>ir op<strong>in</strong>ions relative to Mr. --’s proposal. As<br />
General Arnold goes to New-York by <strong>the</strong> first safe conveyance, you will have an opportunity <strong>of</strong> hear<strong>in</strong>g his<br />
sentiments <strong>in</strong> person. Experience has made me less sangu<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> more arrangements seem to me necessary for<br />
so important an expedition than appears to occur to General Arnold.<br />
“Mr. --’s conversations bear too great a resemblance to those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> emissaries from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, to give me<br />
much confidence; <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong> experience I have had, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> dangers I have undergone, one maxim appears to<br />
me to be absolutely necessary for <strong>the</strong> safe <strong>and</strong> honourable conduct <strong>of</strong> this war; which is, that we should have as<br />
few posts as possible; <strong>and</strong> that wherever <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops are, <strong>the</strong>y should be <strong>in</strong> respectable force. By <strong>the</strong><br />
vigorous exertions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present governors <strong>of</strong> America, large bodies <strong>of</strong> men are soon collect[e]d, <strong>and</strong> I have too<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten observed, that when a storm threatens, our friends disappear.<br />
“In regard to tak<strong>in</strong>g possession <strong>of</strong> Philadelphia by an <strong>in</strong>cursion (even if practicable) without an <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong><br />
keep<strong>in</strong>g or burn<strong>in</strong>g it, (nei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> which appear to be advisable) I should apprehend it would do more harm than<br />
good to <strong>the</strong> cause <strong>of</strong> Brita<strong>in</strong>.<br />
“I shall take <strong>the</strong> liberty <strong>of</strong> repeat<strong>in</strong>g, that if <strong>of</strong>fensive war is <strong>in</strong>tended, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia appears to me to be <strong>the</strong> only<br />
prov<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>in</strong> which it can be carried on; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong>re is a stake. But to reduce <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>and</strong> keep<br />
possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, a considerable army would be necessary; for with a small force, <strong>the</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess would<br />
probably term<strong>in</strong>ate unfavourably, though <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g might be successful. In case it is thought expedient, <strong>and</strong><br />
a proper army for <strong>the</strong> attempt can be formed; I hope your Excellency will do me <strong>the</strong> justice to believe, that I<br />
nei<strong>the</strong>r wish nor expect to have <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> it, leav<strong>in</strong>g you at New York on <strong>the</strong> defensive. Such sentiments<br />
are so far from my heart, that I can with great truth assure you, that few th<strong>in</strong>gs could give me greater pleasure,<br />
than be<strong>in</strong>g relieved by your preference, from a situation <strong>of</strong> so much anxiety <strong>and</strong> responsibility.<br />
“By my letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 20 th , your Excellency will observe, that <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g it possible to do any th<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, I am <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion that it is doubtful whe<strong>the</strong>r we can keep <strong>the</strong> posts <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> back parts <strong>of</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a. And I believe I have stated <strong>in</strong> former letters, <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ite difficulty <strong>of</strong> protect<strong>in</strong>g a frontier <strong>of</strong> three<br />
hundred miles, aga<strong>in</strong>st a persever<strong>in</strong>g enemy, <strong>in</strong> a country where we have no water <strong>com</strong>munication, <strong>and</strong> where<br />
few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants are active or useful friends.<br />
“In enumerat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> corps employed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn district, your Excellency will recollect that <strong>the</strong>y are all very<br />
weak; <strong>and</strong> that some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British as well as Prov<strong>in</strong>cial regiments, reta<strong>in</strong> noth<strong>in</strong>g but <strong>the</strong> name. Our weakness<br />
at Guildford was not ow<strong>in</strong>g to any detachment, unless that with <strong>the</strong> baggage, but to losses by action, sickness,<br />
&c. dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter’s campaign.” 3041<br />
In a separate letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same date, Cornwallis wrote to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “I have consented to <strong>the</strong> request <strong>of</strong> Brigadiergeneral<br />
Arnold to go to New York; he conceives that your Excellency wishes him to attend you <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>and</strong> his<br />
present <strong>in</strong>disposition renders him unequal to <strong>the</strong> fatigue <strong>of</strong> service. He will represent <strong>the</strong> horrid enormities<br />
which are <strong>com</strong>mitted by our privateers <strong>in</strong> Chesapeak[e] Bay; <strong>and</strong> I must jo<strong>in</strong> my earnest wish, that some remedy<br />
may be applied to an evil which is a [illegible] very prejudicial to his Majesty’s service.” 3042<br />
27 May. Brig. Gen. Isaac Huger, at “Congaree, Po<strong>in</strong>t Necessity,” S.C., reported to Greene that Rawdon had<br />
retreated to Goose Creek Bridge; which was just a few miles north <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. 400 <strong>of</strong> Rawdon’s men were<br />
sent to Dorchester where <strong>the</strong>y were “entrench<strong>in</strong>g.” Marion, Huger also, said, had gone to Georgetown leav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Major Maham on <strong>the</strong> enemy l<strong>in</strong>es near Monck’s Corner.<br />
Stephen Jarvis: “…I was with <strong>the</strong> Troops stationed on <strong>the</strong> road lead<strong>in</strong>g to Monk’s [Monck’s] Corner, near Goose<br />
Creek…I rema<strong>in</strong>ed here until <strong>the</strong> memorable battle <strong>of</strong> Camden [Hobkirk’s Hill] when I was ordered to escort <strong>the</strong><br />
Comm<strong>and</strong>ant [Balfour] to <strong>the</strong> Santee where we met Lord Rawdon <strong>and</strong> his army who had retreated to Camden.<br />
After hav<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>terview with his Lordship we returned to Charlestown <strong>and</strong> his Lordship, after send<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> sick<br />
<strong>and</strong> wounded to Charlestown, took <strong>the</strong> route to Mablyse [sic] to relieve some posts at Thompson’s Plantations.<br />
“We were soon ordered to Dorchester. On our arrival at this place we were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Capta<strong>in</strong> S<strong>and</strong>ford’s Troop<br />
<strong>of</strong> Buck’s County Dragoons who were afterward <strong>in</strong>corporated with <strong>the</strong> British Legion. Capta<strong>in</strong> [John] Saunders<br />
Troop also jo<strong>in</strong>ed us <strong>and</strong> soon after <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment [South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists] who had been made a<br />
Regiment <strong>of</strong> Cavalry for <strong>the</strong>ir good conduct at <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Camden jo<strong>in</strong>ed.” 3043<br />
27 May. Marion marched from Cantey’s Plantation, just northwest <strong>of</strong> Murry’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Santee), <strong>and</strong> moved to<br />
Georgetown which he arrived on <strong>the</strong> 28 th . His re-appearance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Georgetown area encouraged more militia to<br />
turn out <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong> him. 3044<br />
3041 COC pp. 105-108, SCP5 p. 88, SCV1 pp. 488-490.<br />
3042 CAC pp. 79-90, SCP5 p. 91, MLW4A pp. 430-431.<br />
3043 JKH pp. 64-65, also regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> S.C. Royalists, see SCP5 p. 292.<br />
3044 JLG2 p. 128, BSF p. 199.<br />
520
27 May. Rawdon arranged to send <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt., over <strong>the</strong> water <strong>and</strong> without convoy, to re<strong>in</strong>force<br />
Savannah, as requested by Royal Governor James Wright; s<strong>in</strong>ce, as Wright claimed, <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>the</strong>re was very<br />
much reduced. 3045 As no transports were available, <strong>the</strong>y were embarked on <strong>the</strong> privateer Tartar <strong>and</strong> some small<br />
sloops on <strong>the</strong> 31 st arriv<strong>in</strong>g at Savannah <strong>in</strong> two days. Earlier <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Regt. had been stationed at<br />
Dorchester <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n moved to just outside Charlestown (see 25 May); so that by <strong>the</strong> 27 th <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> city to<br />
be embarked. 3046<br />
Henry Nase, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Am. Regt.: “May 25 th 1781 -- The Detacht. at <strong>the</strong> above Place was Reliev’d by us,<br />
March’d this day, under Capt. Willett, to Jo<strong>in</strong> His Lordship, at, or, near Abercorn --<br />
“26 th May. About 11 oClock P.M. Recd. Orders to March<br />
“27 th . we [sic] Marchd. to <strong>the</strong> Suburbs <strong>of</strong> Charles Town; where we rema<strong>in</strong>’d till <strong>the</strong> 28 th . & 29 th be<strong>in</strong>g much<br />
fatigued by <strong>the</strong> Many Marches we had Perform’d.<br />
“May 30 th . 1781 -- The Regt. Marchd. <strong>in</strong>to Town; & to Eveley’s Wharf, where <strong>the</strong>y immediately Embark’d On<br />
Board <strong>the</strong> Tartar Privateer & O<strong>the</strong>r Small Sloops. --<br />
“31 st May -- I Came on Shore, with Two Sailors <strong>in</strong> Order to Carry Captn. Leverick, On Board. I with himself & Two<br />
Sailors were left on Shore & <strong>the</strong> fleet Sail’d; Charles Town was <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> Place <strong>of</strong> Residence for me [Nase, it<br />
would seem, was left beh<strong>in</strong>d when his regiment sailed to Savannah <strong>and</strong> himself with a few o<strong>the</strong>rs did not leave<br />
Charlestown till 16 June]…<br />
“16 th June 1781. We Set Sail & Noth<strong>in</strong>g happened on Our Passage, we Arrived Safe <strong>in</strong> Tybee, <strong>the</strong> 20 th after a<br />
Pleasant Passage; we waited till 21 st . for a Pilot, he Came but too late to Proceed up <strong>the</strong> river.<br />
“Tybee 22 nd June 1781 -- About 3 oClock P.M. Came on <strong>the</strong> Most frightful & terrible Storm, Attended with w<strong>in</strong>d,<br />
hail, ra<strong>in</strong>, Thunder & Lightn<strong>in</strong>g that I ever beheld, <strong>in</strong> all <strong>the</strong> Course <strong>of</strong> my life. The Amazon, on board <strong>of</strong> which<br />
we were ly<strong>in</strong>g at Anchor with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bar & had but little ballast, She was thrown, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Starboard Side, till <strong>the</strong><br />
water Poured <strong>in</strong>, at <strong>the</strong> Port holes, like a Torrent. The w<strong>in</strong>d at <strong>the</strong> same time, <strong>in</strong>creasd [sic.] to that degree,<br />
that <strong>the</strong> waves Dashd. Over <strong>the</strong> Ship, mast high; it is impossible for me, to Express <strong>the</strong> Anxiety I was <strong>in</strong>, I <strong>in</strong>tirely<br />
[sic] Dispair’d [sic] <strong>of</strong> any Relief, I <strong>the</strong>refore Could only re<strong>com</strong>mend my Soul to God & Commit my Body to Seas,<br />
but it Pleased <strong>the</strong> Almighty, <strong>of</strong> his <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ite mercy, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> moment <strong>of</strong> extream [sic] Danger & Distress, Delerious<br />
[sic] beyond our expectation; <strong>the</strong> Ship, which was tossd. [sic] Mounta<strong>in</strong>s high, tho ly<strong>in</strong>g at Double Anchor. The<br />
one Cable broke like a Tw<strong>in</strong>e Thread & <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Dragd. [sic] Anchor, so that She Run on Shore near <strong>the</strong> Light<br />
House, <strong>the</strong> Soldiers (<strong>of</strong> whom <strong>the</strong>re were 20 on board) cut away <strong>the</strong> Shrouds, <strong>the</strong> Ma<strong>in</strong> & Mizzen Masts cut<br />
Overboard; & thanks be to God, our lives were happily Saved.<br />
“June 25 th . 1781 -- A large boat came from Savannah & Took us from on board <strong>the</strong> Wreck & Arrived <strong>in</strong> Town<br />
About 9 oClock <strong>the</strong> same Even<strong>in</strong>g. --” 3047<br />
27 May. The first parallel at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six was <strong>com</strong>pleted, 220 yards from Star fort. The same day, a 20 foot high<br />
tower was erected with<strong>in</strong> 140 yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same. Though Cruger attempted to set <strong>the</strong>se towers alight with hot<br />
shot, <strong>the</strong>ir construction from green logs <strong>and</strong> earth prevented <strong>the</strong>ir catch<strong>in</strong>g fire. 3048<br />
27-28 May. Sett<strong>in</strong>g out from Westover, Cornwallis, with Simcoe <strong>and</strong> Tarleton act<strong>in</strong>g as advance forces (which<br />
<strong>the</strong>y would cont<strong>in</strong>ue to do <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Richmond campaign) <strong>and</strong> destroy<strong>in</strong>g rebel stores where <strong>the</strong>y could, reached<br />
White Oak Swamp. There he received word that Lafayette had ab<strong>and</strong>oned Richmond <strong>and</strong> where supplies now had<br />
been sufficiently evacuated to Albemarle County Court House <strong>and</strong> neighbor<strong>in</strong>g locales. The next day (<strong>the</strong> 28 th )<br />
Cornwallis was at Bottom’s Bridge on <strong>the</strong> Chickahom<strong>in</strong>y River, with Lafayette now twenty miles west <strong>of</strong> him <strong>and</strong><br />
eight miles above Richmond at W<strong>in</strong>ston’s Bridge also on <strong>the</strong> Chickahom<strong>in</strong>y. 3049<br />
Rem<strong>in</strong>iscences <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col. John Francis Mercer who was serv<strong>in</strong>g with Lafayette’s army: “The delay at<br />
Bottom[’]s bridge decided <strong>the</strong> fate <strong>of</strong> this campaign. The destruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Marquis’s corps & <strong>the</strong> position at<br />
Frederick were rel<strong>in</strong>quished <strong>in</strong> favor <strong>of</strong> a Quixotic expedition aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legislature at<br />
Charlottesville, who with great facility mov’d <strong>the</strong>ir quarters & who had been taken cou’d only have prov’d an<br />
<strong>in</strong>cumberance & ano<strong>the</strong>r as trifl<strong>in</strong>g, which term<strong>in</strong>ated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> destruction <strong>of</strong> a few rusty musquits [sic] at <strong>the</strong><br />
po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> fear.” 3050<br />
28 May. Lafayette withdrew northward <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis advance <strong>and</strong> towards a location better suited to<br />
effect a junction with Wayne presently on his way south with 1,300 Pennsylvania Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> 6 cannon. 3051<br />
28 May. Cornwallis, mov<strong>in</strong>g toward <strong>the</strong> Pamunkey River, <strong>and</strong> with a m<strong>in</strong>d to cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f Lafayette’s l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>munications, reached New Castle (present day Old Church.) 3052<br />
3045 Regard<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> forces available to Wright, Coleman writes: “Early <strong>in</strong> 1781 Wright <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> council authorized three<br />
patrols <strong>of</strong> twenty mounted militiamen each, <strong>and</strong> two months later raised a troop <strong>of</strong> horsemen to protect <strong>the</strong> back country…Two<br />
troops <strong>of</strong> horsemen were actually raised <strong>and</strong> put <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> field, <strong>and</strong> British <strong>of</strong>ficers tried to recruit dragoons for service <strong>in</strong><br />
Georgia.” CGA p. 130.<br />
3046 NDI, ATR81b pp. 153-154, AR81 pp. 91-92, TCS pp. 480, 486, NGP8 p. 333n.<br />
3047 NDI.<br />
3048 JLG2 p. 147, LSY p. 198.<br />
3049 AR81 p. 119, SQR pp. 210-211, GHA4 p. 111, LMS p. 416, CBA p. 600, JYC p. 38.<br />
3050 HFR pp. 40-41. Lee expresses <strong>the</strong> same op<strong>in</strong>ion, <strong>and</strong> says Cornwallis should have mounted 2,000 <strong>of</strong> his <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> forced<br />
march to catch Lafayette before <strong>the</strong> latter had <strong>the</strong> opportunity to unite with Wayne, or else impelled Lafayette’s retreat away<br />
from Wayne, LMS pp. 418-421.<br />
3051 JLG2 pp. 53-54.<br />
3052 JYC p. 38.<br />
521
28 May. Craig, at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, to Balfour: “This country is <strong>in</strong> a glorious situation for cutt<strong>in</strong>g one ano<strong>the</strong>r’s<br />
throats. I am s<strong>in</strong>cere <strong>in</strong> my endeavors to prevent it, which, however, have not <strong>in</strong> every <strong>in</strong>stance been effectual.<br />
The Tories are <strong>the</strong> most numerous, <strong>and</strong> was I to give <strong>the</strong> word, a f<strong>in</strong>e scene would beg<strong>in</strong>. However, I th<strong>in</strong>k it<br />
cruelty without a certa<strong>in</strong>ty <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g ready to support <strong>the</strong>m. If I had that, I should soon beg<strong>in</strong>. I am confident, if<br />
suffer’d to rema<strong>in</strong> here, I could do much, <strong>and</strong> want only a few cavalry appo<strong>in</strong>tments. The men who were left<br />
beh<strong>in</strong>d recover fast <strong>and</strong> tho’ not fit for active service yet, are more than equal to our defence, was <strong>the</strong> whole<br />
country assembled toge<strong>the</strong>r to <strong>com</strong>e aga<strong>in</strong>st us.<br />
“There is a rascally little place call’d Beauford near Cape Look Out where <strong>the</strong>y fit out a number <strong>of</strong> little<br />
piccarroon [sic] privateers <strong>and</strong> do much mischief on our coast. There are no less than five row boats fitt<strong>in</strong>g out<br />
now. I wish to destroy it but dare not undertake it <strong>in</strong> my present situation. If I rema<strong>in</strong> here, it will be one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
first th<strong>in</strong>gs I do.<br />
“Lord Cornwallis’s idea when here seem’d to be to raise <strong>in</strong>dependant [sic] <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>and</strong> not corps. It is a much<br />
better scheme. Governor Mart<strong>in</strong>’s corps has got but 50 men. Indeed <strong>the</strong>y have had not much time, but I don’t<br />
th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong>y will ever <strong>com</strong>pleat. Country people don’t like to have <strong>the</strong>ir neighbors <strong>and</strong> former <strong>com</strong>panions for<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir <strong>of</strong>ficers. However, <strong>the</strong>y should have a fair trial, which <strong>the</strong>y have not had yet.” 3053<br />
28-29 May (also given as 20-21 May). [evacuation] Georgetown (Georgetown County, S.C.) Marion, with 400<br />
mounted men, briefly laid siege to Georgetown. The town at this time had a garrison <strong>of</strong> about 80 prov<strong>in</strong>cials <strong>and</strong><br />
some few loyalists militia. After <strong>the</strong> first night, Marion started to dig. Then leav<strong>in</strong>g a small detachment <strong>of</strong> militia<br />
as guard, he marched <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> his brigade upstate to o<strong>the</strong>r operations. The British evacuated <strong>the</strong> town <strong>the</strong><br />
next night (<strong>the</strong> 29 th ), leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 3 n<strong>in</strong>e-pounders <strong>and</strong> carronade spiked, with <strong>the</strong>ir trunnions “knocked <strong>of</strong>f.”<br />
After tak<strong>in</strong>g Georgetown, Marion set about break<strong>in</strong>g up its fortifications. On 5 June, he reported <strong>the</strong> ships (a<br />
galley, 2 gun boats <strong>and</strong> an armed schooner) conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> garrison, were still outside <strong>the</strong> harbor; though, as it<br />
turned out, no subsequent effort was made to re-take <strong>the</strong> city; which was fortunate for Marion, who had few<br />
men left <strong>and</strong> little ammunition. 3054<br />
28-30 May. [sorties] Fort Cornwallis Sorties, also Augusta sortie (Richmond County, GA.) On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> May 28 th ,<br />
Brown’s Rangers <strong>and</strong> Indians launched a disruptive surprise attack on militia <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> west entrenchments fac<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Fort Cornwallis. Lee’s <strong>in</strong>fantry under Capt. George H<strong>and</strong>y 3055 rallied <strong>and</strong> rega<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> works at bayonet po<strong>in</strong>t. On<br />
<strong>the</strong> 29 th , <strong>the</strong>y sallied out once more <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re was a fierce h<strong>and</strong>-to-h<strong>and</strong> melee <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> trenches. Capt. Michael<br />
Rudulph’s (presumably dismounted) cavalry resorted to <strong>the</strong> bayonet to drive back attackers. Pickens <strong>and</strong> Lee,<br />
meanwhile, cont<strong>in</strong>ued work on a Maham tower that was be<strong>in</strong>g erected, <strong>and</strong> upon which a cannon was to be<br />
mounted aimed at <strong>the</strong> fort. Then once more on <strong>the</strong> 30 th , <strong>the</strong> loyalists came out aga<strong>in</strong>; on this occasion attack<strong>in</strong>g<br />
both <strong>the</strong> front <strong>and</strong> rear works. And once more aga<strong>in</strong> also, H<strong>and</strong>y’s men threw Brown back <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> fort after<br />
some fight<strong>in</strong>g. 3056<br />
29 May. Lafayette moved to D<strong>and</strong>ridge’s at <strong>the</strong> confluence <strong>of</strong> Goldm<strong>in</strong>e Creek <strong>and</strong> South Anna try<strong>in</strong>g to position<br />
himself where he could both l<strong>in</strong>k up with Wayne <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Frederick, Maryl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> or receive possible<br />
support from von Steuben who was at Po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> Fork. About this same time, Weedon was remov<strong>in</strong>g stores kept at<br />
Fredericksburg <strong>and</strong> Falmouth <strong>the</strong> latter, as was Po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> Fork, <strong>the</strong> site <strong>of</strong> an important State arms<br />
manufactory. 3057<br />
29 May. Ewald: “The 29 th . Today General Leslie arrived at Portsmouth by water with <strong>the</strong> Anspach brigade <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 17 th Regiment from Lord Cornwallis’s army. They were disembarked at once, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> general immediately<br />
took over <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city.” This re<strong>in</strong>forcement ostensibly was de Voit’s re<strong>in</strong>forcement (earlier anchored at<br />
City Po<strong>in</strong>t, see 22 May) <strong>and</strong> also <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>the</strong> Drafts for <strong>the</strong> Guards <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r recruits <strong>and</strong> replacements<br />
mentioned by Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>in</strong> The American Rebellion p. 307; if not, which seems unlikely, <strong>the</strong>se latter <strong>the</strong>n came <strong>in</strong><br />
a separate convoy a few days later. The delay <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g a Portsmouth till <strong>the</strong> 29 th may have been ow<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s trepidation (after learn<strong>in</strong>g Phillips was very ill) at leav<strong>in</strong>g so many troops under Arnold’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>;<br />
<strong>and</strong> so de Voit was made to sit at City Po<strong>in</strong>t till Leslie had <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> taken charge at Portsmouth. 3058<br />
30 May. [raid] Hanover Court House (Hanover County, VA.) After leav<strong>in</strong>g Newcastle on <strong>the</strong> 29 th , Cornwallis<br />
arrived at Hanover Court House where he captured some French twenty four-pounders; which he spiked or threw<br />
<strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> river. He also destroyed a considerable quantity <strong>of</strong> tobacco. 3059<br />
30 May. Wayne with 3 Pennsylvania battalions <strong>and</strong> a detachment <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental artillery reached Frederick,<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong>. 3060<br />
30 May. The second parallel at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six was <strong>com</strong>pleted at a 100 yards distance from <strong>the</strong> Star fort. Technically<br />
though it was not a parallel but a fleche, that is two trenches <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r at a slight angle, po<strong>in</strong>ted away<br />
from <strong>the</strong> fort. From <strong>the</strong> fleche, work was started on a m<strong>in</strong>e or tunnel directed toward <strong>the</strong> fort. 3061<br />
3053 SCP5 p. 307.<br />
3054 JLG2 p. 128, BSF p. 200, RBG p. 181.<br />
3055 Cash<strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong> error, gives him as “Samuel” H<strong>and</strong>y.<br />
3056 LMS pp. 361-363, CKR p. 134.<br />
3057 LMS pp. 414-416, JYC p. 39.<br />
3058 EHJ p. 302, CAR p. 307.<br />
3059 SQR p. 211, JYC p. 39.<br />
3060 JYC p. 45.<br />
522
31 May. On his way to jo<strong>in</strong> Lafayette, Wayne crossed <strong>the</strong> Potomac River at Nol<strong>and</strong>’s Ferry. 3062<br />
Late May. Rawdon very sick with illness removed himself to Charlestown to recuperate. Lieut. Col. John Watson<br />
<strong>the</strong>n was left <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> his force, situated just north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city, <strong>and</strong> estimated at be<strong>in</strong>g 1,340 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong><br />
100 cavalry. 3063<br />
Late May. Guilford Dudley: “Here (at Hillsboro) I was met by Brigadier General [John] Butler <strong>of</strong> that district <strong>and</strong><br />
solicited to take <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, as colonel <strong>of</strong> a regiment <strong>of</strong> volunteer mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> cavalry that he was<br />
<strong>the</strong>n rais<strong>in</strong>g, which <strong>of</strong>fice I accepted on <strong>the</strong> twenty-second <strong>of</strong> May, 1781, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a few days <strong>the</strong>reafter took <strong>the</strong><br />
field <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> prosecution <strong>of</strong> my duty aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>famously celebrated Col. David Fann<strong>in</strong>g already mentioned,<br />
who had free <strong>in</strong>gress <strong>and</strong> egress <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> British garrison at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton with his plunder <strong>and</strong> prisoners at all<br />
times. Hav<strong>in</strong>g, after various marches <strong>and</strong> countermarches, obta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> object for which this regiment was sent<br />
<strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> field, to wit, ei<strong>the</strong>r to defeat Fann<strong>in</strong>g or <strong>com</strong>pel him to disb<strong>and</strong> his forces <strong>and</strong> quit <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>the</strong><br />
latter alternative was his choice when he could no longer avoid <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to action <strong>and</strong> retired to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton with<br />
such <strong>of</strong> his followers as chose to adhere to his fortunes, whereby peace <strong>and</strong> safety for a time at least was<br />
restored to that part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> legislature, which had convened early <strong>in</strong> June at Wake Courthouse<br />
(now <strong>the</strong> city <strong>of</strong> Raleigh), protected from certa<strong>in</strong> captivity or dispersion, when I received a letter <strong>of</strong> thanks <strong>and</strong><br />
discharge from General Butler <strong>and</strong> returned home after an absence <strong>of</strong> five months <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> un<strong>in</strong>termittent <strong>and</strong><br />
active service <strong>of</strong> my country.” 3064<br />
Late May.[skirmish] <strong>War</strong>wick Court House (Chesterfield County, VA.) Tarleton: “The light troops <strong>and</strong> spies were<br />
directed to f<strong>in</strong>d out <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>and</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Marquis de la Fayette: A patrole under Lieutenant-colonel<br />
Tarleton be<strong>in</strong>g pushed to <strong>War</strong>wick court house, fell <strong>in</strong> with a party <strong>of</strong> four hundred militia <strong>in</strong> that<br />
neighbourhood, who were routed with great loss to <strong>the</strong> Americans, <strong>and</strong> a trifl<strong>in</strong>g detriment to <strong>the</strong> British, <strong>the</strong><br />
former be<strong>in</strong>g surprised, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter considerably shielded by a heavy fall <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>, which prevented <strong>the</strong> militia<br />
from us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir fire arms: Fifty Americans were conducted to Petersburg: From <strong>the</strong> prisoners <strong>and</strong> by emissaries<br />
it was clearly discovered that about one thous<strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ental troops were posted between Wiltown <strong>and</strong><br />
Richmond, wait<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> junction <strong>of</strong> General Wayne with <strong>the</strong> Pennsylvania l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> expected re<strong>in</strong>forcements<br />
<strong>of</strong> militia.” 3065<br />
3061 LSY p. 199.<br />
3062 JYC p.45.<br />
3063 NGP8 p. 355n.<br />
3064 DRR pp. 226-227, DSK.<br />
3065 TCS p. 292, GHA4 p. 114.<br />
523
JUNE 1781<br />
June. Hav<strong>in</strong>g (as he at this time <strong>in</strong>correctly assumed) recovered from his illness, Brig. Gen. Daniel Morgan<br />
returned to <strong>the</strong> field <strong>in</strong> early June. By sometime later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month, <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> request <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia assembly,<br />
he’d raised a corps <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Riflemen. With <strong>the</strong>se he forthwith attached himself to Lafayette no later than<br />
early July. 3066<br />
June. About <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, Rawdon sent orders disarm<strong>in</strong>g a portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Charlestown loyal<br />
militia. The reason for this move was reports <strong>of</strong> treachery; accord<strong>in</strong>g to which some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia planned to<br />
cooperate <strong>in</strong> open<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> city gates to Greene’s army. 3067<br />
June. [skirmish] Backcountry, S.C. ONB3 p. 274.<br />
June. [raid] Edenton Bay (ChowanCounty, N.C.) See http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/edentonbay.htm<br />
Early June. [raids] Richard Hampton’s “Second” Raid<strong>in</strong>g Expedition 3068 (Berkeley County, S.C.) Sumter, at<br />
Ancrum’s wrote Greene on <strong>the</strong> 7 th that Col. Richard Hampton had taken his force <strong>of</strong> “disaffected<br />
Orangeburghers” 3069 on an extensive tour southward. They surprised two enemy parties <strong>and</strong> killed <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> one; <strong>and</strong> as well as tak<strong>in</strong>g prisoners, captured a number <strong>of</strong> slaves <strong>and</strong> horses. The British around<br />
Monck’s Corner were reported as plunder<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> lay<strong>in</strong>g waste <strong>the</strong> country, collect<strong>in</strong>g livestock <strong>of</strong> every k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>and</strong><br />
destroy<strong>in</strong>g crops. There were also British parties at Twenty Three Mile House, Wassamassaw, <strong>and</strong> Dorchester.<br />
Sumter added that he had recently directed that several regiments <strong>of</strong> his were to assist Maj. Hezekiah Maham <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>bat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se outposts <strong>and</strong> from which <strong>the</strong> aforesaid looters ostensibly sprang. 3070<br />
Early June. Hugh McCall: “Before Brown surrendered Ft. Cornwallis [on June 5 th ], [Thomas] Waters, [James]<br />
Tillet, <strong>and</strong> several o<strong>the</strong>rs had penetrated <strong>the</strong> frontiers with parties <strong>of</strong> Indians. Anticipat<strong>in</strong>g this event, capt.<br />
George Barber had been ordered to cover <strong>the</strong> forts, <strong>and</strong> watch <strong>and</strong> disperse such parties as might be found on<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir route. Barber was an active <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> executed <strong>the</strong> duties assigned him with success <strong>and</strong> honour.” 3071<br />
1 June.<br />
Forces under Cornwallis.<br />
Rank <strong>and</strong> File:<br />
BRITISH<br />
1 st Bttn., Light Infantry: 465<br />
2 nd Bttn., Light <strong>in</strong>fantry: 417<br />
Brigade <strong>of</strong> Guards: 338<br />
7 th Regt.: 180<br />
23 rd Regt.: 165<br />
33 rd Regt.: 186<br />
43 rd Regt.: 285<br />
2 nd Bttn., 71 st Regt.: 164<br />
76 th Regt.: 320<br />
80 th Regt.: 377<br />
GERMAN<br />
Anspach:<br />
1 st Anspach Bttn.: 435<br />
2 nd Anspach Bttn.: 427<br />
Hessian:<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Hereditaire: 383<br />
Regt. von Bose:205<br />
PROVINCIAL<br />
Queen’s Rangers: 317<br />
British Legion (cavalry only): 173<br />
Total: 4,837<br />
3066 HDM p. 161<br />
3067 LMS p. 618.<br />
3068 The editor to <strong>the</strong> Green papers notes that it is not clear if <strong>the</strong> raids described here are different from those carried out by<br />
Hampton <strong>in</strong> May. See Mid May.<br />
3069 In a footnote, Bass states that Hampton’s force <strong>in</strong>cluded “repentant Tories” serv<strong>in</strong>g six months required for rehabilitation.<br />
BGC p. 271n.<br />
3070 NGP8 p. 360, BGC pp. 179. Regard<strong>in</strong>g a mass tory grave found near Cedar Ponds (Lex<strong>in</strong>gton County, S.C.) <strong>and</strong> which it is<br />
speculated may be l<strong>in</strong>ked to Hampton’s June 1781 raid, see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/cedarcreek.htm<br />
3071 MHG p. 523.<br />
524
Detachments not <strong>in</strong>cluded above:<br />
Royal Artillery: 220<br />
German artillery: 50<br />
17 th Light Dragoons: 25<br />
82 nd Light Company: 36<br />
Jägers: 57<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers: 33<br />
Guides <strong>and</strong> Pioneers: 54<br />
Total for detachments, etc.: 475<br />
COMPLETE TOTAL: 5312 3072<br />
Wickwire notes that after more re<strong>in</strong>forcements arrived, Cornwallis had 7000 effectives, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se 5000<br />
present were fit for duty. As a result, his lordship had to focus more on raids <strong>and</strong> a naval station than an<br />
<strong>of</strong>fensive proper -– which if true, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> retrospect, was all <strong>the</strong> more <strong>com</strong>pell<strong>in</strong>g reason for him to have left<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia while leav<strong>in</strong>g a much smaller naval garrison <strong>and</strong> or raid<strong>in</strong>g force <strong>the</strong>re <strong>in</strong> place <strong>of</strong> his whole army. 3073<br />
1 June. Cornwallis moved to Tile’s Ord<strong>in</strong>ary hav<strong>in</strong>g crossed <strong>the</strong> North Anna River a Cook’s Ford. 3074<br />
1 June. Maj. Hezekiah Maham, at Stephen, S.C., wrote to Greene report<strong>in</strong>g that Rawdon had fallen back to<br />
Monck’s Corner, <strong>and</strong> was send<strong>in</strong>g out strong parties to collect livestock. 3075<br />
1 June. Brig. Gen. Isaac Huger, near McCord’s ferry, wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g Maj. Hezekiah Maham was to be<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forced by part <strong>of</strong> Col. Charles Myddleton’s regiment <strong>and</strong> by Marion; who should have jo<strong>in</strong>ed Maham “this<br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g.” 3076<br />
1-2 June. The Maham tower at Augusta had been <strong>com</strong>pleted despite efforts by Brown to destroy it; <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g an<br />
unsuccessful attempt, us<strong>in</strong>g heated shot from artillery, to set a house adjacent to <strong>the</strong> tower on fire. A cannon<br />
was <strong>the</strong>n mounted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> tower on <strong>the</strong> 2 nd . Even so, Brown tried a fur<strong>the</strong>r stratagem <strong>of</strong> send<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a saboteur<br />
masquerad<strong>in</strong>g as a deserter, but which clever scheme failed also. In <strong>the</strong> night follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 2 nd , Brown burned<br />
down some houses outside <strong>the</strong> fort to prevent <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g used by American marksmen. None<strong>the</strong>less, two<br />
structures rema<strong>in</strong>ed unsca<strong>the</strong>d with hope by <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>of</strong> later mann<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m with riflemen <strong>com</strong>e<br />
<strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> assault. Yet Brown had deliberately not burned those houses; <strong>in</strong>tend<strong>in</strong>g to lure some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> besiegers<br />
<strong>in</strong>to a trap <strong>the</strong>re; regard<strong>in</strong>g which see 4 June.<br />
Also on <strong>the</strong> 2 nd , Pickens wrote to Greene that a force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy which had collected at Ebenezer, GA. was<br />
too small to threaten <strong>the</strong> siege still tak<strong>in</strong>g place at Augusta. 3077<br />
2 June. Lafayette arrived at Mattapony church <strong>in</strong> Spotsylvania County, VA. a few miles north <strong>of</strong> Mount Pleasant.<br />
Tarleton followed to a po<strong>in</strong>t nearby shortly after, but be<strong>in</strong>g so far from Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army could not<br />
pursue. 3078<br />
2-4 June. [raids] Charlottesville (Albemarle County, VA.) Tarleton, with 180 dragoons <strong>of</strong> his Legion, <strong>and</strong> 70<br />
mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry under Capt. Champagne <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt. [with <strong>the</strong> 70 <strong>the</strong>mselves presumably from <strong>the</strong> same<br />
regiment; though this isn’t quite certa<strong>in</strong>], carried out a series <strong>of</strong> raids <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terior <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state. His men<br />
were now mounted on some f<strong>in</strong>e steeds which had just recently been confiscated. In attacks <strong>the</strong>n on Louisa<br />
Court House <strong>and</strong> Charlottesville, he captured 12 wagonloads <strong>of</strong> cloth<strong>in</strong>g headed for Greene’s army; sett<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m<br />
to <strong>the</strong> torch. 1,000 firelocks were also taken <strong>and</strong> broken up; <strong>and</strong> 400 barrels <strong>of</strong> powder, some Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> several hogsheads <strong>of</strong> tobacco were destroyed. Seven members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia assembly <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
leaders were, says Tarleton, “killed, wounded or taken.” 3079 But ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>and</strong> endurance <strong>of</strong><br />
Jack Jouett rid<strong>in</strong>g to br<strong>in</strong>g timely warn<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> 3 rd <strong>and</strong> 4 th , most, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Governor Jefferson <strong>and</strong> Brig. Gen.<br />
Edward Stevens, managed to narrowly escape to Staunton; where a temporary state capital was <strong>the</strong>n<br />
established. A detachment <strong>of</strong> Tarleton’s, under Lieut. Donald MacLeod, had actually ridden to Jefferson’s home<br />
at Monticello; where, not f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Governor, <strong>the</strong>y regaled <strong>the</strong>mselves with <strong>the</strong> governor’s f<strong>in</strong>e w<strong>in</strong>es <strong>and</strong><br />
food. Charlottesville had been a depot for some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners taken at Saratoga, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
<strong>in</strong>vasion most had been moved earlier to W<strong>in</strong>chester. Yet 20 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se “Convention” (i.e., Saratoga) prisoners, 3080<br />
were released by Tarleton. “Many more,” he writes “would probably have jo<strong>in</strong>ed 3081 <strong>the</strong>ir countrymen, if<br />
3072 Taken from CAC p. 236, <strong>in</strong>sert: “Troops serv<strong>in</strong>g under Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia.”<br />
3073 WCO p. 326.<br />
3074 SQR pp. 211-212.<br />
3075 NGP8 p. 334.<br />
3076 NGP8 p. 333.<br />
3077 NGP8 p. 337, LMS pp. 263-266, 270.<br />
3078 LMS p. 419, JYC pp. 39-40.<br />
3079 One <strong>of</strong> those “killed, wounded or taken,” was Brig. Gen. Charles Scott. Though he certa<strong>in</strong>ly was not killed, it has not been<br />
established (to this writer at least) <strong>in</strong> which o<strong>the</strong>r group he fell.<br />
3080 There were an estimated 2,800 rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Convention prisoners <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, though at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> Leslie’s <strong>in</strong>vasion <strong>in</strong> October-<br />
November at least 800 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se had been moved to Frederick, Maryl<strong>and</strong>.<br />
3081 “Would probably have jo<strong>in</strong>ed” seems imply that some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners chose not to jo<strong>in</strong> him.<br />
525
Lieutenant colonel Tarleton had been at liberty to rema<strong>in</strong> at Charlottesville a few days; but his duty po<strong>in</strong>ted out<br />
<strong>the</strong> propriety <strong>of</strong> return<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same afternoon, with his corps <strong>and</strong> prisoners, down <strong>the</strong> Rivanna, towards <strong>the</strong><br />
Po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> Fork.” 3082<br />
Tarleton: “Upon <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body at [Thomas] Jefferson’s plantation, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood <strong>of</strong> Po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
<strong>of</strong> Fork, Earl Cornwallis gave directions for carriages to be provided for <strong>the</strong> conveyance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brass artillery <strong>and</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r stores, captured at Po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> Fork. The prisoners <strong>of</strong> note brought down <strong>the</strong> country were, <strong>in</strong> general,<br />
dismissed, on giv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir paroles. Immediately afterwards, <strong>the</strong> 76 th regiment, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Major [Francis]<br />
Needham, were attached to <strong>the</strong> British legion, who were directed to supply <strong>the</strong>m with horses for an expedition.<br />
This bus<strong>in</strong>ess was almost <strong>com</strong>pleted, when Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton received a copy <strong>of</strong> his <strong>in</strong>structions, which<br />
guided his march first to Albemarle court house, to destroy <strong>the</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>e at that place, <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong>nce across<br />
<strong>the</strong> Fluvanna, to attempt General Steuben: It was strongly re<strong>com</strong>mended to defeat <strong>and</strong> disperse his corps, as<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were <strong>the</strong> foundation <strong>of</strong> a large body <strong>of</strong> eighteen-months men, lately voted by <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce. Tarleton was<br />
likewise enjo<strong>in</strong>ed to do his utmost to <strong>in</strong>tercept any light troops that might be on <strong>the</strong>ir way from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
<strong>and</strong> to destroy all <strong>the</strong> stores <strong>and</strong> provisions between <strong>the</strong> Dan <strong>and</strong> Fluvanna, that <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ental armies might<br />
receive no assistance from such supplies. These services be<strong>in</strong>g performed, <strong>the</strong> British light troops were to<br />
return, with all <strong>the</strong>ir prisoners, both civil <strong>and</strong> military, to Manchester, where boats would be <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess to<br />
receive <strong>and</strong> convey <strong>the</strong>m to <strong>the</strong> royal army at Richmond. Before Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton left his camp to<br />
proceed upon this enterprize, reports reached head quarters, that <strong>the</strong> stores were removed from Albemarle<br />
court house, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> Baron Steuben had made a circuitous move, <strong>in</strong> order to form a junction with <strong>the</strong><br />
American army, which had now crossed <strong>the</strong> North Anna; <strong>the</strong> expedition, <strong>the</strong>refore, was counterm<strong>and</strong>ed, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
royal forces <strong>com</strong>menced <strong>the</strong>ir march towards Westham.” 3083<br />
3 June. [raid] Goochl<strong>and</strong> (Goochl<strong>and</strong> County, VA.) Cornwallis ordered Simcoe’s loyalist legion, <strong>the</strong> Queen’s<br />
Rangers (300 men), to attack Po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> Fork. His lordship himself, meanwhile, marched to Goochl<strong>and</strong> Court House<br />
where he destroyed stores <strong>the</strong>re. 3084<br />
3 June. At a distance <strong>of</strong> less than sixty yards from <strong>the</strong> Star fort, work now began on third parallel at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six;<br />
with Cruger’s men, for <strong>the</strong>ir part, fir<strong>in</strong>g at digg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> labor parties. Greene <strong>the</strong>n had a Maham tower erected 30<br />
yards from <strong>the</strong> Star fort, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> which riflemen were placed to protect <strong>the</strong> sappers <strong>and</strong> diggers. Cruger<br />
responded by plac<strong>in</strong>g s<strong>and</strong>bags above <strong>the</strong> Star fort’s parapets to protect aga<strong>in</strong>st fire from <strong>the</strong> tower. 3085<br />
3 June. Lafayette moved to Corb<strong>in</strong>’s Bridge on <strong>the</strong> Po River <strong>in</strong> Spotsylvania County. 3086<br />
3 June (also given as <strong>the</strong> 6 th ). [raid] Snipes’ Plantation (Colleton County, S.C.) Maj. William Clay Snipes 3087 was<br />
surprised after sunrise, <strong>and</strong> all but 3 <strong>of</strong> his twenty men were killed or taken prisoner by a detachment out <strong>of</strong><br />
Dorchester, led by Capt. John Saunders, with a troop <strong>of</strong> Queen’s Rangers, <strong>and</strong> Capt. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Chesney, with<br />
some South Carol<strong>in</strong>a loyalists. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> a letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th Sumter stated that although all<br />
but 4 were captured, Snipes 3088 was among <strong>the</strong> 4 who had escaped. 3089<br />
Chesney: “We [i.e., Chesney with his troop <strong>of</strong> Charlestown cavalry] had not been at this place long before I<br />
ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed that Major Snipes, Col. Haynes [Isaac Hayne] <strong>and</strong> Marion had returned, crossed Pond-Pond [Pon Pon]<br />
River <strong>and</strong> were embody<strong>in</strong>g troops [June, 1781] which <strong>in</strong>telligence I <strong>com</strong>municated to Lord Rawdon <strong>and</strong> His<br />
Lordship immediately ordered out a detachment <strong>of</strong> which I was one. We crossed Pond-Pond [Pon Pon] River at<br />
Parker’s Ferry, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> boats hav<strong>in</strong>g been removed to impede our march, I swam my horse over ac<strong>com</strong>panied by<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>and</strong> procured fea<strong>the</strong>r-beds to transport those who could not swim across <strong>the</strong> River; we <strong>the</strong>n proceeded<br />
rapidly <strong>and</strong> reached Snipe’s plantation by daylight. We soon cleared him <strong>and</strong> his party, driv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m out with<br />
loss; on this occasion I was wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> thigh with a spear by a man concealed <strong>in</strong> a Ha-Ha [sic] whilst <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
act <strong>of</strong> leap<strong>in</strong>g my horse over it. But I made him prisoner <strong>and</strong> took him with <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs taken on this occasion to<br />
Dorchester.” 3090<br />
Stephen Jarvis: “Only one man was taken prisoner <strong>and</strong> he was ordered to be killed by Capta<strong>in</strong> Saunders, <strong>the</strong><br />
most disgraceful th<strong>in</strong>g I ever heard <strong>of</strong> a British Officer. The poor fellow was severely hacked, but whe<strong>the</strong>r he<br />
died <strong>of</strong> his wounds or not I do not know. I once pulled out my pistol to put <strong>the</strong> poor fellow out <strong>of</strong> his misery but I<br />
3082 TCS pp. 295-297, GHA4 pp. 114-115, SAW2 pp. 387-388, MLW4A pp. 432-434, LMS pp. 422-425, JLG2 p. 60, CBA pp. 600-601,<br />
WAR2 p. 874, BGD p. 178, LBT, SCAR vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 5-9.<br />
3083 TCS pp. 298-299.<br />
3084 TCS p. 297, LMS pp. 422-425.<br />
3085 SAW2 p. 367, LSY p. 199.<br />
3086 JYC p. 40.<br />
3087 Snipes, because <strong>of</strong> his desire to act <strong>in</strong>dependently, was at times a nuisance to Marion <strong>the</strong> strict discipl<strong>in</strong>arian, <strong>and</strong> was seen<br />
by some, certa<strong>in</strong>ly by <strong>the</strong> British, as more <strong>of</strong> a plunderer than a conscientious <strong>of</strong>ficer. Even so, under Col. Peter Horry direction,<br />
Snipes had acquitted himself well <strong>and</strong> was honored for his prowess as a fighter by be<strong>in</strong>g made reference to <strong>in</strong> British dispatches -<br />
– not to mention be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> target <strong>of</strong> a special raid such as that described above. In February, he received a <strong>com</strong>missions from<br />
both Gov. Rutledge <strong>and</strong> Greene to lead an <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. Later, Snipes, us<strong>in</strong>g Sumter’s law as an enticement, tried to<br />
recruit from Marion; when <strong>the</strong> latter was before Fort Watson. When Snipes claimed he was act<strong>in</strong>g under authorization from<br />
Sumter, Sumter denied it. With relatively small force, he subsequently operated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Beaufort area, to some extent with<br />
Harden, though reta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a separate <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. NGP7 p. 208n, GDH2 pp. 52-53, GHC pp. 354-357, BSF p. 172, BGC pp. 154-155.<br />
3088 Tradition tells how Snipes hid nearby, <strong>and</strong> his Black servant, although threatened with hang<strong>in</strong>g, refused to <strong>in</strong>form <strong>the</strong> British<br />
<strong>of</strong> his whereabouts. The Life <strong>of</strong> Francis Marion by William Gilmore Simms, pp. 246-248, LSC p.16.<br />
3089 SQR pp. 247-248, JKH p. 66, NGP8 p. 360.<br />
3090 CDI.<br />
526
had not <strong>the</strong> power to discharge, <strong>and</strong> said to myself ‘This blood shall not be charged to me.’ I do not know but<br />
have reason to believe that as many as twenty were killed. At first it was supposed that Snipe himself was<br />
amongst <strong>the</strong> sla<strong>in</strong> but it was not so for he made his escape on <strong>the</strong> first shot be<strong>in</strong>g fired.” 3091<br />
Saunders “I shall conclude this detail with mention<strong>in</strong>g one more <strong>in</strong>stance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> gallant behaviour <strong>of</strong> [Thomas]<br />
Merritt[t], which it would be <strong>in</strong>justice to omit: be<strong>in</strong>g obliged <strong>in</strong> an attack I made on <strong>the</strong> rebel partisan Snipe<br />
[Snipes] to approach <strong>the</strong> house <strong>in</strong> which he had his party, through a narrow lane, term<strong>in</strong>ated with<strong>in</strong> half musket<br />
shot <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> house by a strong gate, which, I expected, would deta<strong>in</strong> us some time to open; when it was probable<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir guard would fire on us; <strong>and</strong>, as I was particularly anxious to prevent any k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> check with <strong>the</strong> troops I<br />
<strong>the</strong>n had with me, I picked out Merritt, Corporal Franks, <strong>and</strong> four men <strong>of</strong> my troop to proceed <strong>and</strong> make an<br />
open<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> detachment, which he effected with such read<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>and</strong> spirit, that <strong>the</strong> passage was cleared by<br />
<strong>the</strong> time that <strong>the</strong> detachment, could get up, although, for that purpose, he had been obliged to dismount his<br />
party under <strong>the</strong> fire from <strong>the</strong>ir guard, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> gate <strong>and</strong> fence, on each side <strong>of</strong> it, had been secured <strong>and</strong><br />
streng<strong>the</strong>ned, with an unexpected degree <strong>of</strong> care <strong>and</strong> attention.” 3092<br />
3 June (or 2 June). A squadron with 17 transports from Cork, Irel<strong>and</strong> disembarked at Charlestown; from which<br />
were l<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Regt., <strong>the</strong> 19 th Regt., <strong>and</strong> 30 th Regt., a detachment <strong>of</strong> Guards, <strong>and</strong> a 100 recruits, total<strong>in</strong>g<br />
about 2,000 men; which <strong>in</strong>cluded Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Stewart, <strong>and</strong> which wre collectively under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> Col. Paston Gould. Gould <strong>the</strong>reafter formally became <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> British forces <strong>in</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong><br />
Georgia superced<strong>in</strong>g Balfour. Stephen Jarvis <strong>in</strong> his memoirs somewhat amus<strong>in</strong>gly describes some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> newly<br />
arriv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers as carry<strong>in</strong>g parasols or umbrellas (to protect aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> heat.) 3093<br />
Stephen Jarvis: “In <strong>the</strong> meantime, a re-<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>of</strong> three Regiments arrived from Engl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> 3rd, 19 th <strong>and</strong><br />
30 th Regiments. The 19 th Regiment, Capta<strong>in</strong> Saunders’ troop, which had been removed from Georgetown, <strong>and</strong><br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> Campbell’s Troop were ordered to Monks’ [Monck’s] Corner to relieve <strong>the</strong> Garrison <strong>the</strong>re, who went on<br />
to jo<strong>in</strong> Lord Rawden [sic].” 3094<br />
Fortescue: “(M)atters would have gone hardly with <strong>the</strong>m [i.e., <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six garrison] but for a strange<br />
accident. This was noth<strong>in</strong>g less than <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> six regiments which had been sent to re<strong>in</strong>force Cl<strong>in</strong>ton<br />
from Engl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> which, but for <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terception <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’s orders by an American privateer, would have<br />
sailed straight to New York.” 3095<br />
3 June. Rawdon transformed <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists Regt. <strong>in</strong>to cavalry (very possibly <strong>in</strong>corporat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m<br />
<strong>in</strong>to remnants <strong>of</strong> Harrison’s S.C. Rangers so as to form a new unit), <strong>and</strong> after Charlestown <strong>in</strong>habitants raised<br />
3,000 gu<strong>in</strong>eas by way <strong>of</strong> a subscription for horses <strong>and</strong> cavalry equipment. It numbered 150 men, <strong>and</strong> was placed<br />
under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Maj. John C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>. In addition, Rawdon also had 200 “<strong>in</strong>different” cavalry. 3096<br />
4 June. Pickens wrote to Greene <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g him that about 150 enemy regulars <strong>and</strong> militia have collected at “<strong>the</strong><br />
Two Sisters,” a bluff near Ebenezer on <strong>the</strong> Savannah river. A party <strong>of</strong> this force crossed <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> “killed two<br />
men <strong>in</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a.” 3097<br />
4 June. Lafayette crossed <strong>the</strong> Rapidan River at Ely’s Ford, twenty miles north <strong>of</strong> Fredericksburg; just <strong>in</strong> time<br />
before flood<strong>in</strong>g, caused by heavy ra<strong>in</strong>s, prevented its fur<strong>the</strong>r cross<strong>in</strong>g at that location.<br />
4 June. Wayne arrived at Cook’s Mills on Goose Creek. The ensu<strong>in</strong>g day, he left his baggage <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>and</strong><br />
proceeded to Red House near Thoroughfare Gap. Heavy ra<strong>in</strong>s deta<strong>in</strong>ed his movement. 3098<br />
4 June. Capt. John Howell, with <strong>the</strong> crew <strong>of</strong> his privateer, surprised a group <strong>of</strong> British <strong>of</strong>ficers at d<strong>in</strong>ner <strong>and</strong><br />
captured <strong>and</strong> paroled <strong>the</strong>m. Among those taken was Colonel Roger Kelsell (ostensibly a relation to loyalist Col.<br />
Fletcher Kelsell.) 3099<br />
4 June. Lee <strong>and</strong> Pickens decided to launch gr<strong>and</strong> assault on Fort Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early hours <strong>of</strong> June 4 th . Yet<br />
<strong>and</strong> to <strong>the</strong>ir surprise, at 3 a.m. a violent explosion rent a nearby house Brown had planted with explosives, <strong>and</strong><br />
which it was expected <strong>the</strong> Americans would occupy as a protected shoot<strong>in</strong>g position. Although <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g had<br />
been <strong>in</strong>spected earlier by <strong>the</strong> Americans, it was unoccupied at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fuse set detonation. By about 9<br />
a.m., Lee <strong>and</strong> Pickens organized <strong>the</strong>ir forces aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> issued Brown a summons. Terms were agreed upon <strong>and</strong> 8<br />
a.m. <strong>the</strong> next day was designated as <strong>the</strong> hour <strong>of</strong> surrender. Officers would be sent to Savannah on parole; while<br />
<strong>the</strong> rank <strong>and</strong> file were to be prisoners <strong>of</strong> war. 3100<br />
3091 JKH p. 66.<br />
3092 SQR pp. 247-248.<br />
3093 NGP8 p. 369n, SCP5 pp. 295-298, ATR81b pp. 153-154, 189, AR81 p. 91, TCS pp. 479-480, GHA4 p. 93, SAW2 p. 371, JLG2 pp.<br />
63, 146-147, LFB2 p. 486, FWI pp. 239-240, MSC2 pp. 287-288, BGC p. 182.<br />
3094 JJA.<br />
3095 FWI pp. 239-240.<br />
3096 NGP8 p. 405, ATR81b p. 189, AR81 p. 87, SCP5 p. 292, TCS pp. 480-481, MLW4A p. 531, MSC2 pp. 291-292.<br />
3097 NGP8 p. 347.<br />
3098 JYC p. 45.<br />
3099 JHG pp. 499-500.<br />
3100 LMS pp. 365-366, CKR pp. 135-136.<br />
527
5 June. [surrender] Augusta, surrender <strong>of</strong> Fort Cornwallis (Richmond County, GA.) Fort Cornwallis at Augusta<br />
surrendered to Pickens <strong>and</strong> Lee (see Augusta, 22 May.) Brown, who was exchanged by October, years afterward<br />
blamed <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Augusta on his <strong>in</strong>ability to rally <strong>and</strong> keep with him <strong>the</strong> Indians previously with<strong>in</strong> his garrison;<br />
while some 1,500 o<strong>the</strong>r warriors, en route to Augusta, were reported to have reached <strong>the</strong> Ogeechee River, forty<br />
miles west <strong>of</strong> Augusta, <strong>the</strong> day it surrendered. Also around or shortly after this time, <strong>the</strong> Upper Creek Indians<br />
were actively oppos<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Spaniards <strong>in</strong> Pensacola <strong>and</strong> Mobile <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South, <strong>and</strong> were harass<strong>in</strong>g rebel settlements<br />
on <strong>the</strong> Ohio River much far<strong>the</strong>r north. See “21 May to 5 June” for additional citations <strong>and</strong> reference.<br />
Follow<strong>in</strong>g Augusta’s fall, Lee returned to Greene at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Pickens rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Augusta remov<strong>in</strong>g stores<br />
taken <strong>the</strong>re, but by <strong>the</strong> 17 th had likewise jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene. After Pickens left, previously Major <strong>and</strong> now Lieut. Col.<br />
James Jackson assumed <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> capitulated post. The liberation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Georgia upcountry from British<br />
occupation, made possible <strong>the</strong> revival <strong>of</strong> more normal state government. Among <strong>the</strong> legislators first measures<br />
was to form militia <strong>and</strong> state troops to cooperate with <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. 3101 Although a Georgia State Legion was<br />
subsequently raised under [James] Jackson, <strong>the</strong> state had no funds to pay <strong>the</strong>m. Instead l<strong>and</strong>, slaves, horses,<br />
cloth<strong>in</strong>g, provisions, salt, usually confiscated from tories, were used. Former loyalists were given <strong>the</strong><br />
opportunity to prove <strong>the</strong>ir new American allegiance by serv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia or state troops. “But for <strong>the</strong> need <strong>of</strong><br />
many to prove <strong>the</strong>ir loyalty to <strong>the</strong> United States, it is doubtful if <strong>the</strong>re would have been any state troops worth<br />
mention<strong>in</strong>g.” The goods taken at Augusta were <strong>in</strong>tended to distributed equally among Georgia militia. Yet after<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g collected for that purpose, <strong>the</strong>y were absconded with by a local named John Burnett who carried <strong>the</strong>m<br />
past <strong>the</strong> frontier, <strong>and</strong> deep <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> wilderness <strong>in</strong>terior. 3102<br />
Kirkwood: “5 th This Day Augusta was Captured by Col. Lee mak<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> garrison prisoners <strong>of</strong> war consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
165 British <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> like number <strong>of</strong> Tories.” 3103<br />
5 June. Rawdon wrote Cornwallis, say<strong>in</strong>g he would at present leave <strong>the</strong> newly arrived regiments (i.e., 3 rd , 19 th ,<br />
30 th ) <strong>in</strong> Charlestown <strong>and</strong> “may march on <strong>the</strong> 7 th towards N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six hav<strong>in</strong>g been re<strong>in</strong>forced by <strong>the</strong> flank<br />
<strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same three regiments.” Rawdon at this particular time was ill, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field was<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Watson. 3104<br />
5-6 June. [raid] Po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> Fork (Fluvanna County, VA.) About this same time as Tarleton’s forays <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Charlottesville area, a second raid<strong>in</strong>g column under Lieut. Col. John Graves Simcoe, with 100 cavalry <strong>and</strong> 200-<br />
300 mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> hussars <strong>of</strong> Queens Rangers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jägers were sent to<br />
Po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> Fork (down <strong>the</strong> Rivanna River from Charlottesville); where von Steuben, with about 500 recruits <strong>and</strong><br />
militia, was posted guard<strong>in</strong>g an ammunition laboratory <strong>and</strong> a magaz<strong>in</strong>e. Steuben managed to retreat to safety,<br />
but most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> arms <strong>and</strong> stores were taken or destroyed; <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 2,500 st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> arms, quantities <strong>of</strong><br />
gunpowder, saltpeter, rum, br<strong>and</strong>y, carpenter’s tools, entrench<strong>in</strong>g tools, wagons, cloth, a 13 <strong>in</strong>ch mortar <strong>and</strong> 5<br />
howitzers, 4 n<strong>in</strong>e-pounders; all <strong>of</strong> which Cornwallis later found use for at Yorktown. Some days later, however,<br />
some ten cannon <strong>the</strong> British had dumped <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> river were retrieved by <strong>the</strong> Americans (<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>reby saved.)<br />
Cornwallis followed Tarleton <strong>and</strong> Simcoe <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir wake; <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 7 th camped at Elk Hill, a plantation <strong>of</strong><br />
Jefferson’s, near Byrd Creek, <strong>and</strong> where Tarleton <strong>and</strong> Simcoe later reunited with him that same day. 3105<br />
6 June. Lafayette crossed to <strong>the</strong> south bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rapidan River at Raccoon Ford.<br />
6 June. Lieut. Col. James Grierson taken prisoner at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Augusta, was murdered by an unknown<br />
assailant (probably a local or someone <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> whig militia); though both Thomas Brown <strong>and</strong> Tarleton Brown speak<br />
<strong>of</strong> a James Alex<strong>and</strong>er as be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> known culprit. 3106 Just before, Grierson was be<strong>in</strong>g held <strong>in</strong> temporary custody<br />
await<strong>in</strong>g removal to Savannah. Brown himself was assaulted, <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r one <strong>of</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficer’s wounded, but <strong>in</strong><br />
those <strong>in</strong>stances <strong>the</strong> perpetrator was caught <strong>and</strong> put <strong>in</strong> conf<strong>in</strong>ement. Greene <strong>of</strong>fered an award <strong>of</strong> 100 gu<strong>in</strong>eas for<br />
<strong>the</strong> capture <strong>of</strong> Grierson’s murderer, but <strong>the</strong> latter was never found or brought to justice. 3107<br />
Thomas Brown (<strong>in</strong> reply to Ramsay’s History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolution <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a): “…The port <strong>of</strong> Augusta be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>vested <strong>and</strong> besieged near three months, was surrendered by capitulation. From Colonel Lee, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
<strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Legion, a gentleman <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most honourable <strong>and</strong> liberal sentiments, <strong>and</strong> from his <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>the</strong><br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops experienced every security <strong>and</strong> attention; from <strong>the</strong> militia under a General Pickens, every species<br />
<strong>of</strong> abuse <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>sult. Colonel Lee <strong>and</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers exerted <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> an un<strong>com</strong>mon degree <strong>and</strong> took every<br />
possible precaution to protect <strong>the</strong> prisoners from violence. The K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers were paroled, <strong>and</strong> quartered at a<br />
gentleman’s house, with a guard <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental dragoons, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> [James] Armstrong.<br />
The militia prisoners were conf<strong>in</strong>ed to a stockade fort, where General Pickens <strong>and</strong> his militia were quartered.<br />
3101 Coleman: “At <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Augusta <strong>the</strong>re were militia reported present who had been <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field for a year, but<br />
who had received little pay or subsistence. Such long term militia men <strong>in</strong> many ways were more like partisans than militia.” CGA<br />
p. 140.<br />
3102 KJO p. 19, NGP8 p. 404, GHA4 pp. 90-91, MLW4A pp. 525-526, LMS pp. 366-371, GAR2 pp. 122-123, JLG2 pp. 132-137, 145-<br />
146, 155, 209, MHG pp. 494-495, 523-524, LFB2 p. 533, CGA p. 140, CKR pp. 130-137, 141, 145.<br />
3103 KJO p. 19.<br />
3104 NGP8 pp. 355, 369, AR81 p. 91, SCP5 p. 293.<br />
3105 SQR pp. 212-223, TCS pp. 295-298, MLW4A pp. 434-436, LMS pp. 422-425, JLG2 p. 60, CBA pp. 600-602, JYC p. 43, WAR2 p.<br />
873, WCO p. 333.<br />
3106 Rev. George White: “Tarleton Brown, a respectable <strong>in</strong>habitant <strong>of</strong> Barnwell District, says Dr. Johnson, <strong>in</strong> his ‘Traditions <strong>and</strong><br />
Rem<strong>in</strong>iscences <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution,’ published <strong>in</strong> 1843, gives <strong>the</strong> first direct <strong>in</strong>formation on this subject. He confirms<br />
McCall’s <strong>in</strong>timidation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g words -- ‘Capta<strong>in</strong> Alex<strong>and</strong>er shoot<strong>in</strong>g Grierson for his villa<strong>in</strong>ous conduct <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> country.’ He<br />
had exposed his prisoners, among whom was <strong>the</strong> fa<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> James Alex<strong>and</strong>er, to <strong>the</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir relatives <strong>and</strong> friends, for<br />
<strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> screen<strong>in</strong>g his men from <strong>the</strong> besiegers.” WHG pp. 614-620.<br />
3107 NGP8 p. 359, MMS2 pp. 283-284, LMS pp. 369-370, JLG2 pp. 132-137.<br />
528
After Colonel Lee marched from Augusta, Colonel [James] Grierson, who had rendered himself peculiarly<br />
obnoxious to <strong>the</strong> enemy by his spirited <strong>and</strong> unwearied exertions <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> cause <strong>of</strong> his country, was under <strong>the</strong><br />
custody <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> guard, about ten paces from General Pickens’ quarters. His spirit <strong>and</strong> unshaken loyalty <strong>in</strong><br />
every change <strong>of</strong> fortune, marked him out as a proper victim to sacrifice to <strong>the</strong>ir savage resentment. One <strong>of</strong><br />
General Pickens’ men, named James Alex<strong>and</strong>er, entered <strong>the</strong> room where he was conf<strong>in</strong>ed with his three<br />
children, shot him through <strong>the</strong> body, <strong>and</strong> returned unmolested by <strong>the</strong> sent<strong>in</strong>el posted at <strong>the</strong> door, or <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong><br />
guard. He was afterwards stripped, <strong>and</strong> his clo<strong>the</strong>s divided among <strong>the</strong> soldiers, who, hav<strong>in</strong>g exercised upon his<br />
dead body all <strong>the</strong> rage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most horrid brutality, threw it <strong>in</strong>to a ditch without <strong>the</strong> fort. Thus fell <strong>the</strong> brave,<br />
unfortunate Colonel Grierson, a man high <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> estimation <strong>of</strong> his country, valued by his acqua<strong>in</strong>tances, beloved<br />
by his friends -– not by <strong>the</strong> shot <strong>of</strong> an unseen marksman, but under <strong>the</strong> eye <strong>of</strong> General Pickens, by <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> a<br />
bloody, sanctioned, <strong>and</strong> protected villa<strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong> shameful violation <strong>of</strong> a solemn capitulation.<br />
“After <strong>the</strong> murder <strong>of</strong> Colonel Grierson, ano<strong>the</strong>r execrable villa<strong>in</strong> named Shields (an unseen marksman,) <strong>the</strong> same<br />
day, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same fort, under <strong>the</strong> eye <strong>of</strong> General Pickens, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers, without <strong>in</strong>terruption<br />
from <strong>the</strong> sentries or guards, called Major Williams, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Georgia militia, to <strong>the</strong> door <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prison, <strong>and</strong> shot him<br />
through <strong>the</strong> body. These outrages served only as a prelude to a concerted plan for murder<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> prisoners.<br />
To execute this diabolical design, a hundred <strong>of</strong> General Pickens’ unseen marksmen, ac<strong>com</strong>panied by three<br />
colonels, marched with drawn swords towards <strong>the</strong> quarters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers. Capta<strong>in</strong> [James] Armstrong<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>tention, threatened, <strong>and</strong> ordered his guards to oppose <strong>the</strong>m if <strong>the</strong>y advanced. Then<br />
address<strong>in</strong>g himself to <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Rangers, he told <strong>the</strong>m, that if attacked, to consider <strong>the</strong>mselves released from<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir paroles <strong>and</strong> defend <strong>the</strong>mselves. The determ<strong>in</strong>ed spirit <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Armstrong <strong>and</strong> Major Wash<strong>in</strong>gton 3108 who<br />
were present, struck such terror <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong>se ruffians, that apprehend<strong>in</strong>g an obst<strong>in</strong>ate resistance, <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong>stantly<br />
retired.<br />
“Enraged at <strong>the</strong> repetition <strong>of</strong> such abom<strong>in</strong>able outrages by this b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> assass<strong>in</strong>s, not yet satisfied with blood, I<br />
wrote General Pickens, reproach<strong>in</strong>g him with a violation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> articles <strong>of</strong> capitulation, <strong>in</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> every<br />
pr<strong>in</strong>ciple <strong>of</strong> honour <strong>and</strong> good faith, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>formed him, that <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men, hav<strong>in</strong>g acted by my orders,<br />
ought to be exempt from violence; <strong>and</strong> if it was his determ<strong>in</strong>ation that I should share <strong>the</strong> fate <strong>of</strong> Colonel<br />
Grierson, he would at least f<strong>in</strong>d that a man, conscious <strong>of</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g faithfully discharged his duty to his k<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
country, would meet his fate with <strong>in</strong>difference.<br />
“The prisoners shortly afterwards embarked for Savannah, under <strong>the</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> Major Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, who,<br />
apprehend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mission <strong>of</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r outrages, distributed <strong>the</strong> guards among <strong>the</strong> different boats. By this<br />
precaution, <strong>the</strong> different detachments from General Pickens’ camp, who had taken post on <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
river, were prevented, after repeated attempts, from fir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> boats.<br />
“Your account <strong>of</strong> a skirmish 3109 between General [Anthony] Wayne’s army <strong>and</strong> a party <strong>of</strong> militia <strong>and</strong> dragoons,<br />
consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> fifty men, who <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>the</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> a small detachment I had <strong>the</strong> honour to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, I<br />
presume is taken from General Wayne’s hyperbolical report to <strong>the</strong> Congress. As this buckram feat is altoge<strong>the</strong>r a<br />
fancy piece, it does not merit a <strong>com</strong>ment. 3110<br />
“I have <strong>the</strong> honour to be, Sir,<br />
“Your most obedient, humble servant,<br />
“Thomas Browne<br />
“Nassau, Bahamas, Dec. 25, 1786” 3111<br />
6 June. In a letter to Greene from Brig. Gen. Huger, at his home “Mount Necessity,” S.C., Huger attached a<br />
report from Col. Charles Myddleton, <strong>in</strong> turn obta<strong>in</strong>ed from two deserters, that gave Rawdon’s strength (at <strong>the</strong><br />
moment under Watson’s leadership) as 1,340 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 100 cavalry. 3112<br />
7 June. By this date, Col. Alured Clarke returned to Savannah from St. August<strong>in</strong>e; after hav<strong>in</strong>g gone to <strong>the</strong><br />
Florida post to temporarily to re<strong>in</strong>force <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>the</strong>re sometime <strong>in</strong> April 1781. Clarke rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> charge at<br />
Savannah till 11 July 1782 when <strong>the</strong> British evacuated <strong>the</strong> town. 3113<br />
7 June. Hav<strong>in</strong>g sufficiently recovered from a bout <strong>of</strong> malaria, Rawdon returned to <strong>the</strong> field. He marched from<br />
Charlestown to relieve N<strong>in</strong>ety Six on this date, hav<strong>in</strong>g with him 1,850 men. 3114 Among <strong>the</strong> units conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> his<br />
army were flank <strong>com</strong>panies from <strong>the</strong> 3 rd , <strong>the</strong> 19 th <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 30 th regiments; <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regt.; <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial light<br />
Infantry; small detachments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd Regt., <strong>the</strong> 7 th Regt., <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers, <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales<br />
Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hessian garrison regiments. Among <strong>the</strong> cavalry were <strong>the</strong> mounted South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists,<br />
3108 Not Col. William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> probably Capt. Robert Smith <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a l<strong>in</strong>e is meant.<br />
3109 LMS pp. 554-555.<br />
3110 Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> encounter between Wayne <strong>and</strong> Brown <strong>in</strong> 1782, see LMS pp. 554-555.<br />
3111 WHG pp. 614-620.<br />
3112 NGP8 p. 355.<br />
3113 CGA p. 137.<br />
3114 In a letter to Lee written <strong>in</strong> 1813, Rawdon <strong>in</strong>sisted that at that time he was “furnished with but barely seventeen hundred<br />
men. Even <strong>of</strong> that force, a pr<strong>in</strong>cipal portion was <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> Hessians, or [else] troops just l<strong>and</strong>ed from Irel<strong>and</strong>...” In <strong>the</strong> same<br />
letter, he states that one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> reasons he went to relieve N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, was because he feared <strong>the</strong> possibility <strong>of</strong> a French<br />
<strong>in</strong>vasion. Presumably, what he actually <strong>in</strong>tends to say is that <strong>the</strong> potential French threat spurred him on to greater than usual<br />
action; s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> possible alternative <strong>of</strong> his hav<strong>in</strong>g done noth<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> simply ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six garrison would o<strong>the</strong>rwise<br />
seem <strong>in</strong>explicable. LMS p. 618. Vide’s Register gave his army as 1700 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 50 horse. Tarleton’s notes, “it seems more<br />
probable that Lord Rawdon’s whole force did not exceed two thous<strong>and</strong> men; viz. <strong>the</strong> garrison withdrawn from Camden,<br />
Lieutenant-colonel Watson’s corps, Major M’Arthur’s re<strong>in</strong>forcement, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> flank <strong>com</strong>panies from Colonel Gould’s brigade: But<br />
perhaps <strong>the</strong> 3d <strong>and</strong> 19 th regiments might move from Charles town, towards Dorchester or Mon[c]k’s corner, at <strong>the</strong> same time<br />
that Lord Rawdon left it, though not <strong>in</strong>tended for <strong>the</strong> expedition to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six.” TCS p. 486n, Vide’s Register, p. 85.<br />
529
<strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Light Dragoons, <strong>and</strong> mounted troops <strong>of</strong> Hessians (apparently <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Starckl<strong>of</strong>f’s). Ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
200 under Maj. John Doyle later jo<strong>in</strong>ed him <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Monck’s Corner; br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g his total to at least 2,000.<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Sumter, <strong>in</strong> a letter <strong>of</strong> June 18 th , Rawdon had Watson <strong>and</strong> McArthur’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> with him, <strong>and</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise described Rawdon’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> as <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 250 Hessians, 6 <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> new levies, 40 N.Y.<br />
Volunteers, 4 troops <strong>of</strong> horse (40 to 60 per troop), 5 pieces <strong>of</strong> artillery <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> “Tories -- Several<br />
hundred but I don’t know anyth<strong>in</strong>g near <strong>the</strong>ir number.”<br />
Rawdon approached N<strong>in</strong>ety Six from Charlestown by way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> road runn<strong>in</strong>g along <strong>the</strong> north fork <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Edisto,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n by way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ridge Road. He allowed <strong>the</strong> baggage to fall beh<strong>in</strong>d with an escort, <strong>and</strong> to follow him as<br />
<strong>the</strong>y could. Although at one po<strong>in</strong>t en route an effort was made by Lee’s cavalry to seize it, <strong>the</strong> baggage reached<br />
<strong>the</strong> fort <strong>in</strong> safety. See also 18 June. 3115<br />
Rawdon, at Charlestown on this same date wrote to Cornwallis: “You have overrated our success, which you will<br />
f<strong>in</strong>d has had little o<strong>the</strong>r effect than to give me <strong>the</strong> passage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> warm [personal] <strong>in</strong>terest<br />
which you have so oblig<strong>in</strong>gly expressed…We [Rawdon <strong>and</strong> Balfour] have had miserable trouble with Gould. He<br />
himself is well disposed to make matters easy…but he does not act from his own op<strong>in</strong>ions. Lt[.] Colonel<br />
[Alex<strong>and</strong>er] Stewart <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Regiment bears <strong>the</strong> character <strong>of</strong> a good <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>and</strong> upon <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> it, I can<br />
pla<strong>in</strong>ly perceive, has <strong>in</strong>fluenced Gould to run rusty [i.e., as Saberton notes, “be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong>tractable <strong>and</strong> obst<strong>in</strong>ate”]<br />
The case is Stewart has too high an op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> himself to conceive that he ought even <strong>in</strong>directly to give way to<br />
me a Prov<strong>in</strong>cial colonel, <strong>and</strong> from that idea he has made Gould fight hard that none <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> new troops should be<br />
employed <strong>in</strong> this prov<strong>in</strong>ce. [It turned out that Cornwallis himself changed his m<strong>in</strong>d, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements<br />
earlier requested from Charlestown ended up stay<strong>in</strong>g put with Gould.]…I shall have near 1,800 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 200<br />
cavalry, tels qu’ils sont. If Greene retires, I shall <strong>in</strong>stantly send back <strong>the</strong> flank <strong>com</strong>panies. I march this night <strong>and</strong><br />
have great hopes <strong>of</strong> sav<strong>in</strong>g Cruger…” 3116<br />
Annual Register: “For relief <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> relief <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, Rawdon left Charles-Town with someth<strong>in</strong>g more than<br />
1700 foot <strong>and</strong> 150 horse, he was jo<strong>in</strong>ed on <strong>the</strong> way by Col. Doyle with troops he had left at Monck’s [Monck’s]<br />
corner.” 3117<br />
Henry Nase: “June 7 th . 1781 -- The Third Regt. Marched from <strong>the</strong> Barracks <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Country; & <strong>the</strong>y made a<br />
Genteel <strong>and</strong> Soldier like Appearance.” 3118<br />
8 June. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Cornwallis: “My Lord, I <strong>in</strong>close to your Lordship copies <strong>of</strong> some <strong>in</strong>tercepted letters; by <strong>the</strong>se<br />
your Lordship will see that we are threatened with a siege [at New York.] The enemy have had bad <strong>in</strong>formation<br />
respect<strong>in</strong>g my force; it is not, however, as your Lordship knows, what it ought to be. Your Lordship will see by<br />
Fayette’s letter, that you have little more opposed to you than his corps <strong>and</strong> an unarmed militia; for, we are<br />
told here, that <strong>the</strong> Pennsylvania troops have revolted a second at York-town. Your Lordship can <strong>the</strong>refore<br />
certa<strong>in</strong>ly spare two thous<strong>and</strong> [men], <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> sooner <strong>the</strong>y <strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> better; without it should be your <strong>in</strong>tention to<br />
adopt my ideas <strong>of</strong> a move to Baltimore or <strong>the</strong> Delaware Neck, <strong>and</strong> put yourself <strong>in</strong> nearer co-operation with us;<br />
but even <strong>in</strong> that case you can spare us someth<strong>in</strong>g, I suppose.<br />
“I am naturally to expect re<strong>in</strong>forcement from Europe, but not hav<strong>in</strong>g heard from <strong>the</strong>nce s<strong>in</strong>ce February, I can<br />
say noth<strong>in</strong>g positive as to when it sailed. It is rumoured here (from what authority I cannot learn) that <strong>the</strong> three<br />
battalions from Corke are arrived at Charles-town, <strong>and</strong> that your Lordship has ordered <strong>the</strong>m to Chesapeak[e].<br />
Should that have been <strong>the</strong> case, I have by this opportunity directed <strong>the</strong>m not to disembark, but to jo<strong>in</strong> me here<br />
as soon as a convoy can be obta<strong>in</strong>ed for <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first place because I want <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> next, because<br />
it would be death to <strong>the</strong>m to act <strong>in</strong> Chesapeak <strong>in</strong> July.<br />
“From all <strong>the</strong> letters I have seen, I am <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion, if circumstances <strong>of</strong> provisions, stores, &c. turn out as <strong>the</strong>y<br />
wish, that <strong>the</strong> enemy will certa<strong>in</strong>ly attack this post. As for men, for such an object as this (circumstanced as<br />
<strong>the</strong>y suppose it to be) it cannot be doubted that <strong>the</strong>y can raise a sufficient number. By a <strong>com</strong>missary <strong>of</strong><br />
provision’s <strong>in</strong>tercepted letter, he now feeds (at West-po<strong>in</strong>t only) eight thous<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y are <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> very<br />
fast. My dispatches for your Lordship, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> stores, &c. you sent for, have been wait<strong>in</strong>g for a convoy <strong>the</strong>se ten<br />
days. I hope it will sail immediately, but I dispatch this runner <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mean time, referr<strong>in</strong>g your Lordship to <strong>the</strong><br />
bearer, Lieutenant Nairne, for particulars...<br />
“I am persuaded that I need not say to your Lordship how necessary it is that I shoud be <strong>in</strong>formed without delay<br />
<strong>of</strong> every change <strong>of</strong> position <strong>in</strong> your Lordship’s army; <strong>and</strong> I am sure you will excuse me for observ<strong>in</strong>g that had it<br />
been possible upon <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> last re<strong>in</strong>forcement from hence (which I am told jo<strong>in</strong>ed you <strong>the</strong> day after<br />
<strong>the</strong> date <strong>of</strong> your letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 20 th ult.) for your Lordship to have let me know your views <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tentions, I should<br />
not now be at a loss to judge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> force you might want for your operations. Ignorant <strong>the</strong>refore as I am <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m, I can only trust, that as your Lordship will see by <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>closed letters, my call for a re<strong>in</strong>forcement is not a<br />
wanton one, you will send me what you can spare as soon as it may be expedient; for should your Lordship be<br />
engaged <strong>in</strong> a move <strong>of</strong> such importance as to require <strong>the</strong> employment <strong>of</strong> your whole force, I would by no means<br />
wish to starve or obstruct it; but <strong>in</strong> that case would ra<strong>the</strong>r endeavour to wait a little longer, until my occasions<br />
grow more urgent, or your situation can admit <strong>of</strong> your detach<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>of</strong> which, however, I request to be <strong>in</strong>formed<br />
with all possible dispatch. But with respect to <strong>the</strong> European re<strong>in</strong>forcement [i.e., <strong>the</strong> 3 rd , 19 th , <strong>and</strong> 30 th Regts.<br />
that ended up l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Charlestown, see 3 June], I must request, that should it arrive <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak, it may<br />
3115 NGP8 pp. 379n, 403, 408, 412-413, 451, ATR81b p. 153-154, AR81 p. 92, SCP5 pp. 292-293, TCS p. 486n, 496, GHA4 pp. 93-<br />
96, LMS pp. 372-373, JLG2 pp. 152-153, MSC p. 292, BGC pp. 184-185.<br />
3116 SCP5 pp. 292-293.<br />
3117 AR81 p. 92.<br />
3118 NDI.<br />
530
e sent to me without delay, agreeable to <strong>the</strong> orders I have sent to <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g at Portsmouth, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> requisition I make by this opportunity to Capta<strong>in</strong> Hudson, or <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s ships.<br />
“Should your Lordship not propose to send Major-general Leslie to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, I beg leave to<br />
mention that his assistance may probably be wanted here, if he can be spared from your army.” See also<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s letter to Cornwallis 11 June. 3119<br />
8 June. Prisoners brought from Augusta were paraded before fort at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six by <strong>the</strong>ir escort. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
MacKenzie this was done for purposes <strong>of</strong> deliberate mockery. Lee, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, ascribes it to accidental<br />
carelessness on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> convey<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, <strong>and</strong> who afterward was<br />
severely reprim<strong>and</strong>ed. Though not <strong>the</strong>n present with <strong>the</strong>m when <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>cident took place, Lee himself had<br />
arrived at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six about this same time, or else a day or two earlier. 3120<br />
Otho Williams: “The additional force <strong>of</strong> Lee’s legion after <strong>the</strong> surrender <strong>of</strong> fort Cornwallis, was highly<br />
seasonable; as most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American militia had withdrawn, ei<strong>the</strong>r to carry home <strong>the</strong>ir plunder, or to secure<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir families from <strong>the</strong> ravages <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> royalists, who began to get rid <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir apprehensions, on a report that a<br />
large re<strong>in</strong>forcement from Europe had arrived at Charlestown, <strong>and</strong> that lord Rawdon was march<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> relief <strong>of</strong><br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six.” 3121<br />
8 June. [raids] Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s Second Coxe’s Mill Raid, also Buffalo Ford, Cox’s Mill, Wilcox’s Mill, Wilcox’s Iron Works<br />
(Lee County, N.C.) 3122 Also see 11-12 May, <strong>and</strong> http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/buffal<strong>of</strong>ord.htm<br />
Fann<strong>in</strong>g: “I returned to Coxe’s Mill <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>re till <strong>the</strong> 8 th June; when <strong>the</strong> Rebels embodied 10 men to<br />
attack me, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Cols. Collyer [Colllier] <strong>and</strong> [Andrew] Balfour. 3123 I determ<strong>in</strong>ed to get <strong>the</strong><br />
advantage by attack<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m, which I did with 49 men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night, after march<strong>in</strong>g 10 miles to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
encampment. They took one <strong>of</strong> my guides, which gave <strong>the</strong>m notice <strong>of</strong> my approach: I proceeded with<strong>in</strong> thirty<br />
steps <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m; but be<strong>in</strong>g unacqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong> grounds, advanced very cautiously. The sent<strong>in</strong>el, however,<br />
discovered my party, <strong>and</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g upon us retreated. They secured <strong>the</strong>mselves under cover <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> houses, <strong>and</strong><br />
fences; <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>n began; <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued on both sides for <strong>the</strong> space <strong>of</strong> four hours; be<strong>in</strong>g very cloudy <strong>and</strong><br />
dark -- dur<strong>in</strong>g which time I had one man killed, <strong>and</strong> six wounded; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> guide, before mentioned, taken<br />
prisoner; whom <strong>the</strong>y killed next morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> cold blood. What <strong>in</strong>jury <strong>the</strong>y suffered I could not learn; As <strong>the</strong><br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g appeared, we retreated, <strong>and</strong> returned aga<strong>in</strong> to Deep River; leav<strong>in</strong>g our wounded men at a friend’s<br />
house, privately.<br />
“The Rebels <strong>the</strong>n kept a constant scout<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir numbers was so great, that we had to lay still for<br />
sometime; <strong>and</strong> when Collier <strong>and</strong> Balfour left <strong>the</strong> settlement, he <strong>the</strong> said Colonel [Guilford] Dudley, before<br />
mentioned, took a Negro man from me <strong>and</strong> sold him at public auction for 110 pounds; <strong>the</strong> said Negro was sent<br />
over <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> I never saw him s<strong>in</strong>ce. At length <strong>the</strong>y all began to scatter; <strong>and</strong> we to embody. William<br />
Elwood be<strong>in</strong>g jealous <strong>of</strong> my tak<strong>in</strong>g too much <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> my absence, one day, he persuaded<br />
<strong>the</strong>m that I was go<strong>in</strong>g to make <strong>the</strong>m regular[s]…[<strong>in</strong> Hamilton’s Royal N.C. Regt., etc.]” 3124<br />
9 June: [sorties] N<strong>in</strong>ety Six (Greenwood County, S.C.) Two sorties were made <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g by <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six<br />
garrison aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> m<strong>in</strong>e be<strong>in</strong>g dug lead<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Star fort. Dur<strong>in</strong>g this encounter, a number <strong>of</strong> Americans<br />
were wounded, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Kosciuszko slightly (<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> posterior.) MacKenzie reports that an American <strong>of</strong>ficer was<br />
captured. There was not any significant damage done to <strong>the</strong> work go<strong>in</strong>g on itself, however. 3125<br />
MacKenzie: “On <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 9 th <strong>of</strong> June, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> apprehension that someth<strong>in</strong>g extraord<strong>in</strong>ary was carry<strong>in</strong>g on<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s works, two sallies, with strong parties, were made. One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se enter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir trenches upon<br />
<strong>the</strong> right, <strong>and</strong> penetrat<strong>in</strong>g to a battery <strong>of</strong> four guns, were prevented from destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m for want <strong>of</strong> spikes<br />
<strong>and</strong> hammers. They here discovered <strong>the</strong> mount <strong>of</strong> a m<strong>in</strong>e, designed to be carried under a curta<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Star,<br />
upon spr<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong> breach was to be entered by <strong>the</strong> American army, sword <strong>in</strong> h<strong>and</strong>. The o<strong>the</strong>r division<br />
that marched upon <strong>the</strong> left fell <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong> cover<strong>in</strong>g party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> besiegers, a number <strong>of</strong> whom were put to <strong>the</strong><br />
bayonet, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m, Capt. Bentley <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia l<strong>in</strong>e, brought <strong>in</strong> prisoner. Both<br />
divisions returned to <strong>the</strong> garrison with little loss, though it was impossible for that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy not to have<br />
been considerable.” 3126<br />
Lee: “The enemy’s left had been entirely neglected, although <strong>in</strong> that quarter was procured <strong>the</strong> chief supply <strong>of</strong><br />
water. As soon as <strong>the</strong> corps <strong>of</strong> Lee entered camp, that <strong>of</strong>ficer was directed to take post opposite to <strong>the</strong> enemy’s<br />
left, <strong>and</strong> to <strong>com</strong>mence regular approaches aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> stockade. Very soon Lee pushed his ditch to <strong>the</strong> ground<br />
designated for <strong>the</strong> erection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battery, under <strong>the</strong> cover <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong> subsequent approaches would be made.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> next day [<strong>the</strong> 9 th ] this battery was erected, <strong>and</strong> Lieutenant F<strong>in</strong>n [Ebenezer F<strong>in</strong>ley], with a<br />
3119 SCV2 pp. 14-17 <strong>and</strong> for <strong>the</strong> 11 June letter pp. 18-23. JLG2 pp. 62-64.<br />
3120 MST p. 153, SAW2 p. 369, CSS pp. 1181-1185, MLW4A p. 526, LMS p. 371, JLG2 p. 135, LCC pp. 391-393 MSC2 pp. 274-275,<br />
RNC p. 337.<br />
3121 GHA4 p. 93.<br />
3122 John Robertson’s gives R<strong>and</strong>olph, ra<strong>the</strong>r than Lee County; which aga<strong>in</strong> (see 11-12 May, Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s first Coxe’s Mill raid) may<br />
possibly be correct, but I have yet to confirm this myself. See http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/buffal<strong>of</strong>ord.htm<br />
3123 A brief sketch <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col. Andrew Balfour <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> R<strong>and</strong>olph County, N.C. militia, who was <strong>in</strong>volved with many scrapes <strong>and</strong><br />
skirmishes aga<strong>in</strong>st Fann<strong>in</strong>g (<strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> March 1782, ultimately killed by Fann<strong>in</strong>g), is given <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> appendix to Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s Narrative,<br />
<strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r sketch, but considerably longer, is found <strong>in</strong> Caru<strong>the</strong>rs’ <strong>Revolutionary</strong> Incidents <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Old North State, see CNS1 pp.<br />
297-343. See also http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/balfoursplantation.htm<br />
3124 FNA pp. 17-18, WRM p. 380.<br />
3125 MST p. 154, LMS p. 371-372, LSY p. 200.<br />
3126 MST p.154, SAW2 pp. 369-370.<br />
531
six-pounder, took possession <strong>of</strong> it. The besiegers advanc<strong>in</strong>g closer <strong>and</strong> closer, with caution <strong>and</strong> safety, both on<br />
<strong>the</strong> right <strong>and</strong> left, Lieutenant-Colonel Cruger foresaw his <strong>in</strong>evitable destruction, unless averted by <strong>the</strong> approach<br />
<strong>of</strong> Rawdon. To give time for <strong>the</strong> desired event, he determ<strong>in</strong>ed, by nocturnal sallies, to attempt to carry our<br />
trenches; <strong>and</strong> to destroy with <strong>the</strong> spade whatever he might ga<strong>in</strong> by <strong>the</strong> bayonet. These recounters were fierce<br />
<strong>and</strong> frequent, directed sometimes upon one quarter <strong>and</strong> sometimes upon ano<strong>the</strong>r; but so judicious had been <strong>the</strong><br />
arrangements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American general to counteract <strong>the</strong>se expected attempts, that <strong>in</strong> no one <strong>in</strong>stance did <strong>the</strong><br />
British <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant succeed. The mode adopted was never<strong>the</strong>less pursued without <strong>in</strong>termission; <strong>and</strong> although<br />
fail<strong>in</strong>g to effect <strong>the</strong> chief object contemplated, became extremely harass<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> American army, whose<br />
repose dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night was <strong>in</strong>cessantly disturbed, <strong>and</strong> whose labor <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day was <strong>in</strong>cessantly pressed.” 3127<br />
9-13 June. Simcoe: “Lieut. Col. Simcoe, on <strong>the</strong> 9 th <strong>of</strong> June, was detached [from Cornwallis] with his cavalry to<br />
destroy some tobacco <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> warehouses, on <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fluvanna: 3128 he passed at <strong>the</strong> lowest ford,<br />
<strong>and</strong> proceed<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> Seven isl<strong>and</strong>s, destroyed one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty barrels <strong>of</strong> gunpowder, <strong>and</strong> burnt all <strong>the</strong><br />
tobacco <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> warehouses on <strong>the</strong> river side, return<strong>in</strong>g with some rebel militia whom he had surprised <strong>and</strong> made<br />
prisoners. The army [<strong>of</strong> Cornwallis] rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> this district [<strong>of</strong> Elk Hill] till <strong>the</strong> 13 th <strong>of</strong> June; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers made several patroles, particularly one to Bird’s ord<strong>in</strong>ary, at midnight, where, it was<br />
understood, <strong>the</strong> Marquis de la Fayette, with his forces, had arrived. It appeared, however, that <strong>the</strong>y were at a<br />
great distance, so that <strong>the</strong> army moved towards Richmond, <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers form<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rear guard.” See 13<br />
June. 3129<br />
10 June (also 7 <strong>and</strong> 9 June.) Wayne with 800-900 (ostensibly rank <strong>and</strong> file) Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, jo<strong>in</strong>ed Lafayette about<br />
twelve miles south <strong>of</strong> Raccoon Ford (some sources say at <strong>the</strong> ford) on <strong>the</strong> Rapidan River, <strong>the</strong> south branch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Rappahannock. Wayne, by himself with some staff, however, had reached Lafayette by <strong>the</strong> 7 th . His force<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded 3 Pennsylvania regiments: <strong>the</strong> 1 st Pennsylvania Battalion under Col. Walter Stewart; 2 nd Pennsylvania<br />
Battalion under Col. Richard Butler; Craig’s Pennsylvania Battalion under Col. Richard Humpton, plus 90<br />
artillerymen, with 6 cannon (at least 2 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se be<strong>in</strong>g four pounders) <strong>of</strong> Proctor’s 4 th Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Artillery. The<br />
same day Lafayette, now with Wayne, recrossed <strong>the</strong> Rapidan <strong>and</strong> advanced on Cornwallis at Elk Hill, reach<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Brock’s Bridge on <strong>the</strong> North Anna River. <strong>War</strong>d states that Lafayette’s corps at this hour numbered some<br />
4,500. 3130<br />
11 June. Royal Governor James Wright, Sr., at Savannah, to Balfour: “Our distresses our many, <strong>and</strong> how to<br />
furnish <strong>the</strong> militia on actual duty with rations I can’t tell, for <strong>the</strong>re is not a s<strong>in</strong>gle barrel <strong>of</strong> beef or pork to be<br />
purchased here, even if I had <strong>the</strong> money to buy it. I trust <strong>the</strong>refore, Sir, that circumstanced as we are you will<br />
th<strong>in</strong>k it for his Majesty’s service <strong>and</strong> really necessary to order some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s provisions here for support <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> militia on actual service, <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> which, I th<strong>in</strong>k, will be at least what is mentioned <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> M<strong>in</strong>ute <strong>of</strong><br />
Council, besides those <strong>and</strong> about town which, I suppose, amount to 300.” 3131<br />
11 June. Lafayette camped near Boswell’s Tavern (<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> proximity <strong>of</strong> later Munford Bridge) on <strong>the</strong> South Anna<br />
River. 3132<br />
11 June. Sumter, at “Congarees” [Ancrum’s Plantation], to Greene wrote say<strong>in</strong>g he was on <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> mov<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
yet even so his troops were still not <strong>in</strong> good order. He also remarked that Marion was about to return from<br />
Georgetown but had few men. 3133<br />
12 June. Hav<strong>in</strong>g started his march <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 11 th , <strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g a little used track, Lafayette camped<br />
near “Allegre’s,” at an “impregnable position” with much overgrowth. The site was located beh<strong>in</strong>d Mechunck<br />
(also “Mechunk” <strong>and</strong> “Meechunk”) Creek, thirteen miles east <strong>of</strong> Charlottesville. Here he was augmented shortly<br />
afterward by 600 western <strong>and</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn county Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia under recently promoted Brig. Gen. William<br />
Campbell; who had <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong>. There were occasional skirmishes <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area with Cornwallis<br />
scout<strong>in</strong>g parties ordered out under Tarleton. 3134<br />
12 June. Maj. John Armstrong, at Salisbury wrote Greene stat<strong>in</strong>g that he had with him about 200 N.C.<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, <strong>and</strong> would be ready to leave Salisbury on June 20 th . He reached Greene on June 25 th . 3135<br />
12 June. General Thomas Nelson was elected Governor <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, replac<strong>in</strong>g Thomas Jefferson; whose term <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong>fice had ended June 4 th . 3136<br />
12 June. [siege approach] N<strong>in</strong>ety Six (Greenwood County, S.C.) Under <strong>the</strong> cover <strong>of</strong> a violent, yet ra<strong>in</strong>less storm,<br />
Lee sent a party to sneak up on a stockade or hornwork (denoted Fort Holmes), protect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> garrison’s water<br />
3127 LMS pp. 371-372.<br />
3128 Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Fluvannah, see LMS p. 422n.<br />
3129 SQR pp. 223-224.<br />
3130 GHA4 p. 115, MLW4A pp. 434-435, LMS pp. 419, 425-426, CBA p. 603, JYC pp. 45-47, WAR2 p. 874.<br />
3131 JHG p. 495.<br />
3132 JYC p. 47.<br />
3133 NGP8 p. 378.<br />
3134 LMS pp.425-427, JLG2 p. 61, JYC p. 49.<br />
3135 NGP8 p. 383.<br />
3136 CBA p. 601.<br />
532
supply at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. 3137 The idea had been to set <strong>the</strong> stockade on fire, but his men were discovered by a sentry<br />
before it could be effected; with 5 killed <strong>and</strong> 4 wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> process. Lee, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> meantime, set up a sixpounder<br />
battery <strong>and</strong> a party <strong>of</strong> marksmen to prevent access to <strong>the</strong> stockade, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th Cruger<br />
was <strong>com</strong>pelled to ab<strong>and</strong>on it. The Loyalists subsequently sent out naked black slaves at nighttime to retrieve<br />
water from a nearby creek. Carry<strong>in</strong>g pails, <strong>the</strong>y were able to crawl on <strong>the</strong> ground to <strong>the</strong> creek undetected.<br />
McCrady observes it was very odd that Greene <strong>and</strong> Kosciusko did not earlier appreciate Cruger’s water situation;<br />
when Cruger when had gone to <strong>the</strong> trouble to construct <strong>and</strong> defend covered ways to <strong>the</strong> rivulet. 3138 William<br />
Johnson had argued <strong>in</strong> Greene’s behalf that <strong>the</strong> American general believed Cruger could dig for water from<br />
with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort (based on <strong>the</strong> 1775 siege <strong>the</strong>re; though <strong>in</strong> 1781 this proved not to be <strong>the</strong> case.) Even so <strong>and</strong><br />
grant<strong>in</strong>g such, says McCrady <strong>in</strong> response, Greene had carelessly <strong>com</strong>menced his operations on <strong>the</strong> reverse side <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> fort from where Cruger’s water supply was situated. 3139<br />
MacKenzie: “Colonel Lee cont<strong>in</strong>ued his approaches to <strong>the</strong> stockade upon <strong>the</strong> left, before which his corps<br />
suffered greatly. On <strong>the</strong> 12 th <strong>of</strong> June, <strong>in</strong> a paroxysm <strong>of</strong> temerity <strong>and</strong> folly, he directed a serjeant <strong>and</strong> six men, at<br />
eleven o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> forenoon, to advance with lighted <strong>com</strong>bustibles, <strong>and</strong> set fire to <strong>the</strong> abbatis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> work<br />
which he had <strong>in</strong>vested. Not one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m returned to upbraid him with his rashness, <strong>and</strong> he was <strong>the</strong> first to solicit<br />
a truce to bury <strong>the</strong> bodies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men he had so sc<strong>and</strong>alously sacrificed. Hav<strong>in</strong>g now redoubled his efforts, <strong>and</strong><br />
mounted a number <strong>of</strong> cannon, which followed him from Augusta, he <strong>com</strong>pletely enfiladed this work, by a<br />
triangular fire, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> 17 th <strong>of</strong> June rendered it untenable. It was evacuated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night without loss, <strong>and</strong><br />
taken possession <strong>of</strong> by <strong>the</strong> enemy. The suffer<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison were now extreme. With <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ite labour [sic] a<br />
well was dug <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Star, but water was not to be obta<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> only means <strong>of</strong> precur<strong>in</strong>g [sic] this necessary<br />
element <strong>in</strong> a torrid climate <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month <strong>of</strong> June, was to send out naked negroes, who brought a scanty supply<br />
from with<strong>in</strong> pistol shot <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American pickets, <strong>the</strong>ir bodies not be<strong>in</strong>g dist<strong>in</strong>guishable <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night from <strong>the</strong><br />
fallen trees, with which <strong>the</strong> place abounded.” 3140<br />
Thomas Young: “Col. [Thomas] Br<strong>and</strong>on, Major Jolly <strong>and</strong> myself, resolved to make an excursion to 96 where <strong>the</strong><br />
siege were <strong>the</strong>n go<strong>in</strong>g on. Here I rema<strong>in</strong>ed dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege. As we every day got our parallels nearer <strong>the</strong><br />
garrison, we could see <strong>the</strong>m very pla<strong>in</strong> when <strong>the</strong>y went out to a brook or spr<strong>in</strong>g for water. The Americans had<br />
constructed a sort <strong>of</strong> mov<strong>in</strong>g battery, but as <strong>the</strong> cannon <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort were brought to bear upon it, <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
forced to ab<strong>and</strong>on <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> it. It had not been used for some time, when an idea struck old Squire Kennedy,<br />
(who was an excellent marksman) that he could pick <strong>of</strong>f a man now <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n as <strong>the</strong>y went to <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g. He <strong>and</strong><br />
I took our rifles <strong>and</strong> went <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> woods to practice at 200 years. We were arrested <strong>and</strong> taken before an <strong>of</strong>ficer,<br />
to whom we gave our excuse <strong>and</strong> design. He laughed, <strong>and</strong> told us to practice no more, but to try our luck from<br />
<strong>the</strong> battery if we wanted to, so we took our position, <strong>and</strong> as a fellow came down to <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g. Kennedy fired<br />
<strong>and</strong> he fell; several ran out <strong>and</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>red round him, <strong>and</strong> among <strong>the</strong>m I noticed a man raise his head, <strong>and</strong> look<br />
round as if he wondered where that shot could have <strong>com</strong>e from. I touched my trigger <strong>and</strong> he fell, <strong>and</strong> we made<br />
<strong>of</strong>f, for fear it might be our time to fall next.” 3141<br />
12 June. Rawdon crossed Four Holes Creek at Holes Bridge at noon on this date, <strong>and</strong> later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day arrived at<br />
Orangeburgh. In a letter to Greene on <strong>the</strong> 15 th , Sumter reported that Rawdon’s movement was slow, <strong>and</strong> that<br />
<strong>the</strong>re were still dragoons at Orangeburgh, <strong>and</strong> some more <strong>in</strong>fantry a few miles beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m. One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
detachments was apparently that which was escort<strong>in</strong>g Rawdon’s baggage. 3142<br />
13 June. Sumter, still at Ancrum’s, wrote Greene, <strong>in</strong> response to a report regard<strong>in</strong>g Rawdon’s march to relieve<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six; suggest<strong>in</strong>g Greene call out Colonels William Br<strong>and</strong>on (Thomas Br<strong>and</strong>on’s bro<strong>the</strong>r), Joseph Kershaw<br />
<strong>and</strong> John Thomas: “it is likely a parcel <strong>of</strong> Good Riflemen might be got out <strong>in</strong> time.” The follow<strong>in</strong>g day, he<br />
reported his own strength as 600 horse <strong>and</strong> 200 foot. 3143<br />
13 June. Cornwallis departed Elk Hill on this date <strong>and</strong> marched to Westham on his way back to Richmond; which<br />
he reached by <strong>the</strong> 16 th (some sources state <strong>the</strong> 15 th ), with Tarleton <strong>and</strong> Simcoe guard<strong>in</strong>g his flanks. The move<br />
signaled a withdrawal by <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> was <strong>in</strong>terpreted as such by <strong>the</strong> Americans. Cornwallis, for his part,<br />
made <strong>the</strong> move <strong>in</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>rance <strong>of</strong> fulfill<strong>in</strong>g Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s directives <strong>of</strong> June 8 <strong>and</strong> 11 to return 2,000 <strong>of</strong> his army, <strong>and</strong><br />
available siege artillery, to New York (<strong>the</strong> safety for which town Cl<strong>in</strong>ton feared given <strong>the</strong> expected jo<strong>in</strong>t<br />
coord<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Rochambeau.) Units <strong>in</strong>tended for removal were <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers, <strong>the</strong><br />
remnants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th dragoons, two battalions <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, two <strong>of</strong> Anspach, <strong>the</strong> 43 d , <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 76 th or else 80 th<br />
regiments. 3144<br />
3137 The reason no attempt had hi<strong>the</strong>rto been made, till Lee’s arrived from Augusta <strong>and</strong> suggested it, to attack Cruger’s water<br />
supply (protected by Fort Holmes) is that it was believed erroneously by Greene <strong>and</strong> Kosciuszko that he would be able, if need<br />
be, to dig wells from with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort. Although a well was reported to have been dug <strong>in</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> brief siege <strong>the</strong>re <strong>in</strong><br />
1775 (this be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> basis for Greene <strong>and</strong> Kosciusko’s decision), Cruger himself <strong>in</strong> 1781 was not able to effect this. LCC pp. 406-<br />
410.<br />
3138 MSC2 pp. 282-283.<br />
3139 MST pp. 155-156, SAW2 p. 370, LMS pp. 373-374, JLG pp. 147-148, MSC2 p. 294, BSF p. 203.<br />
3140 MST pp. 155-156.<br />
3141 JTR pp. 446-454, SCAR vol. 1, no. 3.<br />
3142 NGP8 pp. 388-389, 393.<br />
3143 NGP8 pp. 388, 390, JLG2 pp. 153-154.<br />
3144 SQR pp. 223-224, MLW4A pp. 434-436, LMS pp. 427-428, 431, 442-443, JLG2 pp. 62-64, SCV2 pp. 14-23, CBA p. 603, JYC p.52.<br />
533
13 June. Craig, at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, to Balfour: [After propos<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> idea that Balfour send him 400 men as<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcements (subsequently rejected by Balfour) <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> same time mak<strong>in</strong>g mutual arrangement for<br />
convalescents <strong>and</strong> wounded left by Cornwallis to be <strong>in</strong> turn transported by ship to Charlestown, he states “I<br />
cannot help repeat<strong>in</strong>g that expedition is on this occasion <strong>of</strong> utmost consequence. Every day br<strong>in</strong>gs fresh<br />
accounts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> arms <strong>in</strong> almost every part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce, but <strong>the</strong>y want both arms <strong>and</strong><br />
ammunition <strong>and</strong> leaders. They cannot get to me to be supplied <strong>and</strong> must fall very soon if left to <strong>the</strong>mselves. The<br />
only th<strong>in</strong>g I should be <strong>in</strong> want <strong>of</strong> is bayonets to give <strong>the</strong>m a confident superiority over <strong>the</strong> rebels. Of <strong>the</strong>m I have<br />
not one.” 3145<br />
14 June. Not hav<strong>in</strong>g much to do while <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six cont<strong>in</strong>ued, Lieut. Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Legion cavalry under Capt. John Rudulph were dispatched by Greene to coord<strong>in</strong>ate with Sumter at Ancrum’s,<br />
<strong>and</strong> to assist <strong>the</strong> latter <strong>in</strong> scout<strong>in</strong>g, harass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> imped<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir marches. “Sumter,” as Bass puts it,<br />
subsequently, “assigned some mounted militia <strong>and</strong> State Troops to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, augment<strong>in</strong>g his force to three<br />
hundred men, <strong>and</strong> rushed him <strong>of</strong>f to operate ahead <strong>of</strong> Rawdon. He <strong>the</strong>n sent Myddleton <strong>and</strong> Richard Hampton<br />
with <strong>the</strong>ir State Troops to hang upon <strong>the</strong> flank <strong>and</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British;” <strong>and</strong> see Sumter to Greene 18 June. Lee’s<br />
cavalry under Rudulph, meantime <strong>and</strong> operat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same manner as Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s, on <strong>the</strong> 16 th were located<br />
near <strong>the</strong> fork <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Saluda <strong>and</strong> Broad Rivers. See 16 June. 3146<br />
14 June. Lafayette left his naturally fortified position at Mechunck <strong>and</strong> moved forward, through largely<br />
un<strong>in</strong>habited country, to trail Cornwallis, <strong>and</strong> came with<strong>in</strong> about 20 miles distance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British forces. 3147<br />
15 June. Sumter, at Palmer’s near <strong>the</strong> Congaree, <strong>in</strong>formed Greene that Marion was north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee River<br />
try<strong>in</strong>g to collect more men to bolster his small force, <strong>and</strong> was <strong>in</strong> need <strong>of</strong> ammunition; though Sumter himself had<br />
none to spare. He <strong>the</strong>n asked Greene if he could send Marion a supply. On June 14 th , <strong>in</strong> a separate letter to<br />
Greene, Sumter reported his force as amount<strong>in</strong>g to 800. 3148<br />
16 June. Marion, at “Rocks Plant, St. Johns,” S.C., wrote to Greene, say<strong>in</strong>g he had advanced thus far, as per<br />
Sumter’s orders, on his way to jo<strong>in</strong> Sumter, hav<strong>in</strong>g only with him his mounted troops. He feared that if he left<br />
<strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country he was <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong>, <strong>the</strong> enemy would destroy all <strong>the</strong> provisions south <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee River;<br />
which was <strong>the</strong> only available supply until <strong>the</strong> new crops were harvested. He sent Col. Peter Horry to quell <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalists on <strong>the</strong> Peedee, <strong>and</strong> would be send<strong>in</strong>g Maj. Hezekiah Maham to disperse some loyalists collect<strong>in</strong>g at Four<br />
Holes. Maham was also to push down to <strong>the</strong> Quarter House <strong>and</strong> Goose Creek Bridges <strong>and</strong> attack <strong>the</strong> small guards<br />
<strong>the</strong>re. The enemy, Marion stated, had 400 “new raised” troops at Monck’s Corner. He added that If he could<br />
rema<strong>in</strong> where he was, <strong>and</strong> receive ammunition, he would be able to keep <strong>the</strong> enemy party closed <strong>in</strong> at Monck’s<br />
Corner. At that time, <strong>the</strong> British had to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> provisions to <strong>the</strong>re from Charlestown because Marion had driven<br />
all <strong>the</strong> cattle away, <strong>and</strong> was currently do<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same <strong>in</strong> St. Thomas’ Parish <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> area near Haddrell’s Po<strong>in</strong>t.<br />
The editor to <strong>the</strong> Nathanael Greene paper notes, <strong>the</strong> detachment at Monck’s Corner Marion refers to was <strong>the</strong> 3 rd<br />
Regt., which had been left beh<strong>in</strong>d when Rawdon moved with his ma<strong>in</strong> force, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> flank <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
newly arrived regiments to raise <strong>the</strong> siege at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. 3149<br />
16 June (also 17 June.) Cornwallis re-entered Richmond where he rema<strong>in</strong>ed till <strong>the</strong> 20 th . 3150<br />
16 June. Sumter wrote to Greene that Rawdon’s army was twelve miles above Orangeburgh “last night” (<strong>the</strong><br />
15 th ) on <strong>the</strong>ir way to N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. His scouts reported Rawdon’s strength was most probably near 1,500, with<br />
about 400 cavalry <strong>and</strong> 8 field pieces. Sumter had been deta<strong>in</strong>ed wait<strong>in</strong>g for some men to <strong>com</strong>e from “down<br />
below,” but would do what he could to retard Rawdon’s march. The next day (<strong>the</strong> 17 th ), he reported that<br />
Rawdon, on <strong>the</strong> 16 th , had camped at “Seaders Ponds” (Cedar Ponds), halfway between Ft. Granby <strong>and</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety<br />
Six. He believed Rawdon’s force numbered some 1,500 men, with 150 good horse, <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r 200 horse <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>different quality, three to n<strong>in</strong>e field pieces, <strong>the</strong>ir teams “very sorry;” <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> British seemed to subsist<br />
chiefly upon beef. He also added that he sent 100 cavalry <strong>and</strong> 100 mounted state <strong>in</strong>fantry to jo<strong>in</strong> Col. William<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton; who would <strong>the</strong>n have 330 men to slow Rawdon’s advance. As well, Sumter had dispatched a party<br />
<strong>of</strong> 200 mounted men under Col. Myddleton to harass Rawdon’s rear (see “Myddleton’s Ambuscade,” 18 June.)<br />
Provisions <strong>and</strong> forage have been stockpiled for Marion; who Sumter expected would be with him <strong>in</strong> three days.<br />
He had left ammunition for Marion, but none for those who might fur<strong>the</strong>r jo<strong>in</strong> Marion’s force. Although <strong>the</strong>re<br />
were some skirmishes, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s success <strong>in</strong> slow<strong>in</strong>g Rawdon was slight. Sumter was later criticized for<br />
send<strong>in</strong>g out only a small block<strong>in</strong>g force under Myddleton, <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> addition, wait<strong>in</strong>g till Rawdon had <strong>com</strong>e up to a<br />
po<strong>in</strong>t below <strong>the</strong> Congaree before attempt<strong>in</strong>g to delay him. Never<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>in</strong> his defense, his brigade was<br />
suffer<strong>in</strong>g from organizational <strong>and</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>e problems, <strong>and</strong> which he soon after was seek<strong>in</strong>g to remedy for (see<br />
19 June.) 3151<br />
16 June. By nightfall, Rawdon camped at Cedar Ponds. 3152<br />
3145 SCP5 p. 311.<br />
3146 NGP8 pp. 389, 403, 408, JLG2 pp. 146-147, 153-154, BGC p. 185.<br />
3147 JLG2 pp. 63-64, JYC p. 52.<br />
3148 NGP8 p. 393, JLG2 pp. 153-154.<br />
3149 NGP8 p. 394n.<br />
3150 GHA4 p. 116, LMS p. 428, JYC pp. 52-53.<br />
3151 NGP8 pp. 403, 408n, BGC pp. 184-165.<br />
3152 NGP8 p. 408. Respect<strong>in</strong>g Cedar Ponds, see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/cedarcreek.htm<br />
534
17 June. Greene wrote to Sumter: “Capta<strong>in</strong> Rudolph [John Rudulph] who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>of</strong> Lee’s Legion<br />
was only thirty miles from this [N<strong>in</strong>ety Six] this last Even<strong>in</strong>g, hav<strong>in</strong>g delayed his march through a mistake <strong>of</strong> his<br />
orders. He is now ordered to march <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong> [Lieut. Col. William] Wash<strong>in</strong>gton with all possible dispatch.” On <strong>the</strong><br />
18 th , Rudulph responded say<strong>in</strong>g he had captured 15 loyalists on <strong>the</strong>ir way to jo<strong>in</strong> Rawdon; <strong>and</strong> that he would<br />
cross over to <strong>the</strong> Saluda Road, which ran between N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Congaree, <strong>and</strong> attempt to get between<br />
Rawdon <strong>and</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. He had made forays <strong>in</strong>to Rawdon’s rear, but had not yet, however, been able to make<br />
contact with Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry. Rudulph did, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, f<strong>in</strong>ally manage to form a junction with<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton by <strong>the</strong> 19 th . 3153<br />
17 June. Lafayette, close follow<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis, camped at D<strong>and</strong>ridge’s on <strong>the</strong> South Anna River <strong>in</strong> Hanover<br />
County just northwest <strong>of</strong> Richmond. 3154<br />
17 June (or 12 June.) A courier, a local farmer Hugh Aiken (or accord<strong>in</strong>g to ano<strong>the</strong>r account, if not <strong>the</strong> same<br />
person, someone disguised as a loiter<strong>in</strong>g local), made a successful dash <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> garrison at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>formed Cruger <strong>of</strong> Rawdon’s approach. The news dramatically bolstered <strong>the</strong> garrison’s resolve to cont<strong>in</strong>ue<br />
defend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fort. 3155<br />
Moultrie: “General Greene had carried his works so near <strong>the</strong> British garrison, as almost to <strong>in</strong>sure success; <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> moment when he expected <strong>the</strong>m to surrender, <strong>in</strong>telligence was received that Lord Rawdon was near at h<strong>and</strong><br />
with two thous<strong>and</strong> men. The wife <strong>of</strong> a British <strong>of</strong>ficer (an American) <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-six, received a<br />
large bribe to convey a letter to Colonel Cruger, to <strong>in</strong>form him <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir near approach, which she did: as she was<br />
well known to all <strong>the</strong> American <strong>of</strong>ficers, she rode about <strong>the</strong>ir camp, unsuspected <strong>of</strong> any ill design, <strong>and</strong> her<br />
servant with her, convers<strong>in</strong>g with one <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n with ano<strong>the</strong>r, until she found an opportunity; gave a signal to<br />
<strong>the</strong> fort, it is said, by hold<strong>in</strong>g up a letter, upon which a man was sent out from <strong>the</strong> fort upon horseback, who got<br />
<strong>the</strong> letter, <strong>and</strong> galloped back <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> fort with it: he had several shot fired at him, but without effect.” 3156<br />
17 June. After negotiations between <strong>the</strong> two parties for a few weeks, Maj. Micajah Ganey, on behalf <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> local<br />
Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek <strong>and</strong> Peedee loyalists signed a truce with Col. Peter Horry; who represented Marion. The truce,<br />
none<strong>the</strong>less, was not permanent. Robert Gray says it came about because <strong>the</strong> loyalists could no longer receive<br />
support from Georgetown (see “Georgetown Evacuation,” 28-29 May.) Ganey later accused some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whigs <strong>of</strong><br />
not hold<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong>ir end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> agreement, <strong>and</strong> it wasn’t long before he <strong>and</strong> his followers aga<strong>in</strong> became active;<br />
some <strong>of</strong> whom went to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton to jo<strong>in</strong> Craig <strong>and</strong> Fann<strong>in</strong>g. 3157 For <strong>the</strong> full text <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> treaty, see RSC2 pp.<br />
562-565.<br />
Ganey, at “Pedee,” later on 8 September wrote Marion: “Your answer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 5 th <strong>of</strong> September came to h<strong>and</strong> this<br />
day, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> perus<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same, I underst<strong>and</strong> that your honor wrote to <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians concern<strong>in</strong>g our<br />
truce, which I never received or heard <strong>of</strong> before; it has miscarried by some means or o<strong>the</strong>r. My full desire, Sir, is<br />
to be at peace with all parties, if <strong>the</strong>y will with me. I am very sorry, Sir, to acqua<strong>in</strong>t your honor that I am under<br />
<strong>the</strong> disagreeable necessity <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to you <strong>of</strong> Colonel Murphy [Maurice Murfee] I wrote several orders to<br />
him to restore <strong>the</strong>ir plunder, which <strong>the</strong>y refused to do, except such as is <strong>of</strong> no service to <strong>the</strong>mselves; all that is<br />
<strong>of</strong> value <strong>the</strong>y keep, so that I found <strong>the</strong>re a stumbl<strong>in</strong>g block. The way, just about <strong>the</strong> time that Murphy first broke<br />
out <strong>and</strong> ru<strong>in</strong>ed me, <strong>and</strong> broke me up, for which reason, I first revolted my constancy to my country, was he took<br />
some horses from me, one <strong>of</strong> which he has yet <strong>in</strong> his possession; <strong>the</strong>n I wrote an order, <strong>and</strong> sent to him for said<br />
horse, which he refused to send, without I would hunt up <strong>and</strong> get all his horses which he has lost, which was six<br />
or seven head, he says; <strong>and</strong> I don’t know his horses; I never saw <strong>the</strong>m ; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> like manner, <strong>the</strong>y deta<strong>in</strong> several<br />
horses <strong>and</strong> negroes, <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> cows.<br />
“I have no reason to <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> any <strong>of</strong> your men, save that same regiment <strong>of</strong> Murphy’s. The list you wrote to<br />
me about, you shall faithfully have given up very shortly to Colonel Irv<strong>in</strong>’s order.” 3158<br />
17 June. The third parallel at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six was <strong>com</strong>pleted. Also, by this date, Pickens had arrived from Augusta to<br />
re<strong>in</strong>force Greene’s besieg<strong>in</strong>g army. 3159<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “They [<strong>the</strong> Americans] <strong>com</strong>pleted <strong>the</strong>ir parallels, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>menced <strong>the</strong> erection <strong>of</strong> a Mayham [Maham]<br />
Tower, from which to fire <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> star redoubt. To guard aga<strong>in</strong>st this advantage <strong>of</strong> height, Major [Joseph]<br />
Greene, <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> redoubt, piled bags <strong>of</strong> s<strong>and</strong> upon <strong>the</strong> parapets. On <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
seventeenth, a general fire was opened upon <strong>the</strong> works, <strong>and</strong> so effectual was it upon <strong>the</strong> stockade <strong>and</strong> its<br />
vic<strong>in</strong>ity, that <strong>the</strong> garrison was deprived <strong>of</strong> water from <strong>the</strong> rivulet. Had this advantage been ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>and</strong><br />
Rawdon been delayed thirty hours longer, Cruger must have surrendered.” 3160<br />
18 June. [ambush] Myddleton’s Ambuscade, also Juniper Spr<strong>in</strong>gs (Lex<strong>in</strong>gton County, S.C.) Sumter sent out Col.<br />
Charles Myddleton <strong>and</strong> Col. Richard Hampton with 200 men to prey on Rawdon’s column <strong>and</strong> forag<strong>in</strong>g parties.<br />
The British, apprised <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir presence, on <strong>the</strong> 18 th , set a trap at <strong>the</strong> fork <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Augusta <strong>and</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six Roads,<br />
near Juniper Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. At 10 a.m., Myddleton <strong>and</strong> his men were <strong>the</strong>n ambushed by Maj. John C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>’s cavalry. 105<br />
3153 NGP8 pp. 404, 412, 418, MSC2 pp. 317-318.<br />
3154 JYC p. 53.<br />
3155 SAW2 p. 371, MMS2 p. 287, LMS p. 374, JLG2 pp. 148-149.<br />
3156 MMS2 p. 287, JLG2 p. 63.<br />
3157 GDH2 pp. 98-99, 135-136, LMS p. 553, GWC pp. 155-156, GHC pp. 374-376.<br />
3158 GHC pp. 374-375.<br />
3159 NGP8 p. 389n, SAW2 p. 372, LMS pp. 374-375.<br />
3160 LFB2 p. 487.<br />
535
<strong>of</strong> Myddleton’s men were lost, most dispersed; with some killed <strong>and</strong> some captured. Afterward, only 45 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
orig<strong>in</strong>al force could be collected; Myddleton <strong>and</strong> Hampton <strong>the</strong>mselves hav<strong>in</strong>g safely fled. 3161<br />
Tarleton: “[Rawdon] passed <strong>the</strong> Saluda near its junction with <strong>the</strong> greater river <strong>of</strong> that name. This route,<br />
however, enabled a Colonel Middleton [sic], who was on his way from <strong>the</strong> Congarees with about three hundred<br />
cavalry <strong>and</strong> mounted militia, to endeavor to harass his rear, <strong>and</strong> particularly to obstruct <strong>the</strong> parties which were<br />
necessarily engaged <strong>in</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g cattle for <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army. After giv<strong>in</strong>g some trouble <strong>of</strong> this nature,<br />
Middleton be<strong>in</strong>g tra<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong>to a well-laid ambush, was spiritedly charged by Major C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>, at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> royal<br />
cavalry, <strong>and</strong> his party was so <strong>com</strong>pletely routed <strong>and</strong> dispersed, as never to appear aga<strong>in</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> march.” 3162<br />
Garden: “An <strong>in</strong>stance <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>trepidity <strong>in</strong> an <strong>in</strong>dividual belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> Brigade <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by General Sumter,<br />
deserves to be recorded. A detachment <strong>of</strong> mounted militia, had been sent out by <strong>the</strong> General to watch <strong>the</strong><br />
movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, hasten<strong>in</strong>g, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Lord Rawdon, to <strong>the</strong> relief <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, <strong>and</strong> came<br />
up with <strong>the</strong>ir rear guard at a place called <strong>the</strong> Juniper Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, about fifteen miles distant from Granby. The<br />
British cavalry, who <strong>com</strong>posed it, were <strong>of</strong> much superior force, <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> every respect better prepared for<br />
action, quickly disconcerted <strong>the</strong> American detachment, <strong>and</strong> put <strong>the</strong>m to flight. A poor German, named Loaster,<br />
belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> American party, mounted on a sorry poney, with a rope bridle, <strong>and</strong> correspond<strong>in</strong>g equipments,<br />
with no o<strong>the</strong>r arms than a musket, which he had already fired <strong>of</strong>f, was assailed by a British dragoon, who aimed<br />
several desperate blows at him with his sabre, which were warded <strong>of</strong>f with extraord<strong>in</strong>ary dexterity, Loaster<br />
call<strong>in</strong>g out alter every parry, ‘Huzza for America.’ While <strong>in</strong> this perilous situation, a Mr. Fitzpatrick,<br />
determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, if possible, to save him, rode up, <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong> butt end <strong>of</strong> his pistol, which had been previously<br />
discharged, struck <strong>the</strong> dragoon so violent a blow <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face as to fell him to <strong>the</strong> ground. Loaster, thus happily<br />
rescued, rode <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> escaped, vow<strong>in</strong>g most earnestly never aga<strong>in</strong> to go <strong>in</strong>to action Without a cutt<strong>in</strong>g iron, his<br />
musket be<strong>in</strong>g nearly severed <strong>in</strong> two, <strong>in</strong> five different places.” 3163<br />
18 June. [skirmish] Rogers’ Plantation, also “Capt. Thomas Harvey (a subord<strong>in</strong>ate <strong>of</strong> Col. Samuel Hammond) vs.<br />
Col. John Cotton” (Edgefield County, S.C.) 3164<br />
18 June. Tarleton, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Meadow Bridge on <strong>the</strong> Chickahom<strong>in</strong>y, maneuvered <strong>in</strong> an effort to attack Brig.<br />
Gen. Peter Muhlenberg’s force <strong>of</strong> 400 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia. Muhlenberg, however, hav<strong>in</strong>g received advanced notice,<br />
managed to elude him. When Wayne with <strong>the</strong> Pennsylvania light <strong>in</strong>fantry, march<strong>in</strong>g 13 miles came up, Tarleton<br />
himself retreated. About his same time, Mercer’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia state cavalry managed to capture “a patrol” <strong>of</strong><br />
Tarleton’s horse. 3165<br />
Tarleton: “The Marquis de la Fayette, who had hi<strong>the</strong>rto practised defensive manoeuvres with skill <strong>and</strong> security,<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g now re<strong>in</strong>forced by General Wayne, with about eight hundred cont<strong>in</strong>entals, <strong>and</strong> some detachments <strong>of</strong><br />
militia, followed <strong>the</strong> British as <strong>the</strong>y proceeded down James river. This design be<strong>in</strong>g judiciously arranged, <strong>and</strong><br />
executed with extreme caution, allowed opportunity for <strong>the</strong> junction <strong>of</strong> General Steuben, conf<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> small<br />
detachments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops, <strong>and</strong> both saved <strong>the</strong> property, <strong>and</strong> animated <strong>the</strong> droop<strong>in</strong>g spirits, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ians. While <strong>the</strong> royal army marched, <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>and</strong> left flank were covered by <strong>the</strong> British legion <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 76 th<br />
regiment on horseback; <strong>and</strong> on its arrival at Richmond, Lieutenant-colonel Simcoe, with his corps, was posted at<br />
Westham, <strong>and</strong> Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton, at Meadow bridge. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se operations, <strong>the</strong> Marquis de la<br />
Fayette cont<strong>in</strong>ued to approach with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body, <strong>and</strong> he advanced his light troops to harass <strong>the</strong> patroles. On<br />
<strong>the</strong> 18 th , Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton made a forced march, to attempt General Muhlenberg’s detachment, who<br />
evaded <strong>the</strong> blow by an early retreat, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British legion returned to <strong>the</strong> royal army.” 3166<br />
18 June. Sumter had f<strong>in</strong>ally moved from Ancrum’s on <strong>the</strong> Congaree <strong>and</strong> was “6 miles from Wrights Nearly<br />
opposite Miller[’]s Ferry,” S.C. He wrote to Greene on this date <strong>and</strong> reported “I wrote you yesterday that I had<br />
Deyached with Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton Two hundred State horse [ostensibly under Col. Henry Hampton]. Yesterday<br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g I Detached <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy upwards <strong>of</strong> two hundred More…The Detachment I sent <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rear<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy I have [sent?] to jo<strong>in</strong> Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>in</strong> fron[t]…I am Now Send<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>[f] an o<strong>the</strong>r [sic] Derachment<br />
to get up some Detachments <strong>of</strong> Militia that has been thrown beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> bad <strong>in</strong>telligence<br />
Respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemies Movements. I have been obliged to order Some force to <strong>the</strong> Congaree to Repell [keep<br />
guarded?] <strong>the</strong> Tory prisoners taken <strong>the</strong>re...I shall have With me but about three hundred Militia, or little<br />
upwards about 400 <strong>the</strong> Whole Chiefly Now Detached...I have ordered out all <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>of</strong> My brigade except <strong>the</strong><br />
Four Fork[s] Regemt [sic] which you wrote was ordered out.” About 400 <strong>of</strong> his men were actively employed,<br />
mostly <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> attempt<strong>in</strong>g to delay Rawdon. At <strong>the</strong> same time, he was <strong>com</strong>pelled to send a detachment<br />
back to Granby to put down some loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood who had broken <strong>the</strong>ir paroles. 3167<br />
18 June. [siege assault] NINETY SIX (Greenwood County, S.C.) Faced with <strong>the</strong> impend<strong>in</strong>g arrival <strong>of</strong> Lord Rawdon’s<br />
relief column, Greene, with some reluctance <strong>and</strong> ow<strong>in</strong>g to entreaties by some <strong>of</strong> “his soldiers” to v<strong>in</strong>dicate<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves after what had happened at Hobkirk’s, attempted a two-pronged assault <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Star fort at N<strong>in</strong>ety<br />
Six. Although conducted with exceptional heroism <strong>and</strong> gallantry, <strong>the</strong> effort failed. American losses <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> assault<br />
3161 NGP8 pp. 406, 416, 417n, AR81 p. 92, TCS pp. 486-487, JLG2 pp. 153-154, MSC2 pp. 297-298, 748, BGC p. 186. For more <strong>and</strong><br />
regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> specific site <strong>of</strong> Juniper Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/juniperspr<strong>in</strong>gs.htm<br />
3162 AR81 p. 92, SCP6 p. 63, TCS pp. 486-487.<br />
3163 GAR1 pp. 403-404.<br />
3164 LSC p. 16, ONB3 p. 274, <strong>and</strong> see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/rogersplantation.htm<br />
3165 TCS pp. 347-348, LMS pp. 428-429, JYC p. 53.<br />
3166 TCS pp. 299-300.<br />
3167 NGP8 p. 413, AR81 p. 92.<br />
536
were 40; with most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se suffered by <strong>the</strong> some 50 who constituted <strong>the</strong> forlorn hope. Of this number, few<br />
were killed, though among <strong>the</strong>m was Capt. George Armstrong <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e. 3168 His baggage hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
already been removed from <strong>the</strong> area by Pickens, Greene by <strong>the</strong> next even<strong>in</strong>g (<strong>the</strong> 19 th ) lifted <strong>the</strong> siege entirely<br />
<strong>and</strong> marched toward <strong>the</strong> Saluda River. The courageous <strong>and</strong> very pr<strong>of</strong>essional performance <strong>of</strong> Cruger <strong>and</strong> his men<br />
under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege has at times been rightly praised. Yet be<strong>in</strong>g all loyalists, 3169 <strong>the</strong>ir feat, has<br />
been <strong>of</strong>ten quickly passed over by historians from both sides. At <strong>the</strong> same time, also unknown or forgotten is<br />
that had Rawdon arrived just a few days late, Cruger might well have been obliged to capitulate due to dearth<br />
<strong>of</strong> water <strong>and</strong> supplies. Greene, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, was so disheartened by <strong>the</strong> result, he seriously contemplated<br />
remov<strong>in</strong>g with his army to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. 3170<br />
BRITISH FORCES AT NINETY SIX<br />
Lieut. Col. John Harris Cruger<br />
1 st Bttn., De Lancey’s New York Brigade: 150, (Cruger), Major Joseph Greene<br />
2 nd Bttn., New Jersey Volunteers 3171 : 200, Lieut. Col. Isaac Allen<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Loyalist militia from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six District: 200, Col. Richard K<strong>in</strong>g<br />
3 three-pounders mounted on wheeled carriages, <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> swivel guns.<br />
TOTAL UNDER CRUGER<br />
MacKenzie: 550. “The garrison consisted <strong>of</strong> about one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first battalion <strong>of</strong> Delancey’s,<br />
with two hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second battalion <strong>of</strong> New Jersey Volunteers. These corps hav<strong>in</strong>g been raised <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> year<br />
1776, were well discipl<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>and</strong>, from <strong>the</strong> active services <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y had been engaged, ever s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>ir first<br />
l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Georgia, had be<strong>com</strong>e equal to any troops. To <strong>the</strong>se were added about two hundred loyal militia,<br />
under Colonel K<strong>in</strong>g. Motives <strong>of</strong> policy, as well as humanity, <strong>in</strong>duced Lieutenant Colonel Cruger to advise <strong>the</strong><br />
latter to quit <strong>the</strong> garrison, <strong>and</strong>, as <strong>the</strong>y were provided with good horses, to effect <strong>the</strong>ir retreat, ei<strong>the</strong>r to<br />
Charlestown or to Georgia, for he apprehended, that <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> a long siege, <strong>the</strong>ir numbers might cause a want<br />
<strong>of</strong> provisions; <strong>and</strong> he knew, that no capitulation, for secur<strong>in</strong>g to those unfortunate men <strong>the</strong> rights <strong>of</strong> war,<br />
observed by civilised [sic] nations, could be depended upon; but <strong>the</strong>se Loyalists, though <strong>in</strong> a manner fight<strong>in</strong>g<br />
with halters around <strong>the</strong>ir necks, were not to be dismayed; <strong>the</strong>y turned <strong>the</strong>ir horses <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> woods, made a po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
<strong>of</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>and</strong> abid<strong>in</strong>g by its fate.” 3172<br />
Historian Jerome A. Greene states that Cruger’s total military force was about 550 but <strong>the</strong> number under his<br />
tacit <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> probably exceeded 700. 3173<br />
In addition, a force <strong>of</strong> 200 mounted loyalist under Capt. William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham were dispersed <strong>and</strong> concealed <strong>in</strong><br />
small groups <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area, <strong>and</strong> would waylay small parties <strong>and</strong> messengers, thus <strong>in</strong>terrupt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> flow <strong>of</strong> supplies<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>munications to <strong>and</strong> from Greene. Though not mentioned dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege, Brig. Gen. Robert<br />
Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six district militia, was apparently present; s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>in</strong> a letter from Col. Otho<br />
Williams, at Rice Creek, S.C., to Greene <strong>of</strong> July 5 th , it is related that General Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham left <strong>the</strong> post at <strong>the</strong><br />
same time Rawdon did. In general, <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six area at that time was heavily <strong>and</strong> actively loyalist, though<br />
Cruger at one po<strong>in</strong>t expressed disgust with <strong>the</strong>ir fidelity <strong>and</strong> reliability. 3174<br />
AMERICAN FORCES AT NINETY SIX<br />
Maj. General Nathanael Greene<br />
Brig. Gen. Isaac Huger, not well <strong>and</strong> attend<strong>in</strong>g to some bus<strong>in</strong>ess at his South Carol<strong>in</strong>a plantation, 3175 was not<br />
present at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Col. Otho Williams <strong>the</strong>n would have been Greene’s second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Col. Thaddeus Kosciuszko, chief Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<br />
CONTINENTALS<br />
These numbers, except for those given for militia, are apparently rank <strong>and</strong> file <strong>and</strong> based on a return made up<br />
by Otho Williams. 3176<br />
3168 One source curiously gives <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer’s name as “Mark Armstrong,” see <strong>Record</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong> <strong>War</strong>, by W.T. L. Saffell,<br />
p. 412, Charles C. Saffell, Baltimore: 1894.<br />
3169 There was but a s<strong>in</strong>gle British soldier present, Lieutenant Thomas Barrete’ <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt.; <strong>the</strong> rest were all Americans.<br />
3170 NGP8 pp. 419-426, Kosckiusko's journal for <strong>the</strong> Siege <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six as found <strong>in</strong> Kosciuszko <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution by<br />
Miecislaus Haiman, pp. 112-114, BLB pp. 80-86, ATR81b pp. 172-173 AR81 pp. 92-94, RSC2 pp. 241-246, SCP5 p. 282, TCS pp.<br />
497-502, GHA4 p. 92-96, SAW2 pp. 364-373, MST pp. 139-163, MLW4A pp. 523-531, LMS pp. 358-360, 371-378, JLG2 pp. 138-155,<br />
LCC pp. 395-417, SJM, MLL p. 19, JTR pp. 471-473, FWI pp. 239-240, MSC2 pp. 278-284, 292-300, WAR2 pp. 816-822, LSY pp. 192-<br />
205, 300-302, GNS, BEA pp. 804-807, SCAR vol. 7, Special Edition (2011).<br />
3171 The 3 rd Battalion New Jersey Volunteers had been re-designated <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Battalion, due to <strong>the</strong> accumulated losses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
regiment, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> subsequent condensation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battalions. See New Jersey Volunteers.<br />
3172 MST pp. 144-145.<br />
3173 GNS p. 113.<br />
3174 NGP8 pp. 365n, 500, JLG2 p. 141.<br />
3175 Huger’s home, “Mount Necessity,” was located <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Congaree area. NGP8 p. 415n.<br />
3176 GHA4 p. 92.<br />
537
* Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigade: 427, Col. Otho Williams<br />
1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt., Lieut. Col. John Eager Howard 3177<br />
2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt., Major Henry Hardman<br />
* Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Brigade: 431, presumably Lieut. Col. Richard Campbell<br />
1 st Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regt. [<strong>of</strong> 1781], Lieut. Col. Richard Campbell<br />
2 nd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regt. [<strong>of</strong> 1781], Maj. Smith Snead 3178<br />
* Delaware Regt.: 60, Capta<strong>in</strong> Robert Kirkwood<br />
* North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals 3179 : 66, Capt. Robert Smith<br />
* Partizan Corps (Lee’s Legion): 150 to 180 total, for <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, Lieut. Col. Henry Lee<br />
However, like Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s corps, <strong>the</strong> Legion cavalry was away from <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army at this time scout<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
mak<strong>in</strong>g efforts to arrest Rawdon’s approach. This would <strong>the</strong>n have left about 100 to 110 legion <strong>in</strong>fantry at N<strong>in</strong>ety<br />
Six.<br />
* 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Artillery: 80-100, Col. Charles Harrison, Capt. Ebenezer F<strong>in</strong>ley, Lieut. F<strong>in</strong>n, 4 six-pounders 3180<br />
MILITIA<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia: 300 to 400, Brig. Gen. Andrew Pickens 3181<br />
TOTAL <strong>of</strong> Greene‘s Forces:<br />
Total rank <strong>and</strong> file for <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals present: 984, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Lee 1,224.<br />
Add<strong>in</strong>g Pickens <strong>the</strong>n would give Greene around 1,400 to 1,600 rank <strong>and</strong> file. 3182<br />
CASUALTIES<br />
BRITISH<br />
Mackenzie: “Lieutenant [Thomas] Barreté, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23d regiment, acted as eng<strong>in</strong>eer with great zeal. In one word,<br />
every <strong>of</strong>ficer received <strong>the</strong> warmest approbation <strong>of</strong> his conduct from Lord Rawdon <strong>and</strong> Lieutenant Colonel<br />
Cruger, nor did he aspire to a more honourable testimony <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir merit. Lieutenant [John] Roney, <strong>of</strong><br />
Delancey’s, with three serjeants, <strong>and</strong> twenty-three rank <strong>and</strong> file, were killed. Capta<strong>in</strong>s French <strong>and</strong> Smith <strong>of</strong><br />
Delancey’s, Capta<strong>in</strong> Barbarie <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Hatton, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New Jersey Volunteers, with five serjeants [sic] <strong>and</strong><br />
forty-n<strong>in</strong>e rank <strong>and</strong> file, were wounded. The enemy acknowledged <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> one Colonel, three Capta<strong>in</strong>s, five<br />
Lieutenants, <strong>and</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty-seven privates, killed <strong>and</strong> wounded; but as <strong>the</strong>ir returns did not <strong>in</strong>clude<br />
<strong>the</strong> militia, who on this occasion bore <strong>the</strong> proportion <strong>of</strong> three <strong>of</strong> one to <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> pay <strong>of</strong> Congress, <strong>the</strong>re<br />
can be no doubt but <strong>the</strong>ir loss amounted to treble that number <strong>in</strong> this memorable siege, -- a siege, which,<br />
however imperfectly known <strong>in</strong> Brita<strong>in</strong> hi<strong>the</strong>rto, will be remembered <strong>in</strong> America, whilst a vestige <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong><br />
that country shall rema<strong>in</strong>.” 3183<br />
<strong>War</strong>d gives British losses as 27 killed <strong>and</strong> 58 wounded for <strong>the</strong> entire siege. 3184<br />
AMERICAN<br />
A return <strong>of</strong> American casualties at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, written by Col. Otho Williams, <strong>and</strong> attached to a letter from<br />
Greene, dated June 20, 1781, lists:<br />
“Virg<strong>in</strong>ia brigade. Killed, 41; wounded 33; miss<strong>in</strong>g, 16.<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong> brigade. Killed, 12, wounded, 24; miss<strong>in</strong>g, 3.<br />
Light <strong>in</strong>fantry. Killed, 1; wounded, 9, miss<strong>in</strong>g 1.<br />
Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry, Killed 2; wounded, 2.<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia. Killed, 1; wounded 2.<br />
Total. Killed, 57; wounded, 70; miss<strong>in</strong>g, 20<br />
3177 Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> was later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day bestowed on Major Henry Hardman, Howard apparently be<strong>in</strong>g sick or<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise <strong>in</strong>disposed. NGP8 p. 409.<br />
3178 Lieut. Col. Samuel Hawes be<strong>in</strong>g still ill, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regiment was given to Maj. Smith Snead. NGP8 pp. 410-<br />
411.<br />
3179 Lumpk<strong>in</strong> lists a North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia detachment <strong>of</strong> 66 men; which apparently refers to <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals.<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> this unit’s men had been assigned to deliver up <strong>the</strong> paroled British <strong>of</strong>ficers taken at Augusta to Savannah. The miss<strong>in</strong>g<br />
escort <strong>the</strong>n may account for why Eaton’s orig<strong>in</strong>ally 140 man detachment now numbered 66. Regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> detachment to<br />
Savannah, see pension statement <strong>of</strong> George Anderson, <strong>of</strong> Edge<strong>com</strong>b County, N.C.<br />
3180 Greene began siege with 3 guns, but Lee brought up <strong>the</strong> fourth when he returned from Augusta.<br />
3181 With<strong>in</strong> a day <strong>of</strong> this date, Pickens was not with Greene, but was escort<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> army’s baggage to safety. A number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
with Pickens were Sumter’s men; though many <strong>of</strong> those who were with Greene earlier probably w<strong>and</strong>ered <strong>of</strong>f as was typical with<br />
Sumter’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> at this time.<br />
3182 LFB2 p. 485n, WAR2 p. 817, LSY pp. 298-299, BEA p. 805.<br />
3183 MST pp. 163-164.<br />
3184 LMS p. 377, WAR2 p. 822.<br />
538
“Capta<strong>in</strong> [George] Armstrong <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, killed; Capta<strong>in</strong> [Perry] Benson <strong>and</strong> Lieutenant Duvall [Isaac Duval]<br />
wounded. 3185 Capta<strong>in</strong> Bentley <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia l<strong>in</strong>e, prisoner; Lieutenants Evans, Miller, <strong>and</strong> [Samuel] Selden,<br />
wounded. Colonel Koscuilzko [Thaddeus Kosciuszko], chief eng<strong>in</strong>eer, was slightly wounded.” 3186<br />
Lee gives American losses as 185, both killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, which subtract<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 134 given <strong>in</strong> Williams’ return<br />
above would suggest <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 51 were losses among <strong>the</strong> militia. 3187<br />
Kirkwood: “18 th . [June] This Day <strong>the</strong> Garrison <strong>of</strong> 96 was attacked on two Quarters Viz: -- <strong>the</strong> Star Redoubt by <strong>the</strong><br />
ma<strong>in</strong> army, <strong>and</strong> Home’s by Col. Lee’s Infantry, with m<strong>in</strong>e, with <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> three 6 pounders <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
by Col. [Charles] Harrison. Our Redoubt held out about an hour, <strong>the</strong>n left it <strong>in</strong> our full possession; <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g so verry [sic] strong, & <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Ditch be<strong>in</strong>g wounded with <strong>the</strong> greatest part<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men Killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, were obliged to give over <strong>the</strong> attempt.” 3188<br />
Otho Williams to his bro<strong>the</strong>r Elie, from “Bush River” 23 June: “The circumstances <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war, <strong>in</strong> this part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
world, have had a material alteration s<strong>in</strong>ce I had <strong>the</strong> pleasure to write you. After Lord Rawdon’s retreat from<br />
Camden, Gen. Greene pushed his operations southwardly, <strong>and</strong> has obliged <strong>the</strong> enemy to ab<strong>and</strong>on or surrender all<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir posts <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, except Charleston <strong>and</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety six. On <strong>the</strong> 22d ult. our little army <strong>in</strong>vested <strong>the</strong> last<br />
mentioned place, <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong> siege with <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ite labor <strong>and</strong> alacrity till <strong>the</strong> 20 th <strong>in</strong>st., when we were<br />
obliged to rel<strong>in</strong>quish an object, which, if atta<strong>in</strong>ed, would not only have given peace to this distracted country,<br />
but would have added a lustre to our former services, sufficiently brilliant to have thrown a proper light upon<br />
<strong>the</strong> character <strong>of</strong> our excellent General, <strong>and</strong> reflected a ray <strong>of</strong> glory upon <strong>the</strong> reputation <strong>of</strong> each <strong>in</strong>ferior <strong>of</strong>ficer.<br />
Though we have been greatly disappo<strong>in</strong>ted, no troops ever deserved more credit for <strong>the</strong>ir exertions.<br />
“The operations were prosecuted with <strong>in</strong>defatigable zeal <strong>and</strong> bravery, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> place was defended with spirit<br />
<strong>and</strong> address. Our loss is Capt. [George] Armstrong, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e, killed: Capt. [Perry] Benson,<br />
dangerously wounded, <strong>and</strong> Lieut. [Isaac] Duvall, also wounded. Besides <strong>of</strong>ficers, we lost fifty-eight men killed,<br />
sixty-n<strong>in</strong>e wounded, <strong>and</strong> twenty miss<strong>in</strong>g. From this account you will conclude that a day seldom passed without<br />
execution, <strong>and</strong> I can assure you that each night ra<strong>the</strong>r promoted than dim<strong>in</strong>ished <strong>the</strong> mischief. We succeeded so<br />
far as to take one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s redoubts, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> ail probability a few days more would have happily concluded<br />
<strong>the</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess. But Lord Rawdon had received a strong re<strong>in</strong>forcement, <strong>and</strong> by mak<strong>in</strong>g forced marches, arrived <strong>in</strong><br />
time to avert <strong>the</strong> impend<strong>in</strong>g fate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> garrison. I cannot ascerta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>the</strong> enemy may have susta<strong>in</strong>ed, but<br />
judg<strong>in</strong>g by our own, it cannot be <strong>in</strong>considerable. Our approaches were carried by two trenches <strong>and</strong> a m<strong>in</strong>e to<br />
with<strong>in</strong> a few feet <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ditch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir strongest fort, <strong>and</strong> our troops once took possession <strong>of</strong> it, but <strong>the</strong>ir works<br />
were too strong to be escaladed. Instances <strong>of</strong> consummate bravery were exhibited, but <strong>the</strong>ir fire was too fatal<br />
for our people to rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir fosse, <strong>and</strong> we were obliged to leave it with loss.” 3189<br />
MacKenzie: “Two parties under Capta<strong>in</strong> Campbell <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New Jersey Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> French <strong>of</strong><br />
Delancey’s, issued from <strong>the</strong> sally port <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Star, <strong>the</strong>y entered <strong>the</strong> ditch, divided <strong>the</strong>ir men, <strong>and</strong><br />
advanced, push<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir bayonets till <strong>the</strong>y met each o<strong>the</strong>r. This was an effort <strong>of</strong> gallantry that <strong>the</strong> Americans<br />
could not have expected. General Greene, from one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advanced batteries, with astonishment beheld two<br />
parties, consist<strong>in</strong>g only <strong>of</strong> thirty men each, sally<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to a ditch, charg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g every th<strong>in</strong>g before <strong>the</strong>m,<br />
though exposed to <strong>the</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> a whole army.” 3190<br />
Lee: “Orders were issued to prepare for storm<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> hour <strong>of</strong> twelve, on <strong>the</strong> next day (18 th <strong>of</strong> June), was<br />
appo<strong>in</strong>ted for <strong>the</strong> assail<strong>in</strong>g columns to advance by signal from <strong>the</strong> center battery.<br />
“Lieutenant-Colonel [Richard] Campbell, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first Virg<strong>in</strong>ia regiment, with a detachment from <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia brigades was charged with <strong>the</strong> attack on <strong>the</strong> left; <strong>and</strong> Lieutenant-Colonel Lee, with <strong>the</strong> Legion<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> Kirkwood’s Delawares, with that on <strong>the</strong> right. Lieutenants [Isaac] Duval, <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Seldon<br />
[Samuel Selden] <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, 3191 <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> forlorn hope <strong>of</strong> Campbell <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Rudolph [Michael<br />
Rudulph], <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion, that <strong>of</strong> Lee. Fasc<strong>in</strong>es 3192 were prepared to fill up <strong>the</strong> enemy’s ditch, long poles with iron<br />
hooks were furnished to facilitate <strong>the</strong> progress <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> assailant. At eleven <strong>the</strong> third parallel was manned, <strong>and</strong><br />
our sharp-shooters took <strong>the</strong>ir station <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> tower. The first signal was announced from <strong>the</strong> center battery, upon<br />
which <strong>the</strong> assail<strong>in</strong>g columns entered <strong>the</strong> trenches, manifest<strong>in</strong>g delight <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> expectation <strong>of</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g by <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
courage <strong>the</strong> great prize <strong>in</strong> view.<br />
“At <strong>the</strong> second cannon which was discharged at <strong>the</strong> hour <strong>of</strong> twelve, Campbell <strong>and</strong> Lee rushed to <strong>the</strong> assault.<br />
Cruger, always prepared, received <strong>the</strong>m with his accustomed firmness. The parapets were manned with spike<br />
<strong>and</strong> bayonet, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> riflemen, fixed at <strong>the</strong> s<strong>and</strong> bag apertures, ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed a steady <strong>and</strong> destructive fire. Duval<br />
<strong>and</strong> Sheldon entered <strong>the</strong> enemy’s ditch, <strong>and</strong> began to apply <strong>the</strong> hook. Uncover<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> parapet now would have<br />
given us victory; <strong>and</strong> such was <strong>the</strong> vigorous afforded by <strong>the</strong> musketry from <strong>the</strong> third parallel, from <strong>the</strong> riflemen<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> tower, <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong> artillery mounted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battery, that sangu<strong>in</strong>e expectations <strong>of</strong> this happy issue were<br />
universally <strong>in</strong>dulged. The moment <strong>the</strong> bags <strong>in</strong> front were pulled down, Campbell would have mounted <strong>the</strong><br />
3185 Duvall later lost his life at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
3186 TCS pp. 501-502.<br />
3187 LMS p. 377.<br />
3188 KJO p. 19.<br />
3189 TOW pp. 21-22.<br />
3190 MST pp. 159-160, MLW4A p. 530n, LMS pp. 376-377. This reported last m<strong>in</strong>ute sortie by <strong>the</strong> Loyalists William Johnson<br />
characterizes as be<strong>in</strong>g not fully substantiated, <strong>and</strong> is thus dis<strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to believe it even occurred. JLG2 pp. 149-150.<br />
3191 For an anecdote <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g Selden, see GAR1 p. 408.<br />
3192 A fasc<strong>in</strong>e is a cyl<strong>in</strong>drical bundle <strong>of</strong> sticks bound toge<strong>the</strong>r for use <strong>in</strong> construction, as <strong>of</strong> fortresses <strong>and</strong> earthworks.<br />
539
parapet, where <strong>the</strong> struggle could not have been long ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed. Cruger had prepared an <strong>in</strong>termediate battery<br />
with his three pieces, which he occasionally applied to <strong>the</strong> right <strong>and</strong> left. At first it was directed aga<strong>in</strong>st Lee’s<br />
left, but very soon every piece was applied upon Campbell’s right, which was very <strong>in</strong>jurious to his column.<br />
“Major [Joseph] Green[e], <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> star redoubt, sensible <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> danger to which he was exposed if<br />
<strong>the</strong> attempted lodgment upon his front curta<strong>in</strong> succeeded, determ<strong>in</strong>ed to try <strong>the</strong> bayonet <strong>in</strong> his ditch as well as<br />
on his parapet. To Capta<strong>in</strong>s Campbell <strong>and</strong> French was <strong>com</strong>mitted this bold effort. Enter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> ditch through<br />
a sally-port <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> star, <strong>the</strong>y took opposite directions, <strong>and</strong> soon came <strong>in</strong> contact, <strong>the</strong> one with Duval,<br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r with Seldon. Here ensued a desperate conflict. The Americans, not only fight<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong><br />
front, but with <strong>the</strong> enemy overhead, susta<strong>in</strong>ed gallantly <strong>the</strong> unequal contest, until Duval <strong>and</strong> Seldon became<br />
disabled by wounds, when <strong>the</strong>y yielded, <strong>and</strong> were driven back, with great loss to <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> entry. The few<br />
survivors escaped with <strong>the</strong> hookmen to our trenches, where yet rema<strong>in</strong>ed Campbell, <strong>the</strong> s<strong>and</strong>-bags not be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
removed. On <strong>the</strong> left <strong>the</strong> issue was very different. Rudolph ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> enemy’s ditch, <strong>and</strong> followed by <strong>the</strong><br />
column, soon opened his way <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> fort, from which <strong>the</strong> enemy, giv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir last fire, precipitately<br />
retreated…The adverse fortune experienced by our left column made <strong>the</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> Greene return to his card<strong>in</strong>al<br />
policy, <strong>the</strong> preservation <strong>of</strong> adequate force to keep <strong>the</strong> field.” 3193<br />
Henry Lee, at <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee on 24 July, wrote Richard Henry Lee: “…[y]ou will f<strong>in</strong>d N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six<br />
especially valuable to <strong>the</strong> enemy, as it is centrical to a rich <strong>and</strong> populous back country, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s <strong>the</strong><br />
settlements between <strong>the</strong> Saluda <strong>and</strong> Broad rivers. At <strong>the</strong> same time it renders <strong>the</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Congaree more secure <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>municates with Charlestown without <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tervention <strong>of</strong> nay considerable<br />
river. To possess Camden <strong>the</strong> Santee or <strong>the</strong> Congaree must be passed: to possess Augusta <strong>the</strong> Savannah must be<br />
passed…<br />
“…Previous to which, our works be<strong>in</strong>g far advanced, <strong>the</strong> General attempted a storm. This decision was taken on<br />
<strong>the</strong> wisest pr<strong>in</strong>ciples, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> operation was executed with <strong>the</strong> most brilliant gallantry. Our success was partial;<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g morn<strong>in</strong>g our troops crossed <strong>the</strong> Saluda. Lord Rawdon was with<strong>in</strong> fifteen miles <strong>and</strong> followed us<br />
rapidly. The pursuit was va<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> his Lordship after two days advance retired to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. General Greene,<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g received a small re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>and</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>red some militia, made a forward movement. The Legion was<br />
directed to lay close to <strong>the</strong> enemy.” 3194<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “Greene <strong>the</strong>n sent a flag to Cruger, propos<strong>in</strong>g a cessation <strong>of</strong> hostilities for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> bury<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
dead. Cruger refused, claim<strong>in</strong>g that service for <strong>the</strong> victor, whoever he might be. Believ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
post to be doubtful before <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> Rawdon, <strong>and</strong> unwill<strong>in</strong>g to encounter that general’s superior force,<br />
Greene withdrew <strong>the</strong> detachment from <strong>the</strong> stockade, <strong>and</strong> prepared for a general retreat. Thus ended <strong>the</strong> siege<br />
<strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, which cont<strong>in</strong>ued twenty-seven days.” 3195<br />
Letter <strong>of</strong> Balfour, written on 20 July, 1781, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “Lord Rawdon hav<strong>in</strong>g by <strong>the</strong> <strong>War</strong>wick transmitted a State<br />
<strong>of</strong> this Country, & Account <strong>of</strong> his Movements to <strong>the</strong> Arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Re<strong>in</strong>forcement, I do now do myself <strong>the</strong> honor<br />
to lay before your Excelleny a summary <strong>of</strong> Events so far as <strong>the</strong>y have <strong>com</strong>e with<strong>in</strong> my knowledge, s<strong>in</strong>ce that<br />
period.<br />
“No sooner were <strong>the</strong> necessary Arrangements made, than Lord Rawdon proceeded with a Corps <strong>of</strong> about Two<br />
Thous<strong>and</strong> Men, to <strong>the</strong> relief <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, on his near approach to which Post, General Greene took <strong>the</strong><br />
Resolution, ra<strong>the</strong>r than Risque an Action with Lord Rawdon, <strong>of</strong> storm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Garrison, <strong>in</strong> which, however, he was<br />
repulsed by <strong>the</strong> Exertions <strong>of</strong> lieut. Colonel Cruger, & <strong>the</strong> very spirited Conduct <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Troops under him, with <strong>the</strong><br />
loss, as acknowledged <strong>of</strong> at least Seventy five killed, & one hundred & fifty wounded, ours be<strong>in</strong>g truly<br />
<strong>in</strong>considerable both on this Occasion & dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Siege, which was closely pressed by <strong>the</strong> Enemy.<br />
“This Event, so fortunate <strong>in</strong> itself & Creditable to Colonel Cruger & his small Garrison took place <strong>the</strong> 19 th Ultimo,<br />
on <strong>the</strong> succeed<strong>in</strong>g Day <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Army retired over <strong>the</strong> Saluda, & on <strong>the</strong> 21 st [June] Lord Rawdon arrived at<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six.<br />
“At this place His Lordship did not rest long, but by forced Marches followed General Greene to a Ford <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Enoree, where he was with<strong>in</strong> a few hours <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g up with him, but <strong>the</strong> un<strong>com</strong>mon fatigues <strong>the</strong> Troops had<br />
undergone (& <strong>the</strong> Direction <strong>of</strong> General Greene’s March, over <strong>the</strong> Tyger & Broad Rivers, <strong>the</strong>n Po<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g at Virg<strong>in</strong>ia)<br />
not allow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Pursuit to be cont<strong>in</strong>ued fur<strong>the</strong>r, Lord Rawdon returned to N<strong>in</strong>ety Six & from <strong>the</strong>nce, hav<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
part <strong>of</strong> his Force with Colonel Cruger, proceeded to <strong>the</strong> Congarees. 3196<br />
Ramsay: “On this occasion [<strong>of</strong> Greene’s depart<strong>in</strong>g N<strong>in</strong>ety Six] general Pickens exhibited an illustrious <strong>in</strong>stance <strong>of</strong><br />
Republican virtue. When <strong>the</strong> retreat was ordered, <strong>the</strong> general’s family <strong>and</strong> private property was sent <strong>of</strong>f with<br />
<strong>the</strong> baggage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army. This precaution, though wished for by all, <strong>and</strong> justified on every pr<strong>in</strong>ciple <strong>of</strong> prudence,<br />
gave an alarm to many who ei<strong>the</strong>r had not <strong>the</strong> same means <strong>of</strong> transportation, or who could not have attended to<br />
it without desert<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> American army. To encourage <strong>the</strong> men to stay <strong>in</strong> camp, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir families to rema<strong>in</strong> on<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir Plantations, general Pickens ordered his [own] family <strong>and</strong> property back aga<strong>in</strong> to his house with<strong>in</strong> twenty<br />
miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British garrison [<strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six]. His example saved <strong>the</strong> country <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity from depopulation, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> army under Greene from susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a great dim<strong>in</strong>ution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir numbers, by <strong>the</strong> desertion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia to<br />
take care <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir families.” 3197<br />
3193 LMS pp. 375-377.<br />
3194 Historical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, September 1865, vol. IX, no. 9, p. 282.<br />
3195 LFB2 p. 487.<br />
3196 BLB pp. 80-86.<br />
3197 RSC2 p. 246.<br />
540
Edward Hooker, a resident <strong>and</strong> school teacher <strong>of</strong> Cambridge, S.C. (built near to <strong>the</strong>n “old” N<strong>in</strong>ety Six), <strong>in</strong> 1806<br />
wrote: “The siege <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six is a favorite topic with <strong>the</strong> people <strong>in</strong> this vic<strong>in</strong>ity. It is a pleasure to witness <strong>the</strong><br />
animation that sparkles <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir countenances, when <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>pliance with my request, <strong>the</strong>y narrate <strong>the</strong> m<strong>in</strong>ute<br />
<strong>in</strong>cidents <strong>of</strong> those try<strong>in</strong>g times. Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> strik<strong>in</strong>g particulars are <strong>the</strong>se -- <strong>the</strong> blockad<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British troops -<br />
- <strong>the</strong> fort -- <strong>the</strong> extension <strong>of</strong> a m<strong>in</strong>e under <strong>the</strong> British works -- <strong>the</strong> sally<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> a British force which <strong>in</strong> spite <strong>of</strong><br />
a desperate resistance drove <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>ians from <strong>the</strong> m<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> surprised unawares <strong>the</strong> heroic fellows that were<br />
ready, under ground, to blow up <strong>the</strong> whole garrison to destruction -- <strong>the</strong> march<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>of</strong> a pick’d <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong><br />
valiants to haul down with hooks <strong>the</strong> bags <strong>of</strong> s<strong>and</strong> which lay on <strong>the</strong> top <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> entrenchment, while muskets were<br />
<strong>in</strong>cessantly blaz<strong>in</strong>g from beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m -- <strong>the</strong> act <strong>of</strong> a courageous tory who notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> surround<strong>in</strong>g crowd<br />
<strong>of</strong> besiegers, galloped through <strong>and</strong> ga<strong>in</strong>ed admittance at <strong>the</strong> gate [with] advices <strong>of</strong> an approach<strong>in</strong>g<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcement.” 3198<br />
19 June (also 18 June.) Maj. Gen. Lafayette, at Richmond, was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by von Steuben with 425 to 450 (Lee<br />
states “about 600”) newly raised Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals (i.e., eighteen months men.) The additional<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcement brought Lafayette’s strength to 2,000 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> 3,200 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia <strong>and</strong> riflemen. 3199<br />
Lafayette’s force at this time was as follows:<br />
Maj. Gen. Baron von Steuben, second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
3 Battalions <strong>of</strong> New Engl<strong>and</strong> Light Infantry: 800 to 900, placed now under Brig. Gen. Muhlenberg<br />
3 Pennsylvania Battalions: 450 to 750, under Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne,<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Regiment: 425 to 450, under Col. Christian Febiger 3200 <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. Thomas Gask<strong>in</strong>s<br />
3 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia brigades: 3201<br />
780 riflemen, Brig. General William Campbell<br />
750, Brig. Gen. Robert Lawson 3202<br />
650, Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens<br />
2 nd <strong>and</strong> 4 th Regiments <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental artillery, 200 matrosses with 8 to 10 guns, 6 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se be<strong>in</strong>g smaller field<br />
guns, such as three-pounders <strong>and</strong> four-pounders.<br />
Cavalry: Maj. William McPherson (<strong>of</strong> Pennsylvania)<br />
Arm<strong>and</strong>’s Cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons: 60<br />
Volunteer Dragoons from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia: 60, Lieut. Col. John Mercer, 3203 Nicholas Moore<br />
Advance detachments:<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen: 100, Major Richard Call.<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen: 100, Major John Willis<br />
Detachment <strong>of</strong> Vose’s light <strong>in</strong>fantry: 60, Major Galv<strong>in</strong>, a French <strong>of</strong>ficer<br />
In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> subsequent campaign<strong>in</strong>g, Lafayette rarely if ever kept his army concentrated <strong>and</strong> tended to<br />
move his collective force <strong>in</strong> separated divisions <strong>and</strong> detachments; though <strong>in</strong> a manner that permitted <strong>the</strong>m to<br />
regroup with relative swiftness as necessary. This made it easier to supply his men while conceal<strong>in</strong>g his true<br />
strength.<br />
Cornwallis, at Williamsburg, wrote to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton on June 30 th : “La Fayette’s cont<strong>in</strong>entals, I believe, consist <strong>of</strong> about<br />
seventeen or eighteen hundred men, exclusive <strong>of</strong> some twelvemonths-men collected by Steuben. He has<br />
received considerable re<strong>in</strong>forcements <strong>of</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong> about eight hundred mounta<strong>in</strong> riflemen under [William]<br />
Campbell. He keeps with his ma<strong>in</strong> body about eighteen or twenty miles from us; his advanced corps about ten or<br />
twelve, probably with an <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>sult<strong>in</strong>g our rear guard when we pass James river. I hope, however, to put<br />
that out <strong>of</strong> his power, by cross<strong>in</strong>g at James-city isl<strong>and</strong>; if I can get a favourable opportunity <strong>of</strong> strik<strong>in</strong>g a blow at<br />
him without loss <strong>of</strong> time, I will certa<strong>in</strong>ly try it. I will likewise attempt water expeditions, if proper objects<br />
present <strong>the</strong>mselves after my arrival at Portsmouth.” 3204<br />
3198 GNS pp. 186-187.<br />
3199 TCS pp. 347-348, 397-398, MLW4A pp. 436-437, LMS p. 429, JLG2 p. 63, CBA p. 604, JYC pp. 53, 55.<br />
3200 Respect<strong>in</strong>g Febiger, a natïve <strong>of</strong> Denmark, see “Christian Febiger: Colonel <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia L<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Army” by<br />
Henry P. Johnston, Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> American History, March 1881, vol. VI, no. 3, pp. 188-203. As well as later lead<strong>in</strong>g some Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>in</strong> Lafayette’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia campaign, Febiger also acted a significant part <strong>in</strong> help<strong>in</strong>g to supply Greene’s army (<strong>and</strong><br />
which <strong>the</strong> article, among o<strong>the</strong>r historical facts, addresses.) He is spoken <strong>of</strong> by Francis J. Brooke, <strong>of</strong> Harrison’s artillery as an<br />
efficient camp <strong>of</strong>ficer, see Brooke’s “A Family Narrative <strong>of</strong> a <strong>Revolutionary</strong> Officer,” Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> History (1921), vol. 19, no. 2.<br />
3201 As was usual, <strong>the</strong> militia numbers tended to fluctuate as many came <strong>and</strong> went as <strong>the</strong>y chose.<br />
3202 Included <strong>in</strong> Lawson’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> was future U.S. President, at this juncture a Lieut. Col. <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> VA. militia, James Monroe,<br />
LMS p. 417.<br />
3203 Mercer, who had been one <strong>of</strong> Charles Lee’s aides, had disagreed with <strong>the</strong> verdict aga<strong>in</strong>st Lee for his conduct at Monmouth,<br />
<strong>and</strong> had <strong>the</strong>refore resigned his <strong>com</strong>mission, when he was earnestly called out by Lafayette; respond<strong>in</strong>g to which Mercer raised a<br />
sorely needed troop <strong>of</strong> state dragoons, LMS p.417.<br />
3204 TCS pp. 397-398, SCP5 p.104.<br />
541
19 June. Sumter, at <strong>the</strong> “Dutch Settlement Near Wrights,” S.C., wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g he had 300 men, many<br />
<strong>of</strong> which were new recruits. Ano<strong>the</strong>r 300 had been left <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fort Granby-Ancrum’s area, but not a few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
were unarmed. Col Samuel Tate, with 2 regiments was to have jo<strong>in</strong>ed Sumter, but had not yet <strong>com</strong>e up due to<br />
<strong>the</strong> activities <strong>of</strong> loyalist <strong>in</strong> his area. 3205 He was hav<strong>in</strong>g a difficult time keep<strong>in</strong>g his men toge<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> already 150<br />
had deserted him. “I have Several Waggonloads <strong>of</strong> Corn Meal I Can furnish with if you are <strong>in</strong> Want for <strong>the</strong> army.”<br />
He fur<strong>the</strong>r mentioned not know<strong>in</strong>g Marion’s whereabouts. The latter, ra<strong>the</strong>r than serve under Sumter (if he<br />
could help it), kept his force distant <strong>and</strong> did not report to Greene till June 24 th . In a separate letter <strong>of</strong> this same<br />
date, Sumter reported to Greene that he would detach what men he could to “Ly [sic] near <strong>the</strong> Enemy &c” but<br />
his <strong>in</strong>fantry were be<strong>in</strong>g troublesome <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g. An entire regiment had “gone back [home]” due to<br />
parties <strong>of</strong> loyalists “Com<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> Country.” Col. Thomas Taylor, at <strong>the</strong> Congarees, was very apprehensive <strong>and</strong><br />
Sumter <strong>in</strong> turn believed he would be forced to move <strong>the</strong> stores kept <strong>the</strong>re to safety. 3206<br />
19 June. Lieut. Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, at “Samuel Savages,” wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g that he expected Rawdon to<br />
reach Saluda Old Town by that even<strong>in</strong>g. He also stated that Capt. Rudolph [John Rudulph], with Lee’s Legion<br />
cavalry, had jo<strong>in</strong>ed him. 3207<br />
19 June. Col. Elijah Clark, at Wilkes County, GA., wrote to Greene thank<strong>in</strong>g him for hav<strong>in</strong>g delivered safely <strong>the</strong><br />
cloth<strong>in</strong>g sent by Georgia’s representatives <strong>in</strong> Congress. He said he would set out at <strong>the</strong> shortest notice, but<br />
requested permission to leave troops beh<strong>in</strong>d to guard <strong>the</strong> public stores (which, untended, would draw enemy<br />
attention), <strong>and</strong> to man strong scout<strong>in</strong>g parties to safeguard aga<strong>in</strong>st possible “Outliers” <strong>and</strong> Indian <strong>in</strong>cursions.<br />
Clark also mentioned his men were short <strong>of</strong> arms. As it turned out, he never jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene, ostensibly due to<br />
<strong>the</strong> outliers <strong>and</strong> Indians. 3208<br />
19 June. Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Stewart, with 250 to 300 men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Regt., left Monck’s Corner for Dorchester<br />
en route to Orangeburg, with <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>g up with Rawdon, at <strong>the</strong> latter’s behest, at Fort Granby on<br />
July 3 rd . Before he had marched very far, Gould <strong>in</strong> Charlestown recalled him, but <strong>the</strong>n changed his m<strong>in</strong>d <strong>and</strong><br />
resc<strong>in</strong>ded <strong>the</strong> order to fall back. Stewart <strong>the</strong>n cont<strong>in</strong>ued toward Orangeburgh, but <strong>the</strong> mixup caused him a four<br />
days delay (see 29 June.) Marion, writ<strong>in</strong>g to Greene from Ancrum’s on <strong>the</strong> 25 th , also reported <strong>the</strong> British as<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g 300 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 50 dragoons 3209 at St. John’s or Bigg<strong>in</strong>’s Church. 3210<br />
20 June (also 21 June.) In <strong>the</strong> early morn<strong>in</strong>g hours (Johnson says <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 19 th ) <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six<br />
was lifted. The same day, Greene camped at Little River <strong>and</strong> Williams’ fort near N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong><br />
Capt. John Rudulph hav<strong>in</strong>g returned to <strong>the</strong> army, Lee was detached with his Legion to protect Greene’s retreat<br />
<strong>and</strong> keep watch <strong>of</strong> Rawdon. The follow<strong>in</strong>g day (<strong>the</strong> 21 st ) Kirkwood’s Delaware <strong>com</strong>pany was attached to<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry to form a small light corps or legion <strong>and</strong> who were was assigned to act similarly to Lee.<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Sumter (see 18 June), Wash<strong>in</strong>gton also had some mounted state troops <strong>and</strong> militia sent (by Sumter)<br />
to assist him. 3211<br />
Kirkwood: “20 th Raised <strong>the</strong> siege from N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six; Lord Rodden [sic] be<strong>in</strong>g with<strong>in</strong> 25 miles <strong>of</strong> us, with 2000 men<br />
this Day marched toward Charlotte...14 [miles].”<br />
“When <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six was raised,” writes John A. Chapman <strong>in</strong> his History <strong>of</strong> Edgefield County, “<strong>the</strong><br />
LeRoy <strong>and</strong> Samuel Hammonds were sent westwardly <strong>and</strong> northwestwardly to protect Greene on his retreat, by<br />
prevent<strong>in</strong>g annoyance from <strong>the</strong> Tories. From <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>in</strong>structed to proceed eastwardly to <strong>the</strong><br />
Congaree. Proceed<strong>in</strong>g eastwardly <strong>the</strong>y fell <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army under Colonel Cruger retreat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
from N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six to Orangeburgh, <strong>and</strong> captured some baggage <strong>and</strong> made several prisoners.”<br />
William Johnson: “But before <strong>the</strong> morrow even<strong>in</strong>g had arrived <strong>the</strong> event <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> assault <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> news from below,<br />
had rendered retreat <strong>in</strong>dispensable. Lord Rawdon was at Little Saluda; Sumpter, with all <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>of</strong><br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Lee, <strong>and</strong> even <strong>the</strong> light troops <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion, too far on Rawdon’s right to make a junction with<br />
Greene ei<strong>the</strong>r certa<strong>in</strong> or secure. Reluctantly, <strong>the</strong>refore, he resolved to ab<strong>and</strong>on <strong>the</strong> siege, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 19 th moved across <strong>the</strong> Saluda, on <strong>the</strong> track <strong>of</strong> his baggage; hav<strong>in</strong>g first issued orders to Sumpter to march up<br />
with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fork <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Broad <strong>and</strong> Saluda, so as to fall <strong>in</strong>to his track <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong> him.<br />
“But little was <strong>the</strong> aid to be expected at this time from such a junction. The <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>of</strong> retreat <strong>and</strong><br />
misfortune, upon <strong>the</strong> fluctuat<strong>in</strong>g spirits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia began to show itself; <strong>and</strong> both Sumpter <strong>and</strong> Marion wrote<br />
that <strong>the</strong>y were almost ab<strong>and</strong>oned by those who had been with <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> found I next to impossible to call forth<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs. Every man <strong>of</strong> his four regiments, general Sumpter mentions, had ab<strong>and</strong>oned him one day, <strong>and</strong> scarcely<br />
any troops rema<strong>in</strong>ed with him except his brigade <strong>of</strong> ten month’s men…” 3212<br />
20 June. Follow<strong>in</strong>g orders he had received earlier from Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, Cornwallis retreated from Richmond <strong>and</strong><br />
marched south for Portsmouth; via Williamsburg which last he atta<strong>in</strong>ed on <strong>the</strong> 25 th . Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s <strong>in</strong>structions<br />
directed that he return some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia with him to aid <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> New York. However,<br />
3205 Though Sumter doesn’t give a location <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalist activity, Tate was from Orangeburgh area; which may <strong>the</strong>n have been<br />
where <strong>the</strong> troubles with <strong>the</strong> loyalists were occurr<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
3206 NGP8 pp. 417n, 418.<br />
3207 NGP8 p. 418.<br />
3208 NGP8 p. 414.<br />
3209 These it would appear were Lieut. Col. James Coates <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 19 th Regt.<br />
3210 NGP8 p. 459, JLG2 pp. 155-158.<br />
3211 KJO p. 19, NGP8 pp. 426, 432, GHA4 p. 96, MLW4A p. 530, LMS pp. 378-379.<br />
3212 JLG2 p. 154.<br />
542
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton subsequently resc<strong>in</strong>ded <strong>the</strong>se <strong>in</strong>structions (See 11, 15 <strong>and</strong> 20 July referr<strong>in</strong>g to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis.)<br />
Lafayette, now with both Wayne <strong>and</strong> von Steuben present, plus re<strong>in</strong>forced militia, followed <strong>in</strong> his wake. 3213<br />
Simcoe: “On <strong>the</strong> 17 th , Lt. Col. Simcoe was detached with some <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> his cavalry, to pass <strong>the</strong> James river,<br />
near Henrico Court-house; which he did <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g, to facilitate <strong>the</strong> passage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boats with<br />
convalescents up to Richmond, <strong>and</strong> to clear <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn banks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> James river <strong>of</strong> any parties <strong>of</strong> militia who<br />
might be stationed to annoy <strong>the</strong>m. The detachment recrossed <strong>the</strong> river on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 19 th , from Manchester<br />
to Richmond, <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Ewald, with <strong>the</strong> Yagers, jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers. On <strong>the</strong> 20 th it be<strong>in</strong>g reported<br />
that <strong>the</strong> enemy had a fly<strong>in</strong>g corps, all mounted, under Gen. Muhlenberg, <strong>and</strong> consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> twelve hundred men,<br />
Lt. Col. Simcoe was directed to patrole for <strong>in</strong>telligence: he marched with forty cavalry (but consider<strong>in</strong>g this a<br />
service <strong>of</strong> particular danger) with <strong>the</strong> utmost caution. He quitted <strong>the</strong> road <strong>and</strong> marched through <strong>the</strong> woods, as<br />
nearly parallel to it as <strong>the</strong> enclosures, which had been cleared, would admit. After a march <strong>of</strong> a few miles, to<br />
his great satisfaction, he discovered a flag <strong>of</strong> truce, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy; <strong>and</strong> he was certa<strong>in</strong>, that accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
custom, some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m would be found <strong>in</strong> its rear. Lt. Spencer was <strong>the</strong>refore detached with a small party to get<br />
beyond <strong>the</strong>m upon <strong>the</strong> road, which he effected, <strong>and</strong> found himself <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> a party <strong>of</strong> twenty men; but <strong>the</strong><br />
woods on his right be<strong>in</strong>g open, though Lt. Lawler supported him <strong>in</strong> front, one <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong> two or three men only<br />
were taken. Lt. Col. Simcoe immediately returned, hav<strong>in</strong>g procured from <strong>the</strong> prisoners every requisite<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence. The army [<strong>of</strong> Cornwallis] marched, on <strong>the</strong> 21 st <strong>of</strong> June, to Bottom-bridge, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 22d to New<br />
Kent Court-house…” 3214<br />
20 June. Maj. James Craig, at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton to Gov. Thomas Burke: “I cannot let pass this opportunity <strong>of</strong><br />
address<strong>in</strong>g myself to you on a subject which I expect will meet with more attention than I suppose would be paid<br />
to it by <strong>the</strong> perpetrator <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> actions I am forced to <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> -- <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>human treatment imposed on <strong>the</strong><br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s friends on every occasion <strong>and</strong> by every party <strong>of</strong> militia now <strong>in</strong> arms, obliges me to adopt some serious<br />
resolution to put, if possible, an end to it -- <strong>the</strong> deliberate <strong>and</strong> wanton murders daily <strong>com</strong>mitted on <strong>the</strong>m call, I<br />
should imag<strong>in</strong>e, as much for your attention as <strong>the</strong>y do for vengeance on my part. It is now my bus<strong>in</strong>ess to assure<br />
you, sir, that <strong>the</strong> former alone can prevent <strong>the</strong> latter.<br />
“Had I listened only to <strong>the</strong> first emotions excited by <strong>the</strong> account <strong>of</strong> Mr. Caswell’s conduct <strong>in</strong> Murder<strong>in</strong>g five men<br />
at K<strong>in</strong>gstown who were carried to him from New River; Mr. Saml. Ashe <strong>and</strong> his <strong>com</strong>rades who were put <strong>in</strong> irons<br />
for <strong>the</strong> purpose would have be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> immediate victims to his unwarrantable cruelty -- fortunately for <strong>the</strong>m I<br />
am a Soldier <strong>and</strong> have been taught to look on <strong>the</strong> deliberate & unnecessary shedd<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> blood to be repugnant to<br />
my pr<strong>in</strong>ciples as such, as <strong>the</strong> spar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Enemies <strong>of</strong> my K<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field. I <strong>the</strong>refore determ<strong>in</strong>ed to adopt every<br />
method I could th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>of</strong> to prevent <strong>the</strong> necessity which could alone justify to my own m<strong>in</strong>d that extremity, to<br />
<strong>the</strong> world I am sure I should have been fully justified by <strong>the</strong> cause alone -- several <strong>in</strong>stances which have<br />
happened s<strong>in</strong>ce both <strong>in</strong> that quarter <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Dupl<strong>in</strong> county, have very nearly forced me to have recourse to <strong>the</strong><br />
expedient I wish to avoid, even without previous representation, which I was at a loss how to make, as I knew<br />
not where to address you, <strong>and</strong> was determ<strong>in</strong>ed never to have any <strong>com</strong>munication with people capable <strong>of</strong><br />
order<strong>in</strong>g such actions, & whose <strong>in</strong>humanity gave me every reason to suppose, <strong>the</strong>ir answer would be <strong>the</strong><br />
immediate occasion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> extremity I wished to avoid.<br />
“I now, Sir, call on you to use your efforts to put a stop to a proceed<strong>in</strong>g which promises such additional misery<br />
to <strong>the</strong> people over whom you now preside. I fully discharge my duty <strong>in</strong> this address <strong>and</strong> shall th<strong>in</strong>k myself<br />
perfectly unanswerable for <strong>the</strong> consequences <strong>of</strong> its be<strong>in</strong>g disregarded. After allow<strong>in</strong>g a reasonable time for <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>terposition <strong>of</strong> your authority I shall th<strong>in</strong>k myself called on by Justice, Duty, & I may add ultimately by every<br />
consideration <strong>of</strong> humanity, to give <strong>the</strong> people who from <strong>the</strong> most laudable pr<strong>in</strong>ciples <strong>of</strong> loyalty take arms <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s favour, ample revenge & satisfaction for every <strong>in</strong>stance <strong>of</strong> murder <strong>com</strong>mitted by any party <strong>of</strong> Militia on<br />
one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> for this purpose I shall not hesitate to deliver over to <strong>the</strong>m those Prisoners who from character<br />
or situation are most likely to gratify <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> those sentiments, <strong>and</strong> produce <strong>the</strong> effect I ardently wish for, <strong>of</strong><br />
prevent<strong>in</strong>g a reputation <strong>of</strong> those barbarities, however I persuade myself <strong>the</strong>re will be no necessity for hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
recourse to <strong>the</strong>se means as it will be with <strong>the</strong> utmost regret I shall aggravate <strong>the</strong> miseries to which all countries<br />
are liable when <strong>the</strong> seat <strong>of</strong> war. My wish ever is to s<strong>of</strong>ten <strong>the</strong>m as much as is consistent with my duty & <strong>in</strong> this I<br />
know my own wishes to co<strong>in</strong>cide with <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tentions <strong>of</strong> my superiors.” 3215<br />
21 June. (possibly 20 June) Lafayette entered Richmond some twenty hours after Cornwallis had left it. 3216<br />
21 June. Much to <strong>the</strong> relief <strong>and</strong> joy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hard-pressed garrison, Rawdon f<strong>in</strong>ally reached N<strong>in</strong>ety Six; though<br />
many <strong>of</strong> his own men were scorched by <strong>the</strong> heat, fatigued <strong>and</strong> sickly. His relief force numbered probably around<br />
2,000, hav<strong>in</strong>g been variously reported by American scouts as 1,500 to 2,500, <strong>and</strong> which <strong>in</strong>cluded (accord<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
British accounts) at least 150 cavalry. Lee, keep<strong>in</strong>g watch <strong>of</strong> him, wrote to Greene <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g day (<strong>the</strong> 22 nd )<br />
that Rawdon had arrived yesterday at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, with his baggage a few miles follow<strong>in</strong>g beh<strong>in</strong>d him. “The Tories<br />
jo<strong>in</strong> fast. The troops have little or no meal. The h<strong>and</strong> mills are at work. This will be but a scanty supply. I do not<br />
believe his lordship has more than 2000 horse foot & artillery <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> garrison under Col. Cruger, &<br />
enclud<strong>in</strong>g [sic] <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants who have or may jo<strong>in</strong> him.” In an ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same day, Lee<br />
writes: “Invalids <strong>and</strong> Militia are left at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Very few Torys with <strong>the</strong> army. They have nei<strong>the</strong>r blankets,<br />
knapsacks nor wagons with <strong>the</strong>m, nor have <strong>the</strong>y a change <strong>of</strong> shirts. Not a s<strong>in</strong>gle wagon <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery have<br />
tumblers for ammunition. They move tomorrow at day break. They have no provision but flesh, <strong>the</strong>y do not Cook<br />
3213 SCP5 pp. 165-168, SQR pp. 224-226, TCS pp. 300, 347-350, 396, MLW4A pp. 436-440, CBA p. 604, JYC p. 53.<br />
3214 SQR pp. 224-225.<br />
3215 CNC22 pp. 1023-1025.<br />
3216 JYC p. 53.<br />
543
meal nor have <strong>the</strong>y any liquer [sic]...” Rawdon’s “provision tra<strong>in</strong>, military stores, &c” are on <strong>the</strong>ir way to<br />
Charlestown. He fur<strong>the</strong>r stated that reports taken from prisoners put Rawdon’s force at 2,450; never<strong>the</strong>less, his<br />
own personal estimate was 1,880. 3217<br />
Tarleton: “Dur<strong>in</strong>g renewed successions <strong>of</strong> forced marches, under <strong>the</strong> rage <strong>of</strong> a burn<strong>in</strong>g sun, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a climate, at<br />
that season, peculiarly <strong>in</strong>imical to man, <strong>the</strong>y [Rawdon’s soldiers] were frequently, when s<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g under <strong>the</strong> most<br />
excessive fatigue, not only destitute <strong>of</strong> every <strong>com</strong>fort, but almost <strong>of</strong> every necessary which seems essential to<br />
his existence. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> greater part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time, <strong>the</strong>y were totally destitute <strong>of</strong> bread, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> country<br />
afforded no vegetables for a substitute. Salt at length failed; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir only resources were water, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> wild<br />
cattle which <strong>the</strong>y found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods. Above fifty men, <strong>in</strong> this last expedition, sunk under <strong>the</strong> vigor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
exertions, <strong>and</strong> perished through mere fatigue.” 3218<br />
22 June. Maj. Hezekiah Maham was appo<strong>in</strong>ted Lieut. Col. Comm<strong>and</strong>ant <strong>of</strong> a Battalion <strong>of</strong> Light Dragoons for <strong>the</strong><br />
State <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. He already had a cont<strong>in</strong>gent <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field as cavalry, <strong>and</strong> which at <strong>the</strong> present time was<br />
situated below <strong>the</strong> Santee River (at a site probably above Monck’s Corner.) Peter Horry was similarly<br />
<strong>com</strong>missioned a few days later. See 28 June. 3219<br />
22 June. Greene camped at Bush River, S.C. Johnson speaks <strong>of</strong> Greene be<strong>in</strong>g for a time with Lee <strong>and</strong> or<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry <strong>and</strong> light troops, <strong>and</strong> who were act<strong>in</strong>g as <strong>the</strong> American rear guard <strong>and</strong> discourag<strong>in</strong>g British<br />
forag<strong>in</strong>g while <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army itself, left under Col. Otho Williams’ <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, withdrew before Rawdon’s<br />
advance. 3220<br />
23 June. The American forces <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia had, with additional militia re<strong>in</strong>forcements, reached 6,000 men, 1,500<br />
<strong>of</strong> which were Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. 3221<br />
23 June. Greene wrote Pickens to assemble his men <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong> him as soon as possible at Fish Dam Ford. Pickens<br />
had been entrusted with tak<strong>in</strong>g Greene’s baggage to safety while Greene made his retreat from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six.<br />
Greene moreover directed <strong>the</strong> baggage to be sent to Fish Dam Ford by a safe route. That even<strong>in</strong>g he crossed <strong>the</strong><br />
Enoree with his army head<strong>in</strong>g toward <strong>the</strong> Broad River. See 30 June. 3222<br />
Kirkwood: “23 rd . Marched this Night <strong>and</strong> Crossed <strong>the</strong> Innoree [Enoree] River…15 [miles].” 3223<br />
23 June. Cornwallis halted his march towards Williamsburg, mak<strong>in</strong>g a movement to possibly attack Lafayette.<br />
The latter’s advance corps under Wayne formed up <strong>in</strong> preparation to receive <strong>the</strong>m, but Cornwallis changed his<br />
m<strong>in</strong>d <strong>and</strong> resumed his march. 3224<br />
23 June. On 2 August, Rawdon wrote Cornwallis regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> events <strong>of</strong> this period. He stated that he had no<br />
<strong>in</strong>tention at that time <strong>of</strong> purs<strong>in</strong>g Greene’s army as his own troops were so worn out <strong>and</strong> weary from <strong>the</strong> trek to<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. But when he learned that Greene had halted 16 miles from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six at Bush River, <strong>and</strong> that Greene<br />
had wagons with him, he resolved to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Americans to action. On <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 rd <strong>the</strong>n, 3225 <strong>the</strong><br />
British departed N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong> moved to Duncan’s Creek, or “Fords <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enoree,” some 40 miles from N<strong>in</strong>ety<br />
Six. Despite this, Rawdon stopped his advance because <strong>of</strong> his troops’ fatigue, C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>’s horses as well be<strong>in</strong>g made<br />
up <strong>of</strong> generally poor sort as mounts, <strong>and</strong> saw no prospect <strong>of</strong> reach<strong>in</strong>g Greene. He <strong>the</strong>n turned back toward<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six on <strong>the</strong> 25 th <strong>and</strong> arrived, <strong>the</strong>re, probably, on <strong>the</strong> 26 th . 3226<br />
24 June. Greene, at “Broad River,” S.C., wrote to Lee: “Our army is on <strong>the</strong> march for S<strong>and</strong>y Run towards <strong>the</strong><br />
Cross Roads on <strong>the</strong> route to <strong>the</strong> Catawba Nation. At <strong>the</strong> ford on Broad River I have left your <strong>in</strong>fantry, Kirkwood’s<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> a hundred picked Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia under Maj. [Alex<strong>and</strong>er] Rose.” Rose’s troops were riflemen from<br />
Bedford County, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y operated with Kirkwood <strong>and</strong> Lee’s Legion apparently as light troops. 3227<br />
Kirkwood: “Marched this Day Crossed <strong>the</strong> Tiger [Tyger] <strong>and</strong> Broad River…21 [miles].” 3228<br />
24 June. Cornwallis, en route to Williamsburg, stopped at Bird’s Tavern, not far from New Kent Court House;<br />
<strong>and</strong> which Lafayette occupied after he subsequently left. 3229<br />
25 June. Cornwallis reached Williamsburg while Lafayette came up to Bird’s Tavern, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> advanced guard <strong>of</strong><br />
Wayne’s forward detachment, under Col. Richard Butler, was on its way towards Spencer’s Ord<strong>in</strong>ary (i.e.,<br />
3217 NGP8 pp. 379, 388n, 408, 442-443, AR81 p. 93, RSC2 p. 246, SCP6 pp. 63-66, SAW p. 373, MLW4A p. 531, LMS pp. 378-379, MSC2 pp. 300-<br />
302.<br />
3218 TCS p. 507.<br />
3219 NGP8 p. 438, JLG2 pp. 146, 155.<br />
3220 NGP8 pp. 436, 449, JLG2 pp. 155-156.<br />
3221 CBA p. 617.<br />
3222 KJO p. 20, NGP8 p. 448.<br />
3223 KJO p. 20.<br />
3224 TCS pp. 300-301, 347-348, JYC p. 55.<br />
3225 William Johnson has Rawdon’s leav<strong>in</strong>g to pursue Greene on <strong>the</strong> 24 th ; while o<strong>the</strong>r sources have this tak<strong>in</strong>g place on <strong>the</strong> night<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 21 st . TCS p. 498, SAW2 p. 373, MLW4A p. 531, JLG2 p. 155, LCC pp. 417-418.<br />
3226 See Rawdon to Cornwallis, 2 August, NGP8 p. 453n, AR81 pp. 93-94, RSC2 p. 246, SCP6 pp. 63-66, GHA4 p. 96, MLW4A p.<br />
531, LMS pp. 379-380, JLG2 pp. 155-156.<br />
3227 NGP8 pp. 351n, 452.<br />
3228 KJO p. 20.<br />
3229 TCS pp. 300-301, LMS p.429, JYC pp. 54-55.<br />
544
Tavern) to check Simcoe out forag<strong>in</strong>g. See “Spencer’s Ord<strong>in</strong>ary,” 26 July. Lafayette <strong>the</strong>reafter moved to Tyre’s<br />
Plantation 20 miles from Williamsburg. 3230<br />
25 June. Marion, at Ancrum’s, S.C., wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g that he had a few men, but expected more<br />
“tomorrow.” Maham with a mounted detachment was left to watch enemy movements. Marion also reported on<br />
Stewart’s movement from Monck’s Corner (see 19 June) <strong>and</strong> mentioned that Charlestown was lack<strong>in</strong>g fresh<br />
provisions. 3231<br />
25 June. Greene halted <strong>and</strong> camped at Tim’s Ord<strong>in</strong>ary 3232 on “S<strong>and</strong>y Run,” S.C., near Fish Dam Ford. There he<br />
was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Maj. John Armstrong, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Salisbury, with about 200 N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. Upon learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
Rawdon’s turn<strong>in</strong>g back on <strong>the</strong> 24 th to N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, he sent Lee with his legion to follow on his heels for<br />
reconnaissance purposes. 3233<br />
25 June. Back on May 5 th , <strong>and</strong> later on June 23 rd , Greene had asked Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner, who was at [old]<br />
Harrisburg [<strong>in</strong> modern Granville county, N.C., but <strong>the</strong> county seat <strong>the</strong>n <strong>of</strong> old Granville county], to jo<strong>in</strong> army<br />
with <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals as soon as possible. On <strong>the</strong> 25 th , Sumner, from “Camp Harrisburg,” wrote<br />
back: “[T]hat when <strong>the</strong> draftees from New Bern arrived,” he would form a second N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>ental regiment. He<br />
also remarked that a British party <strong>of</strong> about 120 were mak<strong>in</strong>g regular raids as far as 30 <strong>and</strong> 40 miles out <strong>of</strong><br />
Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. A mere 200 N.C. militiamen were serv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> region as protection. Though Sumner had 500<br />
troops, only 200 had weapons. Despite this, his N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>entals did f<strong>in</strong>ally march July 1 st by way <strong>of</strong><br />
Hillsborough to Salisbury; where <strong>the</strong>y rema<strong>in</strong>ed till July 10. Much time was spent forag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> patch<strong>in</strong>g uniforms.<br />
By July 14, enough arms <strong>and</strong> cartridge boxes had been collected to equip 300 men, only <strong>the</strong>y did not have<br />
bayonets. 3234<br />
25 June. Sumter, at “Davis’ 5 Miles below Lyles Ford,” S.C., wrote to Greene: “We have no better prospect <strong>of</strong><br />
Mak<strong>in</strong>g a St<strong>and</strong>. Every Man <strong>of</strong> Col [Thomas] Taylor[’]s regemts [Richard] W<strong>in</strong>n[’]s [Samuel] Tate[’]s & R.<br />
[Richard] Hampton have absetd [absented] <strong>the</strong>mselves except a few Who are upon Comm<strong>and</strong>.” 3235<br />
25 June. Lafayette to Brig. Gen. Robert Lawson, dated Bacon’s Tavern: "By a letter from General Wayne[,] Col.<br />
[Richard] Butler had ga<strong>in</strong>ed upon Simcoe, who was out upon a forage, <strong>and</strong> had under his escort a number <strong>of</strong><br />
cattle. The light <strong>in</strong>fantry were <strong>in</strong> motion to New Kent Court house for <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong> General Wayne, should <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy face back upon Butler. You will be pleased to hold yourself <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most perfect state <strong>of</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess to<br />
move this way on <strong>the</strong> first notice from me...have <strong>the</strong> horses <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> waggons, so that no time may be lost, should<br />
I f<strong>in</strong>d it necessary to send you any order <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night...” 3236 See Spencer’s Ord<strong>in</strong>ary, 26 June.<br />
26 June. On this date Cornwallis (at Williamsburg) received <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g missives from Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s (with extracts<br />
given here) <strong>of</strong> 11 <strong>and</strong> 15 June direct<strong>in</strong>g him to return 3,000 <strong>of</strong> his force <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to New York.<br />
Letter from Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>of</strong> June 11 th : “The detachments I have made from this army [<strong>in</strong> New York] <strong>in</strong>to Chesapeake<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ce General Leslie’s expedition <strong>in</strong> October last, <strong>in</strong>clusive, have amounted to 7724 effectives; <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> time<br />
Your lordship made <strong>the</strong> junction with <strong>the</strong> corps <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>the</strong>re were under Major General Phillips‘ orders 5304 -- a<br />
force I should have hoped would be sufficient <strong>of</strong> itself to carry on operation <strong>in</strong> any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn prov<strong>in</strong>ces <strong>in</strong><br />
America...My [own] present effective force is only 10,931. With respect to that, <strong>the</strong> enemy may collect for such<br />
an object, it is probable <strong>the</strong>y may amount to at least twenty thous<strong>and</strong>, besides re<strong>in</strong>forcement to <strong>the</strong> French,<br />
(which, from pretty good authority, I have reason to expect) <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> numerous militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> five neighbour<strong>in</strong>g<br />
prov<strong>in</strong>ces. Thus circumstanced, I am persuaded your lordship will be <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion, that <strong>the</strong> sooner I concentrate<br />
my force <strong>the</strong> better. Therefore (unless your lordship, after <strong>the</strong> receipt <strong>of</strong> my letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 29 th <strong>of</strong> May, <strong>and</strong> 8 th<br />
<strong>in</strong>stant, should <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>e to agree with me <strong>in</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion, <strong>and</strong> judge it right to adopt my ideas respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> move to<br />
Baltimore, or <strong>the</strong> Delaware neck, &c.) I beg leave to re<strong>com</strong>mend it to you, as soon as you have f<strong>in</strong>ished <strong>the</strong><br />
active operations you may now be engaged <strong>in</strong>, to take a defensive station, <strong>in</strong> any healthy situation you chuse,<br />
(be it at Williamsburgh or York town); <strong>and</strong> I would wish, <strong>in</strong> that case, that, after reserv<strong>in</strong>g to yourself such<br />
troops as you may judge necessary for an ample defensive, <strong>and</strong> desultory movements by water, for <strong>the</strong> purpose<br />
<strong>of</strong> annoy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy’s <strong>com</strong>munications, destroy<strong>in</strong>g magaz<strong>in</strong>es, &c., <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g corps may be sent to me <strong>in</strong><br />
succession as you can spare <strong>the</strong>m: Two battalions <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry; 43d regiment; 76 th or 80 th regiment; two<br />
battalions <strong>of</strong> Anspach; Queen’s rangers, cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry; rema<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment <strong>of</strong> 17 th light dragoons;<br />
<strong>and</strong> such proportion <strong>of</strong> artillery as can be spared, particularly men.” 3237<br />
Letter from Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>of</strong> June 15 th : “(A)s I am led to suppose from your Lordship’s letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 26 th ultimo, that<br />
you may not th<strong>in</strong>k it expedient to adopt <strong>the</strong> operations I had re<strong>com</strong>mended <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak[e], <strong>and</strong> will by this<br />
time probably have f<strong>in</strong>ished those you were engaged <strong>in</strong>; I request you will immediately embark a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
troops, stated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> letter <strong>in</strong>closed [sic]; beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry; <strong>and</strong> send <strong>the</strong>m to me with all<br />
possible dispatch; for which purpose Capta<strong>in</strong> [Charles] Hudson, or <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>g’s ships, will, I<br />
3230 SQR pp. 224-226, GHA4 p. 116, LMS p. 429, WCO p. 325.<br />
3231 NGP8 p. 459, GHA4 p. 116.<br />
3232 LMS p. 279, Tim’s Ord<strong>in</strong>ary is also described as be<strong>in</strong>g 11 miles beyond Lisle’s (or Lyle’s) Ford, on Broad River. JLG2 p. 155.<br />
3233 NGP8 pp. 454n. 455, 458, JLG2 pp. 155-156, LCC pp. 417-419.<br />
3234 NGP8 pp. 207, 284, 302, 384, 460, RNC p. 344.<br />
3235 NGP8 pp. 460-461.<br />
3236 Private collection.<br />
3237 COC pp. 108-110, CAR pp. 529-530, TCS pp. 396-397, SCP5 p. 95.<br />
545
presume, upon your Lordship’s application appo<strong>in</strong>t a proper convoy. I shall likewise, <strong>in</strong> proper time, solicit <strong>the</strong><br />
admiral to send some more transports to <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak; <strong>in</strong> which your Lordship will please to send hi<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong><br />
rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g troops you judge can be spared from <strong>the</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> posts you may occupy, as I do not th<strong>in</strong>k it<br />
adviseable [sic] to leave more troops <strong>in</strong> that unhealthy climate, at this season <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> year, than what are<br />
absolutely wanted for a defensive, <strong>and</strong> desultory water excursions.” 3238<br />
Wickwire: “Cornwallis personally questioned <strong>the</strong> wisdom <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>sist<strong>in</strong>g on a post <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake which<br />
experience had shown would be <strong>of</strong> limited use <strong>in</strong> defend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as <strong>and</strong> which was easily open to French<br />
attack.” 3239<br />
26 June. [skirmish] Spencer’s Ord<strong>in</strong>ary, also Spencer’s Tavern (James City County, VA.) Wayne, lead<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Lafayette’s van, received word <strong>of</strong> Simcoe <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers forag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> destroy<strong>in</strong>g boats <strong>and</strong> stores on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Chickahom<strong>in</strong>y River. On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 25 th , he sent most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advanced parties under Col. Richard Butler<br />
(whom Lee characterizes as an “excellent <strong>of</strong>ficer [who] passed through <strong>the</strong> war with dist<strong>in</strong>ction.”), with<br />
McPherson, McCall, <strong>and</strong> Willis, to <strong>in</strong>tercept <strong>the</strong>m. An advance party <strong>of</strong> about 50 dragoons <strong>and</strong> 50 light <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
under McPherson <strong>the</strong>n caught up at Spencer’s Ord<strong>in</strong>ary (about six miles north <strong>of</strong> Williamsburg) with Simcoe’s<br />
<strong>the</strong>n retir<strong>in</strong>g forces. A skirmish ensued, <strong>in</strong> which both sides lost about 30 men each, but with <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong><br />
addition tak<strong>in</strong>g 31 prisoners. Simcoe after throw<strong>in</strong>g back <strong>the</strong> Americans -- thanks <strong>in</strong> no small part to <strong>the</strong><br />
unexpected <strong>and</strong> timely arrival <strong>of</strong> a previously forag<strong>in</strong>g troop <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Legion under Capt. Ogelvey that<br />
surprised <strong>the</strong> American left flank -- broke <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> action, <strong>and</strong> brought word to Cornwallis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American’s<br />
approach. Cornwallis <strong>the</strong>n moved his army up <strong>in</strong> response, but <strong>the</strong>re was no fur<strong>the</strong>r fight<strong>in</strong>g. Simcoe later<br />
returned to <strong>the</strong> battlefield to recover <strong>the</strong> wounded. The Americans retired to Tyre’s Plantation; while Cornwallis<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ued his march to Williamsburg. There he found some recruits which had lately arrived for his Guards. For<br />
<strong>the</strong> next week, <strong>the</strong> two oppos<strong>in</strong>g forces rema<strong>in</strong>ed roughly <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>se locations about sixteen to twenty miles from<br />
each o<strong>the</strong>r, at <strong>the</strong> same time endur<strong>in</strong>g wea<strong>the</strong>r that was scath<strong>in</strong>gly hot. On June 30 th , Cornwallis reported to<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton his losses at that date as 33 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> that 31 Americans were taken prisoner (<strong>the</strong> latter<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> recent raids <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> around Richmond <strong>and</strong> Charlottesville.) Lee avers that once more Cornwallis by retir<strong>in</strong>g<br />
after this action rel<strong>in</strong>quished yet ano<strong>the</strong>r opportunity to br<strong>in</strong>g Lafayette to battle. 3240<br />
Lafayette, at Mr. Tyre’s plantation, twenty miles from Williamsburgh,” on <strong>the</strong> 27 th wrote Greene: “Hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
followed <strong>the</strong> enemy, our light parties fell <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong>m near New-Kent court house. The army was still at a<br />
distance, <strong>and</strong> Lord Cornwallis cont<strong>in</strong>ued his march towards Williamsburgh. His rear <strong>and</strong> right flank were followed<br />
by a large detachment under Colonel [Richard] Butler; but notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> most fatigu<strong>in</strong>g march, <strong>the</strong><br />
colonel reports, that he could not have overtaken <strong>the</strong>m had not Major Macpherson mounted fifty light <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
beh<strong>in</strong>d an equal number <strong>of</strong> dragoons, which <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g up with <strong>the</strong> enemy, charged <strong>the</strong>m with<strong>in</strong> six miles <strong>of</strong><br />
Williamsburgh. Such <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advanced corps as could arrive, <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> riflemen, under Major Call <strong>and</strong> Major<br />
Willis, began a smart action. Inclosed is a return <strong>of</strong> our loss; that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy is sixty killed, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g several<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> one hundred wounded, a disproportion which <strong>the</strong> skill <strong>of</strong> our riflemen easily expla<strong>in</strong>s. I am under<br />
great obligations to Colonel Butler, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachment, for <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
ardour <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> pursuit, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir conduct <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action.<br />
“General Wayne, who marched to <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong> Butler, sent down some troops, under Major Hamilton. The<br />
whole British army came out to save Simcoe, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> our army on this ground, returned to<br />
Williamsburgh. The post <strong>the</strong>y now occupy is strong under <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir shipp<strong>in</strong>g, but upwards <strong>of</strong> one<br />
hundred miles from <strong>the</strong> Po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> Fork.” 3241<br />
Simcoe: “Every division, every <strong>of</strong>ficer, every soldier had his share <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> merit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action (at Spencer’s<br />
Ord<strong>in</strong>ary): mistake <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> one might have brought on cowardice <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> a s<strong>in</strong>gle panick strucken [sic]<br />
soldier would have probably have <strong>in</strong>fected a platoon, <strong>and</strong> led to <strong>the</strong> utmost confusion <strong>and</strong> ru<strong>in</strong>; so that Lt. Col.<br />
Simcoe has ever considered this action as <strong>the</strong> climax <strong>of</strong> a campaign <strong>of</strong> five years, as <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> true discipl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
acquired <strong>in</strong> that space by unremitted diligence, toil <strong>and</strong> danger, as a honorable victory earned by veteran<br />
<strong>in</strong>trepidity.” 3242<br />
27 June. Greene reached his dest<strong>in</strong>ation near <strong>the</strong> Cross Roads between <strong>the</strong> Broad River <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Catawba, <strong>and</strong><br />
north <strong>of</strong> W<strong>in</strong>nsborough; where he camped. Bass states that Sumter, shortly after this date, may have jo<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
Greene with state troops <strong>and</strong> some militia at this location; though, as he fur<strong>the</strong>r po<strong>in</strong>ts out, it is not certa<strong>in</strong> that<br />
this junction took place. Never<strong>the</strong>less, he adds, correspondence would seem to suggest it did. By <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 28 th , accord<strong>in</strong>g to this account, Sumter returned to Ancrum’s to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> more militia. Somewhat oddly, Bass<br />
also remarks that William Johnson makes reference to such a meet<strong>in</strong>g, but Johnson, <strong>in</strong> fact, speaks <strong>of</strong> Sumter<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forc<strong>in</strong>g Greene ra<strong>the</strong>r on July 8 th . Johnson does make a statement which seems to support what Bass<br />
tentatively asserts, but <strong>the</strong> word<strong>in</strong>g is ra<strong>the</strong>r vague. See 24 June. 3243<br />
3238 COC pp. 111-112, SCP5 p. 97, WCO pp. 336, 340.<br />
3239 WCO p. 340.<br />
3240 EHJ pp. 308-313, AR81 p. 119, SQR pp. 226-239, 325-327, TCS pp. 301-302, 350, GHA4 pp. 116-117, MLW4A p. 437, LMS pp.<br />
429-430, JYC pp. 55-56, HFR pp. 42-43, CBA pp. 604-605, WAR2 p. 875, BEA pp. 1044-1045.<br />
3241 TCS pp. 347-348.<br />
3242 SQR pp. 234-235, WCO p. 335.<br />
3243 NGP8 p. 463, JLG2 pp. 161-162. BGC pp. 189-190, 272n.<br />
546
28 June. Col. Wade Hampton’s detachment <strong>of</strong> mounted men <strong>and</strong> cavalry jo<strong>in</strong>ed Lee who was keep<strong>in</strong>g watch on<br />
Rawdon. 3244<br />
28 June. Colonel Peter Horry, at High Hills, S.C. wrote Greene thank<strong>in</strong>g him for send<strong>in</strong>g his new <strong>com</strong>mission as<br />
lieutenant colonel <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> State Troops, authorized by Gov. Rutledge. In his letter, he discussed <strong>the</strong> preparations<br />
for <strong>the</strong> arm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> equipp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a corps <strong>of</strong> State dragoons similar to that which Maham (see 22 June) was<br />
<strong>in</strong>structed to form. 3245<br />
William Johnson: “The present state <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs left no room to doubt <strong>the</strong> utter impolicy <strong>of</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> war<br />
any fur<strong>the</strong>r through <strong>the</strong> fluctuat<strong>in</strong>g aid <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia. Measures were immediately adopted for re-establish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a l<strong>in</strong>e; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> execution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cartel hav<strong>in</strong>g furnished some excellent materials <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
discharge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners from <strong>the</strong> prison-ships, different rendezvous were opened, <strong>and</strong> Mayhem [Maham] <strong>and</strong><br />
Horry’s corps began to fill up; but still slowly, for <strong>the</strong>y had to be raised upon promises, <strong>and</strong> state promises were<br />
at that time far below par.”<br />
28 June. On <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g if this date, a British deserter from Dorchester <strong>in</strong>formed Greene that a convoy <strong>of</strong> 300<br />
hundred men, was mov<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> Edisto to Orangeburgh <strong>in</strong>tend<strong>in</strong>g to fall <strong>in</strong> with Rawdon when he arrived <strong>the</strong>re<br />
(as planned.) Greene <strong>the</strong>n directed Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Lee to meet at Ancrum’s, <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong>re attempt to seize<br />
<strong>the</strong> convoy. Then on <strong>the</strong> 29 th he also wrote Sumter direct<strong>in</strong>g him to send Middleton’s cavalry to repair to<br />
Ancrum’s <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton; Middleton, however <strong>and</strong> due to some delay, did not arrive to effect this<br />
juncture. 3246<br />
William Johnson: “Lee with his legion was ordered to hover about <strong>the</strong> post <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, to follow <strong>the</strong> enemy’s<br />
movements, strike where an opportunity <strong>of</strong>fered, <strong>and</strong> keep <strong>the</strong> general constantly <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> m<strong>in</strong>utest<br />
occurrences. While Wash<strong>in</strong>gton with his cavalry <strong>and</strong> Kirkwood’s <strong>in</strong>fantry, was directed to move down between<br />
<strong>the</strong> broad <strong>and</strong> Wateree Rivers to Granby, <strong>and</strong> throw<strong>in</strong>g himself between that post <strong>and</strong> Orangeburgh, to pursue<br />
<strong>the</strong> same course po<strong>in</strong>ted out to Lee. General Sumpter, at <strong>the</strong> same time, was <strong>in</strong>structed to penetrate lower<br />
down <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>municate with Marion <strong>in</strong> measures <strong>of</strong> cooperation <strong>in</strong> that quarter. The American army<br />
<strong>the</strong>n re<strong>com</strong>menced its march by <strong>the</strong> right, <strong>and</strong> quieted <strong>the</strong> apprehensions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country by advanc<strong>in</strong>g a day’s<br />
journey on <strong>the</strong> route to Gr<strong>and</strong>by. Here it halted, as well to ascerta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ultimate views to <strong>the</strong> enemy, as to<br />
await <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> a detachment <strong>of</strong> two hundred North Carol<strong>in</strong>a levies, advanc<strong>in</strong>g under Major John<br />
Armstrong.” 3247<br />
28 June. Marion, at “S<strong>in</strong>gletons Mills High Hills Santee,” S.C., wrote to Greene report<strong>in</strong>g that he had 400 men<br />
with him <strong>and</strong> expected more to jo<strong>in</strong> him <strong>in</strong> a day or two. 3248<br />
29 June. Malmedy, at Salisbury, wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g Col. Francis Lock, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Salisbury militia,<br />
had furloughed his militia at home hav<strong>in</strong>g received no <strong>in</strong>structions from <strong>the</strong> governor. At Greene’s “request,”<br />
Lock had now ordered <strong>the</strong>m out aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> promised to have 800 men at Charlotte <strong>in</strong> seven days. Earlier, Greene<br />
had sent Malmedy to hurry a detachment <strong>of</strong> Salisbury militia to his army. 3249<br />
29 June. Lee wrote a letter to Greene giv<strong>in</strong>g his location as “Camp between <strong>the</strong> Enoree & Bush Rivers on <strong>the</strong> old<br />
Saluda Road,” stat<strong>in</strong>g that on 27 June he dispatched Capt. Joseph Eggleston to N<strong>in</strong>ety Six with a party <strong>of</strong><br />
dragoons, hop<strong>in</strong>g that Eggleston would “f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong> a dispersed position...” Those left with him were<br />
“sho<strong>in</strong>g [shoe<strong>in</strong>g horses] & refresh<strong>in</strong>g;” <strong>and</strong> do<strong>in</strong>g well for provision, but lacked rum <strong>and</strong> salt. It is not clear if<br />
Wade Hampton’s cavalry <strong>and</strong> mounted militia stayed with Lee or ac<strong>com</strong>panied Eggleston, probably <strong>the</strong> former.<br />
See 28 June. 3250<br />
29 June. Rawdon, with 900 men, 3251 set out from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong> headed toward Orangeburgh; hop<strong>in</strong>g to form a<br />
junction with Alex<strong>and</strong>er Stewart who had moved from Monck’s Corner a few days earlier. The rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong><br />
Rawdon’s army stayed with Cruger; who made preparations for <strong>the</strong> evacuation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists from <strong>the</strong> area. It<br />
was planned that Stewart, who had a force <strong>of</strong> 250 to 300 men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Regt. <strong>and</strong> possibly some mounted troops<br />
as well, was to have met up with him by July 3 rd . Even so, Stewart had been halted on his march <strong>and</strong> recalled to<br />
Dorchester by Col. Gould (apparently due to belief <strong>of</strong> a French <strong>in</strong>vasion); which directive Gould shortly after had<br />
revoked. When Stewart had resumed his march, Lee <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton tried to ambush him, but without success.<br />
Marion sought to do <strong>the</strong> same, but only managed to capture a few wagons. Rawdon <strong>and</strong> Stewart <strong>the</strong>n were able<br />
to unite at Orangeburgh on June 7 th . Cruger, for <strong>the</strong> time be<strong>in</strong>g rema<strong>in</strong>ed at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six with <strong>the</strong> greater part <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> army, some 1,100 to 1,400 rank <strong>and</strong> file. He sent a substantial part <strong>of</strong> his N<strong>in</strong>ety Six force to raid <strong>the</strong> Long<br />
Canes area, evidently to make it easier for any loyalists <strong>the</strong>re to jo<strong>in</strong> him. 3252<br />
Greene, near <strong>the</strong> Broad <strong>and</strong> Catawba Crossroads, S.C., wrote to Lee on this date: “From a deserter who came<br />
<strong>in</strong>to Camp last even<strong>in</strong>g, I learn <strong>the</strong> enemy have 16 Waggon loads <strong>of</strong> stores <strong>of</strong> different k<strong>in</strong>ds mov<strong>in</strong>g up from<br />
3244 NGP8 pp. 451, 452n.<br />
3245 NGP8 p. 471, JLG2 pp. 146, 155.<br />
3246 JLG2 pp. 161-162, BGC p. 190.<br />
3247 JLG2 pp. 158-159.<br />
3248 NGP8 p. 472.<br />
3249 NGP8 p. 476.<br />
3250 NGP8 pp. 475-476.<br />
3251 In a letter to Cornwallis <strong>of</strong> Aug. 2, Rawdon gave his force strength on this occasion as “800 foot & 60 horse.” NGP8 p. 478n.<br />
3252 NGP8 pp. 474n, 476n, 478, 484, 485n, SCP6 pp. 63-66, AR81 p. 94, TCS pp. 503-504, SAW2 pp. 373-374, MLW4A pp. 531-532,<br />
LMS pp. 378-379, JLG2 pp. 156-163, LCC pp. 419-421.<br />
547
Charles town upon <strong>the</strong> Orangeburgh road under an escort <strong>of</strong> 400 Men & forty horse for <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> Lord Rawden’s<br />
[sic] Army. He left <strong>the</strong>m at Four Holes about five <strong>and</strong> thirty miles below Orangeburgh on Sunday last, <strong>and</strong> says<br />
<strong>the</strong>y could not march more than eight or ten Miles a day; <strong>and</strong> adds <strong>the</strong>y were sickly <strong>and</strong> very much dissatisfied. I<br />
have directed Col Wash<strong>in</strong>gton to move down to Ancrum’s Plantation on <strong>the</strong> Congaree <strong>and</strong> Col Middleton [Charles<br />
Myddleton] to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m at that place.” 3253<br />
William Johnson: “Orders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 29 th had been transmitted to General Sumpter, to detach Colonel Middleton<br />
[Charles Myddleton] with his regiment to re<strong>in</strong>force [Lieut. Col. William] Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, at Ancrum’s on <strong>the</strong><br />
Congaree; <strong>and</strong> to Lee to hasten up <strong>and</strong> form a junction with Wash<strong>in</strong>gton on his assigned position, or appo<strong>in</strong>t<br />
some o<strong>the</strong>r place where it could be effected with more expedition or perform <strong>the</strong> enterprise himself, if strong<br />
enough to attempt it. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton was ordered to repair to Ancrum’s, <strong>and</strong> immediately on be<strong>in</strong>g jo<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong>se<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcements to hasten on <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tercept Stewart. But, as it was uncerta<strong>in</strong> whe<strong>the</strong>r Lee could be found<br />
promptly or what his difficulties might be <strong>in</strong> form<strong>in</strong>g a junction with Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>the</strong> latter was ordered, on<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Middleton, to proceed without halt<strong>in</strong>g for Lee. And as it was not certa<strong>in</strong> that General Sumpter<br />
was present with his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> under Middleton, direct orders were sent to Middleton, to put himself under <strong>the</strong><br />
orders <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton at Ancrum‘s Ferry, <strong>and</strong> proceed to <strong>the</strong> execution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> blow <strong>in</strong>tended aga<strong>in</strong>st Stewart.” 3254<br />
Chesney: “In <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> July[,] I jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Army under Lord Rawdon <strong>the</strong>n march<strong>in</strong>g towards N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six to<br />
relieve <strong>the</strong> place. On our approach <strong>the</strong> Americans who were besieg<strong>in</strong>g it broke up, crossed Broad River, <strong>and</strong><br />
proceeded along <strong>the</strong> left bank towards Charles Town. Lord Rawdon f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> country must be ab<strong>and</strong>oned,<br />
detached his light troops towards Long Canes (a branch <strong>of</strong> Savanna[h] River) to br<strong>in</strong>g away <strong>the</strong> Loyalists <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
families; tak<strong>in</strong>g himself with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body along <strong>the</strong> route to Charles Town as far as Congaree. The Americans<br />
recrossed <strong>the</strong> river & made a fruitless effort to oppose his march by prevent<strong>in</strong>g our cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> creek, which we<br />
did without difficulty <strong>and</strong> proceeded to Orangeburgh, where we expected to meet re<strong>in</strong>forcements from Charles<br />
Town <strong>and</strong> be jo<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> light troops <strong>and</strong> Loyalists. But we were disappo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> both <strong>and</strong> soon after<br />
surrounded by <strong>the</strong> Americans who pressed us so closely that we had noth<strong>in</strong>g but 1 pound <strong>of</strong> wheat <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> straw<br />
served out to each man every 24 hours. The parties go<strong>in</strong>g out daily to forage had constant skirmishes with <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy. One day Major [John] Doyle sent out with what mounted men he could muster (about 20 or 30) to cover<br />
<strong>the</strong> forag<strong>in</strong>g; which he did effectually, driv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> Americans with some loss; on this occasion Lord Edward<br />
Fitzgerald [more properly “Edward Lord Fitzgerald” <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 19 th Regt.], hav<strong>in</strong>g broken his sword on <strong>the</strong> back <strong>of</strong> an<br />
American, I supplied him with ano<strong>the</strong>r to cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>the</strong> attack for which he felt greatly obliged.” 3255<br />
29 June. Stewart camped next to Four Holes Bridge. 3256<br />
30 June. Cornwallis, at Williamsburgh, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “…Upon view<strong>in</strong>g York [Yorktown], I was clearly <strong>of</strong> [<strong>the</strong>]<br />
op<strong>in</strong>ion that it far exceeds our power, consistent with your plans, to make, safe defensive posts <strong>the</strong>re <strong>and</strong> at<br />
Gloucester, both <strong>of</strong> which would be necessary for <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> shipp<strong>in</strong>g…When I see Portsmouth [Virg<strong>in</strong>ia], I<br />
shall give my op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> men necessary for its defence, or <strong>of</strong> any o<strong>the</strong>r post that may be thought<br />
more proper. But as magaz<strong>in</strong>es, &c, may be to destroyed by occasional expeditions from New York, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re is<br />
little chance <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g able to establish a post capable <strong>of</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g effectual protection to ships <strong>of</strong> war, I submit it<br />
to your Excellency’s consideration, whe<strong>the</strong>r it is worth while to hold a sickly defensive post <strong>in</strong> this bay [<strong>the</strong><br />
Chespaeak which will always be exposed to a sudden French attack, <strong>and</strong> which experience has shown makes no<br />
diversion <strong>in</strong> favour <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn army.<br />
“Tarleton was lucky enough to <strong>in</strong>tercept an express with letters from Greene to La Fayette, <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>closed [sic] are copies. By <strong>the</strong>m you will see General Greene’s <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> northward, <strong>and</strong> that<br />
part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements, dest<strong>in</strong>ed for his army, was stopped <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> my arrival here. As soon as it<br />
is evident that our plan is nearly defensive here, <strong>the</strong>re can be little doubt <strong>of</strong> his return<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> southward, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements proceed<strong>in</strong>g to jo<strong>in</strong> his army.<br />
“I still cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most pa<strong>in</strong>ful anxiety for <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Your Excellency will have<br />
received accounts <strong>of</strong> Lord Rawdon’s proceed<strong>in</strong>gs previous to his arrival at Monk’s [Monck’s] Corner, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> his<br />
<strong>in</strong>tended operations. My last account from him is <strong>in</strong> a note to Lieutenant Colonel Balfour, dated <strong>the</strong> 9 th <strong>in</strong>stant at<br />
Four Hole Bridge, <strong>and</strong> he was <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> great hopes <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> time to save Cruger. I have ordered Colonel<br />
[Paston] Gould to proceed, as soon as convoy could be procured, with <strong>the</strong> n<strong>in</strong>eteenth <strong>and</strong> thirtieth regiments to<br />
New York, leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> third regiment <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> flank <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, till your pleasure is known. I<br />
named <strong>the</strong> flank <strong>com</strong>panies, because <strong>the</strong>y might be distant at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> order, <strong>and</strong> as a corps<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> exertion is much wanted on that service.<br />
“Your Excellency well knows my op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> a defensive war on <strong>the</strong> frontiers <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. From <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong><br />
Lord Rawdon’s health, it is impossible that he can rema<strong>in</strong>; for which reason, although <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> that<br />
quarter can only be attended with mortification <strong>and</strong> disappo<strong>in</strong>tment, yet, as I came to America with no o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
view than to endeavour to be useful to my country, <strong>and</strong> as I do not th<strong>in</strong>k it possible to render any service <strong>in</strong> a<br />
defensive situation here, I am will<strong>in</strong>g to repair to Charles-town if you approve <strong>of</strong> it; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mean time, I shall<br />
do every th<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> my power to arrange matters here till I have your answer.<br />
“Major [James] Craig represented so strongly to Lord Rawdon his regret at leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> distressed Loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
neighbourhood <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> his hopes <strong>of</strong> a considerable <strong>in</strong>surrection <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> lower part <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
3253 NGP8 p. 473, JLG2 pp. 161-162.<br />
3254 JLG2 p. 161.<br />
3255 CDI.<br />
3256 NGP8 p. 483, TCS pp. 503-504.<br />
548
where <strong>the</strong> enemy have no force, that his Lordship gave him a conditional permission to postpone <strong>the</strong> evacuation<br />
<strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton; but I have not yet learned whe<strong>the</strong>r he has availed himself <strong>of</strong> it.<br />
“La Fayette’s cont<strong>in</strong>entals, I believe, consist <strong>of</strong> about seventeen or eighteen hundred men, exclusive <strong>of</strong> some<br />
twelvemonth’s men, collected by Steuben. He has received considerable re<strong>in</strong>forcements <strong>of</strong> mi[l]itia, <strong>and</strong> about<br />
eight hundred mounta<strong>in</strong> rifle-men under [William] Campbell. He keeps with his ma<strong>in</strong> body about eighteen or<br />
twenty miles from us; his advanced corps about ten or twelve; probably with an <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>sult<strong>in</strong>g our rear<br />
guard when we pass James River. I hope, however, to put that out <strong>of</strong> his power, by cross<strong>in</strong>g at James City Isl<strong>and</strong>;<br />
<strong>and</strong> if I can get a favourable opportunity <strong>of</strong> strik<strong>in</strong>g a blow at him without loss <strong>of</strong> time, I will certa<strong>in</strong>ly try it. I<br />
will likewise attempt water expeditions, if proper objects present <strong>the</strong>mselves after my arrival at<br />
Portsmouth.” 3257<br />
30 June. A few days earlier, Pickens, as directed (see 23 June), had taken charge <strong>of</strong> Greene’s wagons after <strong>the</strong><br />
army retreated from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. On June 30 th , at Gr<strong>in</strong>dall’s Shoals on <strong>the</strong> on Pacolet River, he found it necessary<br />
to leave <strong>the</strong> wagons beh<strong>in</strong>d, but, now with some 400 to 500 men, was return<strong>in</strong>g to Greene with <strong>the</strong> wagon<br />
horses. He caught up with <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals by July 6 th . 3258<br />
Late June. S<strong>in</strong>ce Governor Abner Nash had chosen not (most likely for health reasons than for political ones as<br />
has sometimes perhaps been too quickly assumed -– see entry at September 1780) to serve a second term (<strong>and</strong><br />
that began after 25 June), <strong>the</strong> N.C. Assembly had selected Thomas Burke as his replacement <strong>and</strong> who <strong>the</strong>n had<br />
succeeded to <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>fice by this time.<br />
Late June or early July. By no later than early July <strong>and</strong> as <strong>of</strong> a directive <strong>of</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s (reported by Rawdon to<br />
Cornwallis on 7 June), Lieut. Col. John Watson returned to New York, see SCP5 p. 293. Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Light Infantry battalion <strong>the</strong>n went to Maj. Thomas Barclay. S<strong>in</strong>ce Watson’s corps was with Rawdon, it<br />
may have been that Watson ei<strong>the</strong>r had not ac<strong>com</strong>panied it, or else, if he had, he shortly after left it <strong>and</strong> Rawdon<br />
sometime <strong>in</strong> late June.<br />
“Summer” 1781. [skirmish] South River. Some skirmishes took place <strong>in</strong> Dupl<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> Sampson counties, N.C.,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g one recounted by N.C. militiaman Joseph Williams, also related <strong>in</strong> Dunkerly, see DRO pp. 186-187.<br />
3257 COC pp. 123-126, SCP5 pp. 104, 169-174<br />
3258 NGP8 pp. 478-479, 483n, RCC p. 102.<br />
549
JULY 1781<br />
July. Georgia leaders, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Nathan Brownson (<strong>and</strong> who at this time was made governor 3259 ) <strong>and</strong> Col. John<br />
Twiggs (later <strong>in</strong>stalled as Brigadier General by <strong>the</strong> state <strong>in</strong> August), met at Augusta to make arrangements for<br />
restoration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> government, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> re-establishment <strong>and</strong> re-organization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state troops <strong>and</strong><br />
militia. 3260<br />
July. Some Cont<strong>in</strong>ental draftees from <strong>the</strong> Edenton <strong>and</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton districts, orig<strong>in</strong>ally dest<strong>in</strong>ed for Sumner’s<br />
N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>ental brigade, rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir respective areas to assist militia already fend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f or protect<strong>in</strong>g<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st raids by Lieut. Col. David Fann<strong>in</strong>g aris<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton.<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> William White, <strong>of</strong> Anson County: “Aga<strong>in</strong>, while liv<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> same place, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> month <strong>of</strong><br />
July, 1781, he was drafted for a three months tour aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> British under Capta<strong>in</strong> John Degarnett <strong>in</strong> Colonel<br />
Thomas Waid’s [Wade’s] Regiment <strong>of</strong> Militia (rendezvoused) at <strong>the</strong> Grassy Isl<strong>and</strong>s. Marched to Black River. There<br />
we met Generals [John] Butler <strong>and</strong> [Griffith] Ru<strong>the</strong>rford. We were <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by General Ru<strong>the</strong>rford. 3261 Then<br />
we marched <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> neighborhood <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton...<strong>the</strong>n to <strong>the</strong> plantation <strong>of</strong> Major Waddle [Wadell]. Lay <strong>the</strong>re<br />
about a week...<strong>the</strong>n back to near Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton...lay <strong>the</strong>re about a week...<strong>the</strong>n on to <strong>the</strong> waters <strong>of</strong> Cross<br />
Creek...<strong>the</strong>n back to Major Waddles plantation...<strong>the</strong>n to near Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. We lay <strong>in</strong> that neighborhood till our<br />
time was out <strong>and</strong> was honorably discharged <strong>in</strong> October <strong>of</strong> 1781.”<br />
July. Hugh McCall: “In July, two small forts on Broad river were attacked <strong>and</strong> taken by James Tillet, with a party<br />
<strong>of</strong> loyalists <strong>and</strong> Indians. Eighteen men, women <strong>and</strong> children were murdered. Such <strong>the</strong> women as were able to<br />
bear <strong>the</strong> fatigues <strong>of</strong> a rapid march were carried <strong>in</strong>to captivity <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pelled to endure all <strong>the</strong> difficulties <strong>of</strong><br />
savage life.” 3262<br />
July. [raid] Wyanoke Ferry, also “Loyalists burned settlement (<strong>in</strong> Great Dismal Swamp, N.C.)” (Gates County,<br />
N.C. ONB3 p. 276. <strong>and</strong> see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/wyanokefy.htm<br />
July. [skirmish] Dreher Plantation, also “Godfrey Dreher vs. (British?) regulars” (Lex<strong>in</strong>gton County, S.C.) ONB3 p.<br />
276. See http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/dreherspl.htm<br />
July. [skirmish] S<strong>and</strong>y River, S.C. ONB3 pp. 281-292.<br />
July. [skirmish] Bloody Savannah, also “Maj. John S<strong>in</strong>gleton [one <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s <strong>of</strong>ficers] vs. Loyalists” (Sumter<br />
County. S.C.) ONB3 p. 299. And see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/bloodysavannah.htm<br />
July. [skirmish] Tugaloo, S.C. ONB3 p. 300.<br />
July. [skirmish] Ray’s Mill Creek, also “Col. Philip Alston vs. Thomas Taylor” (Moore County, N.C.)<br />
See http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/raysmillcr.htm<br />
Early July. Lafayette force totaled some 4,000 men <strong>and</strong> stood roughly had as follows:<br />
3 cont<strong>in</strong>gents <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, namely:<br />
800 New Engl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> N.J. soldiers, under Muhlenberg<br />
50 Pennsylvanians, under Wayne<br />
450 new Virg<strong>in</strong>ia levies, under, Col. Christian Febiger<br />
50 Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Dragoons<br />
300 artillerymen,<br />
3 militia brigades <strong>of</strong> about 2180 men, under William Campbell, Edward Stevens, <strong>and</strong> Robert Lawson; with 60<br />
militia cavalry 3263<br />
1 July.<br />
Forces under Cornwallis.<br />
Rank <strong>and</strong> File:<br />
BRITISH<br />
1 st Bttn., Light Infantry: 472<br />
2 nd Bttn., Light <strong>in</strong>fantry: 404<br />
Brigade <strong>of</strong> Guards: 337<br />
7 th Regt.: 174<br />
23 rd Regt.: 165<br />
33 rd Regt.: 186<br />
43 rd Regt.: 280<br />
3259 For a sketch <strong>of</strong> Brownson, see WHG pp. 213-214.<br />
3260 NGP9 pp. 34-35.<br />
3261 Ru<strong>the</strong>rford, who had been captured at Camden, had been exchanged <strong>in</strong> June. 3261<br />
3262 MHG p. 525.<br />
3263 WCO pp. 341-342, GYT p. 8.<br />
550
2 nd Bttn., 71 st Regt.: 161<br />
76 th Regt.: 312<br />
80 th Regt.: 356<br />
GERMAN<br />
Anspach:<br />
1 st Anspach Bttn.: 418<br />
2 nd Anspach Bttn.: 400<br />
Hessian:<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Hereditaire: 405<br />
Regt. von Bose: 204<br />
PROVINCIAL<br />
Queen’s Rangers: 315<br />
British Legion (cavalry only): 173<br />
Total: 4,762<br />
Detachments not <strong>in</strong>cluded above:<br />
Royal Artillery: 233<br />
German artillery: 50<br />
17 th Light Dragoons: 35<br />
82 nd Light Company: 36<br />
Jägers: 57<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers: 33<br />
Guides <strong>and</strong> Pioneers: 54<br />
Total for detachments, etcs.: 488<br />
COMPLETE TOTAL: 5,250 3264<br />
1-2 July. By 11 p.m. on this date, Rawdon arrived at <strong>the</strong> Congrees; site <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> now defunct <strong>and</strong> dismantled Fort<br />
Granby. Sometime <strong>the</strong> next day, he proceeded towards Orangeburgh. On <strong>the</strong> 2 nd , Lee, writ<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> “Broad<br />
River West Side,” S.C., reported (to Greene) Rawdon’s reach<strong>in</strong>g Granby. He mentioned that <strong>the</strong> British force<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded a detachment <strong>of</strong> 150 Hessians, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> enemy cavalry was partly with Rawdon, <strong>and</strong> partly with<br />
Cruger. “Its dragoon horses are all ru<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>the</strong> troops sickly <strong>and</strong> starved.” At this date, Lee was with<strong>in</strong> 12 miles<br />
<strong>of</strong> Granby with a m<strong>in</strong>d to jo<strong>in</strong> Lt. Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton that even<strong>in</strong>g to harass, <strong>and</strong>, if possible, fight <strong>the</strong> British<br />
column. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, meanwhile was at “Col. Tailor’s.” Greene with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army, meanwhile, rested (<strong>the</strong>se?)<br />
two days at Big Spr<strong>in</strong>g on Rocky Creek <strong>in</strong> modern Fairfield County. 3265<br />
William Gilmore Simms, <strong>in</strong> his historical novel Eutaw (1856): “It is to be remembered that <strong>the</strong> British were<br />
feeble <strong>in</strong> cavalry. Their real strength lay <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir light <strong>and</strong> heavy-armed <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir artillery; <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
numbers at this moment <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> colony estimated at three thous<strong>and</strong> men -- all regulars. Add to this three<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> irregular troops, loyal militia, rangers, <strong>and</strong> refugees from o<strong>the</strong>r colonies. Their chief forces lay <strong>in</strong><br />
Charles town <strong>and</strong> Orangeburgh; <strong>the</strong>ir m<strong>in</strong>or posts, more or less strongly garrisoned, accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>ir size, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> difficulties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country <strong>the</strong>y were meant to over awe, were now limited to Dorchester, Monck’s Corner,<br />
Wantoot, Watboo [Wadboo], Fairlawn, <strong>and</strong> Bigg<strong>in</strong>. At <strong>the</strong> latter place, <strong>the</strong> garrison numbered five hundred good<br />
troops; at Dorchester <strong>the</strong>re may have been two hundred; <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r posts were <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>ferior importance, <strong>and</strong> held<br />
by detachments vary<strong>in</strong>g from fifty to hundred men. Small rov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s, employed chiefly <strong>in</strong> forag<strong>in</strong>g, plied<br />
between <strong>the</strong> several stations, <strong>and</strong> thus contributed to <strong>the</strong>ir security. The British cavalry was feeble, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>’s, <strong>and</strong> a few o<strong>the</strong>r bodies, not well equipped, badly manned, badly mounted; not capable <strong>of</strong> resist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
American cavalry...The most efficient <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British mounted men were <strong>the</strong> loyalists, who had descended from<br />
<strong>the</strong> regions <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, with Cruger, on <strong>the</strong> ab<strong>and</strong>onment <strong>of</strong> that fortress. But <strong>the</strong> large number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se had<br />
pressed onto <strong>the</strong> city, as not equal to <strong>the</strong> encounter with <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>of</strong> Marion <strong>and</strong> Sumter, <strong>and</strong> as liable to<br />
someth<strong>in</strong>g more than <strong>the</strong> penalties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> soldier, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> event <strong>of</strong> defeat. Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m were outlawed, <strong>and</strong><br />
fought, <strong>the</strong>y well knew, with halters about <strong>the</strong>irs necks.” 3266<br />
1-2 July. Prior to <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> Rochambeau with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> French army march<strong>in</strong>g to jo<strong>in</strong> him, General<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton launched a night assault on British outposts protect<strong>in</strong>g New York City. While <strong>the</strong> effort proved<br />
abortive, it did heighten Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s concern for that city, <strong>and</strong> consequently averted his attention from operations<br />
<strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. In <strong>the</strong> meantime, he started form<strong>in</strong>g plans for an attack <strong>of</strong> his own (later cancelled) on Newport,<br />
R.I. 3267<br />
3264 CAC p. 236, <strong>in</strong>sert.<br />
3265 NGP8 pp. 481, 483, 484, RSC2 p. 247, SCP6 pp. 64-65, JLG2 pp. 158-159, LCC pp. 419-424, BGC pp. 191-192.<br />
3266 SEU p. 191.<br />
3267 LMS pp. 481-484, JYC p. 82, WAR2 pp. 880-881.<br />
551
2 July. Admiral Arbuthnot departed for Engl<strong>and</strong>, leav<strong>in</strong>g Rear-Admiral Thomas Graves <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> British<br />
naval forces <strong>in</strong> New York. 3268<br />
2 July. Col. Isaac Shelby, from Sullivan County, N.C., wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g he has not been able to jo<strong>in</strong><br />
Greene with <strong>the</strong> backcountry militia because to have done so would have left <strong>the</strong> frontier too weak to protect<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st Indian raids, <strong>and</strong> which were still a potential threat despite peace negotiations with <strong>the</strong> Cherokee still <strong>in</strong><br />
progress. In addition, <strong>the</strong> harvest needed attend<strong>in</strong>g to. He added that he would have to wait till a treaty was<br />
signed, <strong>and</strong> gave 20 July as a likely date when that might happen. On 3 August, he wrote aga<strong>in</strong> stat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
negotiations with <strong>the</strong> Cherokees had been <strong>com</strong>pleted <strong>and</strong> that he was on his way to Greene with 700 men.<br />
Despite this, it was well <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> 1781 (<strong>and</strong> after Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs) before he actually arrived with his men.<br />
As far back as December, Greene had been hop<strong>in</strong>g to get <strong>the</strong> backcountry militia to jo<strong>in</strong> him, but with little<br />
success. It was about that time (Nov.-Dec. 1780) that British agents had <strong>in</strong>cited <strong>the</strong> Cherokees to war, thus<br />
keep<strong>in</strong>g many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> warriors out <strong>of</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a military affairs <strong>in</strong> 1781. 3269<br />
2 July. Brig. Gen. William Caswell, at K<strong>in</strong>gston, to Gov. Thomas Burke: “I returned last Night from New River,<br />
where it was said <strong>the</strong> British Troops had taken post. This account was confirmed by several <strong>and</strong> by a Capt.<br />
Powers, who had <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Hawk<strong>in</strong>’s Horse; but on my arrival at <strong>the</strong> No. Wt. <strong>of</strong> New River I found Col.<br />
Mitchell posted <strong>the</strong>re <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy at Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s Mill, reap<strong>in</strong>g wheat <strong>and</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g Cattle. Their Number<br />
when <strong>the</strong>y left Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton was about Two Hundred British <strong>and</strong> Twenty Five Tories, under <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Major<br />
Manson. Some Few Tories have jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m. Major Craike [Craig] was <strong>in</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton with about 150 (suppose not<br />
above 100). When I found <strong>the</strong>ir situation <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> Party <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Manson had no cannon, had<br />
Determ<strong>in</strong>ed to attack <strong>the</strong>m or Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>in</strong>stantly, <strong>and</strong> with that <strong>in</strong>tent left New River to forward on <strong>the</strong><br />
Troops, but on my return to this Place found your Excellency’s orders (thro’ Gen’l [John] Butler) to move up<br />
towards Wake, which orders I am now Execut<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Troops on <strong>the</strong>ir Way. Have no expectation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British<br />
mov<strong>in</strong>g nearer this Way, unless <strong>the</strong> movement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Troops from this Place should occasion it. Hope to have <strong>the</strong><br />
pleasure <strong>of</strong> see<strong>in</strong>g your Excellency <strong>in</strong> a few Days, as I <strong>in</strong>tend to set out To-morrow for <strong>the</strong> Assembly.” 3270<br />
3 July. Greene camped at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough, <strong>and</strong> on this same day wrote Lieut. Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton stat<strong>in</strong>g that<br />
Sumter’s force was about thirty miles <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> army’s rear, <strong>and</strong> had been asked to jo<strong>in</strong> up with him as soon as<br />
possible. Pickens was also expected. When <strong>the</strong>se cont<strong>in</strong>gents were all assembled, Greene <strong>in</strong>tended to “push”<br />
Rawdon. Sumter at this time was <strong>in</strong> Camden, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> area above it, work<strong>in</strong>g to collect, arm, <strong>and</strong> re-organize his<br />
brigade. In a letter dated July 2 nd , at “Col [Samuel] Watson[’s] 15 mile from X [Cross] Roads,” S.C., he reported<br />
to Greene that four <strong>of</strong> his regiments were ready to march. In spite <strong>of</strong> this, many were <strong>in</strong> want <strong>of</strong> “arms”<br />
(apparently referr<strong>in</strong>g to swords for his cavalry.) He <strong>the</strong>refore set a number <strong>of</strong> artificers to work, but material to<br />
make <strong>the</strong>m with was hard to <strong>com</strong>e by. He <strong>in</strong>tended to return to Camden itself, by way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws to<br />
expedite <strong>the</strong> manufacture <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> weapons <strong>and</strong> on Friday (i.e., July 6 th ) he was to meet with his troops at a<br />
location betwixt <strong>the</strong> Wateree <strong>and</strong> Congaree. In <strong>the</strong> same letter, he also mentioned British detachments be<strong>in</strong>g at<br />
Twenty-Three Mile House <strong>and</strong> Ten Mile House. 3271<br />
3 July. (also given as 8 July) [ambush] Armstrong’s Capture, also “Eggleston’s Capture“ (as per McCrady),<br />
Congaree Creek (Lex<strong>in</strong>gton County, S.C.) While he with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion moved south along <strong>the</strong> west<br />
side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Broad River, Lee on July 2 nd sent Capt. Joseph Eggleston with a detachment <strong>of</strong> Legion dragoons (<strong>the</strong><br />
Annual Register says 40) to “ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> forage country <strong>and</strong> seek an opportunity to strike at <strong>the</strong> enemy foragers,”<br />
<strong>and</strong> to jo<strong>in</strong> Capt. James Armstrong who was already out reconnoiter<strong>in</strong>g. 3272 Rawdon was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Granby;<br />
which was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> only settlements south <strong>of</strong> Friday’s Ferry that still conta<strong>in</strong>ed food to be had. Armstrong (or<br />
<strong>in</strong>correctly by some accounts Eggleston) followed watch<strong>in</strong>g his movements; when, early on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
3 rd , he learned <strong>of</strong> a party <strong>of</strong> Rawdon’s troops with some wagons, escorted by some cavalry, out ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g<br />
provisions. He <strong>the</strong>n set an ambush for <strong>the</strong> detachment on <strong>the</strong>ir way to a local farm. Catch<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m <strong>com</strong>pletely<br />
unprepared, Armstrong took 2 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> 45 privates, as well as <strong>the</strong>ir horses, arms <strong>and</strong> accoutrements, while<br />
rout<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rest. Of <strong>the</strong> horses taken, some thirty, as well as <strong>the</strong>ir equipment, were afterward passed on to Col.<br />
Hezekiah Maham to help mount his newly form<strong>in</strong>g State cavalry troop. In contrast to <strong>the</strong> more familiar versions<br />
<strong>of</strong> this action, Alex<strong>and</strong>er Garden <strong>in</strong> his Anecdotes –- Second Series (1828) p. 133, makes it pla<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> based on<br />
<strong>the</strong> testimony <strong>of</strong> Eggleston himself, that it was actually Armstrong ra<strong>the</strong>r than Eggleston who devised <strong>and</strong><br />
carried out <strong>the</strong> stratagem (<strong>and</strong> consequently deserved <strong>the</strong> greater credit for its success.) 3273<br />
Letter <strong>of</strong> Balfour, written on July 20 th , 1781, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “…For this place [<strong>the</strong> Congarees] General Greene’s<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g changed <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> his Route, likewise Push’d, & by pass<strong>in</strong>g over <strong>the</strong> River a Corps <strong>of</strong> Cavalry,<br />
surprised a Forag<strong>in</strong>g Party <strong>of</strong> Ours, <strong>of</strong> which an Officer & three or four were killed & wounded, & about forty,<br />
with <strong>the</strong>ir Horses, are taken.” 3274<br />
3268 CGP p. lxv.<br />
3269 NGP8 p. 482.<br />
3270 CNC22 pp. 538-539.<br />
3271 NGP8 pp. 482-484, 486, JLG2 pp. 159-160.<br />
3272 Lee was with<strong>in</strong> about 13 miles <strong>of</strong> Rawdon who subsequently moved <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Orangeburgh. See Lee to Greene, 3<br />
July 1781.<br />
3273 NGP8 pp. 487, 488n, SCP6 p. 65, BLB pp. 80-86, AR81 pp. 95-96, TCS pp. 504-505, GHA4 p. 96, GHA4 p. 96, SAW2 p. 375, LMS<br />
p. 381, GAR2 pp. 133-134, JLG2 p. 160, MSC2 pp. 309-310.<br />
3274 BLB pp. 80-86. For <strong>the</strong> earlier portion <strong>of</strong> this same letter, see entry at 18 June. [siege assault] NINETY-SIX.<br />
552
Henry Lee, at <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee on 24 July, wrote Richard Henry Lee: “While Lord Rawdon lay on <strong>the</strong><br />
Congaree a squadron <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion cavalry obta<strong>in</strong>ed a <strong>com</strong>plete victory over <strong>the</strong> British horse, made fifty<br />
prisoners, <strong>and</strong> destroyed <strong>the</strong> whole body, five only escaped. Capta<strong>in</strong> Eggleston has <strong>the</strong> honour <strong>of</strong> this<br />
enterprise..” 3275<br />
Tarleton: “Lord Rawdon, by forced marches, <strong>in</strong> order to surprise [sic] a body <strong>of</strong> militia, <strong>of</strong> which he had received<br />
some <strong>in</strong>telligence, arrived at <strong>the</strong> Congarees on <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>of</strong> July, two days before <strong>the</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>ted time; a rapidity <strong>of</strong><br />
movement which probably had no small effect upon <strong>the</strong> issue <strong>of</strong> Greene’s scheme. He soon discovered that <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy’s light troops were <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood, <strong>and</strong> took <strong>the</strong> necessary precautions on that account; but his<br />
cavalry, regardless <strong>of</strong> express orders to <strong>the</strong> contrary, went out by <strong>the</strong>mselves to forage on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
very day upon which Colonel Stuart [Alex<strong>and</strong>er Stewart] was expected: They were soon surrounded by Lee’s<br />
legion; <strong>and</strong> two <strong>of</strong>ficers, with forty dragoons, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir horses, were all taken without a blow. This, which <strong>in</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r circumstances would not have been much thought <strong>of</strong>, was, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> present, a most grievous stroke; <strong>and</strong><br />
more particularly so, as <strong>the</strong> means <strong>of</strong> procur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>in</strong> this crisis <strong>of</strong> so much danger was <strong>the</strong>reby cut <strong>of</strong>f<br />
almost entirely. This loss, with <strong>the</strong> unexpected assemblance [sic] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, which had already been<br />
discovered <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> unexpected failure on Stuart’s side, happily laid open at once to Lord<br />
Rawdon, all <strong>the</strong> danger <strong>of</strong> his own situation: He accord<strong>in</strong>gly determ<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong>stantly to beg<strong>in</strong> his march towards<br />
Orangeburgh, <strong>and</strong> to meet, or f<strong>in</strong>d Stuart wherever he was.<br />
“The route lay across Congaree creek, at about three miles distance; a broad piece <strong>of</strong> water, <strong>in</strong> most parts<br />
deep, <strong>and</strong> enclosed by difficult banks. Colonel Lee, who had been appo<strong>in</strong>ted to <strong>the</strong> guard <strong>of</strong> this passage, hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
destroyed <strong>the</strong> bridge, <strong>and</strong> felled trees to render <strong>the</strong> ford impracticable, had <strong>the</strong>n posted himself beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong><br />
creek, with a considerable body <strong>of</strong> cavalry, <strong>and</strong> some <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> his legion. The <strong>in</strong>tense head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sun about<br />
noon, which seemed almost to disable every sort <strong>of</strong> motion, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> every species <strong>of</strong> animal, had thrown <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong>ir guard; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> unexpected arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British forces <strong>in</strong> that critical period, served much to<br />
facilitate <strong>the</strong> passage. After <strong>the</strong> exchange <strong>of</strong> only a few <strong>in</strong>effectual shots, a body <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry were thrown over,<br />
who hav<strong>in</strong>g dispersed <strong>the</strong> enemy without trouble, <strong>the</strong> troops soon cleared <strong>the</strong> fords, <strong>and</strong> passed <strong>the</strong>m without<br />
<strong>in</strong>terruption.” 3276<br />
Garden: “I have erred too <strong>in</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r respect [i.e., <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> earlier 1822 edition <strong>of</strong> his Anecdotes.] I have<br />
attributed to him Eggleston] <strong>the</strong> capture <strong>of</strong> an entire forag<strong>in</strong>g party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British, on <strong>the</strong> retreat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir army<br />
from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Now I have no right to force upon him an honour that he never claimed. The act was [James]<br />
Armstrong’s, <strong>and</strong> Eggleston, with <strong>the</strong> frankness <strong>and</strong> generous feel<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> a soldier, never failed to acknowledge it.<br />
Lee, know<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> rich settlements south <strong>of</strong> Fridig’s [also “Friday’s”] Ferry could alone supply <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
with <strong>the</strong> forage which <strong>the</strong>y would require, detached Eggleston, hav<strong>in</strong>g Armstrong under his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, to <strong>the</strong><br />
probable scene <strong>of</strong> action. An advantageous position was immediately taken, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir approach expected with<br />
anxious solicitude. A party <strong>of</strong> dragoons very speedily appeared, but from <strong>the</strong> mist<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day, <strong>the</strong>ir numbers<br />
could not be ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>and</strong> Eggleston immediately counterm<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> order to charge, which had been given<br />
to Armstrong, till it could be satisfactorily discovered. Armstrong, however, who was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> best <strong>and</strong> most<br />
<strong>in</strong>trepid soldiers that ever existed, ei<strong>the</strong>r did not, or pretended not to hear <strong>the</strong> order <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, <strong>and</strong><br />
dashed forward with irresistible impetuosity. Disarmed <strong>the</strong> leader <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British party, <strong>and</strong> so <strong>com</strong>pletely put<br />
<strong>the</strong>m to route, that forty-five prisoners, toge<strong>the</strong>r with all <strong>the</strong> forag<strong>in</strong>g wagons, were taken without <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> a<br />
s<strong>in</strong>gle man. Congratulated on <strong>the</strong> importance <strong>of</strong> so brilliant an achievement, Eggleston, with great modesty,<br />
acknowledged that <strong>the</strong> credit <strong>of</strong> it was altoge<strong>the</strong>r due to his gallant <strong>com</strong>panion, ‘for had my orders been<br />
obeyed,’ he said, ‘our triumph, <strong>in</strong> all probability, would not have been so perfect -- a greater number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy might have eluded pursuit <strong>and</strong> escaped.’”<br />
Annual Register: “This, which <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r circumstances would not have been much thought <strong>of</strong>, was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> present<br />
a most grievous stroke; <strong>and</strong> more particularly so, as <strong>the</strong> means <strong>of</strong> procur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>in</strong> this crisis <strong>of</strong> so much<br />
danger, was <strong>the</strong>reby cut <strong>of</strong>f almost entirely. This loss [“Armstrong’s Capture“], with <strong>the</strong> unexpected assemblage<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, which had already been disposed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> unexpected failure on Stuart’s<br />
side, happily laid open at once to Lord Rawdon, all <strong>the</strong> danger <strong>of</strong> his own situation. He accord<strong>in</strong>gly determ<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
<strong>in</strong>stantly to beg<strong>in</strong> his march toward Orangeburgh; <strong>and</strong> to meet or f<strong>in</strong>d Stuart wherever he was.” 3277<br />
3 July. Pickens, at “Turkey Creek,” S.C., wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g he was on his way to be with Greene’s army<br />
with “all possible Expedition,” <strong>and</strong> was br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g “<strong>the</strong> Waggon horses” with him. 3278<br />
4 July. In orders for <strong>the</strong> day, Greene wrote <strong>the</strong> troops were to receive 30 rounds <strong>of</strong> cartridges per man 3279 <strong>and</strong><br />
ordered to be ready to march at 4 o’clock p.m; with <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia charged with<br />
escort<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> “non-Effectives,” <strong>the</strong> “Women <strong>and</strong> children,” <strong>and</strong> “heavy baggage.” In a letter to Maj. John<br />
Armstrong <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, on <strong>the</strong> same day, Greene told Armstrong he was to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops left<br />
to guard <strong>the</strong> baggage <strong>and</strong> stores <strong>and</strong> to move by slow <strong>and</strong> easy marches to Camden. While h<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g immediate<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army over to Huger, Greene himself rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> W<strong>in</strong>nsborough with some staff; transmitt<strong>in</strong>g<br />
orders, receiv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rwise attend<strong>in</strong>g to adm<strong>in</strong>istrative matters. On <strong>the</strong> 4 th or <strong>the</strong> 5 th , Huger<br />
3275 Historical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, September 1865, vol. IX, no. 9, p. 282.<br />
3276 TCS pp. 504-505, also see SCP6 p. 65.<br />
3277 AR81 pp. 95-96.<br />
3278 NGP8 p. 488.<br />
3279 Compare to an average British soldier who might be carry<strong>in</strong>g 40 to 60 rounds.<br />
553
moved with <strong>the</strong> army toward Friday’s Ferry, near Granby. Lee <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terim, were work<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
catch Stewart <strong>of</strong>f guard, though <strong>in</strong> va<strong>in</strong>. William Johnson states that about this same time Greene rode to<br />
personally jo<strong>in</strong> Lieut. Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry <strong>and</strong> which was scout<strong>in</strong>g Rawdon’s position. 3280<br />
4 July. Lafayette’s army celebrated Independence Day while encamped around Bird’s Ord<strong>in</strong>ary some sixteen<br />
miles from Williamsburg, with fir<strong>in</strong>gs, parades <strong>and</strong> martial music. His advance guard was ahead <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong><br />
army, some twelve miles from Williamsburg. 3281<br />
4 July. Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>rance <strong>of</strong> orders received earlier from Cl<strong>in</strong>ton (viz., Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Cornwallis 8, 11, 15<br />
<strong>and</strong> 19 June), <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g on his way to Portsmouth, reached Jamestown where he <strong>in</strong>tended to cross with his<br />
army. 3282 Yet due to delays mov<strong>in</strong>g his baggage, he was not able to march quite all <strong>of</strong> his army from Jamestown<br />
(where he’d camped) till <strong>the</strong> 9 th . In <strong>the</strong> aforesaid <strong>in</strong>structions, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton had directed that 3,000 <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’<br />
troops be returned to New York. 3283 Cornwallis for his part had requested he be allowed to return with <strong>the</strong><br />
rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> his army to Charlestown. The culm<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> this exchange was that Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, as <strong>of</strong> his letters <strong>of</strong> 11<br />
July (received by Cornwallis on <strong>the</strong> 20 th ), 3284 decided (ow<strong>in</strong>g to re<strong>in</strong>forcements from Europe received at New York<br />
on 11 July; which date see) to keep both <strong>the</strong> 3,000 troops <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia (letter <strong>of</strong> 15 July). See<br />
entries for 15 <strong>and</strong> 20 July respect<strong>in</strong>g Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis. 3285<br />
4 July. Col. Thomas Wade, at “Peedee,” wrote Greene ask<strong>in</strong>g him to send paper <strong>and</strong> fl<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>in</strong> view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalists towards Cape Fear River <strong>and</strong> Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek be<strong>in</strong>g very troublesome. On June 30 th , half <strong>of</strong> his regiment<br />
marched aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> loyalists; which latter had defeated a detachment <strong>of</strong> Bladen <strong>and</strong> Cumberl<strong>and</strong> County militia<br />
a few days earlier. Eight days follow<strong>in</strong>g, i.e., on July 12, it was reported to Brig. Gen. William Caswell that<br />
between 200 <strong>and</strong> 500 Loyalists were ga<strong>the</strong>red at Raft Swamp (see 15 October 1781.) Wade subsequently sent out<br />
150 horsemen to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> attack<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m, but <strong>the</strong> local whig militia had not assembled as ordered; so <strong>the</strong> plan<br />
was postponed for a later time. 3286<br />
4 July. Lieut. Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, at Howell’s Ferry (“Capt Howells”), S.C., reported to Greene that Stewart was<br />
march<strong>in</strong>g to l<strong>in</strong>k up with Rawdon. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton fur<strong>the</strong>r said he would pass <strong>the</strong> Congaree at Howell’s Ferry <strong>and</strong><br />
rendezvous with Lee who was “eight or ten Miles below <strong>the</strong> enemy.” Marion also had written Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
earlier say<strong>in</strong>g he would cross at McCord’s Ferry tomorrow [<strong>the</strong> 5 th ], <strong>and</strong> would be with Lee <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton with<br />
400 mounted men. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton lastly mentioned ask<strong>in</strong>g Col. Henry Hampton; who was left to “Guard <strong>the</strong> Fords,”<br />
to furnish Greene with <strong>the</strong> earliest <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> enemy movements. 3287 Although Stewart, with some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcements from Irel<strong>and</strong>, did attempt to reach Rawdon at this time, upon <strong>the</strong> (false) rumor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong><br />
a French fleet he withdrew to Monck’s Corner, be<strong>in</strong>g summoned back to Charlestown by Balfour. With<strong>in</strong> a couple<br />
days, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, he was back on <strong>the</strong> march <strong>and</strong> reached Rawdon by <strong>the</strong> 7 th . 3288<br />
Lee: “Lord Rawdon was not <strong>in</strong>attentive to <strong>the</strong> chang<strong>in</strong>g condition <strong>of</strong> affairs. The dar<strong>in</strong>g measure executed <strong>in</strong> his<br />
view was truly <strong>in</strong>terpreted. Not jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Stewart, <strong>and</strong> unacqua<strong>in</strong>ted with <strong>the</strong> cause <strong>of</strong> his delay, he determ<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
not to risk <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> Greene. He accord<strong>in</strong>gly put his army <strong>in</strong> motion, <strong>and</strong> dispatched his light troops to <strong>the</strong><br />
river shore, where <strong>the</strong> creek <strong>in</strong> his front emptied <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> where <strong>the</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> waters formed a<br />
bar. As soon as <strong>the</strong> light troops made good <strong>the</strong>ir passage, <strong>the</strong> American guards were driven <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> bridge [at<br />
Congaree Creek [destroyed earlier by Lee] replaced, over which <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>and</strong> baggage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
proceeded, forc<strong>in</strong>g Lee before <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“The whole even<strong>in</strong>g was spent <strong>in</strong> rapid movement; <strong>the</strong> corps <strong>of</strong> Lee fall<strong>in</strong>g back upon Beaver Creek, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
confident expectation <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g immediately jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Sumter, Marion, <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, when a serious<br />
<strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed effort would have been made to stop <strong>the</strong> progress <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. In this expectation, founded on<br />
Greene’s dispatch, Lee was disappo<strong>in</strong>ted: nei<strong>the</strong>r Sumter, Marion, nor Wash<strong>in</strong>gton appeared, nor was any<br />
<strong>com</strong>munication received from ei<strong>the</strong>r. Lieutenant-Colonel Lee, not doubt<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> wished-for junction would<br />
be effected <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g, determ<strong>in</strong>ed, if practicable, to establish his night quarters near Beaver Creek, on<br />
<strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong> road by <strong>the</strong> Eutaws <strong>and</strong> Motte’s Post from Charleston <strong>in</strong>tersected that from<br />
Charleston by <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> Orangeburgh. This spot too, gave advantages favorable to that effort which it was<br />
presumed would follow <strong>the</strong> union <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> three corps.<br />
“Rawdon, still un<strong>in</strong>formed as to Stewart, <strong>and</strong> feel<strong>in</strong>g his own <strong>in</strong>feriority, persevered <strong>in</strong> his determ<strong>in</strong>ation to<br />
avoid any exposure; not doubt<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> American general was press<strong>in</strong>g forward to br<strong>in</strong>g him to action before<br />
he could be re-enforced. He cont<strong>in</strong>ued to advance until n<strong>in</strong>e p.m., when he halted for <strong>the</strong> night: Lee, mov<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
few miles <strong>in</strong> his front, took up also his night position. With <strong>the</strong> dawn <strong>of</strong> day <strong>the</strong> British van appeared, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
corps <strong>of</strong> Lee retired. Repeat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir rapid movement this day, this day passed like <strong>the</strong> preced<strong>in</strong>g, till at length<br />
<strong>the</strong> American corps reached Beaver Creek, <strong>and</strong> took post beh<strong>in</strong>d it.” 3289<br />
3280 NGP8 pp. 488-489, 502, 510n, JLG2 pp.159-162.<br />
3281 JYC p. 56.<br />
3282 Lee ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>s that Cornwallis ought ra<strong>the</strong>r to have had Portsmouth evacuated at that time <strong>and</strong> embarked <strong>the</strong> troops Cl<strong>in</strong>ton<br />
requested directly from Williamsburg <strong>in</strong>stead. LMS p. 431.<br />
3283 For a list <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3,000 orig<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>in</strong>tended to be retuned to New York (but which, as it turned out <strong>of</strong> course, were not actually<br />
sent), see CNC15 pp. 537-538, SCV1 pp. 151-152.<br />
3284 SCV1 p. 115.<br />
3285 SQR pp. 239, CAR p. 309, LMS p. 432, SCV1 pp. 150-155, SCV2 pp. 14-23, CBA p. 607, WCO p. 343.<br />
3286 NGP8 p. 494n.<br />
3287 NGP8 p. 494.<br />
3288 AR81 pp. 95-96, JLG2 pp. 161-163, MSC2 p. 310.<br />
3289 LMS pp. 283-284.<br />
554
Henry Lee IV: “From Lee’s account <strong>of</strong> this affair, it appears, that <strong>in</strong> conformity with Greene’s letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 29 th<br />
<strong>of</strong> June, he ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> front <strong>of</strong> Lord Rawdon <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood <strong>of</strong> Ancram’s, <strong>in</strong> order to co-operate with<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Sumpter, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> desired attempt upon Stewart -- at <strong>the</strong> same time cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g his <strong>in</strong>cessant<br />
annoyance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army. As nei<strong>the</strong>r Sumpter nor Middleton ever jo<strong>in</strong>ed Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, it is fair to <strong>in</strong>fer that<br />
he waited for <strong>the</strong>m too long to render <strong>the</strong> proposed junction with Lee practicable, or as judicious as that he<br />
effected with Marion, <strong>and</strong> as Lee <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>pliance with <strong>the</strong> general’s request, did repair to <strong>the</strong> most favourable<br />
po<strong>in</strong>t for meet<strong>in</strong>g with Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, it is evident he conducted himself with <strong>the</strong> strictest propriety. Yet Mr.<br />
[William] Johnson confounds him with Sumpter, who, he says, ([JLG2] p. 162,) ‘was found, after three day’s<br />
search, at <strong>the</strong> Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock, on <strong>the</strong> Catawba river,” pursu<strong>in</strong>g some trivial <strong>in</strong>dependent object. He previously<br />
observes, ‘Nei<strong>the</strong>r Middleton nor Lee ever jo<strong>in</strong>ed Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter, (Lee,) <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> direct<strong>in</strong>g his<br />
views aga<strong>in</strong>st Stewart, thought proper to throw himself <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> Rawdon, <strong>in</strong> prosecution <strong>of</strong> a feeble <strong>and</strong> fatal<br />
effort to embarrass his march.’ The efforts <strong>of</strong> this learned person, to defame Colonel Lee, with a perverseness<br />
which might dis<strong>com</strong>pose <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>placency even <strong>of</strong> a salaried <strong>of</strong>ficer, always furnish reason to extol <strong>the</strong> colonel,<br />
<strong>and</strong> to contemn <strong>the</strong> judge. When Lee received <strong>the</strong> letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 29 th , <strong>com</strong>municat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advance<br />
<strong>of</strong> Stewart toward Orangeburg, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> project <strong>of</strong> cutt<strong>in</strong>g him <strong>of</strong>f, he was, <strong>in</strong> obedience to orders, as Mr.<br />
Johnson himself declares, hang<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> rear, dart<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> flanks, imped<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> report<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> progress <strong>of</strong> Lord<br />
Rawdon; who, mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a direction opposite to <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> Stewart, was proceed<strong>in</strong>g to meet him at<br />
Orangeburg. In order to execute <strong>the</strong> object <strong>of</strong> General Greene, it obviously became necessary that he should<br />
ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> front <strong>of</strong> Lord Rawdon, or <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r words, should place himself between his Lordship <strong>and</strong> Colonel<br />
Stewart, so as to be able to move aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> latter, as soon as he should be jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Sumpter <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton;<br />
at <strong>the</strong> same time he appears, <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>pliance with his previous orders, to have meditated a <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed effort, to<br />
check <strong>the</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> Lord Rawdon; an attempt, which, if successful, exclusive <strong>of</strong> its direct effects, would have<br />
facilitated <strong>the</strong> execution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> special enterprize aga<strong>in</strong>st Stewart. So that what our author is pleased to term a<br />
‘feeble <strong>and</strong> fatal effort to embarrass Lord Rawdon’s march,’ <strong>and</strong> ‘throw<strong>in</strong>g himself <strong>in</strong> his front, <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong><br />
direct<strong>in</strong>g his views aga<strong>in</strong>st Stewart,’ turns out to have been a prompt <strong>and</strong> zealous effort to ac<strong>com</strong>plish <strong>the</strong><br />
objects <strong>of</strong> General Greene, viz. to retard <strong>the</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army, <strong>and</strong> to <strong>in</strong>tercept <strong>the</strong> detachment<br />
<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g up to its relief. In <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Orangeburg General Greene <strong>of</strong>fered <strong>the</strong> enemy battle, which be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
decl<strong>in</strong>ed, he returned to summer quarters on <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> Santee; hav<strong>in</strong>g previously formed a detachment <strong>of</strong><br />
one thous<strong>and</strong> men, (militia chiefly,) under Sumpter, Marion, <strong>and</strong> Lee.” 3290<br />
5 July. Lieut. Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, at Howell’s Ferry, S.C., 3291 sent to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g Rawdon was retreat<strong>in</strong>g from<br />
Fort Granby, <strong>and</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g Beaver Creek on his (Rawdon’s) march from Ft. Granby to Orangeburgh. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
added aga<strong>in</strong> that he himself was go<strong>in</strong>g to cross McCord’s Ferry <strong>and</strong> would fall <strong>in</strong> with Marion <strong>and</strong> Lee. 3292<br />
5 July (also 6 July.) [raid] Great Dismal Swamp (probably Gates County, N.C.) Brig. Gen. Isaac Gregory <strong>and</strong> some<br />
militia were surprised by a detachment <strong>of</strong> British out <strong>of</strong> Portsmouth, VA. They managed to escape,<br />
notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, with few losses. After <strong>the</strong> British withdrew, Gregory returned to <strong>the</strong> post from whence he had<br />
retreated; which was located near <strong>the</strong> Great Dismal Swamp <strong>and</strong> somewhere on <strong>the</strong> road between Portsmouth<br />
<strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. 3293<br />
5 July. In Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, David Fann<strong>in</strong>g was formally appo<strong>in</strong>ted Colonel <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Loyal Militia <strong>of</strong> Chatham <strong>and</strong><br />
R<strong>and</strong>olph Counties, N.C. In June, a dispute had arisen as to who would head <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>of</strong> R<strong>and</strong>olph <strong>and</strong><br />
Chatham adjacent counties. The two contenders were Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> William Elwood. When a vote was taken<br />
Fann<strong>in</strong>g won, but <strong>the</strong>re was still some disagreement among <strong>the</strong> men <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir leaders. Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>n, with a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> his followers removed to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>in</strong> order to obta<strong>in</strong> formal recognition <strong>of</strong> his election. This <strong>the</strong>n<br />
was granted by Maj. Craig. On <strong>the</strong> 12 th , Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>n departed Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> presented <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>com</strong>missions to<br />
various men <strong>in</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. 3294<br />
5 July. [raid] The Capture <strong>of</strong> Williamson (Charleston County, S.C.) After collect<strong>in</strong>g some men at William<br />
Harden’s camp (with whom he was act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> renewed cooperation) at Horseshoe on <strong>the</strong> Ashepoo River, Col. Isaac<br />
Hayne led a force <strong>of</strong> mounted militiamen <strong>in</strong> a successful attempt to take Gen. Andrew Williamson prisoner -- <strong>the</strong><br />
former patriot leader <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six; who, hav<strong>in</strong>g accepted British protection, had taken refuge on a plantation<br />
near Charlestown. This advantage was reversed, however, on 7 July when Capt. Archibald Campbell (under <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Maj. Thomas Fraser), with some mounted South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Light dragoons, as well rescu<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Williamson, captured Hayne himself while kill<strong>in</strong>g (or wound<strong>in</strong>g) fourteen o<strong>the</strong>r whigs. 3295<br />
5 July. [raid] Walls <strong>of</strong> Charlestown (Charleston County, S.C.) Col. Otho Williams, at Rice Creek, S.C., (<strong>and</strong><br />
evidently at this time away from <strong>the</strong> army) wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g he had received a report that <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>in</strong><br />
Charlestown was liv<strong>in</strong>g upon boiled corn, which was very scarce, <strong>and</strong> fresh beef. Also Williams’ learned that<br />
“(O)ur militia have pursued <strong>the</strong>irs to <strong>the</strong> Walls <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir fortifications. Capt[ai]n Stone <strong>in</strong>tercepted a Convoy <strong>of</strong><br />
3290 LCC pp. 395-417.<br />
3291 Howell’s Ferry was located on <strong>the</strong> Congaree River roughly mid-way between <strong>the</strong> locations <strong>of</strong> forts Granby <strong>and</strong> Motte.<br />
3292 NGP8 p. 499, JLG2 pp. 161-163.<br />
3293 NGP8 p. 492, EHJ.<br />
3294 FNA pp. 17-20.<br />
3295 NGP9 p. 251n, GHA4 pp. 104-105, JTR pp. 361-364, MSC2 pp. 318-321, The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical<br />
Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVII, Oct. 1916, p. 159.<br />
555
Provisions, routed <strong>the</strong> party & cut <strong>the</strong>ir Horses out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Waggons. Lord Rawdon made a Detachment to Georgia<br />
with which most <strong>of</strong> our Deserters were sent.” 3296<br />
5 July. Upon discover<strong>in</strong>g that Cornwallis was withdraw<strong>in</strong>g from Williamsburg, Lafayette collected his troops <strong>and</strong><br />
marched to Bird’s Tavern <strong>in</strong> pursuit, his advanced parties reach<strong>in</strong>g Norrell’s Mills, 8 miles from Jamestown. 3297<br />
6 July. Col. James Kenan, at Dupl<strong>in</strong> [Court House?], to N.C. Gov. Thomas Burke: “From <strong>the</strong> Best <strong>in</strong>formation we<br />
are able to git [sic], <strong>the</strong>re is about two hundred & fifty foot <strong>and</strong> forty light horse <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British [act<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong><br />
Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> possibly those under David Fann<strong>in</strong>g] that is up <strong>the</strong> river at Ru<strong>the</strong>rford[’]s Mills <strong>the</strong>y say to take<br />
Dupl<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> Onslow Counties, <strong>and</strong> drive <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> Stockes. Genl. Lill<strong>in</strong>gton had Call’d upon this County for all <strong>the</strong><br />
men that Can be raised to march to <strong>the</strong> rich l<strong>and</strong> Chappel <strong>in</strong> Onslow County about one Hundred foot has<br />
marched <strong>and</strong> we have fifty more ready to march. I hope Your Excellency will order assistance to this part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Country o<strong>the</strong>r wise Good people here will be under <strong>the</strong> Necessity <strong>of</strong> Giv<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>in</strong> order to Save <strong>the</strong>ir property if<br />
possible but this will be <strong>the</strong> last Step taken. We Keep about 50 light horse near <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>in</strong>es to watch <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
Movements.” 3298<br />
6 July. While Greene was himself away at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough (see 4 July), Huger took charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army <strong>and</strong> camped<br />
about half a mile from Friday’s Ferry. Greene <strong>and</strong> his staff apparently rejo<strong>in</strong>ed him on <strong>the</strong> 8 th <strong>and</strong> by which date<br />
all were at Howell’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Congaree. 3299<br />
6 July. [battle] Green Spr<strong>in</strong>g Farm, also Green Spr<strong>in</strong>g Plantation, Jamestown Ford (James City County, VA.) In an<br />
effort to <strong>in</strong>terrupt Cornwallis’ cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> James River at Jamestown en route to Portsmouth, Lafayette sent<br />
Wayne forward to probe <strong>the</strong> British position. Wayne had with him his three Pennsylvania battalions, Maj. Call’s<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia riflemen, Lieut. Col. Mercer’s volunteer cavalry, <strong>the</strong> 1 st Cont<strong>in</strong>ental light dragoons <strong>and</strong> Arm<strong>and</strong>’s cavalry<br />
(all three cavalry under Major McPherson), Galv<strong>in</strong>’s <strong>and</strong> Willis’ light detachments, <strong>and</strong> 2 or 3 four-pounders,<br />
under Capt. Savage. The Americans under Wayne moved to Green Spr<strong>in</strong>g Farm about a half mile from <strong>the</strong> British,<br />
with Lafayette ma<strong>in</strong> force, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Gimat’s, von Bose’s <strong>and</strong> Barber’s light battalions, follow<strong>in</strong>g up as a reserve.<br />
Col. Christian Febiger’s Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> vast majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia, under von Steuben, however,<br />
were kept 12 miles distant at Bird’s Tavern. Cornwallis adroitly anticipated Lafayette’s move, <strong>and</strong> had<br />
succeeded <strong>in</strong> lur<strong>in</strong>g Wayne <strong>in</strong>to th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g he was only up aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> rear guard. Far from hav<strong>in</strong>g effectively<br />
<strong>com</strong>pleted <strong>the</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g, most <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ army was still on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river; Simcoe’s Queen’s<br />
Rangers, <strong>the</strong> Royal N.C. Regt., <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> baggage be<strong>in</strong>g all that had already made <strong>the</strong> passage. There was some<br />
heated skirmish<strong>in</strong>g between <strong>the</strong> American advanced parties <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British rear about 3 p.m., yet <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong><br />
forces <strong>in</strong>volved did not be<strong>com</strong>e engaged till about 5 p.m. Wayne vigorously attacked Cornwallis’ left under<br />
Lieut. Col. Thomas Dundas’ brigade, which <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>the</strong> 43 rd Regt., <strong>the</strong> 76 th Regt., <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 80 th Regt. Cornwallis<br />
<strong>the</strong>n with <strong>the</strong> right under Lieut. Col. John Yorke, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2 Light Infantry battalions, <strong>the</strong> Guards, <strong>the</strong><br />
23 rd Regt., 33 rd Regt., <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Legion cavalry, proceeded to encircle <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. In response, Wayne<br />
made a last counterattack, <strong>and</strong> retreated. However, because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> onset <strong>of</strong> darkness <strong>the</strong> British did not pursue<br />
<strong>and</strong> follow up <strong>the</strong>ir victory.<br />
Cornwallis here easily showed himself <strong>the</strong> better strategist. Yet Wayne <strong>and</strong> his men, by ably disentangl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> superior forces, deserve praise o<strong>the</strong>rwise for prevent<strong>in</strong>g defeat from be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
disaster. Col. John Francis Mercer, who was present <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed some horsemen, found fault with<br />
Lafayette’s (strategic) h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action <strong>and</strong> presents Green Spr<strong>in</strong>g as a near catastrophe for <strong>the</strong> Americans,<br />
see HFR pp. 45-54. Of troops which actually participated (<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>refore not count<strong>in</strong>g those <strong>in</strong> reserve), Wayne<br />
had some 1,570 while <strong>the</strong> British around 2,950. At Camden by <strong>com</strong>parison, Cornwallis had won with considerably<br />
less <strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong>st far more. The American’s lost <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g 28 killed, 99 wounded, 12 miss<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> two cannon,<br />
with fur<strong>the</strong>r losses to <strong>the</strong>ir militia riflemen undeterm<strong>in</strong>ed; <strong>the</strong> British 75 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. Lafayette<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Green Spr<strong>in</strong>g for most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> night, <strong>and</strong> before dawn removed to Chickahom<strong>in</strong>y Church. Cornwallis<br />
afterward cont<strong>in</strong>ued unmolested on his way to Cobham on <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> James <strong>and</strong> ultimately<br />
Portsmouth. 3300<br />
From <strong>the</strong> “Yorktown Diary” <strong>of</strong> an Anonymous Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Soldier: “July 6 th March’d to a large pla<strong>in</strong> or Corn Field<br />
where Col. Butler had <strong>the</strong> Skermish [sic] 4 Miles from James Town where we halted but had noth<strong>in</strong>g to Eat Col.<br />
[Walter] Stewart[’]s Regt. was sent to Reconnoiter <strong>the</strong> Enemy <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r two Pennsylvania Battns. marched Back<br />
two Miles <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mean time <strong>the</strong> Advance had driven <strong>the</strong> Enemy Piquets [i.e., pickets] as fat as <strong>the</strong> Green Spr<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Orders Came for us to March Immediately we made a forc’d march to Green Spr<strong>in</strong>g halted about 5 M<strong>in</strong>utes got<br />
water <strong>the</strong>n march Cross a Defile <strong>and</strong> formed a Column <strong>and</strong> Displayed on <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole 100 yards from<br />
<strong>the</strong> Enemy we Advanced <strong>in</strong> front some Distance <strong>the</strong> Enemy Commenced <strong>the</strong> fire which was Immediately return’d<br />
with vigour but on Account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Great Superiority <strong>in</strong> numbers <strong>the</strong>y Ga<strong>in</strong>ed Our Flanks which Obliged us to<br />
Retire. our loss was Idled twenty four Non<strong>com</strong>missioned Officers & Privates Wounded Eleven Officers N<strong>in</strong>ty [sic]<br />
3296 NGP8 pp. 500-501.<br />
3297 JYC p. 60.<br />
3298 CNC15 p. 514. For fur<strong>the</strong>r on Craig <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalist act<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>in</strong> July, <strong>in</strong>formation for which sometimes tends<br />
to be ra<strong>the</strong>r sketchy, see SCP5 pp. 312-313 <strong>and</strong> SCP6 p.69-70.<br />
3299 NGP8 pp. 504, 509-510, JLG2 pp.159-162.<br />
3300 ATR81b pp. 191-192, 262-264, AR81 pp. 121-122, SQR p. 239, TCS pp. 352-358, GHA4 pp. 117-118, SAW2 pp. 394-395, MLW4A<br />
pp. 440-444, LMS pp. 433-436, CSS pp. 1208-1209, LFB2 pp. 259-262, CBA pp. 609, 617, HFR pp. 45-54, JYC pp. 60-68, WAR2 pp.<br />
876-877.<br />
556
Six Commissioned Officers <strong>and</strong> Privates two six Pounders fell <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy ow<strong>in</strong>g to our hav<strong>in</strong>g no<br />
horses we marched Back to Chickahomany Church Much fatigued <strong>in</strong> all 24 Miles.” 3301<br />
“Extract <strong>of</strong> a letter from an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> rank <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> American army, dated July 11 th , 1781”: “The British <strong>of</strong>ficers,<br />
we are <strong>in</strong>formed, are much displeased at <strong>the</strong> issue, <strong>and</strong> acknowledged <strong>the</strong>y were out-generalled [sic]; o<strong>the</strong>rwise<br />
<strong>the</strong>y must have cut to pieces our small detachment, aided as <strong>the</strong>y were by five hundred horse <strong>and</strong> a<br />
considerable body <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, mounted.<br />
“We could not possibly have extricated ourselves from <strong>the</strong> difficulties we were <strong>in</strong>, but by <strong>the</strong> manoeuvre [sic]<br />
we adopted, which, though it may have <strong>the</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong> temerity to those unacqua<strong>in</strong>ted with circumstances,<br />
yet was founded on <strong>the</strong> truest military pr<strong>in</strong>ciples, <strong>and</strong> was one <strong>of</strong> those necessary, though dar<strong>in</strong>g, measures,<br />
which seldom fail <strong>of</strong> produc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> desired effect, that is, confus<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> open<strong>in</strong>g a way to retreat <strong>in</strong><br />
sight <strong>of</strong> a much superior army.” 3302<br />
Lafayette, at “Amblers plantation,” on July 8 th , wrote to Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “It has been a great secret that our<br />
enemy was not superior <strong>and</strong> was most generally <strong>in</strong>ferior to <strong>the</strong> enemy’s numbers, our returns were swelled up as<br />
generally militia returns are but we had very few under arms particularly lately <strong>and</strong> to conceal <strong>the</strong> lesn<strong>in</strong>g [sic]<br />
<strong>of</strong> our numbers I was obliged to push on as one who heartily wish’d [sic] a general engagement. Our regulars did<br />
not exceed 1500 <strong>the</strong> enemy had 4000 regulars 800 <strong>of</strong> whom mounted. They thought we had 8000 men I never<br />
encamped <strong>in</strong> a l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re was great difficulty to <strong>com</strong>e at our numbers.” 3303<br />
Cornwallis, at Cobham, wrote to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton on July 8 th : “The boats <strong>and</strong> naval assistance hav<strong>in</strong>g been sent to me by<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> Hudson, I marched on <strong>the</strong> 4 th from Williamsburgh to a camp which covered a ford <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
James town. The Queen’s rangers passed <strong>the</strong> river that even<strong>in</strong>g. On <strong>the</strong> 5 th , I sent over all <strong>the</strong> wheel carriages,<br />
<strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 6 th , <strong>the</strong> bat horses, <strong>and</strong> baggage <strong>of</strong> every k<strong>in</strong>d, <strong>in</strong>tend<strong>in</strong>g to pass with <strong>the</strong> army on <strong>the</strong> 7 th . About<br />
noon, on <strong>the</strong> 6 th , <strong>in</strong>formation was brought me <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> about four <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon a<br />
large body attacked our out posts. Conclud<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> enemy would not br<strong>in</strong>g a considerable force with<strong>in</strong> our<br />
reach, unless <strong>the</strong>y supposed that noth<strong>in</strong>g was left but a rear guard, I took every means to conv<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong> my<br />
weakness, <strong>and</strong> suffered my pickets to be <strong>in</strong>sulted <strong>and</strong> driven back; noth<strong>in</strong>g, however, appeared near us but<br />
riflemen <strong>and</strong> militia till near sunset, when a body <strong>of</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>entals, with artillery, began to form <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> front <strong>of</strong><br />
our camp. I <strong>the</strong>n put <strong>the</strong> troops under arms, <strong>and</strong> ordered <strong>the</strong> army to advance <strong>in</strong> two l<strong>in</strong>es. The attack was<br />
began by <strong>the</strong> first l<strong>in</strong>e with great spirit. There be<strong>in</strong>g noth<strong>in</strong>g but militia opposed to <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, <strong>the</strong> action<br />
was soon over on <strong>the</strong> right: But Lieutenant-colonel Dundas’ brigade, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 43d, 76 th , <strong>and</strong> 80 th<br />
regiments, which formed <strong>the</strong> left w<strong>in</strong>g, meet<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Pennsylvania l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> a detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Marquis de la<br />
Fayette’s cont<strong>in</strong>entals, with two six-pounders, a smart action ensued for some m<strong>in</strong>utes, when <strong>the</strong> enemy gave<br />
way <strong>and</strong> ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong>ir cannon. The cavalry were perfectly ready to pursue; but <strong>the</strong> darkness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g<br />
prevented my be<strong>in</strong>g able to make use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. I cannot sufficiently <strong>com</strong>mend <strong>the</strong> spirit <strong>and</strong> good behaviour <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> soldiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole army; but <strong>the</strong> 76 th <strong>and</strong> 80 th regiments, on whom <strong>the</strong> brunt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action<br />
fell, had an opportunity <strong>of</strong> dist<strong>in</strong>guish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves particularly, <strong>and</strong> Lieutenant colonel Dundas’ conduct <strong>and</strong><br />
gallantry deserve <strong>the</strong> highest praise. The force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field was about two thous<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir loss,<br />
I believe, between two <strong>and</strong> three hundred. Half an hour more <strong>of</strong> daylight would have probably given us <strong>the</strong><br />
greatest part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> corps.<br />
“I have enclosed a list <strong>of</strong> our killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. We f<strong>in</strong>ished our passage yesterday, which has been an<br />
operation <strong>of</strong> great labour [sic] <strong>and</strong> difficulty, as <strong>the</strong> river is three miles wide at this place. I have great<br />
obligations to Capta<strong>in</strong> Apl<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> navy <strong>and</strong> seamen for <strong>the</strong>ir great exertions <strong>and</strong> attentions on<br />
this occasion.<br />
“I have not received <strong>the</strong> letters your excellency alludes to, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 29 th <strong>of</strong> May, or 8 th <strong>and</strong> 19 th <strong>of</strong> June.” 3304<br />
Cornwallis, at Cobham, to Maj. Gen. Leslie, 8 July: “The Marquis’ <strong>in</strong>tended to attack our rear-guard, <strong>and</strong> luckily<br />
stumbled on our army. It was near dark, but <strong>the</strong> 76 th <strong>and</strong> 80 th gave <strong>the</strong> Pennsylvanian L<strong>in</strong>e a trimm<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> took<br />
two 6 pounders -- all <strong>the</strong>y had with <strong>the</strong>m; one is marked ‘Taken at Benn<strong>in</strong>gton.’ A little more daylight would<br />
have given us <strong>the</strong> whole corps.” 3305<br />
Tarleton: “The events <strong>of</strong> this day were particularly important, <strong>and</strong> claimed more attention than <strong>the</strong>y obta<strong>in</strong>ed.<br />
The Marquis de la Fayette had made a long march, <strong>in</strong> very sultry wea<strong>the</strong>r, with about fifteen hundred<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> one thous<strong>and</strong> militia, to strike at <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British before <strong>the</strong>y passed to James isl<strong>and</strong>:<br />
Too great ardour, or false <strong>in</strong>telligence, which is most probable, for it is <strong>the</strong> only <strong>in</strong>stance <strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>ficer<br />
<strong>com</strong>mitt<strong>in</strong>g himself dur<strong>in</strong>g a very difficult campaign, prompted him to cross a morass to attack Earl Cornwallis,<br />
who routed him, took his cannon, <strong>and</strong> must <strong>in</strong>evitably have destroyed his army, if night had not <strong>in</strong>tervened. His<br />
lordship might certa<strong>in</strong>ly have derived more advantage from his victory. If <strong>the</strong> two battalions <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry,<br />
<strong>the</strong> guards, <strong>and</strong> Colonel Yorke’s brigade, who had all been slightly engaged, or any o<strong>the</strong>r corps, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry,<br />
had been detached, without knapsacks, before dawn <strong>of</strong> day, to pursue <strong>the</strong> Americans, <strong>and</strong> push <strong>the</strong>m to <strong>the</strong><br />
utmost, <strong>the</strong> army <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Marquis de la Fayette must have been annihilated. Such an exploit would have been<br />
easy, fortunate, <strong>and</strong> glorious, <strong>and</strong> would have prevented <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ation which produced <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> York town<br />
3301 “Yorktown Diary” provided courtesy <strong>of</strong> The Connecticut Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution, Inc. See<br />
http://www.connecticutsar.org/articles/diary.htm<br />
3302 TCS pp. 401-402.<br />
3303 LLW p. 204.<br />
3304 TCS pp. 399-401, SCP5 p. 140.<br />
3305 RCC p. 105, SCP5 p. 178.<br />
557
<strong>and</strong> Gloucester. It was suggested to Earl Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong> opposition to <strong>the</strong> plan <strong>of</strong> pursu<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> victory, that Sir<br />
Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s requisition for troops was a circumstance <strong>of</strong> greater consequence, <strong>and</strong> more worthy <strong>of</strong> attention.<br />
This was allowed to be a strong <strong>and</strong> forcible reason; but at <strong>the</strong> same time it was represented, that <strong>the</strong> exertion<br />
<strong>of</strong> half, or two thirds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army, <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans, would not occasion delay, or <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> least<br />
derange <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al design <strong>of</strong> proceed<strong>in</strong>g to Portsmouth. Experience fully ev<strong>in</strong>ced <strong>and</strong> justified <strong>the</strong> propriety <strong>of</strong><br />
this op<strong>in</strong>ion.<br />
“When <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>and</strong> mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry returned to camp, <strong>the</strong> army were ordered to cross to James isl<strong>and</strong>. On<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir arrival at that place, a considerable part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> baggage, bat horses, <strong>and</strong> stores, were not transported to<br />
Cobham, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear guard did not embark till twenty-four hours after <strong>the</strong> action; which circumstances<br />
<strong>in</strong>contestibly prove, that a temporary pursuit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, with a powerful detachment, would not have<br />
retarded <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> operation <strong>of</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g James river: Or, suppos<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> march to Portsmouth had been put <strong>of</strong>f for<br />
twenty-four hours, would not <strong>the</strong> public service have been sufficiently benefited by <strong>the</strong> destruction <strong>of</strong> La<br />
Fayette’s corps, to justify <strong>the</strong> delay? No dem<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton for troops could be deemed press<strong>in</strong>g before<br />
<strong>the</strong> dispatch Earl Cornwallis received on <strong>the</strong> 8 th at Cobham; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> his lordship’s answer to that letter, he<br />
mentions, that <strong>the</strong> corps will proceed to Portsmouth, to wait <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> transports; no time, <strong>the</strong>refore,<br />
would have been lost by pursu<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy. In few words: Is it judicious to halt with a superior army, <strong>and</strong> not<br />
prosecute a victory? The solution <strong>of</strong> this question leads to o<strong>the</strong>rs relative to <strong>the</strong> mode <strong>of</strong> proceed<strong>in</strong>g proper to<br />
have been followed <strong>in</strong> this <strong>in</strong>stance. It would surely have been more judicious to have adopted a change <strong>of</strong><br />
measures at this critical junction; to have counterm<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> expedition to Portsmouth; to have prepared to<br />
push <strong>the</strong> enemy before daybreak; to have pursued <strong>the</strong> Marquis de la Fayette till his corps was exterm<strong>in</strong>ated; <strong>and</strong><br />
to have exercised discretionary powers for <strong>the</strong> advantage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> benefit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nation, by<br />
order<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> transports from Portsmouth, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> stores <strong>and</strong> baggage from Cobham, to meet <strong>the</strong> victorious army<br />
at Williamsburgh; who, after <strong>the</strong>ir successes, might have detached to New York, with little or no loss <strong>of</strong> time,<br />
<strong>and</strong> have ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>ir post <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir reputation. 3306<br />
6 July. Lieut. Col. William Henderson, writ<strong>in</strong>g to Greene from “Pacelot,” said he had used “Every Exertion” to<br />
call <strong>in</strong> men s<strong>in</strong>ce arriv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> this quarter, <strong>and</strong> hoped to have 200 by tomorrow night. “If <strong>the</strong> Spirit <strong>of</strong> plundr<strong>in</strong>g<br />
[sic] <strong>War</strong>e held Up; <strong>the</strong>y Would Turn out with Alacrity but f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g that to be Discountenancd [sic] makes <strong>the</strong>m<br />
Act with Reluctance.” The British around N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong> Long Canes were destroy<strong>in</strong>g gra<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> corn; while<br />
ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> livestock <strong>the</strong>y could, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> horses. They had also, meantime, leveled nearly all <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> works at N<strong>in</strong>ety Six. Henderson could not leave <strong>the</strong> area at this time s<strong>in</strong>ce it was so threatened, <strong>and</strong> had<br />
be<strong>com</strong>e “almost depopulated.” He asked Greene for powder, lead, <strong>and</strong> salt. 3307<br />
6 July. Pickens with 300 men, l<strong>in</strong>ked up with Greene’s army near Friday’s Ferry. Yet his horses were extremely<br />
weary, unfed, <strong>and</strong>, for <strong>the</strong> time be<strong>in</strong>g, unfit for service. Sometime before his arrival, he sent 100 <strong>of</strong> his men to<br />
cover <strong>the</strong> country around N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, <strong>and</strong> had requested Col. Elijah Clark’s assistance <strong>in</strong> this. Shortly <strong>the</strong>reafter,<br />
he with his men were ordered by Greene back to <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six area to watch <strong>and</strong> follow Cruger movements --<br />
someth<strong>in</strong>g which, be<strong>in</strong>g made closer to home by <strong>the</strong> move, <strong>the</strong>y probably preferred to do. 3308<br />
6 July. Rochambeau (<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Newport, RI.) <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s ma<strong>in</strong> forces were f<strong>in</strong>ally united at Dobb’s<br />
Ferry, near White Pla<strong>in</strong>s, on <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hudson River, <strong>and</strong> totaled some 11,000 exclusive <strong>of</strong> militia<br />
(roughly some 6,000 French <strong>and</strong> 5,000 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals.) 3309<br />
6 July. Lill<strong>in</strong>gton, at “Mr. Sh<strong>in</strong>e’s, on Trent,” wrote to Gov. Burke at “Wayne Court House”: “Your Excellency<br />
will excuse me for tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Liberty <strong>of</strong> address<strong>in</strong>g myself to you on this Distress<strong>in</strong>g Occasion. I am to acqua<strong>in</strong>t<br />
you, Sir, that it is not my Own Op<strong>in</strong>ion, but <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> People <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> District <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, is by<br />
every o<strong>the</strong>r part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State, Intended to fall a sacrifice to <strong>the</strong> Enemy, which is now almost <strong>the</strong> Case, by be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
lately Destitute <strong>of</strong> every Assistance from <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Districts, this is too visible not to be seen by <strong>the</strong> Conduct <strong>of</strong><br />
some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbor<strong>in</strong>g Counties, where early notice was given to Col. Avery that <strong>the</strong> Enemy was up at Holley<br />
Shetter, <strong>and</strong> said to be on <strong>the</strong>ir March for Newberne [sic]. After some Days, he at last Collected A Body <strong>of</strong> Men<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n basely discharged <strong>the</strong>m. Altho’ I had <strong>in</strong>formed him that <strong>the</strong> Onslow Men were Imbodied <strong>and</strong><br />
were wait<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> Jones Men to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> Dupl<strong>in</strong> Militia were <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g on. The Troops from<br />
Craven Gen’l [William] Caswell wrote me he had ordered on, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> next day he sent orders to have <strong>the</strong>m<br />
Discharged, on a bare supposition <strong>of</strong> Col. Avery that <strong>the</strong> British were gone back to Town, which to this Moment it<br />
is well known that <strong>the</strong>y are not returned, but is now at Wishart Mill, send<strong>in</strong>g out parties Collect<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> cattle<br />
that is between Holley Shetter <strong>and</strong> New River, <strong>and</strong> it is not known how far <strong>the</strong>y Intend <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Country. I am<br />
sorry to say that I see noth<strong>in</strong>g to h<strong>in</strong>der <strong>the</strong>m from go<strong>in</strong>g where <strong>the</strong>y please. I have lost great part <strong>of</strong> property,<br />
<strong>and</strong> I see I am <strong>in</strong> a fair way to lose all; but if that should be <strong>the</strong> Case I should not regard it, or at least as little as<br />
most Men, provided we had that Justice shewn us from o<strong>the</strong>r Parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State, which protection we have an<br />
undoubted Claim to. But s<strong>in</strong>ce that Justice has not been given us, <strong>and</strong> no likely hood <strong>of</strong> ever hav<strong>in</strong>g any<br />
Assistance, <strong>and</strong> it be<strong>in</strong>g entirely out <strong>of</strong> my power <strong>and</strong> many o<strong>the</strong>rs who is <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same situation, hav<strong>in</strong>g no money<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> great want, <strong>and</strong> my Country not pay<strong>in</strong>g me for <strong>the</strong>m. Impressed now over twelve Months, <strong>and</strong> no wages<br />
paid, but Five thous<strong>and</strong> Dollars, puts it out <strong>of</strong> my power to remove what little is left Any fur<strong>the</strong>r out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> way<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy. Had it not been for <strong>the</strong> want <strong>of</strong> Money, I should have done myself <strong>the</strong> pleasure to have waited on<br />
3306 TCS pp. 355-358.<br />
3307 NGP8 p. 501.<br />
3308 NGP8 pp. 483n, 502-503, JLG2 pp. 163-164.<br />
3309 AR81 p. 124, SVC p. 15, LMS pp. 480-483, JYC p. 83.<br />
558
Your Excellency, as I see that <strong>the</strong>re is no Prospect <strong>of</strong> Driv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Enemy back <strong>in</strong>to Town so that we might get to<br />
our homes. I cannot see with what Justice our Country can blame us to make <strong>the</strong> best terms we can.” 3310<br />
7 July. Huger, with Greene’s army under him, bivouacked at <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong> Howell’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong><br />
Congaree. 3311<br />
7 July. Cornwallis ferried <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> his troops across <strong>the</strong> James River from Jamestown to Cobham, <strong>in</strong><br />
Surry County, VA. on his way to Portsmouth. Lafayette meanwhile retired to <strong>the</strong> forks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> York River <strong>and</strong><br />
dismissed all his militia; while receiv<strong>in</strong>g as re<strong>in</strong>forcement a squadron <strong>of</strong> “h<strong>and</strong>some” dragoons (Lee description)<br />
from Baltimore under Capt. Moore. 3312<br />
7 July. (also given as <strong>the</strong> 8 th ) [raid] The Capture <strong>of</strong> Isaac Hayne, also Horse Shoe, Ford’s Plantation (Colleton<br />
County, S.C.) Col. Isaac Hayne was captured <strong>and</strong> fourteen whigs killed, just outside Charlestown, by Maj.<br />
Thomas Fraser <strong>and</strong> some mounted South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists (also spoken <strong>of</strong> as S.C. Rangers), <strong>and</strong> some Queen’s<br />
Rangers. Gen. Andrew Williamson, whom Hayne had captured just a few days before, was rescued by Fraser. 3313<br />
Letter <strong>of</strong> Balfour, dated 21 July 1781, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “I omitted <strong>in</strong> my Letter <strong>of</strong> yesterday’s date to <strong>in</strong>form your<br />
Excellency, that Andrew Williamson, Esq., formerly a Brigadier General <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebel Service, was on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 5 th <strong>in</strong>st. [July] taken at his plantation about seven miles from this [sic], by a small party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s<br />
militia detached for that purpose --<br />
“On receiv<strong>in</strong>g this Intelligence, Major Frazer [sic], with <strong>the</strong> mounted men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers [or<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists], was ordered to pursue, as it was feared his hav<strong>in</strong>g reverted to British Government<br />
might subject him [Williamson] to <strong>the</strong> worst treatment.<br />
“By avoid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Ma<strong>in</strong> Roads Major Frazer was enabled to surprise Col. Hayne’s Camp <strong>of</strong> Colleton County militia,<br />
where he was <strong>in</strong>formed General Williamson <strong>the</strong>n was, & <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g upon it suddenly, kill’d a Lieut. Col. MLaughlan<br />
with ten or twelve <strong>of</strong>ficers, made Col. Hayne a prisoner <strong>and</strong> retook General Williamson.” 3314<br />
Chesney. “About this time a detachment was sent <strong>and</strong> succeeded <strong>in</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g Col. Haynes [sic], who soon after<br />
deservedly suffered for Treason; as it was discovered that he had <strong>com</strong>municated with <strong>the</strong> rebels whilst a British<br />
<strong>com</strong>missary. There were daily skirmishes at this period, <strong>the</strong> Americans constantly contract<strong>in</strong>g our posts <strong>in</strong> every<br />
direction.” 3315<br />
7 July. Rawdon <strong>and</strong> Stewart’s forces (<strong>the</strong> latter’s <strong>in</strong>cluded some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements from Irel<strong>and</strong>) united at<br />
Orangeburgh -– four days later than had at first been planned. Their <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed strength totaled some 1,200 to<br />
1,500 men. 3316 Rawdon had made night marches due to <strong>the</strong> extreme heat. In spite <strong>of</strong> this, some 50 <strong>of</strong> his men<br />
expired from heat exhaustion. On July 6 th , Marion had circled eastward <strong>of</strong> Rawdon’s army with 400 horsemen. He<br />
tried, on <strong>the</strong> 7 th , to ambush Stewart, who had (accord<strong>in</strong>g to Marion) 300 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 50 cavalry, but Stewart<br />
took a different road than expected <strong>and</strong> got through to Orangeburgh safely. A detachment under Col. Peter<br />
Horry did, however, capture 3 sutlers’ wagons conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g rum <strong>and</strong> w<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
In some ways, Rawdon’s escap<strong>in</strong>g Greene can, arguably, be seen as almost <strong>the</strong> equivalent <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> Greene’s<br />
battlefield defeats, such as Hobkirk’s Hill (at least from a tactical st<strong>and</strong>po<strong>in</strong>t); for a number <strong>of</strong> opportunities<br />
had presented <strong>the</strong>mselves that might have resulted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> destruction <strong>of</strong> Rawdon’s corps, but for a <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
<strong>of</strong> unforeseeable mishaps <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> coord<strong>in</strong>ation between his detachments <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir respective<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers; with <strong>the</strong> weakened state <strong>of</strong> Rawdon’s column, due to heat exhaustion <strong>and</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> adequate<br />
provisions, render<strong>in</strong>g Rawdon all <strong>the</strong> more vulnerable to a concerted attack by <strong>the</strong> Americans prior to his<br />
junction with Stewart. And had Greene kept focused on one ra<strong>the</strong>r several objectives (Rawdon, Stewart,<br />
Stewart’s wagons, Cruger), <strong>the</strong> American general might have better collected <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>reby utilized his forces<br />
more efficaciously. With Rawdon himself scattered as he was, <strong>in</strong> retrospect it would have probably served <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans better to have all <strong>the</strong> more concentrated <strong>the</strong>ir own units before <strong>the</strong> British had time to better<br />
consolidate <strong>the</strong>ir defense. In Greene’s behalf it, it may be said that his light detachments suffered<br />
<strong>com</strong>munications <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence lapses, <strong>and</strong> this may <strong>the</strong>n have <strong>in</strong>duced him to subsequently advance with<br />
caution; after hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m out <strong>and</strong> away from <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army. Even so <strong>and</strong> assum<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> above <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
setbacks, <strong>the</strong> American reta<strong>in</strong>ed a formidable military position <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ue to view <strong>the</strong>ir fortunes <strong>and</strong> prospects<br />
<strong>of</strong> success optimistically, e.g., see LMS pp. 385n-386n, 394. 3317<br />
Tarleton: “Lord Rawdon was jo<strong>in</strong>ed on <strong>the</strong> day after his arrival at Orangeburgh by Colonel Stuart [Alex<strong>and</strong>er<br />
Stewart], with his own regiment [i.e., <strong>the</strong> 3d]; but was greatly disappo<strong>in</strong>ted at f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g that he was<br />
unac<strong>com</strong>panied by a body <strong>of</strong> cavalry which had been promised, <strong>and</strong> which were so particularly wanted.” 3318<br />
7 July. Maj. John Armstrong, with his N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, was “on <strong>the</strong> Waterees 16 miles Above Camden,”<br />
guard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> army’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed baggage. With him were about 100 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia under Maj. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Rose<br />
3310 CNC22 pp. 540-541.<br />
3311 NGP8 pp. 506, 509.<br />
3312 SQR p. 239, LMS pp. 436-437, JYC p. 68.<br />
3313 NGP9 pp. 82n, 251n, GHA4 pp. 104-105, LMS pp. 449-462, BLB p. 88, MSC2 pp. 318-321, 748.<br />
3314 BLB p. 88.<br />
3315 CDI.<br />
3316 <strong>War</strong>d says <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed total was 1,600, <strong>and</strong> that Cruger was on <strong>the</strong> way from N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six with 1,400. WAR2 p. 824.<br />
3317 NGP8 pp. 494n, 508-509, 513, AR81 pp. 94-95, TCS pp. 505-506, GHA4 p. 96, MLW4A pp. 532-533, LMS pp. 384-385, 386n,<br />
JLG2 pp. 161-163, WAR2 p. 824, BSF pp. 204-205.<br />
3318 TCS p. 506.<br />
559
<strong>and</strong> Maj. John <strong>War</strong>d, as well as some <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia. He wrote Greene on this date say<strong>in</strong>g that twothirds<br />
<strong>of</strong> his men were sick, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest were needed to take care <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> baggage. The Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia with him<br />
were ei<strong>the</strong>r sick or else prov<strong>in</strong>g very difficult to manage, claim<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir time <strong>of</strong> service was up. This said <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were, none<strong>the</strong>less, will<strong>in</strong>g to escort prisoners north, but o<strong>the</strong>rwise refused to do camp duty. Bread was scarce<br />
<strong>and</strong> Armstrong had to send men out to thresh wheat. 38 prisoners who had been taken earlier by Capt. Eggleston<br />
had just arrived <strong>in</strong> Armstrong’s camped. Rations were be<strong>in</strong>g drawn for 450 men; though Armstrong had only 150<br />
fit for duty. On <strong>the</strong> 8 th , Major John <strong>War</strong>d, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia, <strong>and</strong> who was with Armstrong, wrote to Greene<br />
say<strong>in</strong>g his men unanimously assert that <strong>the</strong>ir time was up, <strong>and</strong> would do no fur<strong>the</strong>r service. They were, however,<br />
will<strong>in</strong>g to escort prisoners to any part <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia that Greene desired. Greene apparently accepted <strong>War</strong>d’s <strong>of</strong>fer,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Major Alex<strong>and</strong>er Rose subsequently led <strong>the</strong> militia, along with <strong>the</strong> prisoners back to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. On <strong>the</strong> 8 th ,<br />
Greene, from his temporary headquarters at Beaver Creek, ordered Armstrong to move toward <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Santee, while be<strong>in</strong>g directed to use every precaution to guard aga<strong>in</strong>st surprise. 3319<br />
7 July. Marion wrote to Greene, from “Sabbs” Plantation 3320 say<strong>in</strong>g he had taken some prisoners; some <strong>of</strong> whom<br />
claimed that three <strong>of</strong> Rawdon’s regiments were “go<strong>in</strong>g to Lay down <strong>the</strong>ir Arms & <strong>the</strong>y believe <strong>the</strong>y will today if<br />
<strong>the</strong>y are ordered to March.” Marion <strong>in</strong>tended to follow Rawdon to Dorchester, with an eye to tak<strong>in</strong>g more<br />
prisoners. Later that same day, he moved his troops down to Four Holes, thirteen miles east <strong>of</strong> Orangeburgh, <strong>in</strong><br />
order to better feed his tired horses. On <strong>the</strong> 8 th , while at Whiteman’s, near Four Holes, he sent ano<strong>the</strong>r second<br />
party report to Greene (which report he believed dependable) that some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British troops at Dorchester<br />
mut<strong>in</strong>ied <strong>and</strong> that 30 men were killed <strong>and</strong> 60 wounded. While <strong>the</strong>re is no known British record <strong>of</strong> this alleged<br />
mut<strong>in</strong>y, it is not unreasonable to conclude that give <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> deaths suffered on Rawdon’s marches that<br />
<strong>the</strong>re was some amount <strong>of</strong> dissension with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ranks. 3321<br />
8 July. The follow<strong>in</strong>g letter from Cl<strong>in</strong>ton (written on June 28 th ) was received by Cornwallis on this date: “Hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
for very essential reasons <strong>com</strong>e to a resolution <strong>of</strong> endeavour<strong>in</strong>g by a rapid move to seize <strong>the</strong> stores, &c.<br />
collected at Philadelphia, <strong>and</strong> afterwards to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> troops employed on that service to re<strong>in</strong>force this post, I<br />
am to request, that if your Lordship has not already embarked <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcement I called for <strong>in</strong> my letters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
8 th , 11 th , 15 th , <strong>and</strong> 19 th <strong>in</strong>stant, <strong>and</strong> should not be engaged <strong>in</strong> some very important move, ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> your own, or<br />
<strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> my ideas respect<strong>in</strong>g operation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Upper-Chesapeak[e], you will be pleased, as soon as<br />
possible, to order an embarkation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops specified below, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stores, &c. &c. stated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
enclosed paper; -- or <strong>in</strong> as full a manner as your Lordship can with propriety <strong>com</strong>ply; -- recollect<strong>in</strong>g, that<br />
whatever may have been taken too great a proportion <strong>of</strong>, will be immediately returned to you <strong>the</strong> moment <strong>the</strong><br />
expedition is over.<br />
“As it is possible that your Lordship may have sent Major-general Leslie to Charles-town, <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> what<br />
I said to you <strong>in</strong> my letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 29 th ult. I have thought proper to appo<strong>in</strong>t General Robertson to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> troops on this service, which I should not have judged necessary, could I have been certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> his be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
named by you to ac<strong>com</strong>pany <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g hi<strong>the</strong>r. Should that have been <strong>the</strong> case, your Lordship will be<br />
pleased, never<strong>the</strong>less, to direct him to proceed with <strong>the</strong> expedition.<br />
“List <strong>of</strong> Cannon, Stores, &c. to be sent from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia.<br />
“ARTILLERY, &c.<br />
“Two eight-<strong>in</strong>ch howitzers, light,<br />
Two five <strong>and</strong> a half-<strong>in</strong>ch ditto,<br />
Two medium brass twelve-pounders,<br />
Four brass six-pounders, field pieces,<br />
Twelve waggons, without <strong>the</strong> bodies, for transport<strong>in</strong>g boats, &c. &c.<br />
A proportion <strong>of</strong> carcasses.<br />
VESSELS.<br />
“The sloop Formidable,<br />
Brigant<strong>in</strong>e Spitfire,<br />
Brigant<strong>in</strong>e Rambler,<br />
The prize-ship Tempest, if she can be unloaded <strong>and</strong> fitted without delay<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> transports.<br />
“As many horses as are necessary for <strong>the</strong> artillery <strong>and</strong> waggons.<br />
“As many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first twenty-four new boats as can be spared. -- Those with platforms, to have cannon mounted<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pleatly [sic] fitted, if it can be done without delay<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> embarkation. -- The cannon to be<br />
brought <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> transports, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> boats towed by <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“Lieutenant Su<strong>the</strong>rl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Eng<strong>in</strong>eers, with <strong>in</strong>trench<strong>in</strong>g [sic] tools, &c. &c. for five hundred men.” 3322<br />
Cornwallis’ reply, <strong>of</strong> July 8 th from Cobham, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “I was this morn<strong>in</strong>g honoured with your dispatch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
28 th ult. [ultimo] The troops are perfectly ready, <strong>and</strong> will proceed to Portsmouth to wait <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
transports. I will give immediate orders about <strong>the</strong> artillery, stores, &c.<br />
“The transports now at Portsmouth are sufficient to carry <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry; I had prepared <strong>the</strong>m to receive that<br />
3319 NGP8 pp. 504, 506, 511, NGP9 pp. 65, 96.<br />
3320 Sabb’s was roughly <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> site <strong>of</strong> Fort Motte; while Whiteman’s was about 13 miles due east <strong>of</strong> Orangeburgh.<br />
3321 NGP8 pp. 505, 508-509, JLG2 p. 162.<br />
3322 COC pp. 126-128, SCP5 p. 114.<br />
560
corps, <strong>and</strong> should have sent <strong>the</strong>m to you <strong>in</strong> a few days, if your last order had not arrived. In your cyphered<br />
dispatch, <strong>the</strong> 2d battalion <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry only is mentioned; but I conclude that to be a mistake, <strong>and</strong> shall keep<br />
both ready to embark. I take for granted that General [Archibald] Robertson will <strong>com</strong>e with <strong>the</strong> transports to<br />
take <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> expedition. General Leslie is still here; but as it was not my <strong>in</strong>tention to have sent him<br />
with <strong>the</strong> troops to New York, <strong>and</strong> as he will be <strong>the</strong> properest [sic] person to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> here, <strong>in</strong> case you should<br />
approve <strong>of</strong> my return<strong>in</strong>g to Charles town, I shall not send him on <strong>the</strong> expedition, unless it shall <strong>the</strong>n appear to<br />
be your excellency’s desire that he should ac<strong>com</strong>pany General Robertson.<br />
“I must aga<strong>in</strong> take <strong>the</strong> liberty <strong>of</strong> call<strong>in</strong>g your excellency’s serious attention to <strong>the</strong> question <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> utility <strong>of</strong> a<br />
defensive post <strong>in</strong> this country, which cannot have <strong>the</strong> smallest <strong>in</strong>fluence on <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> which only<br />
gives us some acres <strong>of</strong> an unhealthy swamp, <strong>and</strong> is for ever liable to be<strong>com</strong>e a prey to a foreign enemy, with a<br />
temporary superiority at sea. Desultory expeditions <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak[e] may be undertaken from New York with<br />
as much ease <strong>and</strong> more safety, whenever <strong>the</strong>re is reason to suppose that our naval force is likely to be superior<br />
for two or three months.” 3323<br />
8 July. While Cornwallis had reached Cobham’s, Lafayette, <strong>in</strong> his wake, stationed troops on James Isl<strong>and</strong> near<br />
Williamsburg. 3324<br />
8 July. [skirmish] New Bern (Craven County, N.C.) ONB3 p. 282 <strong>and</strong> DRO p. 194.<br />
8 July. Though Sumter had <strong>in</strong>tended to leave Camden on <strong>the</strong> 6 th , heavy ra<strong>in</strong>s proscribed it. Yet by <strong>the</strong> 8 th , he had<br />
arrived near Russell’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Congaree. There he wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g that Col. Henry Hampton <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
state troops would “pass <strong>the</strong> River after & will Move on with Genl [Isaac] Huger“ as Greene directed. Sumter<br />
<strong>in</strong>tended to rema<strong>in</strong> where he was until <strong>the</strong> regiments <strong>of</strong> Col. William Hill <strong>and</strong> William Bratton had <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong>; as he<br />
hoped <strong>the</strong>y would “this Day.” Follow<strong>in</strong>g this, he would immediately follow <strong>the</strong> army. Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
regiments <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Colonels Edward Lacey <strong>and</strong> Richard W<strong>in</strong>n had already jo<strong>in</strong>ed him. 3325<br />
8 July. Cornwallis, at Cobham, to Tarleton: “I would have you beg<strong>in</strong> your march to-morrow with <strong>the</strong> corps <strong>of</strong><br />
cavalry <strong>and</strong> mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry under your <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> to Pr<strong>in</strong>ce-Edward court house, <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong>nce to New<br />
London <strong>in</strong> Bedford county, mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> strictest <strong>in</strong>quiry <strong>in</strong> every part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country through which you pass, for<br />
ammunition, cloath<strong>in</strong>g [sic], or stores <strong>of</strong> any k<strong>in</strong>d, <strong>in</strong>tended for <strong>the</strong> public; <strong>and</strong> as <strong>the</strong>re is no press<strong>in</strong>g service for<br />
your corps <strong>in</strong> this prov<strong>in</strong>ce, I must desire you will be <strong>in</strong> no haste to return; but do every th<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> your power to<br />
destroy <strong>the</strong> supplies dest<strong>in</strong>ed for <strong>the</strong> rebel army.<br />
“All public stores <strong>of</strong> corn <strong>and</strong> provisions are to be burnt, <strong>and</strong> if <strong>the</strong>re should be a quantity <strong>of</strong> provisions or corn<br />
collected at a private house, I would have you destroy it, even although <strong>the</strong>re should be no pro<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> its be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>tended for <strong>the</strong> public service, leav<strong>in</strong>g enough for <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> family, as <strong>the</strong>re is <strong>the</strong> greatest reason to<br />
apprehend that such provisions will be ultimately appropriated by <strong>the</strong> enemy to <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> General Greene’s<br />
army, which, from <strong>the</strong> present state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as, must depend on this prov<strong>in</strong>ce for its supplies.<br />
“As it is very probable that some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light troops <strong>of</strong> General Greene’s army may be on <strong>the</strong>ir return to this<br />
country, you will do all you can to procure <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir route; I need not tell you <strong>of</strong> what importance it<br />
will be to <strong>in</strong>tercept <strong>the</strong>m, or any prisoners <strong>of</strong> ours from South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. I would have all persons <strong>of</strong> consequence,<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r civil or military, brought to me before <strong>the</strong>y are paroled.<br />
“I will leave a detachment at Suffolk to receive you on your return. Three light waggons, with good horses, <strong>and</strong><br />
a puncheon <strong>of</strong> rum, will be delivered to you on application to <strong>the</strong> quarter-master general.<br />
“You will publish that you are <strong>the</strong> advanced guard <strong>of</strong> my army, <strong>and</strong> order, under pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> military execution, <strong>the</strong><br />
people <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country to provide waggons, &c., to expedite <strong>the</strong> movements <strong>of</strong> my army.” 3326<br />
8-24 July. [raids] Amelia Court House <strong>and</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward Court House (Amelia <strong>and</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward Counties, VA.)<br />
On July 8 th (or 9 th ), Tarleton with 300 men, leav<strong>in</strong>g Cobham, 3327 started on a move westward to raid Pr<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
Edward Court House; with a munitions <strong>and</strong> supply collect<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>ts be<strong>in</strong>g his <strong>in</strong>tended objects. In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong><br />
this 15 day expedition, he moved through Amelia, D<strong>in</strong>widdie, Chesterfield, Powhatan, Cumberl<strong>and</strong>, Goochl<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward counties, <strong>and</strong> as far west as New London <strong>in</strong> Bedford County. In advance <strong>of</strong> him, supplies<br />
throughout <strong>the</strong> Southside counties were transported south <strong>in</strong>to to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, west to <strong>the</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s, or<br />
hidden <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> local area. He did prevail <strong>in</strong> destroy<strong>in</strong>g quantities <strong>of</strong> tobacco <strong>and</strong> various mills, but <strong>the</strong>re is no<br />
mention <strong>of</strong> a munitions operation fall<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to his h<strong>and</strong>s. The stores ultimately destroyed or captured <strong>the</strong>n were<br />
relatively few; most hav<strong>in</strong>g been removed <strong>in</strong> time to escape capture <strong>and</strong> destruction. Despite Tarleton’s own<br />
expressed dissatisfaction with <strong>the</strong> expedition, author-historian Greg Eanes po<strong>in</strong>ts out that as reported by Col. R.<br />
Wood<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>of</strong> Halifax, VA., 100 fresh militia slated as relief for Greene were not sent south due Tarleton’s<br />
movements. 3328 In addition, 1,300 under Wayne were tied up a Goode’s bridge, as were 500 militia at Bedford,<br />
about 100 from Halifax busy keep<strong>in</strong>g watch on him. Hundreds <strong>of</strong> people were distracted mov<strong>in</strong>g stores <strong>and</strong><br />
guard<strong>in</strong>g river cross<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g militia mobilized <strong>in</strong> upper N.C. by <strong>the</strong> states governor. The raid also disrupted<br />
manufacture <strong>of</strong> foodstuffs; at least 2 mills were recorded destroyed, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Daniel Jones’ Mill <strong>in</strong> Amelia <strong>and</strong><br />
Craig’s Mill at Flat Rock Creek <strong>in</strong> Lunenberg. Granaries <strong>in</strong> Mannboro, Lunenberg, <strong>and</strong> D<strong>in</strong>widdie also were<br />
destroyed along with an estimated 600-700 bushels <strong>of</strong> wheat <strong>in</strong> Amelia. On his return, Tarleton moved through<br />
3323 TCS pp. 399-401, SCP5 p. 116.<br />
3324 SQR p. 239, NGP8 p. 507.<br />
3325 NGP8 pp. 503, 511, BGC p. 193.<br />
3326 SQR p. 239, TCS pp. 402-403, SCP5 p. 228.<br />
3327 Present day Scotl<strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> Jamestown Ferry.<br />
3328 Wood<strong>in</strong>g to Col. Davies, Halifax, July 21, 1781, <strong>Calendar</strong> <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Papers, vol. 2 p. 234.<br />
561
D<strong>in</strong>widdie County <strong>and</strong> Petersburg, hav<strong>in</strong>g possibly lost <strong>in</strong> this time, it is believed, 40 men, <strong>and</strong> some number <strong>of</strong><br />
horses. Eanes, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, states that Tarleton may have lost 5 killed, 2 wounded, <strong>and</strong> one made<br />
prisoner; while Americans losses o<strong>the</strong>rwise from <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>cursions were 4 or 5 killed. 3329<br />
9 July. Col. James Kenan, at Dupl<strong>in</strong> [Court House?], to Gov. Thomas Burke: “The enemy [apparently David<br />
Fann<strong>in</strong>g] that moved up to <strong>the</strong> richl<strong>and</strong>s [sic] <strong>of</strong> new river have returned to Ru<strong>the</strong>rford Mills aga<strong>in</strong>. I have<br />
Ordered a Draft to be made from this County <strong>of</strong> two Hundred men which Shall be Collected immediately, But<br />
have no Powder nor lead. I have not one round. I sent to K<strong>in</strong>gstown But got None. What to do <strong>in</strong> this I cannot<br />
tell. I hope Your Excellency will order some Ammunition to this County as we Cannot take <strong>the</strong> Field until we are<br />
supplied. I am much afraid <strong>the</strong> Enemy will penetrate <strong>in</strong>to this County before we Shall receive any re<strong>in</strong>forcement<br />
as I am told that Col. L<strong>in</strong>ton is Ordered to <strong>the</strong> Westward. I hope Your Excellency will be m<strong>in</strong>dful <strong>of</strong> this<br />
distressed Part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country…[P.S.] Our 12 months Drafts will march from this place to-morrow morn<strong>in</strong>g.” 3330<br />
9 July. Marion, at “Holmans,” about n<strong>in</strong>eteen miles north-nor<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> Orangeburgh, wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g his<br />
men <strong>and</strong> horses had earlier been so fatigued that he was not able to proceed as Greene ordered until that<br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g (<strong>the</strong> 9 th ). Meanwhile, he’d directed Maj. Hezekiah Maham with 100 men to watch enemy movements.<br />
Later <strong>the</strong> same day, he sent Greene a separate report from two prisoners who “appear <strong>in</strong>telligent” stat<strong>in</strong>g that<br />
Rawdon’s corps, exclusive <strong>of</strong> Stewart’s regiment (<strong>the</strong> 3 rd Regt.), numbered some 1,150 men. 3331<br />
9 July. Greene’s army camped at Beaver Creek, S.C., approximately 10 miles north <strong>of</strong> Orangeburgh. 3332<br />
10 July (or shortly after). Wayne <strong>and</strong> Brig. Gen. Daniel Morgan, who had lately re<strong>in</strong>forced Lafayette’s camp with<br />
some Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia, marched towards Petersburg <strong>and</strong> Amelia County <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Tarleton. Without cavalry,<br />
however, <strong>the</strong>re was not much that <strong>the</strong>y could do. By late July, Morgan’s impaired health cont<strong>in</strong>ued to plague<br />
him, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month he was aga<strong>in</strong> obliged to return home. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to one <strong>of</strong> his early<br />
biographers, Morgan jo<strong>in</strong>ed Lafayette <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> Green Spr<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g night was hit with sciatica,<br />
<strong>and</strong> which for a few days he tried presumably, without success, to ignore or suppress. 3333<br />
10 July. Maj. John Armstrong, at “Camp Wateree 8 Miles above Camden,” wrote to Greene report<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong><br />
men <strong>in</strong> his camp were act<strong>in</strong>g disorderly, <strong>and</strong> asked for advice. He feared that <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia would desert<br />
en masse, <strong>and</strong> that he could not use Lacey’s men to watch prisoners because “<strong>the</strong>y will not be Conf<strong>in</strong>d to<br />
Camp.” Armstrong was us<strong>in</strong>g his North Carol<strong>in</strong>a troops to forage, thresh wheat, <strong>and</strong> serve as guards <strong>and</strong> pickets.<br />
He also mentions send<strong>in</strong>g twelve <strong>of</strong> his own sick <strong>and</strong> ten British sick <strong>and</strong> wounded to Camden “this day.” 3334<br />
10 July (also 8 July.) Cruger evacuated N<strong>in</strong>ety Six tak<strong>in</strong>g with him many local families for resettlement; which<br />
<strong>the</strong>y chose ra<strong>the</strong>r than stay <strong>and</strong> face anticipated persecution by rebel forces. These <strong>in</strong>cluded 800 Loyalist<br />
militiamen, not count<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir families which ac<strong>com</strong>panied <strong>the</strong>m. Before leav<strong>in</strong>g on his way to Orangeburgh,<br />
Cruger had <strong>the</strong> fort demolished. On <strong>the</strong> same day (<strong>the</strong> 10 th , Johnson gives <strong>the</strong> 8 th ) that Cruger left, Pickens, from<br />
“Camp at Bear Creek,” Dutch Forks, S.C., wrote Greene stat<strong>in</strong>g he’d received reports that Cruger was load<strong>in</strong>g<br />
his baggage, <strong>and</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> loyalists to move from N<strong>in</strong>ety Six; with <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>the</strong>mselves hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
ga<strong>the</strong>red all <strong>the</strong> wagons, horses, <strong>and</strong> provisions <strong>the</strong>y could. Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m have reportedly “burn’d manny [sic]<br />
houses <strong>in</strong> Long Ca<strong>in</strong>s [Long Cane settlement] & Drove <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> Cattle Sheep hogs &c.” They were now chiefly out<br />
prepar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir families to move. Pickens <strong>in</strong>tended to harass Cruger’s march, but his horses are “Reduced by<br />
heat” <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> want <strong>of</strong> forage. He followed Cruger for a distance. But, not be<strong>in</strong>g able to attack or h<strong>in</strong>der him,<br />
withdrew to deal with <strong>the</strong> problem <strong>of</strong> tories, such as William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, raid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> frontier settlements. A<br />
number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se loyalist raiders were at times assisted by some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cherokee <strong>and</strong> Creek Indians. Cruger at a<br />
subsequent po<strong>in</strong>t, <strong>and</strong> near to Charlestown, along his Edisto route left <strong>the</strong> loyalists, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g those armed <strong>and</strong><br />
mounted, to cont<strong>in</strong>ue on to <strong>the</strong> capital on <strong>the</strong>ir own; while he <strong>the</strong>n proceeded with what rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> his own<br />
military force to l<strong>in</strong>k up with <strong>and</strong> assist Rawdon at Orangeburg; <strong>and</strong> which he did on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 13 th . 3335<br />
Petition <strong>of</strong> loyalist Samuel Wilson: “Samuel Wilson was a lieutenant <strong>in</strong> a <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> militia [belong<strong>in</strong>g to Richard<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s Long Cane Regiment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six Brigade.] He served <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. He went up <strong>the</strong><br />
country with a party <strong>of</strong> militia <strong>and</strong> did not know when that place was evacuated <strong>and</strong> was constra<strong>in</strong>ed to fly to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Cherokee Nation to save his life when he learned <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> evacuation. The persons mentioned above were also<br />
forced to flee ei<strong>the</strong>r to <strong>the</strong> Indians or to <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Georgia [specifically Savannah.] Several have had<br />
relatives <strong>of</strong> one k<strong>in</strong>d or ano<strong>the</strong>r who were killed by <strong>the</strong> enemy.” 3336<br />
Lee: “Cruger was ordered to hasten <strong>the</strong> preparations necessary for <strong>the</strong> removal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists, <strong>the</strong>n to ab<strong>and</strong>on<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>atre <strong>of</strong> his glory, <strong>and</strong>, by tak<strong>in</strong>g a route considerably to his lordship’s right, to <strong>in</strong>terpose <strong>the</strong> river Edisto<br />
between himself <strong>and</strong> his enemy, mov<strong>in</strong>g down its sou<strong>the</strong>rn banks to Orangeburgh, where <strong>the</strong> road from Friday’s<br />
Ferry to Charleston crossed that river. This disposition was advantageous to <strong>the</strong> column <strong>of</strong> Cruger, which was <strong>the</strong><br />
most vulnerable, be<strong>in</strong>g heavily encumbered with property <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists, as well as with public stores. But it<br />
3329 TCS pp. 358-359, 402-403, LMS pp. 436-437, 442-443, JLG2 pp. 64-65, 443, EPY, <strong>and</strong> for additional material which makes<br />
reference to Tarleton’s excursion <strong>in</strong> south Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, see CNC15 pp. 550, 556-557.<br />
3330 CNC15 p. 520.<br />
3331 NGP8 p. 513.<br />
3332 NGP8 p. 512.<br />
3333 GDM pp. 388-401, JYC p. 68, HDM p. 166.<br />
3334 NGP8 p. 515.<br />
3335 NGP8 pp. 454n, 457, 519, NGP9 p. 31n, GHA4 p. 97, MSC2 pp. 305-306, 314-315, LMS pp. 379-380, JLG2 pp. 163-165.<br />
3336 CLS p. 295.<br />
562
would not have availed, had not <strong>the</strong> distance from Cruger been too great for Greene to overtake him, without<br />
much good fortune, before he should place himself beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> Edisto; after which, <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> Cruger’s route<br />
would expose Greene to.<strong>the</strong> sudden <strong>and</strong> co-operative attack <strong>of</strong> Rawdon <strong>and</strong> Lieutenant-Colonel Stewart. When<br />
<strong>the</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British general to ab<strong>and</strong>on N<strong>in</strong>ety-six, <strong>and</strong> with it all <strong>the</strong> upper country yet held by<br />
him, was <strong>com</strong>municated to Greene, he immediately drew near to <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>in</strong> order to seize any advantage<br />
which might present itself; previously direct<strong>in</strong>g his hospital <strong>and</strong> heavy baggage at W<strong>in</strong>nsborough to be removed<br />
to Camden. As soon as <strong>the</strong> preparations for <strong>the</strong> evacuation <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-six <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> removal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists had<br />
advanced to <strong>the</strong>ir desired maturity, Rawdon separated himself from Cruger, <strong>and</strong> marched to Friday’s Ferry;<br />
<strong>in</strong>vit<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> appearance, <strong>the</strong> American general to strike Cruger.” 3337<br />
William Johnson: “The route[,] which Cruger had taken, is that which leads to Orangeburg, between <strong>the</strong> great<br />
forks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Edisto, cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to that place at a bridge, to <strong>the</strong> west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> own, thrown across <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
branch. For a great distance above <strong>and</strong> below that po<strong>in</strong>t, <strong>the</strong> river is impassable, so that he proceeded <strong>in</strong><br />
security, from attack by <strong>the</strong> troops to <strong>the</strong> east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river. And Pickens, with all <strong>the</strong> exertions he could make,<br />
could to collect toge<strong>the</strong>r a force sufficient to retard him <strong>in</strong> his march. The loyalists, act<strong>in</strong>g as mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry,<br />
were too formidable for his party, mounted, as he expresses himself, ‘on horses so exhausted by service, that<br />
<strong>the</strong>y could nei<strong>the</strong>r get up with <strong>the</strong> enemy, nor get away from him.’” 3338<br />
10 July. Malmedy, at Salisbury, wrote to Greene that when <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a legislature voted to re<strong>in</strong>force<br />
Greene with 500 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia from <strong>the</strong> Hillsborough district <strong>the</strong>re was an objection raised as to lack <strong>of</strong><br />
muskets to arm <strong>the</strong>m with. Malmedy answered by promis<strong>in</strong>g 400 st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> arms <strong>and</strong> cartridge boxes; th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g he<br />
could take <strong>the</strong> arms at Salisbury <strong>and</strong> Charlotte, as well as those <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militiamen (at Charlotte) who were<br />
soon to be discharged. In realiz<strong>in</strong>g this though, he was “Very Much disappo<strong>in</strong>ted.” There were only 285 muskets<br />
at Salisbury; <strong>of</strong> which only 120 were fit for use. He was <strong>the</strong>refore mak<strong>in</strong>g efforts to correct <strong>the</strong> situation. He<br />
made mention fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> Col. Lock’s failure to jo<strong>in</strong> Greene on July 4, as Lock had promised he would. Malmedy<br />
himself <strong>in</strong>tended to march 300 men to Greene; but, pend<strong>in</strong>g Greene’s permission, he wished to collect <strong>the</strong>m<br />
first <strong>and</strong> set up a temporary post <strong>and</strong> store for that purpose <strong>in</strong> Waxhaws; which he believed was best situated for<br />
<strong>the</strong> purpose. On <strong>the</strong> 9 th , that is <strong>the</strong> day before, Malmedy had been with Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner who had 500<br />
with him at Guilford Court House. 3339<br />
10 July. Greene, from his camp at Beaver Creek, 3340 wrote Marion <strong>and</strong> expressed annoyance at <strong>the</strong> delay, or else<br />
“<strong>the</strong> unfaithfulness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> expresses,” <strong>and</strong> wanted him to jo<strong>in</strong> up with army as soon as possible; o<strong>the</strong>rwise <strong>the</strong><br />
advance on Rawdon would be fur<strong>the</strong>r deta<strong>in</strong>ed. “I was obliged to postpone <strong>the</strong> march until tomorrow morn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
when we shall march for Orrangburg [sic] on <strong>the</strong> bridle road, <strong>and</strong> I wish you to jo<strong>in</strong> us without fail at Colston[’]s<br />
[S.C.] 3341 on <strong>the</strong> bridle road to which place we shall march. But should <strong>the</strong> enemy advance this way you will form<br />
a junction with us between this place [Beaver Creek] <strong>and</strong> that [Colston’s], or at our Camp here, accord<strong>in</strong>g as <strong>the</strong><br />
movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy permit.’ He also requested that Marion’s men have “eighteen or twenty rounds a<br />
man.” 3342<br />
10 July. Marion, at Colston’s, S.C., wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g he could not <strong>com</strong>ply with <strong>the</strong> latter’s order (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
previous day) to be with Greene’s army because he had received <strong>the</strong> same when he was 40 miles from Beaver<br />
Creek <strong>and</strong> his horses were too exhausted from be<strong>in</strong>g two days without grass or forage. Also, his men had only six<br />
rounds each <strong>of</strong> ammunition left. 3343<br />
11 July. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton received at New York 2,500-3,000 Hessians sent from Europe as re<strong>in</strong>forcements. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
<strong>War</strong>d this brought his total <strong>in</strong> New York to The 17,000, but which is excessive; while Boatner’s 15,000, on <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, seems more accurate. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton himself refers to 12,000 effectives (though <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se not above 9,300<br />
fit for duty) to which <strong>the</strong>n was added <strong>the</strong> 2,500-3,000 German recruits arriv<strong>in</strong>g on 11 August, <strong>and</strong> which latter<br />
permitted Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s counterm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g his orig<strong>in</strong>al request for troops from Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Earl with<br />
most <strong>of</strong> his troops <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, though subsequently a few small units, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g a detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong> 82 nd Regt.<br />
did return to New York. 3344<br />
11 July. Both Greene’s ma<strong>in</strong> army, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Beaver Creek, <strong>and</strong> Marion’s brigade leav<strong>in</strong>g Colston’s, S.C.<br />
marched to Orangeburgh. It is not clear whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army awaited Marion’s arrival before march<strong>in</strong>g, or<br />
whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> two reached Orangeburgh at separate hours. It seems likely that Greene went personally to<br />
Colston’s to meet Marion; while writ<strong>in</strong>g orders from <strong>the</strong>re for <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army at Beaver Creek. In any event, by<br />
later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day or next morn<strong>in</strong>g, Marion did merge with <strong>the</strong> army; which by <strong>the</strong>n was on <strong>the</strong> march to<br />
Orangeburgh. Greene’s General Orders for July 11 th , for this date issued at “Camp Colsons Farm,” S.C. reads:<br />
“The troops are to be furnished with one days Provisions <strong>and</strong> a jill <strong>of</strong> rum per man. AFTER ORDERS 5 Oclock<br />
[p.m.] The Army will march <strong>in</strong> ten m<strong>in</strong>utes by <strong>the</strong> right to take a new position.” On July 17 th , Greene summed up<br />
3337 LMS p. 380.<br />
3338 JLG2 pp. 164-165.<br />
3339 NGP8 pp. 517-518.<br />
3340 Beaver Creek is a sou<strong>the</strong>rn tributary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> north Fork <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Edisto, about five miles east <strong>of</strong> Orangeburgh.<br />
3341 Colston’s, S.C. (not to be confused with Colston’s, N.C.) was roughly ten miles north <strong>of</strong> Beaver Creek, <strong>and</strong> around twelve<br />
miles north-northwest <strong>of</strong> Orangeburgh.<br />
3342 NGP8 p. 514.<br />
3343 NGP8 p. 518.<br />
3344 AR81 p. 124, SVC p. 15, MLW4A p. 464, LMS pp. 480-483, JYC p. 83, WAR2 p. 883, BEA p. 1,235.<br />
563
<strong>the</strong> day’s movements to Thomas McKean, <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>n newly elected President <strong>of</strong> Congress: “General Pickens was<br />
detached to watch <strong>the</strong> Motions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy at N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. With <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> our force hav<strong>in</strong>g been jo<strong>in</strong>ed by<br />
Generals Sumter <strong>and</strong> Marion with about 1000 Men <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> State Troops <strong>and</strong> Militia we began our march on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 11 th to attack <strong>the</strong> Enemy at Orangeburgh, <strong>and</strong> arrived before <strong>the</strong> place on <strong>the</strong> 12 th .” 3345<br />
Kirkwood: “10 th Marched this day <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> army at Beaver Creek...7 [miles]<br />
“11 th Marched this day toward Orangebourgh [sic]...10 [miles].” 3346<br />
11 July. Tarleton arrived at Petersburg. 3347<br />
12 July. Rear Admiral Thomas Graves, on board <strong>the</strong> London, <strong>of</strong>f S<strong>and</strong>y Hook, to Cornwallis: “I need only say to<br />
your lordship, that <strong>the</strong>re is no place for <strong>the</strong> great ships dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> freez<strong>in</strong>g months, on this side <strong>the</strong><br />
Chesapeak[e], where <strong>the</strong> great ships will be <strong>in</strong> security, <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> same time capable <strong>of</strong> act<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> my<br />
op<strong>in</strong>ion, <strong>the</strong>y had better go to <strong>the</strong> West Indies than be laid up <strong>in</strong> Halifax dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter. If <strong>the</strong> squadron is<br />
necessary to <strong>the</strong> operations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, Hampton road [Hampton Roads] appears to be <strong>the</strong> place where <strong>the</strong>y<br />
can be anchored with <strong>the</strong> greatest security, <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> same time be capable <strong>of</strong> act<strong>in</strong>g with most effect aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
any attempts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. To this end, Old-po<strong>in</strong>t Comfort seems necessary to be occupied by us, as<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> entrance to <strong>the</strong> road; <strong>and</strong> if York can be secured, it will give <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lower, or<br />
Elizabeth country, <strong>and</strong> deprive <strong>the</strong> rebels <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two best settled rivers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak, <strong>and</strong> deter<br />
an enemy from enter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak whilst we <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> access to it, for we should have all his convoys<br />
<strong>and</strong> detachments exposed to our attempts.” 3348<br />
12 July. Cornwallis reached Suffolk on his way to Portsmouth -- for purposes <strong>of</strong> send<strong>in</strong>g by sea <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>and</strong><br />
materials Cl<strong>in</strong>ton requested -– <strong>and</strong> which he arrived at on <strong>the</strong> 17 th ; with some light detachments arriv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
advance <strong>of</strong> his ma<strong>in</strong> army a few days prior. 3349<br />
12 July. [escape] <strong>War</strong>d’s Tavern (Amelia County, VA.) Peter Francisco, a man <strong>of</strong> reputed Herculean strength, <strong>and</strong><br />
one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heroes <strong>of</strong> Guilford Courthouse, 3350 was alone <strong>and</strong> captured by troopers serv<strong>in</strong>g with Tarleton at <strong>War</strong>d’s<br />
Tavern, along West Creek (present day Crewe) <strong>in</strong> Nottaway Parish, Amelia County. However, he managed to<br />
fight his way out, <strong>and</strong> make his escape, while kill<strong>in</strong>g two <strong>of</strong> his guards <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> process. The <strong>in</strong>cident is believed to<br />
have occurred July 11 or 12 before <strong>the</strong> British moved on through Jenn<strong>in</strong>gs Ord<strong>in</strong>ary, <strong>and</strong> subsequently camp<strong>in</strong>g<br />
at Burke’s Tavern, near present day Burkeville. O<strong>the</strong>r “snip<strong>in</strong>gs” or brief “bushwhack<strong>in</strong>gs” occurred at Brierly’s<br />
Creek <strong>and</strong> Taylor’s ferry (at modern F<strong>in</strong>neywood). On this same date, Tarleton reached Amelia Courthouse (near<br />
modern Mannboro) where he set fire to a granary. As well on this date, or else <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g day, he arrived at<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward Courthouse (now called Worshon.) Unfortunately for him, <strong>the</strong> American munitions laboratory<br />
located <strong>the</strong>re previously was moved to safety before he could reach it. See 13-14 July. 3351<br />
12 July. Maj. John Armstrong, at “Camp 4 Miles Below Camden,” <strong>in</strong>formed Greene that <strong>the</strong> militiamen <strong>in</strong> his<br />
“<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> have a better Notion <strong>of</strong> Camp s<strong>in</strong>ce a few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m were flogged.” He arranged camp so as to protect<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st surprise; so that as he put it, even an enemy force <strong>of</strong> 300 could not capture <strong>the</strong> baggage. He said he<br />
would send Greene wagons as <strong>in</strong>structed only he had to remove some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> baggage from <strong>the</strong>m. Armstrong<br />
added that 15 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militiamen have deserted, <strong>and</strong> that many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> draft horses were broke down. 3352<br />
12 July. With most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> major South Carol<strong>in</strong>a forces with him, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g those <strong>of</strong> Sumter <strong>and</strong> Marion, Greene<br />
reached Turkey Hill Creek, a small branch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Edisto about four miles above Orangeburgh. Marion <strong>and</strong><br />
Sumter personally ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g him, <strong>and</strong> escorted by Lee <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s dragoons, he <strong>the</strong>n went to<br />
exam<strong>in</strong>e for himself <strong>the</strong> British ground at Orangeburgh. Rawdon was deployed around a brick courthouse: one<br />
w<strong>in</strong>g rest<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> jail <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> bridge over <strong>the</strong> Edisto. Greene <strong>the</strong>refore decided not to<br />
attack. However, <strong>in</strong> his pension statement, Richard Bearden, <strong>of</strong> Spartanburg, S.C., states, “Some Canonad<strong>in</strong>g<br />
[sic] passed between <strong>the</strong> armies.” Greene rema<strong>in</strong>ed at Turkey Hill until 6 p.m., <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n marched to<br />
Myddleton’s plantation where he held council <strong>of</strong> war among his generals <strong>and</strong> higher-rank<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficers. From this<br />
location <strong>the</strong> army <strong>and</strong> its detachments subsequently separated. 3353<br />
Kirkwood: “12 th Marched to <strong>the</strong> Enemy L<strong>in</strong>es, <strong>and</strong> with<strong>in</strong> 4 miles <strong>of</strong> Orangeburgh [sic] sent out parties to draw<br />
<strong>the</strong>m out; but all to no purpose, Col. Cruger be<strong>in</strong>g with<strong>in</strong> one day’s march <strong>of</strong> Lord Rodden [Rawdon], Genl.<br />
Green[e] thought it prudent to withdraw his army, <strong>and</strong> march towards McCord[’]s Ferry...15 [miles]” 3354<br />
12 July. On this date, hav<strong>in</strong>g fallen back from his earlier position, Lafayette was camped at Holt’s Forge on <strong>the</strong><br />
Chickahom<strong>in</strong>y. 3355<br />
3345 KJO p. 20, NGP9 pp. 3, 29, GHA4 pp. 96-97.<br />
3346 KJO p. 20.<br />
3347 EPY p. 24.<br />
3348 TCS p. 409, SCP5 p. 145.<br />
3349 SQR p. 239.<br />
3350 He is, by <strong>the</strong> way, believed to have been Portuguese by birth <strong>and</strong> or ancestry.<br />
3351 EPY pp. 14-17. For a sketch by Garden <strong>of</strong> Francisco, see GAR2 p. 209.<br />
3352 NGP9 p.3.<br />
3353 KJO p. 20, NGP9 p. 3, GDH2 pp. 105-106, RSC2 pp. 247-248, GHA4 pp. 96-97, MLW4A pp. 533-534, LMS pp. 384-386, JLG2 pp.<br />
165-166, MSC2 pp. 316-317, BGC p. 195.<br />
3354 KJO p. 20.<br />
564
12 July. On <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> 12 July 12 th , a Capt. Antony with 20 men from his privateer attempted to seize a<br />
schooner laden with rice <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Savannah River. Though at first successful, he had to give up his prize after be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>tercepted by a galley <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by a Capt. Scallan. Antony took to his boats <strong>and</strong> escaped but not after one<br />
<strong>of</strong> his men were killed <strong>and</strong> two wounded, <strong>and</strong> rejo<strong>in</strong>ed his privateer. 3356<br />
13 July. In <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, Capt. John McCleaur, with<strong>in</strong> full view <strong>of</strong> British armed vessels ly<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Charlestown took<br />
<strong>the</strong> sloop Brier, Capt. William Roberts master, filled with West Indian produced <strong>and</strong> carried her safely <strong>in</strong>to a<br />
N.C. port. 3357<br />
13 July. In early morn<strong>in</strong>g hours <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 13 th , Greene broke up his camp before Rawdon’s position at<br />
Orangeburgh. 3358 At <strong>the</strong> same time, he placed Sumter at nom<strong>in</strong>al head <strong>of</strong> a force <strong>of</strong> 1,000 to 1,100 men,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Lee’s Legion, Marion’s, Sumter’s own troops, <strong>and</strong> one field piece. He <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs were assigned <strong>the</strong><br />
task <strong>of</strong> attack<strong>in</strong>g British forces at Dorchester <strong>and</strong> Monck’s Corner. Lee, along with Colonels Henry <strong>and</strong> Wade<br />
Hampton (Sumter’s cavalry), went with one detachment <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Dorchester. Sumter himself moved<br />
down <strong>the</strong> Congaree road toward Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs; while Marion took ano<strong>the</strong>r route but also headed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction<br />
toward Monck’s Corner. The three separate cont<strong>in</strong>gents concealed <strong>the</strong>ir marches while Greene with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong><br />
army retired to McCord’s Ferry, adjacent to Thompson’s, on <strong>the</strong> Congaree River; which he reached by <strong>the</strong> 14 th .<br />
Afterward <strong>and</strong> preceded by his baggage, he headed to <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee where he rema<strong>in</strong>ed encamped<br />
for about a month, rest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> reviv<strong>in</strong>g his men, <strong>in</strong> light <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>creased heat <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>creased levels <strong>of</strong> sickness ow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to <strong>the</strong> former; while cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g to tra<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> keep discipl<strong>in</strong>ed that part <strong>of</strong> his army which was well. Pickens, <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terim, had kept a watch on <strong>and</strong> followed Cruger, but with horses <strong>and</strong> men too weak <strong>and</strong> exhausted to pose<br />
any really threat, soon fell back to <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six area to protect aga<strong>in</strong>st loyalist <strong>and</strong> Indians raider on <strong>the</strong><br />
frontiers. Cruger himself was headed toward Rawdon at Orangeburgh <strong>and</strong> met up with <strong>the</strong> latter by <strong>the</strong> 14 th . It is<br />
perhaps odd why Greene, while tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> (or most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>) army with him, did not lead this<br />
expedition himself (<strong>and</strong> with Rawdon so far distant no less); for had he done so <strong>the</strong> “Dog Days” foray might<br />
conceivably, <strong>and</strong> easily, have proved more successful than it did. The answer may be that <strong>the</strong> idea was Sumter’s<br />
or Marion’s (<strong>the</strong> latter had earlier proposed someth<strong>in</strong>g very like it, see 16 June) such that Greene was obliged, <strong>in</strong><br />
fairness to <strong>the</strong>ir conceiv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> idea, to let <strong>the</strong>m carry it out on <strong>the</strong>ir own (<strong>and</strong> thus avoid depriv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m due<br />
credit, <strong>and</strong> perhaps also, as far as Sumter’s men went, <strong>the</strong> plunder that might <strong>com</strong>e from it .) 3359<br />
13 July. Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves arrived <strong>in</strong> New York with a naval re<strong>in</strong>forcement for Arbuthnot’s fleet. It<br />
wasn’t long after this Graves superceded Arbuthnot as naval <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> chief. 3360<br />
13 July (14 July.) Cruger, accord<strong>in</strong>g to a report from Pickens to Greene, united with Rawdon at Orangeburgh<br />
apparently on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 13 th ; though some accounts have this junction occurr<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> 14 th itself<br />
(which may possibly be correct.) On <strong>the</strong> 15 th , Stewart was placed <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> Rawdon’s troops as well as those<br />
<strong>of</strong> Cruger. On <strong>the</strong> 16 th , Rawdon returned with a strong detachment, to Charlestown. See 16 July. 3361<br />
13-14 July. On <strong>the</strong> 13 th or 14 th , Tarleton reached Bedford (New London), <strong>and</strong> confiscated some horses <strong>the</strong>re. See<br />
15 July. 3362<br />
14 July. Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g he had <strong>com</strong>e to Salisbury with 500 marg<strong>in</strong>ally<br />
equipped North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. He had obta<strong>in</strong>ed arms <strong>and</strong> cartridge boxes for 300 <strong>of</strong> his men who would<br />
march to Greene’s army tomorrow under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. John Ashe. The extended time it had taken to<br />
collect <strong>the</strong>se troops was <strong>the</strong> fault <strong>of</strong> colonels <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> various counties who were tardy <strong>in</strong> hold<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir drafts <strong>and</strong><br />
obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> cloth<strong>in</strong>g to which <strong>the</strong> men were entitled. Many counties had not even yet delivered <strong>the</strong>ir cloth<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
For <strong>the</strong> time be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>n, he <strong>in</strong>tended to stay <strong>in</strong> Salisbury to outfit <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> his troops. By July 30 th , he was en<br />
route from Salisbury to <strong>the</strong> army with <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g N. C. Cont<strong>in</strong>entals; except for draftees from Edenton <strong>and</strong><br />
Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton districts who rema<strong>in</strong>ed to fight loyalists raids emanat<strong>in</strong>g from Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. 3363<br />
Rank<strong>in</strong>: “Once with Greene, [Lieut. Col. John] Ashe [who had been given orders to march from Salisbury] was to<br />
<strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>e his group with <strong>the</strong> draftees from <strong>the</strong> Salisbury district who had marched earlier with John Armstrong<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> remnants <strong>of</strong> [P<strong>in</strong>kertham] Eaton’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> First Regiment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a L<strong>in</strong>e, to be <strong>the</strong><br />
first <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> four regiments recently authorized for <strong>the</strong> state by <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Congress. Sumner rema<strong>in</strong>ed at<br />
Salisbury to from <strong>in</strong><strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g draftees <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Second Regiment.” 3364<br />
3355 NGP9 p.4.<br />
3356 JHG p. 500.<br />
3357 JHG p. 500.<br />
3358 Lee gives <strong>the</strong> departure <strong>of</strong> Greene <strong>and</strong> his lieutenants as <strong>the</strong> 13 th . Johnson speaks <strong>of</strong> it tak<strong>in</strong>g place on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 13 th ,<br />
perhaps hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>tended to say <strong>the</strong> dark hours <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, ra<strong>the</strong>r than “night.” Be this as it may, by sometime <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 13 th Greene was at Thompson’s Mill Creek. See NGP9 p. 7.<br />
3359 NGP9 pp. 11, 27, AR81 pp. 96-97, RSC2 p. 248, GHA4 pp. 96-97, MLW4A pp. 535-536, LMS p. 387, JLG2 pp. 178-179.<br />
3360 FWI p. 183.<br />
3361 NGP8 pp. 512n, NGP9 pp. 8-9, 38n, GHA4 p. 97, MLW4A p. 534, JLG2 pp. 166-167.<br />
3362 LMS p. 437, EPY 42.<br />
3363 NGP9 p. 10.<br />
3364 RNC p. 345.<br />
565
14 July. Apprised <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s approach. Lieut. Col. James Coates, with his own 19 th Regt. <strong>and</strong> some mounted<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a loyalists, <strong>and</strong> some Queen’s Rangers <strong>in</strong> addition, under Maj. Thomas Fraser, removed from <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
position at Monck’s Corner to Bigg<strong>in</strong> Church (Church <strong>of</strong> St. John) about a mile to <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>ast. Although <strong>the</strong>re<br />
was a small redoubt nearby, this was not used <strong>and</strong> Coates <strong>in</strong>stead occupied <strong>the</strong> brick church <strong>the</strong>re <strong>in</strong>stead (<strong>and</strong><br />
that had walls a reported three feet thick) to house <strong>and</strong> fortify his men <strong>and</strong> supplies. The location permitted him<br />
greater access to <strong>the</strong> roads east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper River should he need to retreat toward Charlestown.<br />
Simultaneously, he posted a detachment at Bigg<strong>in</strong> Bridge (which crossed Bigg<strong>in</strong> Creek, <strong>the</strong> head waters or<br />
tributary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper River) to guard access back to Monck’s Corner. William Johnson gives Coates strength as<br />
at least 500 to 600 for <strong>the</strong> 19 th Regt., 150 for Fraser’s South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists (some texts refer to <strong>the</strong>m<br />
erroneously as <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers), which acted as cavalry, plus one field howitzer. Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 19 th<br />
were new recruits who had not yet seen <strong>com</strong>bat. Lee says Fraser’s dragoons amounted to not more than a<br />
troop. 3365 William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James mentions Coates’ force as number<strong>in</strong>g 500 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 100 cavalry. In his letter<br />
to Greene <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th , Sumter reported that a captured return stated that Coates’ force drew 900 rations, <strong>and</strong><br />
forage for 250 horses -– bear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d that <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> S.C. at <strong>the</strong> time were hav<strong>in</strong>g to economize <strong>in</strong> feed<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir troops as <strong>the</strong>ir sources for local <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r food supplies began to dw<strong>in</strong>dle (as <strong>the</strong>y did.) 3366<br />
Mid July. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Rochambeau received about this time news from Admiral Barras that de Grasse would<br />
be sail<strong>in</strong>g from Cape Français Haiti on his way to <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake with 25 to 29 sail <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e (<strong>the</strong> number<br />
ended up be<strong>in</strong>g 28) along with some frigates, <strong>and</strong> 3,200 French soldiers, <strong>and</strong> with de Grasse hav<strong>in</strong>g been fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
ordered to return to his station <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> West Indies by mid-October. 3367<br />
Timothy Picker<strong>in</strong>g to Henry Lee written on 6 April 1810: “When General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>in</strong>formed me <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
dest<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French fleet for <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake, <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> New York; <strong>and</strong> gave me orders to provide for <strong>the</strong><br />
march <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops to York, he strongly expressed his disappo<strong>in</strong>tment. ‘I wish to <strong>the</strong> Lord (said he) <strong>the</strong>y would<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r not raise our expectations <strong>of</strong> maritime co-operation, or would fulfil <strong>the</strong>m. There is now no enterprize<br />
rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g but to attempt <strong>the</strong> capture <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> that I am not sangu<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong><br />
success.’ -- Such precisely were <strong>the</strong> sentiments he expressed, <strong>and</strong> substantially his words.” 3368<br />
Mid July (probably 14 or 15 July). [skirmish] Jarvis’ Patrol (Berkeley County. S.C.)<br />
Stephen Jarvis: “General Coats [Lieut. Col. James Coates] had received <strong>in</strong>telligence that <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong>tended an<br />
attack upon our position at two places at <strong>the</strong> same time, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a very short period. I was sent for by <strong>the</strong><br />
General, who directed me to take four Dragoons <strong>and</strong> a few Militia <strong>and</strong> proceed on <strong>the</strong> road that lead to<br />
Charlestown, <strong>and</strong> go until I should fall <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong> enemy, if <strong>the</strong>y were between Monks’ [Monck’s] Corner <strong>and</strong><br />
Goose Creek. I set <strong>of</strong>f a little before sunset <strong>in</strong> a heavy shower <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> before I had proceeded far found that<br />
my Militia men had left me, <strong>and</strong> I was reduced to my four Dragoons, but as my object was <strong>in</strong>telligence more than<br />
fight<strong>in</strong>g I proceeded on. I soon discovered six or eight men advanc<strong>in</strong>g towards me, <strong>and</strong> when <strong>the</strong>y came to a<br />
certa<strong>in</strong> distance, challenged me. I said a friend. ‘What friend?’ To <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g. At this declaration one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m<br />
dismounted <strong>and</strong> placed his rifle across his horse. I charged. his rifle missed fire. He mounted <strong>and</strong> with his<br />
<strong>com</strong>rades clashed <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> woods. I soon came up with him, <strong>and</strong> by a well directed stroke laid him <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> dust. I<br />
ordered my man to secure him, <strong>and</strong> push forward after <strong>the</strong> rest. I had nearly overtaken ano<strong>the</strong>r, when my horse,<br />
unfortunately, got entangled <strong>in</strong> a grape v<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> man escaped; as <strong>the</strong> day was so far spent, I could not see<br />
to pursue <strong>the</strong> enemy any fur<strong>the</strong>r.” See “Wadboo Bridge,” 16 July. 3369<br />
15 July. THE DOG DAYS EXPEDITION 3370<br />
Note. Dates for <strong>the</strong>se Dog Days actions are given <strong>in</strong> italics <strong>in</strong> order to better group <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> this section.<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g wea<strong>the</strong>r that was especially hot, Sumter moved along Congaree road, past Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, to a plantation<br />
called <strong>the</strong> “The Rocks” where he camped on his advance toward Monck’s Corner. Hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> an enemy force at<br />
Murry’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Santee River (<strong>and</strong> probably to shield his flank <strong>and</strong> rear), he dispatched a detachment <strong>of</strong><br />
possibly 300 men aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>m; while at <strong>the</strong> same time arrang<strong>in</strong>g to collect boats along <strong>the</strong> river should such be<br />
needed later withdraw<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> region. 3371 As matters developed, <strong>the</strong> report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British be<strong>in</strong>g at Murry’s<br />
Ferry was a mistake, or else such British parties withdrew before Sumter’s men came up. As a result, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
ensu<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> days fight<strong>in</strong>g, Sumter was, very regrettably for <strong>the</strong> Americans, without this detachment; which<br />
significantly dim<strong>in</strong>ished his force. On <strong>the</strong> same day he was march<strong>in</strong>g to “The Rocks,” <strong>the</strong>re were four separate<br />
raids be<strong>in</strong>g carried out <strong>in</strong> conjunction with <strong>the</strong> plan aga<strong>in</strong>st Coates at Monck’s Corner <strong>and</strong> Bigg<strong>in</strong> Church:<br />
Dorchester, Four Holes Bridge, Goose Creek <strong>and</strong> Wadboo (or Watboo) Bridge. The basic purpose <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se raids<br />
was to cut <strong>of</strong>f Coates retreat from Monck’s Corner (<strong>the</strong> Americans hadn’t learned as yet that he had moved to<br />
Bigg<strong>in</strong> Church nearby.) Also, <strong>the</strong> reason why <strong>the</strong>se various bridges were so crucial is that <strong>the</strong> creeks <strong>the</strong>y passed<br />
3365 Formally a British cavalry troop numbered 38 rank <strong>and</strong> file, or upwards <strong>of</strong> 40 total. An American cavalry troop on paper was<br />
54, with upwards <strong>of</strong> 60 total. Lee probably had 50-60 <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d when he spoke <strong>of</strong> Fraser hav<strong>in</strong>g a troop.<br />
3366 NGP9 p. 51, JLG2 p. 169, 174, LSY pp. 302-303.<br />
3367 MLW4A pp. 466-468.<br />
3368 LCC pp. 457n-458n.<br />
3369 JJA pp. 462-463.<br />
3370 Here refers to <strong>the</strong> four separate raids coord<strong>in</strong>ated toge<strong>the</strong>r aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> various posts centered on Monck’s Corner <strong>and</strong> Bigg<strong>in</strong><br />
Church, <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> targets. The title is adopted follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> editor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Greene papers, who <strong>in</strong> turn derives it from William<br />
Gilmore Simms’ 19 th century historical novel The Forayers. See also NGP9 p.13. For <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> citations perta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong><br />
Dog Days Expedition generally, see <strong>the</strong> entry for Qu<strong>in</strong>by Bridge, 17 July.<br />
3371 However, <strong>the</strong> send<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> this force to Murry’s Ferry is may have taken place <strong>the</strong> next day on <strong>the</strong> 16 th ra<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>the</strong> 15 th .<br />
566
over tended to be extremely marshy <strong>and</strong> muddy; which made it impossible for even horses to get across <strong>the</strong>m<br />
without a bridge or ferry. 3372<br />
15 July. [raids] Dorchester <strong>and</strong> Four Holes Bridge (Dorchester County. S.C.) Lee with his Legion was assigned to<br />
take Dorchester; while Col. Henry Hampton was directed to seize Four Holes Bridge on <strong>the</strong> north fork <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Edisto. Col. Wade Hampton, belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> same <strong>in</strong>itial group, was sent <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Goose Creek Bridge<br />
(which out<strong>in</strong>g see below.) It would seem from a letter <strong>of</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s to Balfour written on <strong>the</strong> 20 th that <strong>the</strong>se raids<br />
were preceded on <strong>the</strong> 14 th by forward detachments; which were <strong>the</strong>n followed up on <strong>the</strong> 15 th by <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong><br />
bodies. Advance parties <strong>of</strong> Hampton’s caus<strong>in</strong>g alarm on <strong>the</strong> 14 th may also have been why Dorchester was so<br />
quickly evacuated; <strong>and</strong> which was how Lee found it when he arrived. Lee did though manage to capture one<br />
ammunition wagon, <strong>and</strong> three o<strong>the</strong>r wagons which were empty. In addition, he took an estimated 50 to 300<br />
horses, which also had not yet been removed by <strong>the</strong> British. 3373<br />
Meanwhile, Col. Henry Hampton succeeded <strong>in</strong> seiz<strong>in</strong>g Four Holes Bridge; which was unoccupied. He rema<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
<strong>the</strong>re for a short time. Yet impatient <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g idle, he rode on to jo<strong>in</strong> his bro<strong>the</strong>r Col. Wade Hampton who was<br />
rid<strong>in</strong>g down toward Goose Creek <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> outskirts <strong>of</strong> Charlestown.<br />
William Johnson: “Contrary to expectation, Colonel Lee encountered no resistance at Dorchester. The garrison<br />
was at that time greatly reduced by <strong>the</strong> draft made on it by Stewart, <strong>and</strong> recently by a very serious mut<strong>in</strong>y, <strong>in</strong><br />
which it was said one hundred men were killed <strong>and</strong> wounded before it was quelled.” 3374<br />
Chesney: “On reach<strong>in</strong>g Dorchester I found to my grief that <strong>the</strong> Americans had visited that place dur<strong>in</strong>g my short<br />
absence <strong>and</strong> taken away my horse with 300 o<strong>the</strong>rs out <strong>of</strong> Major Wright’s pasture.” 3375<br />
15 July. [raid] Goose Creek, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Quarter House Tavern 3376 (Berkeley <strong>and</strong> Charlestown counties, S.C.<br />
respectively) Col. Wade Hampton (one Charlestown newspaper account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day says Henry), with his<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s cavalry rode toward Goose Creek; where <strong>the</strong>re was a small settlement <strong>and</strong> a bridge<br />
which passed over <strong>the</strong> creek (which is a western tributary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper River.) The 15 th be<strong>in</strong>g a Sunday,<br />
Hampton surprised a congregation at church services, <strong>and</strong> took a number <strong>of</strong> loyalists present prisoners,<br />
apparently <strong>the</strong>n parol<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m. He <strong>the</strong>n “thundered” toward <strong>the</strong> gates <strong>of</strong> Charlestown. His advance party <strong>of</strong> 12<br />
men under Capt. Read met up with a group <strong>of</strong> 12 South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists who <strong>the</strong>y skirmished near <strong>the</strong> Quarter<br />
House tavern, a short distance outside <strong>the</strong> city. The loyalist leader, Lieut. Waugh, was sla<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest taken<br />
prisoner. 3377 Read himself lost a Capt. Wright killed <strong>and</strong> a few o<strong>the</strong>rs wounded. Hampton, follow<strong>in</strong>g up, managed<br />
to captured 30 more or so o<strong>the</strong>rs, for a total <strong>of</strong> around 45-50 prisoners; all <strong>of</strong> whom were paroled. As Hampton<br />
had approached, Charlestown bells were rung <strong>and</strong> alarms were sounded, caus<strong>in</strong>g great fear <strong>and</strong> consternation<br />
among some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants. 3378<br />
Balfour, at Charlestown, wrote to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton on July 20 th : “(O)n <strong>the</strong> 14 th <strong>in</strong>stant; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> next day a party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m<br />
came with<strong>in</strong> four miles <strong>of</strong> this town, hav<strong>in</strong>g taken near Dorchester several horses <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Quartermaster General’s<br />
employment <strong>and</strong>, at <strong>the</strong> Quarter House, some dragoon ones belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers, with a few<br />
<strong>in</strong>valids <strong>of</strong> that regiment who were left <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> unable to make <strong>the</strong>ir escape.” 3379<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> Ferd<strong>in</strong><strong>and</strong> O’Neal to Henry Lee, dated “Georgia, M’Intosh county, March 1st, 1810”: “I received your<br />
letters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 4 th <strong>and</strong> 13 th December, on <strong>the</strong> 20 th <strong>of</strong> February. I recollect when you went to Dorchester with our<br />
legion, to attack <strong>the</strong> fort at Dorchester, that Colonel Hampton went down what <strong>the</strong>y call <strong>the</strong> Goose creek road,<br />
<strong>and</strong> took a few horses from some tories, about <strong>the</strong> Quarter House. I do not recollect any men be<strong>in</strong>g taken except<br />
a few tories, but no British soldiers. To refresh your memory, it was <strong>the</strong> time I borrowed Mrs. Wright’s coach to<br />
br<strong>in</strong>g up some sick soldiers, which coach, General Sumpter dem<strong>and</strong>ed, <strong>and</strong> sold at Camden. Respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
attack we made at Shubrick[’]s, Colonel Wade Hampton was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear seven or eight miles, with General<br />
Sumpter. Colonel Richard Hampton was a volunteer with us at Shubrick’s.” 3380<br />
15 July. [raid] Wadboo, also Watboo (Berkeley County, S.C.) The fourth ma<strong>in</strong> target <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plan to trap Coates at<br />
Monck’s Corner was Wadboo Bridge; which was <strong>the</strong> only cross<strong>in</strong>g available over Wadboo Creek just south <strong>of</strong><br />
Bigg<strong>in</strong> Church. The creek runs from <strong>the</strong> east <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Cooper River. Maj. Hezekiah Maham, with his recently<br />
formed state cavalry <strong>of</strong> about 40 men, was sent to take <strong>the</strong> bridge <strong>and</strong> tear it down. He circled round <strong>the</strong> British<br />
<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> east, <strong>and</strong> upon reach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> bridge ei<strong>the</strong>r destroyed or only partially destroyed it –- it not be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
afterward clear which. He also set afire two British schooners, conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g stores, moored nearby on <strong>the</strong> creek.<br />
3372 JLG2 pp. 168-169.<br />
3373 GHA4 p. 97, JLG2 pp. 167-168, MSC2 pp. 327-328.<br />
3374 JLG2 p. 167.<br />
3375 CDI.<br />
3376 Reference is made at John Robertson’s “Global Gazetteer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution” <strong>of</strong> a raid by Hampton, on “11-14<br />
July,” at “10 Mile House” or “15 Mile House. Whe<strong>the</strong>r this (or both) is <strong>the</strong> same as or separate from <strong>the</strong> Quarter House Tavern is<br />
not (yet by me at any rate) fully clear.<br />
See http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/10mile.htm <strong>and</strong> also http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/goosecrbr.htm<br />
3377 Lieut. Waugh was killed by friends <strong>of</strong> Wright after Waugh had surrendered to Hampton at Goose Creek. The reason for <strong>the</strong><br />
slay<strong>in</strong>g was that Waugh had killed Wright <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g. The Americans, Bass states, afterward reported what had happened <strong>and</strong><br />
apologized to <strong>the</strong> British. BGC p. 273n.<br />
3378 GHA4 p. 97, LMS p. 387, JLG2 pp. 167-168, LCC pp. 425-426, MSC2 pp. 327-328, The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong><br />
Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVII, Oct. 1916, pp. 159-160.<br />
3379 CAR p. 551.<br />
3380 LCC p. 426n.<br />
567
Bass <strong>and</strong> Lumpk<strong>in</strong> relate that after destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> bridge, Maham returned <strong>the</strong> next day (<strong>the</strong> 16 th ) to re-jo<strong>in</strong><br />
Sumter. William Johnson, by contrast, makes it sound as if he rema<strong>in</strong>ed at <strong>the</strong> bridge await<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> follow-up<br />
forces under Horry <strong>and</strong> Lacey subsequently dispatched by Sumter (see Wadoo Bridge, 16 July.) 3381<br />
15 July. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Cornwallis: “Until I had <strong>the</strong> honour to receive your Lordship’s letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 8 th <strong>in</strong>stant, I had<br />
flattered myself, that upon re-consider<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> general purport <strong>of</strong> our correspondence, <strong>and</strong> General Phillips’s<br />
papers <strong>in</strong> your possession, you would at least have waited for a l<strong>in</strong>e from me <strong>in</strong> answer to your letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 30 th<br />
ult. before you f<strong>in</strong>ally determ<strong>in</strong>ed upon so serious <strong>and</strong> mortify<strong>in</strong>g a move as <strong>the</strong> re-pass<strong>in</strong>g James river, <strong>and</strong><br />
retir<strong>in</strong>g with your army to Portsmouth. And I was <strong>the</strong> more <strong>in</strong>duced to hope that this would have been <strong>the</strong> case,<br />
as we both seemed to agree <strong>in</strong> our op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> propriety <strong>of</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g a healthy station on <strong>the</strong> Neck, between<br />
York <strong>and</strong> James rivers, for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> cover<strong>in</strong>g a proper harbour for our l<strong>in</strong>e-<strong>of</strong>-battle ships. And I am<br />
persuaded your Lordship will be sensible, that <strong>in</strong> all my letters I clearly leave you at full liberty to deta<strong>in</strong> any<br />
part, or even <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops I solicited you to send me, should your Lordship have determ<strong>in</strong>ed on any<br />
solid operation <strong>of</strong> your own <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, or elsewhere; or should you have adopted <strong>the</strong> one I had re<strong>com</strong>mended <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Upper Chesapeak[e]; or even should you have judged <strong>the</strong>ir cont<strong>in</strong>uance with you necessary until <strong>the</strong> stations<br />
you might th<strong>in</strong>k proper to take were rendered respectably defensive.<br />
“Your letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 30 th ult. <strong>in</strong> which your Lordship was pleased to <strong>in</strong>timate this <strong>in</strong>tention, did not leave <strong>the</strong><br />
Chesapeak before <strong>the</strong> 5 th <strong>in</strong>stant: <strong>and</strong> as soon as I consulted <strong>the</strong> Admiral [Graves] at <strong>the</strong> Hook upon its contents,<br />
I lost no time <strong>in</strong> dispatch<strong>in</strong>g my answer to your Lordship, both by ship <strong>of</strong> war <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> my runners; but as I now<br />
f<strong>in</strong>d your Lordship has decided, I shall say no more upon <strong>the</strong> subject: <strong>and</strong> I s<strong>in</strong>cerely congratulate you upon <strong>the</strong><br />
success <strong>of</strong> your well concerted plan aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Marquis de la Fayette, hop<strong>in</strong>g that amongst o<strong>the</strong>r good effects<br />
which may be expected from it, it will prevent his giv<strong>in</strong>g you disturbance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> execution <strong>of</strong> what I<br />
re<strong>com</strong>mended to your Lordship <strong>in</strong> my letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 11 th <strong>in</strong>stant, a duplicate <strong>of</strong> which ac<strong>com</strong>panies this. I likewise<br />
request your Lordship will be pleased to <strong>com</strong>municate to Lieutenant-colonels Dundas, Simcoe, <strong>and</strong> Tarleton<br />
(whom you have particularized [sic], <strong>the</strong> first for his conduct <strong>and</strong> gallantry <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action <strong>of</strong> James-town, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
two o<strong>the</strong>rs for <strong>the</strong>ir active services on your march through Virg<strong>in</strong>ia) <strong>and</strong> to all <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> soldiers<br />
under your <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> high sense I have <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir spirit <strong>and</strong> good behaviour, for which I desire <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
acceptance <strong>of</strong> my thanks.<br />
“As your Lordship is aga<strong>in</strong> pleased to recall my serious attention to <strong>the</strong> question <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> utility <strong>of</strong> a defensive post<br />
<strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, which you say cannot have <strong>the</strong> smallest <strong>in</strong>fluence on <strong>the</strong> war <strong>in</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> which only gives us<br />
some acres <strong>of</strong> an unhealthy swamp, I must <strong>in</strong> answer beg leave aga<strong>in</strong> to repeat to your Lordship, that it never<br />
was my <strong>in</strong>tention to cont<strong>in</strong>ue a post on Elizabeth River any longer than until <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mencement <strong>of</strong> solid<br />
operation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak, nor to have <strong>the</strong>re more troops than what might be capable <strong>of</strong> defend<strong>in</strong>g a small<br />
work on that river; <strong>and</strong> that all <strong>the</strong> general <strong>of</strong>ficers who have <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak have had my<br />
consent to change that station for one more healthy, if <strong>the</strong>y judged it proper to do so. To which I will moreover<br />
add, it ever has been, is, <strong>and</strong> ever will be, my firm <strong>and</strong> unalterable op<strong>in</strong>ion, that it is <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first consequence to<br />
his Majesty’s affairs on this cont<strong>in</strong>ent, that we take possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak, <strong>and</strong> that we do not afterwards<br />
rel<strong>in</strong>quish it. I beg leave also, my Lord, to dissent from <strong>the</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion you have given me <strong>of</strong> a defensive post <strong>in</strong><br />
Chesapeak, <strong>and</strong> that desultory expeditions <strong>the</strong>re may be undertaken from New-York with as much ease <strong>and</strong><br />
more safety; for I cannot but suppose, that a defensive station <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak, with a corps <strong>of</strong> at least four<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> regular troops, for its protection <strong>and</strong> desultory water movements dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> summer months, where<strong>in</strong><br />
l<strong>and</strong> operation may be impracticable, would have <strong>the</strong> most beneficial effects on more distant districts, for <strong>the</strong><br />
reasons I have already had <strong>the</strong> honour to give your Lordship. Nor do I recollect, that <strong>in</strong> any <strong>of</strong> my letters to your<br />
Lordship I have suggested an idea, that <strong>the</strong>re was a probability <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s hav<strong>in</strong>g a naval superiority <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se seas for any length <strong>of</strong> time, much less for so long a one as two or three months. But with respect to <strong>the</strong><br />
unhealth<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> station at Portsmouth, my letters to General Phillips on that subject, (where<strong>in</strong> I say, God<br />
forbid I should wish to bury <strong>the</strong> elite <strong>of</strong> my army <strong>in</strong> Nansemond <strong>and</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>cess Anne) will satisfy your Lordship that<br />
we are both <strong>of</strong> one op<strong>in</strong>ion.<br />
“With regard to your Lordship’s return<strong>in</strong>g to Charles-town, for which you say you wait my approbation, though I<br />
allow your Lordship to be <strong>the</strong> best judge where your presence may be most required, yet, as I cannot conceive<br />
that <strong>of</strong>fensive operation will be carried on <strong>in</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a for some months, I must beg leave to re<strong>com</strong>mend it to you<br />
to rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> Chesapeak, at least until <strong>the</strong> stations I have proposed are occupied <strong>and</strong> established, <strong>and</strong> your<br />
Lordship favours me with your op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> men you can afterwards spare from <strong>the</strong>ir defence until<br />
<strong>the</strong> first week <strong>in</strong> October; about which time it is my <strong>in</strong>tention, as I have before told your Lordship, to<br />
re<strong>com</strong>mence operation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak: but whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, accord<strong>in</strong>g to your Lordship’s plan, or <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Upper Chesapeak, accord<strong>in</strong>g to my own, I shall <strong>the</strong>n determ<strong>in</strong>e. If <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first, I shall request <strong>the</strong> favour <strong>of</strong> your<br />
Lordship to conduct it, as you must be a better judge than I can, from <strong>the</strong> local knowledge you have acquired <strong>in</strong><br />
your march through great part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> your be<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong>nce capable <strong>of</strong> judg<strong>in</strong>g how far it is<br />
connected with <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn prov<strong>in</strong>ces. If <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> last, I shall probably assume <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> it myself; <strong>and</strong> I<br />
shall <strong>in</strong> that case be glad to have your Lordship’s assistance: but if you should prefer return<strong>in</strong>g to Carol<strong>in</strong>a, I<br />
shall after that no longer restra<strong>in</strong> your Lordship from follow<strong>in</strong>g your <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ations.<br />
“Now, my Lord, I have only to repeat, what I have already said <strong>in</strong> all my letters, that you are at full liberty to<br />
employ all <strong>the</strong> troops under your immediate <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak, if you are <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>the</strong>y may be<br />
wanted for <strong>the</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stations you shall th<strong>in</strong>k proper to occupy, secur<strong>in</strong>g to us at least a healthy one,<br />
from whence we may start at <strong>the</strong> proper time for beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g operation, <strong>and</strong> for <strong>the</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terim<br />
such desultory water expeditions as you may th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>of</strong> any utility. I should, <strong>in</strong>deed, have hoped, that even <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
season for active operation, seven thous<strong>and</strong> men would have been quite sufficient, consider<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> force which<br />
3381 NGP9 pp. 17n, 52, 80, LMS pp. 387-387, JLG2 pp. 167-169, BGC pp. 196-197, LSY pp. 206-207.<br />
568
<strong>the</strong> enemy can br<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>st you; <strong>in</strong> this, however, your Lordship seems to th<strong>in</strong>k differently. Should noth<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
<strong>the</strong>refore, happen to <strong>in</strong>duce you to alter your op<strong>in</strong>ion, or should any object cast up <strong>of</strong> importance enough to be<br />
undertaken at this <strong>in</strong>clement season, you are at liberty to keep <strong>the</strong> whole. But before you f<strong>in</strong>ally decide, I<br />
request your Lordship will recollect <strong>the</strong> very bare defensive I am reduced to <strong>in</strong> this post; whilst I have opposed<br />
to me Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s army, which is already eight or ten thous<strong>and</strong> men, <strong>the</strong> French four thous<strong>and</strong>, besides <strong>the</strong><br />
large re<strong>in</strong>forcements expected to <strong>the</strong>m: <strong>and</strong> I scarce need mention to your Lordship, who is so well acqua<strong>in</strong>ted<br />
with <strong>the</strong>ir disposition, <strong>the</strong> effect which such an appearance will have on <strong>the</strong> numerous <strong>and</strong> warlike militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
five neighbour<strong>in</strong>g prov<strong>in</strong>ces.” 3382<br />
15 July. Tarleton reached Moore’s Ord<strong>in</strong>ary; where he heard <strong>of</strong> Wayne be<strong>in</strong>g at Goode’s Bridge <strong>in</strong> Amelia. He<br />
<strong>the</strong>n burned three wagons <strong>and</strong> took a more sou<strong>the</strong>rly route toward Petersburg. Wayne did at some po<strong>in</strong>t make a<br />
movement <strong>in</strong> Amelia County toward Tarleton, but because <strong>the</strong> latter had rode out <strong>of</strong> reach, he deployed his<br />
force <strong>in</strong>stead, <strong>and</strong> as ordered by Lafayette, on <strong>the</strong> south (Amelia County) side <strong>of</strong> Goode’s Bridge. 3383 Lee asserts<br />
that Lafayette ought to have sent his cavalry <strong>and</strong> a mounted detachment <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Tarleton <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> rely<strong>in</strong>g<br />
on Wayne’s slow mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>fantry to <strong>in</strong>tercept him. 3384 See 9-24 July. 3385<br />
15 July. Col. James Kenan, at Dupl<strong>in</strong> [Court House?], to Gov. Thomas Burke: “The enemy [evidently Fann<strong>in</strong>g]<br />
have moved out <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton up to The long [sic] Bridge <strong>and</strong> are rebuild<strong>in</strong>g it is said by Several Gentlemen who<br />
have left <strong>the</strong> town. Their <strong>in</strong>tention is to Give no more parols but will sell every man’s property who will not Jo<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> be<strong>com</strong>e British Subjects; <strong>the</strong>y have about 100 light horse well Equipt <strong>and</strong> about 470 foot <strong>and</strong> are<br />
Determ<strong>in</strong>ed to be at Dupl<strong>in</strong> Court on Monday Next. We have no Ammunition nor do I know where to get Some.<br />
We have no Account <strong>of</strong> Any Assistance Com<strong>in</strong>g as Yet. Your Excellency will be so k<strong>in</strong>d as to <strong>in</strong>form me if any be<br />
ordered on.” 3386<br />
On this same date, Col. Thomas Robeson himself, ostensibly writ<strong>in</strong>g from his home <strong>in</strong> Bladen County, wrote Gov.<br />
Burke: “I arrived home yesterday <strong>and</strong> found what few men that is stanch for <strong>the</strong>ir Country, <strong>in</strong> Arms to defend<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves, which is not over Fifty to oppose, by <strong>the</strong> best accounts that I can get, to <strong>the</strong> amount <strong>of</strong> Four<br />
Hundred or near that Number under <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Hector McNeil, <strong>and</strong> [Duncan] Ray <strong>and</strong> McLaur<strong>in</strong> Calvil is<br />
appo<strong>in</strong>ted [loyalist] Cols. <strong>of</strong> Bladen County, <strong>and</strong> is order<strong>in</strong>g a General Muster on ei<strong>the</strong>r Monday or Tuesday next,<br />
as I am <strong>in</strong>formed by one <strong>of</strong> our Men who was talk<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> said Col. Calvil yesterday, <strong>and</strong> told him that McNeil<br />
had four Hundred Men, <strong>and</strong> that he should have Three Hundred with him <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> lower Part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> County, <strong>and</strong><br />
that One Hundred was to jo<strong>in</strong> him from Brunswick County, <strong>and</strong> is desir<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> Men to <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong> or <strong>the</strong>y will be<br />
distressed, or if <strong>the</strong>y do not <strong>com</strong>ply by <strong>the</strong> First Day <strong>of</strong> August next, <strong>the</strong>y will be destroyed, which was <strong>the</strong> Time<br />
Limited by General Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>and</strong> Aberthnot’s [Arbuthnot’s] proclamation that has been Industriously Spread<br />
amongst <strong>the</strong> People. McNeil is encamped at a Place Called McFall’s Mill, between Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Raft<br />
Swamp, <strong>and</strong> Parties go<strong>in</strong>g about robb<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> Calvil is order<strong>in</strong>g his General Muster at Elizabeth Town, which is at<br />
our Court House, <strong>and</strong> I expect will embody his Men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> lower Part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> County, <strong>and</strong> without it is <strong>in</strong> Your<br />
Excellency’s Power to send us Speedy assistance we shall be destroyed <strong>and</strong> over run, or be obliged to submit to<br />
all <strong>the</strong> Distresses that will <strong>com</strong>e. They are appo<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g Capta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> under Officers <strong>in</strong> every District <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> County.<br />
I have not seen Col. [Thomas] Brown [<strong>of</strong> Bladen] s<strong>in</strong>ce I got home, who is <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g Officer <strong>of</strong> Bladen, but<br />
am told he is <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g up to us where our Men is embodied or will be with us to-day, but it is impossible to get<br />
Men to jo<strong>in</strong> us without Assistance.” 3387<br />
Mid July. Rear Admiral Graves took his fleet out to search for an enemy convoy supposedly br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g supplies to<br />
<strong>the</strong> French <strong>in</strong> Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong>. After cruis<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f Boston he returned to New York on August 16 with two ships so<br />
badly damaged he had to lay <strong>the</strong>m up for repairs. 3388<br />
16 July. It is believed on this date Tarleton burned Craig’s Mill, <strong>and</strong> also Edmondson’s Ord<strong>in</strong>ary <strong>in</strong> modern<br />
Morgansville. He paroled some prisoners he took before return<strong>in</strong>g north. It is also surmised that at about this<br />
time he passed through modern Blackstone, on his way to Edmondson’s Ord<strong>in</strong>ary. Later he rode through<br />
Brunswick <strong>and</strong> Smokey Ord<strong>in</strong>ary. Lafayette reported him on this date as be<strong>in</strong>g 32 miles southwest <strong>of</strong> Petersburg<br />
at Walker’s Mill. 3389<br />
16 July. Rawdon with a detachment <strong>of</strong> 500, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Volunteers <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Maj. Archibald McArthur’s<br />
corps, along with 50 wagons departed Orangeburgh for Charlestown, leav<strong>in</strong>g Alex<strong>and</strong>er Stewart <strong>in</strong> charge at<br />
<strong>the</strong>re with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army. 3390<br />
Chesney: “As soon as we [Chesney was with Cruger’s force] jo<strong>in</strong>ed Lord Rawdon [at Orangeburgh], he found<br />
himself strong enough to force his way through <strong>the</strong> enemy which he did immediately, march<strong>in</strong>g towards Charles<br />
3382 CAC pp. 146-151.<br />
3383 EPY p. 29, Wayne to Gen. Thomas Nelson, 24 July 1781.<br />
3384 LMS p. 443.<br />
3385 EPY p.42.<br />
3386 CNC15 p. 535.<br />
3387 CNC22 pp. 546-547.<br />
3388 WCO p. 357.<br />
3389 EPY p. 42.<br />
3390 SCP6 pp. 63-66, NGP9 p. 54.<br />
569
Town, <strong>and</strong> encamped without opposition near Monk’s [Monck’s] corner; where we had some trifl<strong>in</strong>g skirmishes<br />
without any event <strong>of</strong> importance.” 3391<br />
16 July. Greene’s ma<strong>in</strong> army encamped at Midway Plantation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee; 3392 where <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
to rema<strong>in</strong> till August 23 rd . 3393<br />
16 July (also given as 17 July). [raid] Pittsboro, also Old Chatham Court House (Chatham County, N.C.) In a raid<br />
on Chatham Court House (only after <strong>the</strong> war named Pittsboro), N.C., Col. David Fann<strong>in</strong>g surprised <strong>and</strong> captured<br />
a reported 53 whigs, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g several county <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials, a number <strong>of</strong> whom were sitt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> session <strong>in</strong><br />
a court room, after <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g separately ambushed on a road lead<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> court house. All but 14 were<br />
paroled with Fann<strong>in</strong>g keep<strong>in</strong>g as prisoner those he thought most dangerous. He apparently also released a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> loyalists who were be<strong>in</strong>g held as prisoner. 3394<br />
Fann<strong>in</strong>g: “On my return to Deep River I immediately caused a general Muster <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Loyalists, which I collected<br />
to <strong>the</strong> amount <strong>of</strong> 150 men, but f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m deficient <strong>in</strong> arms I discharged all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m except 53, which I<br />
appo<strong>in</strong>ted fully; out <strong>of</strong> which, I collected from <strong>the</strong> whole, <strong>and</strong> ordered <strong>the</strong> rest, to be ready to jo<strong>in</strong> me when I<br />
called for <strong>the</strong>m…<br />
“I cont<strong>in</strong>ued act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terior parts <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> was like to obta<strong>in</strong> a truce with <strong>the</strong> Rebels <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
heart <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. Those people have been <strong>in</strong>duced to brave every danger <strong>and</strong> difficulty dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> late war,<br />
ra<strong>the</strong>r than render ant service to <strong>the</strong> Rebels -- <strong>the</strong>ir properties real <strong>and</strong> personal taken to support <strong>the</strong>ir enemies<br />
-- <strong>the</strong> fa<strong>the</strong>rless <strong>and</strong> widows stripped, <strong>and</strong> every means <strong>of</strong> support taken from <strong>the</strong>m -- <strong>the</strong>ir houses <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong><br />
all personal property taken, <strong>and</strong> no rest<strong>in</strong>g place, could be found for <strong>the</strong>m. As to place <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir former<br />
possessions, is impossible -- stripped <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir property, driven from <strong>the</strong>ir Houses; deprived <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir wives <strong>and</strong><br />
children -- robbed <strong>of</strong> a free <strong>and</strong> mild government -- betrayed <strong>and</strong> deserted by <strong>the</strong>ir friends, what can repay<br />
<strong>the</strong>m, for <strong>the</strong> misery! Dragg<strong>in</strong>g out a wretched life <strong>of</strong> obscurity <strong>and</strong> want, heaven, only, which smooths <strong>the</strong><br />
rugged paths, can reconcile <strong>the</strong>m to misfortune…<br />
“The Rebels on <strong>the</strong> same day held a general muster at Chatham Court House, about twenty-five miles, [from]<br />
where I had assembled, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> day follow<strong>in</strong>g were to call a court-martial for <strong>the</strong> trial <strong>of</strong> several Loyalists, who<br />
had refused to bear arms, <strong>in</strong> opposition to government. Upon receiv<strong>in</strong>g this <strong>in</strong>telligence I proceeded, towards<br />
<strong>the</strong> Court House, 17 miles, that night, with <strong>the</strong> men I had named; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g follow<strong>in</strong>g, by 7 o’clock, I<br />
arrived <strong>the</strong>re. I surrounded <strong>the</strong> place where <strong>the</strong>y were. I expected to f<strong>in</strong>d members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Court Martial, but<br />
<strong>the</strong>y had dispersed <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g before, <strong>and</strong> were for to meet at 8 o’clock. I <strong>the</strong>n posted pickets on every road,<br />
<strong>and</strong> with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> space <strong>of</strong> two hours, took 5 prisoners -- among <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong> Colonel, Major <strong>and</strong> all <strong>the</strong> militia<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> county, except two, who had not attended; <strong>and</strong> also one Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Capta<strong>in</strong>, with three <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
delegates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> General Assembly. I immediately marched <strong>the</strong>m to Coxe’s Mill, <strong>and</strong> parolled all except 14, who<br />
I knew were violent aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> government. Those I conducted to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> delivered to Major Craigg<br />
[Craig].” 3395<br />
16 July. [skirmishes] Wadboo Bridge, also Watboo Bridge (Berkeley County, S.C.) On <strong>the</strong> 16 th , Sumter advanced<br />
toward Monck’s Corner; where Marion jo<strong>in</strong>ed him. Discover<strong>in</strong>g Coates’ new position, <strong>the</strong> two camped just north<br />
<strong>of</strong> Bigg<strong>in</strong> Church. Lee, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terim, rode down toward Charlestown on <strong>the</strong> same road taken by Col. Wade<br />
Hampton <strong>the</strong> day previous, hop<strong>in</strong>g to acquire additional prisoners, but without success. Later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, he<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hamptons arrived to re<strong>in</strong>force Sumter <strong>and</strong> Marion. Lee was ra<strong>the</strong>r displeased that Bigg<strong>in</strong> Bridge<br />
(connect<strong>in</strong>g Monck’s Corner with Bigg<strong>in</strong> Church) had not been taken, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> consequence he <strong>and</strong> Hampton had<br />
had to take a circuitous route over hot s<strong>and</strong>s around Bigg<strong>in</strong> Creek <strong>in</strong> order to reach Sumter. The cunctation also<br />
prevented an earlier attempt on Coates. Lumpk<strong>in</strong> mentions that <strong>the</strong>re was an effort on <strong>the</strong> 16 th by some<br />
partisans, probably Sumter’s, to seize Bigg<strong>in</strong> Bridge, but it had been fought <strong>of</strong>f by some <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 19 th<br />
Regt. that Coates had posted <strong>the</strong>re. Be this as it might, Sumter did dispatch Col. Peter Horry, <strong>and</strong> Horry’s<br />
cavalry, <strong>and</strong> Col. Edward Lacey with some mounted riflemen to hold <strong>the</strong> position south <strong>of</strong> Wadboo Bridge (a<br />
little over two miles south <strong>of</strong> Bigg<strong>in</strong> Church); which bridge Maham was supposed to have destroyed <strong>the</strong> day<br />
previous (see Wadboo Bride, 15 July.) In fur<strong>the</strong>rance <strong>of</strong> this, Horry <strong>and</strong> Lacey <strong>the</strong>n proceeded to camp <strong>the</strong>re. At<br />
about 5 p.m., Maj. Thomas Fraser with his South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalist dragoons surprised Horry’s troops who were<br />
cook<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rwise rest<strong>in</strong>g. Ei<strong>the</strong>r Wadboo Bridge been somehow repaired dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night, or else was not<br />
quite destroyed as Maham reported; thus allow<strong>in</strong>g Fraser to get across <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rwise impassable stream to<br />
attack. Horry’s men were routed, but Col. Lacey’s riflemen <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g up charged <strong>the</strong> dragoons, forc<strong>in</strong>g Fraser to<br />
retreat. In all likelihood Fraser’s be<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> creek put him <strong>in</strong> a cut-<strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> precarious<br />
position, as well as one ill suited to cavalry; thus <strong>com</strong>pell<strong>in</strong>g his withdrawal. Bass, draw<strong>in</strong>g from Sumter’s letter<br />
to Greene <strong>of</strong> 17 July, avers that Coates later came up with his <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> drove Horry <strong>and</strong> Lacey <strong>of</strong>f. By<br />
nighttime, Horry <strong>and</strong> Lacey had left <strong>the</strong>ir position below <strong>the</strong> bridge, <strong>and</strong> reunited with Sumter. 3396<br />
Stephen Jarvis: “I set to camp with my prisoner, <strong>and</strong> gave him up to <strong>the</strong> General [Paston Gould?]. He confirmed<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation before received. It was my turn for duty that night, <strong>and</strong> my orders were to patrol on <strong>the</strong> road<br />
3391 CDI.<br />
3392 Although <strong>the</strong> specific site <strong>of</strong> Greene’s camp <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee cont<strong>in</strong>ues to be debated, <strong>the</strong>re is also good reason<br />
to believe it might alternatively have been located at, or else <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> close proximity <strong>of</strong>, S<strong>in</strong>gleton’s Mills. See Gould to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton,<br />
30 Sept. 1781, CAR p. 579.<br />
3393 NGP9 p.18, GHA4 p. 98.<br />
3394 DRO pp. 190-191.<br />
3395 FNA pp. 22-24. See also CNS1 pp. 161-171.<br />
3396 NGP9 pp. 50-51, GHA4 pp. 97-98, LMS pp. 387-388, JLG2 pp. 169-170, MSC2 pp. 331-332, BCG p. 197, LSY p. 207.<br />
570
lead<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> Santee, <strong>and</strong> I did so, but discovered none <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night, but <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g about<br />
sunrise I discovered that a large body <strong>of</strong> men had approached near <strong>the</strong> Garrison, <strong>and</strong> had taken <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> road to<br />
ga<strong>in</strong> our right flank. I galloped back as fast as I could but before I reached <strong>the</strong> Camp <strong>the</strong> enemy had drove <strong>in</strong> our<br />
Sent<strong>in</strong>els, <strong>and</strong> were destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> bridge to prevent our retreat on that route, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong>y retraced <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
steps <strong>and</strong> took up <strong>the</strong>ir position on <strong>the</strong> road that lead to <strong>the</strong> Santee. We rema<strong>in</strong>ed idle dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fore part <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> day, but hear<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> American Horse were at a plantation, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir horses were runn<strong>in</strong>g loose about<br />
<strong>the</strong> field, Major [Thomas] Fraser, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Dragoons, was ordered with <strong>the</strong> whole Cavalry to<br />
proceed <strong>and</strong> reconnoiter <strong>the</strong> Troop. I <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed (for Capta<strong>in</strong> Campbell was absent) led, except <strong>the</strong> advance<br />
guard <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by an Officer. We soon came <strong>in</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>and</strong> charged. The Officer with <strong>the</strong> advance<br />
-- his horse fell <strong>and</strong> threw his rider -- I said to Major Fraser, I’ll take charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advance, did not wait to hear<br />
any reply, but set <strong>of</strong>f. I rode a very fleet horse <strong>and</strong> soon ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> advance, <strong>and</strong> pressed hard on <strong>the</strong> enemy,<br />
who left <strong>the</strong> road <strong>and</strong> took <strong>the</strong> woods. I soon came up with one, <strong>and</strong> my Corporal on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side, <strong>and</strong> we both<br />
made a blow at <strong>the</strong> same time <strong>and</strong> gave <strong>the</strong> fellow his quarters. I heard a shout <strong>in</strong> my rear, looked round, <strong>and</strong><br />
found myself <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> a large body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. In wheel<strong>in</strong>g my horse round I broke my stirrup lea<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong><br />
came to <strong>the</strong> ground.<br />
“However I recovered my seat <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n pressed to rega<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, or I must be taken prisoner,<br />
<strong>and</strong> I was <strong>in</strong>debted to <strong>the</strong> fleetness <strong>of</strong> my horse for my escape. I had nearly ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
before <strong>the</strong>y discovered me, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y called me to surrender; not yet, th<strong>in</strong>ks I, a little more runn<strong>in</strong>g first. I found<br />
I ga<strong>in</strong>ed fast upon our Troops, who were retreat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> good order. I recovered <strong>the</strong> roads a few rods <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy. They fired several shots after me without <strong>in</strong>jury. We met our Infantry with a piece <strong>of</strong> ordnance. We<br />
wheeled about <strong>and</strong> checked <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n retired to Camp.” 3397<br />
17 July. [skirmish <strong>and</strong> assault] Qu<strong>in</strong>by Bridge <strong>and</strong> Shubrick’s Plantation, also Quimby Bridge (Berkeley County,<br />
S.C.)<br />
Lumpk<strong>in</strong> presents Sumter’s forces for this date as follows:<br />
CONTINENTALS<br />
Lee’s Legion: 150, both horse <strong>and</strong> foot, Lieut. Col. Henry Lee<br />
SOUTH CAROLINA MILITIA<br />
Sumter’s Brigade: 225, [Sumter’s five regiments] Col. Thomas Taylor, Col. Edward Lacey, Col. Wade Hampton,<br />
Col. Thomas Polk [North Carol<strong>in</strong>a] 3398 , Col. Charles Myddleton<br />
Marion’s Brigade: 180, Brig. Gen. Francis Marion, Col. Peter Horry, Col. Hezekiah Maham, Maj. Alex<strong>and</strong>er<br />
Sw<strong>in</strong>ton, Capt. John Baxter<br />
1 six-pounder, Capt. Anthony S<strong>in</strong>gleton<br />
Allow<strong>in</strong>g 40-50 artillerymen for S<strong>in</strong>gleton, this gives a round total <strong>of</strong> about 600. Despite Lumpk<strong>in</strong>’s list, some <strong>of</strong><br />
Sumter’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers were probably not with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> troops, but <strong>in</strong>stead with <strong>the</strong> 300 dispatched to<br />
Murry’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> 15 th or 16 th . McCrady, for his part, gives Sumter’s strength as 700.<br />
For <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>position <strong>of</strong> Coates’ British force, see 14 July.<br />
At about 3 a.m. on <strong>the</strong> 17 th , Sumter’s camp was awakened by <strong>the</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> Bigg<strong>in</strong> Church on fire <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
distance. 3399 Coates realiz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> perilous predicament he was now placed <strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> a hurry to retreat to<br />
Charlestown, burned most <strong>of</strong> his stores <strong>and</strong> ammunition which he had placed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g. Then, ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g his<br />
men, he proceeded across Wadboo Bridge on his way south. He had three possible avenues <strong>of</strong> retreat as follows:<br />
over Bigg<strong>in</strong> Bridge down <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper River towards Goose Creek; or over Wadboo Bridge down<br />
<strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper River toward Strawberry Ferry 3400 or, aga<strong>in</strong> down <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper River<br />
but toward Qu<strong>in</strong>by Bridge. With his 19 th Regt. he decided to march toward Qu<strong>in</strong>by Bridge, yet his cavalry under<br />
Fraser he sent toward Charlestown by way <strong>of</strong> Strawberry Ferry; while under <strong>the</strong> impression that it was Greene<br />
himself whom he faced. Before leav<strong>in</strong>g Bigg<strong>in</strong>, he left beh<strong>in</strong>d a note at <strong>the</strong> church addressed to <strong>the</strong> latter, along<br />
with some sick <strong>and</strong> wounded, say<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re was at present a balance <strong>of</strong> prisoners <strong>in</strong> favor <strong>of</strong> Great Brita<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong><br />
asked that <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>valids be “treated <strong>in</strong> that Light,” with humanity, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>y be sent to Charlestown.<br />
His troops roused, Sumter went <strong>in</strong> pursuit <strong>of</strong> Coates with <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>of</strong> his brigade rac<strong>in</strong>g ahead <strong>of</strong> his <strong>in</strong>fantry.<br />
In his hurry to catch up with Coates, he left beh<strong>in</strong>d his six-pounder under Capt. Anthony S<strong>in</strong>gleton; a decision he<br />
would regret later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day. With regard to <strong>the</strong> American reaction to Coates’ sudden evacuation, Lee, years<br />
later wrote: “To our surprise <strong>and</strong> mortification, no opposition at <strong>the</strong> bridge [Wadboo Bridge] had taken place;<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>deed our <strong>in</strong>quiries term<strong>in</strong>ated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> conviction that <strong>the</strong> detachment dest<strong>in</strong>ed to occupy <strong>the</strong> post [Horry’s]<br />
had ab<strong>and</strong>oned it a few hours after <strong>the</strong>y had been sent to possess it. Hence arose our ignorance <strong>of</strong> Coates’<br />
movement, which could not have occurred had <strong>the</strong> militia party cont<strong>in</strong>ued at <strong>the</strong>ir post, <strong>and</strong> to which ignorance<br />
<strong>the</strong> foe owed his escape.”<br />
3397 JJA pp. 462-464.<br />
3398 Col. Thomas Polk, <strong>and</strong> his son William’s, regiment were mostly from Mecklenburg <strong>and</strong> Rowan counties, N.C. Lumpk<strong>in</strong> gives<br />
Thomas, but may have only been William who was present.<br />
3399 After <strong>the</strong> battle on <strong>the</strong> 17 th , Sumter had what rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fortifications at Bigg<strong>in</strong> leveled, so <strong>the</strong> church itself was<br />
presumably a ru<strong>in</strong>s by this time.<br />
3400 Or else, as is sometimes given, Bonneau’s which was on Qu<strong>in</strong>by Creek but much closer to <strong>the</strong> Cooper than Qu<strong>in</strong>by Bridge.<br />
571
Lee <strong>and</strong> Hampton led chase, cross<strong>in</strong>g over Wadboo bridge which had ei<strong>the</strong>r not been fully destroyed or had been<br />
repaired <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night. See<strong>in</strong>g that Coates had divided his forces, Wade Hampton rode <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong><br />
Strawberry Ferry. Yet by <strong>the</strong> time he reached <strong>the</strong>re, Fraser had already crossed; <strong>the</strong> flats be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> his possession<br />
on <strong>the</strong> opposite side. Lee <strong>and</strong> Maham’s cavalry, with Marion’s <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir wake, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> meantime followed<br />
Coates’ trail <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Qu<strong>in</strong>by. Somewhere about a mile north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bridge, <strong>the</strong>y overtook <strong>the</strong> British<br />
rear guard <strong>and</strong> baggage under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Capt. Col<strong>in</strong> Campbell. When <strong>the</strong>y deployed aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
front <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong>ir flank, <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>experienced enemy prepared to receive <strong>the</strong>m. Yet when <strong>the</strong> order was given to<br />
fire, <strong>the</strong> recruits did not discharge <strong>the</strong>ir muskets, but <strong>in</strong>stead fell <strong>in</strong>to disorder; <strong>in</strong>timidated as <strong>the</strong>y were by <strong>the</strong><br />
presence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American cavalry. In a matter <strong>of</strong> moments, <strong>the</strong>y surrendered upon be<strong>in</strong>g summoned to do so.<br />
About 100 were taken prisoner, as well as <strong>the</strong> baggage.<br />
The American <strong>the</strong>n resumed <strong>the</strong>ir advance, <strong>and</strong> when Capt. James Armstrong <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion cavalry reached<br />
Qu<strong>in</strong>by Bridge he found that Coates’ ma<strong>in</strong> body had already crossed. Not certa<strong>in</strong> whe<strong>the</strong>r he should cont<strong>in</strong>ue<br />
over <strong>the</strong> bridge, which <strong>the</strong> British had already begun dismantl<strong>in</strong>g, Armstrong sent back to Lee ask<strong>in</strong>g whe<strong>the</strong>r he<br />
should attack, yet without mention<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> bridge stood as an obstacle to his do<strong>in</strong>g so. Lee, <strong>in</strong> a huff, replied<br />
by messenger that <strong>the</strong> orders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day were to attack all before <strong>the</strong>m. Armstrong with <strong>the</strong> first section <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Legion cavalry galloped over <strong>the</strong> bridge, with <strong>the</strong> second under Lieut. George Carr<strong>in</strong>gton follow<strong>in</strong>g beh<strong>in</strong>d, both<br />
knock<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loosened planks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bridge as <strong>the</strong>y did so. Coates had prepared his howitzer to<br />
receive <strong>the</strong>m, but so sudden <strong>and</strong> unexpected was <strong>the</strong> charge that <strong>the</strong> men mann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> gun, as well as <strong>the</strong> work<br />
party at <strong>the</strong> bridge, fled before <strong>the</strong>m. The rest <strong>of</strong> Coates men who were <strong>in</strong> a disorganized state along a<br />
restrict<strong>in</strong>g causeway, were for a while helpless to organize <strong>the</strong>mselves to face <strong>the</strong> attack, <strong>and</strong> many ran <strong>of</strong>f.<br />
Coates himself <strong>and</strong> a few <strong>of</strong> his <strong>of</strong>ficers (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Capt. Edward Lord Fitzgerald), separated from <strong>the</strong>ir men,<br />
took a position beh<strong>in</strong>d some wagons from where <strong>the</strong>y parried sabers with <strong>the</strong> Legion dragoons. The third section<br />
<strong>of</strong> Lee’s cavalry under Capt. Ferd<strong>in</strong><strong>and</strong> O’Neal halted at <strong>the</strong> bridge. Maham <strong>and</strong> his cavalry <strong>the</strong>n attempted to<br />
get over <strong>the</strong> now flimsy structure to support Armstrong <strong>and</strong> Carr<strong>in</strong>gton. Yet hav<strong>in</strong>g his horse shot out from under<br />
him, he <strong>and</strong> his men were checked from proceed<strong>in</strong>g. Capt. James McCauley <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> Marion’s <strong>in</strong>fantry,<br />
however, were able to cont<strong>in</strong>ue on <strong>and</strong> made it over to assist Armstrong’s isolated dragoons. Lee (now <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
up from <strong>the</strong> rear) <strong>and</strong> Maham tried to repair <strong>the</strong> bridge, but with little success. Coates’ men, meanwhile, began<br />
form<strong>in</strong>g up to counterattack. Armstrong, Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> McCauley, after some close quarters fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> which<br />
<strong>the</strong>y already lost at least two killed <strong>and</strong> a number wounded; see<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> risk <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g surrounded broke<br />
through <strong>the</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g British ranks <strong>and</strong> made <strong>the</strong>ir escape through some woods. 3401 Mov<strong>in</strong>g down <strong>and</strong> circl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
round <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> creek, <strong>the</strong>y f<strong>in</strong>ally rejo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> Lee <strong>and</strong> Marion’s cont<strong>in</strong>gents, <strong>and</strong> who were <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
to approach Coates from that quarter. “Lee frustrated <strong>in</strong> his attempt to repair <strong>the</strong> bridge adequately <strong>and</strong> give<br />
immediate support to Armstrong, etc. marched <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cavalry up Qu<strong>in</strong>by Creek where Francis<br />
Marion jo<strong>in</strong>ed him with his <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry.” While this was happen<strong>in</strong>g, Coates had his howitzer<br />
<strong>and</strong> his men withdrawn to Shubrick’s plantation nearby where <strong>the</strong>y fortified <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>and</strong> awaited <strong>the</strong><br />
American assault.<br />
Lee <strong>and</strong> Marion, hav<strong>in</strong>g forded <strong>the</strong> stream, moved up through <strong>the</strong> woods, <strong>and</strong> advanced to <strong>the</strong> edge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> open<br />
fields ly<strong>in</strong>g around <strong>the</strong> plantation. There <strong>the</strong>y halted <strong>and</strong> surveyed Coates’ position. The Shubrick home was a<br />
two story build<strong>in</strong>g situated on a ris<strong>in</strong>g ground, with numerous outbuild<strong>in</strong>gs mak<strong>in</strong>g it impregnable to cavalry <strong>and</strong><br />
very formidable to <strong>in</strong>fantry; Lee <strong>and</strong> Marion consequently decided to stay put. They <strong>the</strong>n paused <strong>and</strong> awaited<br />
Sumter, who came up about 3 p.m. Despite Lee <strong>and</strong> Marion’s objections, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> artillery would be a long<br />
time <strong>in</strong> arriv<strong>in</strong>g, Sumter decided to go ahead <strong>and</strong> attack without delay. At 4 p.m. <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g began, with<br />
Sumter hav<strong>in</strong>g deployed his men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> nearby slave build<strong>in</strong>gs while plac<strong>in</strong>g his cavalry <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>in</strong><br />
reserve. A steady ongo<strong>in</strong>g fire between Coates’ <strong>and</strong> Sumter’s men ensued without do<strong>in</strong>g significant harm to<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
Sumter <strong>the</strong>n ordered Col. Thomas Taylor with 45 men to take a strategically situated fence. Taylor’s men<br />
approach<strong>in</strong>g this came under heavy fire, <strong>and</strong> were driven back by a bayonet charge led by Capt. Scerett.<br />
Marion’s musket <strong>and</strong> riflemen rushed up to aid Taylor <strong>and</strong> took position at <strong>the</strong> fence <strong>the</strong>mselves; ly<strong>in</strong>g low on<br />
<strong>the</strong> ground for protection as <strong>the</strong>y fired. There <strong>the</strong>y rema<strong>in</strong>ed tak<strong>in</strong>g many casualties till f<strong>in</strong>ally hav<strong>in</strong>g run out <strong>of</strong><br />
ammunition <strong>the</strong>y were obliged to fall back. The battle hav<strong>in</strong>g run for about two or three hours, Sumter withdrew<br />
across Qu<strong>in</strong>by Bridge (by this time repaired) <strong>and</strong> camped some three miles from Shubrick’s, after leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
cavalry to collect <strong>the</strong> dead <strong>and</strong> wounded. S<strong>in</strong>gleton with <strong>the</strong> six-pounder <strong>and</strong> more ammunition hav<strong>in</strong>g arrived,<br />
Sumter <strong>in</strong>tended to resume <strong>the</strong> action on <strong>the</strong> morrow, but was met with unconcealed ire from his lieutenants;<br />
particularly Taylor who was very angry at hav<strong>in</strong>g his men needlessly exposed <strong>and</strong> made to suffer so many losses;<br />
with Marion’s men feel<strong>in</strong>g similarly. By <strong>the</strong> next day, all <strong>of</strong> he latter had gone home except for one <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong><br />
about 100 men. Lee, as well displeased with how th<strong>in</strong>gs were go<strong>in</strong>g, departed with his legion to rejo<strong>in</strong> Greene’s<br />
army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee. In consequence <strong>of</strong> all <strong>of</strong> which, Sumter decided aga<strong>in</strong>st restart<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
battle, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> next day retired over <strong>the</strong> Santee hav<strong>in</strong>g earlier secured boats for such a cross<strong>in</strong>g. Meanwhile,<br />
Col. Paston Gould arrived from Charlestown with 200 men (Boatner says 700) to support Coates, but by that time<br />
Sumter <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest were gone.<br />
Although <strong>the</strong> Dogs Days Expedition has been declared a failure, due to <strong>the</strong> escape <strong>of</strong> Coates <strong>and</strong> Fraser, <strong>the</strong> fact<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>s that though both sides’ losses <strong>in</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> wounded appear to have been about <strong>the</strong> same, <strong>the</strong> British as<br />
a result <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> expedition were dislodged from <strong>the</strong>ir posts as Dorchester <strong>and</strong> Monck’s Corner; <strong>the</strong> Americans took<br />
some 140 prisoners, <strong>the</strong> British none; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans captured around 200-300 horses, an ammunition wagon,<br />
3401 Joseph Johnson’s account <strong>of</strong> Qu<strong>in</strong>by Bridge (see JTR pp. 541-542), as reportedly taken from Thomas Taylor, is significantly<br />
different from John Marshall’s <strong>and</strong> Lee’s; which latter we use here. There, “Taylor” roundly censures Lee’s cavalry for not<br />
cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> bridge at all, <strong>and</strong> bestows credit for <strong>the</strong> advance ra<strong>the</strong>r on Marion’s mounted militia.<br />
572
plus some <strong>of</strong> Coates’ baggage, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g a paymaster’s chest <strong>of</strong> 720 gu<strong>in</strong>eas (taken along with Coates rear<br />
guard.) The money was afterward given out by Sumter to his men as payment, each man receiv<strong>in</strong>g a gu<strong>in</strong>ea.<br />
Marion’s men, however, not operat<strong>in</strong>g under Sumter’s law, did not receive any. 3402<br />
CASUALTIES<br />
AMERICAN<br />
Sumter, <strong>in</strong> a letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> 25 July wrote: “At <strong>the</strong> Quarter House on <strong>the</strong> 15 th Instt [Instant] We lost one man<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>fr Kild, at <strong>the</strong> Church on <strong>the</strong> 17 th one Wounded, at Shoebricks [Shubrick’s] <strong>the</strong> 18 th Twelve Kild [sic] &<br />
Twenty two wounded.” These numbers do not appear to have <strong>in</strong>cluded Marion’s losses. 3403<br />
On <strong>the</strong> 19 th , Marion reported his own losses to Greene as: “Lt Col [Alex<strong>and</strong>er] Sw<strong>in</strong>ton Maj [John] Baxter <strong>and</strong> ten<br />
men wounded <strong>and</strong> five killed; on <strong>the</strong> Left with Lt Col. Hugh Horry[,] one Captn Killed & three privates; woud<br />
[wounded] one Captn <strong>and</strong> five wounded.” Sw<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>and</strong> Baxter were so severely wounded that <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
subsequently <strong>com</strong>pelled to retire from <strong>the</strong> service. 3404<br />
BRITISH<br />
Sumter, <strong>in</strong> his letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> 25 July wrote: “The Loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy Certa<strong>in</strong>, is one <strong>of</strong>fr & 9 privates Kild<br />
[sic], one Capt, 8 Subs, 1 Conductor <strong>of</strong> Artiy [Artillery], 5 Sergts [sergants], 4 Master <strong>of</strong> Vessels, <strong>and</strong> 123 privates<br />
british [sic], <strong>and</strong> 8 Tories.<br />
This Exclusive <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir loss Kild [sic] at Shoebricks [Shubrick’s], Which undoubtedly was Very Considerable & by<br />
best accounts was upwards <strong>of</strong> 70 men Kild.” Yet, oddly, accord<strong>in</strong>g to his letters to Greene <strong>of</strong> 17 <strong>and</strong> 19 July,<br />
British casualties at Shubrick’s were not “considerable.” 3405<br />
CAPTURES<br />
On July 23rd, Greene wrote Gen, Sumner: “In our late movements towards Chs [Charles] Town we took 140<br />
Prisoners <strong>and</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> Wounded near 100 more, <strong>and</strong> destroyed a prodigious quantity <strong>of</strong> Baggage <strong>and</strong> Stores,<br />
<strong>and</strong> took upwards <strong>of</strong> 200 Horses. Our Militia fought valiantly, <strong>and</strong> we lost but few Men notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g.” 3406<br />
In a letter to Lafayette <strong>of</strong> July 24, he stated similarly: “There was taken <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> expedition about 140 prisoners<br />
<strong>and</strong> enemies loss <strong>in</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> wounded is thought to be little short [<strong>of</strong> 140] as <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g lasted upwards <strong>of</strong> two<br />
hours at not more than from forty to Eighty yards distance. We destroyed four vessel loads <strong>of</strong> Stores upwards <strong>of</strong><br />
70 hogsheads <strong>of</strong> rum <strong>and</strong> many o<strong>the</strong>r Stores. At bigg<strong>in</strong>s [sic] Church took 200 horses <strong>and</strong> several Waggons <strong>and</strong> one<br />
loaded with ammunition...Our loss <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> different attacks was...not more than 20 killed <strong>and</strong> about forty<br />
wounded, among which are several <strong>of</strong>ficers.” Among <strong>the</strong> stores Sumter captured was <strong>the</strong> pay chest <strong>of</strong> 720<br />
gu<strong>in</strong>eas; which Sumter had distributed among his own men (only.) Also Lee <strong>and</strong> his Legion received some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
money. 3407<br />
McCrady: “Allow<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> ord<strong>in</strong>ary deductions <strong>of</strong> details <strong>and</strong> sick, between 500 <strong>and</strong> 600 would probably be <strong>the</strong><br />
strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment under Coates. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side, Sumter, hav<strong>in</strong>g all his own brigade, with <strong>the</strong><br />
exception <strong>of</strong> Henry Hampton s regiment, <strong>and</strong> all <strong>of</strong> Marion’s, it would be supposed that he must have had more<br />
than that number. He appears to have had five regiments <strong>of</strong> his own, Mydelton’s [or Myddleton’s], Polk’s,<br />
Taylor’s, Lacey’s, <strong>and</strong> Wade Hampton’s, <strong>and</strong> Marion to have had four, Horry’s, Maham’s, Sw<strong>in</strong>ton’s, <strong>and</strong><br />
Baxter’s; but <strong>the</strong>se regiments, as <strong>the</strong>y were called, were not usually even good-sized <strong>com</strong>panies. If we take<br />
Colonel Taylor’s as <strong>the</strong> average, 45, he had little over 450 exclusive <strong>of</strong> Lee’s Legion, 150 strong. And, <strong>in</strong>deed, no<br />
doubt overestimat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British force, Sumter asserts that <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>fantry alone was superior to his whole force;<br />
<strong>and</strong> that he attacked <strong>the</strong>m with half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir number. From <strong>the</strong>se <strong>in</strong>sufficient data it is perhaps safe to conclude<br />
that <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight at Shubrick’s house <strong>the</strong>re was no great disparity <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> forces engaged. We may assume that, on<br />
<strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> this day, British <strong>and</strong> American forces numbered each about 600 or 700 men. The losses on <strong>the</strong><br />
American side fell upon Lee’s Legion, Maham’s regiment at <strong>the</strong> bridge, <strong>and</strong> upon Marion s <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> Taylor’s<br />
regiment at <strong>the</strong> house. Marion’s <strong>and</strong> Taylor’s men toge<strong>the</strong>r lost more than 50 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. 1 Two <strong>of</strong><br />
Lee’s Legion were killed at <strong>the</strong> bridge <strong>and</strong> several wounded. 2 The American loss was <strong>the</strong>refore probably at least<br />
60 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. Sumter, however, reported but 38 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. 3 In <strong>the</strong> account <strong>of</strong> this battle<br />
published <strong>in</strong> The Royal Gazette “by authority,” <strong>the</strong> British loss is admitted to have been 6 men killed, with an<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong> 38 wounded. No mention is made <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir rear guard, which numbered 100 men.<br />
“If <strong>the</strong>se figures are at all correct, it is a mistake to say, as does Johnson, that even after <strong>the</strong> departure <strong>of</strong> a<br />
part <strong>of</strong> his troops <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> retirement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion, Sumter still had a sufficient number to have held <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
<strong>in</strong> a state <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestment whilst he tried <strong>the</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> his artillery. Could he have <strong>in</strong>duced Coates to <strong>com</strong>e out <strong>and</strong><br />
3402 Note. These citations refer to <strong>the</strong> Dog Days Expedition <strong>in</strong> full <strong>and</strong> not merely <strong>the</strong> actions at Qu<strong>in</strong>by <strong>and</strong> Shubrick’s. NGP9 pp.<br />
13-17, 33, 47-48, 50-51, 62-62, 80-82, CNC15 p. 566, SCP6 p. 66, BLB pp. 80-86, Lee to Richard Henry Lee, 24 July, 1781 (found<br />
<strong>in</strong> Historical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, September 1865, vol. IX, no. 9, p. 283), RSC2 pp. 248-249, GHA4 pp. 96-98, AR81 p. 96, MLW4A pp. 534-<br />
535, MLW4 pp. 11-13, MMS2 pp. 289-291, LMS pp. 388-394, JLG2 pp. 167-177, LCC pp. 424-438, JFM pp. 52-53, JJA pp. 462-464,<br />
JTR pp. 541-542, MSC2 pp. 325-343, BGC pp. 196-200, LSY pp. 205-211, RBG pp. 190-191, BEA pp. 909-910.<br />
3403 NGP9 p. 80.<br />
3404 NGP9 pp. 47-48.<br />
3405 NGP9 pp. 80, 123n.<br />
3406 NGP9 p. 72.<br />
3407 In vol. 2, no. 4 <strong>of</strong> SCAR, one <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s account books is repr<strong>in</strong>ted. Among <strong>the</strong> ledger entries is one for July 27 th stat<strong>in</strong>g that<br />
he paid 67 gu<strong>in</strong>eas to “Lee’s Legion: 5 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> 77 men.” See also NGP9 p. 52.<br />
573
meet him <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field, he might well have counted upon a favorable result; but he was <strong>in</strong> no position for an<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestment.” 3408<br />
Lee, at <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee on 24 July, to Richard Henry Lee: “The full execution <strong>of</strong> this enterprise<br />
ensured to us all our wishes. The troops moved <strong>of</strong>f <strong>in</strong> high spirits, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy, was we have experienced,<br />
were totally <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> dark as to our <strong>in</strong>tentions...” 3409<br />
Lee (<strong>in</strong> his Memoirs): “[Capt. James] Armstrong <strong>of</strong> Lee’s cavalry, with <strong>the</strong> most far advanced <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American<br />
troops] See<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy with <strong>the</strong> bridge <strong>in</strong>terposed, which he knew to be contrary to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ant’s<br />
expectation’s, this gallant <strong>of</strong>ficer drew u, <strong>and</strong> sent back for orders -– never <strong>com</strong>municat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong><br />
bridge <strong>in</strong>tervened. Lee, send<strong>in</strong>g his adjutant to <strong>the</strong> capta<strong>in</strong>, warmly rem<strong>in</strong>ded him <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> order <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day, which<br />
was to fall upon <strong>the</strong> foe without respect to consequences. Stung with this answer, <strong>the</strong> brave Armstrong put spur<br />
to his horse at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> his section, <strong>and</strong> threw himself over <strong>the</strong> bridge upon <strong>the</strong> guard stationed <strong>the</strong>re with<br />
<strong>the</strong> howitzer. So sudden was this charge that he drove all before him –- <strong>the</strong> soldiers ab<strong>and</strong>on<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir piece.<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loose planks were dashed <strong>of</strong>f by Armstrong’s section, which form<strong>in</strong>g a chasm <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> bridge<br />
presented a dangerous obstacle. Never<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong> section [<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion cavalry], headed by Lieutenant<br />
[George] Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, took <strong>the</strong> leap <strong>and</strong> closed with Armstrong, <strong>the</strong>n engaged <strong>in</strong> a personal <strong>com</strong>bat with<br />
Lieutenant-Colonel Coates, who plac<strong>in</strong>g himself on <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> a wagon which with a few o<strong>the</strong>rs had kept up with<br />
<strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body, effectually parried <strong>the</strong> many saber strokes, aimed at his head. Most <strong>of</strong> his soldiers, appalled at<br />
<strong>the</strong> sudden <strong>and</strong> dar<strong>in</strong>g attack, had ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong>ir colonel, <strong>and</strong> were runn<strong>in</strong>g through <strong>the</strong> field, some with,<br />
some without arms, to take shelter <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> farm house.” 3410<br />
Stephen Jarvis: “By this time our piquet [sic] at <strong>the</strong> bridge lead<strong>in</strong>g to Charlestown were attacked, <strong>and</strong> I was<br />
ordered to direct Capta<strong>in</strong> Bell, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed, to retire, which he did with no o<strong>the</strong>r loss than one <strong>of</strong> his<br />
Officers slightly wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> arm, which he was very fond <strong>of</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a sl<strong>in</strong>g for a long time after. We<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed until night, when we burned our stores, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>menced our retreat through a bye road that <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy had no knowledge <strong>of</strong>. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night <strong>the</strong> Troops got separated, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> waggons which were heavily<br />
loaded broke down one after <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r. Capta<strong>in</strong> [Col<strong>in</strong>] Campbell, Paymaster <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 19 th Regiment, with <strong>the</strong><br />
Military chest fell <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> enemy’s h<strong>and</strong>s, with all <strong>the</strong> heavy baggage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Regiment. We proceeded on until<br />
daylight, when we took up a position at a plantation flanked by a navigable stream, over which <strong>the</strong>re was a<br />
bridge which we passed, <strong>and</strong> placed a piece <strong>of</strong> cannon to guard <strong>the</strong> bridge. The Cavalry had unbridled <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
horses at <strong>the</strong> plantation, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Infantry began to cook <strong>the</strong>ir breakfast. The enemy charged over <strong>the</strong> bridge <strong>and</strong><br />
cut <strong>the</strong> sentry at <strong>the</strong> cannon down, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n dashed <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> wood. The 19 th fell <strong>in</strong>, some without <strong>the</strong>ir coats;<br />
great confusion ensued, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y began to give ground. The Cavalry mounted <strong>and</strong> really forced <strong>the</strong>m to face <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy. Major Fraser <strong>the</strong>n had some consultation with General Coats [Lieut. Col. James Coates], took advantage<br />
<strong>of</strong> a high field <strong>of</strong> corn, <strong>and</strong> set <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> left <strong>the</strong> 19 th to <strong>the</strong>ir fate, <strong>and</strong> pushed for Charlestown, got a re<strong>in</strong>forcement<br />
[sic] <strong>and</strong> returned to look after <strong>the</strong> 19 th Regiment, who after we left <strong>the</strong>m General Coats drew up<br />
his men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> open field, <strong>and</strong> waited for <strong>the</strong> enemy, who came on <strong>and</strong> were repulsed several times, <strong>and</strong> at last<br />
retreated over <strong>the</strong> bridge, <strong>and</strong> sent a flag <strong>of</strong> truce for leave to bury <strong>the</strong>ir dead. Had <strong>the</strong> Cavalry been with <strong>the</strong><br />
General, on <strong>the</strong> retreat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, we might no doubt have made a glorious day <strong>of</strong> it, but so it was -- <strong>the</strong>y<br />
lost all <strong>the</strong>ir baggage, but had ga<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>ir credit, which <strong>in</strong> some measure <strong>the</strong>y had tarnished <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g. I<br />
had made up my m<strong>in</strong>d that <strong>the</strong>y would all have been taken prisoners.” See “Wadboo Bridge,” 16 July. 3411<br />
Joseph Johnson: “At <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Quimby [Qu<strong>in</strong>by] Bridge, near Shubrick’s house, where Sumter’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> was<br />
united to those <strong>of</strong> Lee <strong>and</strong> Marion, Colonel [Thomas] Taylor was engaged, <strong>and</strong> repeatedly made <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
statement: That his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> was <strong>the</strong> only portion <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s division engaged on that day, <strong>and</strong> this was<br />
confirmed by several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most respectable men <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> that division, who had been present on that<br />
occasion. That <strong>the</strong> British could not have ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> position held by <strong>the</strong>m, at <strong>the</strong> bridge <strong>and</strong> causeway, had<br />
Lee been not so fearful <strong>of</strong> los<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> his dragoons. If Maham, at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> Marion’s mounted men, had<br />
been <strong>the</strong>re when <strong>the</strong> British first engaged <strong>the</strong> Americans, <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> Lee <strong>and</strong> his Legion, Colonel Coates would<br />
not have been permitted to occupy that defile. The few <strong>in</strong>fantry who did cross <strong>the</strong> bridge, were hurried over it<br />
by Lee, with a promise <strong>of</strong> speedy support from his cavalry. This support was so tardy, that but for <strong>the</strong> gallant<br />
<strong>and</strong> impetuous charge <strong>of</strong> Colonel Maham <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> [James] McCaul[e]y, <strong>the</strong>y would have been poorly<br />
susta<strong>in</strong>ed by Armstrong <strong>and</strong> [George] Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>of</strong> Lee’s legion, whose men had failed to cross <strong>the</strong> bridge.<br />
Colonel Lee was at or near <strong>the</strong> bridge all <strong>the</strong> time, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> testimony <strong>of</strong> every Carol<strong>in</strong>ian who was present, on<br />
that occasion, has stamped his conduct as unmilitary <strong>and</strong> unfeel<strong>in</strong>g towards <strong>the</strong> State troops under his<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. Colonel Taylor’s division marched up through an open field to <strong>the</strong> fence, which <strong>the</strong> British had placed<br />
round Shubrick’s negro houses, to protect <strong>the</strong>mselves from Lee’s cavalry. The fire was tremendous from <strong>the</strong><br />
British but not effective. Colonel Taylor’s ammunition soon gave out; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British discover<strong>in</strong>g this from his<br />
slacken<strong>in</strong>g fire, rushed from <strong>the</strong> houses, threw down <strong>the</strong> fence <strong>and</strong> charged, with fixed bayonets on Taylor’s<br />
retreat<strong>in</strong>g division. At this crisis, a detachment <strong>of</strong> Marion’s brigade rushed to <strong>the</strong>ir rescue, <strong>and</strong> by a well<br />
directed fire checked <strong>the</strong> British advance, <strong>and</strong> drove <strong>the</strong>m back. Colonel Taylor’s men gave Marion’s a loud<br />
cheer, when <strong>the</strong>y were advanc<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> three times three, when <strong>the</strong>y saw <strong>the</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir gallantry.<br />
3408 MSC2 pp. 340-341.<br />
3409 Historical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, September 1865, vol. IX, no. 9, p. 283.<br />
3410 LMS p. 390.<br />
3411 JJA pp. 462-464.<br />
574
“Colonel Taylor wore, as most <strong>of</strong>ficers did, at that time, a pair <strong>of</strong> large pistols, tied to a belt, <strong>and</strong> generally<br />
stuck <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> belt, called slung pistols. In retreat<strong>in</strong>g, on this occasion, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pistols got out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> belt, <strong>and</strong><br />
struck on a nerve at <strong>the</strong> knee jo<strong>in</strong>t, giv<strong>in</strong>g him such acute pa<strong>in</strong> that he fell <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> high grass -- was unable to<br />
move for some time, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n very slowly…<br />
“On this occasion, Colonel Taylor lost some <strong>of</strong> his best men, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pla<strong>in</strong>ed loudly <strong>in</strong> person, both to Colonel<br />
Lee <strong>and</strong> General Sumter, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir not send<strong>in</strong>g him aid <strong>and</strong> ammunition, when <strong>the</strong>y both saw that he was <strong>in</strong> much<br />
want <strong>of</strong> support <strong>and</strong> relief.” 3412<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “The enemy had time to recover from <strong>the</strong>ir panic, <strong>and</strong> to post <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> Col.<br />
Shubrick’s house <strong>and</strong> out houses, which were near. After some delay, Sumter arrived <strong>and</strong> ordered an attack,<br />
which was led on by Marion, whose men, <strong>and</strong> a regiment <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s, under Col. Thomas Taylor, marched up <strong>in</strong><br />
open ground, with a view <strong>of</strong> ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a fence near <strong>the</strong> houses; <strong>and</strong> were exposed to a most gall<strong>in</strong>g fire, from<br />
riflemen aim<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong>m from beh<strong>in</strong>d cover. More than fifty were killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, generally <strong>of</strong> Marion’s<br />
men, who were most exposed. Capt. Perry <strong>and</strong> Lieut. June, <strong>of</strong> his brigade, were killed; <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. John<br />
Baxter, who was very conspicuous, from his gigantic size <strong>and</strong> full uniform, received five wounds; Major<br />
[Alex<strong>and</strong>er] Sw<strong>in</strong>ton was also severely wounded. A retreat was ordered. The attack was made aga<strong>in</strong>st Marion’s<br />
op<strong>in</strong>ion, who blamed Sumter afterwards for wast<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> lives <strong>of</strong> his men. But, with such a force, Sumter had not<br />
<strong>the</strong> disposition to be idle, <strong>and</strong> wanted only a field piece to have ensured success. Col. Coates had now <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> boats, <strong>and</strong> a wide river before him, <strong>and</strong> could easily have effected his retreat <strong>in</strong> that way to<br />
Charlestown; but Sumter did not attack him aga<strong>in</strong>; because, it was said, a re<strong>in</strong>forcement was <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to his<br />
assistance. After this, Gen. Marion retired to <strong>the</strong> Santee, <strong>and</strong> took post at Cordes’, <strong>and</strong> afterwards at Peyre’s<br />
plantation, near <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present Santee canal, where he reposed his men <strong>and</strong> horses, until about <strong>the</strong><br />
25 th <strong>of</strong> August.” 3413<br />
Letter from Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner, at Charlotte dated July 25 th , to Maj. Hogg: “[I] just received from genl<br />
green [sic] Major Rose [Alex<strong>and</strong>er Rose] is charged with a flag(?) <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> prisoners from <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rners(?), He is<br />
also to take forward those at Salisbury, which will ease you <strong>of</strong> a great deal <strong>of</strong> trouble, you will <strong>the</strong>refore not<br />
concern with <strong>the</strong>m, general green writes, <strong>in</strong> our late movements towards Charles Town we took about 140<br />
prisoners, <strong>and</strong> killed, <strong>and</strong> wounded, near 100, more, <strong>and</strong> destroyed a prodigious quantity <strong>of</strong> baggage <strong>and</strong> stores,<br />
<strong>and</strong> took upwards <strong>of</strong> 200 horses, our militia fought valiantly <strong>and</strong> we lost but few men notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g.” 3414<br />
Balfour, on 20 July, wrote Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “S<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> Sail<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>War</strong>wick no Opportunity has <strong>of</strong>fered <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>municat<strong>in</strong>g with Your Excellency, & I am now obliged to trust this to a private & unarmed Schooner, Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
Barclay with <strong>the</strong> Blonde, hav<strong>in</strong>g been for sometime on a Cruise, & no Ship <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong> <strong>in</strong> this Harbour…After this<br />
General Greene, with his Ma<strong>in</strong> body passed over, with <strong>the</strong> view <strong>of</strong> strik<strong>in</strong>g at Lord Rawdon, <strong>the</strong>n at Orangeburgh,<br />
or cutt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> 19 th Regiment, which was proceed<strong>in</strong>g under Lt. Colonel Stewart, to jo<strong>in</strong> him, but His Lordship’s<br />
Vigilance & Skill frustrat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se <strong>in</strong>tentions, On his be<strong>in</strong>g re<strong>in</strong>forced by <strong>the</strong> Corps under Lieut. Col.o Stewart,<br />
who ac<strong>com</strong>plished his Junction by a March <strong>of</strong> twenty Seven Miles <strong>in</strong> one Day, & <strong>the</strong> Troops under Lt. Col.o<br />
Cruger, General Greene found it necessary to fall back, with <strong>the</strong> greater part <strong>of</strong> his Infantry, over <strong>the</strong> Santee,<br />
he, however, Detached <strong>the</strong> Chief <strong>of</strong> his Cavalry, & some mounted Infantry, aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> post at Monk’s [Monck’s]<br />
Corner, where <strong>the</strong> 19 th regiment, & <strong>the</strong> Mounted Men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a rangers were stationed.<br />
“Before this place <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s under Colonels Lee, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, Marian [sic] <strong>and</strong> Sumpter, appeared <strong>in</strong> Force on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 14 th . Instant, & <strong>the</strong> next day a party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m came with<strong>in</strong> four Miles <strong>of</strong> this Town, Hav<strong>in</strong>g taken near<br />
Dorchester several Horses <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Quarter Master General’s Employment, & at <strong>the</strong> Quarter house some Dragoon<br />
ones [sic] belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Rangers, who were left <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, & unable to make <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
escape.<br />
“Lt. Colonel Coates f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g himself nearly surrounded by <strong>the</strong> Enemy, & that <strong>the</strong>ir Numbers were greatly superior<br />
to his, on <strong>the</strong> 16 th Instant destroyed <strong>the</strong> Posts & Stores at Monk’s [Monck’s] Corner, & retreated on <strong>the</strong> East side<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper, towards this, but <strong>in</strong> his March be<strong>in</strong>g closely pressed by <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Cavalry, which were<br />
numerous, was oblig’d to rel<strong>in</strong>quish his Baggage & Sick, which fell <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong>ir h<strong>and</strong>s. The 19 th regiment, however,<br />
repulsed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> H<strong>and</strong>somest manner, a Charge which was made on it, & <strong>com</strong>pell’d <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Cavalry to give<br />
way.<br />
“Thus circumstanced Colonel Coates put his regiment <strong>in</strong> a strong Position at Shubrick’s House, near Huggee’s<br />
Brige [Huger’s Bridge], & sent <strong>in</strong>formation to this place <strong>of</strong> is situation, from which <strong>the</strong> Enmey twice endeavored<br />
to force him, but were driven back with Loss.<br />
“On receiv<strong>in</strong>g this Intelligence Colonel Gould, with about Seven hundred Men, marched from hence to susta<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 19 th Regiment, <strong>and</strong> on his approach <strong>the</strong> Enemy retired, but as Lord Rawdon is <strong>com</strong>e down with a small part<br />
<strong>of</strong> his Corps (Col.o Stewart be<strong>in</strong>g left <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest) to Goose-Creek, I have some hopes he may be<br />
able to <strong>in</strong>tercept any Parties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, that may attempt to get <strong>of</strong>f that way.<br />
“At present it is impossible to Ascerta<strong>in</strong> our loss on this Occasion, tho’ I fear, it will prove ra<strong>the</strong>r considerable.<br />
These Events, <strong>the</strong> great force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy, especially <strong>of</strong> Cavalry, <strong>in</strong> which we are vastly Deficient, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
general Revolt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>ce, will, I conceive, even with <strong>the</strong> present force, much circumscribe any future<br />
Position we may take.<br />
“They will likewise, by throw<strong>in</strong>g on us a great weight <strong>of</strong> Unprovided for Militia & Refugees ad considerably <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se respects, to our expence both <strong>of</strong> Money & Provisions.<br />
3412 JTR pp. 541-542, <strong>and</strong> see LCC pp. 427-432.<br />
3413 JFM p. 53.<br />
3414 This letter is from a private collection <strong>and</strong> repr<strong>in</strong>ted here with permission <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> owner.<br />
575
“When a free <strong>com</strong>munication with Lord Rawdon is opened, I shall do myself <strong>the</strong> honor to <strong>in</strong>form his Lordship <strong>of</strong><br />
Your Excellency’s desire to receive from himself, an account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> late Action near Camden.” 3415<br />
17 July. Cornwallis with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army reached Portsmouth. 3416<br />
Cornwallis to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “I am glad to hear from Portsmouth that <strong>the</strong> expedition is almost ready to sail; <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
given General Leslie full powers relat<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> equipment <strong>of</strong> it, I hope it will be to your satisfaction. I have<br />
deta<strong>in</strong>ed six <strong>in</strong>fantry boats <strong>and</strong> four horse boats for <strong>the</strong> service here, <strong>and</strong> have directed all <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs to go, if<br />
<strong>the</strong>y can be carried. The twenty-third Light Company has done duty for some time past with <strong>the</strong> Legion, which is<br />
not yet returned from an excursion to <strong>the</strong> upper part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country; I have, <strong>the</strong>refore, <strong>in</strong> place <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> twentythird,<br />
sent <strong>the</strong> Light Company <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eightieth.<br />
“The enemy’s army hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>e so low down <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> we hav<strong>in</strong>g, by <strong>the</strong> destruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir craft,<br />
rendered it difficult for <strong>the</strong>m to pass James river below Tuckahoe, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper counties <strong>of</strong> this<br />
side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river be<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong>m, I thought it a good opportunity to endeavour to destroy <strong>the</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>es<br />
between James river <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dan that are dest<strong>in</strong>ed for <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir sou<strong>the</strong>rn army. I accord<strong>in</strong>gly detached<br />
Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton with <strong>the</strong> Legion cavalry, <strong>and</strong> someth<strong>in</strong>g upwards <strong>of</strong> one hundred mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry,<br />
on <strong>the</strong> 9 th <strong>in</strong>stant, from Cobham, with orders to call, among o<strong>the</strong>r places, at Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward <strong>and</strong> Bedford court<br />
houses, where I was <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>the</strong>ir pr<strong>in</strong>cipal military stores had been collected. This will be a fatigu<strong>in</strong>g<br />
expedition; but I shall be able to give <strong>the</strong>m rest upon <strong>the</strong>ir return, as I see little appearance <strong>of</strong> cavalry be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
much wanted <strong>in</strong> this quarter for some time to <strong>com</strong>e. In <strong>the</strong> mean time I shall rema<strong>in</strong> at, or near, this place till<br />
he <strong>com</strong>es back, which I hope will be <strong>in</strong> a few days. I have detached Lieutenant-colonel [Thomas] Dundas with<br />
part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eightieth, to destroy <strong>the</strong> shipp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> stores at South Quay; <strong>and</strong>, if possible, I shall send a<br />
detachment to Edenton for <strong>the</strong> same purpose, before I fall back to Portsmouth.<br />
“Colonel [Paston] Gould has not received my order for send<strong>in</strong>g two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> late-arrived regiments to New-York,<br />
<strong>the</strong> express vessel with my dispatches hav<strong>in</strong>g been taken by a rebel privateer. And as it appears by your<br />
Excellency’s dispatch to me <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 19 th <strong>of</strong> June, that you approve <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> three regiments rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a, I have notified this to Colonel Gould by <strong>the</strong> Amphitrite, which retook <strong>the</strong> express vessel, <strong>and</strong> called<br />
here two days ago, <strong>in</strong> her way to Charles-town.” 3417<br />
17 July. Lafayette’s <strong>in</strong>telligence reported Tarleton at Petersburg on this date. Also <strong>the</strong> latter’s men probably<br />
burned down Pr<strong>in</strong>ce George Court House about this time. See 24 July. 3418<br />
19 July. Lieut. Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, at “Simons Wateree,” S.C., wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g that his men were keep<strong>in</strong>g<br />
watch on Stewart at Orangeburgh, <strong>and</strong> had received a report, not yet confirmed, that <strong>the</strong> British had sent a<br />
large party towards Charlestown. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton also mentioned hav<strong>in</strong>g ordered a militia <strong>of</strong>ficer at Howell’s ferry to<br />
collect <strong>and</strong> scuttle all <strong>the</strong> flats <strong>and</strong> vessels <strong>in</strong> that area. 3419<br />
Mid July. [skirmish] Pursuit <strong>of</strong> Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham by Purdue (Abbeville County, S.C.) Subsequent to <strong>the</strong> evacuation <strong>of</strong><br />
N<strong>in</strong>ety Six, Lieut. Col. William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham <strong>and</strong> 40 mounted loyalists established a partisan base <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Blue<br />
Ridge Mounta<strong>in</strong>s. His force shortly grew to about 100; with which he <strong>the</strong>n raided <strong>the</strong> whig settlements between<br />
<strong>the</strong> Enoree <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Saluda. In one foray near Long Canes, however, he was defeated <strong>and</strong> chased by one <strong>of</strong><br />
Pickens’ <strong>of</strong>ficers, Maj. Fields Purdue. Despite this setback, he was soon able to re<strong>com</strong>mence his operations. 3420<br />
From his camp at Long Canes, Pickens wrote to Greene on <strong>the</strong> 19 th say<strong>in</strong>g he recently hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> strong parties <strong>of</strong><br />
“Indians <strong>and</strong> Tories” murder<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> frontier <strong>in</strong>habitants, <strong>and</strong> not th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g he could do much to engage Cruger,<br />
Pickens marched to <strong>the</strong> relief <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> frontier settlements. “The Enemy had been <strong>in</strong> & done some Damage but<br />
was gone. About seventy <strong>in</strong> one party Tories <strong>and</strong> Indians <strong>and</strong> one Hundred said to have been <strong>in</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r, however<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were under such Restrictions that <strong>the</strong>y murdered nei<strong>the</strong>r Women or Children. When I arriv’d I found <strong>the</strong><br />
settlements <strong>of</strong> Long Ca<strong>in</strong> [Long Cane] not so much Dammag’d by <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> Tories as I had Reason to Expect<br />
from Report. They burn’d but few houses <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country, <strong>the</strong> Tories plundered, but was much kep’t <strong>in</strong> by some<br />
Officers <strong>and</strong> men who Exerted <strong>the</strong>mselves for that purpose. I have order[e]d Colonels [LeRoy] Hammond &<br />
[Robert] Anderson to Review <strong>the</strong>ir respective regiments, <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>and</strong> arrange <strong>the</strong>m properly, <strong>and</strong> Raise one<br />
Hundred men <strong>in</strong> each Regiment, under good Officers to be on Constant Duty, for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> suppress<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Enemies <strong>of</strong> Every k<strong>in</strong>d, Detect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Regulat<strong>in</strong>g plunder<strong>in</strong>g parties <strong>of</strong> Every Denom<strong>in</strong>ation with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
respective Regiments <strong>and</strong> settlements Adjacent, <strong>the</strong> Rest to be Ready at a moments warn<strong>in</strong>g...The settlements<br />
are much allarm’d [sic] as a number <strong>of</strong> Tories have lately gone <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Indian Country, Majr [Fields] Purdue<br />
Comm<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> pursue<strong>in</strong>g [sic] party. Bill Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham & about forty men <strong>in</strong> one party which was pursued by our<br />
people, five kil’d & some Negroes <strong>and</strong> Horses retaken. Georgia is very peaceable only <strong>the</strong> Indians <strong>and</strong> Tories are<br />
Troublesome on <strong>the</strong> Frontiers, as on this side. I have heard Colonel [William] Henderson had Imbodied [sic] <strong>the</strong><br />
men beyond Saludy [Saluda], but have not heard particularly from him.” 3421<br />
19 July. Lieut. Col. Richard Campbell became <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia battalion; while Capt. Thomas<br />
Edmunds superceded him as head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regt. 3422<br />
3415 BLB pp. 80-86.<br />
3416 SQR p. 239, MLW4A pp. 436-440, CBA p. 604, JYC p. 53.<br />
3417 CAC pp. 142-145, SCP5 p. 137.<br />
3418 EPY p. 42.<br />
3419 NGP9 p. 43.<br />
3420 NGP9 p. 50n.<br />
3421 NGP9 pp. 49-50, LSC p. 17.<br />
3422 NGP9 p. 43.<br />
576
19 July. Col. Malmedy at Waxhaws wrote to Greene, apologiz<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> misunderst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g about arms at<br />
Charlotte <strong>and</strong> Salisbury. He said <strong>the</strong>re were 281 muskets <strong>in</strong> Salisbury <strong>and</strong> 227 at Oliphant’s Mill. Sumner had<br />
taken about 100 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se for his troops, <strong>and</strong> ordered that <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs be saved <strong>and</strong> repaired for <strong>the</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a Brigade. Malmedy daily expected a detachment <strong>of</strong> militia from Salisbury to help collect provisions <strong>and</strong><br />
prevent any disruptions. Earlier, <strong>the</strong> Waxhaws settlement had been proposed by Malmedy as a rendezvous po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
for <strong>the</strong> Salisbury militia, <strong>and</strong> as a supply collection site for <strong>the</strong> N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. See 10 July. 3423<br />
20 July. Lafayette, at “Malvan (Malvern) Hill,” to Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “General Wa<strong>in</strong>e’s [Anthony Wayne’s]<br />
Pennsylvanians never exceeded about 700 -- fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> desertion have much reduced <strong>the</strong>m. I have sent <strong>the</strong>m<br />
to Goode’s Bridge upon Appamatox. The three Pennsylvania battalions have been reduced to two -- about 250<br />
each fit for duty. To this I have added 300 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia New levies -- General [Daniel] Morgan <strong>and</strong> 500 riflemen <strong>and</strong><br />
some dragoons is also at Goode’s Bridge to support Wa<strong>in</strong>e. But <strong>the</strong> moment <strong>the</strong> embarkation sails Morgan will<br />
return <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs proceed to Carol<strong>in</strong>a. I have obta<strong>in</strong>ed from <strong>the</strong> executive that 2000 militia be ordered to Boyd’s<br />
Ferry upon Dan River. This force will give General Greene a decided superiority. I am determ<strong>in</strong>ed to re<strong>in</strong>force<br />
him at my own risks -- it is important for <strong>the</strong> treaty that Carol<strong>in</strong>a be reconquered.” 3424<br />
20 July. Lafayette, at Malvern Hill, to Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “A correspondent <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>e servant to Lord Cornwallis<br />
[James Armistead] 3425 writes on <strong>the</strong> 26 th July at Portsmouth, <strong>and</strong> says his master, Tarleton, <strong>and</strong> Simcoe are still<br />
<strong>in</strong> town but expect to move. The greatest part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army is embarked. There is <strong>in</strong> Hampton Road [Hampton<br />
Roads] one 50 guns ship, <strong>and</strong> two six <strong>and</strong> thirty guns frigats [sic] etc. 18 sloops loaded with horses. There rema<strong>in</strong><br />
but n<strong>in</strong>e vessels <strong>in</strong> Portsmouth who appear to be gett<strong>in</strong>g ready.” 3426<br />
20 July. Lafayette, with about 2,200, was camped at Malvern Hill, about halfway between Richmond <strong>and</strong><br />
Williamsburg. 3427<br />
20 July. Just as he was embark<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> regiments Cl<strong>in</strong>ton previously requested for <strong>the</strong> defense <strong>of</strong> New York,<br />
Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong> Portsmouth, on this date received a dispatch from <strong>the</strong> former (written July 11 th ) counterm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
those earlier directives; Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s reason for <strong>the</strong> change was <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> 2,500-3,000 Hessian re<strong>in</strong>forcements<br />
received on 11 July at New York. As well, Cornwallis was ordered to fortify Old Po<strong>in</strong>t Comfort at Hampton Roads,<br />
for purposes <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>menc<strong>in</strong>g a naval station <strong>the</strong>re. Cornwallis’ eng<strong>in</strong>eers, none<strong>the</strong>less, deemed Hampton Roads<br />
not suitable; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Earl chose <strong>in</strong>stead to use Yorktown as <strong>the</strong> place for <strong>the</strong> naval station. <strong>War</strong>d says his<br />
lordship at this time had rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Suffolk, but had moved <strong>the</strong> 3,000 requested by Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Portsmouth when<br />
<strong>the</strong> new <strong>in</strong>structions arrived. 3428<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Cornwallis, dated July 11 th : “I have received your lordship’s letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 30 th <strong>of</strong> June, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> admiral<br />
has dispatched a frigate with his <strong>and</strong> my op<strong>in</strong>ions <strong>in</strong> answer to it. I cannot be more explicit by this opportunity<br />
than to desire, that, if you have not already passed <strong>the</strong> James river, you will cont<strong>in</strong>ue on <strong>the</strong> Williamsburgh neck<br />
until she arrives with my dispatches by Capta<strong>in</strong> Stapleton. If you have passed, <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d it expedient to recover<br />
that station, you will please to do it, <strong>and</strong> keep possession until you hear from me. Whatever troops may have<br />
been embarked by you for this place, are likewise to rema<strong>in</strong> until far<strong>the</strong>r orders; <strong>and</strong> if <strong>the</strong>y should have been<br />
sailed, <strong>and</strong> with<strong>in</strong> your call, you will be pleased to stop <strong>the</strong>m. It is <strong>the</strong> admiral’s <strong>and</strong> my wish, at all events, to<br />
hold Old-po<strong>in</strong>t Comfort, which secures Hampton road [Hampton Roads].” 3429<br />
20 July, William L<strong>of</strong>t<strong>in</strong>, at a site <strong>in</strong> eastern N.C. unknown, to Sumner: “After my best respects to you Do <strong>in</strong>form<br />
you that <strong>the</strong> Tories is embodied on Deep River <strong>and</strong> do<strong>in</strong>g very much mischief. [David] Fann<strong>in</strong>g is <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
Comm<strong>and</strong>er who is about 400 strong. Col. [Andrew] Balfour marched aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>m on Wednesday last with 75<br />
men, but f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir number superior to his was obliged to retreat without attachment. We are rais<strong>in</strong>g our men<br />
fast as posable both <strong>in</strong> this County <strong>and</strong> R<strong>and</strong>olph But arms <strong>and</strong> ammunition is very scarce, especially lead. Capt.<br />
Hill <strong>and</strong> Capt. Williams came to my house last night from Col. [Andrew] Balfour[’]s Camp who says <strong>the</strong>y marched<br />
with<strong>in</strong> half a mile <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tory Camp & by <strong>the</strong> best accounts <strong>the</strong>y can ga<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y are at least 400 strong. On<br />
Tuesday last <strong>the</strong> Tory capta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Chatham called a general muster & ordered every man out to jo<strong>in</strong> Fann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
without delay, & <strong>the</strong> Tories from <strong>the</strong> several counties are march<strong>in</strong>g to him very fast. They are distress<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
people very much near where <strong>the</strong>y lay. So that <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>in</strong> those parts will without immediate assistance<br />
be obliged to remove or fall <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> vill<strong>in</strong>s. We hope Sir that your Honour will take it to<br />
3423 NGP9 p. 47.<br />
3424 LLW pp. 208-209.<br />
3425 James Armistead, (c.1759-1830) was <strong>the</strong> slave <strong>of</strong> William Armistead <strong>of</strong> New Kent County. With his master’s permission, he<br />
attempted to get a position as Lafayette’s servant, when <strong>the</strong> latter was <strong>in</strong> Annapolis. Lafayette, however, came up with <strong>the</strong> idea<br />
<strong>of</strong> us<strong>in</strong>g him as a spy. Armistead was ultimately able to <strong>in</strong>filtrate Cornwallis’ household <strong>and</strong> became one <strong>of</strong> his servants, <strong>in</strong> which<br />
position he subsequently obta<strong>in</strong>ed much valuable <strong>in</strong>formation for <strong>the</strong> Americans.<br />
3426 LLW p. 213.<br />
3427 JYC p. 68.<br />
3428 MLW4A p. 466, CBA p. 610, WAR2 p. 878.<br />
3429 The first <strong>of</strong> two letters from Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Cornwallis on this date. Cornwallis rejected Portsmouth as be<strong>in</strong>g too s<strong>and</strong>y for<br />
defensive works, <strong>the</strong>ir upkeep requir<strong>in</strong>g 400 men every day. Wickwire states that Old Comfort (Hampton Road) was ultimately<br />
rejected (<strong>and</strong> York <strong>and</strong> Gloucester chosen by Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> its place) because it was deemed unsuitable for creat<strong>in</strong>g port<br />
defenses which would protect both <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>and</strong> vessels. Soil would have had to be transported over great distances to<br />
correct <strong>the</strong> problem. Although <strong>the</strong> British Naval capta<strong>in</strong>s present unanimously disapproved it as a naval station, Wickwire fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
po<strong>in</strong>ts out that Old Po<strong>in</strong>t Comfort would have given <strong>the</strong> navy much room to maneuver, <strong>and</strong> army posted <strong>the</strong>re could have<br />
escaped or been re<strong>in</strong>forced by water <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> from several directions. SCP5 p. 139, WCO pp. 327-328, 358-359.<br />
577
consideration & send us assistance as soon as possible. If you can send us 200 men I th<strong>in</strong>k we shall be able <strong>the</strong>n<br />
to attack <strong>the</strong>m. You may send your men to R<strong>and</strong>olph Court House which is <strong>the</strong> place we shall ga<strong>the</strong>r at. Pray Sir<br />
if possible furnish us with some lead.” 3430<br />
20 July. Maj. Absalom Tatom [Tatum?], at Hillsborough, to Gov. Thomas Burke: “This day I received certa<strong>in</strong><br />
Intelligence that on Tuesday last <strong>the</strong> Tories under <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Fann<strong>in</strong>g had taken Colo. Ramsey, toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
with about 40 o<strong>the</strong>rs, chiefly Officers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chatham Militia, who were assembled at <strong>the</strong> Court House to hold a<br />
Court Martial. This <strong>in</strong>formation came by a Note from Capt. Cage to General Butler, request<strong>in</strong>g his assistance to<br />
relieve <strong>the</strong> Prisoners, which note I sent to Colo. [Thomas] Taylor [<strong>of</strong> N.C.], who has set out with a few men <strong>in</strong><br />
order to Jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chatham Militia.<br />
“Capt. Douglas this moment arrived <strong>in</strong> Town who says that Fann<strong>in</strong>g had about 100 men, that <strong>the</strong>y marched with<br />
<strong>the</strong> prisoners <strong>in</strong> order to carry <strong>the</strong>m to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, but it is generally believed <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong>tend to carry <strong>the</strong>m to <strong>the</strong><br />
Raft Swamp <strong>and</strong> deliver <strong>the</strong>m to McNeal. That on Wednesday morn<strong>in</strong>g about 140 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chatham Militia were<br />
Collected, <strong>and</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ed to relieve <strong>the</strong> prisoners if possible. Inclosed you have a return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ammunition at<br />
this Port.” 3431<br />
21 July (or very close to this date.) W<strong>in</strong>yah Bar, also “Capta<strong>in</strong> Mansen, privateer schooner Peggy vs. unknown<br />
British (or allied) cdr, sloop chased ashore” (Georgetown County, S.C.)<br />
See http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/w<strong>in</strong>yah-bar.htm<br />
21 July. Greene, at High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee, wrote to Sumter that he wanted Gen. Marion to take position at<br />
Nelson’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Santee, <strong>and</strong> Sumter Friday’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Congaree; with both be<strong>in</strong>g directed to take<br />
charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boats at those respective locations. At <strong>the</strong> time, Sumter had transferred his troops to Nelson’s<br />
Ferry on July 20, <strong>and</strong> reported that most <strong>of</strong> Marion’s men had gone home. He did not relocate to Friday’s Ferry<br />
until July 27, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n only after one <strong>of</strong> Greene’s aides re-sent <strong>the</strong> order. His brigade at this time consisted <strong>of</strong><br />
mounted regiments under Col. Henry Hampton, <strong>and</strong> Col. William Henderson, <strong>and</strong> Col. Charles Myddleton.<br />
Myddleton’s detachment alone numbered 280. 3432<br />
21 July. Cornwallis received <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g letter from Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, dated July 8 th : “By your Lordship’s answer to my<br />
letters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 11 th <strong>and</strong> 15 th ultimo, (which are <strong>the</strong> only ones you acknowledge <strong>the</strong> receipt <strong>of</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> which I made<br />
a requisition for some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> corps serv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak[e], if you could spare <strong>the</strong>m,) I am to underst<strong>and</strong><br />
that your Lordship does not th<strong>in</strong>k, that with <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der (which would have amounted to at least four<br />
thous<strong>and</strong>, suppos<strong>in</strong>g even that you sent me three thous<strong>and</strong>,) you could ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> posts I had proposed to be<br />
occupied at York-town, &c. so necessary <strong>in</strong> every respect to cover our fleet, <strong>and</strong> give us entire <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> over<br />
<strong>the</strong> entrance <strong>of</strong> that bay. I <strong>the</strong>refore th<strong>in</strong>k proper to mention to your Lordship, that whatever my ideas may<br />
have been <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> force sufficient to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> that station, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> correspond<strong>in</strong>g one on <strong>the</strong> Gloucester side,<br />
your Lordship was left <strong>the</strong> sole judge <strong>of</strong> that sufficiency to <strong>the</strong> whole amount <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> corps under your immediate<br />
orders <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; nor did I mean to draw a s<strong>in</strong>gle man from you until you had provided for a respectable<br />
defensive, <strong>and</strong> reta<strong>in</strong>ed a small corps for desultory water expeditions; for my requisition was made after <strong>the</strong><br />
receipt <strong>of</strong> your Lordship’s letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 26 th <strong>of</strong> May; from which I apprehend that you had no immediate<br />
operation <strong>of</strong> your own to propose, <strong>and</strong> did not th<strong>in</strong>k it expedient to adopt <strong>the</strong> one I had re<strong>com</strong>mended to<br />
General Phillips. But I confess I could not conceive you would require above four thous<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a station where<strong>in</strong><br />
General Arnold had represented to me (upon report <strong>of</strong> Colonel Simcoe) that two thous<strong>and</strong> men would be amply<br />
sufficient; <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g strongly impressed with <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> our hold<strong>in</strong>g a naval station for large ships as well<br />
as small, <strong>and</strong> judg<strong>in</strong>g that York-town was <strong>of</strong> importance for secur<strong>in</strong>g such a one, I cannot but be concerned that<br />
your Lordship should so suddenly lose sight <strong>of</strong> it, pass James-river, <strong>and</strong> retire with your army to <strong>the</strong> sickly post <strong>of</strong><br />
Portsmouth, where your horses will, I fear, be starved, <strong>and</strong> a hundred o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>conveniences will attend you: <strong>and</strong><br />
this, my Lord, as you are pleased to say, because you were <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion that it exceeded your power, consistent<br />
with my plans, to make safe defensive posts <strong>the</strong>re <strong>and</strong> at Gloucester. My plans, my Lord, were to draw from<br />
Chesapeak, as well for <strong>the</strong> sake <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir health, as for a necessary defensive <strong>in</strong> this important post, such troops<br />
as your Lordship could spare from a respectable defensive <strong>of</strong> York, Gloucester, or such o<strong>the</strong>r station as was<br />
proper to cover l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> battle ships, <strong>and</strong> all <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r services I had re<strong>com</strong>mended; but I could not possibly mean<br />
that your Lordship should, for this, give up <strong>the</strong> hold <strong>of</strong> a station so important for <strong>the</strong> purposes I designed, <strong>and</strong><br />
which I th<strong>in</strong>k La Fayette will immediately seize <strong>and</strong> fortify <strong>the</strong> moment he hears you have repassed James-river;<br />
for though I am to suppose <strong>the</strong> enemy will be as little able to defend it with five thous<strong>and</strong> as your Lordship<br />
judges yourself to be, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> course may be for <strong>the</strong> same reasons dispossessed, I should be sorry to beg<strong>in</strong> with a<br />
siege <strong>the</strong> operations I am determ<strong>in</strong>ed to carry on <strong>in</strong> Chesapeak whenever <strong>the</strong> season will admit <strong>of</strong> it; I will<br />
<strong>the</strong>refore consult Rear-admiral Graves on this subject, <strong>and</strong> let your Lordship have our jo<strong>in</strong>t op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>in</strong><br />
consequence.<br />
“With regard to Portsmouth, your Lordship will have seen by my former letters <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> papers <strong>in</strong> your<br />
possession, that when I sent General Leslie to <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak, I only wished for a station to cover our cruis<strong>in</strong>g<br />
frigates <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r small ships; that General <strong>of</strong>ficer thought proper to make choice <strong>of</strong> Portsmouth, <strong>and</strong> had, I<br />
doubt not, good reasons for so do<strong>in</strong>g. But it has ever been my op<strong>in</strong>ion that if a better could be found, especially<br />
for cover<strong>in</strong>g l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> battle ships, it ought to have <strong>the</strong> preference; <strong>and</strong> I th<strong>in</strong>k, if Old Po<strong>in</strong>t Comfort will secure<br />
Hampton-Road, that is <strong>the</strong> station we ought to choose; for if Elizabeth-River is at all kept, a small post for about<br />
3430 CNC15 p. 555.<br />
3431 CNC15 pp. 557-558.<br />
3432 NGP9 p. 56.<br />
578
three hundred men at Mill-Po<strong>in</strong>t, would be my op<strong>in</strong>ion answer. But as to quitt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak entirely, I<br />
cannot enterta<strong>in</strong> a thought <strong>of</strong> such a measure, but shall most probably on <strong>the</strong> contrary send <strong>the</strong>re, as soon as<br />
<strong>the</strong> season returns for act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> that climate, all <strong>the</strong> troops which can possibly be spared from <strong>the</strong> different<br />
posts under my <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. I <strong>the</strong>refore flatter myself, that even although your Lordship may have quitted York<br />
<strong>and</strong> detached troops to me, that you will have a sufficiency to re-occupy it, or that you will at least hold Old<br />
Po<strong>in</strong>t Comfort, if it is possible to do it without York.” 3433<br />
The same day, Cornwallis also received a second missive from Cl<strong>in</strong>ton dated <strong>the</strong> 11 th : “I am just returned from<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g a conference with Rear-admiral [Thomas] Graves, <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> your Lordship’s letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 30 th<br />
ultimo, <strong>and</strong> we are both clearly <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion that it is absolutely necessary we should hold a station <strong>in</strong><br />
Chesapeak[e] for ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, as well as frigates; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Admiral seems to th<strong>in</strong>k that should <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
possess <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong> Old Po<strong>in</strong>t Comfort, Elizabeth River would no longer be <strong>of</strong> any use to us as a station for <strong>the</strong><br />
frigates, <strong>the</strong>refore judges that Hampton-road is <strong>the</strong> fittest station for all ships, <strong>in</strong> which your Lordship will see<br />
by <strong>the</strong> papers <strong>in</strong> your possession, I likewise agree with him. It was moreover my op<strong>in</strong>ion that <strong>the</strong> possession <strong>of</strong><br />
York-town, even though we did not possess Gloucester, might give security to <strong>the</strong> works we might have at Old<br />
Po<strong>in</strong>t Comfort, which I underst<strong>and</strong> secures Hampton-road.<br />
“I had flattered myself that after giv<strong>in</strong>g me as nearly three thous<strong>and</strong> men as you could spare, your Lordship<br />
might have had a sufficiency not only to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, but to spare for desultory expeditions; for I had no<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r plans <strong>in</strong> view than to draw for <strong>the</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> this post, <strong>and</strong> operation <strong>in</strong> its neighbourhood, such troops as<br />
could be spared from your army, after leav<strong>in</strong>g an ample defensive to such stations as your Lordship might judge<br />
proper to occupy; <strong>and</strong> a small mov<strong>in</strong>g corps for desultory water expeditions dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> summer months, <strong>in</strong> which<br />
no o<strong>the</strong>r might be proper <strong>in</strong> that unhealthy climate. But as your Lordship seems to th<strong>in</strong>k that you can <strong>in</strong> no<br />
degree <strong>com</strong>ply with my requisition for troops, <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> same time establish a post capable <strong>of</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g protection<br />
to ships <strong>of</strong> war, <strong>and</strong> it is probable, from what you write me, that you may have repassed [sic] James-river <strong>and</strong><br />
retired to Portsmouth; I beg leave to request that you will without loss <strong>of</strong> time exam<strong>in</strong>e Old Po<strong>in</strong>t Comfort, <strong>and</strong><br />
fortify it; deta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g such troops as you may th<strong>in</strong>k necessary for that purpose, <strong>and</strong> garrison<strong>in</strong>g it afterwards. But if<br />
it should be your Lordship’s op<strong>in</strong>ion that Old Po<strong>in</strong>t Comfort cannot be held without hav<strong>in</strong>g possession <strong>of</strong> York, for<br />
<strong>in</strong> this case Gloucester may perhaps be not so material, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> whole cannot be done with less than seven<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> men, you are at full liberty to deta<strong>in</strong> all <strong>the</strong> troops now <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak, which I believe amount to<br />
somewhat more than that number: which very liberal concession will, I am persuaded, conv<strong>in</strong>ce your Lordship <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> high estimation <strong>in</strong> which I hold a naval station <strong>in</strong> Chesapeak, especially when you consider that my whole<br />
force <strong>in</strong> this very extensive <strong>and</strong> important post, is not quite eleven thous<strong>and</strong> effectives; <strong>and</strong> how far I may be<br />
justified <strong>in</strong> leav<strong>in</strong>g it to so reduced a garrison, time will show.” 3434<br />
22 July. Lieut. Col. Hardy Murfree 3435 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia, at “Hertford County, Murfree’s L<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g,” N.C., to<br />
Sumner: “A party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy came from Suffolk to South Key, 16 th Instant destroyed <strong>the</strong> ware houses, Rum,<br />
tobacco, &c., at that place, <strong>the</strong> day next marched to W<strong>in</strong>eoak & Manny’s ferry, which is with<strong>in</strong> 12 miles <strong>of</strong> this<br />
place, Burnt Mr. Manney’s dwell<strong>in</strong>g house, with upwards 100 Blls. Sugar, a large quantity Rum, Rigg<strong>in</strong>g, C<strong>of</strong>fee,<br />
&c. They also destroyed a large quantity Rum, Sugar, C<strong>of</strong>fee, W<strong>in</strong>e, &c., at W<strong>in</strong>e-Oak, took all <strong>the</strong> horses,<br />
plundered <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>in</strong> a most cruel manner. They were expected at <strong>the</strong> Pitch L<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, which is four miles<br />
above this & a place <strong>of</strong> considerable trade. I turned out <strong>and</strong> raised between 60 & 70 men & took post at<br />
Sk<strong>in</strong>ner’s Bridge on Meher<strong>in</strong> River, an advantageous post, which is generally supposed prevented <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
this far. The 19 th <strong>the</strong>y retreated towards Suffolk. There has a number <strong>of</strong> Tories jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Enemy <strong>in</strong> Nansemond<br />
County near South Key, <strong>and</strong> is embodied <strong>in</strong> that neighbourhood, which is only 18 or 20 miles from this place. I<br />
should be much oblige to you, if I am not greatly wanted <strong>in</strong> Camp, to let me stay <strong>in</strong> this part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country<br />
while <strong>the</strong> enemy cont<strong>in</strong>ues so near. As we have no army near us <strong>and</strong> liable to be plundered, &c., by those Tories<br />
who has done more mischief than <strong>the</strong> British Army.<br />
“I have <strong>and</strong> can raise <strong>in</strong> a few hours, 70 or 80 men <strong>in</strong> this part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country. Please to favour me with a l<strong>in</strong>e as<br />
soon as convenient.<br />
“Col. Lamb is on his way to jo<strong>in</strong> you with a party <strong>of</strong> Troops from this district, who can <strong>in</strong>form you <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> success<br />
<strong>of</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> drafts, &c.<br />
“All <strong>the</strong> stores was not sent from this neighbourhood when we expected <strong>the</strong> enemy among us. I put a part <strong>of</strong> it<br />
on board <strong>of</strong> a vessel, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der I secured as well as I could. Among <strong>the</strong> articles impressed, <strong>the</strong>re was a<br />
few pss. <strong>of</strong> light canvass & 1 pss. Rushe Drill. If you want it, it is very good for Breeches <strong>and</strong> Overalls. I will keep<br />
two or three ps. [pairs] <strong>and</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g out with me, as I make no doubt but <strong>the</strong> Officers are <strong>in</strong> want. Lord Cornwallis<br />
is at Jericho, a few miles below Suffolk. He has burnt all <strong>the</strong> vessels <strong>in</strong> that part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country. I am <strong>in</strong>formed<br />
by good authority that 2,000 men had embarked from his army for New York. I am told <strong>the</strong> Marquis is on <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r side <strong>of</strong> James River, <strong>and</strong> that General [Anthony] Wayne has <strong>com</strong>e over on this side, six days ago, with<br />
upwards <strong>of</strong> 1,000 men.<br />
“I saw Capt. Edwd. Webb, a gentleman that is to be depended on, yesterday, directly from Boston, Informs me<br />
that he overtook <strong>in</strong> Hertford town <strong>in</strong> Connecticut five Thous<strong>and</strong> French troops with a number <strong>of</strong> large cannons,<br />
3433 CAC pp. 162-165, SCP5 p. 140.<br />
3434 CAC pp. 167-169, SCP5 p. 142.<br />
3435 Hardy Murfree (1752-1809), like a number <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r N.C. militia <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> note, was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army (<strong>in</strong> his case with<br />
<strong>the</strong> rank <strong>of</strong> Major) <strong>and</strong> had earlier served with Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s army; <strong>in</strong>deed had played a prom<strong>in</strong>ent part <strong>in</strong> Anthony Wayne’s<br />
famous storm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Stony Po<strong>in</strong>t (N.Y.), July 16, 1779. As well, he founded <strong>the</strong> town <strong>of</strong> Murfreesboro, N.C. <strong>and</strong> for which he is<br />
named. For more, see SNC pp. 268, 393, 436, WAR2 pp. 599-602.<br />
579
some 42-pounders, on <strong>the</strong>ir way to jo<strong>in</strong> His Excellency, Genl. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, at <strong>the</strong> white pla<strong>in</strong>s [White Pla<strong>in</strong>s,<br />
N.Y.].” 3436<br />
23 July. Cornwallis, at Portsmouth, VA., to Rawdon: “I dare not be so sangu<strong>in</strong>e as to hope that you can or ought<br />
to stay <strong>in</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>a. I have not time to expla<strong>in</strong> to you my situation. Suffice it to say that <strong>the</strong> C. [<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong><br />
chief] is determ<strong>in</strong>ed to throw all blame on me, <strong>and</strong> to disapprove <strong>of</strong> all I have done, <strong>and</strong> that noth<strong>in</strong>g but <strong>the</strong><br />
consciousness that my go<strong>in</strong>g home <strong>in</strong> apparent disgust, would essentially hurt our affairs <strong>in</strong> this country could<br />
possibly <strong>in</strong>duce me to rema<strong>in</strong>. I <strong>of</strong>fered to return to Carol<strong>in</strong>a, but it was not approved <strong>of</strong>, <strong>and</strong> it became<br />
absolutely necessary to send Leslie, lest <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> should have devolved on Gould.” 3437<br />
23 July. Col. Edward Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, wrote Sumner a letter <strong>in</strong> which he listed <strong>the</strong> names <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong> charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> supply depots at Oliphant’s Mill -– Maj. James Wallace, Charlotte -– Mr. William<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er (<strong>and</strong> with whom was present Col. John Gunby till 28 July), <strong>and</strong> Salisbury -– Capt. Gamble. 3438<br />
24 July. Marion, at St. Stephen’s, reported to Greene that he had been hav<strong>in</strong>g difficulty gett<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> militia to<br />
stay <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field longer than one month. His troops were much reduced <strong>in</strong> number, but he anticipated<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forcements, <strong>and</strong> hoped <strong>in</strong> two days to have half <strong>of</strong> his brigade <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field. Most <strong>of</strong> his men, Marion said,<br />
were entirely without ammunition. 3439<br />
24 July (<strong>and</strong> days immediately lead<strong>in</strong>g up to). After cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rivers Nottoway <strong>and</strong> Blackwater, Tarleton <strong>and</strong><br />
his detachment met up at Suffolk with a raid<strong>in</strong>g detachment from South Quay; sent by Cornwallis. The two<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>n reached <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army by <strong>the</strong> 24 th . 3440<br />
25 July (also possibly 24 July). [skirmish] Orangeburgh (Orangeburg County, S.C.) Greene writ<strong>in</strong>g on August 2<br />
<strong>in</strong>formed Gov. Thomas Burke <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a that “a few Days ago,” Capt. [John] Watts <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s<br />
dragoons met up with 20 <strong>of</strong> “<strong>the</strong> enemy,” some distance from Orangeburgh <strong>and</strong> charged <strong>the</strong>m, killed two,<br />
“wounded some <strong>and</strong> brought <strong>of</strong>f six, with a force exactly equal with his antagonist.” 3441<br />
Haller (William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s biographer):”In two engagements before return<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army, [William]<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry captured 50 prisoners <strong>and</strong> disrupted most British <strong>and</strong> Tory <strong>com</strong>munications around<br />
Charleston. One <strong>of</strong> his raids took him along <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cooper Rover, <strong>and</strong> his cavalry <strong>and</strong> Kirkwood’s<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry frustrated a British foray out <strong>of</strong> Orangeburg towards McCord’s Ferry [near Thompson’s Plantation] on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Congaree River by mov<strong>in</strong>g all boats to <strong>the</strong> opposite bank.” 3442<br />
Exactly which second action Haller is referr<strong>in</strong>g to (<strong>and</strong> aside from this <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 25 th ) is not clear. However, he does<br />
cite this passage from a letter <strong>of</strong> Greene’s, dated August 6 th , at High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee Camp, to Gen.<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “The Cavalry <strong>of</strong> lt Col [William] Wash<strong>in</strong>gton Corp[s] have taken, killed <strong>and</strong> wounded near forty <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> enemies [sic] Cavalry s<strong>in</strong>ce my last, <strong>the</strong> most considerable attack was made by Capt. Watts. He charged a<br />
party <strong>of</strong> twenty odd <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy with an <strong>in</strong>ferior force[,] took Six[,] killed three <strong>and</strong> wounded eight or n<strong>in</strong>e<br />
more.” 3443<br />
William Johnson: “At length, Colonel [Alex<strong>and</strong>er] Stewart advanced on <strong>the</strong> route to M’Cord’s ferry, <strong>and</strong> took<br />
post on <strong>the</strong> south side, amidst <strong>the</strong> Hills near <strong>the</strong> confluence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Congaree <strong>and</strong> Wateree. Here <strong>the</strong> two armies<br />
lay <strong>in</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> each o<strong>the</strong>r’s fires, sharpen<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir swords for future conflicts. The heat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wea<strong>the</strong>r was<br />
excessive -– both armies had felt it (one very severely) <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> movements <strong>of</strong> June <strong>and</strong> July; <strong>and</strong>, as if by mutual<br />
consent, military operations were, for a while suspended. Two large rivers <strong>in</strong>terven<strong>in</strong>g, secured each from<br />
sudden attack; <strong>and</strong> all <strong>the</strong>ir views <strong>of</strong> annoyance were conf<strong>in</strong>ed to watch<strong>in</strong>g convoys, forag<strong>in</strong>g parties, <strong>and</strong><br />
detachments. In this service, [William] Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, after hav<strong>in</strong>g observed <strong>the</strong> enemy until his views became<br />
developed, was detached down <strong>the</strong> country across <strong>the</strong> Santee, <strong>and</strong> Lee upwards along <strong>the</strong> north bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Congaree; <strong>the</strong> latter to operate with Colonel [William] Henderson <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Sumpter’s brigade at<br />
Fridig’s Ferry; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> former to strike at <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>munication between <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>and</strong> Charleston, <strong>and</strong> cooperate<br />
with Marion <strong>and</strong> Mayhem [Maham] <strong>in</strong> cover<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> country on <strong>the</strong> lower Santee. Colonel Harden at <strong>the</strong><br />
same time, with a body <strong>of</strong> mounted militia, collected beyond Edisto, had it <strong>in</strong> charge to straiten <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong><br />
that quarter.<br />
“General Greene, <strong>in</strong> speak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> efforts <strong>of</strong> his cavalry <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>se expeditions, asserts with confidence, ‘that<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir character for enterprise was never excelled <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> world.’<br />
“Wash<strong>in</strong>gton succeeded <strong>in</strong> fall<strong>in</strong>g with two parties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s horse, <strong>and</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g fifty prisoners. Lee,<br />
cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Congaree with his cavalry, penetrated between <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>and</strong> Orangeburgh, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> sight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter place drove <strong>in</strong>, dispersed, or captured a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>municat<strong>in</strong>g parties. Their<br />
confidence <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own prowess was such that to see <strong>and</strong> to attack were <strong>in</strong>separable; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir audacity<br />
<strong>com</strong>pelled <strong>the</strong> enemy to greatly fatigue his troops by <strong>the</strong> large detachments made necessary to his convoys.” 3444<br />
3436 CNC15 pp. 560-561.<br />
3437 RCC p. 106, SCP6 p. 62.<br />
3438 NGP9 p. 66n.<br />
3439 NGP9 p. 75, CNC15 p. 568.<br />
3440 LMS p. 437, BGD p. 182, EPY p. 42.<br />
3441 NGP9 pp. 82, 127, 141, AR81 p. 96, HWW p. 139.<br />
3442 HWW p. 139.<br />
3443 NGP9 p. 141.<br />
3444 JLG2 p. 207.<br />
580
25 July. Pickens, at “Camp Long Ca<strong>in</strong> [Cane],” wrote to Greene: “I have one hundred men <strong>of</strong> Colo [Robert]<br />
Anderson[’]s Regiment raised for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> Defend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Frontiers, & <strong>the</strong> same quantity <strong>of</strong> Colonel [LeRoy]<br />
Hammond’s Regiment below, least <strong>the</strong> Tories from Orrangeburgh [sic] should attemp [sic] Distress<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> lower<br />
settlements on this side Saluda. The rest are ready at a moments warn<strong>in</strong>g to Support <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> that position we<br />
wait your fur<strong>the</strong>r Orders. The Regiments N: <strong>of</strong> Saluda apply to me for Orders, but <strong>the</strong>y Belong to General<br />
Sumpter[’]s Brigade, I would not Interfere tho’ I have advised <strong>the</strong>m to keep a number <strong>of</strong> men under Arms for <strong>the</strong><br />
purpose <strong>of</strong> suppress<strong>in</strong>g any Enemy, or Irregularity that may be among <strong>the</strong>m.” 3445<br />
25 July. Sumter, at Great Savannah, S.C., wrote to Greene: “The Georgians are Neglectfull [sic] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Lower<br />
Settlements. They Suffer parties to Come from Savannah forty Mile up <strong>the</strong> River & even pass it, <strong>and</strong> Carry <strong>of</strong>f<br />
Stock <strong>of</strong> every K<strong>in</strong>d <strong>in</strong> abundance.” 3446<br />
25 July. Upon orders orig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g with Sumter, Capta<strong>in</strong> William Ransom Davis came to Georgetown <strong>and</strong> removed<br />
slaves, also horses, <strong>in</strong>digo, salt <strong>and</strong> medical supplies <strong>of</strong> “<strong>the</strong> Tories.” The British retaliated on 2 August by<br />
sett<strong>in</strong>g Georgetown to <strong>the</strong> torch. 3447<br />
26 July. Cornwallis, at Portsmouth, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “As a subord<strong>in</strong>ate <strong>of</strong>ficer, I th<strong>in</strong>k it my duty to obey positive<br />
orders, or <strong>in</strong> exercis<strong>in</strong>g discretionary powers, to act as much as possible conformable to <strong>the</strong> apparent wishes <strong>of</strong><br />
my superior <strong>of</strong>ficer, <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed with <strong>the</strong> evident good <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> service; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> my late conduct I hope I have not<br />
deviated from those pr<strong>in</strong>ciples; for, permit me to remark, that I cannot discover <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>structions to General<br />
Phillips, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> substance <strong>of</strong> private conversations with him, (extracts <strong>of</strong> which I take <strong>the</strong> liberty to enclose) to<br />
which I am referred, nor <strong>in</strong> our former correspondence, any trace <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> extreme earnestness that now appears,<br />
to secure a harbour for ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> your assent to my engag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> operations <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Upper<br />
Chesapeak[e], if I could have brought myself to th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong>m expedient, would, if I had doubted before, have<br />
conv<strong>in</strong>ced me that secur<strong>in</strong>g a harbour for l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> battle ships was not with you a primary <strong>and</strong> immediate object.<br />
In my letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 26 th <strong>of</strong> May, I <strong>in</strong>formed your Excellency, that after destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> stores at Richmond <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
adjo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g country, I should move back to Williamsburg, keep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> army <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess to <strong>com</strong>ply with your<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>structions. I arrived at that place on <strong>the</strong> 25 th , <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 26 th <strong>of</strong> June I received from Ensign Amiel your<br />
dispatches <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 11 th <strong>and</strong> 15 th <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same month, be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> first letters that I had received from you s<strong>in</strong>ce my<br />
arrival <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. In <strong>the</strong> first you tell me, that New-York is threatened to be attacked by a very numerous<br />
enemy, <strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong>refore, wish<strong>in</strong>g to concentrate your force, you re<strong>com</strong>mend to me to send a body <strong>of</strong> troops to<br />
you, as I can spare <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> order mentioned <strong>in</strong> a list, unless I have engaged <strong>in</strong> operations <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Upper-<br />
Chesapeak; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> dispatch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 15 th , tak<strong>in</strong>g for granted that I have not engaged <strong>in</strong> those operations, you<br />
require <strong>the</strong> embarkation <strong>of</strong> those troops may beg<strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong> greatest dispatch. After a full <strong>com</strong>pliance with this<br />
requisition, <strong>the</strong> force left under my <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> would have been about two thous<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> four hundred rank <strong>and</strong><br />
file, fit for duty, as will appear by <strong>the</strong> returns, which <strong>in</strong> a post adapted to that number, I hoped would be<br />
sufficient for a defensive, <strong>and</strong> desultory water expeditions. You mention Williamsburg <strong>and</strong> York <strong>in</strong> your letter <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 11 th , as defensive stations, but only as be<strong>in</strong>g supposed healthy, without decid<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong>ir safety, --<br />
Williamsburg hav<strong>in</strong>g no harbour, <strong>and</strong> requir<strong>in</strong>g an army to occupy <strong>the</strong> position, would not have suited us. I saw<br />
that it would require a great deal <strong>of</strong> time <strong>and</strong> labour to fortify York <strong>and</strong> Gloucester, both <strong>of</strong> which are necessary<br />
to secure a harbour for vessels <strong>of</strong> any bur<strong>the</strong>n; <strong>and</strong> to effect it, assistance would have been wanted from some<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>the</strong>n under embarkation orders, which, when New-York was <strong>in</strong> danger, I did not th<strong>in</strong>k myself at<br />
liberty to deta<strong>in</strong> for any o<strong>the</strong>r purpose than operations <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Upper Chesapeak, <strong>and</strong> suppos<strong>in</strong>g both places<br />
fortified, I thought <strong>the</strong>y would have been dangerous defensive posts, ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m be<strong>in</strong>g easily accessible to<br />
<strong>the</strong> whole force <strong>of</strong> this prov<strong>in</strong>ce, <strong>and</strong> from <strong>the</strong>ir situation <strong>the</strong>y would not have <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed an acre <strong>of</strong> country. I,<br />
<strong>the</strong>refore, under <strong>the</strong>se circumstances, with <strong>the</strong> most earnest desire to <strong>com</strong>ply with what I thought were your<br />
present wishes, <strong>and</strong> to facilitate your <strong>in</strong>tended future operations <strong>in</strong> Pennsylvania, did not hesitate <strong>in</strong> decid<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
pass James-river, <strong>and</strong> to retire to Portsmouth, that I might be able to send you <strong>the</strong> troops required. And I was<br />
confirmed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> propriety <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> measure, when upon pass<strong>in</strong>g James-river, I received your dispatch, <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g<br />
me that for essential reasons you had resolved to make an attempt on Philadelphia, <strong>and</strong> direct<strong>in</strong>g me to embark<br />
with <strong>the</strong> greatest expedition <strong>the</strong> same body <strong>of</strong> troops, with stores, &c. for that purpose. Hav<strong>in</strong>g likewise<br />
executed this order with <strong>the</strong> utmost exertion <strong>and</strong> alacrity, I must acknowledge I was not prepared to receive <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> next dispatch from your Excellency a severe censure <strong>of</strong> my conduct.<br />
“Immediately on <strong>the</strong> receipt <strong>of</strong> your cyphered letter, I gave orders to <strong>the</strong> eng<strong>in</strong>eer to exam<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> survey Po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
Comfort, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> channels adjo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to it. I have likewise visited it with <strong>the</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s ships now<br />
ly<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Hampton road [Hampton Roads]. I have <strong>the</strong> honour to <strong>in</strong>close to you copies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Eng<strong>in</strong>eer,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> navy on that subject, with which my own entirely concurs. And I likewise<br />
transmit a survey <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pen<strong>in</strong>sula, made by Lieutenants Su<strong>the</strong>rl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Stratton. From all which, your<br />
Excellency will see, that a work on Po<strong>in</strong>t Comfort, would nei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> entrance, nor secure his<br />
Majesty’s ships at anchor <strong>in</strong> Hampton road. This be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> case, I shall <strong>in</strong> obedience to <strong>the</strong> spirit <strong>of</strong> your<br />
Excellency’s orders, take measures with as much dispatch as possible, to seize <strong>and</strong> fortify York <strong>and</strong> Gloucester,<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> only harbour <strong>in</strong> which we can hope to be able to give effectual protection to l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> battle ships. I<br />
shall, likewise, use all <strong>the</strong> expedition <strong>in</strong> my power to evacuate Portsmouth <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> posts belong<strong>in</strong>g to it, but<br />
until that is ac<strong>com</strong>plished, it will be impossible for me to spare troops. For York <strong>and</strong> Gloucester, from <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
3445 NGP9 p. 77.<br />
3446 NGP9 p. 82.<br />
3447 NGP9 p. 102, JLG2 pp. 215-216, BSF p. 209.<br />
581
situation, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> no country; <strong>and</strong> a superiority <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field will not only be necessary to enable us to draw<br />
forage <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r supplies from <strong>the</strong> country, but likewise to carry on our works without <strong>in</strong>terruption.<br />
“Your Excellency hav<strong>in</strong>g been pleased to disapprove <strong>of</strong> my go<strong>in</strong>g to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, I have sent General Leslie,<br />
who sailed on <strong>the</strong> 25 th <strong>in</strong>stant, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carysfort, to take <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re.” 3448<br />
26 July. [skirmish] Stuart’s Creek, also Rockfish Creek (Cumberl<strong>and</strong> County, N.C) DRO pp. 195-197.<br />
27 July. After be<strong>in</strong>g exam<strong>in</strong>ed by a board presided over by loyalist Major Andrew MacKenzie, <strong>and</strong> though<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise without counsel or an impartial trial, Isaac Hayne was sentenced to be executed for allegedly violat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
his parole <strong>and</strong> oath <strong>of</strong> loyalty. 3449<br />
On <strong>the</strong> 29 th , Hayne wrote <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g letter addressed to Rawdon <strong>and</strong> Balfour: “On Thursday morn<strong>in</strong>g I had <strong>the</strong><br />
honor <strong>of</strong> receiv<strong>in</strong>g a letter from Major Frazer, by which he <strong>in</strong>formed me, that a council <strong>of</strong> general <strong>of</strong>ficers would<br />
be assembled <strong>the</strong> next day for my trial; <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same day, I received ano<strong>the</strong>r letter from <strong>the</strong><br />
same <strong>of</strong>ficer, acqua<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g me, that <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> that, a court <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>quiry would sit for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> decid<strong>in</strong>g under<br />
what po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> view I ought to be considered. I was also told, that any person whom I should appo<strong>in</strong>t, would be<br />
permitted to ac<strong>com</strong>pany me as my counsel. Hav<strong>in</strong>g never enterta<strong>in</strong>ed any o<strong>the</strong>r idea <strong>of</strong> a court <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>quiry, or<br />
heard <strong>of</strong> any o<strong>the</strong>r be<strong>in</strong>g formed <strong>of</strong> it, than <strong>of</strong> its serv<strong>in</strong>g merely to precede a council <strong>of</strong> war, or some o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
tribunal, for exam<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> circumstances more fully, except <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> a spy; <strong>and</strong> Mr. Jarvis, lieutenant<br />
marshal to <strong>the</strong> provost, not hav<strong>in</strong>g succeeded <strong>in</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> person who had been named for my counsel, I did<br />
not take <strong>the</strong> pa<strong>in</strong>s to summon any witnesses, though it would have been <strong>in</strong> my power to have produced many;<br />
<strong>and</strong> I presented myself before <strong>the</strong> court without any assistance whatever. When I was before that assembly, I<br />
was fur<strong>the</strong>r conv<strong>in</strong>ced that I had not been deceived <strong>in</strong> my conjectures. I found that <strong>the</strong> members <strong>of</strong> it were not<br />
sworn, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> witnesses were not exam<strong>in</strong>ed upon oath; <strong>and</strong> all <strong>the</strong> members, as well as every person present,<br />
might easily have perceived, by <strong>the</strong> questions which I asked, <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> whole tenor <strong>of</strong> my conduct, that I had<br />
not <strong>the</strong> last notion that I was tried or exam<strong>in</strong>ed under an affair on which my life or death depended.<br />
“In <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> spies, a court <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>quiry is all that can be necessary, because <strong>the</strong> simple fact whe<strong>the</strong>r a person is<br />
or is not a spy, is all that can be <strong>the</strong> object <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir researches; <strong>and</strong> his hav<strong>in</strong>g entered <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s<br />
camp or garrison, subjects him to military execution. As that accusation nei<strong>the</strong>r is nor can be made aga<strong>in</strong>st me, I<br />
humbly conceive that <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation I received, that <strong>the</strong> court would make <strong>in</strong>quiry concern<strong>in</strong>g what po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong><br />
view I ought to be considered under, could not be taken as a sufficient notice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir hav<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>tention to try<br />
me <strong>the</strong>n; but could only be thought to signify, that <strong>the</strong>y were to take <strong>in</strong>to consideration whe<strong>the</strong>r I ought to be<br />
looked upon as a British subject or as an American: that <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first case I should undergo a legal <strong>and</strong> impartial<br />
trial; <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> second, I should be set at liberty on my parole. Judge <strong>the</strong>n, my lord <strong>and</strong> air, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> astonishment I<br />
must have been <strong>in</strong>, when I found <strong>the</strong>y had drawn me by surprise <strong>in</strong>to a proceed<strong>in</strong>g tend<strong>in</strong>g to judgment, without<br />
my know<strong>in</strong>g it to be such; <strong>and</strong> deprived me <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ability <strong>of</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g a legal defence, which it would have been<br />
very easy for me to have done, founded both <strong>in</strong> law <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> fact; when I saw myself destitute <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong><br />
counsel <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> witnesses; <strong>and</strong> when <strong>the</strong>y abruptly <strong>in</strong>formed me, that after <strong>the</strong> procedure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> court I was<br />
condemned to die, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>in</strong> a very few days immediately upon receiv<strong>in</strong>g this notice, I sent for <strong>the</strong> lawyer<br />
whom I had orig<strong>in</strong>ally chosen for my counsel. I here <strong>in</strong>close [sic] his op<strong>in</strong>ion concern<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> legality <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
process held aga<strong>in</strong>st me; <strong>and</strong> I beg that I may be permitted to refer myself to him. I can assume you with <strong>the</strong><br />
utmost truth, that I had <strong>and</strong> have many reasons to urge <strong>in</strong> my defence, if you will grant me <strong>the</strong> favor <strong>of</strong> a regular<br />
trial; if not, which I cannot however suppose from your justice <strong>and</strong> humanity, I earnestly <strong>in</strong>treat that my<br />
execution may be deferred, that I may at least take a last farewell <strong>of</strong> my children, <strong>and</strong> prepare for <strong>the</strong> dreadful<br />
change. I hope you will return me a speedy answer; <strong>and</strong> am, with respect, Isaac Hayne.” 3450<br />
27 July. [skirmish] Hudson’s Ferry, also “Shelby vs. Georgia Loyalists” (Screven County, GA.) For more on this<br />
action, see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/hudsonsferry.htm Note, however, at this web entry (at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> this<br />
writ<strong>in</strong>g), Col. Isaac Shelby is given as <strong>the</strong> whig leader when more certa<strong>in</strong>ly <strong>the</strong> leader <strong>in</strong> question was actually<br />
Capt. Moses Shelby.<br />
3448 CAC pp. 171-174, SCP6 p. 13. “Extract <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Substance <strong>of</strong> several Conversations that his Excellency Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton had<br />
with Major-general Phillips, on <strong>the</strong> Subject <strong>of</strong> Operations <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak, before his Embarkation on his Expedition thi<strong>the</strong>r,<br />
dated April 26, 1781.” “With regard to a station for <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s ships, I know <strong>of</strong> no place so proper as Yorktown,<br />
if it could be taken possession <strong>of</strong>, fortified, <strong>and</strong> garrisoned with one thous<strong>and</strong> men, as by hav<strong>in</strong>g one thous<strong>and</strong> more at a<br />
post somewhere <strong>in</strong> Elizabeth-river, York <strong>and</strong> James rivers would be ours, <strong>and</strong> our cruizers might <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> waters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Chesapeak. Troops might likewise be spared from <strong>the</strong>se posts to carry on expeditions dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> summer months, when,<br />
probably, noth<strong>in</strong>g can be risked <strong>in</strong> that climate but water movements. But if <strong>the</strong> heights <strong>of</strong> York, <strong>and</strong> those on Gloucester side,<br />
cannot be so well <strong>and</strong> so soon fortified as to render that post hors d’ <strong>in</strong>sult before <strong>the</strong> enemy can move a force, &c. aga<strong>in</strong>st it, it<br />
may not be adviseable to attempt it. In that case, someth<strong>in</strong>g may possibly be done at Old Po<strong>in</strong>t Comfort, to cover large ships<br />
ly<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Hampton-road (which is reckoned a good one, <strong>and</strong> not so liable to <strong>in</strong>jury from gales at N.E. as that <strong>of</strong> York, particularly<br />
<strong>in</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter.) If nei<strong>the</strong>r can be secured, we must content ourselves with keep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak with frigates <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r armed<br />
vessels, which will always f<strong>in</strong>d security aga<strong>in</strong>st a superior naval force <strong>in</strong> Elizabeth river. As our operations <strong>in</strong> proper season may<br />
re-<strong>com</strong>mence <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Upper-James; perhaps a station might be found at <strong>the</strong> entrance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> narrows <strong>of</strong> that river that may be <strong>of</strong><br />
use <strong>in</strong> future day, <strong>and</strong> held with a small force. James-town seems a proper spot for such a station, as does <strong>the</strong> place where <strong>the</strong><br />
narrows <strong>and</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs beg<strong>in</strong>.” CAC pp. 175-176.<br />
3449 ATR82a pp. 121-125, RSC2 pp. 277-286, 508-526, SCP6 pp. 78-82, GHA4 pp. 102-107, 164-167, LMS pp. 449-462, JLG2 pp.<br />
189-202, LCC pp. 439-451, JFM pp. 55-56, BSF p. 212. See also James Thacher’s Military Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American <strong>Revolutionary</strong><br />
<strong>War</strong>.<br />
3450 GDH2 pp. 109-111.<br />
582
28 July. A forward detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, under Col. John B. Ashe, jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene’s<br />
army. 25 men from Ashe’s force (which had arrived <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> Sumner) were assigned to Lee’s Legion,<br />
apparently <strong>the</strong> same (or a similar) 25 that had been attached <strong>in</strong> May. This brought <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion<br />
Infantry up to 100.<br />
Greene, at <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee, on this same date, wrote to General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “It is true we have <strong>the</strong><br />
Aid <strong>of</strong> a few Militia but <strong>the</strong>y can only be got out for a short time; <strong>and</strong> what distresses us most, is, we are obliged<br />
to detach so largely <strong>in</strong> support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Qr [Quarter] Master General, Commissary General. Hospital <strong>and</strong> Ordnance<br />
departments, <strong>and</strong> for Guards <strong>and</strong> extra service <strong>of</strong> different k<strong>in</strong>ds as leaves but a shadow <strong>of</strong> a force to operate<br />
with. And our want <strong>of</strong> Arms <strong>and</strong> Ammunition still encreases [sic] our difficulties.” Greene’s return for <strong>the</strong> army<br />
on <strong>the</strong> 26 th , records 1,198 rank <strong>and</strong> file soldiers as present <strong>and</strong> fit for duty. This total <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>the</strong> newly arriv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. 169-179 troops, apparently counted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1,198 total, were on extra service<br />
referred to <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> above letter to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g Greene’s full total here to 1,467. On August 5 th , <strong>the</strong><br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e was reported by Otho Williams with 950 effectives, <strong>and</strong> 454 present <strong>and</strong> fit for duty. 473 were<br />
listed as be<strong>in</strong>g non-effectives, that is those promoted, resigned, reduced, transferred, discharged, deserted,<br />
dead. 3451<br />
28 July (possibly 27 or 29 July). 3452 Despite <strong>the</strong> departure <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Stewart’s army from<br />
Orangeburgh on this date, a force <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Lieut. Col. Isaac Allen, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.J. Volunteers, rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>re<br />
<strong>of</strong> 300 soldiers. These were reputedly mostly sick <strong>and</strong> wounded. One <strong>the</strong> primary <strong>in</strong>ducements for Stewart’s<br />
leav<strong>in</strong>g Orangeburgh was lack <strong>of</strong> provisions <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> destruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mills <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area. On July 28 th , Sumter<br />
wrote to Greene: “The enemy are not very strong at Orangeburgh. The Tories constitute <strong>the</strong>ir pr<strong>in</strong>cipal force<br />
<strong>the</strong>re; <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong>m all <strong>the</strong> damage has hi<strong>the</strong>rto been done. S<strong>in</strong>ce Cruger came from N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six, <strong>the</strong>re is a strong<br />
party at Dorchester; one hundred Infantry at Quarter House; Fraser’s horse upon <strong>the</strong> Neck below <strong>the</strong>m.” 3453<br />
29 July. The Cherokee <strong>and</strong> Chickasaw nations signed a peace treaty with <strong>the</strong> United States; which was<br />
represented by local military leaders <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> western North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. On July 31 st , a letter<br />
was sent to Greene from William Christian, Joseph Mart<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Evan Shelby report<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> successful conclusion<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> peace negotiations. See 20 February 1781. 3454<br />
29 July (also given as 5 August). [skirmish] House <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Horseshoe, also Alston House (Moore County, N.C.) Col.<br />
David Fann<strong>in</strong>g defeated N.C. militia under Col. Phillip Alston who attempted to defend <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> Alston’s<br />
house until Fann<strong>in</strong>g attempted to set it on fire; at which po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>the</strong>y submitted. The Americans lost 4 killed <strong>and</strong><br />
many wounded. The rest were taken prisoner, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Alston, <strong>and</strong> were paroled. Fann<strong>in</strong>g suffered 2 killed <strong>and</strong><br />
4 wounded. 3455<br />
David Fann<strong>in</strong>g: “I <strong>the</strong>n returned to <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> Little River, on my way to Coxe’s Mill: where I was met by two<br />
men, who <strong>in</strong>formed me that <strong>the</strong> Rebels had separated <strong>in</strong>to two small parties; th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g I should never return from<br />
Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton: I passed on <strong>and</strong> got <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> Col. Alst<strong>in</strong>e [Phillip Alston] ly<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong> Deep River, with<br />
a party <strong>of</strong> 25 men. We marched all that day <strong>and</strong> night follow<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>and</strong> just as <strong>the</strong> day dawned, we advanced <strong>in</strong><br />
three divisions, up to a house, <strong>the</strong>y had thrown <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong>to. On our approach, we fired upon <strong>the</strong> house, as I<br />
was determ<strong>in</strong>ed to make examples <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, for behav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a manner that had done, to one <strong>of</strong> my pilots, by<br />
name, Kenneth Black. They returned our fire, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> action cont<strong>in</strong>ued upwards <strong>of</strong> 3 hours, when after kill<strong>in</strong>g<br />
four <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> wound<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> rest, except three, <strong>the</strong>y sent out a flag <strong>of</strong> surrender. Col. Al[s]t<strong>in</strong>e’s lady<br />
begg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir lives. On her solicitation, I concluded to grant her request; <strong>and</strong> after <strong>the</strong> capitulation I gave <strong>the</strong><br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g paroles to Col. Philip Alst<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> his men.<br />
“[Here is given Alston’s parole signed July 29 th , 1781, Cumberl<strong>and</strong> County, Deep River]<br />
“In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> this affair, we had two men killed, <strong>and</strong> four wounded, who afterwards recovered. A party <strong>of</strong><br />
Rebels appeared <strong>in</strong> sight a little time after <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g began; but <strong>the</strong>y did not approach to afford Col. Alstone<br />
[Philip Alston] any support. When <strong>the</strong> action was over, <strong>the</strong>y ran <strong>of</strong>f; <strong>and</strong> our horses be<strong>in</strong>g quite fatigued,<br />
rendered it impossible for me, to persue [sic] <strong>the</strong>m. I <strong>the</strong>n persued [sic] my route to Cox[e]’s Mill, where on my<br />
arrival I gave twelve hours leave to <strong>the</strong> men; after detach<strong>in</strong>g a sufficient number for <strong>the</strong> necessary guards, to go<br />
to <strong>the</strong>ir respective homes. Immediately after that, I heard that a wagon loaded with salt for <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebel<br />
army had passed about 12 hours. I took eight men with me, <strong>and</strong> after a chace [sic] <strong>of</strong> 1 miles I overtook her, <strong>and</strong><br />
conducted it back to Coxe’s Mill. On my return I found that Major Ra<strong>in</strong>s, had been attacked by a party <strong>of</strong> 150<br />
rebels; who had attempted to secure <strong>the</strong> fort <strong>of</strong> Deep River, at Coxe’s Mill; however it was without success. He<br />
had one man wounded <strong>and</strong> several horses <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> attack. On my approach, <strong>the</strong>y retreated. They <strong>the</strong>n sent a flag<br />
with <strong>of</strong>fers <strong>of</strong> peace. I returned for answer, ‘I was determ<strong>in</strong>ed to make peace with <strong>the</strong> sword -- or o<strong>the</strong>rwise till<br />
<strong>the</strong>y should be<strong>com</strong>e subjects <strong>of</strong> Great Brita<strong>in</strong>.’ My men now be<strong>in</strong>g collected to <strong>the</strong> amount <strong>of</strong> 140, who by this<br />
time were well armed, <strong>and</strong> hear<strong>in</strong>g noth<strong>in</strong>g fur<strong>the</strong>r from <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g, we marched to <strong>the</strong> place,<br />
where I had been <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>the</strong>y were; but found <strong>the</strong>m gone <strong>of</strong>f. I discovered some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir scouts, but on fir<strong>in</strong>g<br />
on <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong>y took to <strong>the</strong> woods. I heard, that <strong>the</strong>y had marched <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed ano<strong>the</strong>r party <strong>of</strong> 250 men,<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Colonels Paisely [John Peasly] <strong>and</strong> [Andrew] Balfour. Upon which I returned to Coxe’s Mill; I sent<br />
out spies that night, who returned before morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>formed me that <strong>the</strong> two rebel parties had jo<strong>in</strong>ed, be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
about 400 <strong>in</strong> number <strong>and</strong> encamped at Brown’s plantation, about two miles up <strong>the</strong> River on <strong>the</strong> opposite side. I<br />
3451 NGP9 pp. 93, 98n, 133, MLW4A p. 539n.<br />
3452 The editor to <strong>the</strong> Greene papers gives <strong>the</strong> 29 th , but Sumter’s letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 28 th seems to suggest that it may even have been a<br />
day or two earlier when Stewart left. NGP9 p. 69n.<br />
3453 NGP9 pp. 69n, 100, 114.<br />
3454 NGP9 pp. 119, 129.<br />
3455 CNS1 pp. 180-190, DRO pp. 196-198.<br />
583
dispatched a flag to <strong>the</strong>m, acqua<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m, as before, <strong>of</strong> my determ<strong>in</strong>ation, <strong>in</strong> support <strong>of</strong> Government, <strong>and</strong><br />
proposed a meet<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> both parties to determ<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong> matter by force <strong>of</strong> arms; at <strong>the</strong> same time acqua<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>m, that <strong>the</strong> ill treatment <strong>of</strong> some prisoners <strong>the</strong>y had taken a little time before, had determ<strong>in</strong>ed me to<br />
retaliate <strong>in</strong> case, an end was not put to it; I directed <strong>the</strong> flag to Major Cage, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed at <strong>the</strong> time<br />
before, <strong>and</strong> I received <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g answer.<br />
“‘Sir, I received yours by a flag, <strong>and</strong> can assure you that I should be sorry as any person liv<strong>in</strong>g to misuse a<br />
prisoner; but at <strong>the</strong> same time, I th<strong>in</strong>k it is my duty to oppose my enemies, <strong>and</strong> if any <strong>of</strong> your men should fall<br />
<strong>in</strong>to my h<strong>and</strong>s I shall endeavor to use what <strong>in</strong>fluence I can to have <strong>the</strong>m treated as prisoners; <strong>and</strong> I hope you will<br />
do <strong>the</strong> same. I must also <strong>in</strong>form you, that I am not <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer; if I was, I should immediately return<br />
you, an answer; As your letter was not directed to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer, he will not undertake it. You will<br />
direct to him, Col. O’neal [William O’Neal] is Comm<strong>and</strong>er at present.<br />
I m Yours, &c. &c. Wm. Cage. Aug. 2d, 1781’” 3456<br />
Caru<strong>the</strong>rs: “The fact is that <strong>the</strong> very name <strong>of</strong> Fann<strong>in</strong>g was at this time quite appall<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> he was regarded by<br />
all <strong>in</strong> that region, Whigs <strong>and</strong> Tories, as almost <strong>in</strong>v<strong>in</strong>cible. So far as my recollection serves me, I do not recollect<br />
to have heard <strong>of</strong> an <strong>in</strong>stance, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>of</strong> 1781, <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> Whigs showed a will<strong>in</strong>gness to meet him<br />
with an equal, or anyth<strong>in</strong>g like an equal number <strong>of</strong> men; but with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire range <strong>of</strong> his operations an<br />
effective resistance was made, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> country was really <strong>in</strong> his power. I have always understood that, dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
this period, <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>and</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> 1781, he had about eighty men who were ei<strong>the</strong>r constantly with him or at his<br />
bidd<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> whom he could at any time summon to his presence <strong>in</strong> a case <strong>of</strong> emergency; that he seldom had<br />
less than thirty or forty, <strong>and</strong> that when Colonels McNeil [Hector MacNeil] <strong>and</strong> McDougal [Archibald McDougald]<br />
united with him, <strong>the</strong>y could muster from three to five hundred strong.” 3457<br />
29 July. British soldiers who had earlier been prisoners <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans, <strong>and</strong> now hav<strong>in</strong>g been exchanged under<br />
terms <strong>of</strong> a cartel formally signed on 22 June (see entry for 12 March; when prisoner negotiations between <strong>the</strong><br />
two sides <strong>com</strong>menced), were delivered to <strong>and</strong> arrived at Portsmouth on this date. See SCP6 pp. 107-108.<br />
30 July. Sumner, with <strong>the</strong> N.C. Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> draftees rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, left Salisbury to jo<strong>in</strong> Greene on July 30 th .<br />
When he fell <strong>in</strong> with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army by <strong>the</strong> first week <strong>of</strong> August, he formed <strong>the</strong> men under Maj. John Armstrong<br />
<strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Second North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment (<strong>of</strong> 1781), <strong>and</strong> those with Col. John Ashe <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> First North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Regt. (<strong>of</strong> 1781). Toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> two battalions totaled 359 <strong>and</strong> became <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Brigade. 3458<br />
30 July. Lafayette, at Malvern Hill, to Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “There are <strong>in</strong> Hampton Road [Hampton Roads] thirty<br />
transport ships full <strong>of</strong> troops -- most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m Red Coats. There are eight or ten brigs which have cavalry on<br />
board. They had excellent w<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>and</strong> yet <strong>the</strong>y are not gone. Some say <strong>the</strong>y had received advices from Newyork<br />
[New York] <strong>in</strong> a row boat. The escort, as I mentioned before, is Charon <strong>and</strong> several frigat[e]s –- <strong>the</strong> last account<br />
says seven.” 3459<br />
31 July. Col. James Emmet, at “Cumberl<strong>and</strong>, Camp 10 Miles Above X Creek on <strong>the</strong> N. E. Side <strong>of</strong> Cape Fear,” to<br />
Gov. Burke: “I have just time, by Col. Ow<strong>in</strong>s [sic], to drop your Excellency a sketch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> unhappy situation <strong>of</strong><br />
this County. On Sunday Even<strong>in</strong>g a Party, upwards <strong>of</strong> 100 Tories, Comm<strong>and</strong>ed by one Col. [Duncan] Ray, came to<br />
Sproules’s, made him, with some o<strong>the</strong>rs prisoners, <strong>and</strong> killed a certa<strong>in</strong> Andrew Beard. Our Town was alarmed<br />
with this <strong>in</strong>formation about midnight. We <strong>the</strong>n embodied all <strong>in</strong> our power, which was a number much too small<br />
to pursue; we <strong>the</strong>refore retreated to this side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> River, where we are endeavour<strong>in</strong>g to collect our Men, but<br />
<strong>the</strong>y appear so dispirited, that I fear our County will fall without your Excellency’s timely assistance. It is<br />
currently reported here that <strong>the</strong> English are on <strong>the</strong>ir march to Dupl<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> 4 or 500 Tories are embodied at<br />
McFalls’ [sic] Mill on Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek 35 Miles from X Creek. I wrote by Capt. Vernon, about ten days s<strong>in</strong>ce, but<br />
have not heard <strong>of</strong> its gett<strong>in</strong>g to you.” 3460<br />
Late July. Some <strong>of</strong> Capt. Edward Fenwick’s dragoons, who had recently been released from <strong>the</strong>ir paroles as a<br />
result <strong>of</strong> a prisoner exchange, were back <strong>in</strong> service for <strong>the</strong> British. The Americans later protested that this took<br />
place weeks earlier than <strong>the</strong> terms for exchange specifically provided for. 3461<br />
Late July through early August. Civil disorder <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> form <strong>of</strong> rampant plunder<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> related crimes <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
murder, <strong>and</strong> which actually had been go<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>in</strong> some degree for <strong>the</strong> past year <strong>in</strong> diverse parts <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as<br />
<strong>and</strong> Georgia generally, reached a heightened pitch <strong>in</strong> west Georgia <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> southwestern part <strong>of</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a. 3462<br />
In a letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> 25 July, Pickens reported that <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six area were “giv<strong>in</strong>g up very<br />
fast.” However that “spirit <strong>of</strong> Plunder, so general among our own people, seem to be <strong>the</strong> greatest Difficulty we<br />
Labour under at present. I almost Dispair [sic] <strong>of</strong> totally suppress<strong>in</strong>g it notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g my best<br />
Endeavors...People who have removed <strong>the</strong>ir Families to <strong>the</strong> Remote parts <strong>of</strong> N: Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, at least<br />
3456 FNA pp. 28-30.<br />
3457 CNS1 pp. 191-192.<br />
3458 MLW4A p. 539, RNC p. 347.<br />
3459 LLW p. 211.<br />
3460 CNC15 pp. 589-590.<br />
3461 NGP9 p. 123n.<br />
3462 GHA4 pp. 98-100, JLG2 pp. 185-188.<br />
584
many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m seem to make a Trade <strong>of</strong> Carry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>f Every th<strong>in</strong>g Valluable [sic] out <strong>of</strong> this Contry [sic]. Ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong><br />
property <strong>of</strong> a friend or enemy. The Loss <strong>of</strong> our Horses Distress us <strong>in</strong> a particular manner.” 3463<br />
On 29 July, Lee wrote to Greene: “[I]f our friends <strong>in</strong> Georgia could be persuaded to rel<strong>in</strong>quish <strong>the</strong> ways <strong>of</strong><br />
murder <strong>and</strong> robbery, & by a vigorous exertion create a powerful diversion <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir country, I am confident that<br />
<strong>the</strong> close <strong>of</strong> October would br<strong>in</strong>g about decisive advantages <strong>in</strong> favor <strong>of</strong> America...” 3464<br />
On <strong>the</strong> same date, Col. Wade Hampton, from “Fryday’s [Friday’s] Ferry,” wrote to Greene: “Almost every person<br />
that rema<strong>in</strong>’d <strong>in</strong> this Settlement after <strong>the</strong> army marched, seems to have been <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>’d <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>mitt<strong>in</strong>g Robberies<br />
<strong>the</strong> most base & <strong>in</strong>human that ever disgraced man k<strong>in</strong>d. Col. [Thomas] Taylor who arrived here a few days<br />
before me, had apprehended a few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most notorious <strong>of</strong> those <strong>of</strong>fenders; whilst <strong>the</strong> most Timid <strong>of</strong> those that<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed were busily imployed [sic] <strong>in</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g & carry<strong>in</strong>g to NoCa [North Carol<strong>in</strong>a] & Virga [Virg<strong>in</strong>ia] <strong>the</strong> very<br />
considerable Booty <strong>the</strong>y had so unjustly acquired...<strong>the</strong> more dar<strong>in</strong>g, but equally guilty part <strong>of</strong> this B<strong>and</strong>itti...<br />
‘seem to’...threaten immediately distruction [sic] by murder &c.” With “a few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State Troops <strong>and</strong> those <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> militia who had spirit, or <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ation enough to engage <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> this Bus<strong>in</strong>ess, we have secured all those<br />
wretches that can be found,” but a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m escaped north. 3465<br />
Ramsay: “When general Greene returned to South-Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 1781, everyth<strong>in</strong>g was reversed. In a<br />
few weeks he dispossessed <strong>the</strong> British <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong>ir posts <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper country, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> exasperated whigs once<br />
more had <strong>the</strong> superiority. On <strong>the</strong>ir return to <strong>the</strong>ir homes, <strong>the</strong>y generally found starv<strong>in</strong>g families <strong>and</strong> desolate<br />
plantations. To reimburse <strong>the</strong>ir losses, <strong>and</strong> to gratify revenge, <strong>the</strong>y, <strong>in</strong> turn, began to plunder <strong>and</strong> murder. The<br />
country was laid waste, <strong>and</strong> private dwell<strong>in</strong>gs frequently sta<strong>in</strong>ed with <strong>the</strong> blood <strong>of</strong> husb<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> fa<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
<strong>in</strong>humanly shed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> wives <strong>and</strong> children.” 3466<br />
3463 NGP9 p. 77.<br />
3464 NGP9 p. 101.<br />
3465 NGP9 p. 105.<br />
3466 RSC2 p. 271.<br />
585
AUGUST 1781<br />
August. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “[T]he whole country [<strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia] [was] aga<strong>in</strong>st us except some helpless<br />
militia, with a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers, women, children, Negroes, etc.; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> expense <strong>of</strong> support<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> multitude<br />
<strong>of</strong> ru<strong>in</strong>ed refugees that were daily driven <strong>in</strong>to his l<strong>in</strong>es [had] be<strong>com</strong>e almost <strong>in</strong>tolerable.” 3467<br />
August. [skirmish] Cypress Swamp (Dorchester County, S.C.) 3468<br />
August. [skirmish] Bass’ Mill (Marion County, <strong>and</strong> near <strong>the</strong> border with Dillon County, S.C.) Capt. Jesse Barfield<br />
<strong>and</strong> some loyalists attacked <strong>and</strong> routed Capt. Malachi Murfee <strong>and</strong> some whigs at Bass’ Mill, between <strong>the</strong> Big <strong>and</strong><br />
little Peedee Rivers <strong>and</strong> about twenty-five <strong>and</strong> a half miles west <strong>of</strong> Amis’ Mill on Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek. Murfee was<br />
wounded, but no o<strong>the</strong>r losses were recorded. 3469<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er Gregg: “In August <strong>of</strong> this year, Colonel Murphy [Maurice Murfee] was stationed, with a small force,<br />
near <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> Black Creek. He sent word to old Moses Bass, who kept a noted public-house at <strong>the</strong> mill on<br />
Naked Creek, across <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> about four miles distant, that he would be <strong>the</strong>re with his men on a certa<strong>in</strong><br />
day, <strong>and</strong> to have a good d<strong>in</strong>ner, with plenty <strong>of</strong> cider, <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess. By some means, <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
neighbourhood were <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> expected visit, <strong>and</strong> made preparations for attack<strong>in</strong>g Murphy at Bass’s. The<br />
house stood on a small isl<strong>and</strong>, made by a sudden bend <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> creek, form<strong>in</strong>g almost a circle, <strong>and</strong> a canal cut<br />
across <strong>the</strong> neck <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> lead<strong>in</strong>g out to <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> road near by.<br />
“On <strong>the</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>ted day, Murphy <strong>and</strong> his party went over, suspect<strong>in</strong>g no danger.<br />
“While at d<strong>in</strong>ner, <strong>the</strong>y were suddenly surprised by <strong>the</strong> enemy’s approach. Two men came rapidly up on<br />
horseback, <strong>and</strong> were <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> act <strong>of</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> creek by a causeway when first discovered. They were followed<br />
by <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body, under Major [Jesse] Barfield.<br />
“Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Whigs, who happened to be on <strong>the</strong> piazza, were fired upon, <strong>and</strong> for a moment all was confusion.<br />
By this time, <strong>the</strong> Tories had approached with<strong>in</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g distance, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> conflict began.<br />
“The Whigs hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> benefit <strong>of</strong> a cover, soon ga<strong>in</strong>ed a decided advantage, kill<strong>in</strong>g several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, with<br />
<strong>the</strong> loss, however, <strong>of</strong> two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own number, Harper <strong>and</strong> Nixon. Giv<strong>in</strong>g way under <strong>the</strong> effective fire from <strong>the</strong><br />
house, <strong>the</strong> Tories were <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> act <strong>of</strong> retreat<strong>in</strong>g, when one <strong>of</strong> Murphy’s men, named Daniel, who had a stentorian<br />
voice, cried out, ‘Good Heavens! what shall we do? The powder is out.’<br />
“Upon hear<strong>in</strong>g this, <strong>the</strong> Tories returned to <strong>the</strong> fight; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Whigs, no longer able to keep up an equal fire,<br />
were forced to escape <strong>in</strong> every direction across <strong>the</strong> creek, to <strong>the</strong> cover <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> thick timber beyond. It ran but a<br />
short distance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dwell<strong>in</strong>g. Reach<strong>in</strong>g it by a few bounds, <strong>the</strong>y tumbled down <strong>the</strong> steep bank, <strong>and</strong><br />
got <strong>of</strong>f without fur<strong>the</strong>r loss.<br />
“One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir number, a man named Thompson, from <strong>the</strong> Poke Swamp settlement, on <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river,<br />
as he jumped <strong>the</strong> fence near <strong>the</strong> creek, found a large <strong>and</strong> powerful mulatto, Shoemaker by name, press<strong>in</strong>g<br />
closely upon him, with his rifle aimed <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> act <strong>of</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g. Happily for Thompson, <strong>the</strong> rifle missed fire, <strong>and</strong><br />
before it could be readjusted, he made his escape. Twenty years after, Thompson heard <strong>of</strong> Shoemaker’s go<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
Camden, caught him on his return, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>flicted severe punishment. Peter Bozeman, a valiant soldier <strong>of</strong> liberty,<br />
who afterwards settled <strong>and</strong> died <strong>in</strong> Darl<strong>in</strong>gton District, was one <strong>of</strong> Murphy’s party.<br />
“Malachi Murphy [Murfee] was ano<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> received a wound <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> shoulder as he reached <strong>the</strong> creek, which<br />
disabled him for <strong>the</strong> time. He fell down <strong>the</strong> bank, <strong>and</strong> crawl<strong>in</strong>g under a large log, rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>re undiscovered,<br />
though <strong>the</strong> Tories several times passed near him. Daniel, whose unfortunate exclamation led to <strong>the</strong> disaster, was<br />
a man <strong>of</strong> powerful frame, <strong>and</strong> carried Murphy on his shoulders to Black Creek, mak<strong>in</strong>g some amends <strong>the</strong>reby for<br />
his untimely blunder.<br />
“Thus ended <strong>the</strong>ir day’s frolic for <strong>the</strong> Whigs, teach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong> lesson which so many have learned too late, that<br />
vigilance is <strong>the</strong> price <strong>of</strong> liberty.” 3470<br />
Early August. Greene made arrangements for a possible expedition to take Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton; as a result Capt. Michael<br />
Rudulph with a small party <strong>of</strong> Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry was sent that way to scout <strong>the</strong> area <strong>in</strong> advance for this purpose.<br />
Yet this proposed expedition was <strong>in</strong> disguise an <strong>in</strong>tended move to take north to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> elite <strong>of</strong><br />
Greene’s army, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g (states Lee) Lee’s Legion, George H<strong>and</strong>y’s “Maryl<strong>and</strong>ers” (mean<strong>in</strong>g Lee’s Legion<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry?), <strong>and</strong> Kirkwood’s Delawares; to jo<strong>in</strong> Lafayette <strong>and</strong> face Cornwallis. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, he subsequently<br />
changed his m<strong>in</strong>d <strong>and</strong> cancelled <strong>the</strong> idea; <strong>in</strong> part due to a report from Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> possibility <strong>of</strong> a<br />
French l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> deep south; such as had occurred <strong>in</strong> 1779. S<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>re was no such plan or forseeable<br />
likelihood <strong>of</strong> de Grasse operat<strong>in</strong>g as far south as <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton presumably desired that Greene stay<br />
put so as to not possibly jeopardize or <strong>com</strong>plicate his own <strong>and</strong> Rochambeau’s potential move to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. While<br />
we should not say Wash<strong>in</strong>gton lied to Greene, it was apparently necessary for him to equivocate a little <strong>in</strong> order<br />
to keep his own strategy <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> movements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French a secret. 3471<br />
Early August. [skirmishes] Orangeburgh (Orangeburg County, S.C.) On 8 August, Lee, near Howell’s ferry, wrote<br />
to Greene describ<strong>in</strong>g two recent skirmishes his troops fought <strong>in</strong>. In <strong>the</strong> first, Lee with 60 men attacked a British<br />
convoy <strong>of</strong> 32 wagons with a 300 man escort. They overwhelmed <strong>the</strong> cavalry part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> escort, but were forced<br />
to retreat when <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> body arose on <strong>the</strong> scene. In a second action, Cornet George Carr<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> twelve<br />
3467 CAR p. 356.<br />
3468 LSC p. 18.<br />
3469 GHC p. 372, LSC p. 18. See also http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/bassmill.htm<br />
3470 GHC pp. 372-373.<br />
3471 LMS pp. 446-447.<br />
586
dragoons were attacked by a party <strong>of</strong> 60 Loyalists; who <strong>the</strong>n released 17 <strong>of</strong> 20 prisoners Carr<strong>in</strong>gton was<br />
escort<strong>in</strong>g. The location <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se two encounters is not very clear, but from <strong>the</strong> description given <strong>in</strong> Lee’s letter,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y apparently took place near Orangeburgh; which at <strong>the</strong> time was garrisoned by about 300, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> N.J.<br />
Volunteers, a large number <strong>of</strong> loyalists, <strong>and</strong> a corps <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>valids, under Lieut. Col. Isaac Allen. Lee, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same<br />
letter, reported Stewart was at Thompson’s plantation with 1,500. 3472<br />
1 August. [raid] Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham’s Raids, also “Enoree River, Saluda River, between” (Laurens County, S.C.) Lieut.<br />
Col. William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham cont<strong>in</strong>ued his raids begun <strong>in</strong> early July. In an action, which took place on 1 August, he<br />
was more victorious than hi<strong>the</strong>rto. The whigs lost 8 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. His own losses, if any are not known.<br />
One result <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> action was that Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham was shortly afterward able to recruit 60 more men. He cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />
to raid frontier areas <strong>in</strong> September <strong>and</strong> October; after which he made his way back to Charlestown. 3473<br />
1 August. [skirmish] Fork <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Edisto (Orangeburg County <strong>and</strong> or possibly Calhoun County, S.C.) Whigs under<br />
Capt. Jacob Rumph were attacked at Four Mile Creek, a few miles west <strong>of</strong> Orangeburgh by a Capt. Connaway.<br />
Rumph lost 18 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded; <strong>the</strong> rest were dispersed. 3474<br />
1 August. The British send 11 armed vessels from Charlestown to collect rice which was abundant on <strong>the</strong> eastern<br />
Santee. The forag<strong>in</strong>g expedition, led by Col. Welbore Doyle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New York Volunteers, rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area till<br />
August 8 th ; <strong>and</strong> afterward cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong>ir ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> rice lower down on <strong>the</strong> Pon Pon (see 16 August.) 3475<br />
1 August.<br />
Forces under Cornwallis.<br />
Rank <strong>and</strong> File:<br />
BRITISH<br />
Light Infantry, First battalion: 446<br />
Light <strong>in</strong>fantry, Second battalion: 351<br />
Brigade <strong>of</strong> Guards: 331<br />
7 th Regt.: 142<br />
23 rd Regt.: 166<br />
33 rd Regt.: 188<br />
43 rd Regt.: 292<br />
2 nd Bttn., 71 st Regt.: 167<br />
76 th Regt.: 477<br />
80 th Regt.: 448<br />
GERMAN<br />
Anspach:<br />
1 st Anspach Bttn.: 436<br />
2 nd Anspach Bttn.: 419<br />
Hessian:<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Hereditaire: 386<br />
Regt. von Bose: 272<br />
PROVINCIAL<br />
Queen’s Rangers: 347<br />
British Legion (cavalry): 183<br />
Total: 5,051<br />
Detachments not <strong>in</strong>cluded above:<br />
Royal Artillery: 217<br />
German artillery: 50<br />
17 th Light Dragoons: 22<br />
23 rd Light Company: --<br />
82 nd Light Company: 32<br />
Jägers: 76<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers: 78<br />
Guides <strong>and</strong> Pioneers: 54<br />
Total for detachments, etcs.: 529<br />
COMPLETE TOTAL: 5,580 3476<br />
1-2 August. Cornwallis’s army began mov<strong>in</strong>g to occupy Yorktown <strong>and</strong> Gloucester, hav<strong>in</strong>g been transported to<br />
<strong>the</strong>se locations by boat from Portsmouth. Part <strong>of</strong> his force l<strong>and</strong>ed at Hampton <strong>and</strong> which from <strong>the</strong>re proceeded<br />
to march north; while <strong>the</strong> rest went directly by water. With respect to Gloucester, Cornwallis <strong>in</strong>itially<br />
3472 NGP9 p. 150.<br />
3473 NGP9 p. 50n, MSC p. 748. See http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/enoreeriver.htm<br />
3474 MSC2 p. 748, RBG p. 236.<br />
3475 NGP9 p. 124n.<br />
3476 Taken from CAC p. 236, <strong>in</strong>sert.<br />
587
dispatched Lieut. Col. Thomas Dundas with <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers, a detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 80 th Regt., light<br />
<strong>com</strong>panies, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some from <strong>the</strong> 23 rd <strong>and</strong> 82d regts, <strong>the</strong> jägers, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. Volunteers, <strong>and</strong> who work<br />
began <strong>the</strong>re on a l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> entrenchments <strong>and</strong> four redoubts, with 3 batteries mount<strong>in</strong>g n<strong>in</strong>eteen guns. Stedman<br />
states <strong>the</strong> move <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ entire forces, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> dismantl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> works at Portsmouth, was<br />
ac<strong>com</strong>plished by August 22 nd ; though Lafayette on 6 August reported only <strong>the</strong> N.C. Loyalists (Royal N.C. Regt.)<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g present. While Cornwallis concerned himself with fortify<strong>in</strong>g Yorktown <strong>and</strong> Gloucester, 3477 Lafayette posted<br />
his army at West Po<strong>in</strong>t at <strong>the</strong> confluence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mattaponi <strong>and</strong> Pamunkey rivers. Simultaneously, Wayne’s<br />
detachment occupied a location south <strong>of</strong> James hop<strong>in</strong>g soon to jo<strong>in</strong> Greene (which, <strong>of</strong> course, he did not end up<br />
do<strong>in</strong>g till after Yorktown.) 3478<br />
Cornwallis, at Yorktown, on this date wrote to Brig. Gen. Charles O’Hara (at Portsmouth): “...After a passage <strong>of</strong><br />
four days we l<strong>and</strong>ed here <strong>and</strong> at Gloucester without opposition. The position is bad, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> course we want more<br />
troops, <strong>and</strong> you know that every senior general takes without remorse from a junior, <strong>and</strong> tells him that he has<br />
noth<strong>in</strong>g to fear...” 3479<br />
Cornwallis, at Yorktown, to Tarleton, dated August 4 th wrote: “We had a passage <strong>of</strong> four days, but made good<br />
our l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g without opposition on ei<strong>the</strong>r side. I have no positive accounts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. [La]Fayette is said to be<br />
march<strong>in</strong>g towards Pamunkey, <strong>and</strong> I am not quite easy about our post at Gloucester. [Anthony] Wayne had<br />
certa<strong>in</strong>ly advanced to Goode’s bridge; but I suppose he will now be recalled. Simcoe himself is ill, <strong>and</strong> his<br />
horses, by be<strong>in</strong>g so long on board, are <strong>in</strong> a wretched condition. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> present appearance <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs, it<br />
will certa<strong>in</strong>ly be much <strong>the</strong> best way for you to l<strong>and</strong> at Old-po<strong>in</strong>t Comfort, <strong>and</strong> march by Hampton to this place,<br />
which will nearly <strong>in</strong>sure your not be<strong>in</strong>g above one day on board. You must <strong>in</strong> that case make your horses leap out<br />
<strong>in</strong> deep water, <strong>and</strong> swim on shore; we practised [sic] that method here without any accident. I do not at present<br />
see any th<strong>in</strong>g that can endanger your march from Hampton hi<strong>the</strong>r; nor do I th<strong>in</strong>k it probable, that Fayette can<br />
<strong>com</strong>e near us with a superior force before your arrival: You must, however, see, that I cannot well march out<br />
from hence, as I must leave at Gloucester <strong>and</strong> this place such a force as would render me too weak to wish to<br />
fight.<br />
“They assure me that <strong>the</strong>re is no carriage road from Williamsburgh to Hampton that does not pass with<strong>in</strong> five<br />
miles <strong>of</strong> us: Should circumstances alter, I th<strong>in</strong>k I could <strong>in</strong>form you <strong>in</strong> time by an express boat. After hav<strong>in</strong>g said<br />
this, I leave it to your discretion; <strong>and</strong> if you see difficulty <strong>and</strong> danger <strong>in</strong> jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g me by <strong>the</strong> short way <strong>of</strong> Po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
Comfort, I would have you go round; but if you prefer <strong>the</strong> short passage, it should be kept very secret. Your<br />
baggage should <strong>com</strong>e round; <strong>and</strong> what you are most <strong>in</strong> want <strong>of</strong>, you may by my authority put <strong>in</strong>to any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
quarter-master-general’s armed vessels, <strong>and</strong> send round immediately. You will <strong>com</strong>municated <strong>the</strong> contents <strong>of</strong><br />
this to General O’Hara, to whom I write by this opportunity.” 3480<br />
On <strong>the</strong> 11 th , Cornwallis also wrote Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “I embarked <strong>the</strong> eightieth regiment <strong>in</strong> boats, <strong>and</strong> went myself on<br />
board <strong>the</strong> Richmond very early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 29 th ; but we were so unfortunate <strong>in</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ds as to be four<br />
days on our passage. The eightieth l<strong>and</strong>ed on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st at Gloucester; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops which were <strong>in</strong><br />
transports on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2d at this place. I have s<strong>in</strong>ce brought <strong>the</strong> seventy-first <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion hi<strong>the</strong>r,<br />
<strong>and</strong> sent <strong>the</strong> regiment du Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Hereditaire to Gloucester. The works on <strong>the</strong> Gloucester side [under Lieut. Col.<br />
Thomas Dundas] are <strong>in</strong> some forwardness, <strong>and</strong> I hope <strong>in</strong> a situation to resist a sudden attack. Brigadier-general<br />
O’Hara is hasten<strong>in</strong>g as much as possible <strong>the</strong> evacuation <strong>of</strong> Portsmouth: as soon as he arrives here, I will send to<br />
New-York every man that I can spare, consistent with <strong>the</strong> safety <strong>and</strong> subsistence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> force <strong>in</strong> this country.” 3481<br />
1 August. From George Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Journal: “By this date all my Boats were ready, viz. one hundred New ones<br />
at Albany (constructed under <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Gen. Schuyler) <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> like number at Wapp<strong>in</strong>gs Creek by <strong>the</strong><br />
Quarter Master General; besides old ones which have been repaired. My heavy Ordnance <strong>and</strong> Stores from <strong>the</strong><br />
Eastward had also <strong>com</strong>e on to <strong>the</strong> North River <strong>and</strong> every th<strong>in</strong>g would have been <strong>in</strong> perfect read<strong>in</strong>ess to<br />
<strong>com</strong>mence <strong>the</strong> operation aga<strong>in</strong>st New York, if <strong>the</strong> States had furnished <strong>the</strong>ir quotas <strong>of</strong> men agreeably to my<br />
requisitions; but so far have <strong>the</strong>y been from <strong>com</strong>ply<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong>se that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first not more than half <strong>the</strong><br />
number asked <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m have jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Army, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> 6200 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter po<strong>in</strong>tedly <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>uously called for to<br />
be with <strong>the</strong> army by <strong>the</strong> 15 th <strong>of</strong> last Month, only 176 had arrived from Connecticut, <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>of</strong> about 300<br />
State Troops under <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Gen. Waterbury, which had been on <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es before we took <strong>the</strong> field, <strong>and</strong><br />
two Companies <strong>of</strong> York levies (about 80 Man) under similar circumstances.” 3482<br />
2 August. [skirmish] Rockfish Creek (Dupl<strong>in</strong> County, N.C.) Maj. James Craig with 250 British regulars, mostly <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 84 th Regt., <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g some cavalry, plus some 80 loyalists had marched aga<strong>in</strong>st a Dupl<strong>in</strong> County militia<br />
force <strong>of</strong> 330 under Col. James Kenan at Rockfish Creek Bridge, <strong>and</strong> by tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir flank by surprise defeated<br />
<strong>the</strong>m. The Americans lost 20-30 captured; <strong>the</strong> British 2 killed or wounded. Craig rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Dupl<strong>in</strong> for ten days<br />
ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> loyalists <strong>and</strong> runaway slaves, <strong>and</strong> which <strong>in</strong>creased <strong>the</strong> size <strong>of</strong> his force considerably; after which he<br />
3477 Although <strong>the</strong> British defenses at Gloucester were by late September <strong>in</strong> a reasonably <strong>com</strong>pleted state, those at York required<br />
ongo<strong>in</strong>g, labor <strong>in</strong>tensive work; such that even by siege’s ended <strong>the</strong>y were never properly f<strong>in</strong>ished. TCS pp. 371-372, LMS p. 494.<br />
3478 RCC pp. 111-112, SQR p. 239, TCS pp. 412-413, EHJ pp. 319-321, SAW2 p. 396-397, LMS pp. 444-445, CBA p. 611, WCO p.<br />
372, TBY pp. 13-14.<br />
3479 SCP6 p. 43.<br />
3480 TCS pp. 411-412, SCP6 p. 59.<br />
3481 CAC pp. 182-183, SCP6 p. 19; given <strong>in</strong> Saberton as Aug. 12,<br />
3482 Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> American History, Aug. 1881, vol. VII, no. 2, pp. 122. And for <strong>the</strong> full journal from May to Nov. 1781, see also<br />
“Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Journal, May to August 1781.” Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> American History, Feb. 1881, vol. VI, no. 2, pp. 108-125; <strong>and</strong> “August<br />
to November, 1781.” Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> American History, Aug. 1881, vol. VII, no. 2, pp. 122-133.<br />
588
went on to attack New Bern. See K<strong>in</strong>gston <strong>and</strong> Webber, 16 <strong>and</strong> 17 August respectively, <strong>and</strong> New Bern, 19<br />
August. 3483<br />
Lee: “Craig’s garrison consisted only <strong>of</strong> three hundred men, many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> hospital, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole<br />
<strong>in</strong>adequate to man his extensive works.” 3484<br />
Col. James Kenan, at Dup<strong>in</strong> [Court House?], on August 2 nd to Gov. Burke: “I imbodied [sic] all <strong>the</strong> Militia I Could<br />
<strong>in</strong> this County to <strong>the</strong> Amount <strong>of</strong> about 150 men & was re<strong>in</strong>forced by Genl. [William] Caswell with about 180 <strong>and</strong><br />
took past at a place Called rockfish [sic]. The British this day Came aga<strong>in</strong>st me <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia aga<strong>in</strong> after a few<br />
rounds Broak [sic], <strong>and</strong> it was out <strong>of</strong> my power <strong>and</strong> all my Officers to rally <strong>the</strong>m. They have all Dispersed. Before<br />
<strong>the</strong> men Broak we lost non[e], But <strong>the</strong> light horse pursued <strong>and</strong> I am afraid have Taken about 20 or 30 men. I<br />
Cannot Give You a full acct. [account.] But <strong>the</strong> Bearer Capt. James who was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Action Can <strong>in</strong>form your<br />
Excellency <strong>of</strong> any Particular. He acted with Be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g Bravery dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> whole action. I am now Conv<strong>in</strong>ced this<br />
County with Several o<strong>the</strong>rs will be Overrun with <strong>the</strong> British & Tories. Your Excellency will Excuse as I cannot<br />
Give a more full acco[un]t.” 3485<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> Daniel Merrit: “In July or August 1781 he was drafted <strong>and</strong> entered service aga<strong>in</strong> under <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Jonathan Parker, Naaman Carter Ensign, <strong>in</strong> a regiment <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Col Charles <strong>War</strong>d,<br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers he forgets <strong>and</strong> served two months; that he was <strong>in</strong> a skirmish at Rockfish bridge just above<br />
South Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>in</strong> New Hanover County, where <strong>the</strong> Americans were defeated <strong>and</strong> put to route, be<strong>in</strong>g attacked<br />
<strong>in</strong> front by <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> rear by <strong>the</strong>ir cavalry about at <strong>the</strong> same time; that he embodied at Rockfish<br />
<strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>re <strong>the</strong> two months employed <strong>in</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g entrenchment; that <strong>the</strong>re was a considerable American<br />
force at Rockfish, that he has no documentary evidence, but can prove this service by Arthur Matthis <strong>of</strong> Dupl<strong>in</strong><br />
County whose affidavit is hereunto affixed...” 3486<br />
2 August. A “Capta<strong>in</strong> Manson” (possibly Daniel Manson <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal N.C. Regt. <strong>and</strong> a former shipwright;<br />
regard<strong>in</strong>g whom see SCP1 p. 21n), <strong>and</strong> ostensibly on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> orders from Balfour or Rawdon, came by sea<br />
from Charlestown, set some men on shore with firebr<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> burned Georgetown, <strong>and</strong> afterward shelled <strong>the</strong><br />
city to prevent efforts to put out <strong>the</strong> fire. The action was ostensibly done <strong>in</strong> retaliation for Sumter’s hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
earlier sent some <strong>of</strong> his men to confiscate <strong>the</strong> property <strong>of</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> town. See 25 July. 3487<br />
2-4 August. [raids] Myddleton’s Plantation <strong>and</strong> Congaree River (Orangeburgh <strong>and</strong> Calhoun counties, S.C.)<br />
Colonels Charles Myddleton <strong>and</strong> Wade Hampton, with mounted South Carol<strong>in</strong>a State Troops, carried out two<br />
separate raids to destroy provisions from fall<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to British h<strong>and</strong>s. Myddleton’s force met with some resistance,<br />
<strong>and</strong> was driven <strong>of</strong>f before be<strong>in</strong>g able to properly <strong>com</strong>plete <strong>the</strong> task. Both operations were o<strong>the</strong>rwise successful.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> 4 th , Myddleton, under orders to remove corn below <strong>the</strong> Santee River, wrote Greene stat<strong>in</strong>g it would be<br />
impossible to transport all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> foodstuffs due to <strong>the</strong> enemy’s (i.e., Stewart’s) move towards Thompson’s<br />
Plantation. All that he could not remove <strong>the</strong>n was burned or dumped <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> river as Greene had <strong>in</strong>structed.<br />
Myddleton added he had “all <strong>the</strong> Negroes <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Neighborhood” removed; while mention<strong>in</strong>g that Lieut. Col.<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton had advised that all boats <strong>and</strong> flats upon <strong>the</strong> river should be wrested <strong>and</strong> secured (<strong>and</strong> which<br />
suggestion was presumably carried out also.) 3488<br />
Col. Wade Hampton at Howell’s Ferry, on <strong>the</strong> 5 th , wrote Greene: “A party that that was Sent to secure <strong>the</strong> Boats<br />
on <strong>the</strong> river from McCord[’]s to Howell’s Ferry, <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r party that was sent to distroy [sic] <strong>the</strong> Corn at<br />
Myddleton’s plantation have both returned <strong>and</strong> effected <strong>the</strong> Bus<strong>in</strong>ess. The latter were attacked by <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s<br />
Cavalry before <strong>the</strong> Corn was entirely consumed, however <strong>the</strong>y th<strong>in</strong>k it was effectually destroyed as <strong>the</strong> House<br />
burnt down.” 3489<br />
Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> second <strong>of</strong> August a party <strong>of</strong> Colonel [Wade] Hampton’s men had a skirmish with a party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy, kill<strong>in</strong>g thirteen <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. 3490 Of Colonel Hampton’s was slightly wounded one man. On <strong>the</strong> fourth we<br />
marched <strong>and</strong> crossed <strong>the</strong> Wateree at Symmond’s. Marched this day thirteen miles.” 3491<br />
3 August. [skirmish] P<strong>in</strong>ey Bottom Creek, also P<strong>in</strong>ey Bottom Massacre, N.C. CNS1 pp. 382-397, ONB3 pp. 308-309,<br />
<strong>and</strong> DRO pp. 187-189. See also http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/p<strong>in</strong>ey.htm<br />
3 August. [skirmish] McCord’s Ferry, also McCant’s ferry (Orangeburg County, S.C.) 3492<br />
Kirkwood: “This day <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Horse took possession <strong>of</strong> McCord’s Ferry with one Large Boat <strong>and</strong> Negro, on <strong>the</strong><br />
News <strong>of</strong> which our Horse, <strong>and</strong> foot, marched down to <strong>the</strong> Ferry, <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>re until Even<strong>in</strong>g; <strong>and</strong> marched<br />
back to <strong>the</strong> ground we left <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g…12 [miles].” 3493<br />
3483 NGP9 p. 155n, DRO pp. 199-202. See also http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/rockfish2.htm<br />
3484 LMS p. 447.<br />
3485 CNC15 p. 593.<br />
3486 Daniel Merrit, No. W6817. See http://sou<strong>the</strong>rncampaign.org/pen/w6817.pdf<br />
3487 RSC2 pp. 235-236, JLG2 p. 216, BSF p. 209, RBG p.181.<br />
3488 NGP9 pp. 116, 130-131.<br />
3489 NGP9 p.132.<br />
3490 If <strong>and</strong> whe<strong>the</strong>r this skirmish was connected with <strong>the</strong> raid as such is not clear. The Delaware <strong>com</strong>pany, to which Seymour<br />
belonged, was <strong>of</strong>ten attached to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry so that <strong>the</strong> two toge<strong>the</strong>r would, un<strong>of</strong>ficially, form a “Legion.”<br />
3491 SJS.<br />
3492 KJO p. 21, NGP9 pp. 165-168, CNC15 pp. 603-607, ONB3 p. 309. And see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/mccordsfy.htm<br />
3493 KJO p. 21.<br />
589
On August 12 th , Greene, at “Head Quarters on <strong>the</strong> high Hills <strong>of</strong> Santee,” wrote Gov. Thomas Burke: “Noth<strong>in</strong>g<br />
material has happened <strong>in</strong> this Army s<strong>in</strong>ce my last. The Enemy are still at McCord’s ferry. Lieut. Col. Lee crossed<br />
<strong>the</strong> Santee a few days ago <strong>and</strong> took 15 Dragoons, <strong>and</strong> would have brought <strong>of</strong>f near 20 more, which one <strong>of</strong> his<br />
Parties had taken had it not been for a Party <strong>of</strong> Tories who fired upon <strong>the</strong>m before <strong>the</strong>y had time to secure <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
Prisoners, <strong>and</strong> while <strong>the</strong>y were charg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Tories <strong>the</strong> Prisoners all made <strong>the</strong>ir escape except three. There were<br />
only 15 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dragoons, <strong>and</strong> upwards <strong>of</strong> 60 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories.” 3494<br />
3 August. [skirmish] Near Orangeburgh, S.C. ONB3 p. 309.<br />
3 August. Col. Isaac Shelby, from “Wattango, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton County,” N.C., wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g that he could<br />
not <strong>com</strong>e to Greene with his 700 mounted rifle men until peace negotiations with <strong>the</strong> Cherokees <strong>and</strong> Chicksaws<br />
were <strong>com</strong>pleted. Ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> excessive heat <strong>of</strong> that time <strong>of</strong> year, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> mayhap underst<strong>and</strong>able reluctance<br />
<strong>of</strong> Shelby to move his men a great distance under <strong>in</strong> such temperatures, he did not reach Greene till October.<br />
The treaty actually had been signed <strong>in</strong> late July; though evidently Shelby on this date did not know it. See 29<br />
July. 3495<br />
4 August. Col. Isaac Hayne was executed for hav<strong>in</strong>g broken his oath <strong>of</strong> protection, <strong>and</strong> taken up arms aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
Royal authority (regard<strong>in</strong>g his capture, see 7 July.) The, as many saw it, uncalled for <strong>and</strong> unnecessary act was<br />
denounced <strong>and</strong> sparked outrage <strong>and</strong> protest from both Americans <strong>and</strong> some British as well. Balfour <strong>and</strong> Rawdon,<br />
who authorized <strong>the</strong> execution, believed Hayne to be guilty <strong>and</strong> that he ought to have been made an example. In<br />
any case, <strong>the</strong> execution put many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whigs <strong>in</strong> awe, <strong>and</strong> bolstered loyalist recruit<strong>in</strong>g near <strong>and</strong> around<br />
Charlestown. 3496<br />
4 August. Lafayette marched to Newcastle on <strong>the</strong> Pamunkey River.<br />
5 August. Governor Rutledge, 3497 hav<strong>in</strong>g recently returned to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a to re-establish state government,<br />
issued a proclamation aga<strong>in</strong>st unauthorized pillag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> plunder<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> general aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> civil disorder<br />
which had arisen <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> wake <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. The unauthorized pillag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> plunder<strong>in</strong>g apparently <strong>in</strong>cluded or<br />
implied “Sumter’s Law.” It is <strong>the</strong>n probably no co<strong>in</strong>cidence that Sumter rel<strong>in</strong>quished <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> his brigade at<br />
<strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> this denouncement. Yet exactly how he took <strong>the</strong> proclamation o<strong>the</strong>rwise is not known. Possibly he<br />
was <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> what Rutledge was go<strong>in</strong>g to say; given what havoc <strong>the</strong> nullification <strong>of</strong> his “Law”<br />
would wreak upon his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. This <strong>in</strong> addition to his old wound <strong>and</strong> disagreements with o<strong>the</strong>r leaders,<br />
prompted him to divest himself <strong>of</strong> leadership <strong>of</strong> his brigade; with Lieut. Col. William Henderson 3498 be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
subsequently appo<strong>in</strong>ted by Rutledge to take his place. In a letter from Greene to Henderson <strong>of</strong> 12 August,<br />
Greene assumes Sumter’s temporarily retir<strong>in</strong>g as an already known fact. Henderson’s first reply to Greene came<br />
on August 14 th . Sumter did, notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, return briefly to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> early 1782. 3499<br />
5 August. Embark<strong>in</strong>g with 3,100-3,200 troops under Maj. Gen. Marquis de St. Simon, <strong>and</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g 1,500 livres, 28<br />
ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> 6 frigates under Rear Admiral François Joseph Paul, Comte de Grasse sailed from Le Cap<br />
Franςais (also “Franςois,” now Cape Haytien) on <strong>the</strong> north coast <strong>of</strong> Haiti (<strong>the</strong>n considered part <strong>of</strong> Sa<strong>in</strong>t-<br />
Dom<strong>in</strong>ique or Santa Dom<strong>in</strong>go), on <strong>the</strong>ir way to <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake; which <strong>the</strong>y arrived at on <strong>the</strong> 30 th . See 3-5<br />
September. The troops de Grasse was transport<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>the</strong> Gatenois, Agenois, <strong>and</strong> Toura<strong>in</strong>e regiments, plus<br />
100 dragoons, 100 artillerymen, 10 field pieces <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> siege cannon <strong>and</strong> mortars.<br />
When Vice Admiral George Rodney, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> West Indies, learned de Grasse was at Le Cap Franςais, he sent a<br />
dispatch to Rear Admiral Thomas Graves 3500 report<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French fleet. In spite <strong>of</strong> this, <strong>the</strong> ship<br />
carry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> message ended up be<strong>in</strong>g run aground by American privateers <strong>of</strong>f Long Isl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> never reached its<br />
dest<strong>in</strong>ation. At <strong>the</strong> time, Graves, out <strong>of</strong> New York, had sailed eastward <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Atlantic <strong>in</strong> a futile search for <strong>the</strong><br />
French fleet. Rodney, meanwhile, temporarily returned home for reasons <strong>of</strong> health <strong>and</strong> sent Rear Admiral<br />
Samuel Hood’s squadron <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> West Indies <strong>in</strong> his stead to jo<strong>in</strong> Graves <strong>and</strong> assist aga<strong>in</strong>st de Grasse. 3501<br />
From <strong>the</strong> journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> operations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fleet under Count de Grasse: “The 5 th <strong>of</strong> August <strong>the</strong> fleet weighed<br />
anchor from St. Dom<strong>in</strong>go, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 30 th arrived <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> bay <strong>of</strong> Chesapeak. The dispatches <strong>of</strong> Generals<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Rochambeau, received by <strong>the</strong> Count de Grasse, <strong>in</strong>formed him <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir army, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> success which <strong>the</strong> British arms had obta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>. The frigate Concorde, by which this<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence had been conveyed, was sent back to acqua<strong>in</strong>t <strong>the</strong> above generals that <strong>the</strong> French fleet was arrived<br />
<strong>of</strong>f Cape Henry.” 3502<br />
Jerome A. Greene: “On learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> de Grasse’s departure, Rodney [whose responsibility it was to conta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
distract] directed Admiral Samuel Hood with fourteen ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e to <strong>the</strong> American coast to prevent his [de<br />
3494 NGP9 pp. 165-168, CNC15 pp. 603-607.<br />
3495 NGP9 p. 129.<br />
3496 JLG2 p. 190, GAR1 pp. 250-255, 278-280, MSC2 pp. 382-412.<br />
3497 Rutledge was at Camden on Augusts 1 st , <strong>and</strong> afterward jo<strong>in</strong>ed Greene’s army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee. BGC p. 203.<br />
3498 Henderson had been made prisoner at <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> Charlestown <strong>and</strong> had been exchanged <strong>in</strong> November 1780. After jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
Sumter, he assumed temporary <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter’s brigade after Blackstock’s, <strong>and</strong> later on May 25 th was appo<strong>in</strong>ted to<br />
organize <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>of</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six. NGP9 p. 25n, JLG2 pp. 210-216.<br />
3499 NGP9 pp. 169, 203n, LMS pp. 540-544, JLG2 p. 187, 210-216, BGC pp. 203-204.<br />
3500 Graves had succeeded Arbuthnot, sometime shortly after March 1781.<br />
3501 AR81 pp. 116-118, GHA4 pp. 180-181, SAW2 pp. 398-401, MLW4A pp. 467-470, JYC pp. 98-99, WAR2 p. 882, WFK p. 237.<br />
3502 TCS p. 445.<br />
590
Grasse’s] union with <strong>the</strong> Allies. But de Grasse predicted this action; <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> direct route east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Bahamas, he steered through <strong>the</strong> Old Bahama Channel, skirt<strong>in</strong>g Cuba, <strong>and</strong> pressed on with <strong>the</strong> Gulf Stream<br />
between <strong>the</strong> Bahamas <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Florida Pen<strong>in</strong>sula. Rodney subsequently dispatched six more warships from<br />
Jamaica to jo<strong>in</strong> Hood, but <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er disobeyed <strong>in</strong>structions <strong>and</strong> stayed beh<strong>in</strong>d. Rodney himself fell ill <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> mid August sailed home to Engl<strong>and</strong>.” 3503<br />
6 August. Greene, <strong>in</strong> a letter to General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>of</strong> this date, stated that <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> his department as<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g: 4000 <strong>in</strong>fantry, 400 horse <strong>of</strong> regular troops, 1000 tory militia, 1000 sailors, <strong>and</strong> 400 to 500 negroes. The<br />
“militia Tories from <strong>the</strong>ir be<strong>in</strong>g such exceed<strong>in</strong>g good marksman, will not be <strong>the</strong> least useful.” The British “have<br />
erected two new large works <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> old L<strong>in</strong>es that mount from twenty to thirty pieces <strong>of</strong> cannon each.<br />
These works have great <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Town as well as <strong>the</strong> rivers. One o<strong>the</strong>r new work is nearly <strong>com</strong>pleted on<br />
a marsh called Shute’s Folly on <strong>the</strong> harbour side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tended to defend <strong>the</strong> place aga<strong>in</strong>st Shipp<strong>in</strong>g.”<br />
In December <strong>of</strong> 1781, Maj. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Leslie, who, at that time, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> British forces <strong>in</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> Georgia, gave as <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>in</strong> his department as 4,515 rank <strong>and</strong> file fit for duty. In <strong>the</strong> same<br />
letter mentioned above to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, Greene reported his hav<strong>in</strong>g upwards <strong>of</strong> 1500 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, 400 to 500<br />
“state troops.” He also mentioned that a possible 1,500 to 2,000 N.C. militia could be raised. 3504<br />
6 August. [skirmish] Turkey Hill, also Salley’s Cowpens, “Capt. Joseph V<strong>in</strong>ce vs. Loyalists” (Orangeburg County,<br />
S.C.) ONB3 p. 310. See also http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/turkeyhill.htm<br />
6 August. Lafayette, at New Castle, to Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “The [British] embarkation which I thought <strong>and</strong> I do<br />
still th<strong>in</strong>k to have been dest<strong>in</strong>ed to Newyork [sic] was reported to have sailed up <strong>the</strong> Bay, <strong>and</strong> to be bound <strong>in</strong><br />
Baltimore -- <strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> which I wrote to Your Excellency, <strong>and</strong> as I had not <strong>in</strong>dulged myself too near<br />
Portsmouth I was able to cut across towards Frederiksburg [Fredericksburg]. But <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g his voyage<br />
up <strong>the</strong> Bay[,] My Lord entered York River <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>ed at York <strong>and</strong> Glocester [Gloucester] to <strong>the</strong> former vessels<br />
were added a number <strong>of</strong> flatt [sic] bottomed boats...<br />
“Had not your attention been turned to Newyork [sic] some th<strong>in</strong>g might be done <strong>in</strong> this quarter. But I see<br />
Newyork is <strong>the</strong> object <strong>and</strong> consequently I attend to your <strong>in</strong>structions by Capta<strong>in</strong> Olney.” 3505<br />
7 August. [skirmish] Parson’s Plantation, also “Maj. John Cooper vs. Maj. Thomas Fraser” (Colleton County,<br />
S.C.) 3506<br />
8 August. (or 4 or 7 August) [skirmish] Bette’s Bridge, also Beattie’s, Beatti’s, Beatty’s Bridge, Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek<br />
(Hoke County, N.C.) Col. Thomas Wade with 170 N.C. militia, <strong>in</strong> a four hour engagement, defeated 150 Loyalists<br />
under Col. Duncan Ray at Bette’s Bridge (Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek). One report gave <strong>the</strong> American casualties as 4 killed<br />
<strong>and</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalists 25 to 30 killed or wounded. 3507<br />
8 August. Lee, near Howell’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Congaree, reported Stewart be<strong>in</strong>g at Thompson’s plantation near<br />
McCord’s Ferry, with an estimated 1,500 men. A later count put Stewart’s strength at about 1,600; while<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r from Marion gave 2,000. Stewart reportedly suffered from desertions. About this time, Henderson, with<br />
what rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s former troops, fell <strong>in</strong> with Lee; who was operat<strong>in</strong>g between Orangeburg <strong>and</strong><br />
Stewart’s army, <strong>in</strong> watch<strong>in</strong>g Stewart while <strong>in</strong>terdict<strong>in</strong>g enemy forag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>munications. 3508<br />
8 August. In a letter to Greene, Marion <strong>in</strong>formed him that <strong>the</strong> Charlestown garrison was small; as were those at<br />
Wappetaw Meet<strong>in</strong>g house (16 miles nor<strong>the</strong>ast <strong>of</strong> Charlestown), Jacksonborough, <strong>and</strong> Dorchester. Marion believed<br />
<strong>the</strong> core force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army was at Brown’s Mill (halfway between Orangeburgh <strong>and</strong> McCord’s Ferry)<br />
except for <strong>the</strong> troops at Thompson’s Plantation. He added that <strong>the</strong> British destroyed all provisions both “Dry &<br />
Green <strong>and</strong> not a field <strong>of</strong> Corn St<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g,” <strong>and</strong> “do not stay two Days <strong>in</strong> one place.” 3509<br />
9-12 August. [skirmishes] Richmond <strong>and</strong> Cumberl<strong>and</strong> County, N.C. ONB3 pp. 312-313.<br />
10 August. Col. Francis Lock, at Salisbury, wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g a large number <strong>of</strong> militia were march<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
jo<strong>in</strong> Greene; with <strong>the</strong> exception <strong>of</strong> men from, Anson, Montgomery, <strong>and</strong> Richmond counties who were “chiefly<br />
upon Duties aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Tories,” <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>refore could not be <strong>of</strong> assistance at present. 3510<br />
11 August. Col. Marquis de Malmedy, at ei<strong>the</strong>r Waxhaws or Salisbury (it is not clear), reported to Greene he had<br />
200 N.C. militia ready to unite with Greene’s army. By 25 August, he was at Camden. The force <strong>of</strong> Salisbury<br />
militia he had with him was to be divided <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> between Malmedy <strong>and</strong> Col. Francis Lock. But by <strong>the</strong> time<br />
<strong>of</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, Lock had not arrived so that Malmedy <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> entire corps. 3511<br />
3503 GYT p. 13.<br />
3504 NGP9 pp. 139, 140, 142n.<br />
3505 LLW pp. 215-216. For Lafayette’s own subsequent reflections on his strategic situation vis-à-vis Cornwallis at this time, see<br />
CSS pp. 12071208.<br />
3506 LSC p. 16, ONB3 p. 311. And see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/parsonspl.htm<br />
3507 NGP9 p. 156, ONB3 p. 310, DRO pp. 198-199.<br />
3508 NGP9 pp. 150, 177.<br />
3509 NGP9 p. 151.<br />
3510 NGP9 p. 162.<br />
3511 NGP9 pp.164, 185n.<br />
591
11 August (or 12 August). 2,500-3,000 German mercenaries, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton speaks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m as “recruits,” were l<strong>and</strong>ed at<br />
New York as British re<strong>in</strong>forcements. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton himself, this brought his total force <strong>in</strong> New York to<br />
almost 12,000 effectives, but <strong>of</strong> regulars <strong>and</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>cials fit for duty <strong>the</strong>re were only 9,300. 3512<br />
11-15 August. In addition to <strong>the</strong> expedition up <strong>the</strong> Santee, <strong>the</strong> British had sent forag<strong>in</strong>g parties upon <strong>the</strong> Pon Pon<br />
(later called <strong>the</strong> Edisto) River to get rice (see 1 August.) Col William Harden, who was keep<strong>in</strong>g watch on <strong>the</strong>m<br />
wrote to Greene on August 15 th (<strong>in</strong> a letter which was captured): “enemy still at Combahee Ferry wait<strong>in</strong>g for<br />
boats (schooners) to arrive for rice. What rice <strong>the</strong>y can’t take with <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong>y say <strong>the</strong>y will burn.” Marion would<br />
have assisted Harden at this time but was kept <strong>in</strong> check by McArthur’s corps block<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> way at Fairlawn, a<br />
mansion near Monck’s Corner. 3513<br />
12 August. Greene ordered Col. William. Henderson to reduce <strong>the</strong> size <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a State Troops<br />
(formerly Sumter’s brigade) <strong>and</strong> organize <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to 2 (no more than 3) battalions. This was a radical change<br />
from Sumter’s partisan approach <strong>and</strong> was aimed at provid<strong>in</strong>g South Carol<strong>in</strong>a with more reliable, <strong>and</strong><br />
pr<strong>of</strong>essionally tra<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> equipped soldiers; <strong>the</strong> sort all <strong>the</strong> more needed to help restore civil government <strong>in</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Similarly, two o<strong>the</strong>r bodies <strong>of</strong> State troops were be<strong>in</strong>g formed under former Marion <strong>of</strong>ficers<br />
Lieut. Col. Peter Horry <strong>and</strong> (previously Major) Lieut. Col. Hezekiah Maham, <strong>and</strong> yet ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> Georgia troops,<br />
for that state, under Lieut. Col. James Jackson. 3514 On 25 August, Greene wrote to President <strong>of</strong> Congress,<br />
Thomas McKean: “As General Sumters Corps was raised only for ten months I <strong>com</strong>missioned Lt[.] Colonel Mayhem<br />
[Hezekiah Maham], <strong>and</strong> Lt Col [Peter] Horry to raise two Corps <strong>of</strong> Horse 200 each. Their bounty <strong>and</strong> pay will be<br />
high; but as <strong>the</strong>y are so essential <strong>in</strong> support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cause <strong>of</strong> head<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Militaia [sic], Governor [John] Rutledge<br />
th<strong>in</strong>ks it highly necessary that <strong>the</strong>y should be encouraged. Those not be<strong>in</strong>g entitled by contract to any share <strong>in</strong><br />
plunder I am <strong>in</strong> hopes will be brought under better discipl<strong>in</strong>e. Governor Rutledge proposes to reduce Sumter[’]s<br />
Brigade from four Regiments to two, which I have re<strong>com</strong>mended as <strong>the</strong> whole don’t amount to more than 400<br />
Men, <strong>and</strong> by lessen<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> Regiments, dismiss<strong>in</strong>g a great number <strong>of</strong> useless Officers, <strong>and</strong> call<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>the</strong> ranks <strong>the</strong>ir Waiters I am <strong>in</strong> hopes to encrease [sic] <strong>the</strong>ir force. I also appo<strong>in</strong>ted Lieut. Col. [James] Jackson<br />
<strong>of</strong> Georgia to raise a Corps for that State; <strong>and</strong> which I am happy to f<strong>in</strong>d is much approved <strong>of</strong> by <strong>the</strong> Delegates <strong>of</strong><br />
that State <strong>in</strong> Congress.” As well on this same date, Greene wrote Col. Charles Harrison, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental artillery <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn department, to proceed to Charlotte, Salisbury <strong>and</strong> Oliphant’s Mill <strong>and</strong><br />
make an <strong>in</strong>spection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> military stores <strong>the</strong>re <strong>and</strong>, as well, <strong>the</strong> armory at Salisbury. Harrison was to arrange to<br />
have arms repaired <strong>and</strong> set up a laboratory <strong>in</strong> Salisbury; however, <strong>the</strong> latter scheme did not subsequently prove<br />
possible to carry out. 3515<br />
12 August. Letter <strong>of</strong> Greene, at “Head Quarters on <strong>the</strong> high Hills <strong>of</strong> Santee,” to Gov. Thomas Burke: “Your good<br />
op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> me is flatter<strong>in</strong>g to my feel<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>and</strong> altho’ conscious <strong>of</strong> endeavor<strong>in</strong>g to deserve <strong>the</strong> public esteem, I<br />
am not va<strong>in</strong> enough to th<strong>in</strong>k myself entitled to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pliment or favorable sentiments you say <strong>the</strong>y enterta<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
me. Whatever may be my abilities, knowledge, or experience <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> art <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong> <strong>the</strong>y can only be made useful as<br />
<strong>the</strong> wise <strong>and</strong> prudent at <strong>the</strong> Head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Civil Department shall concur with me <strong>in</strong> measures necessary for <strong>the</strong><br />
safety <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> good People <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se United States. And it affords me a peculiar pleasure to f<strong>in</strong>d your views are<br />
directed to those objects which alone can lay a foundation for permanent security. However I do not fully<br />
<strong>com</strong>prehend your plan for establish<strong>in</strong>g a Body <strong>of</strong> Militia by Monthly drafts to form an efficient force <strong>of</strong> 2000 Men<br />
out <strong>of</strong> three that are to be drafted for this purpose. The Law to be sure must govern your conduct, but if <strong>the</strong><br />
Legislature could be brought to draft for a longer time <strong>the</strong>y would feel <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>convenience less, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> benefit<br />
more. When <strong>the</strong> Militia are frequently called <strong>in</strong>to service <strong>the</strong>y get sickly <strong>and</strong> disgusted with it, much more than<br />
when <strong>the</strong>y serve longer periods. The frequent contrasts made by <strong>the</strong> people between <strong>the</strong> pleasures <strong>and</strong> freedom<br />
<strong>of</strong> private life, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> hardships <strong>and</strong> restra<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> life <strong>of</strong> a Soldier render it more odious than it really is.<br />
The waste <strong>of</strong> Stores, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> expence as well as depredations <strong>com</strong>mitted by <strong>the</strong> People <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g out & return<strong>in</strong>g<br />
home, are o<strong>the</strong>r objections to short terms <strong>of</strong> service. These are <strong>in</strong>conveniences that I dare say have not escaped<br />
you. But <strong>the</strong> Magistrate can no more alter <strong>the</strong> Laws than a politician can suddenly change <strong>the</strong> manners <strong>and</strong><br />
genius <strong>of</strong> a People. It is our duty to work with such materials as we have, <strong>and</strong> wait favorable opportunities for<br />
remov<strong>in</strong>g ill attachments <strong>and</strong> old prejudices. We cannot force People to th<strong>in</strong>k with us. All we can do is to <strong>of</strong>fer<br />
reasons to br<strong>in</strong>g about reformations. It is from <strong>the</strong> impossibility <strong>of</strong> effect<strong>in</strong>g sudden changes where evils have<br />
grown obst<strong>in</strong>ate by long <strong>in</strong>dulgence, that I apprehend you will meet with great difficulty <strong>in</strong> putt<strong>in</strong>g th<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> a<br />
proper tra<strong>in</strong> agreeable to your wishes. It is <strong>the</strong> true <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong> States to bury as much as possible <strong>the</strong><br />
l<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> partition between each <strong>in</strong> a military po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> view, for if each State should conf<strong>in</strong>e its force to its own<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternal security <strong>the</strong> Enemy would conquer <strong>the</strong> whole one after ano<strong>the</strong>r; whereas if <strong>the</strong> whole force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
several States could be collected to a po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>the</strong> Enemy might be successfully opposed. It is on this account that I<br />
wish your Council may leave you at liberty to act upon that extensive scale which appears to be <strong>the</strong> object <strong>of</strong><br />
your preparations.<br />
“I perfectly agree with you <strong>in</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion that <strong>the</strong> best way <strong>of</strong> silenc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Tories is by rout<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Enemy from<br />
Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton; for while <strong>the</strong>y have foot<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re <strong>the</strong> Tories will receive such encouragement as to keep <strong>the</strong>ir hopes<br />
<strong>and</strong> expectations alive; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>cursions will be cont<strong>in</strong>ued. Nor will it be <strong>in</strong> your power to crush <strong>the</strong>m with all<br />
<strong>the</strong> force you can raise, as <strong>the</strong>y act <strong>in</strong> small Parties, <strong>and</strong> appear <strong>in</strong> so many different shapes, <strong>and</strong> have so many<br />
3512 GHA4 p. 146, SCV1 p. 15, 15n.<br />
3513 NGP9 pp. 169n-170n.<br />
3514 Jackson’s legion was largely made up <strong>of</strong> “former” loyalists <strong>and</strong> British deserters. MHG p. 526.<br />
3515 NGP9 pp. 151, 157, 243, JLG2 pp. 210-216.<br />
592
hid<strong>in</strong>g places <strong>and</strong> secret spr<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence that you may wear out an Army, <strong>and</strong> still be unable to subdue<br />
<strong>the</strong>m. Strike at <strong>the</strong> root <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> evil by remov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>fer <strong>the</strong>se poor deluded Wretches some hopes<br />
<strong>of</strong> forgiveness, <strong>and</strong> you will feel little <strong>in</strong>jury from this class <strong>of</strong> People. I have long had it <strong>in</strong> contemplation to<br />
attempt someth<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>st Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton; but my force <strong>and</strong> situation has put it out <strong>of</strong> my power. I shall be happy<br />
to aid you <strong>in</strong> advice or <strong>in</strong> any o<strong>the</strong>r way which may serve to give success to your plan. And it will afford me more<br />
pleasure to see <strong>the</strong> place reduced by an effort <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State than <strong>in</strong> any o<strong>the</strong>r way as it will more effectually<br />
damp <strong>the</strong> hopes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>the</strong> importance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> natural strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country than any<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r mode. But <strong>in</strong> my op<strong>in</strong>ion to render a Militia truly formidable <strong>the</strong> Laws must oblige every Man to keep a<br />
good firelock <strong>and</strong> accoutrements <strong>of</strong> every k<strong>in</strong>d fit for Action with a sufficient stock <strong>of</strong> Ammunition for a severe<br />
engagement.<br />
“It is from an apprehension <strong>of</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>g an Enemy <strong>in</strong> every direction <strong>and</strong> from great Bodies be<strong>in</strong>g suddenly<br />
collected that <strong>the</strong>y be<strong>com</strong>e formidable to a regular force. Two reasons concur to <strong>in</strong>duce me to wish to see <strong>the</strong><br />
Militia <strong>of</strong> America well armed; one is that <strong>the</strong> Enemy can never conquer <strong>the</strong> Country whilst we can keep <strong>the</strong><br />
shadow <strong>of</strong> a regular force <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field, provided <strong>the</strong> Militia are well armed, <strong>and</strong> no general Action can prove<br />
totally ru<strong>in</strong>ous, tho’ it may br<strong>in</strong>g upon us many misfortunes; <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r is that should any Officer prompted by<br />
ambition ignorantly attempt any th<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> liberties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country, <strong>the</strong> People may be prepared to crush<br />
him immediately; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> best security aga<strong>in</strong>st such a misfortune is to be armed aga<strong>in</strong>st it; for tho’ I am<br />
confident no Man will ever be mad enough to attempt anyth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>d yet it would be best to remove <strong>the</strong><br />
temptation. I have ever considered dist<strong>in</strong>ctions between Citizens <strong>and</strong> Soldiers <strong>in</strong> free Governments very<br />
impolitick <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>vidious as <strong>the</strong>y lay <strong>the</strong> latter under a sort <strong>of</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> sett<strong>in</strong>g up a separate <strong>in</strong>terest, which<br />
may possibly <strong>in</strong> time lead to some th<strong>in</strong>g disagreeable, whereas by leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> door open to all <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon for<br />
honor <strong>and</strong> emoluments <strong>the</strong> Soldier is lost <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Citizen, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Citizen ever ready to be<strong>com</strong>e <strong>the</strong> Soldier when<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terest or safety <strong>of</strong> his Country requires it. This policy produces <strong>the</strong> two great objects <strong>of</strong> Government,<br />
peace at home, <strong>and</strong> security from abroad.<br />
“Colo. [James] Read has my ready consent to afford your Excellency every assistance <strong>in</strong> his power; <strong>and</strong> I will<br />
send to your assistance Colo. Koscusiesko [Kosciuszko], our pr<strong>in</strong>cipal Eng<strong>in</strong>eer who is Master <strong>of</strong> his pr<strong>of</strong>ession,<br />
<strong>and</strong> will afford you every aid you can wish. But was I to advise <strong>in</strong> this matter I would re<strong>com</strong>mend very small<br />
fortifications, just sufficient to secure <strong>the</strong> Stores aga<strong>in</strong>st Parties <strong>of</strong> Horse who can perform rapid marches. Large<br />
Works will be expensive <strong>in</strong> erect<strong>in</strong>g, expensive to Garrison <strong>and</strong> if large quantities <strong>of</strong> Stores are collected <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong>y be<strong>com</strong>e objects to <strong>the</strong> Enemy; <strong>and</strong> if <strong>the</strong> Country is not able to succour <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> time, <strong>the</strong> Garrison<br />
<strong>and</strong> Stores are lost, <strong>and</strong> it throws a damp upon <strong>the</strong> spirits <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong> surround<strong>in</strong>g Country, <strong>and</strong> affords a great<br />
triumph to <strong>the</strong> Enemy here, <strong>and</strong> affects our <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> Europe. A number <strong>of</strong> small Posts judiciously dispersed <strong>in</strong><br />
different parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State will ac<strong>com</strong>modate <strong>the</strong> service more effectually than one or two larger Posts. This has<br />
been thought by <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> chief to be <strong>the</strong> most eligible mode for secur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Stores <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country;<br />
<strong>and</strong> experience <strong>and</strong> observation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> progress <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>War</strong> conv<strong>in</strong>ces me his observations were well grounded. I<br />
am not for lay<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> large Magaz<strong>in</strong>es, but draw<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> People accord<strong>in</strong>g as <strong>the</strong> service may require, <strong>the</strong><br />
resources <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country are safest <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir h<strong>and</strong>s. It is true this may prove a little oppressive to Individuals at<br />
times, but it puts it out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> power <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy to destroy our Resources at one blow, which we have <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
felt <strong>the</strong> disagreeable effects <strong>of</strong>. At Posts, <strong>and</strong> upon l<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> <strong>com</strong>munication <strong>the</strong>re must be small Magaz<strong>in</strong>es. And<br />
where an Army is <strong>of</strong> sufficient force to cover a Country considerable Magaz<strong>in</strong>es may be formed <strong>in</strong> its rear. But<br />
while <strong>the</strong> Enemy have a superior force great Magaz<strong>in</strong>es only put it <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> power <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy to subsist <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
Troops at our expence. The scarcity <strong>of</strong> Salt will put it out <strong>of</strong> our power to form large Magaz<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> Meat if <strong>the</strong>re<br />
was no o<strong>the</strong>r objection. But <strong>the</strong> difficulty <strong>and</strong> expense <strong>of</strong> transportation render it necessary to subsist <strong>the</strong><br />
Troops pr<strong>in</strong>cipally upon fresh Provisions; <strong>and</strong> this mode is not only far less expensive, but it enables an Army to<br />
move with more facility; <strong>and</strong> removes <strong>the</strong> great <strong>in</strong>convenience <strong>of</strong> a multitude <strong>of</strong> Carriages, which are necessary<br />
for transportation when an Army is subsisted upon salted Provisions. For this purpose it will be necessary to have<br />
a great number <strong>of</strong> Beeves put up to be stall fed after <strong>the</strong> grass season is over, which may be forwarded to Camp<br />
Weekly <strong>in</strong> droves, accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Troops. This will be found to be by far <strong>the</strong> cheapest <strong>and</strong><br />
least oppressive mode <strong>of</strong> subsist<strong>in</strong>g an Army, <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> same time much better ac<strong>com</strong>odated to <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> service <strong>of</strong> this Country than any o<strong>the</strong>r that can be adopted.<br />
“I remark with freedom, <strong>and</strong> submit my observations to your Excellency’s consideration with pleasure, be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
perfectly desirous that you should adopt only such as you may f<strong>in</strong>d useful.” 3516<br />
13 August. Pickens, at Long Cane, wrote, to Lieut. Col. (formerly Major) Samuel Hammond: “I expect by this you<br />
have your men property equipt <strong>and</strong> your horses <strong>in</strong> good order <strong>and</strong> fit for Service -- I have ordered Col. Leroy<br />
Hammond to meet me at Perk<strong>in</strong>s’s Mills on Saludy [Saluda River] with part <strong>of</strong> his Regiment on Thursday <strong>the</strong> 1 st<br />
Inst. -- you will please, likewise to meet me <strong>the</strong>re on that day, with <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> your Regiment properly<br />
mounted -- you will get a wagon <strong>and</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g with you as much provision as will serve your men to <strong>the</strong> Congaree --<br />
here was sent <strong>and</strong> some o<strong>the</strong>r th<strong>in</strong>gs went <strong>in</strong> Col. Hammond’s wagon when we parted at Kirkl<strong>and</strong>[’]s -- you will<br />
please have <strong>the</strong>m brought on with you.” 3517<br />
13 August. Marion, at St. Stephens, to Greene wrote that an enemy party <strong>of</strong> unknown size had recently set out<br />
from Fair Lawn (<strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> an estate near Monck’s Corner.) Ano<strong>the</strong>r party, possibly <strong>of</strong> 500 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 100<br />
cavalry, had moved to Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs from Thompson’s. They were said to be <strong>in</strong>valids en route to Charlestown,<br />
but Marion believed <strong>the</strong>y have <strong>com</strong>e to ga<strong>the</strong>r cattle <strong>and</strong> destroy provisions. He had <strong>in</strong>tended to maneuver more<br />
3516 NGP9 pp. 165-168, CNC15 pp. 603-607.<br />
3517 HMP appendix.<br />
593
closely, but excessive ra<strong>in</strong>s prevented him. As soon as <strong>the</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>s abated, he would advance toward <strong>the</strong> latter<br />
party <strong>and</strong> try to harass <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>hibit <strong>the</strong>ir movements. 3518<br />
13 August. Lafayette established camp at <strong>the</strong> junction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pamunkey <strong>and</strong> Mattaponey rivers. He detached a<br />
light force to cover Gloucester; while send<strong>in</strong>g Wayne south <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> James River to check any possible move by<br />
Cornwallis to re-enter North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Some skirmishes took place with <strong>the</strong> British as <strong>the</strong>y fortified Yorktown <strong>and</strong><br />
Gloucester. 3519<br />
Mid August. [skirmish] Chiswell’s Ord<strong>in</strong>ary (New Kent County Virg<strong>in</strong>ia)<br />
Tarleton: “While <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e were employed <strong>in</strong> construct<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> defences <strong>of</strong> York town <strong>and</strong><br />
Gloucester, <strong>the</strong> Queen’s rangers <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion were equally active <strong>in</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g forage <strong>and</strong> cattle from <strong>the</strong><br />
country for <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army. Lieutenant-colonel Simcoe managed his detachments <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> Gloucester with<br />
great dexterity, <strong>and</strong> met, <strong>in</strong> consequence, with trifl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terruption. Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton made several<br />
expeditions to Williamsburgh, <strong>and</strong> by such moves covered all <strong>the</strong> country for <strong>the</strong> forag<strong>in</strong>g parties between that<br />
place <strong>and</strong> Hampton. One excursion was pushed far<strong>the</strong>r with success: Lieutenant-colonel Abercrombie with <strong>the</strong><br />
light <strong>in</strong>fantry proceeded to Williamsburgh, whilst <strong>the</strong> legion cavalry advanced <strong>and</strong> defeated, with very little loss,<br />
about three hundred militia, at Chiswell’s ord<strong>in</strong>ary, on <strong>the</strong> Newcastle road. The unexpected appearance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
British dragoons struck <strong>the</strong> Americans with such astonishment, that <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong> general ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong>ir arms<br />
without fir<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> retreated with great precipitation.” 3520<br />
14 August. Be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> de Grasse’s move northward, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Rochambeau decided to switch <strong>the</strong><br />
focus <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir operations from <strong>the</strong> New York to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia –- <strong>in</strong>deed were <strong>in</strong> effect obligated to do so or else forfeit<br />
<strong>the</strong> advantage de Grasse’s presence afforded. The credit <strong>the</strong>refore <strong>of</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g about <strong>the</strong> decision to take on<br />
Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia rested primarily with de Grasse, <strong>and</strong> not Rochambeau or Wash<strong>in</strong>gton; though <strong>the</strong> latter <strong>of</strong><br />
course deserve praise for adjust<strong>in</strong>g promptly <strong>and</strong> boldly to <strong>the</strong> quickly shift<strong>in</strong>g circumstances. On <strong>the</strong> 15 th ,<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton wrote Lafayette with general <strong>in</strong>structions directed at keep<strong>in</strong>g Cornwallis occupied <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia (with<br />
de Grasse act<strong>in</strong>g to control <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake.) More specific plans were outl<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> a letter to <strong>the</strong> Marquis on <strong>the</strong><br />
21 st . See 19 Aug. 3521<br />
14 August. [raid] Cross Creek, also Campbellton, Fayetteville (Cumberl<strong>and</strong> County, N.C.) Follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> “House <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Horseshoe” (see 29 July), Fann<strong>in</strong>g carried out a raid on Cross Creek (Caru<strong>the</strong>rs refers to it as Campbelton)<br />
tak<strong>in</strong>g Col. James Emmet [also Emmett], Capt. W<strong>in</strong>slow, <strong>and</strong> some o<strong>the</strong>r leaders prisoner -– <strong>and</strong> at least <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
Emmet was paroled. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to a whig report <strong>of</strong> August 14 th , Fann<strong>in</strong>g had some 180 men with him at <strong>the</strong> time.<br />
Historian Robert M. Dunkerly speaks <strong>of</strong> Cross Creek be<strong>in</strong>g first seized by some loyalists under Col. John Sl<strong>in</strong>gsby,<br />
<strong>and</strong> with Fann<strong>in</strong>g temporarily jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g him afterwards before proceed<strong>in</strong>g on fur<strong>the</strong>r raids on whig Plantations;<br />
with Fann<strong>in</strong>g, by <strong>the</strong> 24 th , triumphantly return<strong>in</strong>g to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton with prisoners <strong>and</strong> booty. 3522<br />
Col. James Emmet, at “Campelton” (Cross Creek), on 19 Aug. to Gov. Burke. “I am under <strong>the</strong> disagreeable<br />
necessity <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g your Excellency that, on Thursday last, <strong>the</strong> 14 th <strong>in</strong>st., between n<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> ten oclock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g, this town was, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> most sudden manner imag<strong>in</strong>able, surprised by a party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, under <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Colonels [John] Sl<strong>in</strong>gsby, [Duncan] Ray <strong>and</strong> [Hector] McNeill. They entered <strong>the</strong> town <strong>in</strong> so sudden<br />
<strong>and</strong> secret a manner that it was out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> power <strong>of</strong> any man who was <strong>in</strong> it to make his escape. I was at a<br />
plantation I have about a mile <strong>of</strong>f, when I was alarmed by a party <strong>of</strong> about twenty horse. The noise <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
horses’ feet just gave me time to slip <strong>in</strong>to a swamp, where I lay until <strong>the</strong> party left <strong>the</strong> plantation, which <strong>the</strong>y<br />
did as soon as <strong>the</strong>y had deprived me <strong>of</strong> my horses. I <strong>the</strong>n got over <strong>the</strong> river, when I learned <strong>the</strong>ir numbers to be<br />
about three hundred. I was likewise <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>the</strong> same even<strong>in</strong>g, that McNeill, with one hundred men, had gone<br />
up <strong>the</strong> river on <strong>the</strong> west side, <strong>and</strong>, not be<strong>in</strong>g able to judge where <strong>the</strong>y might <strong>in</strong>tend to cross <strong>the</strong> river, thought it<br />
my best way to keep where I was. Had I done so, I might have kept clear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, but at such times so many<br />
reports are fly<strong>in</strong>g, that <strong>the</strong>re is no such th<strong>in</strong>g as dist<strong>in</strong>guish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> true one. At midnight, between <strong>the</strong> 16 th <strong>and</strong><br />
17 th , word was brought me that a Col. [David] Fann<strong>in</strong>g came down <strong>the</strong> country with one hundred <strong>and</strong> eighty men,<br />
made a short stay at Cross creek, had crossed <strong>the</strong> river at lower Campbleton late <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> at that<br />
time was encamped, with an <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g to pursue his march up <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> so jo<strong>in</strong> McNeill on<br />
<strong>the</strong> east side. On this <strong>in</strong>formation, I unfortunately crossed <strong>the</strong> river, early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> about n<strong>in</strong>e<br />
o’clock was taken a prisoner by McNeill, on his return to town.<br />
“It was not my <strong>in</strong>tention to trouble your Excellency with this tedious relation, by way <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence. I am sure<br />
you do not expect it from one <strong>in</strong> my situation, but as I have many private enemies <strong>in</strong> this county who would be<br />
glad to lay hold on any circumstances to vilify my conduct <strong>and</strong> blacken my name, I have taken <strong>the</strong> liberty to<br />
trouble you with this, by way <strong>of</strong> v<strong>in</strong>dication.” 3523<br />
14 August. Col. William Henderson had fewer than 200 S.C. state troops (remnants <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>) fit for<br />
duty at <strong>the</strong> “Camp at Lord’s Plantation.” He wrote Greene say<strong>in</strong>g he had moved his troops to Lord’s to<br />
rendezvous with some militia, <strong>and</strong> to collect boats on <strong>the</strong> Saluda. He now had four good “flats,” as well as<br />
canoes, which will be sufficient to transport troops <strong>in</strong> a few hours. He sent Greene a return <strong>of</strong> corn on this (<strong>the</strong><br />
north) “side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> [Congaree] River,” from Ancrum’s to McCord’s Ferry. The quantity was not as large as<br />
3518 NGP9 p. 179.<br />
3519 CBA p. 611, CSS pp. 1207-1208.<br />
3520 TCS p. 363, LMS p. 445.<br />
3521 AR81 p. 124, GYT p. 14.<br />
3522 CNS1 pp. 191-192, DRO pp. 205-206.<br />
3523 CNS1 pp. 192-193.<br />
594
expected. There was, he expected, probably an equal amount on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, “from Beaver Creek<br />
upwards.” “With expectations <strong>of</strong> See<strong>in</strong>g at least four or five hundred men fit for <strong>the</strong> field, I came to take<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> a Brigade <strong>of</strong> State Troops, but I f<strong>in</strong>d Gnl [sic] Sumter has played <strong>the</strong> old Soldier with me, for I have<br />
not been to Collect quite Two hundred fit for action, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong> a most Shatter’d condition.” The horses<br />
Henderson had were recover<strong>in</strong>g fast from hard use, <strong>and</strong> should be ready <strong>in</strong> ten days or a fortnight, by which time<br />
“<strong>the</strong> river will be down.” He <strong>in</strong>cluded with his letter a memor<strong>and</strong>um from Sumter which, <strong>in</strong> effect, called for <strong>the</strong><br />
disb<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> most <strong>of</strong> Sumter’s brigade; which directive amazed <strong>and</strong> startled both Henderson <strong>and</strong> Greene. 3524<br />
In a letter to Henderson <strong>of</strong> 16 August, Greene remarked: “I received your favor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 14 th <strong>in</strong>clos<strong>in</strong>g General<br />
Sumter[’]s orders for disb<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g his brigade for I can consider it <strong>in</strong> no o<strong>the</strong>r light...I can by no means give my<br />
consent to it, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>refore you will not furlough a man or <strong>of</strong>ficer unless for some particular reasons <strong>and</strong> you<br />
will give orders to have <strong>the</strong> whole collected as fast as possible...It is <strong>the</strong> Governors <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>and</strong> my wish to<br />
have <strong>the</strong> Corps reduce[e]d <strong>in</strong>to a less number...It would be little less than madness to grant <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dulgences<br />
General Sumpter requires when <strong>the</strong> enemy are <strong>in</strong> motion <strong>in</strong> every part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State...” 3525<br />
14-15 August. A British force <strong>of</strong> 300 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 1 field piece was detached from Stewart’s army, at Thompson’s<br />
Plantation, <strong>and</strong> moved to Fairlawn (right outside <strong>and</strong> northwest <strong>of</strong> Monck’s Corner) for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> escort<strong>in</strong>g<br />
a convoy br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g up rum, flour <strong>and</strong> salt to Stewart. These supplies were previously transported up as far as<br />
Fairlawn <strong>in</strong> a sloop. At Fairlawn itself were McArthur’s troops, 300 to 400 <strong>in</strong> strength <strong>and</strong> with one cannon, <strong>and</strong><br />
who were erect<strong>in</strong>g a redoubt <strong>the</strong>re for temporary defense. 3526<br />
On 15 Aug., Stewart, at Buckhead, wrote Cornwallis: “When he [Rawdon] left me, a large detachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
army was down at Dorchester for provisions. I was obliged to make a move towards Campbell’s on <strong>the</strong> Santee <strong>in</strong><br />
order to cover <strong>the</strong> march <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> convoy. As soon as <strong>the</strong>y jo<strong>in</strong>ed me, I moved to this place <strong>and</strong> arrived here <strong>the</strong><br />
3 rd <strong>of</strong> this month, where I have been very well supplyed [sic] with provisions, which was by no means to be got at<br />
Orangeburgh before I left it. We were obliged to send seventeen miles for Indian corn <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n had no mills to<br />
gr<strong>in</strong>d it <strong>in</strong>, <strong>the</strong> rebells hav<strong>in</strong>g destroyed <strong>the</strong>m two days after Lord Rawdon arrived <strong>the</strong>re. General Green[e] is at<br />
present (<strong>and</strong> has been ever s<strong>in</strong>ce I came here) at Widow James’s plantation on <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> Santee…I shall<br />
endeavor <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mean time to cover <strong>the</strong> country as well as I can, but from <strong>the</strong> great superiority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong><br />
light troops it will be difficult, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y will never allow my <strong>in</strong>fantry to get near <strong>the</strong>m. I shall move from time to<br />
time <strong>in</strong> order to preserve <strong>the</strong> health <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army. Our ra<strong>in</strong>s are set <strong>in</strong>. We have four days’ constant ra<strong>in</strong>, which<br />
has raised <strong>the</strong> rivers.” 3527<br />
15 August. Col. William Harden sent to Marion request<strong>in</strong>g assistance for his forces act<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> south east <strong>of</strong><br />
Charlestown: “<strong>the</strong> People this way seems to be discouraged as we do not have force Enough to do any good.”<br />
After request<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> receiv<strong>in</strong>g Greene’s permission to aid Harden, Marion with his militia forces rode south to<br />
jo<strong>in</strong> him. 3528<br />
15 August. [skirmish] Four Mile Branch (Orangeburg County, S.C.) 3529<br />
15 August. Abstract <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ return for <strong>the</strong> troops with him at Yorktown <strong>and</strong> Gloucester give him as<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g: “Present it for duty, 4847 rank <strong>and</strong> file; with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> district, 543; artillerymen, etc., 568; total fit for<br />
duty, 5958. Sick, 1222; wounded, 323; (total,) 1545. Total effectives, 7503 -- [Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s note: besides mar<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> ships <strong>of</strong> war <strong>and</strong> sailors <strong>and</strong> armed refugees, not less than 1500.] (Gr<strong>and</strong> total,) 9003.” 3530<br />
16 August. On <strong>the</strong> 11 th , Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>in</strong> New York, wrote to Cornwallis, at Yorktown, who received it on <strong>the</strong> 16 th : “I<br />
have <strong>the</strong> pleasure to <strong>in</strong>form you, that <strong>the</strong> fleet from Bremer-lehe is this day arrived with two thous<strong>and</strong> five<br />
hundred German recruits.<br />
“I hope before this meets your Lordship you will so far have established yourself on <strong>the</strong> Williamsburg Neck, as to<br />
have been able to embark <strong>the</strong> troops you can spare me for operation here -- In which case I have no doubt<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> [Charles] Hudson will have given every assistance to forward <strong>the</strong>m to us as soon as possible. And if <strong>the</strong>y<br />
are not already sailed, I beg that <strong>the</strong> Queen’s Rangers may be <strong>the</strong> second corps you send me; <strong>and</strong> that your<br />
Lordship will please to recollect my wish to have such a proportion <strong>of</strong> General Arnold’s boats, <strong>and</strong> artillery men<br />
<strong>and</strong> stores as you can spare. And as you have three eng<strong>in</strong>eers, I beg that Lieutenant Su<strong>the</strong>rl<strong>and</strong> may be sent to<br />
this place, as also Capta<strong>in</strong> Fage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery. The French <strong>and</strong> rebels shewed [sic] <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r day <strong>in</strong><br />
front <strong>of</strong> our l<strong>in</strong>es to <strong>the</strong> amount <strong>of</strong> eleven thous<strong>and</strong>.” 3531<br />
Cornwallis <strong>the</strong> same date (<strong>the</strong> 16 th ) replied: “I did not imag<strong>in</strong>e that my letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 26 th July would have given<br />
your Excellency reason to be so sangu<strong>in</strong>e as to hope, that by this time any detachment could have been made<br />
from hence. The evacuation <strong>of</strong> Portsmouth has employed one eng<strong>in</strong>eer, <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> labourers <strong>and</strong><br />
artificers; <strong>and</strong> with every exertion by l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> water, I do not expect that bus<strong>in</strong>ess to be <strong>com</strong>pleted before <strong>the</strong><br />
21 st or 22d <strong>in</strong>stant. S<strong>in</strong>ce our arrival we have bestowed our whole labour on <strong>the</strong> Gloucester side; but I do not<br />
3524 NGP9 pp. 169, 182.<br />
3525 NGP9 pp. 181-182, 188-189, BGC pp. 204-205.<br />
3526 NGP9 pp. 190-191.<br />
3527 SCP6 p. 75.<br />
3528 NGP9 p. 204n, JLG2 pp. 217-218.<br />
3529 ONB3 pp. 315-316.<br />
3530 CAR pp. 556-557.<br />
3531 SCP6 p. 23.<br />
595
th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong> works <strong>the</strong>re (after great fatigue to <strong>the</strong> troops) are at present, or will be for some time to <strong>com</strong>e, safe<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st a coup de ma<strong>in</strong> with less than one thous<strong>and</strong> men.<br />
‘After our experience <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> labour <strong>and</strong> difficulty <strong>of</strong> construct<strong>in</strong>g works at this season <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> year, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> plan<br />
for fortify<strong>in</strong>g this side not be<strong>in</strong>g entirely settled, I cannot at present say whe<strong>the</strong>r I can spare any troops, or if<br />
any, how soon. But when <strong>the</strong> garrison <strong>of</strong> Portsmouth arrives, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> eng<strong>in</strong>eer’s plan is <strong>com</strong>pleted, I shall apply<br />
to Capta<strong>in</strong> Hudson for a frigate to carry my report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs here, <strong>and</strong> to br<strong>in</strong>g your Excellency’s<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s upon it. I have received your Excellency’s dispatches <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 15 th <strong>and</strong> 26 th ult. which I shall answer by<br />
<strong>the</strong> first safe opportunity.” 3532<br />
16 August. Greene, from <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee, wrote to Col. William Henderson <strong>and</strong> reports that Marion<br />
had recently captured 4 <strong>of</strong>ficers, some important dispatches, <strong>and</strong> 200 gu<strong>in</strong>eas near Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. The<br />
dispatches <strong>in</strong>dicated that General Leslie was <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to assume <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a; which<br />
he did <strong>in</strong> December. 3533 Maj. Archibald McArthur was at Fairlawn with 400 men. 3534 Greene also reported: “<strong>the</strong>y<br />
have ano<strong>the</strong>r party [Lieut. Col. Welbore Doyle’s] near Pon Pon collect<strong>in</strong>g rice <strong>in</strong> that quarter.” In a letter <strong>of</strong> 16<br />
August, Marion to Greene said: “The party mentioned <strong>in</strong> my last went only so far as Mart<strong>in</strong>[’]s where <strong>the</strong>y met<br />
with a party from Fairlawn & rema<strong>in</strong>ed yesterday, <strong>in</strong> Each party was about three hundred men <strong>and</strong> one field<br />
piece.” 3535<br />
16 August. [skirmish] Santee River, S.C. ONB3 p. 316.<br />
16 August. Letter from Lieut. Col. Hardy S<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia, at “Wake Court House,” to Gov. Burke: “I<br />
receiv’d <strong>in</strong>formation on yesterday from Mr. John Ramsey & o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>of</strong> Chatham County that <strong>the</strong> Tory Army<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by one Wray [Duncan Ray], consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> about 300 horse & 100 foot, was <strong>the</strong>n on <strong>the</strong>ir march<br />
toward <strong>the</strong> ford <strong>of</strong> Deep river near his Bro<strong>the</strong>r’s mill <strong>and</strong> that Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s party <strong>of</strong> about 300 was also near <strong>the</strong>re &<br />
wou’d <strong>in</strong> a little time form a junction & this moment I am <strong>in</strong>formed by persons <strong>of</strong> veracity fly<strong>in</strong>g from Cape Fear<br />
that Hector McNeil with about four or five hundred took possession <strong>of</strong> Cross Creek on yesterday morn<strong>in</strong>g, that<br />
<strong>the</strong> highl<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>in</strong> general are jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m from which it is conjectured <strong>the</strong>ir force altoge<strong>the</strong>r will be little short<br />
<strong>of</strong> 2000 men. These circumstances are truly alarm<strong>in</strong>g & <strong>in</strong> particular to this <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbour<strong>in</strong>g County[’]s as<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g exposed to <strong>the</strong>ir ravages. We have a general muster this day to draft every 30 men & I have tried to raise<br />
volunteers to assist <strong>the</strong> Chatham People but to little purpose. The want <strong>of</strong> Arms <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
without any apparent relief at h<strong>and</strong> I believe are circumstances very encourag<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>m. We are told that 2000<br />
men are detached from Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to <strong>the</strong> relief <strong>of</strong> this State; if <strong>the</strong>y arrive <strong>in</strong> time & possess <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
banks <strong>of</strong> Cape Fear (on which I th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong> salvation <strong>of</strong> many depend) I flatter myself we shall be able to give <strong>the</strong>m<br />
limits & bounds & by so suddenly check<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir career, spirit up our own people who are now despond<strong>in</strong>g. Your<br />
Excellency will pardon <strong>the</strong>se few h<strong>in</strong>ts. They flow from a heart zealously concerned for <strong>the</strong> public good &<br />
whatever your operations may be we shall have <strong>the</strong> fullest confidence <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m & none will be more ready to<br />
carry <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to execution…[P.S.] I am told your Excelly. [i.e., Gov. Burke] is Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s object..” 3536<br />
16 <strong>and</strong> 17 August. [skirmishes] K<strong>in</strong>gston [present day “K<strong>in</strong>ston,” 16 th ] <strong>and</strong> Webber’s Bridge [17 th ] (Lenoir County,<br />
N.C.) ONB3 p. 316 <strong>and</strong> DRO p. 203.<br />
17 August. [raid] Robeson’s Plantation, Cape Fear, N.C. ONB3 p. 317.<br />
19 August. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Rochambeau, <strong>the</strong> former with 2,500 <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter with 4,000, began a covert march<br />
southward; beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong>ir encampment at Dobb’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> east side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hudson (<strong>and</strong> above New<br />
York); <strong>the</strong>n to K<strong>in</strong>g’s Ferry (near Stony Po<strong>in</strong>t), now called Verplanck, up river where <strong>the</strong> actual cross<strong>in</strong>g was<br />
made (see 20 August.) Rochambeau’s army <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>the</strong> Bourbonnois, Soissonais, Sa<strong>in</strong>tonge <strong>and</strong> Royal Deux-<br />
Ponts regiments, Lauzun’s Legion, artillerymen <strong>and</strong> eng<strong>in</strong>eers. The march was conducted <strong>in</strong>itially <strong>in</strong> a manner to<br />
make it seem like New York City was to be assailed from <strong>the</strong> New Jersey side -- <strong>and</strong> this was how American<br />
soldiers (those, <strong>of</strong> course, not privy to <strong>the</strong> plans <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir high <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>) <strong>in</strong>terpreted <strong>the</strong> move. To guard <strong>the</strong><br />
American position along <strong>the</strong> Hudson, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton left 10 Massachusetts regiments, 5 Connecticut regiments, 2<br />
New Hampshire regiments, Crane’s Third artillery, Sheldon’s Dragoons, <strong>and</strong> some militia. The force left<br />
<strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed amounted to about 4,000 <strong>and</strong> were under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Maj. Gen. William Heath. In addition,<br />
troops were posted under Maj. Gen. William Alex<strong>and</strong>er (Lord Stirl<strong>in</strong>g) at Saratoga; with some New York<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, <strong>and</strong> militia from various nearby states, under Lieut. Col. Mart<strong>in</strong>us Willet placed along <strong>the</strong> Mohawk<br />
River to protect <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn frontier. See 25-26 Aug. 3537<br />
19 August. [raid] New Bern (Craven County, N.C.) March<strong>in</strong>g north out <strong>of</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> after be<strong>in</strong>g jo<strong>in</strong>ed by a<br />
force <strong>of</strong> 300 tories, <strong>and</strong> perhaps as many as 500 escaped slaves, over a week earlier <strong>in</strong> Dupl<strong>in</strong> County (see<br />
3532 CAC pp. 183-186, SCP6 p. 24.<br />
3533 For reasons <strong>of</strong> poor health, Leslie actually left Cornwallis’ army <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia about this same time. By 27 August, he was<br />
spoken <strong>of</strong>, <strong>in</strong> a letter from Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Cornwallis, as hav<strong>in</strong>g just been <strong>in</strong> New York a few days. CAR p. 562.<br />
3534 McArthur’s detachment <strong>of</strong> 300 to 400 at Fairlawn was not with Stewart at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. However, <strong>the</strong> day follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
battle, Stewart did form a junction with him.<br />
3535 NGP9 pp. 188-189, 191.<br />
3536 His “Excelly.” Governor Burke was, <strong>of</strong> course, actually captured by Fann<strong>in</strong>g at Hillsborough on Sept. 12. The raid <strong>of</strong> Pittsboro<br />
on 16 July by Fann<strong>in</strong>g should (<strong>in</strong> addition to this letter from S<strong>and</strong>ers) also have served as a warn<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> N.C. <strong>of</strong>ficials. CNC15<br />
p. 610.<br />
3537 AR81 p. 124, GHA4 pp. 126-127, CSS pp. 1214-1216, MLW4A pp. 472-474, JYC p. 88, WAR2 p. 881.<br />
596
Rockfish Creek, 2 August), Maj. James Craig with 250 regulars led a raid on New Bern, N.C., but which was<br />
empty <strong>of</strong> defenders. En route <strong>the</strong>y destroyed several whig plantations, <strong>and</strong> when <strong>the</strong>y came to New Bern itself<br />
<strong>the</strong>y burned ships <strong>and</strong> supplies before leav<strong>in</strong>g two days later. On <strong>the</strong> return journey to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, additional<br />
rebel plantations were put to fire; although some resistance was <strong>the</strong>n encountered as described below. 3538<br />
On August 27 th , Brig. Gen. William Caswell wrote Gov. Burke: “After <strong>the</strong> Enemy [Maj. James Craig’s raid<strong>in</strong>g<br />
expedition] were <strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> New Bern Two Days <strong>the</strong>y evacuated it & came up Neuse road to our post at<br />
Bryan Mills, <strong>and</strong> was very near surpris<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> party <strong>the</strong>re, which I had just left under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col.<br />
Gorham, ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> Horse not tak<strong>in</strong>g post on our right flank so soon by two hours as directed, which was<br />
attributed to <strong>the</strong>ir f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g some Liquor & most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m got <strong>in</strong>toxicated. Col. [James] Gorham f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m<br />
advanc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> front made every disposition to skirmish with <strong>the</strong>m th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g his right flank <strong>and</strong> rear well covered<br />
with Horse but on <strong>the</strong>ir approach <strong>in</strong> front <strong>the</strong> picquets on his right flank began to skirmish. He <strong>the</strong>n found that<br />
<strong>the</strong> Horse had not taken post as directed <strong>and</strong> ordered a retreat which he very well effected two miles across<br />
Neuse. The Enemy lay but one night <strong>the</strong>re, burnt Genl. Bryan’s, Mr. Wm. Herritage’s, Mr. Wm. Coxe’s & Mr.<br />
Longfield Coxe’s houses <strong>and</strong> much distressed <strong>and</strong> abused <strong>the</strong>ir families <strong>the</strong>n moved across <strong>the</strong> Country to Trent<br />
<strong>and</strong> have gone towards <strong>the</strong> Rich L<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> New River, <strong>the</strong> night before last encamped at <strong>the</strong> Lewis Williams[’]<br />
place, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y gave out that <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong>tend go<strong>in</strong>g down <strong>the</strong> Sound road <strong>and</strong> destroy<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> Salt works <strong>the</strong>y have<br />
taken with <strong>the</strong> Inhabitants <strong>and</strong> those under arms about fifteen prisoners, <strong>the</strong>ir loss is near <strong>the</strong> same killed <strong>and</strong><br />
taken & about <strong>the</strong> same number wounded. Their loss should have been much greater, but <strong>the</strong> great Scarcity <strong>of</strong><br />
Ammunition prevented my Skirmish<strong>in</strong>g much, <strong>the</strong> Militia be<strong>in</strong>g quite fatigued, I have dismissed <strong>the</strong>m & ordered<br />
<strong>the</strong> three & Twelve months drafts immediately Completed. Genl. Bryan Herritage & <strong>the</strong> Coxes have raised a<br />
party & burnt up all <strong>the</strong> Houses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories near <strong>the</strong>m. I am exceed<strong>in</strong>gly sorry for <strong>the</strong> event & Dread <strong>the</strong><br />
consequences, Have given <strong>the</strong>m orders to stop it, but fear I cannot put an end to it.<br />
“A No. [number] <strong>of</strong> those people who have been & are with <strong>the</strong> British, would <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong> on some terms. Should<br />
your Excellency th<strong>in</strong>k proper to give <strong>the</strong>m any <strong>in</strong>dulgence th<strong>in</strong>k it would answer a Good purpose. Upwards <strong>of</strong> two<br />
hundred are with <strong>the</strong>m from this District & from <strong>the</strong> Counties <strong>of</strong> Craven & Dobbs.<br />
“…I am exceed<strong>in</strong>gly happy to f<strong>in</strong>d that Gen. Wayne is so near but as <strong>the</strong> Enemy have moved <strong>of</strong>f th<strong>in</strong>k he will not<br />
f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m nearer than Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. What force we could raise <strong>in</strong> Dupl<strong>in</strong>, Wayne & Onslow were to fall <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
rear & have not heard from <strong>the</strong>m s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> Enemy passed <strong>the</strong> Rich L<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> New River. Should your Excellency<br />
th<strong>in</strong>k proper to order out <strong>the</strong> Militia immediately Genl. Wayne can have <strong>the</strong>m all that can be armed very shortly<br />
embodied, <strong>and</strong> I am satisfied <strong>the</strong>y will turn out with <strong>the</strong> greatest cheerfulness. If Genl. Wayne should move this<br />
way, Mr. John Tillery a Quarter Master with Col. Long is an Exceed<strong>in</strong>g good h<strong>and</strong> as a pilot & is acqua<strong>in</strong>ted with<br />
<strong>the</strong> Country <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants.” 3539<br />
20 August. Lee, <strong>in</strong> a report to Greene on this day, estimated Stewart’s army (at Thompson’s Plantation) at 1,700<br />
“effective” <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 100 “effective” cavalry, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 30 fresh dragoons who arrived with a convoy from<br />
Charlestown. 3540 Accord<strong>in</strong>g to some later scholars, Stewart’s army was figured at 1,800 to 2,000. 3541<br />
In a second letter dated “Congaree river, south <strong>of</strong> Howell’s ferry, 20 th August,” Lee wrote Greene: “S<strong>in</strong>ce my<br />
despatch <strong>of</strong> this date, I have received your letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 19 th . Not be<strong>in</strong>g near Colonel [William] Henderson, it is<br />
not <strong>in</strong> my power to consult with him concern<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> relief <strong>of</strong> our friends below. I have no doubt <strong>of</strong> its<br />
practicability, <strong>and</strong> will take Colonel Henderson’s op<strong>in</strong>ion without loss <strong>of</strong> time; though I consider no attempt so<br />
easy <strong>and</strong> so ready as <strong>the</strong> ru<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Stewart’s army, provided you can get a force, <strong>in</strong> your op<strong>in</strong>ion, adequate to <strong>the</strong><br />
effort.<br />
“A division will delay this important operation. Was you at your old ground on Beaver creek, you would be <strong>in</strong> an<br />
abundant country, you would be convenient for action, <strong>and</strong> would weaken your enemy by <strong>the</strong>ir desertion. Indeed<br />
were you here, Colonel Stewart must fight or retire. I am <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to believe he would do <strong>the</strong> last. As it is almost<br />
reduced to a certa<strong>in</strong>ty that General Leslie 3542 has brought no <strong>in</strong>fantry with him, I would not allow his arrival <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> reports <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcement to delay any movement. It is more than probable <strong>the</strong> horses have been thrown<br />
overboard <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> hurricane, if <strong>the</strong> fleet should be safe. General Marion might easily jo<strong>in</strong> you, <strong>and</strong> leave a small<br />
party to watch M’Arthur [McArthur]; <strong>and</strong> on your gett<strong>in</strong>g here, it will be very convenient to prevent Leslie,<br />
M’Arthur, or any o<strong>the</strong>r party from jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Stewart.<br />
“I am decidedly <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion that it is both justice <strong>and</strong> good policy to retaliate <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> our murdered colonel<br />
[Isaac Hayne], <strong>and</strong> I answer for myself <strong>and</strong> my <strong>of</strong>ficers, that <strong>the</strong> measure meets our approbation, <strong>and</strong> will<br />
receive our firmest support <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field. It would be well to conf<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong> retaliation to <strong>the</strong>se armies, as, for aught<br />
you know, a measure beneficial <strong>in</strong> this country, may be <strong>the</strong> very reverse <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r states where <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
are operat<strong>in</strong>g. They may have a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers prisoners on Long Isl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> perhaps Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton might<br />
take vengeance on <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“If Balfour has <strong>com</strong>mitted an outrage on <strong>the</strong> cartel, Lord Cornwallis will, no doubt, conceive his honour<br />
obligated to give you satisfaction. I would, never<strong>the</strong>less, retaliate <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> present <strong>in</strong>stance, <strong>and</strong> act afterwards as<br />
his lordship’s decision on your remonstrance <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>munication may render necessary. I would not condescend<br />
to write Mr. Balfour, but ra<strong>the</strong>r hang first; <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong>form General Leslie with what you have done, mak<strong>in</strong>g some<br />
remarks on General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s politeness to Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, <strong>in</strong> an execution justified by <strong>the</strong> usage <strong>of</strong><br />
nations, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> conduct <strong>of</strong> Mr. Balfour <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> hang<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>of</strong>ficer where he cannot produce colour <strong>of</strong> justice or<br />
precedent for it. A victory on <strong>the</strong> pla<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Colonel Thompson will put all right, <strong>and</strong> will be more important, if<br />
3538 NGP9 p. 238, BEA p. 780, ONB3 p. 317, DRO pp. 203.<br />
3539 CNC15 pp. 626-628.<br />
3540 See 8 August.<br />
3541 NGP9 pp. 214n, 214-216, BEA p.351.<br />
3542 The report or rumor that Leslie had arrived back at Charlestown at this time was unfounded.<br />
597
possible, than <strong>the</strong> glory <strong>of</strong> Saratoga. You cannot be defeated, if your troops will fight; <strong>and</strong> if you are defeated,<br />
your loss will be partial only; <strong>in</strong>deed your loss will ultimately be a ga<strong>in</strong>. I <strong>in</strong>tend, if you approve, to burn <strong>the</strong> jail<br />
at Orangeburg, <strong>and</strong> destroy <strong>the</strong> bridge over Edisto. This shall be deferred to a proper moment. Should Colonel<br />
Stuart <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>e to run, he may seek that strong post; this dismantl<strong>in</strong>g will render it weak.<br />
“Such has been <strong>the</strong> management <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state troops, that <strong>the</strong>y are really <strong>in</strong>jurious. They are not a whit better<br />
discipl<strong>in</strong>ed than <strong>the</strong> militia, <strong>and</strong> you get no aid from ei<strong>the</strong>r class. The militia conceiv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> state brigade<br />
adequate to your purposes, have got dispersed <strong>and</strong> languid. The policy <strong>of</strong> General Sumpter has sent threefourths<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state troops out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> field <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat <strong>of</strong> a campaign; thus you lose greatly.<br />
“If <strong>the</strong> governor would adopt <strong>the</strong> troops, promise that <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pact made with <strong>the</strong> soldiers should be honestly<br />
performed, arrange <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to two o<strong>the</strong>r regiments, <strong>and</strong> put <strong>the</strong>m under Henderson, <strong>the</strong>y would be<strong>com</strong>e<br />
respectable <strong>and</strong> useful.<br />
“The exigency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hour will apologize for any <strong>in</strong>novation, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> consequences which will be experienced,<br />
will amply defend his excellency’s conduct.<br />
“General Sumpter is be<strong>com</strong>e almost universally odious, as far as I can discover. I lament that a man <strong>of</strong> his turn<br />
was ever useful, or be<strong>in</strong>g once deserv<strong>in</strong>gly great, should want <strong>the</strong> wisdom necessary to cont<strong>in</strong>ue so, <strong>and</strong> to<br />
preserve his reputation.” 3543<br />
20 August. Greene <strong>in</strong> a letter to Col. Francis Lock spoke <strong>of</strong> his own army hav<strong>in</strong>g been divided between High Hills<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee <strong>and</strong> Friday’s [or Fridig’s] Ferry. At <strong>the</strong> latter were Lee, Henderson, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Kirkwood.<br />
Elsewhere, Col. Charles Harrison, while work<strong>in</strong>g to put <strong>the</strong> army’s military stores <strong>in</strong> order, rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Charlotte<br />
due to illness (writ<strong>in</strong>g Greene from <strong>the</strong>re on this date.) By <strong>the</strong> 28 th , Harrison was <strong>in</strong> Salem, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>reafter went<br />
to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to secure more arms <strong>and</strong> munitions for Greene. Though illness cont<strong>in</strong>ued to plaque him, he<br />
endeavored while at home to work to help supply Greene’s army. 3544<br />
20 August. Marion wrote to Greene from St. Stephen’s say<strong>in</strong>g that with Greene’s permission he would take Col.<br />
Maham’s <strong>and</strong> Col. Horry’s cavalry with him to assist Harden; only it was necessary that Greene send orders to<br />
those <strong>of</strong>ficers, “as <strong>the</strong>y will not go without.” Maham had 20 dragoons, well equipped, <strong>and</strong> Horry 15, not<br />
equipped. Marion could furnish swords for Horry’s men <strong>and</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r said he would leave his <strong>in</strong>fantry with Maham,<br />
<strong>and</strong> a force to deceive <strong>the</strong> enemy about his (i.e., Marion‘s) absence. Nei<strong>the</strong>r Maham or Horry were with Marion<br />
<strong>in</strong> his foray to assist Harden, as nei<strong>the</strong>r are mentioned <strong>in</strong> his dispatch report<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> action at Parker’s Ferry on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 30 th . Horry, at <strong>the</strong> time, was apparently still not quite ready <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Georgetown recruit<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>and</strong><br />
equipp<strong>in</strong>g his troop; while Maham may have been likewise occupied. 3545<br />
20 August. Rochambeau <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton passed <strong>the</strong> Hudson at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Ferry. Yet both forces with artillery <strong>and</strong><br />
baggage were not <strong>com</strong>pletely across till 26 August; at which time began <strong>the</strong>ir march from New York towards<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; with only <strong>the</strong> two <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir immediate staff hav<strong>in</strong>g any <strong>in</strong>kl<strong>in</strong>g as to <strong>the</strong> ultimate<br />
objective <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se movements. 3546<br />
21 August (also 22 August.) Greene decamped from <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee en route to br<strong>in</strong>g Stewart to<br />
battle. As Johnson states, he called <strong>in</strong> his detachments, “except those under Mayhem [Maham], Horry <strong>and</strong><br />
Marion, <strong>and</strong> appo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>the</strong>m to a rendezvous at Fridig’s Ferry.” Greene wrote Lee on his same date “[T]he<br />
swamp is so full <strong>of</strong> water [near <strong>the</strong> High Hills] we cannot cross <strong>the</strong> Wateree here.” In order <strong>the</strong>n to pass that<br />
river, it became necessary for him to move northward to Camden, before head<strong>in</strong>g south aga<strong>in</strong>st Stewart. 3547<br />
21 August. Pickens <strong>and</strong> force assembled at Perk<strong>in</strong>’s Mill on <strong>the</strong> Saluda River, <strong>and</strong> had been assigned to keep<br />
watch on Orangeburg prior to be<strong>in</strong>g summoned by Greene; as Pickens along with Henderson subsequently was,<br />
on 28 Aug., to jo<strong>in</strong> operations with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army. 3548<br />
21 August. The newly re-established government <strong>of</strong> Georgia confirmed Greene’s appo<strong>in</strong>tment <strong>of</strong> James Jackson<br />
to Lieut. Col. while direct<strong>in</strong>g him to raise a Georgia State Legion, a corps <strong>of</strong> 200 men. 3549<br />
William Johnson: “Colonel Jackson had succeeded <strong>in</strong> rais<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Georgia one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty men, under <strong>the</strong><br />
powers granted him while <strong>the</strong> army lay before N<strong>in</strong>ety-Six...The whole [however] were taken down with smallpox<br />
nearly at <strong>the</strong> same time; full fifty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m fell a sacrifice to it, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> survivors were still too much<br />
reduced by <strong>the</strong> consequences <strong>of</strong> that disease, to be <strong>in</strong> a state for service.” 3550<br />
21 August. Hav<strong>in</strong>g left overall <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Gould (<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> field army with Stewart, see 16 July),<br />
Rawdon, ac<strong>com</strong>panied by Lieut. Col. Welbore Doyle, sailed from Charlestown for Engl<strong>and</strong>. 3551 Writes Lee, “The<br />
3543 NGP9 pp. 214n, 214-216, LCC pp. 447-450.<br />
3544 NGP9 pp. 207, 214, 265. 411.<br />
3545 NGP9 p. 217, JLG2 pp. 217-218.<br />
3546 MLW4A pp. 472-474, JYC p. 88, CSS pp. 1214-1216.<br />
3547 NGP9 pp. 218, 219n, SAW2 p. 377, LMS pp. 448-449, JLG2 pp. 216-217.<br />
3548 NGP9 p. 245n, JLG2 pp. 217, 219.<br />
3549 NGP8 p. 325n.<br />
3550 JLG2 p. 209.<br />
3551 Boatner states Rawdon left on 20 July <strong>and</strong> was captured by a French privateer <strong>and</strong> brought to Brest where he rema<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
imprisoned until a year later. BEA p. 920. Boatner apparently is, at least <strong>in</strong> part, <strong>in</strong> error s<strong>in</strong>ce Rawdon wrote Cornwallis from<br />
Charlestown on 2 August 1781 stat<strong>in</strong>g he was return<strong>in</strong>g to Engl<strong>and</strong> for reasons <strong>of</strong> health. PRO. 30/11/6. For <strong>the</strong> 21 August return<br />
598
ship <strong>in</strong> which Lord Rawdon embarked for Engl<strong>and</strong>, was captured by some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French cruisers, <strong>and</strong> brought <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Chesapeake. Soon afterward <strong>the</strong> propitious term<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> York placed <strong>in</strong> our h<strong>and</strong>s Lord<br />
Cornwallis.” In letter from Lafayette to Greene, dated 2 September 1781, Lafayette makes mention <strong>of</strong> Rawdon’s<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g held on board de Grasse’s flagship <strong>the</strong> Ville de Paris, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake. Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army <strong>in</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a cont<strong>in</strong>ued with Col. Paston Gould <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Stewart; who both were Rawdon’s<br />
superiors. Yet due to apprehension <strong>of</strong> a possible French <strong>in</strong>vasion Gould himself rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Charlestown while<br />
Stewart <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field until after Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, at which po<strong>in</strong>t Gould <strong>the</strong>n took charge <strong>of</strong> it.<br />
On 30 September, Gould, <strong>in</strong> Charlestown, wrote Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “I would have immediately taken <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
army <strong>in</strong> person but that, as Lieutenant General Leslie was hourly expected to arrive at Charlestown, I rema<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
<strong>the</strong>re to receive his <strong>in</strong>structions, which I had reason to believe would have ordered me to <strong>the</strong> northward...” 3552<br />
21 August. [skirmish] K<strong>in</strong>gston, N.C. (Lenoir County, N.C.) ONB3 p. 318 <strong>and</strong> DRO pp. 203-204.<br />
21 August. Lieut. Col. Hardy S<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia, at “Camp Middle Creek, Near Woodward’s Mill, Wake<br />
County,” to Sumner: “The Tories have taken Possession <strong>of</strong> Cross Creek & are ravag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Inhabitants <strong>of</strong><br />
Capefare [Cape Fear] on Both sides, for a Considerable Distance up it. We are Now <strong>in</strong>formed that <strong>the</strong>y are with<strong>in</strong><br />
Twenty Miles <strong>of</strong> us. The Number Uncerta<strong>in</strong>.<br />
“I Received Orders from His Excellency, <strong>the</strong> Gov’nor [Burke], to Raise as many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Militia as I Could Arm. No<br />
Mode Addopted. I thought It Advisable to Raise Mounted Infantry Two Months for a Tower to f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>ir Own<br />
Horses & Guns, as I had no O<strong>the</strong>r way to Collect Arms. We have upwards <strong>of</strong> Sixty Men Out on Them Terms & have<br />
Ordered a General Muster on Thursday when I Expect to Collect a few more Arms as <strong>the</strong> men is Reddy [sic] to<br />
use <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“Colo. Smith from Johnston is Indeavor<strong>in</strong>g to Collect <strong>and</strong> Wishes to act <strong>in</strong> Conjunction with us. We shall have a<br />
few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cumberl<strong>and</strong> men with us Likewise. We Shall endeavour to keep <strong>the</strong> Enemy from Ravag<strong>in</strong>g any fur<strong>the</strong>r,<br />
Till we Receive Your Orders.” 3553<br />
22 August. Cornwallis, at Yorktown, to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “Portsmouth hav<strong>in</strong>g been <strong>com</strong>pletely evacuated without any<br />
<strong>in</strong>terruption from <strong>the</strong> enemy, General O’Hara arrived here this day with <strong>the</strong> stores <strong>and</strong> troops; <strong>and</strong> a great<br />
number <strong>of</strong> refugees have ac<strong>com</strong>panied him from <strong>the</strong> counties <strong>of</strong> Norfolk, Suffolk, <strong>and</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>cess Anne.<br />
“The eng<strong>in</strong>eer has f<strong>in</strong>ish his survey <strong>and</strong> exam<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> this place, <strong>and</strong> has proposed his plan for fortify<strong>in</strong>g it;<br />
which appear<strong>in</strong>g judicious, I have approved <strong>of</strong>, <strong>and</strong> directed to be executed.<br />
“The works at Gloucester are now <strong>in</strong> such forwardness, that a smaller detachment than <strong>the</strong> present garrison<br />
would be <strong>in</strong> safety aga<strong>in</strong>st a sudden attack; but I make no alteration <strong>the</strong>re, as I cannot hope that <strong>the</strong> labour <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> whole will <strong>com</strong>plete that post <strong>in</strong> less than five or six weeks.<br />
“My experience <strong>the</strong>re <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fatigue <strong>and</strong> difficulty <strong>of</strong> construct<strong>in</strong>g works <strong>in</strong> this warm season, conv<strong>in</strong>ces me, that<br />
all <strong>the</strong> labour that <strong>the</strong> troops here will be capable <strong>of</strong>, without ru<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir health, will be required at least for<br />
six weeks to put <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tended works at this place <strong>in</strong> a tolerable state <strong>of</strong> defence. And as your Excellency has<br />
been pleased to <strong>com</strong>municate to me your <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> re-<strong>com</strong>menc<strong>in</strong>g operations <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak[e] about <strong>the</strong><br />
beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> October, I will not venture to take any step that might retard <strong>the</strong> establish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> this post: but I<br />
request that your Excellency will be pleased to decide whe<strong>the</strong>r it is more important for your plans that a<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> a thous<strong>and</strong> or twelve hundred men, which I th<strong>in</strong>k I can spare from every o<strong>the</strong>r purpose but that<br />
<strong>of</strong> labour, should be sent to you from hence, or that <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops here should be employed <strong>in</strong><br />
expedit<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> works.<br />
“My last accounts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy were, that <strong>the</strong> Marquis de la Fayette was encamped <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fork <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pamunky<br />
<strong>and</strong> Matapony [Mattapony] with his own detachment <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, a considerable body <strong>of</strong> eighteen-months<br />
men, <strong>and</strong> two brigades <strong>of</strong> militia under [Edward] Stevens <strong>and</strong> [Robert] Lawson; that he had armed four hundred<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> seven hundred Virg<strong>in</strong>ia prisoners lately arrived from Charles-town, <strong>and</strong> expected to be jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> a short<br />
time by General Smallwood with seven hundred eighteen-months men from Maryl<strong>and</strong>; <strong>and</strong> that Generals Wayne<br />
<strong>and</strong> Morgan hav<strong>in</strong>g returned from <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side <strong>of</strong> James river, were likewise on <strong>the</strong>ir march to jo<strong>in</strong> him.<br />
“There be<strong>in</strong>g only four eighteens <strong>and</strong> one twenty-four pounder here, more heavy guns will be wanted for <strong>the</strong> sea<br />
batteries at this place, <strong>and</strong> we are likewise <strong>in</strong> want <strong>of</strong> many o<strong>the</strong>r artillery <strong>and</strong> eng<strong>in</strong>eer’s stores, <strong>the</strong> returns <strong>of</strong><br />
which I take <strong>the</strong> liberty to <strong>in</strong>close [sic].<br />
“It is proper to mention to your Excellency, that you may make your arrangements accord<strong>in</strong>gly, that <strong>the</strong>re are<br />
only about six hundred st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> spare arms <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak; <strong>and</strong> that our consumption <strong>of</strong> provisions is<br />
considerably <strong>in</strong>creased by a number <strong>of</strong> refugees lately <strong>com</strong>e to us, <strong>and</strong> by negroes that are employed <strong>in</strong> different<br />
branches <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> public service.” 3554<br />
Tarleton: “…<strong>the</strong> whole Virg<strong>in</strong>ia army [<strong>of</strong> Cornwallis] was assembled on <strong>the</strong> 22d [<strong>of</strong> Aug.] at York town <strong>and</strong><br />
Gloucester.” 3555<br />
22 August. Maj. Read<strong>in</strong>g Blount <strong>of</strong> Sumner’s N.C. brigade arrived <strong>in</strong> Charlotte with 300 st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> arms with which<br />
to help arm <strong>the</strong> newly formed <strong>and</strong> organized battalions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a l<strong>in</strong>e. 3556<br />
date see Balfour to Cornwallis, 2 October 1781, PRO. 30/11/109, <strong>and</strong> BLB p.100. Special thanks to Todd Braisted for clear<strong>in</strong>g this<br />
up, <strong>and</strong> provid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> references.<br />
3552 NGP9 pp. 151n, 280, ATR81b pp. 271-272 (which <strong>in</strong>cludes an address by some citizens <strong>of</strong> Charlestown to Rawdon upon his<br />
departure), CAR pp. 354n, 579, SAW2 p. 377, LMS p. 461, CBA p. 577, MSC2 pp. 384n.<br />
3553 CNC15 pp. 612-613.<br />
3554 CAC pp. 186-188, SCP6 p. 27.<br />
3555 TCS p. 361.<br />
599
22 August. Marion rode south from <strong>the</strong> Santee to jo<strong>in</strong> Harden. At <strong>the</strong> same time he left a party just north <strong>of</strong><br />
Charlestown, under Capt. Samuel Cooper, to act as a diversionary force.<br />
22 August. Brig. Gen. Isaac Gregory, at “Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, Norfolk County, Edmunds’ Hill,” to Gov. Nash: “Your Two<br />
Favours recd. & was very Happy <strong>in</strong> your Excellency’s advice respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> post I Comm<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> assurance you gave me <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tra<strong>in</strong> that measures was <strong>in</strong> for <strong>the</strong> equipment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Halifax Militia, but<br />
S<strong>in</strong>ce this a favorable event has taken place, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s Evacuation <strong>of</strong> Portsmouth <strong>and</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong><br />
town <strong>of</strong> York <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia which makes it unnecessary <strong>in</strong> my Op<strong>in</strong>ion for <strong>the</strong> militia to Cont<strong>in</strong>ue merely a few days<br />
to Co-operate with Col. Parker <strong>in</strong> Reduc<strong>in</strong>g such who may be disaffected or putt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to execution any measures<br />
which may tend to <strong>the</strong> benefit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States, after which I shall th<strong>in</strong>k it my duty to discharge <strong>the</strong> militia<br />
unless some <strong>in</strong>cident Should happen, which might make it necessary to alter my present Resolutions. The Small<br />
pox is violently rag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> about Portsmouth <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>duces me to dismiss <strong>the</strong> Militia, th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m not<br />
altoge<strong>the</strong>r Safe. Various are <strong>the</strong> reasons which have been <strong>of</strong>fered <strong>in</strong> respect to <strong>the</strong> Manouver <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong><br />
evacuat<strong>in</strong>g Portsmouth. None seems to be more Probable than that <strong>the</strong>y Conceived <strong>the</strong>mselves unsafe from a<br />
Superior army as it Could annoy <strong>the</strong>m both <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Naval force.<br />
“The enemy have left a great number <strong>of</strong> Negroes <strong>and</strong> Horses, tho’ <strong>the</strong>y have destroyed from <strong>the</strong> best accounts,<br />
about Two hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Horse. The Negroes are down with <strong>the</strong> Small pox, <strong>and</strong> are left <strong>in</strong> a most <strong>in</strong>human<br />
manner <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> such a Situation as tends to disgrace <strong>the</strong> Character <strong>of</strong> a Civilized nation, as <strong>the</strong>y were Left<br />
without Sustenance & would be altoge<strong>the</strong>r without Support if <strong>the</strong>y did not Receive it through <strong>the</strong> Sanction <strong>of</strong><br />
Colo. Parker <strong>and</strong> my self. Your orders I shall be glad to receive as to <strong>the</strong> disposal <strong>of</strong> any negroes or horses that<br />
may Come under my direction.” 3557<br />
23 August. Ewald: “On <strong>the</strong> 23d Colonel Simcoe conducted a forag<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> Ranger Corps <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> parish <strong>and</strong><br />
vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Ab<strong>in</strong>gdon Church. I had to ambuscade myself with <strong>the</strong> jägers <strong>and</strong> one hundred men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Erb Pr<strong>in</strong>z<br />
Regiment to protect him, two English miles toward Gloucester Court House. At midday a party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy<br />
appeared, but <strong>the</strong>y did not <strong>com</strong>e near enough so that I could harm <strong>the</strong>m. Capta<strong>in</strong> Murray, who also lay<br />
ambuscaded with fifty rangers at a defile to <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> Ab<strong>in</strong>gdon Church, would have caught a party <strong>of</strong><br />
American dragoons had he not been betrayed by a servant <strong>of</strong> a thoughtless <strong>of</strong>ficer, who had sent him out to<br />
pillage.<br />
“One perceives from this that a leader <strong>of</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry cannot be severe enough <strong>in</strong> establish<strong>in</strong>g a strict<br />
discipl<strong>in</strong>e, s<strong>in</strong>ce o<strong>the</strong>rwise <strong>the</strong> best planned strokes will miscarry. -- For how many well-devised strokes have<br />
been spoiled by a marauder? And yet, I have never seen such a bad mistake punished severely. There are<br />
situations <strong>in</strong> war where <strong>in</strong>dulgence, <strong>in</strong>deed sympathy itself, is an <strong>of</strong>fense.” 3558<br />
24 August. Capt. Walker Muse was appo<strong>in</strong>ted to replace Col. John Gunby as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> post <strong>and</strong> hospital<br />
at Charlotte. Gunby returned to Maryl<strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> past month or so been suffer<strong>in</strong>g from dysentery. 3559<br />
24 August. Greene camped at Camden. In orders for <strong>the</strong> day stated that <strong>the</strong> sick <strong>and</strong> those unable to march were<br />
to rema<strong>in</strong> at Camden; “a Sufficient number <strong>of</strong> women, particularly those that have Children must be left as<br />
Nurses.” 3560<br />
24 August. Lafayette, at “Mattapony River,” to Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “The Light Infantry are 850 -- <strong>the</strong><br />
Pennsylvanians about 600 -- Virg<strong>in</strong>ia exchangd [sic] soldiers <strong>and</strong> new levies 400 <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>ers will be 600. We<br />
have 120 dragoons <strong>and</strong> a chance to obta<strong>in</strong> 60 more. Had we accoutrements we could have 200 excellent horses<br />
60 <strong>of</strong> which I hope to equip by dismount<strong>in</strong>g volunteers. As to militia we may <strong>in</strong> a few days have 3000. A dem<strong>and</strong><br />
from you upon <strong>the</strong> State <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> will procure 1000 well armed militia. The conduct <strong>of</strong> some people <strong>in</strong> that<br />
State appears to me very <strong>in</strong>jurious to public <strong>in</strong>terests. The new levies have every day been deta<strong>in</strong>ed, every petty<br />
pretence employed to prevent <strong>the</strong>ir jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g ei<strong>the</strong>r General Greene or this army...[<strong>the</strong> militia had been called out<br />
because <strong>of</strong> a rumor Baltimore was to be <strong>in</strong>vaded.]<br />
“Portsmouth is evacuated with some precipitation I wait for more particular account before I write <strong>of</strong>ficially.<br />
Yesterday Mr de Camus a French <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> navy has reconnoitered <strong>the</strong> shipp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> York River. There are 60<br />
sail 10 <strong>of</strong> which armed vessels <strong>the</strong> largest a 50 gun ship, <strong>the</strong>ir situation much exposed. The enemy are not yet<br />
fortify<strong>in</strong>g at York. What is do<strong>in</strong>g at Glocester [sic] is ra<strong>the</strong>r upon a contracted scale. They do not appear very<br />
much alarmed…Col. Dundas was heard to say that an English <strong>and</strong> French fleet had sailed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same time. 3561<br />
The <strong>in</strong>telligence respect<strong>in</strong>g Count de Grasse has been kept a pr<strong>of</strong>ound secret. My <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> this country has<br />
attracted this side a large part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemys [sic] force. In <strong>the</strong> mean while General Wayne was fil<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>[f]<br />
towards Westover <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army to Ruff<strong>in</strong>[’]s Ferry. Should <strong>the</strong> enemy move sou<strong>the</strong>rly we shall<br />
be at Westover before Wayne has done cross<strong>in</strong>g as <strong>the</strong> cavalry will be hurried on. The moment Count de Grasse<br />
arrives I will collect our forces about Soan[’]s Bridge <strong>and</strong> wait for <strong>in</strong>telligences from him.” 3562<br />
3556 NGP9 p. 225.<br />
3557 CNC15 pp. 618-619.<br />
3558 EHJ p. 324.<br />
3559 NGP9 pp. 234-235.<br />
3560 NGP9 p. 233.<br />
3561 This was <strong>in</strong>formation apparently procured by James Armistead, a black act<strong>in</strong>g as a servant <strong>in</strong> Cornwallis’ household<br />
headquarters, while <strong>in</strong> service as a spy for Lafayette. See footnote ac<strong>com</strong>pany<strong>in</strong>g Lafayette to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, 20 August.<br />
3562 LLW pp. 221-222.<br />
600
On <strong>the</strong> 25 th he fur<strong>the</strong>r wrote: “The ennemy [sic] have 60 sails <strong>of</strong> vessels <strong>in</strong>to York River -- <strong>the</strong> largest a 50 gun<br />
ship two 36 frigat[e]s -- about seven o<strong>the</strong>r armed vessels -- The rema<strong>in</strong>der are transports some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m still<br />
loaded <strong>and</strong> a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m very small vessels -- It appears <strong>the</strong>y have <strong>in</strong> that number merchant men some <strong>of</strong><br />
whom Dutch prizes -- The men <strong>of</strong> war are very th<strong>in</strong>ly manned -- On board <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r vessels <strong>the</strong>re are almost no<br />
sailors.” 3563<br />
24 August (also given as 25 August). [skirmish] Well’s Plantation, also Bull Head, “Capta<strong>in</strong> William Bennett vs.<br />
detachments <strong>of</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Wales American Rgt, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia” (Berkeley County, S.C.) 3564<br />
25 August. Pickens <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six region jo<strong>in</strong>ed up with Henderson’s men, at “Brown’s Old Field,”<br />
S.C., <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> 28 th toge<strong>the</strong>r reached Greene’s army at Howell’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Santee River. On this same date,<br />
Henderson, at “Brown’s old Field,” S.C., <strong>in</strong>formed Greene that (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Pickens) he had 370 men, count<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers, one third <strong>of</strong> whom are unarmed. “Not a man <strong>of</strong> three Regiments have yet <strong>com</strong>e <strong>in</strong>, but suppose <strong>the</strong>m on<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir way.” He doubted <strong>the</strong>se troops would have any weapons to spare. Many <strong>of</strong> his troops were “very Sickly.”<br />
Henderson himself had been “exceed<strong>in</strong>gly ill <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fever” for <strong>the</strong> past three days, but believed “it is about<br />
leav<strong>in</strong>g me.” 3565<br />
25 August. Commissioner Lieut. Col. John Laurens, <strong>and</strong> thanks <strong>in</strong> no small part to his own hav<strong>in</strong>g acted as an<br />
effective envoy, l<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Boston from France with cloth<strong>in</strong>g, ammunition, <strong>and</strong> half a million dollars aid from<br />
France. 3566<br />
25 August. Rear Admiral Jacques-Melchior Sa<strong>in</strong>t Laurent, Comte de Barras’ naval squadron <strong>of</strong> 8 ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e<br />
<strong>and</strong> some transports carry<strong>in</strong>g a siege tra<strong>in</strong> departed Newport, R.I., on its way to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. Upon receiv<strong>in</strong>g word <strong>of</strong><br />
this, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton dropped plans for a naval <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong> expedition he had planned aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong> capital. 3567<br />
25-26 August. Rear Admiral Sir Samuel Hood with 14 ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, 6 frigates, <strong>and</strong> 1 fire-ship, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from<br />
<strong>the</strong> West Indies, stopped at <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake on 25 August <strong>in</strong> search <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French. Not f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g de Grasse, he<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ued on to New York where, on <strong>the</strong> 28 th , he jo<strong>in</strong>ed Graves who only <strong>the</strong>n was <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> de Grasse’s move<br />
from <strong>the</strong> Caribbean. About <strong>the</strong> same time, it was also learned that de Barras’ squadron had left Newport, Rhode<br />
Isl<strong>and</strong>; it be<strong>in</strong>g rightly <strong>in</strong>ferred with <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tention <strong>of</strong> l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g up with de Grasse. Hood <strong>and</strong> Graves <strong>the</strong>n set out<br />
after de Grasse who anchored <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake before <strong>the</strong>m on 30 August. 3568<br />
25-26 August. With <strong>the</strong> last <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir forces hav<strong>in</strong>g crossed <strong>the</strong> Hudson at K<strong>in</strong>g’s Ferry <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n encamp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
neighborhood <strong>of</strong> Paramus, N.J. (<strong>and</strong> with o<strong>the</strong>r preparations f<strong>in</strong>alized), Rochambeau <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton readied<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves to cooperate with de Grasse for a prospective attack on Staten Isl<strong>and</strong>, prelim<strong>in</strong>ary to an advance on<br />
New York itself -– though ever prepared to strike south at Cornwallis as circumstances warranted. See 29 Aug. 3569<br />
25-26 August. Marion arrived at “Round O,” 3570 at Ferguson’s Plantation, <strong>and</strong> found Harden very sick, <strong>and</strong><br />
Harden’s troops (for <strong>the</strong> moment under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Harden’s son, William Jr.) not yet assembled. “I halted<br />
<strong>the</strong> 24 th , next day marched to <strong>the</strong> Horse Shoe; <strong>the</strong> twenty sixth at night I was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Colo [William] Stafford<br />
with one hundred fifty men & Major [William] Harden[Jr.] with eighty which made me four hundred men.” 3571<br />
25-26 August. On <strong>the</strong> 25 th , Greene left Camden, cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Wateree at Wright’s (or <strong>the</strong> Camden) Ferry <strong>in</strong> his<br />
advance toward Howell’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Congaree River. It took more than a day to get all <strong>the</strong> army <strong>and</strong> baggage<br />
over <strong>the</strong> river <strong>and</strong> put <strong>in</strong> order. He crossed at <strong>the</strong> Wateree ra<strong>the</strong>r than move directly south from Camden to <strong>the</strong><br />
Santee area, due to heavy flood<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> that region caused by recent ra<strong>in</strong>s. Elsewhere, Lee, <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton (with<br />
Kirkwood), away from <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army act<strong>in</strong>g as scouts, were already at <strong>the</strong> Congaree. 3572<br />
26 August. Colonel Peter Horry, at Georgetown, wrote to Greene say<strong>in</strong>g he was hav<strong>in</strong>g difficulty cloth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong><br />
equipp<strong>in</strong>g his men, particularly s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> burn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Georgetown on Aug. 2. He made reference to <strong>the</strong> practice <strong>of</strong><br />
some militia draftees gett<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> service ei<strong>the</strong>r by f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g substitutes or pay<strong>in</strong>g money; <strong>and</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r suggested<br />
that this approach would be a good way <strong>of</strong> enlist<strong>in</strong>g more men <strong>and</strong> rais<strong>in</strong>g needed funds. 3573<br />
27 August. Greene camped at McGirth’s [McGirtt’s] Mill, S.C., or “on <strong>the</strong> road from Camden to Howels Mill.”<br />
Greene expected to camp at Howell’s Mill <strong>the</strong> morrow morn<strong>in</strong>g (<strong>the</strong> 28 th .) 3574<br />
3563 LLW p. 223.<br />
3564 LSC p. 18. nd see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/wells-pl.htm<br />
3565 NGP9 p. 245, JLG2 pp. 217, 219.<br />
3566 RSC2 pp. 305-306, CBA p. 623.<br />
3567 AR81 pp. 126-127, GHA4 p. 181, MLW4A pp. 469, LMS pp. 484-485, SCV1 pp. 18-21.<br />
3568 AR81 pp. 126-127, LMS pp. 485-486, MLW4A pp. 469-470, JYC p. 99, WFK p. 242, WCO pp. 357-358.<br />
3569 LMS pp. 483-484, LMS p. 485, JYC p. 88.<br />
3570 Bass says Round O is on alternative U.S. Highway 17 between Summerville <strong>and</strong> Walterboro. BGC p. 271n.<br />
3571 NGP9 p. 289.<br />
3572 NGP9 pp. 233, 236 JLG2 p. 217.<br />
3573 NGP9 p. 259.<br />
3574 NGP9 pp. 259-260.<br />
601
27 August. Brig. Gen. John Twiggs was with 150 Georgia militia at Spirit Creek about 15 miles south <strong>of</strong> Augusta.<br />
Col. Elijah Clark, meantime, was collect<strong>in</strong>g o<strong>the</strong>rs. They expected to have 500 to 600, though <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
deficient <strong>in</strong> ammunition. Jonathon Bryan, at Augusta, wrote to Greene: “We are Infested hourly with B<strong>and</strong>ittees<br />
[sic] <strong>of</strong> Thieves <strong>and</strong> Plunderers. The British are driv<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>in</strong>es all <strong>the</strong> women with <strong>the</strong>ir familys [sic],<br />
which <strong>the</strong>y Suspect to be disaffected to <strong>the</strong>ir measures <strong>and</strong> destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir Houses. The Creek Indian seem well<br />
effected to us (except a few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cussata town). A Party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cherokees with some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British at <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
Head have lately surprised <strong>and</strong> killed a few <strong>of</strong> Col. [Elijah] Clark’s Regiment who were on a scout.” 3575<br />
27 August. Marion crossed <strong>the</strong> Ashepoo (also Ashpo) River <strong>and</strong> camped with<strong>in</strong> five miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “Enemy”<br />
(presumably <strong>the</strong> force under Lieut. Col. Friedrich von Benn<strong>in</strong>g) at Middleton’s Plantation, located south <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Ashepoo <strong>and</strong> Godfrey Savannah. On September 3 from St. Stephen’s, he wrote to Greene: “The day before [<strong>the</strong><br />
26 th ] I Detached Col Hugh Horry to Chehaw where I was <strong>in</strong>formed was three schooners tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> rice with a Guard<br />
<strong>of</strong> thirty men but unluckily <strong>the</strong>y heard <strong>of</strong> my Approach & went down <strong>the</strong> river <strong>the</strong> day before. I sent out parties<br />
to recon[o]iter <strong>the</strong> Enemy who found <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> post too strong to make any Attempt on <strong>the</strong>m. Their force by All<br />
<strong>the</strong> Intelligence I could get consist <strong>of</strong> One hundred & Eighty Hessians & one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty British; one<br />
hundred & thirty Toreys [sic] <strong>and</strong> Eighty horse under Majr Frazier [Thomas Fraser] all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Queen[’]s<br />
Rangers.” 3576<br />
28 August. Greene camped at Howell’s Ferry where Pickens <strong>and</strong> Henderson formed a junction with him <strong>the</strong> same<br />
day. 3577<br />
Seymour: “Twenty-eighth; this day jo<strong>in</strong>ed Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s horse, five miles, at Mr. Culpeper’s<br />
[Culpepper’s] on <strong>the</strong> bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> [Congaree] river. In <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g were <strong>in</strong>formed, <strong>the</strong> enemy this morn<strong>in</strong>g left<br />
Colonel Thompson’s [Belleville] on <strong>the</strong>ir way to Charlestown.” 3578<br />
28 August. Rochambeau’s <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s armies camped <strong>in</strong> Chatham, New Jersey. 3579<br />
29 August. Rochambeau <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton resumed <strong>the</strong>ir march southward, still maneuver<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir armies as if still<br />
<strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g toward on attack on New York City. On August 30 th , however, <strong>the</strong> effort at deception was dispensed<br />
with, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y proceeded on to <strong>the</strong>ir true goal, Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake. The American advance guard<br />
passed through Pr<strong>in</strong>ceton on <strong>the</strong> 30 th , <strong>and</strong> was <strong>in</strong> Trenton on <strong>the</strong> 31 st . All this previous while, <strong>the</strong> real dest<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
had been kept as a secret from even Rochambeau <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s high-rank<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers; many <strong>of</strong> whom<br />
were not apprised <strong>of</strong> what was go<strong>in</strong>g on till <strong>the</strong> 28 th <strong>and</strong> 29 th . 3580<br />
Despite <strong>the</strong> resolve to proceed after Cornwallis, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton still lacked f<strong>in</strong>al confirmation <strong>of</strong> de Grasse <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
French West Indies fleet’s head<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake, <strong>and</strong> even by Sept. 2 found it necessary to write<br />
Lafayette urgently request<strong>in</strong>g such (<strong>and</strong> which by <strong>the</strong>n was soon forth<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g.) See 1 Aug. 3581<br />
30 August (also given as 27 August <strong>and</strong> 29 August). [skirmish] Elizabethtown, also Tory Hole, Sl<strong>in</strong>gsby’s camp<br />
(Bladen County, N.C) Col. Thomas Robeson, or as Robert M. Dunkerly prefers (his bro<strong>the</strong>r) Peter Robeson, with<br />
70 N.C. militia, many armed <strong>and</strong> expert with rifles, surprised an encampment <strong>of</strong> a reported 400 Tories; largely<br />
<strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> former Highl<strong>and</strong>ers, under Colonels John Sl<strong>in</strong>gsby (himself from Bladen) <strong>and</strong> Godden. Robeson<br />
arranged his men <strong>and</strong> had <strong>the</strong>m fire <strong>in</strong> such a way as to suggest greater numbers than he actually possessed.<br />
Simultaneously, Robeson’s men specifically targeted <strong>the</strong> loyalist <strong>of</strong>ficers, many <strong>of</strong> whom (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Godden), as<br />
result, were killed or wounded. The result was full-scale confusion, with many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyalist retreat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to a<br />
rav<strong>in</strong>e later denoted “Tory Hole.” Loyalist losses are given as 17 killed with many more wounded. The rest,<br />
leaderless, were scattered. 3582<br />
David Fann<strong>in</strong>g: “I also received a message from Col. O’neal [William O’Neal] that whenever <strong>the</strong>y met, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
would fight me, but not by an immediate appo<strong>in</strong>tment; I directly ordered a march <strong>and</strong> proceeded to <strong>the</strong> place<br />
where I was <strong>in</strong>formed by <strong>the</strong> Bearer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flag <strong>the</strong>y lay encamped; but on my arrival <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>the</strong>y had marched<br />
<strong>of</strong>f; <strong>and</strong> from <strong>in</strong>telligence I had procured, I had reason to suppose <strong>the</strong>y was gone to Salesbury [Salisbury] to get<br />
re<strong>in</strong>forced, by General [Griffith] Ru<strong>the</strong>rford. I <strong>the</strong>n concluded, to go, to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton for a supply <strong>of</strong> ammunition;<br />
f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g my stock began to grow low. I got to Cross Creek on <strong>the</strong> 11 th <strong>of</strong> August; <strong>and</strong> early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g crossed <strong>the</strong> cape Fear River, when Maj. Samuel Andrews jo<strong>in</strong>ed me with his <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>and</strong> scouted<br />
through all <strong>the</strong> rebel settlements, on <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> River; <strong>and</strong> took a number <strong>of</strong> prisoners, arms <strong>and</strong><br />
horses. I also discovered where 25 barrels <strong>of</strong> Salt was concealed; designed for <strong>the</strong> rebel army. I destroyed it; <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>n marched down <strong>the</strong> side; <strong>and</strong> came to a plantation belong<strong>in</strong>g to a Capt. Robertson -- which I burned; From<br />
<strong>the</strong>nce I marched to his bro<strong>the</strong>r’s Col. Robertson, which served <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same manner. On my march, I took several<br />
prisoners, whom I parolled [sic], except 20; those I delivered to Capt. [John] Legett [<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal N.C. Regt.],<br />
<strong>the</strong>n <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton; where I arrived on <strong>the</strong> 24 th . Hav<strong>in</strong>g got supplied with ammunition, I proceeded<br />
up <strong>the</strong> country on <strong>the</strong> 26 th . -- On my arrival at Elizabethtown, I found Col. Sl<strong>in</strong>gsbee [John Sl<strong>in</strong>gsby], <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Loyal<br />
Militia <strong>of</strong> Bladen county, with a number <strong>of</strong> parolled rebels, <strong>in</strong> his camp. I disapproved <strong>of</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong>re,<br />
<strong>and</strong> told him I thought it imprudent, <strong>and</strong> unsafe. The event proved so; for that night, <strong>the</strong>y, hav<strong>in</strong>g arms<br />
3575 NGP9 p. 260.<br />
3576 NGP9 p. 289.<br />
3577 NGP9 pp. 240n, 264, JLG2 pp. 217, 219.<br />
3578 SJS.<br />
3579 JYC p. 89.<br />
3580 MLW4A pp. 472-474, JYC p. 90.<br />
3581 CSS pp. 1214-1216.<br />
3582 WNC pp. 36-43, CNS1 pp. 397-419, DRO pp. 206-209.<br />
602
concealed, fired upon his camp, <strong>and</strong> wounded him mortally. Five Capta<strong>in</strong>s also were wounded, some <strong>of</strong> whom<br />
died afterward <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir wounds. The day follow<strong>in</strong>g I arrived at McFall[’]s mills about 60 miles, where I<br />
dispatched 90 <strong>of</strong> my men back, to render assistance, on receiv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> unfortunate accounts <strong>of</strong> Col. Sl<strong>in</strong>gsbee’s<br />
misfortune; but it was too late; as <strong>the</strong> rebels had taken to <strong>the</strong> woods <strong>and</strong> got <strong>of</strong>f.” 3583<br />
Sab<strong>in</strong>e’s entry for Sl<strong>in</strong>gsby: “SLINGSBY, Of North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. Colonel <strong>of</strong> a Loyalist corps. At <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> three<br />
hundred men, <strong>in</strong> 1781, he took post at Elizabethtown, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> was attacked <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> darkness <strong>of</strong> night<br />
by a party <strong>of</strong> Whigs. The Loyalist <strong>of</strong>ficer was a gallant man, <strong>and</strong> made a desperate effort to produce order, to<br />
form his l<strong>in</strong>es, <strong>and</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> his position. But he was mortally wounded, <strong>and</strong> his force was totally routed. He was<br />
a man <strong>of</strong> f<strong>in</strong>e talents, <strong>and</strong> left an amiable <strong>and</strong> helpless family. Even foes lamented his fall.” 3584<br />
30 August (also given as 13 August). [ambush] Parker’s Ferry (Colleton County, S.C.) Col. Patrick Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham<br />
<strong>and</strong> over 100 loyalists from Dorchester lay at Parker’s Ferry await<strong>in</strong>g Lieut. Col. Friedrich von Benn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Maj.<br />
Thomas Fraser, with 180 Hessians, 150 British (possibly Prov<strong>in</strong>cials), 130 loyalist militia, <strong>and</strong> 80 Queen’s Rangers<br />
cavalry, under Maj. Thomas Fraser at Hayne’s Plantation. 3585 Marion, with 400, m<strong>in</strong>us an unknown number<br />
detached under Col. Hugh Horry, prepared an ambush with<strong>in</strong> a wood about a mile from Parker’s Ferry, <strong>and</strong> forty<br />
yards <strong>of</strong> a road where Benn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Fraser were expected to pass on <strong>the</strong>ir way to jo<strong>in</strong> Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham. He arranged<br />
his men <strong>in</strong> three groups, one with 80 men on his left (at about one hundred yards distance from <strong>the</strong> center),<br />
under Maj. William Harden, Jr. (his fa<strong>the</strong>r, at this time, was ill), were to <strong>com</strong>e out from a concealed position<br />
when <strong>the</strong> British came up to <strong>the</strong> American center. Ano<strong>the</strong>r group, Marion’s “Swordsmen <strong>of</strong> Sixty horse” under<br />
Maj. George Cooper, were to keep watch <strong>and</strong> to fall on <strong>the</strong> enemy’s rear after <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g became general. Marion<br />
was to lead <strong>the</strong> attack with his ma<strong>in</strong> force from a middle location. Yet when <strong>the</strong> action began nei<strong>the</strong>r Harden<br />
nor Cooper followed <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong>structions. In spite <strong>of</strong> this, Marion was able to surprise Benn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Fraser who<br />
reportedly lost 20 killed, <strong>and</strong> upwards <strong>of</strong> 80 wounded, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Fraser <strong>and</strong> Capt. Archibald Campbell. 42 horses<br />
were also killed or captured. The whigs apparently <strong>in</strong>curred no casualties. After forc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British to withdraw,<br />
Marion rema<strong>in</strong>ed on <strong>the</strong> battlefield three hours afterwards; <strong>the</strong>n retreated two miles to refresh his men. He<br />
returned to <strong>the</strong> site <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> 31 st ; at which time he was able to arrive at an estimate <strong>of</strong> casualties.<br />
While not given much coverage <strong>in</strong> histories, Parker’s Ferry was arguably Marion’s greatest pitched-battle victory;<br />
ev<strong>in</strong>c<strong>in</strong>g his resourcefulness as a partisan <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, while demonstrat<strong>in</strong>g his ability to succeed <strong>in</strong> spite <strong>of</strong> less<br />
than cooperative subord<strong>in</strong>ates.<br />
On September 3 rd , Marion, from St. Stephen’s, wrote to Greene: “(H)ave <strong>the</strong> pleasure <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g you that Colo<br />
Stafford who susta<strong>in</strong>ed fire & Colo [John] Erv<strong>in</strong> & [Hugh] Horry behaved Like <strong>the</strong> Sons [<strong>of</strong>] Liberty, & Had Mjr<br />
Harden with his Div[ision] & Majr [George] Cooper with <strong>the</strong> Cavalry Obey’d Orders, It is probable <strong>the</strong> Greatest<br />
part if not <strong>the</strong> whole must have been Destroy’d or taken, but [<strong>the</strong>] first never fired a Gun & <strong>the</strong> Second was not<br />
<strong>in</strong> sight by which means I Lost above one third <strong>of</strong> my force [i.e., for fight<strong>in</strong>g] & <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> two most material<br />
po<strong>in</strong>ts.” 3586<br />
Stephen Jarvis: “Soon after this Capta<strong>in</strong> Campbell’s [Queen’s Rangers] Troop was jo<strong>in</strong>ed to <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>as<br />
[South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists], a Capta<strong>in</strong> Gillis Troop also <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Light Infantry Company <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> [New] York<br />
Volunteers under <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Major [John] C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> also jo<strong>in</strong>ed us as Mounted Infantry. They, with one Troop<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regiment jo<strong>in</strong>ed Lord Rawdon <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Regiment at Dorchester, for an<br />
Expedition, which took place <strong>in</strong> a few days toward Georgia. The Troop consisted <strong>of</strong> a Regiment <strong>of</strong> Cavalry <strong>and</strong><br />
some Militia while as yet had adhered to our St<strong>and</strong>ard. We quartered at Colonel Ha<strong>in</strong>es [Isaac Haynes’]<br />
Plantation <strong>the</strong> day he was executed near Charlestown as a Traitor taken <strong>in</strong> arms. We proceeded to a place called<br />
Cumbake [Combahee], a navigable stream, where we loaded several vessels with Rice <strong>and</strong> some cattle for <strong>the</strong><br />
use <strong>of</strong> our Hospitals <strong>and</strong> on our return we aga<strong>in</strong> halted a night <strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> heat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day at Ha<strong>in</strong>es<br />
Plantation. I saw his grave <strong>in</strong> his garden. His body had been delivered to his friends <strong>and</strong> taken to his Farm <strong>and</strong><br />
buried. We left this about <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon. We jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> March, <strong>the</strong> Infantry <strong>in</strong> front with<br />
two pieces <strong>of</strong> artillery. When we came with<strong>in</strong> a mile <strong>of</strong> Parker’s Ferry a few <strong>of</strong> our Militia had forded <strong>the</strong> river<br />
<strong>and</strong> fell <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> an ambuscade which <strong>the</strong> Enemy had formed on <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Road, a thick Swamp. A<br />
few shots were fired. It was between sundown <strong>and</strong> dark. Hear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g Major [Thomas] Fraser pushed<br />
forward with <strong>the</strong> Cavalry <strong>and</strong> as he came <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy he discovered <strong>the</strong> Militia which he took to be <strong>the</strong><br />
Enemy, Charged, when we received a most tremendous fire from <strong>the</strong> Enemy <strong>and</strong> it was so well directed that we<br />
were obliged to run <strong>the</strong> Gauntlet for a mile, receiv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy as we passed without see<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs. We lost a great many men killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. Every man <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Artillery were ei<strong>the</strong>r killed or<br />
wounded, before <strong>the</strong>y could br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> artillery to bear upon <strong>the</strong> Enemy who immediately retired without <strong>the</strong><br />
least <strong>in</strong>jury. We halted at <strong>the</strong> ferry that night <strong>and</strong> after collect<strong>in</strong>g our Dead <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> bury<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m,<br />
25 Dragoons besides Infantry, we crossed <strong>the</strong> River <strong>and</strong> proceeded to Dorchester without any o<strong>the</strong>r Interruption<br />
from <strong>the</strong> Enemy.” 3587<br />
30-31 August. Comte de Grasse arrived <strong>in</strong> Chesapeake Bay, with 26 ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> several frigates <strong>and</strong><br />
transports, sail<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to Lynnhaven Bay just outside Hampton Roads; while send<strong>in</strong>g a few ships to block up <strong>the</strong><br />
York River. The British frigate Guadaloupe en route with dispatches from Cornwallis to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton had to turn back;<br />
while <strong>the</strong> 20 gun ship Loyalist stationed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> bay was captured by <strong>the</strong> French. 3588<br />
3583 FNA pp. 30-31.<br />
3584 SLA2 pp. 309-310.<br />
3585 Benn<strong>in</strong>g had evidently moved from Middleton’s Plantation, see 24 August.<br />
3586 NGP9 pp. 289-290, 298, RSC2 p. 251, JFM p. 54, JJA, JKH pp. 74-75, MSC2 pp. 438-440, 748, BSF p. 214.<br />
3587 JKH pp. 74-75.<br />
3588 SQR p. 250, CAR p. 336, LFB2 p. 305, CBA p. 612, JYC p. 98, WCO pp. 357-358.<br />
603
31 August. [raids] Cypress Swamp <strong>and</strong> Charlestown Road, also Ashley River Church (Charleston County, S.C.) As a<br />
diversionary ploy to assist Marion’s operations, Capt. Samuel Cooper attacked <strong>and</strong> dispersed a group <strong>of</strong> loyalists<br />
at Cypress Swamp, some ten to fifteen miles southwest <strong>of</strong> Monck’s Corner. Later <strong>the</strong> same day, he made toward<br />
Charlestown <strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong> ambushed ano<strong>the</strong>r b<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> loyalists about twelve miles from <strong>the</strong> city; rout<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m as<br />
well. Some loyalists were captured, with no losses be<strong>in</strong>g reported for <strong>the</strong> Americans. 3589<br />
William Dobe<strong>in</strong> James: “In <strong>the</strong> mean time, Capt. [Samuel] Cooper passed on to <strong>the</strong> Cypress, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re routed a<br />
party <strong>of</strong> tories, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n proceed<strong>in</strong>g down <strong>the</strong> road, he drove <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> cattle from before <strong>the</strong> enemy’s fort at<br />
Dorchester. He next moved on down <strong>the</strong> Charlestown road; a body <strong>of</strong> tories lay <strong>in</strong> a brick church, which stood<br />
<strong>the</strong>n twelve miles from town; he charged <strong>and</strong> drove <strong>the</strong>m before him. Next, pass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to Goose creek road, he<br />
proceeded to <strong>the</strong> ten mile house, returned <strong>and</strong> passed over Goose creek bridge, took a circuitous route around<br />
<strong>the</strong> British at Monk’s [Monck’s] corner <strong>and</strong> arrived <strong>in</strong> camp at Peyre’s plantation near <strong>the</strong> canal, where Gen.<br />
Marion now lay, with many prisoners, <strong>and</strong> without <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> a man.” 3590<br />
31 August. Seymour: “Thirty-first, marched to Howell’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Congaree River, thirty-five miles, where our<br />
army had crossed. This day <strong>the</strong> General received <strong>in</strong>formation that <strong>the</strong> enemy had marched from <strong>the</strong> Centre<br />
Swamp on <strong>the</strong>ir route for town, which occasioned <strong>the</strong> horse <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong> Kirkwood’s <strong>in</strong>fantry to return to <strong>the</strong><br />
place <strong>the</strong>y left <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g. Twelve miles.” 3591<br />
31 August. Stewart’s marched his army from Thompson’s Plantation to Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
Late August. Lafayette was at Holt’s Forge on <strong>the</strong> Pamunkey River, while Wayne was at Harrison’s on <strong>the</strong> James<br />
River, Cornwallis cont<strong>in</strong>ued fortify<strong>in</strong>g Yorktown, <strong>and</strong> to some extent Gloucester, <strong>the</strong> work at <strong>the</strong> latter be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
soon mostly <strong>com</strong>pleted. 3592<br />
Late August. Rank<strong>in</strong>: “Some [N.C.] Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers still worked to recruit men. By <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> August Thomas<br />
Hogg (who had been exchanged <strong>in</strong> March, 1781) <strong>and</strong> James Armstrong had managed to raise seventy men [N.C.<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals] between <strong>the</strong>m but were unable to clo<strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir recruits. O<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers were <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field attempt<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to secure boats at <strong>the</strong> ferries should Cornwallis decide to march south. Still o<strong>the</strong>rs were prepar<strong>in</strong>g to supply <strong>the</strong><br />
Pennsylvania L<strong>in</strong>e, which had been ordered south to jo<strong>in</strong> Greene, <strong>and</strong> some were seek<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
militia.” 3593<br />
3589 JFM pp. 53-54, MSC2 pp. 340, 748, LSC p. 18, RBG p. 236.<br />
And see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/cypresssw.htm <strong>and</strong> http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/ashleyriverchurch.htm<br />
3590 JFM p. 54.<br />
3591 SJS.<br />
3592 JYC p. 97.<br />
3593 RNC p. 363.<br />
604
SEPTEMBER 1781<br />
September. [skirmish] Hood’s Creek, N.C. ONB3 p. 328 <strong>and</strong> DRO pp. 213-214.<br />
September. [skirmish] Beck’s Ford, N.C. ONB3 p. 332.<br />
Early September. [skirmish] Dupl<strong>in</strong> County. DRO p. 205.<br />
1 September.<br />
Forces under Cornwallis.<br />
Rank <strong>and</strong> File:<br />
BRITISH<br />
1 st Bttn., Light Infantry: 447<br />
2 nd Bttn., Light <strong>in</strong>fantry: 334<br />
Brigade <strong>of</strong> Guards: 354<br />
7 th Regt.: 124<br />
23 rd Regt.: 147<br />
33 rd Regt.: 163<br />
43 rd Regt.: 192<br />
2 nd Bttn., 71 st Regt.: 162<br />
76 th Regt.: 446<br />
80 th Regt.: 460<br />
GERMAN<br />
Anspach:<br />
1 st Anspach Bttn.: 404<br />
2 nd Anspach Bttn.: 394<br />
Hessian:<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Hereditaire: 384<br />
Regt. von Bose: 250<br />
PROVINCIAL<br />
Queen’s Rangers: 307<br />
British Legion (cavalry only): 168<br />
Total: 4,736<br />
Detachments not <strong>in</strong>cluded above:<br />
Royal Artillery: 218<br />
German artillery: 50<br />
17 th Light Dragoons: 21<br />
23 rd Light Company: 51<br />
82 nd Light Company: 36<br />
Jägers: 73<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers: 79<br />
Guides <strong>and</strong> Pioneers: 52<br />
Total for detachments, etcs.: 580<br />
COMPLETE TOTAL: 5,316 3594<br />
1 September. [skirmish] McPhaul’s Mill, also (2 nd ) Beattie’s Bridge, Beatty’s Bridge, McFall’s Mill (Hoke County,<br />
N.C.) By Sept. 1. Col. Thomas Wade, on <strong>the</strong> march with a force <strong>of</strong> 450 N.C. militia, was attacked at Beattie’s<br />
Bridge on Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek, N.C. by 225 N.C. loyalists led by Col. David Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Col. Hector MacNeil, <strong>and</strong><br />
defeated. Fann<strong>in</strong>g reported Wade’s losses as 23 dead, <strong>and</strong> 54 captured; while Fann<strong>in</strong>g had 5 wounded. Fann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
later recalled, he <strong>and</strong> MacNeil also seized 250 horses, most <strong>of</strong> which were loaded with “plunder” taken from<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r loyalists. Dunaway describes this action as two battles; an assault by Fann<strong>in</strong>g at Beattie’s followed by an<br />
ambush by MacNeil <strong>of</strong> Wade’s <strong>the</strong>n retreat<strong>in</strong>g forces at Kirk’s Farm. 3595<br />
David Fann<strong>in</strong>g: “I had <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebel, Col’n [Thomas] Wade with 450 militia, was, <strong>the</strong>n, on his march<br />
to attack Col. McNeal [Hector MacNeil], who had assembled 70 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> loyal militia <strong>of</strong> Bladen [county], <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n<br />
lay on <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek. I <strong>in</strong>stantly dispatched, an express, to know his situation, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>fer<strong>in</strong>g<br />
assistance; <strong>in</strong> three hours, I received for answer, he would be glad to see me <strong>and</strong> my party. I marched directly,<br />
<strong>and</strong> by day light, arrived with 155 men. Our pickets was fired upon; <strong>and</strong> retreated <strong>in</strong>to camp, hav<strong>in</strong>g exchanged<br />
3594 CAC p. 236, <strong>in</strong>sert.<br />
3595 NGP9 p. 386n, CNS1 pp. 171-180, DRO pp. 209-213, DBL p. 19.<br />
605
several shots with those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebels. We had <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>the</strong>y were cross<strong>in</strong>g a bridge on Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek,<br />
about three miles <strong>of</strong>f, when <strong>the</strong> pickets was fired on <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong>re was 420 men crossed that bridge. I<br />
immediately ordered all my men to arms, <strong>and</strong> counted <strong>the</strong>m; which <strong>in</strong> number was 225, horse <strong>and</strong> foot; I <strong>the</strong>n<br />
marched immediately to attack <strong>the</strong>m; when I formed my little party I left great vacancies <strong>in</strong> order to appear as<br />
numerous as possible, <strong>and</strong> to prevent <strong>the</strong>ir turn<strong>in</strong>g my flanks. We attacked <strong>the</strong>m at 11 o’clock; <strong>and</strong> engaged<br />
<strong>the</strong>m an hour <strong>and</strong> a half; on my order<strong>in</strong>g a charge; <strong>the</strong>y retreated. We persued [sic] <strong>the</strong>m 7 miles <strong>and</strong> took 54<br />
prisoners; 4 <strong>of</strong> which died that night. On our return we found 19 dead; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> next day, several came <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
surrendered, all <strong>of</strong> whom were wounded, <strong>and</strong> we had reason to suppose that several died <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> swamps, by<br />
accounts, we received from those who came <strong>in</strong> afterwards. Our loss was only 5 men wounded; one <strong>of</strong> which<br />
died; <strong>and</strong> 5 Horses killed; besides a few wounded. We took 250 horses; most <strong>of</strong> which were loaded with effects<br />
<strong>the</strong>y had plundered from <strong>the</strong> friends <strong>of</strong> Government; <strong>and</strong> as I had formerly ordered that whoever found<br />
concealed goods, <strong>of</strong> any k<strong>in</strong>d should keep <strong>the</strong>m; I also now ordered that every man should keep that he had<br />
taken that day, after mount<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> equipp<strong>in</strong>g those 50; who were not mounted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action. I <strong>the</strong>n parolled<br />
[sic] <strong>the</strong> prisoners, except 30, which I sent to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, under a guard <strong>of</strong> Col. McNeal’s [Hector MacNeil’s]<br />
men. Then with my party, I marched that even<strong>in</strong>g to Little River, 1 miles from mcFalls [McFall’s] mill; where <strong>the</strong><br />
party returned, which had gone to Col’n [Colonel John] Sl<strong>in</strong>gsby’s assistance…” 3596<br />
1 September. Lee, camped six miles below Thompson’s Plantation, reported to Greene Stewart’s move <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
previous night (August 31 st ) from Thompson’s (on <strong>the</strong> south bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Congaree River.) Stewart had left <strong>the</strong>re,<br />
<strong>and</strong> retreated by “slow marches,” towards Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. Along his route, he stopped at Nelson’s Ferry. Stewart<br />
himself stated later that his reason for fall<strong>in</strong>g back was lack <strong>of</strong> supplies <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed with a desire to unite with<br />
convoys br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g up provisions. 3597<br />
Stewart wrote to Cornwallis, on September 9 th : “The army under my <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g much <strong>in</strong> want <strong>of</strong><br />
necessaries, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re be<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> same time a convoy with provisions on <strong>the</strong> march from Charles town, which<br />
would have necessarily obliged me to make a detachment <strong>of</strong>, at least, four hundred men (which at that time I<br />
could ill afford, <strong>the</strong> army be<strong>in</strong>g much weakened by sickness) to meet <strong>the</strong> convoy at Mart<strong>in</strong>’s, fifty-six miles from<br />
<strong>the</strong> camp: The distance be<strong>in</strong>g so great, a smaller escort was liable to fall by <strong>the</strong> enemy’s cavalry, which are very<br />
numerous. I <strong>the</strong>refore thought it adviseable [sic] to retire by slow marches to <strong>the</strong> Eutaws, where I might have an<br />
opportunity <strong>of</strong> receiv<strong>in</strong>g my supplies, <strong>and</strong> disencumber myself from <strong>the</strong> sick, without risk<strong>in</strong>g my escorts, or<br />
suffer myself to be attacked at a disadvantage, should <strong>the</strong> enemy have crossed <strong>the</strong> Congaree. Notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
every exertion be<strong>in</strong>g made to ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s situation, <strong>the</strong>y rendered it impossible, by waylay<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> bye paths <strong>and</strong> passes through <strong>the</strong> different swamps; <strong>and</strong> even deta<strong>in</strong>ed different flags <strong>of</strong> truce which I<br />
had sent on public bus<strong>in</strong>ess on both sides.”<br />
1 September. Lafayette, at “Holt’s Forge,” to Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “I am happy to <strong>in</strong>form Your Excellency that<br />
Count de Grasse’s Fleet is safely arrived <strong>in</strong> this [Chesapeake] Bay -- it consists <strong>of</strong> 28 ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e with several<br />
frigates [sic], <strong>and</strong> convoys a considerable body <strong>of</strong> troops under Marquis de St. Simon -- Previous to <strong>the</strong>ir Arrival<br />
such positions had been taken by our Army as to prevent <strong>the</strong> ennemy’s [sic] retreat<strong>in</strong>g towards Carol<strong>in</strong>a.” 3598<br />
1 September. Greene camped at Beaver Creek, evidently position<strong>in</strong>g himself as to be strategically situated<br />
between Stewart (at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs) <strong>and</strong> Orangeburgh. Possibly he contemplated an assault on <strong>the</strong> latter; though<br />
it was strongly fortified. 3599<br />
2-3 September. Maj. Gen. Claude-Anne de Rouvroy, <strong>the</strong> Marquis de Sa<strong>in</strong>t-Simon-Montbleru <strong>and</strong> 3,100-3,200<br />
French Mar<strong>in</strong>es from <strong>the</strong> West Indies (all brought by de Grasse) l<strong>and</strong>ed at Jamestown Isl<strong>and</strong>, south <strong>of</strong><br />
Williamsburg, <strong>and</strong> united with Lafayette at Williamsburg <strong>the</strong> same day. Lafayette had recently marched south<br />
from Pamunkey River. Among <strong>the</strong> units St. Simon had with him were <strong>the</strong> Agenois, Gatenois, <strong>and</strong> Toura<strong>in</strong>e<br />
regiments. Prior <strong>the</strong>n to <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Rochambeau, <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed American <strong>and</strong> French force<br />
under Lafayette numbered 5,500 regulars <strong>and</strong> 3,000 militia, with ano<strong>the</strong>r 3,000 militia expected. On 30 August<br />
1781, St. Simon had sent Lafayette a return <strong>of</strong> his men which gave his strength as 3, 470. This figure evidently<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers as well as rank <strong>and</strong> file. 3600<br />
2-4 September. Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, with 2,000 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals passed, through Philadelphia en route to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia.<br />
Rochambeau with 4,000 French troops, follow<strong>in</strong>g beh<strong>in</strong>d him, did <strong>the</strong> same on <strong>the</strong> 3 rd . Nei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er knew<br />
with for certa<strong>in</strong> that de Grasse was as yet anywhere near <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>refore found <strong>the</strong>mselves<br />
embarked on a gamble <strong>of</strong> sorts that assumed he was or soon would be. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, for his part, had only just<br />
learned <strong>of</strong> what <strong>the</strong> allies were do<strong>in</strong>g by <strong>the</strong> 2 nd ; on which date he wrote Cornwallis report<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same. 3601<br />
3 September. Lieut. Col. Edward Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, at Halifax, N.C., writ<strong>in</strong>g to Greene said that after conferr<strong>in</strong>g with<br />
state <strong>of</strong>ficials, North Carol<strong>in</strong>a would provide 40 cavalry horses; which had already been collected, <strong>and</strong> 160 draft<br />
horses for Greene’s army. Carr<strong>in</strong>gton at this time was on his way from <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Army to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> was<br />
later was present at Yorktown. 3602<br />
3596 FNA pp. 31-32.<br />
3597 NGP9 pp. 278, 299, TCS pp. 508-509.<br />
3598 LLW p. 225, CSS pp. 1217-1218.<br />
3599 NGP9 p. 274, LMS p. 463.<br />
3600 NGP9 pp. 280n., CAR p. 336, CBA p. 612.<br />
3601 AR81 p. 124, GHA4 pp. 126-127, MLW3 p. 145n, CBA p. 623, JYC p. 91.<br />
3602 NGP9 p. 286.<br />
606
3 September. Governor Thomas Burke, at Halifax, N.C., wrote to Greene <strong>and</strong> said he had ordered cross<strong>in</strong>gs on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Roanoke fortified <strong>in</strong> case Cornwallis attempted to move south, <strong>and</strong> was regularly keep<strong>in</strong>g scouts out. He sent<br />
militia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “adjacent Counties” (i.e., adjacent to <strong>the</strong> Roanoke River) to <strong>the</strong> most convenient posts for act<strong>in</strong>g<br />
as circumstances might require. To keep <strong>in</strong> check forces from Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> what loyalists <strong>the</strong> British could<br />
“put <strong>in</strong> motion,” Burke had ordered <strong>the</strong> New Bern militia westward to form a l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> protection. Fur<strong>the</strong>r, he<br />
dispatched militia from <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Salisbury District to threaten <strong>the</strong>ir western flank. 3603<br />
3 September (also given as 5 September). [skirmish] Ridgeway’s Fort, also Reedy River, Dirty Creek, K<strong>in</strong>g’s<br />
Chapel Church, “Capt. John Ridgeway vs. Maj. William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham” (Laurens or Greenville County, S.C.) 3604<br />
4 September. Cornwallis to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton [written <strong>in</strong> cipher]: “Compte [Comte] de Grasse’s fleet is with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> capes <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Chesapeak[e]. Forty boats with troops went up James river yesterday, <strong>and</strong> four ships lie at <strong>the</strong> entrance <strong>of</strong><br />
this river.” 3605<br />
4 September. Col. Peter Horry, at Georgetown, reported to Greene that he had enlisted 70 men <strong>and</strong> was<br />
endeavor<strong>in</strong>g to clo<strong>the</strong>, mount <strong>and</strong> equip <strong>the</strong>m. He understood Greene was obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g horses from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
<strong>and</strong> would wel<strong>com</strong>e it if his newly form<strong>in</strong>g troop could receive some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, as he was much <strong>in</strong> need. 3606<br />
4 September. Marion bivouacked at Peyre’s 3607 <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> next day camped at Lauren’s Plantation, seventeen<br />
miles above Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. 3608<br />
4 September. [skirmish] O’Neal’s Capture, also Motte’s (Calhoun County, S.C.) Greene’s army halted at<br />
Motte’s. 3609 Seymour: “On <strong>the</strong> fourth <strong>of</strong> September crossed <strong>the</strong> Congaree River at Culpeper <strong>and</strong> encamped on Mr.<br />
Johnston’s farm, fifteen miles.” 3610<br />
Lee: “Greene cont<strong>in</strong>ued to pursue his march with unvary<strong>in</strong>g attention to <strong>the</strong> ease <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>fort <strong>of</strong> his troops;<br />
preserv<strong>in</strong>g unimpaired <strong>the</strong>ir strength by withhold<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m from exposure to <strong>the</strong> midday sun, which cont<strong>in</strong>ued to<br />
be keen <strong>and</strong> morbid.<br />
“As <strong>the</strong> van approached Motte’s, <strong>the</strong> explor<strong>in</strong>g cavalry under Capta<strong>in</strong> O’Neal [Ferd<strong>in</strong><strong>and</strong> O’Neal <strong>of</strong> Lee’s Legion]<br />
fell <strong>in</strong> with a light party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy detached for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> procur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>telligence. These were all killed<br />
or taken. From <strong>the</strong> prisoners we learned that Colonel Stewart, when <strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> Greene’s passage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Wateree <strong>and</strong> movement toward Friday’s Ferry, broke up from his position, <strong>and</strong> retired down <strong>the</strong> Santee for <strong>the</strong><br />
purpose <strong>of</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>g a convoy from Charleston, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> establish<strong>in</strong>g himself near Nelson’s Ferry on that river,<br />
which <strong>in</strong>formation was forthwith <strong>com</strong>municated to <strong>the</strong> general. Persever<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> his plan <strong>of</strong> forc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy to<br />
conf<strong>in</strong>e himself to <strong>the</strong> region border<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> sea, after a few days’ halt <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity <strong>of</strong> Motte’s, wait<strong>in</strong>g for<br />
<strong>the</strong> junction <strong>of</strong> Brigadier Marion, <strong>the</strong>n on his return from <strong>the</strong> Edisto, he aga<strong>in</strong> advanced. Lieutenant-Colonel Lee,<br />
still preced<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> army, soon found that Stewart had sat down at <strong>the</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, forty miles below his late<br />
position, where <strong>the</strong> convoy from Charleston had arrived.” 3611<br />
4 September. Brig. Gen. William Caswell, at “K<strong>in</strong>gston,” to Gov. Burke: “I recd. your Excellency’s favour <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
31 st Aug. & one without date, late <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Day Yesterday at New River where I was wait<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> Genl.<br />
Wayne. I had made every preparation for hard Skirmish<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> Enemy should <strong>the</strong> Guard mov’d forward.<br />
Have s<strong>in</strong>ce ordered Captn. Coleman & <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Militia to Assemble at New Bern to take post, <strong>and</strong> shall <strong>in</strong> every<br />
respect <strong>com</strong>ply with your Excellcy’s. orders. The River Neuse above Longfield Coxes is passable at every Three<br />
Miles distant, <strong>and</strong> I th<strong>in</strong>k it will be impossible for us to Guard <strong>the</strong> passes should He attempt to pass above,<br />
However shall endeavor to Harrass him <strong>in</strong> front, rear <strong>and</strong> flank Should He move this way. Shall this day send out<br />
parties to collect <strong>the</strong> Sheep & Cattle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> People who are <strong>in</strong> actual Service aga<strong>in</strong>st us, <strong>the</strong> collection will be at<br />
this place. Should <strong>the</strong> Commissy. send orders He will f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> Mr. Wm. Howard. The Militia<br />
ordered out on tour for one Month will be regularly reliev’d should <strong>the</strong>re be a necessity. I f<strong>in</strong>d it would be very<br />
<strong>in</strong>convenient to get those large numbers out for a longer time, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y go with much lighter<br />
Baggage, <strong>and</strong> with more cheerfulness.<br />
“The Horses <strong>and</strong> Waggons I th<strong>in</strong>k to order to Pollock’s Mill on Trent River, which I th<strong>in</strong>k will be <strong>the</strong> safest place,<br />
if <strong>the</strong> Enemy should not move from <strong>the</strong> So.ward. Genl. Lill<strong>in</strong>gton will meet with much difficulty <strong>in</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g his<br />
Troops. Much confusion & contention <strong>in</strong> Comd. <strong>in</strong> Onslow <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Dupl<strong>in</strong> & <strong>the</strong> whole District, <strong>the</strong>y have not that<br />
Confidence <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Officers as men go<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to service ought to have, <strong>and</strong> when that happens Your Excellcy. well<br />
knows with what diffidence <strong>the</strong> men turn out.” 3612<br />
3603 NGP9 p. 285.<br />
3604 LSC p. 18, ONB3 p. 332 <strong>and</strong> see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/ridgeway.htm<br />
3605 TCS p. 415, SCP6 p. 30.<br />
3606 NGP9 p. 294.<br />
3607 See http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/gaillard.htm<br />
3608 JLG2 pp. 218-219, BSF p. 215.<br />
3609 NGP9 p. 291.<br />
3610 SJS.<br />
3611 LMS pp. 463-464.<br />
3612 CNC15 p. 632.<br />
607
5 September. Greene was at “Stoutemires Plantation,” S.C. where his army apparently paused if not<br />
camped. 3613<br />
Seymour: “The fifth [<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> month we] marched, <strong>and</strong> encamped with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army at Everett’s Creek, six miles<br />
below Colonel Thompson’s, fourteen miles.” 3614<br />
5 September. [naval battle] The Second Battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> VIRGINIA CAPES, also Chesapeake Bay. Comte de Grasse’s<br />
fleet <strong>of</strong> 24 ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, for five days, engaged that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British under Rear Admiral Graves, with 19 ships<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> second Battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Capes. Though tactically <strong>in</strong>decisive, strategically <strong>the</strong> battle resulted <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> eventual trapp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’ army <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. The pr<strong>in</strong>cipal engagement took place on <strong>the</strong> 5 th , beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g<br />
at 4:15 p.m. <strong>and</strong> ended about 6:30 p.m. In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se two hours, much harm was done to vessels <strong>of</strong><br />
both sides. Due to confusion regard<strong>in</strong>g signals, Rear Admiral Samuel Hood’s w<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British fleet did not<br />
participate, <strong>and</strong>, as a result, arguably ru<strong>in</strong>ed Graves’ chance for victory. 3615 Although Hood claimed he was only<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g what he thought were orders, his behavior <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action would hardly have characterized Nelson. 3616 At<br />
<strong>the</strong> same time, de Grasse’s calm <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligent h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> situation should not be overlooked; particularly<br />
when we keep m<strong>in</strong>d that his fleet was fac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> usually <strong>in</strong>v<strong>in</strong>cible Royal Navy. For a few days follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 5 th ,<br />
<strong>the</strong> two fleets maneuvered before each o<strong>the</strong>r try<strong>in</strong>g to get <strong>the</strong> more favorable position. When Admiral de Barras’<br />
squadron <strong>of</strong> 8 ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> 14 transports, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong>, approached on <strong>the</strong> 8 th , <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed French fleet <strong>the</strong>n totaled 36 ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e. Graves, hav<strong>in</strong>g already <strong>in</strong>curred much damage,<br />
<strong>the</strong>refore retreated north to repair <strong>and</strong> refit. A few years later he would write: “It is <strong>the</strong> British naval<br />
adm<strong>in</strong>istration that is to be charged with <strong>the</strong> Yorktown catastrophe. The blunders <strong>of</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>and</strong> Cornwallis<br />
contributed only <strong>in</strong> a m<strong>in</strong>or degree.” The British lost 90 dead, 246 wounded, 16 guns, 2 or 3 ships badly damaged<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Terrible, 74 guns, which was shortly afterward scuttled. The French lost 226 killed <strong>and</strong> wounded.<br />
For Rodney’s enlighten<strong>in</strong>g critical reaction to Graves strategic <strong>and</strong> tactical h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle, see CGP pp.<br />
133-136. 3617<br />
It was later argued, by such as Tarleton <strong>and</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, that Cornwallis ought to have immediately attacked<br />
Lafayette upon learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British naval defeat. The response <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis was that he, <strong>in</strong> effect, deemed it<br />
more prudent (not unlike how Burgoyne did) to await <strong>and</strong> hope for Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s promised re<strong>in</strong>forcements.<br />
FRENCH<br />
Rear Admiral Comte de Grasse 3618<br />
Pluton, 74 guns; Marseilles, 74 guns; Bourgogne, 74 guns; Diademe, 74 guns; Refleche, 64 guns; Auguste, 80<br />
guns; Sa<strong>in</strong>t-Esprit, 80 guns; Canton, 64 guns; Cesar, 74 guns; Dest<strong>in</strong>, 74 guns; Ville de Paris, 110 guns, Flagship<br />
<strong>of</strong> Rear Admiral Comte de Grasse; Victoire, 74 guns; Sceptre, 74 guns; Northumberl<strong>and</strong>, 74 guns; Palmier, 74<br />
guns; Solitaire, 64 guns; Citoyen, 74 guns; Scipione, 74 guns; Hercule, 74 guns; Magnanime, 74 guns; Languedoc,<br />
80 guns, Flagship <strong>of</strong> Rear Admiral Chevalier de Monteil; Souvera<strong>in</strong>, 74 guns; Zele, 74 guns; Hector, 74 guns;<br />
Andromaque, frigate, 32 guns; Rayeuse, frigate, 32 guns; Surveillante, brig, 16 guns; Concord, frigate, 36 guns;<br />
Gentille, frigate, 32 guns; Diligente, frigate, 26 guns; Aigrette, frigate, 34 guns<br />
Unengaged: 3619<br />
Glorieux, 74 guns; Triton, 74 guns; Vaillant, 64 guns; Experiment, 50 guns<br />
Unengaged (de Barras)<br />
Duc de Bourgogne, 80 guns; Neptune, 74 guns; Conquerant, 74 guns; Ardent, 64 guns; Eveillé, 64 guns; Jason, 64<br />
guns; Provence, 64 guns; Sagittaire, 50 guns<br />
BRITISH<br />
Rear Admiral Thomas Graves<br />
Inv<strong>in</strong>cible, 74 guns; Barfleur, 98 guns, Flag <strong>of</strong> Rear Admiral Sir Samuel Hood; Monarch, 74 guns; Centaur, 74<br />
guns; America, 64 guns; Resolution, 74 guns; Bedford, 74 guns; London, 90 guns, Flagship <strong>of</strong> Rear Admiral Sir<br />
Thomas Graves; Royal Oak, 74 guns; Montagu, 74 guns; Europe, 64 guns; Terrible, 74 guns scuttled; Ajax, 74<br />
guns; Pr<strong>in</strong>cessa, 70 guns, Flagship <strong>of</strong> Rear Admiral Sir Francis Samuel Drake; Alcide, 74 guns; Intrepid, 64 guns;<br />
Shrewsbury, 74 guns; Adamant, 50 guns; La Fortunee, frigate, 38 guns; La Neptune, frigate, 36 guns; Santa<br />
Monica, frigate, 32 guns; Richmond, frigate, 32 guns; Solebay, frigate, 28 guns; Sybil, frigate, 28 guns;<br />
Salam<strong>and</strong>er, fireship, 8 guns<br />
3613 NGP9 p. 298, SJS, LMS pp. 464-465.<br />
3614 SJS.<br />
3615 The follow<strong>in</strong>g exchange was published <strong>in</strong> a contemporary periodical: “Admiral Graves asked Admiral Hood why he did not<br />
bear down <strong>and</strong> engage? The answer was: ‘You had up <strong>the</strong> signal for <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e.” Admiral Graves <strong>the</strong>n turned to Admiral Drake, <strong>and</strong><br />
asked him how he came to bear down? He replied: ‘On account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> signal for action.’ Admiral Graves <strong>the</strong>n said: ‘What say you<br />
to this, Admiral Hood?’ Sir Samuel answered: ‘The signal for <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e was enough for me.’” SNA2 p. 1684.<br />
3616 Hood was far more successful, however, when on 12 April 1782, serv<strong>in</strong>g under Rodney <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sa<strong>in</strong>tes, he<br />
captured de Grasse <strong>and</strong> his flagship <strong>the</strong> Ville de Paris.<br />
3617 CAR p. 336n, ATR81b pp. 283-285, ATR82a pp. 32 45, 58, 118, 233, 237 246, AR81 pp. 126-129, GHA4 pp. 182-184, CSS pp.<br />
1217-1221, SAW2 pp. 398-401, MLW4A pp. 469-472, LMS pp. 486-488, LFB2 pp. 305-307, Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> American History, Nov.<br />
1881, vol. VII, no. 5, pp. 321-338, 363, 367-370, CBA p. 613, JYC p. 101, FWI pp. 249-250, WAR2 p. 885, WFK pp. 241-246, CGP<br />
pp. lxviii-lxxv.<br />
3618 Johnston mentions a ma<strong>in</strong> division <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French fleet under de Grasse as be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Le Sieur de Bouga<strong>in</strong>ville.<br />
3619 The Glorieux, 74 guns, Triton, 64 guns, <strong>and</strong> Experiment, 50 guns were left to guard <strong>the</strong> entrance to Chesapeake Bay.<br />
608
Frederick MacKenzie: “Major [Thomas] Barclay, who was prisoner on board M: Bouga<strong>in</strong>ville’s ship, L’Auguste, <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> late action, says…[<strong>the</strong> French] would have attacked <strong>the</strong> British fleet on <strong>the</strong> Second day after <strong>the</strong> action, had<br />
not <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> a frigate with <strong>the</strong> account <strong>of</strong> M. de Barras’ hav<strong>in</strong>g arrived <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake from Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>duced <strong>the</strong>m to decl<strong>in</strong>e it <strong>in</strong> order to secure a junction with that Squadron, as <strong>the</strong>y were very apprehensive <strong>the</strong><br />
British would have pushed for <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>reby destroyed it.” 3620<br />
Wertenbaker: “Arriv<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake Bay on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> September 5, <strong>the</strong> British sighted<br />
de Grasse’s fleet <strong>of</strong> twenty-eight great ships anchored <strong>of</strong>f Cape Henry. A few hours later <strong>the</strong> French fleet got<br />
under way <strong>and</strong> headed out to sea. This was Graves’ chance. Had he circled past <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French l<strong>in</strong>e as it<br />
emerged, he might have concentrated his fire on de Grasse’s vessels one by one <strong>and</strong> disabled <strong>the</strong>m all <strong>in</strong> turn.<br />
But he waited until <strong>the</strong> enemy were abreast <strong>of</strong> his fleet before pour<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> his broadsides.” 3621<br />
6 September. In a far fetched effort ostensibly <strong>in</strong>tended to distract Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Rochambeau, yet at <strong>the</strong><br />
same time to destroy some shipp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re, Cl<strong>in</strong>ton sent Brig. Gen. Benedict Arnold with 3,000 men on a sea<br />
borne raid aga<strong>in</strong>st fortified New London, Connecticut, <strong>and</strong> which Arnold carried out on this date. Not<br />
surpris<strong>in</strong>gly, <strong>the</strong> Allies were not <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> least diverted from <strong>the</strong>ir plans directed at Cornwallis by this <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
fe<strong>in</strong>t <strong>and</strong> punitive expedition, <strong>and</strong> which, due to <strong>the</strong> burn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town <strong>and</strong> some unnecessary kill<strong>in</strong>g (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> last m<strong>in</strong>ute slay<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> unarmed Lieut. Col. William Ledyard with <strong>the</strong> very sword he had surrendered Fort<br />
Griswold with), served only, as Boatner puts it, to “fur<strong>the</strong>r blacken Arnold’s name.” From a larger military view,<br />
<strong>the</strong> amphibious foray ev<strong>in</strong>ced <strong>the</strong> confusion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British strategic position, <strong>and</strong> at this juncture <strong>the</strong> real blame<br />
must fall with Cl<strong>in</strong>ton. For here <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> crucial weeks anterior to Yorktown he <strong>in</strong> no little way occupied himself<br />
with what was an idle <strong>and</strong> deluded, not to mention <strong>in</strong> its way tragic, excursion. 3622<br />
Wertenbaker: “[The raid] did not turn <strong>the</strong> French <strong>and</strong> Americans back from <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn expedition, <strong>and</strong> it<br />
deprived Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>of</strong> several thous<strong>and</strong> men at a critical juncture <strong>and</strong> made it impossible for him to follow beh<strong>in</strong>d<br />
to delay Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s movements.” 3623<br />
6 September (also given as 5 September). [skirmish] Turkey Creek (Edgefield County, S.C.) ONB3 p. 332.<br />
6 September (also given as 5 September <strong>and</strong> 5 October). [skirmish] Stevens Creek (Edgefield County, S.C.) Col.<br />
Hezekiah Williams with 35 mounted loyalists left Orangeburgh to raid <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>ety Six area. Maj. Hugh Middleton,<br />
with about 70 men, receiv<strong>in</strong>g word <strong>of</strong> Williams, attempted to ambush him. Yet, at Stevens Creek north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Savannah River (fifteen miles southwest <strong>of</strong> modern Edgefield), Middleton was himself <strong>in</strong>stead repulsed <strong>and</strong><br />
dispersed; los<strong>in</strong>g 8 killed, <strong>and</strong> 17 badly wounded, with some o<strong>the</strong>rs more slightly wounded. There be<strong>in</strong>g ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
Whig force close by, Williams retreated from <strong>the</strong> area. McCrady gives <strong>the</strong> whig <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> this encounter as<br />
“Hammond.” 3624<br />
6 September. Seymour: “Sixth, marched to Medway Swamp, six miles.” 3625<br />
7 September. Seymour: “Seventh, marched with<strong>in</strong> seven miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, twenty miles.”<br />
7 September. Lafayette’s full <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed force, with Wayne <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> French re<strong>in</strong>forcements under St. Simon,<br />
camped at Williamsburg. 3626<br />
7 September. Greene camped at “Camptons,” S.C. <strong>and</strong> was jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>re <strong>the</strong> same day by Marion’s brigade. 3627<br />
Lee: “The same un<strong>in</strong>terrupted quietude [between Stewart’s <strong>and</strong> Greene’s armies] cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> seventh,<br />
Lee became conv<strong>in</strong>ced, strange as it appeared, that <strong>the</strong> British <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er was un<strong>in</strong>formed <strong>of</strong> our proximity ;<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>refore determ<strong>in</strong>ed to reta<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> flags. This was accord<strong>in</strong>gly done, <strong>and</strong> Greene hav<strong>in</strong>g first halted at<br />
Laurens’s farm, encamped for <strong>the</strong> night at Burdell’s plantation, with<strong>in</strong> seven miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to<br />
advance at an early hour <strong>the</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g morn<strong>in</strong>g. It was well ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed that <strong>the</strong> British troops were forced to<br />
forage at a distance, <strong>and</strong> that occasionally parties were detached for <strong>the</strong> collection <strong>of</strong> vegetables as well as <strong>of</strong><br />
forage; Lee consequently determ<strong>in</strong>ed to take every precaution to prevent any <strong>com</strong>munication dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night,<br />
believ<strong>in</strong>g it probable that he might <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g fall <strong>in</strong> with some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachments employed <strong>in</strong> procur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
supplies. The same dead calm cont<strong>in</strong>ued: nobody was seen mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> any direction -- a state <strong>of</strong> quiet never<br />
before experienced <strong>in</strong> similar circumstances. While Stewart spent <strong>the</strong> night perfectly at ease, from his ignorance<br />
<strong>of</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g events, <strong>the</strong> American general was prepar<strong>in</strong>g for battle.” 3628<br />
8 September. Brig. Gen. William Caswell, at “K<strong>in</strong>gston,” to Gov. Burke: “Agreeable to Your Excellency’s orders<br />
have sent an Express to you daily s<strong>in</strong>ce I recd. your last by Capn. Hearon, have not had <strong>the</strong> pleasure <strong>of</strong> hear<strong>in</strong>g<br />
3620 MacKenzie, Frederick, The Diary <strong>of</strong> Frederick MacKenzie, 2 vols. Cambridge, Harvard University Press 1930, p. 653.<br />
3621 WFK p. 242.<br />
3622 ATR82a p. 53, AR81 pp. 125-126, MLW4A pp. 475-477, LMS pp. 489n-490n, Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> American History, Sept. 1881, vol. VII,<br />
no. 3 pp. 161-175 WAR2 pp. 626-628, WFK pp. 239-240, BEA pp. 787-788.<br />
3623 WFK p. 240.<br />
3624 MSC2 p. 748, RBG p. 207.<br />
3625 SJS.<br />
3626 JYC p. 98.<br />
3627 NGP9 p. 305.<br />
3628 LMS pp. 464-465.<br />
609
from <strong>the</strong>se Six Days past, <strong>and</strong> militia are collect<strong>in</strong>g at New Bern, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Dobbs. In Pitt I have ordered <strong>the</strong>m to<br />
collect <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia <strong>in</strong> that County & Skirmish <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir front to Neuse where <strong>the</strong>y are to jo<strong>in</strong> me.<br />
Should <strong>the</strong>y not cross through that County <strong>the</strong>y will be on <strong>the</strong>ir left flank & be at Neuse before <strong>the</strong>m, where we<br />
shall make some little opposition. I doubt it will be little as I have but little expectation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia fight<strong>in</strong>g<br />
unless it is across <strong>the</strong> river. The British parties to <strong>the</strong> So. ward rema<strong>in</strong> where <strong>the</strong>y were when I wrote to you last.<br />
Genl. Lill<strong>in</strong>gton has kept Captn. Coleman with <strong>the</strong> men under his Comd. <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton District, tho’ I had<br />
given him orders to go to New Bern. Last Wednesday was heard a very heavy fir<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> No. ward [i.e., toward<br />
Yorktown, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia], Shall be glad to hear where it was If Your Excellency can <strong>in</strong>form me.” 3629<br />
8 September. De Barras’ squadron, carry<strong>in</strong>g siege artillery, entered Chesapeake Bay, <strong>and</strong> sailed up <strong>the</strong> James<br />
River. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, who had arrived at Head <strong>of</strong> Elk, Maryl<strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 6 th , was jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>re by Rochambeau on <strong>the</strong><br />
8 th . Advanced American detachments <strong>the</strong>n were subsequently transferred from Maryl<strong>and</strong> by water us<strong>in</strong>g frigates<br />
(dispatched by de Grasse for that purpose) <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>ed at Jamestown (just south <strong>of</strong> Williamsburg.) 3630<br />
8 September. Cornwallis to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton [written <strong>in</strong> cipher]: “I have made several attempts to <strong>in</strong>form your excellency,<br />
that <strong>the</strong> French West-India fleet, under Monsieur de Grasse, entered <strong>the</strong> capes <strong>the</strong> 29 th ult. I could not exactly<br />
learn <strong>the</strong> number; <strong>the</strong>y report twenty-five or twenty-six sail <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e. One <strong>of</strong> seventy-four <strong>and</strong> two <strong>of</strong> sixtyfour,<br />
<strong>and</strong> one frigate, lie at <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> this river. On <strong>the</strong> 6 th , <strong>the</strong> seventy-four <strong>and</strong> frigate turned down with a<br />
contrary w<strong>in</strong>d, <strong>and</strong> yesterday <strong>the</strong> two o<strong>the</strong>rs followed. My report, dated last even<strong>in</strong>g, from a po<strong>in</strong>t below, which<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s a view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> capes <strong>and</strong> bay, says, that <strong>the</strong>re were with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> capes only seven ships, two <strong>of</strong> which<br />
were certa<strong>in</strong>ly ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> two frigates. Fir<strong>in</strong>g was said to be heard <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> capes <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 4 th ,<br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 5 th , <strong>and</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 6 th .<br />
“The French troops l<strong>and</strong>ed at James town are said to be three thous<strong>and</strong> eight hundred men. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton is said<br />
to be shortly expected; <strong>and</strong> his troops are <strong>in</strong>tended to be brought by water from <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> Elk, under<br />
protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French ships. The Marquis de la Fayette is at or near Williamsburgh: The French troops are<br />
expected <strong>the</strong>re, but were not arrived last night. As my works were not <strong>in</strong> a state <strong>of</strong> defence, I have taken a<br />
strong position out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town. I am now work<strong>in</strong>g hard at <strong>the</strong> redoubts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> place. Provisions for six weeks: I<br />
will be very careful <strong>of</strong> it.” 3631<br />
8 September. [battle] EUTAW SPRINGS 3632 (Orangeburg County, S.C.) Leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> Motte’s, Greene’s army<br />
set forth before daybreak to purposely br<strong>in</strong>g to battle Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Stewart’s army camped at Eutaw<br />
Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. 3633 Stewart for his part, lackadaisically (perhaps because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wea<strong>the</strong>r) not expect<strong>in</strong>g imm<strong>in</strong>ent action<br />
(even though he knew or at least had reason to know Greene was <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity), had sent out a root<strong>in</strong>g party,<br />
made up <strong>of</strong> troops from <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Regt. <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> flank <strong>com</strong>panies, <strong>and</strong> escorted by C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>’s cavalry. There be<strong>in</strong>g no<br />
mills <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity, he was hav<strong>in</strong>g a strenuous time keep<strong>in</strong>g his army provided for, <strong>and</strong> it was <strong>the</strong> root<strong>in</strong>g party’s<br />
assigned task to collect wildly grow<strong>in</strong>g sweet potatoes. The strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> root<strong>in</strong>g party, which was unarmed,<br />
has been variously estimated from 310 to 400, 3634 not <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 50 cavalry under C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>. Accounts also differ<br />
somewhat as to exactly what happened when <strong>the</strong> two oppos<strong>in</strong>g forces first made contact, but Lee del<strong>in</strong>eates <strong>the</strong><br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g. C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> root<strong>in</strong>g party were four miles from Stewart’s camp. Maj. John Armstrong, with some <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> N. C. Cont<strong>in</strong>entals learned <strong>of</strong> C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>’s presence <strong>and</strong> reported it to Lieut. Col. William Henderson with <strong>the</strong><br />
S.C. State Troops. A successful ambush was laid for C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> by Henderson’s <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legion cavalry under<br />
Maj. Eggleston. C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong> lost a number killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, <strong>and</strong> 40 captured, but was able to escape with most <strong>of</strong><br />
his men to <strong>in</strong>form Stewart <strong>of</strong> Greene’s approach. 3635 Lee reports 149 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> root<strong>in</strong>g party, not count<strong>in</strong>g C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>,<br />
were taken prisoner. At <strong>the</strong> same time, Stewart later said that those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> party that did get away did not jo<strong>in</strong><br />
him <strong>in</strong> time for <strong>the</strong> battle, so that when it <strong>com</strong>menced, he was 300 to 400 men less <strong>in</strong> strength than he would<br />
have been o<strong>the</strong>rwise. Greene with <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> army soon came up, <strong>and</strong> it was shortly before 9 a.m. that both sides<br />
had deployed for battle.<br />
Many were <strong>the</strong> advances <strong>and</strong> retreats, on both sides, <strong>in</strong> a three to four hour-long (Stewart reported it to<br />
Cornwallis as “near two hours”), evenly matched action; which Greene later described as by far <strong>the</strong> most<br />
obst<strong>in</strong>ately fought battle he ever witnessed. It will do for our purposes to mention some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> highlights.<br />
The battle began with a cannonade by both sides; though one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British guns was disabled, <strong>the</strong> American’s<br />
were somewhat worsted <strong>and</strong> had 2 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir three-pounders knocked <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong>ir carriages. These three-pounders,<br />
however, were carried away to safety. About <strong>the</strong> same time, <strong>the</strong> American front l<strong>in</strong>e consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Marion’s <strong>and</strong><br />
Pickens’ militia kept up a steady fire on <strong>the</strong> British, <strong>and</strong> did not retire till after hav<strong>in</strong>g fired at least 17 rounds --<br />
a truly extraord<strong>in</strong>ary performance for militia. Despite this gallant effort, <strong>the</strong>y were soon force to give way <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
face <strong>of</strong> a bayonet charge by <strong>the</strong> 64 th Regt. <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> de Lancey battalion. Sumner’s North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians moved up<br />
3629 CNC15 p. 639.<br />
3630 AR81 pp. 124, 126,129, MLW4A p. 472, LMS pp. 492-493, JYC pp. 94, 101, WFK p. 241.<br />
3631 Yet <strong>in</strong> a later letter on <strong>the</strong> 14 th to <strong>the</strong> same he stated similarly: “My provisions will last at least six weeks from this day.” TCS<br />
pp. 415-416, SCP6 p. 31, CAR p. 570.<br />
3632 The site <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battlefield, three miles east <strong>of</strong> modern Eutawville, is about a third underwater (<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> north side <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Santee); as <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> a modern dam project. On <strong>the</strong> roughly two thirds that rema<strong>in</strong>s, most <strong>of</strong> it is residential property,<br />
yet <strong>the</strong>re is a park <strong>and</strong> memorial site situated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> area where <strong>the</strong> brick mansion <strong>and</strong> walled garden were located.<br />
3633 Greene’s heavy baggage had been left at Motte’s while only <strong>the</strong> tumbrels, <strong>the</strong> artillery, <strong>and</strong> two wagons conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a<br />
hogshead <strong>of</strong> rum <strong>and</strong> hospital stores ac<strong>com</strong>panied <strong>the</strong> army JLG2 p. 219.<br />
3634 Kirkwood <strong>in</strong> his Journal gives <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> root<strong>in</strong>g party as 60 men, most <strong>of</strong> whom were killed, wounded or taken.<br />
Williams said it numbered 100. Nei<strong>the</strong>r seems to be <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>’s escort as such. Stedman says it was 400, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were a<br />
third <strong>of</strong> Stewart’s army. SAW2 p. 378. Also regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> root<strong>in</strong>g party see NGP9 p. 333n <strong>and</strong> LMS p. 466.<br />
3635 The editor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Greene papers is <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to discount Lee’s story <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ambush.<br />
610
<strong>and</strong> gallantly held back <strong>the</strong> assault for some time, but <strong>the</strong>y also suffer<strong>in</strong>g very severe losses were forced to give<br />
way. When <strong>the</strong> British, now somewhat disordered, <strong>the</strong>n surged forward aga<strong>in</strong>, Greene threw <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>ers<br />
<strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ians who sent <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> Loyalists rout<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong>ir Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs encampment. Elsewhere, Lee’s<br />
Legion was busy with <strong>the</strong> 63 rd Regt. on <strong>the</strong> British left, while on <strong>the</strong> British right warm fir<strong>in</strong>g was kept up<br />
between Maj. Marjoribanks’ flank <strong>com</strong>panies (which latter <strong>in</strong>cluded some grenadiers as well as light <strong>in</strong>fantry),<br />
<strong>and</strong> Henderson’s state troops. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry attempted to charge Marjoribanks’ men, but were slowed<br />
down <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n entangled <strong>in</strong> a black jack thicket. In <strong>the</strong> close quarters fight<strong>in</strong>g that immediately transpired,<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton himself was unhorsed <strong>and</strong> taken prisoner. At least half <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> was killed or taken prisoner;<br />
which effectively destroyed <strong>the</strong> unit. Kirkwood came up <strong>and</strong> was able to force <strong>the</strong> British to withdraw, but from<br />
<strong>the</strong>re on Marjoribank’s light <strong>in</strong>fantrymen <strong>and</strong> grenadiers tenaciously ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>ir ground. In <strong>the</strong> center <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g, Stewart’s forces had largely expended <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> attack<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>and</strong> were forced to<br />
fall back <strong>and</strong> regroup beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>ir encampment.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>ast corner <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> campsite was a brick house <strong>com</strong>plemented by a walled garden, occupied by a<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> New York Volunteers. Greene, believ<strong>in</strong>g that by tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> house he could w<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle,<br />
brought up his own artillery, <strong>and</strong> guns he had captured from <strong>the</strong> British to fire on <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g. Meanwhile, <strong>the</strong><br />
wea<strong>the</strong>r be<strong>in</strong>g extremely hot, many <strong>of</strong> his men took to loot<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British camp <strong>and</strong>, open<strong>in</strong>g casks <strong>of</strong> rum, <strong>and</strong><br />
be<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>toxicated. Stewart <strong>the</strong>n was able to reform his ranks, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> a counterattack drove back <strong>the</strong><br />
Americans while captur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir six-pounders. His forces <strong>in</strong> disarray <strong>and</strong> suffer<strong>in</strong>g badly from heat <strong>and</strong> thirst, <strong>and</strong><br />
with many <strong>of</strong> his best <strong>of</strong>ficers wounded or killed, Greene ordered a withdrawal; though leav<strong>in</strong>g a small<br />
detachment overlook<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> field; which Stewart <strong>the</strong>n, by <strong>the</strong> onset <strong>of</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g, reta<strong>in</strong>ed possession <strong>of</strong>. But as<br />
had happened previously, <strong>the</strong> British losses were so great that <strong>the</strong> next day <strong>the</strong>y were forced to fall back from<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir position, with Greene return<strong>in</strong>g to follow on <strong>the</strong>ir heals. Except for a brief advance by Gould that took<br />
place a few days later, from that po<strong>in</strong>t on <strong>the</strong> British never pressed fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a than <strong>the</strong> outly<strong>in</strong>g<br />
areas <strong>of</strong> Charlestown.<br />
Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs was <strong>the</strong> only pitch battle <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South <strong>in</strong>itiated by <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> militia aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> British<br />
<strong>in</strong> 1780 or 1781. Though Hang<strong>in</strong>g Rock <strong>and</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Mounta<strong>in</strong> could be considered pitched battles, <strong>the</strong>re were few<br />
or no actual British regulars present <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>batants be<strong>in</strong>g essentially all American; while Parker’s Ferry,<br />
30 August 1781, began as an ambush ra<strong>the</strong>r than an advanc<strong>in</strong>g assault. 3636<br />
BRITISH FORCES AT EUTAW SPRINGS<br />
Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Stewart<br />
Lieut. Col. John Harris Cruger, second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
* 3 rd Regt., Maj. Thomas Dawson<br />
* 63 rd Regt., Maj. Charles Stewart<br />
* 64 th Regt., Capt. Dennis Kelly 3637<br />
* 84 th Regt. detachment, Capt. Robert Campbell<br />
* Six flank <strong>com</strong>panies, light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> grenadiers, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3 rd , 19 th , <strong>and</strong> 30 th Regiments, Maj. John Marjoribanks<br />
* Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Light Infantry Battalion (one <strong>com</strong>pany) 3638<br />
* 1 st Bttn., De Lancey’s Brigade, (Cruger)<br />
* 2 nd Bttn., New Jersey Volunteers, 3639 Lieut. Col. Isaac Allen<br />
* New York Volunteers, Maj. Henry Sheridan<br />
* South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Royalists (one troop <strong>of</strong> cavalry): Brevet Maj. John C<strong>of</strong>f<strong>in</strong>.<br />
* Artillery<br />
3 six-pounders<br />
1 four-pounder (<strong>and</strong> possibly as well a three-pounder <strong>and</strong> a swivel gun)<br />
William Johnson states that Stewart def<strong>in</strong>itely had two six pounders <strong>and</strong> one four pounder. In spite <strong>of</strong> this, it is<br />
possible <strong>the</strong>y actually had five guns ra<strong>the</strong>r than just three -- though this is not confirmed conclusively. 3640<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> endnotes conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> a modern repr<strong>in</strong>t edition <strong>of</strong> W. Gilmore Simms Eutaw, <strong>the</strong> editor, G.<br />
Michael Richards, states that <strong>the</strong> British at Eutaw had two 6 pounders, one 4 pounder, one 3 pounder, <strong>and</strong> one<br />
swivel gun.<br />
3636 KJO pp. 23-25, NGP9 pp. 306-307, 310, 333-338n, SCP6 pp. 166-172, GDH2 pp. 136-139, 141-158, GDH3 pp. 147-157 (<strong>the</strong><br />
same also at CSS pp. 1187-1193), The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical And Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. July 1917, pp. 138-142,<br />
CNC15 pp. 637-638, ATR82a p. 175, RSC2 pp. 251-255, 504-506, SAW2 pp. 377-381, TCS pp. 508-518, CAR p. 355, MLW4A pp. 539-<br />
553, MLW4 pp. 15-18, LMS pp. 463-475, JLG2 pp. 205-206, 219-237, LCC pp. 453-461, 465-500, JFM pp. 56-59, LFB2 pp. 494-499,<br />
TOW pp. 22-27, FWI pp. 240-243, WAR2 pp. 825-834, LSY pp. 212-221, 303-305, BEA pp. 350-356, MacKenzie, Frederick, The<br />
Diary <strong>of</strong> Frederick MacKenzie, 2 vols. Cambridge, Harvard University Press 1930, pp. 650-653, “Memorial <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col. John<br />
Harris Cruger,” 9 February 1784, Great Brita<strong>in</strong>, Public <strong>Record</strong> Office, Audit Office, Class 12, Volume 20, folios 142-145, SCAR vol.<br />
3, no.3, pp. 15-33, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 25-39.<br />
3637 Stedman speaks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “rema<strong>in</strong>s” <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 63 rd <strong>and</strong> 64 th regiments.<br />
3638 Formerly under Lieut. Col. John Watson, <strong>the</strong>y were possibly part <strong>of</strong> Marjoribanks <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> along with <strong>the</strong> flank <strong>com</strong>panies,<br />
or else were part <strong>of</strong> Stewart’s reserve.<br />
3639 Formerly named <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Battalion, New Jersey Volunteers.<br />
3640 JLG2 p. 220.<br />
611
TOTAL UNDER STEWART<br />
Stewart: A return <strong>of</strong> Stewart’s dated 8 September reports a total <strong>of</strong> 3,048. But <strong>in</strong> a letter from Stewart to<br />
Cornwallis <strong>of</strong> 26 September, he said because <strong>of</strong> illness he had only 1,200 <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle, which presumably does<br />
not <strong>in</strong>clude <strong>the</strong> captured or miss<strong>in</strong>g root<strong>in</strong>g party, variously estimated at 310, <strong>and</strong> 400. Stewart listed his<br />
casualties as 692, exclud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 149 captured from root<strong>in</strong>g party. Us<strong>in</strong>g this figure, <strong>and</strong> similarly Frederick<br />
MacKenzie’s, would make his casualty rate almost 50%, suggest<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> 1,200 number he gave is overly<br />
conservative. In a letter, Gov. Rutledge quoted a captured British <strong>of</strong>ficer who said Stewart’s force totaled 2,000,<br />
a number more <strong>com</strong>monly accepted. Rutledge to South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Delegates, 9 Sept. 1781. A return for <strong>the</strong><br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> September 8 th , <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> correspondence <strong>of</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Germa<strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> dated 11 December 1781,<br />
gives Stewart’s army as Officers, 86. Staff, 18., NCOs, 142. Rank <strong>and</strong> file, 2772. 3641<br />
Frederick MacKenzie: 1,396 total effectives. Yet he writes: “…Mr. Greene had passed <strong>the</strong> Santee with about<br />
8000 men on <strong>the</strong> 8 th September, <strong>and</strong> attacked Lieut. Col. Stewart <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Buffs, <strong>and</strong> Lieut. Col. Cruger who<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed about 2000 British <strong>and</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cials, at a place called Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. That <strong>the</strong> right<br />
<strong>of</strong> each Army was defeated; but <strong>the</strong> action ended <strong>in</strong> Mr. Greene’s defeat, with <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> 200 killed <strong>and</strong> 500<br />
taken, with 2, 6 prs. [pounders]” The 2,000 figure he gives here is probably meant to be <strong>the</strong> 1,640 plus <strong>the</strong><br />
captured or miss<strong>in</strong>g root<strong>in</strong>g party; if so <strong>the</strong>n 1,396-1,640 for <strong>the</strong> battle itself.<br />
Taken from Frederick Mackenzie’s Diary: 3642<br />
“Strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> (British) Army,...at Eutaws.”<br />
Key: rank <strong>and</strong> file/total effectives 3643<br />
Initial total.<br />
Cavalry 47/70<br />
Flank Comps <strong>of</strong> 3 rd , 19 th , 30 th 239/281<br />
3 rd Regt. 306/349<br />
63 rd Regt. 79/96<br />
64 th Regt. 151/180<br />
84 th Regt. Detachment 69/82<br />
NY Volunteers. Infantry. 36/47<br />
NJ Volunteers 50/66<br />
1 st Bttn., Delancey’s 55/73<br />
Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Light Infantry 99/108<br />
Artillery, with Additionals 47/53<br />
__________<br />
Totals: 1160/1396<br />
Items listed <strong>in</strong> correspondence from Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Lord Germa<strong>in</strong>, December. 11, 1781 3644<br />
*ii 1 December 1781, Lieut. Gen. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Leslie to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton.<br />
*iii. Return <strong>of</strong> root<strong>in</strong>g party sent out by Lieut. Col. Stewart on 8 Sept. 1781 before action at Eutaw. Total, 310<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men, <strong>of</strong> whom 149 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men are supposed to be prisoners.<br />
*iv. Return <strong>of</strong> army under Lieut. Col. Stewart on 8 Sept. 1781 before action at Eutaws. Officers, 86. Staff, 18.,<br />
NCOs, 142. Rank <strong>and</strong> file, 2772.<br />
*v. Return <strong>of</strong> troops under Lieut. Col. Stewart <strong>in</strong> action at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs on 8 Sept. 1781. Officers, 85. NCOs,<br />
142. Rank <strong>and</strong> file, 1169<br />
Lee on 8 <strong>and</strong> 20 August sent reconnaissance reports to Greene estimat<strong>in</strong>g Stewart’s force at 1700 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong><br />
100 cavalry, or 1800 total. Yet <strong>in</strong> his Memoirs he gives <strong>the</strong> British strength as roughly equal to <strong>the</strong> Americans,<br />
that is at “about” 2,300. 3645<br />
William Johnson estimates Stewart’s force as at least 2,300, which allow<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> root<strong>in</strong>g party would be<br />
2,000. “The British regular force at that time <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, was estimated at four thous<strong>and</strong>, besides one<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> loyalists under arms, <strong>and</strong> four hundred cavalry. The garrison at Charlestown was <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> loyalists<br />
<strong>and</strong> five hundred regulars; <strong>and</strong> after mak<strong>in</strong>g allowance for <strong>the</strong> garrison at Orangeburgh <strong>and</strong> Dorchester, <strong>and</strong> for<br />
<strong>the</strong> sick <strong>and</strong> detached, it is not probable, that <strong>the</strong> force under Colonel Stewart could have been less than two<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> three hundred.” 3646<br />
3641 NGP9 p. 333n, Documents <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution, 1779-1780, vol. 19, edited by K.G. Davies.<br />
3642 Frederick MacKenzie, The Diary <strong>of</strong> Frederick MacKenzie, pp. 650-653. Mackenzie was Major <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regiment, <strong>and</strong> deputy<br />
adjutant general under Cl<strong>in</strong>ton.<br />
3643 The orig<strong>in</strong>al conta<strong>in</strong>s more specific <strong>in</strong>formation as to <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> supernumeraries present.<br />
3644 Documents <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution, 1779-1780, vol. 19, edited by K.G. Davies.<br />
3645 NGP9 pp. 150, 177, 214, LMS pp. 465-466.<br />
3646 JLG2 p. 220.<br />
612
AMERICAN FORCES AT EUTAW SPRINGS<br />
Numbers given here are rank <strong>and</strong> file.<br />
Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene<br />
Brig. Gen. Isaac Huger, second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><br />
Col. Thaddeus Kosciuszko, present as a volunteer.<br />
CONTINENTALS<br />
* Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigade: 250, Col. Otho Williams<br />
1 st Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt., Lieut. Col. John Eager Howard<br />
2 nd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt., Major Henry Hardman<br />
* Delaware Regt.: 60 to 80, Capt. Robert Kirkwood<br />
* Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Brigade: 250, Lieut. Col. Richard Campbell<br />
1 st Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regt. [<strong>of</strong> 1781], Major Smith Snead<br />
2 nd Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Regt. [<strong>of</strong> 1781], Capt. Thomas Edmunds<br />
* North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Brigade: 350, Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner<br />
1 st N.C. Regt. [<strong>of</strong> 1781], Lieut. Col. John B. Ashe<br />
2 nd N.C. Regt. [<strong>of</strong> 1781], Major John Armstrong<br />
3 rd N.C. Regt. [<strong>of</strong> 1781], Major Read<strong>in</strong>g Blount<br />
* Partizan Corps (Lee’s Legion): 60 cavalry, 100 <strong>in</strong>fantry, Lieut. Col. Henry Lee, with <strong>the</strong> cavalry under Capt.<br />
Joseph Eggleston, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry under Capt. Michael Rudulph<br />
* Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cavalry: 80, Lieut. Col. William Wash<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
* Artillery<br />
2 three-pounders, Capt. William Ga<strong>in</strong>es<br />
2 six-pounders, Capt. William Brown<br />
Total muster for artillery: 80 to 100<br />
STATE TROOPS<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a State Troops<br />
Col. William Henderson<br />
Infantry: 73, Col. Charles Myddleton, Col. William Polk, 3647 Maj. Samuel Hammond<br />
Cavalry: 72, (Henderson), Col. Wade Hampton succeeded Henderson after <strong>the</strong> latter was wounded.<br />
MILITIA<br />
* North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia: 150, Col. François Malmedy 3648 , Col. Thomas Farmer<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia<br />
* Pickens’ Brigade 3649 : 307, Brig. Gen. Andrew Pickens<br />
* Marion’s Brigade 3650 : 40 cavalry, 200 <strong>in</strong>fantry, Brig. Gen. Francis Marion<br />
Additional:<br />
A Force <strong>of</strong> 200 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals was left beh<strong>in</strong>d to guard Greene’s baggage, though many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se would likely have<br />
been <strong>in</strong>valids.<br />
TOTAL FOR GREENE’S ARMY<br />
Ramsay: Greene had “about two thous<strong>and</strong> men” 3651<br />
Lee: Greene numbered “about” 2,300 <strong>of</strong> which 1,600 were Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. 3652<br />
William Johnson: “Greene’s whole force could not have exceeded 2,00 <strong>com</strong>batants [i.e., rank <strong>and</strong> file.]” 3653<br />
3647 Col. William Polk was from North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> not a few men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a state troops were North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians.<br />
3648 These men came from Rowan, Mecklenburg <strong>and</strong> Orange counties.<br />
3649 Consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> what was formerly Sumter’s Brigade, <strong>in</strong> addition to Pickens’ own brigade.<br />
3650 In <strong>the</strong> battle, Marion <strong>and</strong> Pickens fired 17 rounds per man. Letter <strong>of</strong> Gov. John Rutledge to <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Delegates,<br />
Sept. 9, letter cited <strong>in</strong> NGP9 p. 333. Also Marion’s militia cavalry listed here may have been Maham’s state troops, s<strong>in</strong>ce Lee was<br />
reported to be with Maham on <strong>the</strong> 9 th . Col. Peter Horry <strong>and</strong> his state troops, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, were not at <strong>the</strong> battle.<br />
3651 RSC2 pp. 251-252.<br />
3652 LMS pp. 465-466.<br />
3653 JLG2 p. 219.<br />
613
Lumpk<strong>in</strong>: 2,082-2,100, but actually 1,900 after subtract<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 200 left as camp guard. 3654<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> editor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nathanael Greene papers, Greene’s force at Eutaw was 2,076 rank <strong>and</strong> file, i.e.,<br />
1056 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, 3655 not count<strong>in</strong>g 200 guard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> baggage, <strong>and</strong> 1020 Militia <strong>of</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a. See also 28 July. 3656<br />
Gov. Rutledge to <strong>the</strong> S.C. delegates, from “Mrs. Motte’s[,] Congaree,” on Sept. 9 th wrote: “The force was pretty<br />
nearly equal, on both sides -- If any Superiority <strong>the</strong> enemey [sic] had it -- A British <strong>of</strong>ficer, Prisoner, tells me,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y had 2000 -- all regulars-- a considerable part <strong>of</strong> ours were Militia -- about 180 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m No. Carol<strong>in</strong>ians,<br />
under Colo. Malmady [Malmedy], 360 under Marion, 280 under Pickens, & ab[ou]t 200 State Troops (<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Action) under Colo. Henderson...” 3657<br />
CASUALTIES<br />
BRITISH<br />
Stewart: “Return <strong>of</strong> killed, wounded, <strong>and</strong> miss<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Three <strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficers, 6 serjeants, 1 drummer, 75 rank <strong>and</strong> file, killed; 16 <strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficers, 20<br />
serjeants, 2 drummers, 313 rank <strong>and</strong> file, wounded; 10 <strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficers, 15 serjeants, 8 drummers, 224<br />
rank <strong>and</strong> file, miss<strong>in</strong>g.” 3658<br />
In number <strong>of</strong> effectives lost this is: 84 killed, 351 wounded, 257 miss<strong>in</strong>g, or 692. That total may not <strong>in</strong>clude <strong>the</strong><br />
root<strong>in</strong>g party, which was listed <strong>in</strong> a separate return as hav<strong>in</strong>g 149 men miss<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> presumed captured. 3659<br />
Frederick MacKenzie:<br />
Key: rank <strong>and</strong> file/total effectives<br />
lost <strong>in</strong> battle (killed, wounded, miss<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
Cavalry 28/30<br />
Flank Comps <strong>of</strong> 3 rd , 19 th , 30 th 93/106<br />
3 rd Regt. 171/182<br />
63 rd Regt. 59/67<br />
64 th Regt. 104/120<br />
84 th Detachment 30/31<br />
NY Volunteers. Infantry. 7/10<br />
NJ Volunteers 26/31<br />
1 st Bttn., Delancey’s 40/49<br />
Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Light Infantry 36/48<br />
Artillery, with Additionals 18/18<br />
____________<br />
Totals: 612/692<br />
Stedman: The British loss was 85 killed, 351 wounded, 257 miss<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> all 693 men, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 29 <strong>of</strong>ficers, 3 <strong>of</strong><br />
whom were killed, 16 wounded <strong>and</strong> ten miss<strong>in</strong>g. They lost one field piece, <strong>and</strong> took two from <strong>the</strong> Americans. 3660<br />
Rank<strong>in</strong>: “Greene reported he had taken 500 prisoners, 70 <strong>of</strong> whom were wounded. If Greene’s claims were<br />
accurate, Stewart’s losses could have run as high as 936.” 3661<br />
Maj. John Marjoribanks was seriously wounded, <strong>and</strong> died about a month later.<br />
AMERICAN<br />
Greene: Return <strong>of</strong> his losses taken from his report to <strong>the</strong> President <strong>of</strong> Congress, 11 September 1781:<br />
Key: rank <strong>and</strong> file/total effectives<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, killed: 98/114, wounded: 209/282<br />
State <strong>and</strong> militia losses:<br />
Killed: 16/25, wounded: 91/113, miss<strong>in</strong>g: 8/8<br />
Total <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> killed, wounded, <strong>and</strong> miss<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental troops <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state militia:<br />
114/139 Killed, 300/395 wounded, 8/8 miss<strong>in</strong>g, or 422/542 men. 3662<br />
Kirkwood: “Return <strong>of</strong> Killed, Wounded & Miss<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Action <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 8 th . Sept’r. at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs“<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals:<br />
3654 LSY p. 304.<br />
3655 A September 4 th return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>and</strong> file <strong>of</strong> Greene’s Cont<strong>in</strong>entals fit for duty numbers <strong>the</strong>m at 1,256. JLG2 p. 219.<br />
3656 NGP9 p. 333.<br />
3657 The South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical And Genealogical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. XVIII. July 1917, p. 139.<br />
3658 TCS p. 513.<br />
3659 From return <strong>of</strong> Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Stewart, attached to letter <strong>of</strong> Stewart to Cornwallis, 9 September 1781, TCS p. 513,<br />
NGP9 p. 338n.<br />
3660 SAW2 pp. 423, 425.<br />
3661 RNC p. 360.<br />
3662 CNC15 pp. 637-638.<br />
614
Killed: 94/109<br />
Wounded: 202/254<br />
Miss<strong>in</strong>g: 31/32<br />
Total: 327/395<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a State Troops<br />
Killed: 6/13<br />
Wounded: 26/42<br />
Miss<strong>in</strong>g: none<br />
Total: 32/56<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia:<br />
Killed: 2/2<br />
Wounded: 24/27<br />
Total: 26/29<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia<br />
Killed: 6/6<br />
Wounded: 31/31<br />
Miss<strong>in</strong>g: 8/8<br />
Total: 45/45<br />
Total <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Army: 430/525. 3663<br />
Stewart: In a letter to Cornwallis <strong>of</strong> 9 September 1781, Stewart gave American losses as 200 killed <strong>and</strong> 60<br />
prisoners, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Col. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton (who was also wounded, though not seriously.)<br />
Rank<strong>in</strong>: Based on a count made on 25 September 1781, Rank<strong>in</strong> gives <strong>the</strong> American losses as 119 killed, 382<br />
wounded, <strong>and</strong> 78 miss<strong>in</strong>g, or 574 total. 3664<br />
Lieut. Col. Richard Campbell died from his wounds sometime later <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon (<strong>and</strong> after <strong>the</strong> battle had<br />
ended.)<br />
Stedman: The whole American loss was 700 men, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 60 <strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>of</strong> whom 17 were killed<br />
<strong>and</strong> 43 wounded. 60 were taken prisoner 3665<br />
In Gibbes’ Documentary History, also reproduced <strong>in</strong> McCrady, is a detailed list <strong>of</strong> American <strong>of</strong>ficers sla<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded. See GDH3 pp. 157-158, CNC15 pp. 637-638, MSC2 pp. 460-462.<br />
CAPTURES<br />
The Americans ended up tak<strong>in</strong>g home one three-pounder from <strong>the</strong> British; while <strong>the</strong> latter took home 2 sixpounders.<br />
On September 11 th , Greene wrote Thomas McKean, <strong>the</strong> new President <strong>of</strong> Congress: “On <strong>the</strong> Even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 9 th <strong>the</strong><br />
Enemy retired, leav<strong>in</strong>g upwards <strong>of</strong> 70 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Wounded beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>and</strong> not less than 1000 st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Arms that<br />
were picked up on <strong>the</strong> field, <strong>and</strong> found broke <strong>and</strong> concealed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. They stove between 20 <strong>and</strong> 30<br />
puncheons <strong>of</strong> Rum, <strong>and</strong> destroyed a great variety <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Stores which <strong>the</strong>y had not carriages to carry <strong>of</strong>f...We<br />
have taken 500 Prisoners, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Wounded <strong>the</strong> Enemy left beh<strong>in</strong>d; <strong>and</strong> I th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong>y cannot have suffered<br />
less than 600 more <strong>in</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> Wounded. The Fugitives that fled from <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> Battle spread such an alarm<br />
that <strong>the</strong> Enemy burnt <strong>the</strong>ir stores at Dorchester <strong>and</strong> ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong> post at Fair Lawn, <strong>and</strong> a great number <strong>of</strong><br />
Negroes <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs were employed <strong>in</strong> fall<strong>in</strong>g Trees across <strong>the</strong> Road for some Miles without <strong>the</strong> Gates <strong>of</strong> Charles<br />
town.” 3666<br />
In a letter <strong>of</strong> 9 September to Greene, Stewart said he was leav<strong>in</strong>g 54 wounded men beh<strong>in</strong>d under <strong>the</strong> care <strong>of</strong> a<br />
surgeon under a flag <strong>of</strong> truce. 3667<br />
Kirkwood: “7 th . Marched this Day with<strong>in</strong> seven miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, where Lay Col. Stewart with <strong>the</strong><br />
British Army Consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> 2,000 men...20 [miles]<br />
“8 th . This morn<strong>in</strong>g our Army was <strong>in</strong> motion before Daybreak, with a determ<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> Fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British Army.<br />
“We marched <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g order <strong>of</strong> Battle Viz. The South <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia <strong>in</strong> front, Comm<strong>and</strong>ed by<br />
Genls. Marion & Pickens, hav<strong>in</strong>g Col. Lee[’]s horse, & Infantry on <strong>the</strong>ir right Flank, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> State Horse, <strong>and</strong><br />
mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry on <strong>the</strong>ir left. The Second l<strong>in</strong>e was Composed <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a regulars, Virg<strong>in</strong>ians, <strong>and</strong><br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong>ers, hav<strong>in</strong>g two three Pounders, between <strong>the</strong> N. Carol<strong>in</strong>ians, & Virg<strong>in</strong>ians & Maryl<strong>and</strong>ers. Col.<br />
3663 Note this is not an exact transcription. In <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al, casualties among <strong>of</strong>ficers are itemized by rank. KJO p. 24.<br />
3664 RNC p. 360.<br />
3665 SAW2 pp. 378-380.<br />
3666 NGP9 p. 332.<br />
3667 NGP9 p. 310.<br />
615
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Horse, with my <strong>in</strong>fantry were <strong>the</strong> Corps De Reserve. In this order we marched Down to Action,<br />
Com<strong>in</strong>g with<strong>in</strong> 3 miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Encampment, we overtook a Root<strong>in</strong>g party <strong>of</strong> 60 men Com<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> with<br />
Potatoes, most <strong>of</strong> whom were ei<strong>the</strong>r Killed, wounded or taken. We met with no fur<strong>the</strong>r opposition, until [sic] we<br />
arrived with<strong>in</strong> one mile <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Encampment, where we met <strong>the</strong>ir first l<strong>in</strong>e, which soon brought <strong>the</strong> Action<br />
general, we Drove <strong>the</strong>ir first, <strong>and</strong> Second L<strong>in</strong>es, took upwards <strong>of</strong> 500 prisoners. The Enemy took shelter <strong>in</strong> a<br />
large Brick House, <strong>and</strong> a hollowway [sic] <strong>in</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> House. At this time our men were so far spent for want <strong>of</strong><br />
water, <strong>and</strong> our Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Officers suffer<strong>in</strong>g much <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Action, rendered it advisable to Genl. Green to Draw<br />
<strong>of</strong>f his Army, with <strong>the</strong> Loss <strong>of</strong> two 6 pounders, Majr. [Thomas] Edmunds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ians, with a Small party <strong>of</strong><br />
men jo<strong>in</strong>ed me <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British Encampment, keep<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> fire for A small space <strong>of</strong> time. Found our Army had<br />
withdrawn from <strong>the</strong> field, made it necessary for us Likewise to withdrawn (sic). We brought <strong>of</strong>f one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Enemys three Pounders, which with much difficulty was performed through a thick wood for near four miles,<br />
without <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> but one Horse, We got to <strong>the</strong> encamp<strong>in</strong>g Ground which we left <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g about<br />
two <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g...14 [miles].” 3668<br />
Seymour: “Eighth; this day our army was <strong>in</strong> motion before daybreak, resolved to fight <strong>the</strong> British Army. We<br />
marched <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g order <strong>of</strong> battle, viz: <strong>the</strong> South <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Militia <strong>in</strong> front <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by<br />
Generals Marion <strong>and</strong> Pickens, hav<strong>in</strong>g Colonel Lee’s horse <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry on <strong>the</strong>ir left. The second l<strong>in</strong>e was<br />
<strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry on <strong>the</strong>ir left. The second l<strong>in</strong>e was <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Regulars, Virg<strong>in</strong>ians <strong>and</strong><br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong>ers, with two three-pounders <strong>and</strong> two six-pounders. Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s horse <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry were <strong>the</strong><br />
corps-de-reserve. In this order we marched down to action. Com<strong>in</strong>g with<strong>in</strong> three miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s<br />
encampment, we fell <strong>in</strong> with a forag<strong>in</strong>g party <strong>of</strong> sixty men, loaded with [sweet] potatoes, most <strong>of</strong> whom we<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r killed, wounded or took prisoners. We met with no far<strong>the</strong>r opposition till we came with<strong>in</strong> one mile <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir encampment before discovered, <strong>and</strong> with <strong>the</strong>ir front l<strong>in</strong>e began <strong>the</strong> action, which soon brought <strong>the</strong> action<br />
general. We drove <strong>the</strong>ir first <strong>and</strong> second l<strong>in</strong>es, <strong>and</strong> took upwards <strong>of</strong> five hundred prisoners. They took shelter <strong>in</strong><br />
a large brick house <strong>and</strong> a hollow way <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> house. At this time our men were so far spent for want <strong>of</strong><br />
water, <strong>and</strong> our Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers suffer<strong>in</strong>g much <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> action, rendered it advisable for General Greene to<br />
draw <strong>of</strong>f his troops, with <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> two six-pounders. Major [Thomas] Edmunds with a small party <strong>of</strong> men jo<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
our <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British encampment, keep<strong>in</strong>g up fire for a small space <strong>of</strong> time; found our army had withdrawn<br />
from field made it necessary for us likewise to withdraw. We brought <strong>of</strong>f one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir three-pounders, which was<br />
with much difficulty performed through a thick wood for four miles, without <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> but one horse. We<br />
got to <strong>the</strong> encamp<strong>in</strong>g ground, where we left <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, about two <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g.” 3669<br />
Stewart: “F<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong> force so near me, I determ<strong>in</strong>ed to fight <strong>the</strong>m, as from <strong>the</strong>ir numerous cavalry,<br />
seemed to me to be attended with dangerous consequences. I immediately formed <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> battle, with <strong>the</strong><br />
right <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army to Eutaw branch, <strong>and</strong> its left cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> road lead<strong>in</strong>g to Roache’s plantation, leav<strong>in</strong>g a corps<br />
on a <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g situation to cover <strong>the</strong> Charles-town road, <strong>and</strong> to act occasionally as a reserve. About n<strong>in</strong>e<br />
o’clock <strong>the</strong> action began on <strong>the</strong> right, <strong>and</strong> soon after became general.<br />
“Know<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> enemy were much superior <strong>in</strong> numbers, <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> same time f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>y attacked with<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir militia <strong>in</strong> front, <strong>in</strong>duced me not to alter my position, unless I saw a certa<strong>in</strong> advantage to be ga<strong>in</strong>ed by it;<br />
for by mov<strong>in</strong>g forwards, I exposed both flanks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army to <strong>the</strong> enemy’s cavalry, which I saw ready formed to<br />
take that advantage, particularly on <strong>the</strong> left, which obliged me to move <strong>the</strong> reserve to support it.<br />
“By an unknown mistake, <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e advanced, <strong>and</strong> drove <strong>the</strong>ir militia <strong>and</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>ians before<br />
<strong>the</strong>m; but unexpectedly f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>and</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es ready formed, <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> same time receiv<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
heavy fire, occasioned some confusion: It was <strong>the</strong>refore necessary to retire a little distance to an open field, <strong>in</strong><br />
order to form, which was <strong>in</strong>stantly done, under cover <strong>of</strong> a heavy well-directed fire from a detachment <strong>of</strong> New-<br />
York volunteers, under <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Major [Henry] Sheridan, whom I had previously ordered to take post <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
house, to check <strong>the</strong> enemy, should <strong>the</strong>y attempt to pass it.<br />
“The action was renewed with great spirit; but I was sorry to f<strong>in</strong>d that a three-pounder, posted on <strong>the</strong> road<br />
lead<strong>in</strong>g to Roache’s, had been disabled, <strong>and</strong> could not be brought <strong>of</strong>f when <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e retired.<br />
“The right w<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flank battalion, under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Major Majoribanks<br />
[John Marjoribanks], hav<strong>in</strong>g repulsed <strong>and</strong> drove every th<strong>in</strong>g that attacked <strong>the</strong>m, made a rapid move to <strong>the</strong>ir left,<br />
<strong>and</strong> attacked <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong> flank: Upon which <strong>the</strong>y gave way <strong>in</strong> all quarters, leav<strong>in</strong>g beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>m two brass sixpounders,<br />
<strong>and</strong> upwards <strong>of</strong> two hundred killed on <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> action, <strong>and</strong> sixty taken prisoners, amongst which is<br />
Colonel Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> from every <strong>in</strong>formation, about eight hundred wounded, although <strong>the</strong>y contrived to<br />
carry <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong>f dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> action. The enemy retired with great precipitation to a strong situation, about seven<br />
miles from <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> action, leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir cavalry to cover <strong>the</strong>ir retreat. The glory <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day would have been<br />
more <strong>com</strong>plete, had not <strong>the</strong> want <strong>of</strong> cavalry prevented me from tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> advantage which <strong>the</strong> gallantry <strong>of</strong> my<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry threw <strong>in</strong> my way.” 3670<br />
Ramsay: “Though major [Archibald] M’Arthur, with a large re<strong>in</strong>forcement, formed a junction with lieutenantcolonel<br />
Stewart fourteen miles below <strong>the</strong> Eutaw, yet <strong>the</strong> action was not renewed. The success <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American<br />
army <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first part <strong>of</strong> this engagement spread such an alarm, that <strong>the</strong> British burned <strong>the</strong>ir stores at<br />
Dorchester, <strong>and</strong> evacuated <strong>the</strong>ir posts near Monck’s Corner. The gates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town were shut, <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong><br />
Negroes employed <strong>in</strong> fell<strong>in</strong>g trees across <strong>the</strong> road on Charlestown Neck.” 3671<br />
3668 KJO pp. 23-25.<br />
3669 SJS.<br />
3670 Extract <strong>of</strong> a letter from Stewart to Cornwallis, dated Eutaw, September 9, 1781. TCS pp. 509-511.<br />
3671 RSC2 p. 254.<br />
616
Stephen Jarvis: “The day after our arrival at Dorchester, Major Fraser went to Charlestown, South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, to<br />
make a report <strong>of</strong> our sad disaster, <strong>and</strong> he returned at midnight with <strong>the</strong> news <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle at <strong>the</strong> Eretan Spr<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
[Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs], <strong>and</strong> we were ordered immediately to mount <strong>and</strong> march. We passed Monks’ [Monck’s] Corner<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> day, <strong>and</strong> after march<strong>in</strong>g all night came up with <strong>the</strong> Army, where <strong>the</strong>y had made a halt after burry<strong>in</strong>g<br />
[sic] <strong>the</strong>ir dead at <strong>the</strong> Eretans. The Army retired as far as Monks’ corner for some time send<strong>in</strong>g out patrols far<br />
beyond <strong>the</strong> Eretans. The Americans, after <strong>the</strong> British retired from <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> battle, came <strong>and</strong> buried <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
dead <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n retired to <strong>in</strong>vest one o<strong>the</strong>r outpost, but our people had ab<strong>and</strong>oned it, <strong>and</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> Army, which<br />
became so reduced that we were obliged to retreat, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> mov<strong>in</strong>g from Monks’ Corner <strong>and</strong> cross<strong>in</strong>g Goose Creek<br />
we took <strong>the</strong> route to Dorchester, <strong>and</strong> encamped at Sir James Wright’s Plantation, a few miles this side <strong>of</strong><br />
Dorchester. We had a few Militia quartered <strong>in</strong> Dorchester. We had hardy taken up our ground before some <strong>of</strong> our<br />
Militia from Dorchester came runn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to Camp, some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m much wounded. A large body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy had<br />
charged <strong>in</strong>to Dorchester <strong>and</strong> surprised <strong>the</strong> Militia <strong>and</strong> retired aga<strong>in</strong> some miles from Dorchester.” 3672<br />
Otho Williams writ<strong>in</strong>g to bro<strong>the</strong>r, Elie, some days follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> battle: “The British army, be<strong>in</strong>g re<strong>in</strong>forced by<br />
<strong>the</strong> 3d regiment, contrary to my expectations, advanced from Orangeburgh to Congaree, <strong>and</strong> encamped at Col.<br />
Thompson’s [Belleville, near former Fort Granby], about one mile from Fort Mott [Motte], which we had reduced<br />
some time before. It is said <strong>the</strong>y exult<strong>in</strong>gly gave three cheers upon rega<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g that position. The two armies<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed neighbors, <strong>and</strong> were separated by <strong>the</strong> Santee, from early <strong>in</strong> August till <strong>the</strong> 23d <strong>of</strong> that month, when<br />
Gen. Greene took <strong>the</strong> resolution to remove Col. Stewart, (who succeeded Gen. Rawdon <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>,) or give<br />
him battle.<br />
“It was impossible to pass <strong>the</strong> rivers Wateree <strong>and</strong> Congaree immediately <strong>in</strong> front, <strong>and</strong> as <strong>the</strong>ir confluence is but<br />
a little to our left, it was not considered eligible to cross <strong>the</strong> Santee below <strong>the</strong> enemy for obvious reasons: we<br />
had a junction to form with <strong>the</strong> State troops <strong>and</strong> militia, whose numbers were not ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>and</strong> without<br />
<strong>the</strong>m we were greatly <strong>in</strong>ferior <strong>in</strong> force to <strong>the</strong> enemy. Therefore <strong>the</strong> General ordered us to march by <strong>the</strong> right,<br />
<strong>and</strong> we passed <strong>the</strong> rivers above, which <strong>in</strong>duced <strong>the</strong> British army to retire to Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, about thirty-five<br />
miles from Thompson’s <strong>and</strong> about two from Nelson’s Ferry over <strong>the</strong> Santee. Gen. Greene did not approve <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir hold<strong>in</strong>g that post, <strong>and</strong> as his forces were now collected, he determ<strong>in</strong>ed to prosecute his plan <strong>of</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
battle or remov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to a more peaceful distance. By easy marches we arrived at Burdell’s, seven miles from<br />
Eutaw, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 7 th <strong>in</strong>st., <strong>and</strong> orders were given for march<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g, at four o’clock,<br />
to attack <strong>the</strong> enemy.<br />
“At four o’clock next morn<strong>in</strong>g we were under arms, <strong>and</strong> moved <strong>in</strong> order <strong>of</strong> battle about three miles, when we<br />
halted, <strong>and</strong> took a little <strong>of</strong> that liquid which is not unnecessary to exhilarate <strong>the</strong> animal spirits upon such<br />
occasions. Aga<strong>in</strong> we advanced, <strong>and</strong> soon afterwards our light troops met <strong>the</strong> van <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, who were<br />
march<strong>in</strong>g out to meet us.<br />
“Very serious, very important reflections began to obtrude. But liberty or death; peace <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>dependence; or<br />
glory <strong>and</strong> a grave. The enemy’s van was soon driven to <strong>the</strong>ir l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> our troops displayed. Our militia, which<br />
<strong>com</strong>posed <strong>the</strong> front l<strong>in</strong>e, seconded <strong>the</strong> attack, <strong>and</strong> behaved better than usual. The North Carol<strong>in</strong>a brigade <strong>of</strong><br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals were next engaged, <strong>and</strong> acquired honor by <strong>the</strong>ir firmness. The Virg<strong>in</strong>ians advanced with<br />
impetuosity, <strong>and</strong> beat <strong>the</strong>ir foes wherever <strong>the</strong>y found <strong>the</strong>m. And <strong>the</strong> little remnant <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> troops, with an<br />
<strong>in</strong>trepidity which was particularly noticed by our gallant <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er, advanced <strong>in</strong> good order, with trailed arms,<br />
<strong>and</strong> without regard<strong>in</strong>g or return<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy’s fire, charged <strong>and</strong> broke <strong>the</strong>ir best troops. Then, <strong>in</strong>deed, we<br />
fired <strong>and</strong> followed <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong>ir camp, near which is a thick wood, very unfavorable to cavalry. But Col.<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, impatient perhaps for a more favorable opportunity, charged upon <strong>the</strong> enemy’s right, where<br />
unluckily <strong>the</strong>ir flank <strong>com</strong>panies were posted. He received a very gall<strong>in</strong>g fire, by which his horse fell <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong><br />
his dragoons. In an <strong>in</strong>stant his breast was pierced by a bayonet, which however wounded him but slightly. His<br />
cavalry was repulsed, <strong>and</strong> that excellent <strong>of</strong>ficer became a captive.<br />
“Our loss <strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers killed <strong>and</strong> wounded was very considerable, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> eagerness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pursuit had thrown<br />
most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops <strong>in</strong>to disorder, which could not now be remedied. Some were tak<strong>in</strong>g prisoners, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
plunder<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy’s camp, while <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong> despair sought refuge <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> about a strong brick house which stood<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> midst <strong>of</strong> it, <strong>and</strong> from whence <strong>the</strong>ir fire began to gall us exceed<strong>in</strong>gly. About this time General Greene had<br />
brought our two six pounders with<strong>in</strong> one hundred yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> house, <strong>and</strong> I believe by accident or mistake, two<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs which we had taken were brought to <strong>the</strong> same place. At this critical juncture <strong>the</strong> enemy made a<br />
conclusive effort, which not only did <strong>the</strong>m great honor, but, <strong>in</strong> my op<strong>in</strong>ion, was <strong>the</strong> salvation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir whole<br />
army. Major Majoribanks sallied briskly from beh<strong>in</strong>d a picket garden, charged our artillery, <strong>and</strong> carried <strong>the</strong><br />
pieces, which <strong>the</strong>y immediately secured under <strong>the</strong> walls <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir citadel.<br />
“As our two three pounders <strong>and</strong> one which we had taken <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field, were all dismounted, it was useless to<br />
attempt any th<strong>in</strong>g fur<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> small arms. The General, <strong>the</strong>refore, ordered <strong>the</strong> troops to retire, which was<br />
done gradually, <strong>the</strong> enemy not presum<strong>in</strong>g to follow. The cavalry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion kept that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong> awe,<br />
but found no good opportunity to cut <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“The Delaware battalion <strong>and</strong> legion <strong>in</strong>fantry acted with <strong>the</strong>ir usual vivacity, <strong>and</strong> were among those who did <strong>the</strong><br />
most execution. As <strong>the</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>g was with<strong>in</strong> fifty yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> house, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re was no o<strong>the</strong>r water nearer<br />
than Burdell’s, we retired <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon to that place, which gave <strong>the</strong> enemy an opportunity <strong>of</strong> bury<strong>in</strong>g as<br />
many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir dead as <strong>the</strong>ir stay would admit. They ab<strong>and</strong>oned <strong>the</strong> post early on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 9 th , leav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
upwards <strong>of</strong> sixty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir dead unburied, <strong>and</strong> sixty or seventy wounded that could not be carried <strong>of</strong>f. We pursued<br />
<strong>the</strong>m about thirty-five miles, <strong>and</strong> though <strong>the</strong>ir army was re<strong>in</strong>forced by Major McArthur’s detachment <strong>of</strong> 300 or<br />
3672 JJA.<br />
617
400 men from Monks’ [Monck’s] Corner, <strong>the</strong>y thought proper to retire to a strong position on <strong>the</strong> south side <strong>of</strong><br />
Ferguson’s swamp, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 10 th , when we lay at <strong>the</strong> Trout Spr<strong>in</strong>g, with<strong>in</strong> five miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
“They retired to Fair Lawn, below Monks’, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 13 th <strong>the</strong> General ordered <strong>the</strong> army to<br />
return to its former position at <strong>the</strong> high hills <strong>of</strong> Santee. This expedition was made <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> season <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> year<br />
which is most sickly <strong>in</strong> this country; <strong>and</strong> you cannot conceive how much more lamentable it is to lose an <strong>of</strong>ficer<br />
<strong>in</strong> sick quarters, than to see him fall <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field. There, <strong>the</strong>re is no duration <strong>of</strong> that toilsome anxiety which we<br />
suffer for a languish<strong>in</strong>g friend, besides his exit is glorious <strong>and</strong>, we believe, happy.<br />
“Upon re-perusal <strong>of</strong> this circumstantial sheet, I do not th<strong>in</strong>k I have said enough <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bravery <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American<br />
troops. To have an idea <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir vivacity <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>trepidity, you must have shared <strong>the</strong>ir danger <strong>and</strong> seen <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
charge, which exceeded any th<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sort I ever saw before.<br />
“The battle <strong>of</strong> Eutaw, was an example <strong>of</strong> what I conceive to be obst<strong>in</strong>ate fair field fight<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> it is worthy <strong>of</strong><br />
remark, that it happened on <strong>the</strong> same spot <strong>of</strong> ground where, accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> tradition <strong>of</strong> this country, a very<br />
bloody, desperate battle was fought about a century ago, between <strong>the</strong> savage natives <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> barbarous<br />
Europeans who came to dispossess <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir property, which, <strong>in</strong> soil, is as rich as any upon <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ent, or<br />
can be any where else. On <strong>the</strong> spot where <strong>the</strong> conflict <strong>of</strong> bayonets decided <strong>the</strong> victory, is a monument or mound<br />
<strong>of</strong> earth, said to have been erected over <strong>the</strong> bodies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brave Indians who fell <strong>in</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir country.<br />
Will any such honorable testimony be erected to <strong>the</strong> memory <strong>of</strong> our departed heroes?” 3673<br />
Henry Nase: “Septr. 8th. 1781 -- This day is Remarkable, for a Battle fought Between <strong>the</strong> Rebel Genl. Green [sic]<br />
& Colo. Stewart, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal Army, at <strong>the</strong> Utaw [sic] Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a. In which, <strong>the</strong> former lost Two<br />
pieces <strong>of</strong> Cannon & <strong>the</strong>ir Colo. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, taken Prisoner, it is also said that a Colo. [Richard] Campbell, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Rebels, was Kill’d <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Action; this day an Officer & thirty men, Came to Town from Ebenezer, with 15 <strong>of</strong><br />
Knoblauch’s Regt. Prisoners, for Mut<strong>in</strong>y Aga<strong>in</strong>st Major Gobell, Comm<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g His Majesty’s Forces at that Post; for<br />
which <strong>the</strong>y Ran <strong>the</strong> Gauntlet some days after.” 3674<br />
Marshall: “Nor can <strong>the</strong> claim <strong>of</strong> ei<strong>the</strong>r to <strong>the</strong> victory be pronounced unequivocal. The pretensions <strong>of</strong> general<br />
Greene are supported by hav<strong>in</strong>g driven <strong>the</strong> British army <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> ground on which it was orig<strong>in</strong>ally drawn up;<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g pursued <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to a house which he attacked; <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g afterwards drawn <strong>of</strong>f his army without be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
followed.<br />
“Those <strong>of</strong> lieutenant colonel Stuart [Stewart] are founded on his hav<strong>in</strong>g rallied his broken troops, <strong>and</strong> brought<br />
<strong>the</strong>m back <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> action; after which his adversary gave up <strong>the</strong> contest, <strong>and</strong> withdrew from <strong>the</strong> field.<br />
“The truth seems to be, that unconnected with its consequences, <strong>the</strong> fortune <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day was nearly balanced.<br />
The advantages ga<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field, were wrested from <strong>the</strong>m at <strong>the</strong> house <strong>in</strong> which major<br />
Sheridan was posted; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> slaughter susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> attempt to dislodge <strong>the</strong> adversary from that post, <strong>and</strong><br />
from <strong>the</strong> neighbour<strong>in</strong>g gardens, thicket, <strong>and</strong> hedges, <strong>com</strong>pensated for <strong>the</strong> previous losses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British army.<br />
But if <strong>the</strong> consequences be taken <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> account, <strong>the</strong> victory unquestionably belonged to Greene. In this, as <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> two preced<strong>in</strong>g battles fought by him <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Carol<strong>in</strong>as, <strong>the</strong> result was <strong>the</strong> expulsion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hostile army from<br />
<strong>the</strong> territory which was <strong>the</strong> immediate object <strong>of</strong> contest.” 3675<br />
9 September. Greene camped at Burdell’s Plantation, six miles west <strong>of</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. Marion, meanwhile,<br />
dismissed most <strong>of</strong> his militia; <strong>the</strong>ir hav<strong>in</strong>g fought remarkably well <strong>in</strong> a st<strong>and</strong> up fight aga<strong>in</strong>st regulars at Eutaw<br />
Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. 3676<br />
Garden: “At <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Eutaw, when General Marion’s Brigade was display<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> face <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
Gee, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> front platoon, was shot down, <strong>and</strong> supposed to be mortally wounded. The ball passed<br />
through <strong>the</strong> cock <strong>of</strong> a h<strong>and</strong>some hat, that he had recently procured, tear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> crown very much, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> its<br />
progress, <strong>the</strong> head also. He lay for a considerable time <strong>in</strong>sensible; <strong>the</strong> greater part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day had passed<br />
without a favourable symptom; when, suddenly reviv<strong>in</strong>g, his first <strong>in</strong>quiry was after his beaver, which be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
brought him, a friend, at <strong>the</strong> same time, lament<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> mangled state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> head, he exclaimed -– ‘O, never<br />
th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> head; time <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Doctor will put that to rights; but it grieves me to th<strong>in</strong>k, that <strong>the</strong> rascals have<br />
ru<strong>in</strong>ed my hat for ever!’” 3677<br />
9 September. 3678 [skirmish] Monck’s Corner Road (probably western Berkeley County, S.C.) Lee <strong>and</strong> Maham’s<br />
dragoons, <strong>the</strong> van <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> former <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by Capt. Ferd<strong>in</strong><strong>and</strong> O’Neal, attacked <strong>and</strong> captured a party <strong>of</strong><br />
British <strong>and</strong> loyalists (possibly stragglers or foragers) from Stewart’s army, reportedly number<strong>in</strong>g 80 (Ramsay.)<br />
Hav<strong>in</strong>g earlier discharged most <strong>of</strong> his men after Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs, Marion, at “Spr<strong>in</strong>g Porchers Plantation,” S.C.,<br />
wrote to Greene later this same day that Maj. McArthur’s detachment <strong>of</strong> 300 jo<strong>in</strong>ed Stewart’s army “this<br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g two miles above Ferguson[’]s Swamp. They Immediately turn’d down <strong>the</strong> road & Cross[e]d that Swamp,<br />
& is now <strong>the</strong>re halted.” He added: “We have taken 24 British & 4 toreys prisoners, 14 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m dragoons captured<br />
by six men <strong>of</strong> Lee’s <strong>and</strong> Maham’s. Lee <strong>and</strong> Maham have gone to <strong>the</strong> enemy’s front.” 3679<br />
9 September. Temporarily absent<strong>in</strong>g himself from his army, General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, with Rochambeau <strong>and</strong> a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r higher rank<strong>in</strong>g American <strong>and</strong> French <strong>of</strong>ficers, stopped for a private visit at Mount Vernon. There<br />
3673 TOW pp. 22-26. For a separate letter by Williams that also recounts Eutaw, see GDH3 pp. 147-157 (or CSS pp. 1187-1193.)<br />
3674 NDI.<br />
3675 MLW4 pp. 551-552.<br />
3676 NGP9 p. 308.<br />
3677 GAR1 pp. 385-386.<br />
3678 Lee gives <strong>the</strong> date as <strong>the</strong> 10 th .<br />
3679 NGP9 p. 309, RSC2 pp.255, MLW4A pp. 553-554, LMS pp. 475-476.<br />
618
he enterta<strong>in</strong>ed his guests, rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g till <strong>the</strong> 12 th . On <strong>the</strong> 14 th , he <strong>and</strong> Rochambeau, arriv<strong>in</strong>g ahead <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
respective troops, greeted Lafayette at Williamsburg. 3680<br />
9 September. Fann<strong>in</strong>g arrived at Coxe’s Mill to ga<strong>the</strong>r his forces <strong>in</strong> preparation for his attack on Hillsborough,<br />
<strong>and</strong> that was launched on <strong>the</strong> 12 th . 3681<br />
10 September. Col. Malmedy, at Howell’s Ferry on <strong>the</strong> Congaree, wrote to Greene stat<strong>in</strong>g he got <strong>the</strong> prisoners<br />
taken at Eutaw across <strong>the</strong> Congaree River by yesterday even<strong>in</strong>g. He requested fur<strong>the</strong>r orders because he could<br />
not obta<strong>in</strong> supplies where he was <strong>and</strong> had to move towards Camden. The tour <strong>of</strong> duty <strong>of</strong> eighty militiamen from<br />
<strong>the</strong> Salisbury district was to end on October 6, <strong>and</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r fifty from <strong>the</strong> Hillsborough district “pretend” that 16<br />
Sept. was <strong>the</strong>ir last day <strong>of</strong> service. These two detachments would be able to escort <strong>the</strong> 246 prisoners. The rest<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia force, number<strong>in</strong>g some 204 men, could be <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> “be <strong>of</strong> some service.”<br />
Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter had been guard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> baggage dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> battle <strong>of</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. 3682<br />
10 September. Stewart, retreat<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> McArthur, mov<strong>in</strong>g up, mutually met up (accord<strong>in</strong>g to Lee) just below<br />
Mart<strong>in</strong>’s Tavern. They <strong>the</strong>n withdrew to Fair Lawn, near Monck’s Corner. The editor to <strong>the</strong> Greene papers says<br />
<strong>the</strong> rendezvous took place at Fairlawn, <strong>and</strong> perhaps this is what Lee meant as well. In any case, <strong>the</strong>re, on <strong>the</strong><br />
12 th , he was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by additional re<strong>in</strong>forcements from Charlestown under his superior Col. Paston Gould. Gould<br />
<strong>the</strong>n took <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army, <strong>and</strong> Stewart, who had been wounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> elbow dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> battle, retired to<br />
Charlestown. 3683<br />
10 September. Greene encamped at Mart<strong>in</strong>’s Tavern near Ferguson’s Swamp. 3684<br />
Kirkwood: “10 th . Received <strong>in</strong>formation that <strong>the</strong> Enemy had left <strong>the</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>the</strong> Even<strong>in</strong>g before, on <strong>the</strong><br />
Road to Monks Corner, <strong>the</strong> Genl. Persued [sic] <strong>the</strong>m to Mr. Mart<strong>in</strong>s, with<strong>in</strong> 12 miles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Corner...20<br />
[miles].”“ 3685<br />
11 September. [skirmish] Moccas<strong>in</strong> Creek, TN. ONB3 p. 358<br />
12 September. [skirmish] Kirk’s Farm, N.C. ONB3 p. 362.<br />
12 September. Greene, retir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> Stewart’s, now Gould’s, re<strong>in</strong>forced army, crossed <strong>the</strong> Santee at<br />
Nelson’s Ferry <strong>and</strong> by <strong>the</strong> 15 th was once made camp <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee (regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> specific<br />
location <strong>of</strong> which see 16 July footnote.) Pickens, Marion <strong>and</strong> Hampton resumed partisan operations, <strong>and</strong><br />
Greene’s army was reduced to less than 1,000 men fit for duty. One reason for this withdrawal, William Johnson<br />
argues, was to safeguard aga<strong>in</strong>st a possible move south by Cornwallis, <strong>in</strong> view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> forces <strong>the</strong>n press<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
him <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia; <strong>in</strong> addition to Greene’s supplies runn<strong>in</strong>g low, men fall<strong>in</strong>g sick, <strong>and</strong> militia go<strong>in</strong>g home to help at<br />
harvest. 3686<br />
12 September. [raid] Hillsborough (Orange County, N.C.) 600 N.C. loyalists from R<strong>and</strong>olph <strong>and</strong> Chatham<br />
counties, under Col. David Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Hector MacNeil 3687 launched a surprise raid on Hillsborough; seiz<strong>in</strong>g as<br />
captives 150-200 men (30 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se state <strong>and</strong> local <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>and</strong> staffs), <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Gov. Thomas Burke, his council,<br />
<strong>and</strong> two Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>of</strong>ficers. Some nearby militia attempted an impromptu counterattack on Fann<strong>in</strong>g, but<br />
outnumbered were all killed, taken or fled. Sometime shortly after Fann<strong>in</strong>g left <strong>the</strong> town, ano<strong>the</strong>r 100 whigs<br />
went out <strong>in</strong> pursuit only to subsequently f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong>mselves lost track<strong>in</strong>g his trail. The whigs also lost 15 killed <strong>and</strong><br />
20 wounded (though <strong>the</strong>se latter should probably be <strong>in</strong>cluded with <strong>the</strong> prisoner total.) MacNeil <strong>and</strong> his column<br />
also released 60 loyalist prisoners; though Rank<strong>in</strong> gives <strong>the</strong> number as 30. Interest<strong>in</strong>gly, <strong>in</strong> a 16 August letter (for<br />
which date entry see), Lieut. Col. Hardy S<strong>and</strong>ers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> N.C. militia <strong>in</strong>formed Burke that Fann<strong>in</strong>g had made <strong>the</strong><br />
Governor “his object” 3688 –- so that clearly <strong>the</strong> governor (<strong>in</strong> addition to Fann<strong>in</strong>g’s tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> court house <strong>and</strong> civil<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials at Pittsboro on July 16 th ) had prior <strong>in</strong>timation <strong>and</strong> signals to specifically fear for his own safety. Shortly<br />
after Burke’s capture, Alex<strong>and</strong>er Mart<strong>in</strong> was made act<strong>in</strong>g governor <strong>in</strong> his absence. 3689<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> William Allen, <strong>of</strong> Orange County, N.C.: “(W)hile at Hillsborough prepar<strong>in</strong>g to go on this<br />
expedition [south to jo<strong>in</strong> Greene], <strong>the</strong> Torries [sic] under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Tony Fannon [David Fann<strong>in</strong>g], <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
British under Col. McDougan [Archibald McDougald] came upon us <strong>and</strong> took three hundred <strong>of</strong> us prisoner among<br />
whom was Governor Burk [Thomas Burke]. He saw Col. Lytte [Allen’s regimental <strong>of</strong>ficer] wounded by a sword <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> head by Tony Fannon, this transaction took place at Hillsborough as above stated on <strong>the</strong> 4 th <strong>of</strong> September<br />
1781.”<br />
3680 JYC p. 101.<br />
3681 DLB p. 19.<br />
3682 NGP9 p. 313.<br />
3683 NGP9 pp. 310, 338, MLW4A pp. 553-554, LMS pp. 475-476.<br />
3684 KJO p. 25, NGP9 p. 328.<br />
3685 KJO p. 25.<br />
3686 MLW4A pp. 553-554, JLG2 pp. 238-239, CBA p. 583.<br />
3687 Stedman speaks <strong>of</strong> MacNeil as <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>and</strong> doesn’t mention Fann<strong>in</strong>g at all.<br />
3688 CNC15 p. 610.<br />
3689 NGP9 p. 114, SAW2 p. 406, CNS1 pp. 195-210, RNC pp. 363-364, DRO pp. 214-215, BEA pp. 502-503, DBL pp. 19-27, 49-59.<br />
619
David Fann<strong>in</strong>g: “On <strong>the</strong> 9 th <strong>of</strong> Sept. I was jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Col’n McDugald [Archibald McDougald] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Loyal Militia <strong>of</strong><br />
Cumberl<strong>and</strong> County, with 200 men; <strong>and</strong> Col. Hector McNiel [McNeil], with his party from Bladen <strong>of</strong> 70 men; <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> consequence <strong>of</strong> my advertisement I had also 435, who came <strong>in</strong>; <strong>and</strong> many found me afterwards.<br />
“I had previously determ<strong>in</strong>ed with<strong>in</strong> myself to take <strong>the</strong> Rebel, Governor [Thomas] Burke <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> I<br />
had a conversation with Maj. Craigg [James Craig], on <strong>the</strong> subject. I now thought it, a favourable [sic]<br />
opportunity, as I found myself at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> 950 men <strong>of</strong> my own Regiment; exclusive <strong>of</strong> McDugald [McDougald]<br />
<strong>and</strong> McNiel’s [McNeil’s] regiments. I acqua<strong>in</strong>ted Major [John] Ra<strong>in</strong>es [also Ra<strong>in</strong>s or Re<strong>in</strong>s], <strong>of</strong> my resolution, who<br />
approved <strong>of</strong> it. The rebel General John Butler, <strong>and</strong> Col. Robert Mayb<strong>in</strong> [Mebane] <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental l<strong>in</strong>e, lay with<br />
40 miles <strong>of</strong> our encampment, on <strong>the</strong> Cape Fear River. It was supposed by my <strong>of</strong>ficers, that I <strong>in</strong>tended to attack<br />
<strong>the</strong>m. After march<strong>in</strong>g 16 miles to Rocky River, I went a little distance, out <strong>of</strong> my road, to a friends house, for<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebels; dur<strong>in</strong>g which time, <strong>the</strong> guide led my little army about two miles out<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> way, towards General Butler. On my return, I was under <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>of</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g my <strong>in</strong>tentions known;<br />
<strong>and</strong> immediately directed my march to Hillsborough; I pushed all that day <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g night; At 7 o’clock<br />
on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 12 th we entered <strong>the</strong> town <strong>in</strong> three divisions, <strong>and</strong> received several shots from different<br />
houses; -- however, we lost none <strong>and</strong> suffered no damage, except one man wounded. We killed fifteen <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Rebels, <strong>and</strong> wounded twenty; <strong>and</strong> took upwards <strong>of</strong> two hundred prisoners; amongst <strong>the</strong>m was <strong>the</strong> Governor, his<br />
Council, <strong>and</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Colonels, several capta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> subalterns, <strong>and</strong> seventy one cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
soldiers out <strong>of</strong> a church. We proceeded to <strong>the</strong> Gaol [jail], <strong>and</strong> released thirty Loyalists, <strong>and</strong> british [sic] soldiers;<br />
one <strong>of</strong> which, was to have been hanged on that day. “ 3690<br />
Fann<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> an appendix, also <strong>in</strong>cludes <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
“The names <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Officers <strong>of</strong> Cumberl<strong>and</strong> county who acted under Col. McDugald [Archibald McDougald], who<br />
were at <strong>the</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> rebel Gov Burke at Hillsborough.<br />
Archibald McDugald [McDougald], Colo.<br />
Archibald McKay; Lt. Col.<br />
Names <strong>of</strong> Bladen county who acted under Lt. Col. Hector McNeal [MacNeil]<br />
Major John Watson“<br />
[O<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong>ficers who were also at <strong>the</strong> Hillsborough capture:]<br />
“Capt. Alex<strong>and</strong>er McCraw, Governer. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Mart<strong>in</strong>’s Regt.<br />
Lieut. Daniel McDonald, Govr. Mart<strong>in</strong>’s Regt.” 3691<br />
13 September (also given as 12 September). [battle] L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mill, also L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mills, Cane Creek (Alamance<br />
County, N.C.) Some n<strong>in</strong>eteen miles from Hillsborough near L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mill, Brig. Gen. John Butler, with militia <strong>of</strong><br />
Orange <strong>and</strong> Chatham counties, set a trap for Hector MacNeil’s loyalists. MacNeil fell with three bullets kill<strong>in</strong>g<br />
him, <strong>and</strong> his men routed until Fann<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g up, regrouped <strong>the</strong>m. Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>n sent a force to take Butler’s<br />
men from beh<strong>in</strong>d. At first, <strong>the</strong> whigs were dispersed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>itial assault but <strong>the</strong>n rallied. There followed an<br />
engagement that reportedly lasted some four hours (understood by historian Dunaway to have been punctuated<br />
by extended lulls); until Butler f<strong>in</strong>ally retreated, leav<strong>in</strong>g beh<strong>in</strong>d 24 killed, 90 wounded, <strong>and</strong> 10 taken prisoners.<br />
It would have turned <strong>in</strong>to a full scale rout but for <strong>the</strong> efforts <strong>of</strong> former Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army <strong>of</strong>ficer Col. Robert<br />
Mebane to rally <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g remnants. Fann<strong>in</strong>g lost 27 killed <strong>and</strong> 60 so badly wounded <strong>the</strong>y were left on <strong>the</strong><br />
field. 30 o<strong>the</strong>rs also wounded, but who were able to leave when <strong>the</strong> loyalists left <strong>the</strong> battleground. Fann<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
himself badly <strong>in</strong>jured <strong>in</strong> his left arm, was met not far from Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton by a support column, under Capt. Ra<strong>in</strong>s,<br />
sent out by Craig. Gov. Burke, still captive, was brought <strong>in</strong>to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton; while Butler follow<strong>in</strong>g after <strong>the</strong> British<br />
(not unlike Greene after Eutaw), took position at Cross Creek. 3692<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> William Allen, <strong>of</strong> Orange County, N.C.: “That night we rema<strong>in</strong>ed near Hillsborough <strong>and</strong><br />
were carried next morn<strong>in</strong>g by <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> Tories on to a place called L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mill, when a pretty severe <strong>and</strong><br />
well fought battle took place between a force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Republicans <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British <strong>and</strong> Torries [sic], dur<strong>in</strong>g which<br />
engagement <strong>the</strong> prisoners were kept <strong>in</strong> a close place with a strong guard around <strong>the</strong>m. He recollects well <strong>of</strong><br />
see<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>re killed celebrated Tory Col. McNeil [MacNeil] that night after <strong>the</strong> battle at L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mill we were<br />
forced <strong>of</strong>f by our captors <strong>and</strong> taken by Wilson’s Iron works to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, where we were put on board <strong>of</strong> British<br />
ships which steered toward <strong>the</strong> West India Isl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n taken <strong>and</strong> disembarked us at Charlestown, where <strong>the</strong><br />
greater part rema<strong>in</strong>ed until peace…”<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> Isaac Brewer <strong>of</strong> Chatham County, N.C.: “(A) battle came on at L<strong>in</strong>dley[’]s Mills on Cane<br />
Creek <strong>in</strong> Orange County N. Carol<strong>in</strong>a. In this engagement [Col.] Mayburn [Mebane] had, or was said to have had<br />
between 4 & 500 men & <strong>the</strong> Tories was said to have over 900, <strong>the</strong> battle lasted some 3 or 4 hours, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Tories were <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by old Hector MacNeil <strong>and</strong> David Fann<strong>in</strong> [sic] or so <strong>the</strong>y were called. They ultimately<br />
proved too hard for our men <strong>and</strong> were slay<strong>in</strong>g our ranks down by scores. Col. Mayburn thought it best to order a<br />
retreat <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g taken <strong>and</strong> did so. The result <strong>of</strong> which was that <strong>the</strong>y mowed us down more rapidly than<br />
before.”<br />
David Fann<strong>in</strong>g: “About 12 o’clock, I left Hillsborough; <strong>and</strong> proceeded Eighteen miles fur<strong>the</strong>r, to L<strong>in</strong>dsey’s<br />
[L<strong>in</strong>dley’s] Mill on Cane Creek; where Gen’l Butler <strong>and</strong> a party <strong>of</strong> rebels had concealed <strong>the</strong>mselves. Col’n McNeal<br />
3690 FNA pp. 32-35<br />
3691 FNA p. 37.<br />
3692 FNA pp. 32-35, CNS1 pp. 208-228, RNC pp. 364-365, DRO pp. 215-217, BEA pp. 502-503, DBL.<br />
620
[Hector MacNeil], who had <strong>the</strong> advanced guard, had neglected to take <strong>the</strong> necessary precautions for our safety,<br />
<strong>and</strong> by <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> Capt. McLa<strong>in</strong> Cumberl<strong>and</strong> county, Little River; <strong>and</strong> as soon as I had discovered <strong>the</strong><br />
situation, we were <strong>in</strong>, <strong>and</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g so great a number <strong>of</strong> prisoners, I left my situation, <strong>and</strong> pushed for <strong>the</strong><br />
advanced guard; on my <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g up with Col’n Mcneal [sic], I <strong>in</strong>quired <strong>the</strong> reason <strong>of</strong> his neglect; <strong>and</strong> before he<br />
could answer, we were fired upon by <strong>the</strong> rebels. They killed Eight men, among <strong>the</strong>m was Col’n McNeal, who<br />
received three balls through him, <strong>and</strong> five through his horse. I <strong>the</strong>n ordered a retreat back to where I left <strong>the</strong><br />
prisoners, <strong>and</strong> after secur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m, I made <strong>the</strong> necessary preparations to attack <strong>the</strong> enemy; <strong>and</strong> after engag<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>m four hours <strong>the</strong>y retreated. I lost twenty seven men killed, <strong>and</strong> sixty, so badly wounded, that <strong>the</strong>y could not<br />
be moved; besides thirty slightly, but so, that <strong>the</strong>y could keep up with our ma<strong>in</strong> body. At <strong>the</strong> conclusion <strong>of</strong> this<br />
action, I received a shot <strong>in</strong> my left arm, which broke <strong>the</strong> bone <strong>in</strong> several pieces; my loss <strong>of</strong> blood was so great,<br />
that I was taken <strong>of</strong>f my horse, <strong>and</strong> led to a secret place <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods. I <strong>the</strong>n sent Lieut. Woleston, to my little<br />
army, for Col’n Arch McDugald [Archibald McDougald], <strong>and</strong> Major John Ra<strong>in</strong>s [or Re<strong>in</strong>s] <strong>and</strong> Lu Col’n [Lieut. Col.]<br />
Arch[ibald] McKay, to take <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>; to send to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton for assistance, as I was not able to take any<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. I also desired that Major Ra<strong>in</strong>s should return as soon as he could leave Col. McDugald; as I thought he<br />
might be <strong>the</strong> means <strong>of</strong> sav<strong>in</strong>g me from <strong>the</strong> h<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> my enemies. These gentlemen conducted <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> such<br />
a manner, I th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong>y deserve <strong>the</strong> applause <strong>of</strong> every loyal subject, both for <strong>the</strong>ir valour <strong>and</strong> good conduct, as<br />
Col’n Mayb<strong>in</strong> [Mebane] <strong>and</strong> Gen’l Butler persued [sic] <strong>the</strong>m all <strong>the</strong> way until <strong>the</strong>y met Major Craigg [James Craig]<br />
<strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>ir assistance. They made <strong>the</strong>ir march god for 160 miles <strong>and</strong> never lost one prisoner, but <strong>in</strong>troduced<br />
Thos. Burk[e], <strong>the</strong>ir Governor, <strong>and</strong> his regiment <strong>of</strong> rebels, to Major Craigg; who very well accepted <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>and</strong><br />
Major Craigg <strong>in</strong>troduced his Excellency, <strong>and</strong> Regiment, to <strong>the</strong> Provost Master. I am <strong>in</strong>formed by letters from Col.<br />
Arch McDugal, dated 6 th Aug, 1789 that no provision has been made for him yet. Also, Major Ra<strong>in</strong>s, <strong>the</strong> 2 nd <strong>of</strong><br />
Oct’r 1789….<br />
“Major John Ra<strong>in</strong>s, was <strong>the</strong> first man, that took up arms with<strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> last man with me, <strong>and</strong><br />
took an active part <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> six <strong>and</strong> thirty skirmishes <strong>in</strong> N.C. (also Capt. George Ra<strong>in</strong>s.)<br />
“At <strong>the</strong> departure <strong>of</strong> my little army, I was left with three men; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> four days 17 more came to my assistance.<br />
I made enquiry respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rebels, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> late action; <strong>and</strong> found that <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants had buried<br />
24, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> wounded <strong>the</strong>y had left were 90, besides those that went <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> that my party had taken 10<br />
prisoners. Of <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Killed was Col’o Guttrell [John Luttrell], <strong>and</strong> Major Knowles, who were<br />
<strong>in</strong>veterate enemies to <strong>the</strong> Loyalists.<br />
“The party we had engaged I found to have consisted <strong>of</strong> four hundred Cont<strong>in</strong>entals under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col’o<br />
Mayb<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> Gen’l Butler. In twenty four days, I found myself able to set up, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n dispateched [sic], four <strong>of</strong><br />
my Capta<strong>in</strong>s Hooker, Ra<strong>in</strong>s, Knight, <strong>and</strong> L<strong>in</strong>dly, to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton for a supply <strong>of</strong> ammunition; <strong>and</strong> before <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
return I had set out <strong>and</strong> embodied 140 men, dur<strong>in</strong>g which time I heard <strong>of</strong> a quantity <strong>of</strong> lea<strong>the</strong>r, which was<br />
prepared for <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rebel army, <strong>and</strong> was ordered for Gen’l Green’s quarters at Camden. I went to <strong>the</strong><br />
place, <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> lea<strong>the</strong>r agreeable to my <strong>in</strong>formation, I took enough <strong>the</strong>re<strong>of</strong> to equip <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pany<br />
<strong>com</strong>pletely, <strong>and</strong> ordered <strong>the</strong> rest to be destroyed. On my return to Brush Creek, near where I had been secreted<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g my illness, occasioned by my wounds, I sent out spies for discovery. Two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m returned, <strong>in</strong> less than an<br />
hour, with <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>of</strong> six hundred rebels, who were advanc<strong>in</strong>g for to attack me. But <strong>the</strong>y proved no more<br />
than 170. Their accounts disheartened a number <strong>of</strong> my men. From my be<strong>in</strong>g is so weak a state, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
apprehended I would not be able to <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. However <strong>the</strong>y lifted me, on my horse, <strong>and</strong> I formed my men<br />
<strong>the</strong>re <strong>in</strong> two ranks <strong>and</strong> showed two fronts, as <strong>the</strong>y appeared both <strong>in</strong> my front <strong>and</strong> rear; <strong>the</strong> fire cont<strong>in</strong>ued for<br />
near an hour. I lost three men killed, <strong>and</strong> three badly wounded. The rebels had one killed, <strong>and</strong> several wounded.<br />
Then <strong>the</strong>y retreated; <strong>and</strong> rallied <strong>and</strong> attacked aga<strong>in</strong>, after retreat<strong>in</strong>g, about a mile, which was so unexpected,<br />
that I concluded <strong>the</strong>y had been re<strong>in</strong>forced. I <strong>the</strong>n retreated; but without loss, except my baggage. I, <strong>the</strong>n,<br />
separated my men <strong>in</strong>to small parties, until <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> four <strong>of</strong>ficers, I had dispatched for ammunition, to<br />
Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, who brought <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g letter from Maj’r Craigg [Craig], with 5000 cartridges; [<strong>the</strong> letter is<br />
dated 13 October 1781 <strong>and</strong> quoted by Fann<strong>in</strong>g, but not <strong>in</strong>cluded here.]” 3693<br />
14 September. [skirmish] Rocky Mounta<strong>in</strong>, also “Patriots vs. Col. Archibald McDugald” (Chatham County, N.C.)<br />
And see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/l<strong>in</strong>dleysmill.htm<br />
14 September. On September 30 th , Gould, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>in</strong> Charlestown, wrote to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: “On <strong>the</strong> 14 th <strong>in</strong>stant [<strong>of</strong><br />
September] I received <strong>in</strong>telligence that General Greene had taken post at Mart<strong>in</strong>’s Tavern, twelve miles distant<br />
from our camp, <strong>and</strong> had secured with his light troops <strong>the</strong> difficult pass at Ferguson’s Swamp, four miles <strong>in</strong> his<br />
front, from whence he had <strong>in</strong> person reconnoitered our position. I moved forward on <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 16 th ,<br />
with design to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy to action or force <strong>the</strong>m to cross <strong>the</strong> Santee. Upon <strong>the</strong> first <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>of</strong> our<br />
movement, Greene quitted his position <strong>and</strong> retired hastily to <strong>the</strong> Santee, where, divid<strong>in</strong>g his force <strong>in</strong>to three<br />
parts, he passed <strong>the</strong> whole at different ferries nearly at one tome, destroy<strong>in</strong>g or carefully conceal<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong><br />
opposite side all his boats to impede our pursuit. Hav<strong>in</strong>g crossed <strong>the</strong> reviver, General Greene moved to <strong>the</strong> high<br />
hills <strong>of</strong> Santee <strong>and</strong> took post on very strong ground at S<strong>in</strong>gleton’s Mills, which he occupied before <strong>the</strong> action [at<br />
Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs.] As I found it impracticable to get up with <strong>the</strong> enemy before <strong>the</strong>y had crossed <strong>the</strong> river; <strong>and</strong> as it<br />
was not possible to pass <strong>the</strong> army over for <strong>the</strong> want <strong>of</strong> boats, I took <strong>the</strong> resolution <strong>of</strong> fall<strong>in</strong>g down <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Santee toward Murry’s Ferry, where alone I could subsist my army without draw<strong>in</strong>g upon <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s stores at<br />
Charlestown, <strong>the</strong> upper country be<strong>in</strong>g totally exhausted.” Gould goes on to remark that <strong>the</strong> threat <strong>of</strong> a possible<br />
French attack <strong>of</strong> Charlestown by sea dem<strong>and</strong>ed that he be at not too great a distance from Charlestown.” 3694<br />
3693 FNA pp. 32-35<br />
3694 CAR p. 579.<br />
621
14 September. From “<strong>the</strong> journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> operations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French corps under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Count de<br />
Rochambeau: “On <strong>the</strong> 14 th <strong>of</strong> September, General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, myself, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chevalier de Chastellux, arrived<br />
at Williamsburgh, where we found <strong>the</strong> Marquis de la Fayette, <strong>in</strong> conjunction with <strong>the</strong> Count de St. Simon, who<br />
had taken an excellent position, wait<strong>in</strong>g for us. After all <strong>the</strong> most <strong>in</strong>quiet<strong>in</strong>g [sic] news we had received on <strong>the</strong><br />
route, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy’s fleet, <strong>the</strong> departure <strong>of</strong> that <strong>of</strong> Count de Grasse, <strong>of</strong> an engagement on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 5 th <strong>of</strong> September, <strong>the</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong> two English frigates <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> bay, we at length received, on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 14 th , by a letter from Count de Grasse, a circumstantial account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g facts: Admiral [Samuel]<br />
Hood had jo<strong>in</strong>ed, on <strong>the</strong> 28 th <strong>of</strong> August, Admiral Graves’ squadron before New York; <strong>the</strong>y both sailed <strong>the</strong> 31 st to<br />
Chesapeak[e] bay, at <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>stant our movement by l<strong>and</strong> towards Philadelphia had been discovered. The English<br />
squadron, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> twenty ships, arrived <strong>the</strong> 5 th at Cape Charles, <strong>in</strong>tend<strong>in</strong>g to get <strong>the</strong> start <strong>of</strong> Count de<br />
Grasse; <strong>the</strong> latter, hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>n fifteen hundred men <strong>in</strong> his chaloups [shallops or sloop], which had debarked <strong>the</strong><br />
troops <strong>of</strong> Count de St. Simon, <strong>and</strong> were not returned, without hesitation cut his cables, <strong>and</strong> went to engage <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy with twenty-four ships, leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rest to blockade Lord Cornwallis <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rivers <strong>of</strong> York <strong>and</strong> James: The<br />
Count de Grasse hav<strong>in</strong>g pursued some time, returned on <strong>the</strong> 11 th <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> bay, where he found <strong>the</strong> squadron <strong>of</strong><br />
Count de Barras, which sailed <strong>the</strong> 25 th <strong>of</strong> August from Newport, with ten transports, hav<strong>in</strong>g on board our siege<br />
artillery, <strong>and</strong> entered <strong>the</strong> bay on <strong>the</strong> 10 th <strong>of</strong> September <strong>in</strong> good condition. The two English frigates, be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
between <strong>the</strong> two squadrons, were taken. Immediately <strong>the</strong> ten transports <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Count de Barras, <strong>the</strong> frigates,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> prizes <strong>of</strong> Count de Grasse, were detached to carry our troops to Annapolis, under <strong>the</strong> orders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sieur<br />
de Willebrune, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Romulus, who, with <strong>the</strong> Baron Viomenil, used such expedition, that <strong>the</strong>y<br />
arrived on <strong>the</strong> 25 th . <strong>in</strong> Williamsburgh creek, where <strong>the</strong>y disembarked <strong>the</strong> army on <strong>the</strong> 26 th <strong>and</strong> 27 th . On <strong>the</strong> 28 th<br />
<strong>the</strong> allied army marched from Williamsburgh at break <strong>of</strong> day for York town, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> French corps <strong>of</strong> seven<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> men began <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestment from <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> York river to <strong>the</strong> morass near Colonel [Brig. Gen. Thomas]<br />
Nelson’s house, tak<strong>in</strong>g advantage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods, creeks, &c., <strong>in</strong> such a manner, as to block up <strong>the</strong> enemy with<strong>in</strong><br />
pistol shot <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir works; <strong>the</strong> three French brigades marked out <strong>the</strong> ground, <strong>and</strong> encamped securely from <strong>the</strong><br />
enemy’s cannon. The Baron de Viomenil <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> grenadiers <strong>and</strong> chasseurs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army as <strong>the</strong> van guard.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> 29 th <strong>the</strong> American army passed <strong>the</strong> morass, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestment <strong>of</strong> York town became <strong>com</strong>plete, <strong>and</strong> was<br />
quite blocked up. The <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> Lauzun be<strong>in</strong>g debarked on <strong>the</strong> 23d, marched under <strong>the</strong> Duke de Lauzun to<br />
rejo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir cavalry, which had marched by l<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>to Gloucester county, under Brigadier-general de Wieden, who<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>re a body <strong>of</strong> twelve hundred American militia. The whole legion was jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>re on <strong>the</strong> 28 th ,<br />
<strong>the</strong> day <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestment <strong>of</strong> York town. On <strong>the</strong> night between <strong>the</strong> 29 th <strong>and</strong> 30 th , <strong>the</strong> enemy, fear<strong>in</strong>g to be<br />
<strong>in</strong>sulted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> conf<strong>in</strong>ed position which <strong>the</strong>y had fortified, ab<strong>and</strong>oned all <strong>the</strong>ir posts.<br />
“We employed <strong>the</strong> 30 th <strong>in</strong> lodg<strong>in</strong>g ourselves <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ab<strong>and</strong>oned works, which enabled us to block up <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong><br />
a circle <strong>of</strong> very little extent, <strong>and</strong> gave us great advantage. On <strong>the</strong> 3d <strong>of</strong> October <strong>the</strong> Sieur de Choisy marched to<br />
block up Gloucester, <strong>and</strong> take a position at three miles distance from that place.” 3695<br />
Ewald: [Entry for 15 September.] “Yesterday [<strong>the</strong> 14 th ] <strong>the</strong> Allied army was moved <strong>in</strong> transports from head <strong>of</strong> Elk<br />
<strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> James River. The [debark<strong>in</strong>g] army has jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> troops under Lafayette at Williamsburg where<br />
General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton has assumed <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> over <strong>the</strong> entire army.” 3696<br />
Mid September. [skirmish] Lev<strong>in</strong>gstone’s Bridge <strong>and</strong> Brown Marsh (Bladen County, N.C.) Follow<strong>in</strong>g L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mill<br />
on <strong>the</strong> 12 th , Butler <strong>and</strong> Mebane cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong>ir chase after Fann<strong>in</strong>g, but were checked outside Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton at<br />
Lev<strong>in</strong>gstone’s Bridge by Fann<strong>in</strong>g re<strong>in</strong>forced with Craig’s British regulars. Afterward, Butler fell back up river to<br />
Brown Marsh, where <strong>the</strong> Americans put up ano<strong>the</strong>r st<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> ow<strong>in</strong>g once aga<strong>in</strong> to <strong>the</strong> heroic efforts <strong>of</strong> Col.<br />
Robert Mebane (<strong>and</strong> after some especially heated fight<strong>in</strong>g), <strong>the</strong>y f<strong>in</strong>ally repulsed Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pelled him to<br />
retire to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. ONB3 pp. 368-370, DRO pp. 218-219, DLM pp. 42-47, DLB pp. 41-47, <strong>and</strong> see<br />
http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/brownmarsh.htm<br />
15 September. Colonel St. George Tucker, at Williamsburg, wrote his wife on this date: “I wrote you yesterday<br />
that General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton had not yet arrived. About four o’clock <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> afternoon his approach was announced.<br />
He had passed our camp which is now <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole army before we had time to parade <strong>the</strong> militia.<br />
The French l<strong>in</strong>e had just time to form. The Cont<strong>in</strong>entals had more leisure. He approached without any pomp or<br />
parade, attended only by a few horsemen <strong>and</strong> his own servants. The Count de Rochambeau <strong>and</strong> Gen. [Edward]<br />
H<strong>and</strong>, with one or two more <strong>of</strong>ficers, were with him. I met him as I was endeavor<strong>in</strong>g to get to camp from town<br />
<strong>in</strong> order to parade <strong>the</strong> brigade; but he had already passed it. To my great surprise he recognized my features<br />
<strong>and</strong> spoke to me immediately by name. Gen. Nelson, <strong>the</strong> Marquis [de Lafayette], etc., rode up immediately<br />
after. Never was more joy pa<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> any countenances than <strong>the</strong>irs. The Marquis rode up with precipitation,<br />
clasped <strong>the</strong> General <strong>in</strong> his arms <strong>and</strong> embraced him with an ardor not easily described.<br />
“The whole army <strong>and</strong> all <strong>the</strong> town were presently <strong>in</strong> motion. The General at <strong>the</strong> request <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Marquis de St.<br />
Simon rode through <strong>the</strong> French l<strong>in</strong>es. The troops were paraded for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>and</strong> cut a most splendid figure.<br />
He <strong>the</strong>n visited <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental l<strong>in</strong>e. As he entered <strong>the</strong> camp <strong>the</strong> cannon from <strong>the</strong> park <strong>of</strong> artillery <strong>and</strong> from<br />
every brigade announced <strong>the</strong> happy event. His tra<strong>in</strong> by this time was much <strong>in</strong>creased; <strong>and</strong> men, women <strong>and</strong><br />
children seemed to vie with each o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> demonstrations <strong>of</strong> joy <strong>and</strong> eagerness to see <strong>the</strong>ir beloved countryman.<br />
His quarters are at Mr. [George] Wy<strong>the</strong>’s house. Aunt Betty has <strong>the</strong> honor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Count de Rochambeau to lodge<br />
at her house.<br />
“We are all alive <strong>and</strong> so sangu<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> our hopes that noth<strong>in</strong>g can be conceived more different than <strong>the</strong><br />
countenances <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same men at this time <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> first <strong>of</strong> June.<br />
3695 TCS pp. 442-444, MLW4A pp. 477-478.<br />
3696 EHJ p. 327.<br />
622
“The troops which were to attend <strong>the</strong> General are <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g down <strong>the</strong> bay; a part if not all be<strong>in</strong>g already<br />
embarked at <strong>the</strong> Head <strong>of</strong> Elk.” 3697<br />
16 September. It was expressed to Cornwallis by his staff <strong>of</strong>ficers on this date <strong>the</strong>ir considered estimation that<br />
<strong>the</strong> present British forces at Yorktown <strong>and</strong> Gloucester could hold out for three weeks aga<strong>in</strong>st an army number<strong>in</strong>g<br />
20,000 men <strong>and</strong> artillery. 3698<br />
The follow<strong>in</strong>g two letters from Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Cornwallis, <strong>and</strong> written on September 2 nd <strong>and</strong> 6 th , were received by <strong>the</strong><br />
Earl on <strong>the</strong> 16 th .<br />
September 2 nd : “By <strong>in</strong>telligence which I have this day received, it would seem that Mr. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton is mov<strong>in</strong>g an<br />
army to <strong>the</strong> southward, with an appearance <strong>of</strong> haste, <strong>and</strong> gives out that he expects <strong>the</strong> co-operation <strong>of</strong> a<br />
considerable French armament: Your lordship, however, may be assured, that if this should be <strong>the</strong> case, I shall<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r endeavour to re<strong>in</strong>force <strong>the</strong> army under your <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> by all <strong>the</strong> means with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pass <strong>of</strong> my power,<br />
or make every possible diversion <strong>in</strong> your favour.<br />
“Capta<strong>in</strong> Stanhope, <strong>of</strong> His Majesty’s ship <strong>the</strong> Pegasus, who has just arrived from <strong>the</strong> West Indies, says, that on<br />
Friday last, <strong>in</strong> lat. 38 deg. about sixty leagues from <strong>the</strong> coast, he was chased by eight ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, which he<br />
took to be French, <strong>and</strong> that one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> victuallers he had under his convoy had counted upwards <strong>of</strong> forty sail<br />
more: However, as Rear-admiral Graves, after be<strong>in</strong>g jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Sir Samuel Hood with fourteen coppered ships <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, sailed from hence on <strong>the</strong> 31 st ult. with a fleet <strong>of</strong> n<strong>in</strong>eteen sail, besides some fifty-gun ships, I flatter<br />
myself you will have little to apprehend from that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French.<br />
“P. S. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, it is said, was to be at Trenton this day, <strong>and</strong> means to go <strong>in</strong> vessels to Christian creek; from<br />
<strong>the</strong>nce, by head <strong>of</strong> Elk, down Chesapeak[e], <strong>in</strong> vessels also. If that navigation is not <strong>in</strong>terrupted, he should go by<br />
l<strong>and</strong> from Baltimore. Your lordship can best judge what time it will require. I should suppose, at least, three<br />
weeks from Trenton. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton has about four thous<strong>and</strong> French <strong>and</strong> two thous<strong>and</strong> rebel troops with him.”<br />
September 16 th : “As I f<strong>in</strong>d by your letters that De Grasse has got <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak, <strong>and</strong> I can have no doubt<br />
that Wash<strong>in</strong>gton is mov<strong>in</strong>g with at least six thous<strong>and</strong> French <strong>and</strong> rebel troops aga<strong>in</strong>st you, I th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>the</strong> best way to<br />
relieve you is to jo<strong>in</strong> you, as soon as possible, with all <strong>the</strong> force that can be spared from hence, which is about<br />
four thous<strong>and</strong> men. They are already embarked, <strong>and</strong> will proceed <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>stant I receive <strong>in</strong>formation from <strong>the</strong><br />
admiral that we may venture, or that from o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>telligence <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>modore <strong>and</strong> I shall judge sufficient to<br />
move upon.<br />
“By accounts from Europe, we have every reason to expect Admiral Digby hourly on <strong>the</strong> coast.<br />
“Commodore Johnstone has beat a superior French fleet at St. Jago, <strong>and</strong> proceeded <strong>the</strong> day after for <strong>the</strong> place<br />
<strong>of</strong> his dest<strong>in</strong>ation.<br />
“I beg your lordship will let me know, as soon as possible, your ideas how <strong>the</strong> troops embarked for <strong>the</strong><br />
Chesapeak may be best employed for your relief, accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> circumstance when you receive this<br />
letter. I shall not, however, wait to receive your answer, should I hear <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mean time that <strong>the</strong> passage is<br />
open.” 3699<br />
On <strong>the</strong> 16 th , Cornwallis replied [written <strong>in</strong> cipher]: “I have received your letters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2d <strong>and</strong> 6 th . The enemy’s<br />
fleet has returned. Two l<strong>in</strong>e-<strong>of</strong>-battle ships <strong>and</strong> one frigate lie at <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> this river, <strong>and</strong> three or four l<strong>in</strong>e<strong>of</strong>-battle<br />
ships, several frigates <strong>and</strong> transports, went up <strong>the</strong> bay <strong>the</strong> 12 th <strong>and</strong> 14 th . I hear Wash<strong>in</strong>gton arrived at<br />
Williamsburgh on <strong>the</strong> 14 th . Some <strong>of</strong> his troops embarked at head <strong>of</strong> Elk, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs arrived at Baltimore on<br />
<strong>the</strong> 12 th .<br />
“If I had no hopes <strong>of</strong> relief, I would ra<strong>the</strong>r risk an action than defend my half-f<strong>in</strong>ished works; but as you say<br />
Digby is hourly expected, <strong>and</strong> promise every exertion to assist me, I do not th<strong>in</strong>k myself justified <strong>in</strong> putt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
fate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war on so desperate an attempt. By exam<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> transports with care, <strong>and</strong> turn<strong>in</strong>g out useless<br />
mouths, my provisions will last at least six weeks from this day, if we can preserve <strong>the</strong>m from accidents. The<br />
cavalry must, I fear, be all lost. I am <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion that you can do me no effectual service but by <strong>com</strong><strong>in</strong>g directly<br />
to this place.<br />
“Lieutenant Conway, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cormorant, is just exchanged. He assures me, that, s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> Rhode-isl<strong>and</strong> squadron<br />
has jo<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>the</strong>y have thirty-six sail <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e. This place is <strong>in</strong> no state <strong>of</strong> defence. If you cannot relieve me<br />
very soon, you must be prepared to hear <strong>the</strong> worst.” 3700<br />
In a postscript dated <strong>the</strong> 17 th , Cornwallis wrote fur<strong>the</strong>r: “I am <strong>in</strong>formed that s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong> squadron had<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>the</strong>y have thirty-six sail <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e. This place is <strong>in</strong> no state <strong>of</strong> defence. If you cannot relieve me very<br />
soon, you must be prepared to hear <strong>the</strong> worst.” 3701<br />
17 September. Lieut. Col. Samuel Hammond (who had served <strong>in</strong> Henderson’s cavalry at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs) was<br />
appo<strong>in</strong>ted to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment <strong>of</strong> S.C. state troop cavalry by Gov. John Rutledge, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>structed to<br />
raise <strong>and</strong> equip it immediately, like Maham’s <strong>and</strong> Horry’s, with members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> corps serv<strong>in</strong>g for three years or<br />
till <strong>the</strong> war’s term<strong>in</strong>ation -- which ever came first. Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men who had been with Hammond early on<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed his new <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> unit served with Greene’s army till war’s f<strong>in</strong>ish. 3702<br />
3697 CSS p. 1224.<br />
3698 SCV1 p. 31, CAR pp. 337-340, SCP6 pp. 32-33.<br />
3699 TCS pp. 416-417.<br />
3700 TCS pp. 419-420, SCP6 p. 34.<br />
3701 RCC p. 119.<br />
3702 JTR p. 515.<br />
623
18 September. Greene’s army, much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m still sick from fever <strong>and</strong> heat exhaustion, had, by “easy marches,”<br />
returned by this date to its High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee encampment (see 16 July footnote.) 3703<br />
18 September. On <strong>and</strong> about this date, <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> French <strong>and</strong> American Armies under Rochambeau <strong>and</strong><br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, were transported (aboard frigates sent <strong>the</strong>m by de Grasse) down <strong>the</strong> Bay from Baltimore <strong>and</strong><br />
Annapolis to l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>gs on <strong>the</strong> James River south <strong>of</strong> Williamsburg. While this was tak<strong>in</strong>g place, Rochambeau,<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir chief <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Chastellux, Duportail <strong>and</strong> Knox, met with de Grasse aboard<br />
his flagship <strong>the</strong> Ville de Paris. Lafayette, however, was not present. 3704<br />
18 September. The British brigant<strong>in</strong>e Dunmore, Capt. Caldeleugh, with 12 guns sailed from Sunbury, Georgia for<br />
Jamaica. After cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> bar, she was assailed by two American galleys, one under Capt. Braddock. A four<br />
hour <strong>com</strong>bat ensued after which <strong>the</strong> brigant<strong>in</strong>e escaped; though she was forced <strong>in</strong>to Savannah to seek repairs.<br />
Braddock attempted capture aga<strong>in</strong> when she later left, but also aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dunmore evaded him. 3705<br />
23 September. [skirmish] Liv<strong>in</strong>gston’s Creek, also Hammond’s Creek bridge, “Patriot militia vs. Col. McDugal[d]”<br />
(Bladen County, N.C.) ONB3 p. 367 <strong>and</strong> DRO p. 217.<br />
And see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/hammondscrbr.htm <strong>and</strong> http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/hammondscrbr.htm<br />
25-26 September. Rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g American <strong>and</strong> French re<strong>in</strong>forcements arrived at Williamsburg from Annapolis; with<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s <strong>and</strong> Rochambeau’s <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed forces <strong>the</strong>n total<strong>in</strong>g 16,000-18,000 regulars troops, plus an fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
4,000-5,000 militia. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton on <strong>the</strong> 25 th , <strong>and</strong> send<strong>in</strong>g Lafayette as <strong>in</strong>termediary, earnestly entreated de<br />
Grasse to rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake <strong>and</strong> not depart <strong>in</strong> October as earlier scheduled; which request, happily for<br />
<strong>the</strong> allies, de Grasse acceded to. 3706<br />
Tarleton: “Every day advanced <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British works, <strong>and</strong> forwarded <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans<br />
<strong>and</strong> French. Before General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Count Rochambeau, with a small tra<strong>in</strong>, arrived at Williamsburgh,<br />
<strong>the</strong> defences <strong>of</strong> Gloucester were nearly <strong>com</strong>pleted. At York, <strong>the</strong> labour <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry made a considerable<br />
progress, both <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fortifications <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> form<strong>in</strong>g field works for an outward position. The parts <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> country ly<strong>in</strong>g between York <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> American outpost, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>nce to Po<strong>in</strong>t Comfort, were foraged by <strong>the</strong><br />
cavalry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legion. The pickets <strong>of</strong> militia at <strong>the</strong> mill dam, on <strong>the</strong> Hampton road [Hampton Roads] to<br />
Williamsburgh, were <strong>of</strong>ten <strong>in</strong>sulted <strong>and</strong> drove <strong>in</strong> by <strong>the</strong> British dragoons, that Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton might<br />
confer with a spy, who resided beyond <strong>the</strong>m. By this means, <strong>and</strong> by send<strong>in</strong>g boats <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night up York river,<br />
constant <strong>in</strong>telligence was obta<strong>in</strong>ed. On <strong>the</strong> 26 th , Earl Cornwallis was <strong>in</strong>formed that a large body <strong>of</strong> troops had<br />
arrived <strong>in</strong> James river from <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> Elk <strong>and</strong> Baltimore, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> forces <strong>of</strong> France <strong>and</strong> America were<br />
assembl<strong>in</strong>g at Williamsburgh.<br />
“At this period, <strong>the</strong> labour which had been bestowed on <strong>the</strong> outward position at York town, had improved its<br />
natural advantages, <strong>and</strong> rendered it <strong>in</strong> every respect convenient for <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s troops. The right rested on <strong>the</strong><br />
swamp which covered <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town: A large redoubt was constructed beyond it, close to <strong>the</strong> river road<br />
from Williamsburgh, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pleted with fraiz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> abbatis. The Charon, Guadaloupe, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r armed<br />
vessels, were moored opposite to <strong>the</strong> swamp; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> town batteries <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed all <strong>the</strong> roads <strong>and</strong> causeways<br />
which approached it. On <strong>the</strong> right, at <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> morass, two redoubts were placed, one on each side <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> Williamsburgh road. The center was protected by a th<strong>in</strong> wood, whose front was cut down, with <strong>the</strong><br />
branches fac<strong>in</strong>g outwards. A field work, mounted with cannon, was erected on <strong>the</strong> left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> center, to<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hampton road. A deep rav<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> a creek, which <strong>in</strong>creased till it reached York river, covered <strong>the</strong><br />
left. Trees were felled, fleches were thrown up, <strong>and</strong> batteries were constructed, at <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>ts which were<br />
deemed most vulnerable. The distance between <strong>the</strong> heads <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> swamp <strong>and</strong> creek, which embraced <strong>the</strong> flanks<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town, did not exceed half a mile. The face <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>in</strong> front <strong>of</strong> this l<strong>in</strong>e, was cut near <strong>the</strong> center by<br />
a morass, <strong>and</strong>, except<strong>in</strong>g this break, <strong>the</strong> ground was pla<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> open for near two thous<strong>and</strong> yards. An excellent<br />
field artillery was placed to <strong>the</strong> greatest advantage by Capta<strong>in</strong> Rochefort, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> that<br />
department.” 3707<br />
26 September. Brig. Gen. Jethro Sumner, hav<strong>in</strong>g be<strong>com</strong>e ill, went back to North Carol<strong>in</strong>a to recuperate. There<br />
he assisted <strong>in</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> supplies at Charlotte; with Lieut. Col. John Ashe be<strong>in</strong>g left <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a Brigade. 3708<br />
27 September. In a proclamation <strong>of</strong> this date, Governor Rutledge Offers <strong>of</strong>fered pardon those who had taken<br />
protection under <strong>the</strong> British, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g those who have borne arms, say<strong>in</strong>g that s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> British failed to protect<br />
<strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir property <strong>the</strong>y were not bound to <strong>the</strong> oaths <strong>of</strong> loyalty <strong>the</strong>y took. In order to qualify for <strong>the</strong><br />
pardon, however, adult males were to surrender <strong>the</strong>mselves to a Brigadier <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State <strong>and</strong> serve for six months<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> militia. Those who would not swear allegiance to <strong>the</strong> United States were expected to withdraw <strong>in</strong>to<br />
British l<strong>in</strong>es. There were, never<strong>the</strong>less, exceptions to those who could receive pardon: “…I do except from <strong>the</strong><br />
pardon hereby <strong>of</strong>fered <strong>and</strong> from every benefit <strong>of</strong> this proclamation, all such persons, as hav<strong>in</strong>g gone over to or<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> enemy, were called upon by me <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> by two several proclamations, to surrender <strong>the</strong>mselves to a<br />
3703 LMS p. 477.<br />
3704 JYC p. 101.<br />
3705 JHG p. 500.<br />
3706 AR81 pp. 129-130, CSS pp. 1225-1226, TCS pp. 371-372, GHA p. 187, MLW4A pp. 479-481, CBA p. 635, JYC p. 102.<br />
3707 TCS pp. 371-372.<br />
3708 RNC p. 365.<br />
624
magistrate with<strong>in</strong> forty days after <strong>the</strong> respective dates <strong>of</strong> those proclamations, <strong>in</strong> pursuance <strong>of</strong> an Ord<strong>in</strong>ance,<br />
entitled an Ord<strong>in</strong>ance to prevent persons withdraw<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> this State to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>the</strong>re<strong>of</strong>:<br />
All such as were sent <strong>of</strong>f or obliged to quit <strong>the</strong> State for refus<strong>in</strong>g to take <strong>the</strong> oath required <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m by law, who<br />
have returned to this country: All those who subscribed a congratulatory address, bear<strong>in</strong>g date on or about <strong>the</strong><br />
5 th day <strong>of</strong> June, 1780, to Gen. Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>and</strong> Vice Admiral Arbuthnot, or ano<strong>the</strong>r address bear<strong>in</strong>g date on<br />
or about <strong>the</strong> 19 th day <strong>of</strong> September, 1780, to Lieut. Gen. Earl Cornwallis: All such as hold or have held any<br />
<strong>com</strong>mission civil or military under <strong>the</strong> British government, <strong>and</strong> are now with <strong>the</strong> enemy, <strong>and</strong> all those whose<br />
conduct has been so <strong>in</strong>famous, as that <strong>the</strong>y cannot (consistently with justice or policy) be admitted to partake <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> privileges <strong>of</strong> America; notwithst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g which last mentioned exception, such persons if <strong>the</strong>y be deemed by<br />
me, or <strong>the</strong> Governor <strong>and</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong>er-<strong>in</strong>-Chief, (for <strong>the</strong> time be<strong>in</strong>g) <strong>in</strong>admissible to <strong>the</strong> rights <strong>and</strong> privileges <strong>of</strong><br />
subjects, will not be deta<strong>in</strong>ed as prisoners, but shall have full <strong>and</strong> free liberty <strong>and</strong> a pass or permit to return: At<br />
a juncture when <strong>the</strong> force <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>in</strong> this State, though lately considerable is nearly reduced, by <strong>the</strong> many<br />
defeats which <strong>the</strong>y have suffered, <strong>and</strong> particularly <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> late important action at Eutaw, when <strong>the</strong>y are<br />
dispossessed <strong>of</strong> every post except Charles Town garrison: When <strong>the</strong> formidable fleet <strong>of</strong> his most Christian<br />
Majesty <strong>in</strong> Chesapeake Bay, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed armies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> France <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States under <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> his Excellency Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>in</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, afford a well grounded hope that by <strong>the</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>t efforts <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se armies, this campaign will be happily term<strong>in</strong>ated <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> British power <strong>in</strong> every part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> confederated<br />
States soon totally annihilated…” 3709<br />
28 September. The Allied defenses at Gloucester Po<strong>in</strong>t, which had been earlier manned by 1,500 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia<br />
under Weedon, (which <strong>in</strong>cluded a small but effective corps <strong>of</strong> militia “grenadiers” under Lieut. Col. John<br />
Mercer), were augmented with French troops under Brig. Gen. Marquis de Choisy, <strong>and</strong> who assumed <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> post from Weedon. Choisy’s re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>in</strong>cluded Lauzun’s Legion (300 <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 300 cavalry). An<br />
additional 800 Mar<strong>in</strong>es from <strong>the</strong> French fleet were l<strong>and</strong>ed on October 1 st . 3710<br />
28 September. [siege] YORKTOWN (York County, VA.) Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Rochambeau’s armies converged with<strong>in</strong><br />
two miles on <strong>the</strong> British position at Yorktown; with de Grasse hav<strong>in</strong>g assented (despite earlier arrangements) to<br />
rema<strong>in</strong> on station <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake till November 1. In round totals, <strong>the</strong> Franco-American force numbered<br />
18,000-22,000; while <strong>the</strong> British had 7,500, not count<strong>in</strong>g some 800 Mar<strong>in</strong>es each on both sides. 3711 Jerome A.<br />
Greene, for his part, arrives at <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g more specific numbers with respect to <strong>the</strong> Allies: 8,280<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals, 5,535 militia, 8,600 French for a gr<strong>and</strong> total nom<strong>in</strong>al strength <strong>of</strong> 22,415. He <strong>the</strong>n adds “Estimat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
about 1,500 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American force <strong>and</strong> about 600 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French absent because <strong>of</strong> sickness, <strong>the</strong> aggregate<br />
effective strength under General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton at Williamsburg was approximately 20,300.” 3712<br />
AMERICAN FORCES PRESENT BEFORE YORKTOWN 3713<br />
Key: rank <strong>and</strong> file/total effectives<br />
CONTINENTALS<br />
General George Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, Comm<strong>and</strong>er-<strong>in</strong>-Chief 3714<br />
Brig. Gen. Louis Le Begne de Presle Duportail, Chief Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<br />
Lafayette‘s Division, Maj. Gen. Gibert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette<br />
* First Brigade, Brevet Brig. Gen. Peter Muhlenberg, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
1 st Light Infantry Bttn., (eight Mass. <strong>com</strong>panies): 247/309, Col. Joseph Vose, Mass.<br />
2 nd Light Infantry Bttn., (five Conn. <strong>com</strong>panies, two Mass. <strong>com</strong>panies, one R.I. co.).: 241/300, Lieut. Col. John<br />
Joseph Gimat<br />
3 rd Light Infantry Bttn., (five N.H. <strong>com</strong>panies, one from N.J., “etc.”): 300/357, Lieut. Col. Francis Barber, New<br />
Jersey 3715<br />
* Second Brigade, Brevet Brig. Gen. Moses Hazen, Canada<br />
1 st Light Infantry Bttn. (four Mass. <strong>com</strong>panies, one from Conn.): .200/, Lieut. Col. Ebenezer Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton, Conn.<br />
3709 GDH2 pp. 175-178, RSC2 pp. 332-333, LMS pp. 540-544.<br />
3710 MLW4A pp. 481-483, LMS pp. 496-499, JYC p. 128.<br />
3711 CSS pp. 1227-1228, TCS pp. 372-373, SAW2 p. 408, LFB2 pp. 309-310, CBA pp. 635, 636, JYC p. 111-116.<br />
3712 GYT pp. 111-115.<br />
3713 Information below taken from “Return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Troops under <strong>the</strong> Immediate Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> His<br />
Excellency General Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, September 26, 1781, <strong>Record</strong> Group 93, National Archives.” This document was made out just<br />
before Wash<strong>in</strong>gton marched from Williamsburg <strong>and</strong> laid siege at Yorktown. Numbers given here represent: rank <strong>and</strong> file/full<br />
total. “Full total” <strong>in</strong>cludes <strong>of</strong>ficers, non-<strong>com</strong>missioned <strong>of</strong>ficers, <strong>and</strong> supernumeraries -- though not those unfit for duty or<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise away. The manuscript notes that 34 men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2d New York regiment, about 50 men from New Jersey, <strong>and</strong> nearly<br />
two <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> detachments had not yet arrived <strong>and</strong> were omitted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> return. It also mentions that 22 men from <strong>the</strong><br />
New York l<strong>in</strong>e on extra service <strong>and</strong> 30 men with <strong>the</strong> French army are omitted as well, mak<strong>in</strong>g about 216 men omitted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
totals. F<strong>in</strong>ally, Johnston pages 112-116, was also used to construct this roster.<br />
3714 L<strong>in</strong>coln acted as second <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>.<br />
3715 At somewhat variance with Johnston, Yorktown National Historic Park gives as <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>position <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental light<br />
battalions <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
First Battalion: (1 Connecticut <strong>and</strong> 4 Massachusetts Companies): Lieutenant Colonel Ebenezer Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
Second Battalion: (2 New York <strong>and</strong> 5 Connecticut Companies): Lieutenant Colonel Alex<strong>and</strong>er Hamilton<br />
Third Battalion: (1 Massachusetts, 1 Connecticut <strong>and</strong> 4 New Hampshire Companies): Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens; plus <strong>the</strong><br />
Second Canadian Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Edward Antill<br />
625
2 nd Light Infantry Bttn. (two N.Y. <strong>com</strong>panies, two from Conn.): 205/247, Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Hamilton, New<br />
York<br />
3 rd Light Infantry Bttn. (four N.H. <strong>com</strong>panies, one from Mass., one from Conn.): 200/?, Lieut. Col. John Laurens,<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
2 nd Canadian Regt.: 204/267, Lieut. Col. Edward Antill (Hazen)<br />
The return separately <strong>in</strong>cludes with Hazen:<br />
Scammell’s Light Infantry Bttn. (Mass.), 328/378, Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Scammell, Mass. 3716<br />
Included as part <strong>of</strong> Lafayette’s van guard along with Arm<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 4 th Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons<br />
Pennsylvania Volunteer Riflemen, Major William Parr<br />
NOTE regard<strong>in</strong>g light <strong>in</strong>fantry battalions or, as referred to <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Return, light <strong>in</strong>fantry “detachments”: “Light<br />
Infantry <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>com</strong>panies had been detached from <strong>the</strong> New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts,<br />
Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> New Hampshire Cont<strong>in</strong>entals L<strong>in</strong>es to form special temporary light <strong>in</strong>fantry battalions. These<br />
figures are for those temporary battalions. The battalion under Colonel Gimat consisted <strong>of</strong> two light <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
<strong>com</strong>panies from Massachusetts regiments, plus detached light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>com</strong>panies from Connecticut <strong>and</strong> Rhode<br />
Isl<strong>and</strong>. The battalion under Alex<strong>and</strong>er Scammell consisted <strong>of</strong> two New Hampshire <strong>com</strong>panies, three<br />
Massachusetts <strong>com</strong>panies, <strong>and</strong> three Connecticut <strong>com</strong>panies. That under Hamilton consisted <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry<br />
<strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 st <strong>and</strong> 2 nd New York regiments plus two <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> New York levies <strong>and</strong> two additional<br />
detached Connecticut <strong>com</strong>panies. There were also two Delaware <strong>com</strong>panies which Wash<strong>in</strong>gton ordered annexed<br />
to <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Maryl<strong>and</strong> regiment on September 27. They may or may not be <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>se figures.”<br />
L<strong>in</strong>coln‘s Division, Maj. Gen. Benjam<strong>in</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln<br />
* Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s Brigade, Brig. Gen. James Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, New York<br />
1 st New York Regt. 321/391, Col. Goose Von Schaik, New York<br />
2 nd New York Regt.: 344/421, Col. Phillip Van Cortl<strong>and</strong>t, New York<br />
* Dayton’s Brigade, Brig. Gen. Elias Dayton, New Jersey<br />
1 st <strong>and</strong> 2 nd New Jersey Regiments <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed: 130/165, Col. Matthias Ogden, New Jersey<br />
Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong> Regt.: 291/359, Lieut. Col. Comm<strong>and</strong>ant Jeremiah Olney, Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Steuben‘s Division, Major General Baron von Steuben<br />
* Wayne’s Brigade, Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne, Pennsylvania<br />
1 st Pennsylvania Bttn.: 231/286, Col. Walter Stewart<br />
2 nd Pennsylvania Bttn: 254/310, Col. Richard Butler<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Bttn: 302/375, Lieut. Col. Thomas Gask<strong>in</strong>s<br />
* Gist’s Brigade, Brig. Gen. Mordecai Gist, Maryl<strong>and</strong><br />
3 rd Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt.: 344/431, Lieut. Col. Comm<strong>and</strong>ant Peter Adams<br />
4 th Maryl<strong>and</strong> Regt.: 450 3717 [?/?], Major Alex<strong>and</strong>er Roxburg<br />
Delaware Recruits: 60, Capt. William McKennan<br />
Sappers <strong>and</strong> M<strong>in</strong>ers: 50, Capt. James Gillil<strong>and</strong>, N.Y., Capt. David Bushnell, Conn., Capt.-Lieut. David Kirkpatrick<br />
* Artillery Brigade, Maj. Gen. Henry Knox, Mass.<br />
2 nd Regt. <strong>of</strong> Artillery (from N.Y. <strong>and</strong> Conn.): 225, Col. John Lamb<br />
1 st Regt. <strong>of</strong> Artillery, detachment: 25, Lieut. Col. Edward Carr<strong>in</strong>gton, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
4 th Regt. <strong>of</strong> Artillery, detachment: 60, Capt. Patrick Duffy, Capt. William Ferguson, Capt. James Smith<br />
Cavalry<br />
4 th Regiment <strong>of</strong> Dragoons: .60, Col. Stephen Moylan, Pennsylvania<br />
Arm<strong>and</strong>’s Legion (cavalry only): 40, Colonel Charles Arm<strong>and</strong><br />
VIRGINIA MILITIA<br />
General Thomas Nelson, Governor <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
* Weedon’s Brigade: 1,500, Brig. Gen. George Weedon<br />
* Lawson’s Brigade: 750, Brig. Gen. Robert Lawson<br />
* Steven’s Brigade: 750, Brig. Gen. Edward Stevens<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia State Regiment 3718 : 182/200, Lieut. Col. Charles Dabney<br />
Lewis’ Rifle Corps, Colonel William I. Lewis<br />
TOTAL for Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Army: 4,045/4,955<br />
Gr<strong>and</strong> Total, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Rank <strong>and</strong> File Sick, or on Furlough, etc.: 6,087 3719<br />
3716 Upon Scammell’s be<strong>in</strong>g mortally wounded on September 30 th , his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> was divided <strong>in</strong>to two light <strong>in</strong>fantry battalions,<br />
one under Laurens; <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton. Thanks to researcher Charlie Frye, <strong>and</strong> also <strong>the</strong> Yorktown National Historic Park for<br />
this clarification.<br />
3717 Johnston has this unit’s strength as 450<br />
3718 Made up <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> remnants <strong>of</strong> various Virg<strong>in</strong>ia state regiments.<br />
3719 Totals for Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Infantry, October 1781 [not count<strong>in</strong>g those unfit for duty or o<strong>the</strong>rwise away]<br />
626
Jerome A. Greene: 8,200 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals <strong>and</strong> 5,535 militia m<strong>in</strong>us 1,500 absent due to sickness, etc. for a nom<strong>in</strong>al<br />
<strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed total <strong>of</strong> 12,235. 3720<br />
AMERICAN ORDNANCE: as grouped <strong>in</strong> batteries 3721<br />
3 eighteen-pounders, 3 twenty-four-pounders, 2 howitzers, 2 ten-<strong>in</strong>ch mortars<br />
4 eighteen-pounders<br />
4 ten-<strong>in</strong>ch mortars<br />
2 eight-<strong>in</strong>ch howitzers, 2 eighteen-pounders<br />
2 ten-<strong>in</strong>ch mortars<br />
4 eighteen-pounders<br />
7 eighteen pounders, 3 twenty-four pounders<br />
4 howitzers, 8 ten-<strong>in</strong>ch mortars<br />
10 5.5-<strong>in</strong>ch royal mortars<br />
FRENCH FORCES PRESENT AT YORKTOWN 3722<br />
Lieut. Gen. Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de Rochambeau, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g’s Forces <strong>in</strong><br />
America 3723<br />
Maj. Gen. Claude Anne, Marquis de Sa<strong>in</strong>t- Simon Montblern<br />
Maj. Gen. Francois-Jean de Beauvoir, Chevalier de Chastellux<br />
Brig. Gen. Claude-Gabriel, Duc de Choisy<br />
Colonel Comm<strong>and</strong>ant Des<strong>and</strong>rou<strong>in</strong>s, Chief Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<br />
Numbers are rank <strong>and</strong> file.<br />
* Brigade Borbonnois, Maj. Gen. Anto<strong>in</strong>e-Charles de Houx, Baron de Viomenil<br />
Regt. de Bourbonnois: 900, Col.Anne-Alex<strong>and</strong>er-Marie-Sulpice-Joseph de Montmorency, Marquis de Laval<br />
Regt. de Royal Deux Ponts: 900, Col. Comte Guillaume des Deux-Ponts<br />
* Brigade Soissonais, Maj. Gen. Charles-Joseph-Hyac<strong>in</strong><strong>the</strong> du Houx, Vi<strong>com</strong>te de Viomenil 3724<br />
Regt. de Soissonais: 900, Col. Jean-Baptiste-Louis-Philippe de Felix d’Olieres, Count de Sa<strong>in</strong>t-Maisme<br />
Regt. de Sa<strong>in</strong>tonge: 900, Col. Adam-Philippe, Count de Cust<strong>in</strong>e de Sarreck<br />
* Brigade Agenois, Maj. Gen. Claude-Ann, Marquis de Sa<strong>in</strong>t-Simon Montbleru<br />
Regt. Agenois: 1,000, Col. Anto<strong>in</strong>e-Joseph-Eulalie, Comte de Beaumont d’Autichamp<br />
Regt. Gatenois: 1,000, Col. Juste-Anto<strong>in</strong>e-Henry-Marie-Germa<strong>in</strong>e, Marquis de Rosta<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Regt. Toura<strong>in</strong>e (not brigaded): 1,000, Col. Mestre-de-Camp Henry-Francois Liamont, Viscount de Pondeux<br />
French Artillery, Col. Comm<strong>and</strong>ant d’Abovillle<br />
Auxonne Regt. 600<br />
Metz regt.: 70<br />
Cavalry<br />
Lauzun’s Legion: 300 <strong>in</strong>fantry, 300 cavalry, Brigadier General Arm<strong>and</strong>-Louis de Goutant Biron, Duc de Lauzun<br />
Jerome A. Greene gives <strong>the</strong> French as hav<strong>in</strong>g 8,600 (i.e., 4,000 with Rochambeau plus 3,800 with St. Simon <strong>and</strong><br />
800 de Choisy [<strong>the</strong>se last listed as be<strong>in</strong>g from de Grasse’s fleet]) m<strong>in</strong>us 600 sick, etc. for a round total <strong>of</strong><br />
8,000. 3725<br />
FRENCH ORDNANCE: as grouped <strong>in</strong> batteries<br />
4 twelve-pounders<br />
Muhlenberg’s Brigade: 716/872<br />
Hazen’s Brigade: 633/778<br />
N.J. & R.I. Brigade (Dayton): 592/738<br />
N.Y. Brigade (Cl<strong>in</strong>ton): 623/766<br />
Pa. & Va. Brigade (Wayne): 702/868<br />
Md. Brigade (Gist): 568/687<br />
Officers present on duty: 22<br />
TOTAL <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Infantry: 3,834/4,731<br />
GRAND TOTAL <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Rank <strong>and</strong> File Sick, On Furlough, etc.: 6,993<br />
3720 GYT pp. 111-115.<br />
3721 Most all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se guns were on loan from <strong>the</strong> French. American, French <strong>and</strong> British Ordnance figures are taken from a late<br />
18 th century map-pr<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege at Yorktown, a version <strong>of</strong> which can be found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Stokes collection, N. Y. Public Library.<br />
3722 For an additional list<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> French forces under Rochambeau <strong>and</strong> St. Simon, see GYT p. 107.<br />
3723 Among Rochambeau’s immediate aides was eng<strong>in</strong>eer tra<strong>in</strong>ed, Col. Louis-Alex<strong>and</strong>re Berthier; years later, <strong>of</strong> course,<br />
Napoleon’s own <strong>in</strong>dispensable chief <strong>of</strong> staff.<br />
3724 The Vi<strong>com</strong>te was <strong>the</strong> younger bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> Maj. Gen. Baron de Viomenil.<br />
3725 GYT pp. 111-115.<br />
627
6 mortars<br />
1 n<strong>in</strong>e-<strong>in</strong>ch howitzer<br />
8 eighteen-pounders<br />
8 twenty-four pounders 3726<br />
6 thirteen-<strong>in</strong>ch mortars<br />
8 eighteen-pounders<br />
8 twenty-four pounders 3727<br />
10 thirteen-<strong>in</strong>ch mortars<br />
TOTAL AMERICAN AND FRENCH STRENGTH BEFORE YORKTOWN: approx. 20,300 3728<br />
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
MAJ. GEN. WILLIAM HEATH’S ARMY IN THE EASTERN DEPARTMENT for October 1781 3729<br />
CONTINENTALS<br />
* Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton’s Brigade, Brig. Gen. Jedediah Hunt<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
1 st Conn.: 196/230, Col. John Durkee<br />
5 th Conn.: 238/280, Lieut. Col. Isaac Sherman<br />
3 rd Conn.: 203/240, Col. Samuel Blatchley Webb<br />
* Swift’s Brigade, Col. Herman Swift<br />
2 nd Conn.: 197/243, (Swift)<br />
4 th Conn.: 171/209, Col. Zebulon Butler<br />
* Glover’s Brigade, Brig. Gen. John Glover<br />
1 st Mass.: 199/239 3730<br />
4 th Mass.: 179/225, Col. William Shepard<br />
7 th Mass.: 208/246, Lieut. Col. John Brooks<br />
* Paterson’s Brigade, Brig. Gen. John Paterson<br />
2 nd Mass.: 215/260, Lieut. Col. Ebenezer Sprout<br />
5 th Mass.: 218/269, Col. Rufus Putnam<br />
8 th Mass.: 234/280, Col. Michael Jackson<br />
* Greaton’s Brigade, Col. John Greaton<br />
3 rd Mass.: 185/225, (Greaton)<br />
6 th Mass.: 200/242, Lieut. Col. Calv<strong>in</strong> Smith<br />
9 th Mass.: 198/244, Col. Henry Jackson<br />
TOTAL Cont<strong>in</strong>entals (not <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g artillery <strong>and</strong> cavalry): 2,841/3,556<br />
MILITIA <strong>and</strong> STATE TROOPS: 1,956/2,332<br />
* Brigade <strong>of</strong> Conn. Levies: 876/1,033, Brig. Gen. David Waterbury<br />
Mass. Militia: 313/390, Lieut. Col. Joseph Webb<br />
Mass. <strong>and</strong> Conn. Militia: 767/909, Mass: Lieut. Col. Luke Drury, Lieut. Col. Enoch Putnam<br />
Conn.: Lieut. Col. Samuel Canfield<br />
N.J. Levies: ?/?, Col. Sylvanus Seely<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Artillery<br />
3 rd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Artillery: 280/456, Col. John Crane<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Calvary<br />
2 nd Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Light Dragoons: 101/128, Col. Elisha Sheldon<br />
Invalid Corps: 185/243, Col. Lewis Nicola<br />
TOTAL for Heath’s Army (Infantry, Cavalry, artillery) <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Eastern Department: 9,197/11,446 3731<br />
GRAND TOTAL <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Sick, or on Furlough, etc.: 16,769<br />
3726 Both <strong>the</strong>se 8 eighteen-pounders <strong>and</strong> 8 twenty-four pounders were grouped toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> 3 batteries.<br />
3727 As before, both <strong>the</strong>se 8 eighteen-pounders <strong>and</strong> 8 twenty-four pounders were also toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> 3 batteries.<br />
3728 GYT pp. 111-124.<br />
3729 “Return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Troops <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States <strong>of</strong> North America under <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Honble. Majr. Heath, October 29,<br />
1781, <strong>Record</strong> Group 93, National Archives.” This is <strong>in</strong>cluded to aid <strong>in</strong> provid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> broader strategic picture at this particular<br />
time; see also MLW4A pp. 472-473.<br />
3730 Col. Joseph Vose is named, but this would seem to be <strong>in</strong> error.<br />
3731 Not count<strong>in</strong>g those unfit for duty or o<strong>the</strong>rwise away.<br />
628
Except for <strong>the</strong> New Jersey militia posted <strong>in</strong> New Jersey, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Invalid Corps at West Po<strong>in</strong>t, all units under<br />
Heath are listed as be<strong>in</strong>g stationed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Highl<strong>and</strong>s, though this designation <strong>in</strong>cluded units <strong>in</strong> western <strong>and</strong><br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn New York -- <strong>and</strong> not just those immediately near <strong>the</strong> Hudson River.<br />
29-30 September. The night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 29 th , Cornwallis ab<strong>and</strong>oned Yorktown’s extr<strong>in</strong>sic fortifications. Early <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
day he had received an express from Cl<strong>in</strong>ton stat<strong>in</strong>g that Admiral Digby had arrived <strong>in</strong> New York with 3 ships <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> that a 5,000 strong re<strong>in</strong>forcement would soon be (it was hoped October 5 th ), headed by Graves <strong>and</strong><br />
himself, on <strong>the</strong>ir way to <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake. The Americans <strong>and</strong> French, meantime, moved up <strong>the</strong> next day <strong>and</strong><br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ued deploy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir forces around <strong>the</strong> British positions. Fortescue, like Tarleton, believes that had<br />
Cornwallis’ held onto those outer works longer, he might have bought <strong>the</strong> time necessary to have permitted <strong>the</strong><br />
success <strong>of</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s rescue effort. 3732<br />
Tarleton: “The next morn<strong>in</strong>g (<strong>the</strong> 29 th ) <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>in</strong>fantry marched <strong>in</strong> columns to <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
forces, causeways be<strong>in</strong>g constructed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night over <strong>the</strong> morass. A few cannon shot were fired from <strong>the</strong> British<br />
work on <strong>the</strong> Hampton road [Hampton Roads], <strong>and</strong> some riflemen skirmished with <strong>the</strong> pickets <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Anspach<br />
battalions on <strong>the</strong> left. The two armies observed each o<strong>the</strong>r with cautious attention, <strong>and</strong> noth<strong>in</strong>g material<br />
occurred with<strong>in</strong> or without <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es till even<strong>in</strong>g, when an express boat reached York town, with a letter from Sir<br />
Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Earl Cornwallis. The <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er <strong>in</strong> chief advised his lordship <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> arrival <strong>of</strong> Admiral Digby<br />
with three ships from Europe, <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>municated <strong>the</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> general <strong>and</strong> flag <strong>of</strong>ficers at New<br />
York, to embark a considerable corps <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> British fleet, which would probably sail from that place on <strong>the</strong> 5 th <strong>of</strong><br />
October towards <strong>the</strong> Chesapeak[e]. To this letter is attributed <strong>the</strong> order for <strong>the</strong> British troops to quit <strong>the</strong><br />
outward, <strong>and</strong> retire to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>ner position, which was ac<strong>com</strong>plished before daybreak.” 3733<br />
30 September. The French <strong>and</strong> Americans, with <strong>the</strong>ir ma<strong>in</strong> camp two miles distant from <strong>the</strong> British, broke<br />
ground <strong>and</strong> began <strong>the</strong> digg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> trenches <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>stallation <strong>of</strong> gun batteries around Yorktown. By next<br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g two redoubts had been <strong>com</strong>pleted with<strong>in</strong> 1,100 yards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British l<strong>in</strong>es. 3734<br />
Private Joseph Plumb Mart<strong>in</strong>: “I do not remember, exactly, <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> days we were employed before we got<br />
or batteries <strong>in</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess to open upon <strong>the</strong> enemy, but th<strong>in</strong>k it was not more than two or three. The French, who<br />
were upon our left, had <strong>com</strong>pleted <strong>the</strong>ir batteries a few hours before us, but were not allowed to discharge<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir pieces till <strong>the</strong> American batteries were ready. Our <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g battery was on <strong>the</strong> near bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> [York]<br />
river <strong>and</strong> conta<strong>in</strong>ed ten heavy guns; <strong>the</strong> next was a bomb battery <strong>of</strong> three large mortars; <strong>and</strong> so on through <strong>the</strong><br />
whole l<strong>in</strong>e. The whole number, American <strong>and</strong> French, was n<strong>in</strong>ety-two cannon, mortars, <strong>and</strong> howitzers.” 3735<br />
30 September. [skirmish] Scammell’s Capture (York County, VA.) While out reconnoiter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British l<strong>in</strong>es with<br />
a few staff, Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Scammell, from Massachusetts, was severely wounded, <strong>and</strong> taken prisoner by<br />
two or three Hessian horsemen. This reportedly took place <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 30 th . It was claimed that<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> hurry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g he was wounded after hav<strong>in</strong>g been taken prisoner. Tarleton, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>,<br />
asserts he was <strong>in</strong>jured while attempt<strong>in</strong>g to retreat. Whatever <strong>the</strong> case, <strong>the</strong> next day Scammell was sent out on<br />
parole to <strong>the</strong> American l<strong>in</strong>es, but expired a few days later on <strong>the</strong> 6 th . While not as such <strong>of</strong> direct military<br />
consequence, <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>cident was considered a more notable than usual loss <strong>and</strong> particularly lamented by his<br />
American contemporaries because <strong>of</strong> Scammell’s popularity <strong>and</strong> many years <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental service; spann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
back to <strong>the</strong> war’s beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g participation at <strong>the</strong> siege <strong>of</strong> Boston, <strong>the</strong> Invasion <strong>of</strong> Canada, Long Isl<strong>and</strong>,<br />
Trenton, Pr<strong>in</strong>ceton, Saratoga, Monmouth, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sullivan Expedition <strong>of</strong> 1779. 3736<br />
30 September. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Cornwallis, which <strong>the</strong> latter received on <strong>the</strong> 10 th : “Your lordship may be assured that I<br />
am do<strong>in</strong>g every th<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> my power to relieve you by a direct move, <strong>and</strong> I have reason to hope, from <strong>the</strong><br />
assurances given me this day by Admiral Graves, that we may pass <strong>the</strong> bar by <strong>the</strong> 12 th <strong>of</strong> October, if <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ds<br />
permit, <strong>and</strong> no unforeseen accident happens; this, however, is subject to disappo<strong>in</strong>tment; wherefore, if I hear<br />
from you, your wishes will <strong>of</strong> course direct me, <strong>and</strong> I shall persist <strong>in</strong> my idea <strong>of</strong> a direct move even to <strong>the</strong> middle<br />
<strong>of</strong> November, should it be your lordship’s op<strong>in</strong>ion that you can hold out so long; but if, when I hear from you,<br />
you tell me that you cannot, <strong>and</strong> I am without hopes <strong>of</strong> arriv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> time to succour [sic] you by a direct move, I<br />
will immediately make an attempt upon Philadelphia by l<strong>and</strong>, giv<strong>in</strong>g you notice, if possible, <strong>of</strong> my <strong>in</strong>tention. If<br />
this should draw any part <strong>of</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s force from you, it may possibly give you an opportunity <strong>of</strong> do<strong>in</strong>g<br />
someth<strong>in</strong>g to save your army; <strong>of</strong> which, however, you can best judge, from be<strong>in</strong>g upon <strong>the</strong> spot.” 3737<br />
3732 AR81 pp. 130-131, CSS pp. 1227-1228, TCS p. 373, CAR pp. 337-340, MLW4A pp. 479, 482n, FWI p. 253, WFK p. 243, WCO p.<br />
369.<br />
3733 TCS p. 373.<br />
3734 CSS p. 1228, TCS pp. 423-424, LFB2 p. 309.<br />
3735 Private Yankee Doodle: Be<strong>in</strong>g a Narrative <strong>of</strong> Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Adventures, Dangers <strong>and</strong> Suffer<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> a <strong>Revolutionary</strong> Soldier, ch.<br />
7, p. 233, edited by George Scheer, Eastern Acorn Press, Eastern National Park & Monument Association, 1962.<br />
3736 TCS p. 375, GHA4 p. 188, LMS p. 496, LFB2 p. 309, GYT p. 148-150, BEA p. 988-989.<br />
3737 TCS pp. 424-425, SCP6 p. 38.<br />
629
OCTOBER 1781<br />
October. [skirmish] Hilton Head, S.C. (Beaufort County, S.C.) 3738<br />
October. 3739 [skirmish] Wappetaw Meet<strong>in</strong>g House (Charlestown, S.C.) 3740<br />
October. [skirmish] Hartley’s Creek, S.C. ONB3 p. 371.<br />
October. [skirmish] Bear Creek, also “Capta<strong>in</strong> Charles Gholson vs. Col. David Fann<strong>in</strong>g” (Chatham County, N.C.)<br />
ONB3 p. 378. And see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/bearcreek.htm<br />
October. [skirmish] V<strong>in</strong>ce’s Fort (separate from <strong>the</strong> 28 October action <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same name), S.C. ONB3 p. 371.<br />
October. [skirmish] Hell Hole Creek, also “Patriots vs. Maj. Bill Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham” (Lex<strong>in</strong>gton County, S.C.)<br />
See http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/hellholecr.htm<br />
1 October.<br />
Forces under Cornwallis.<br />
Rank <strong>and</strong> File:<br />
BRITISH<br />
1 st Bttn., Light Infantry: 429, Lieut. Col. Robert Abercromby, Maj. Thomas Armstrong<br />
2 nd Bttn., Light <strong>in</strong>fantry: 326 “ “ “ “<br />
* Brigade <strong>of</strong> Guards: 365, Brig. Gen. Charles O’Hara, Lieut. Col. Lake<br />
* Yorke’s Brigade, Lieut. Col. John Yorke<br />
17 th Regt.: 128, Lieut. Col. Henry Johnson<br />
23 rd Regt.: 123, Capt. Charles Apthorpe<br />
33 rd Regt.: 162, (Yorke)<br />
43 rd Regt.: 185, Major George Hewitt<br />
2 nd Bttn., 71 st Regt.: 160, Lieut. Col. Duncan McPherson<br />
* Dundas’ Brigade, Lieut. Col. Thomas Dundas<br />
76 th Regt.: 313, Major Francis Needham<br />
80 th Regt.: 455, (Dundas), Maj. James Gordon<br />
GERMAN<br />
Anspach:<br />
1 st Anspach Bttn.: 385, Col. Augustus de Voit<br />
2 nd Anspach Bttn.: 369, Col. F.J. H. C. William de Seybo<strong>the</strong>n<br />
Hessian:<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Hereditaire (Erb Pr<strong>in</strong>z): 337, Lieut. Col. Mat<strong>the</strong>w de Fuchs<br />
Regt. von Bose: 230, Major O’Reilly<br />
PROVINCIAL<br />
Queen’s Rangers: 282, Lieut. Col. John Graves Simcoe<br />
British Legion (cavalry only): 168, Lieut. Col. Banastre Tarleton<br />
Total: 4,417<br />
Detachments not <strong>in</strong>cluded above:<br />
Royal Artillery: 218, Capt. George Rochfort<br />
German artillery: 49<br />
17 th Light Dragoons: 21<br />
23 rd Light Company: 45<br />
82 nd Light Company: 35<br />
Jägers: 71, Capta<strong>in</strong> Johann Ewald<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Volunteers: 79<br />
Guides <strong>and</strong> Pioneers: 52<br />
Total for detachments, etcs.: 570<br />
COMPLETE TOTAL: 4,987 3741<br />
3738 LSC p. 19.<br />
3739 Lips<strong>com</strong>b lists this date as probable but not certa<strong>in</strong>.<br />
3740 LSC p. 19<br />
3741 CAC p. 236, <strong>in</strong>sert, TBY pp. 23-26, GYT pp. 78-80.<br />
630
BRITISH ORDNANCE: grouped by batteries, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>cludes those at Gloucester<br />
2 six-pounders, 1 5.5-<strong>in</strong>ch howitzer<br />
3 eighteen-pounders, 5 n<strong>in</strong>e-pounders<br />
5 eighteen-pounders, 1 n<strong>in</strong>e-pounder, 2 six-pounders<br />
1 eighteen-pounder, 3 n<strong>in</strong>e-pounders<br />
1 eighteen pounder, 4 n<strong>in</strong>e-pounders<br />
2 eighteen-pounders, 2 twelve-pounders<br />
2 eighteen pounders, 1 n<strong>in</strong>e-pounder<br />
2 eighteen-pounders, 2 twelve-pounders<br />
3 eighteen-pounders, 2 twelve-pounders, 1 six-pounder, 1 16-<strong>in</strong>ch mortar<br />
1 twenty-four pounder, 2 n<strong>in</strong>e-pounders<br />
2 twelve-pounders, 2 eight-<strong>in</strong>ch howitzers<br />
2 eighteen-pounders, 1 twelve-pounder<br />
5 n<strong>in</strong>e-pounders<br />
8 guns <strong>in</strong> two batteries: three-pounders, six-pounders, eight-pounders<br />
Some 500 to 600, Cowpens <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r prisoners, were added to Cornwallis strength before <strong>the</strong> French blockade,<br />
<strong>and</strong> which came <strong>in</strong> as part <strong>of</strong> a prisoner exchange. 3742<br />
In a letter to Greene <strong>of</strong> 24 October, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton wrote: “The number <strong>of</strong> [British, German <strong>and</strong> Prov<strong>in</strong>cial]<br />
prisoners is not accurately ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed, but from <strong>the</strong> best estimate, will amount to 7,000, exclusive <strong>of</strong> seamen,<br />
74 brass <strong>and</strong> 140 iron cannon, with 7,320 muskets which are already returned. The number <strong>of</strong> seamen exclusive<br />
<strong>of</strong> those on board <strong>the</strong> private ships, will amount to 8 or 900.” 3743<br />
Wickwire states that when <strong>the</strong> siege began Cornwallis had 5129 men. In addition to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> cavalry, <strong>the</strong><br />
army had 632 <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men from various small units, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g guides <strong>and</strong> pioneers, artillery, <strong>and</strong> N.C.<br />
Volunteers. Fur<strong>the</strong>r as well, possibly 800 mar<strong>in</strong>es from <strong>the</strong> British warships could be called <strong>in</strong>. 3744<br />
CLINTON’S ARMY IN NEW YORK 3745<br />
Disposition <strong>of</strong> New York Garrison November 1781 (No. <strong>of</strong> men fit for duty, effectives)<br />
New York City<br />
Royal Artillery: 390<br />
40 th Regt.:245<br />
Regt. von L<strong>in</strong>s<strong>in</strong>g: 295<br />
Regt. von Lengercke: 342<br />
Regt. von Lowenste<strong>in</strong>: 311<br />
Musketeer Regt. L<strong>and</strong>graf: 298<br />
Regt. von Knyphausen: 265<br />
Regt. von Bunau: 409<br />
Hessian Comb<strong>in</strong>ed Bttn.: 245<br />
Hampstead<br />
17 th Dragoons: 286<br />
Jamiaca<br />
1 st Bttn., Grenadiers: 506<br />
2 nd Bttn., Grenadiers: 424<br />
Paulus Hook<br />
22 nd Regt.: 378<br />
Light Infantry Detachments: 115<br />
K<strong>in</strong>gsbridge<br />
37 th Regt. :373<br />
Regt. von Lossburg: 407<br />
Hesse Hanau Frie Corps: 444<br />
Flush<strong>in</strong>g<br />
38 th Regt.:366<br />
54 th Regt.:332<br />
Loyal American Regt.:123<br />
3742 TBY p. 27n.<br />
3743 NGP9 pp. 479-481.<br />
3744 WCO pp. 366-367.<br />
3745 Taken from Katcher, British, Prov<strong>in</strong>cial <strong>and</strong> German Army Units 1775-1783, pp. 137-139.<br />
631
North River Shore<br />
42 nd Regt.: 626<br />
Flagstaff<br />
57 th Regt.:352<br />
3 rd Bttn. N.J. Volunteers: 209 3746<br />
Flatl<strong>and</strong>s<br />
British detachments: 141<br />
Herricks, Jericho, Westbury<br />
Hesian Jaegars 787<br />
Yellow Hook<br />
Regt. Pr<strong>in</strong>z Carl: 484<br />
Guannas<br />
Lieb Infantry Regt.: 448<br />
McGowan’s<br />
Regt. von Donop: 414<br />
Denyces<br />
Hesse-Hanau detachments: 47<br />
Brunswick recruist: 153<br />
Herricks<br />
Anspach: 104<br />
Flatbush<br />
1 st Bttn., Delancey’s Brigade: 247 3747<br />
Richmond<br />
1 st Bttn., N.J. Volunteers: 245<br />
Horn’s Hook<br />
Guides <strong>and</strong> Pioneers: 89<br />
Fresh Meadows<br />
American Legion: 172<br />
Utrecht<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g’s American Dragoons: 140<br />
Brooklyn<br />
Garrison Battalion: ?<br />
Hallets Cove<br />
Queen’s Rangers<br />
Spr<strong>in</strong>gfield<br />
British Legion (?)<br />
Newtown<br />
Pennsylvania Loyalists <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed total <strong>of</strong> 173 for <strong>the</strong> three regiments at Newtown.<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong> Loyalists<br />
Waldeck regt.<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton: The total forces he had <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> around New York was nearly 12,000 effectives, but <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se only 9,300<br />
were regular troops <strong>and</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>cials fit for duty. In addition, <strong>the</strong>re were 2,500-3,000 German recruits that came<br />
<strong>in</strong> on 11 August, giv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> around New York City a rough <strong>com</strong>plete total <strong>of</strong> 15,000. 3748<br />
3746 A new 3 rd battalion <strong>of</strong> New Jersey Volunteers was formed <strong>in</strong> 1781; while <strong>the</strong> prior formation <strong>of</strong> that same name, still active <strong>in</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a, had been re-designated <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Battalion.<br />
3747 This 1 st Bttn. Delancey is presumably an adm<strong>in</strong>istrative or headquarters unit <strong>in</strong>tended to serve as organizational base <strong>and</strong><br />
source <strong>of</strong> replacements for its counterpart active <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> field.<br />
3748 SCV1 p. 15.<br />
632
2 October. Tarleton crossed over <strong>the</strong> York River with his Legion to re<strong>in</strong>force Dundas <strong>in</strong> charge at Gloucester; <strong>and</strong><br />
whom he shortly <strong>the</strong>reafter replaced <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>; Dundas (<strong>and</strong> Simcoe as well whose unit been posted <strong>the</strong>re)<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g fallen ill. 3749<br />
Ewald: “[Entry for 2 October] General Choisy, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed fifteen hundred men from <strong>the</strong> fleet, toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Legion under <strong>the</strong> Duc de Lauzun, had jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> American corps under General [George] Weedon, who<br />
had advanced to Burwell’s Mill. S<strong>in</strong>ce yesterday Choisy had pushed forward to Gloucester Court House <strong>and</strong> sent<br />
his patrols to our outposts, whereupon a cont<strong>in</strong>ual crackl<strong>in</strong>g noise arose…<br />
“[3 October]. Last night [<strong>the</strong> 2 nd ?] Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton arrived at Gloucester with <strong>the</strong> cavalry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Legion, number<strong>in</strong>g 250 horse, s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>re is no forage or room for <strong>the</strong> horses at York <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y were useless<br />
<strong>the</strong>re. Colonel Dundas also came over with part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 80 th Regiment, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Erb Pr<strong>in</strong>z regiment under Colonel<br />
Fuchs went to York [Yorktown] to replace it.” 3750<br />
3 October. [skirmish] Gloucester, also Battle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hook (Gloucester County, VA.) Tarleton’s troops stationed on<br />
Gloucester Po<strong>in</strong>t, while out forag<strong>in</strong>g, were attacked by a <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed corps <strong>of</strong> French <strong>and</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia militia, under<br />
Brig Gen. Duc de Choisy. After some brief fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> Duc de Lauzun, for a while aga<strong>in</strong>st superior<br />
numbers, dist<strong>in</strong>guished himself, Tarleton withdrew <strong>in</strong>to his l<strong>in</strong>es. At one po<strong>in</strong>t, Tarleton himself <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Duc<br />
almost personally clashed, with <strong>the</strong> former suffer<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>juries which prevented him from fight<strong>in</strong>g fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
war. 3751 This skirmish was succeeded by <strong>the</strong> allies’ <strong>in</strong>vestment <strong>of</strong> Gloucester itself. The British lost 13 killed <strong>and</strong><br />
wounded, French lost 3 killed <strong>and</strong> 16 wounded. American casualties, if any, are not known. 3752 For an at length<br />
personal account by Col. John Francis Mercer <strong>of</strong> activity <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> around Gloucester at this time, see HFR pp. 54-<br />
62.<br />
3 October. [raid] Pratt’s Mill, also “Capt. John Norwood vs. Lt. Col. Bill Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham” (Abbeville County, S.C.) A<br />
force <strong>of</strong> 30 whigs were surprised <strong>and</strong> routed by mounted loyalists, under Lieut. Col. William Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, <strong>and</strong><br />
who afterward set fire to <strong>the</strong> mill.<br />
5 October. [skirmish] Stevens Creek, S.C. ONB3 p. 372.<br />
6-7 October. French <strong>and</strong> American heavy siege guns hav<strong>in</strong>g been unloaded <strong>the</strong> previous days were readied <strong>and</strong><br />
with work <strong>com</strong>menced on <strong>the</strong> first parallel. 3753<br />
8-9 October. By <strong>the</strong> 8 th , <strong>and</strong> despite British efforts to suppress such with sporadic battery fire, much had been<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ished with respect to digg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> fortify<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> besieger’s trenches <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first parallel at Yorktown; with <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>stallation <strong>of</strong> allied gun batteries all but <strong>com</strong>pleted. 3754<br />
Col. Richard Butler, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Pennsylvania Battalion: “October 8 th , 1781. The division <strong>of</strong> Steuben for<br />
<strong>the</strong> trenches to-day. This is <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Pennsylvania troops.<br />
“The enemy cont<strong>in</strong>ued to cannonade, mounted at 12 o’clock. The enemy kept hard at work, <strong>and</strong> fired<br />
<strong>in</strong>cessantly on our fatigue parties, who really wrought hard <strong>and</strong> <strong>com</strong>pleted one large battery on our extreme<br />
right, on <strong>the</strong> bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, on which three 29-pounders, three i8-pounders, two 10-<strong>in</strong>ch mortars <strong>and</strong> two 8-<br />
<strong>in</strong>ch howitzers were mounted. The Marquis de St. Simon had a battery <strong>com</strong>pleted on <strong>the</strong> extreme left, <strong>of</strong> eight<br />
18 <strong>and</strong> 12-pounders, two 10-<strong>in</strong>ch mortars <strong>and</strong> two 8-<strong>in</strong>ch howitzers, both which batteries were made ready to<br />
open at <strong>the</strong> same <strong>in</strong>stant. A very f<strong>in</strong>e battery <strong>of</strong> twelve 32, 24, <strong>and</strong> 18-pounders, six 10-<strong>in</strong>ch mortars <strong>and</strong> six 8-<br />
<strong>in</strong>ch howitzers was forwarded, with small batteries on <strong>the</strong> right <strong>and</strong> left <strong>of</strong> this gr<strong>and</strong> centre battery. The enemy<br />
seem embarrassed, confused <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>determ<strong>in</strong>ate; <strong>the</strong>ir fire seems feeble to what might be expected; <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
works, too, are not formed on any regular plan, but thrown up <strong>in</strong> a hurry occasionally, <strong>and</strong> although we have not<br />
as yet fired one shot from a piece <strong>of</strong> artillery, <strong>the</strong>y are as cautious as if <strong>the</strong> heaviest fire was kept up.<br />
“October 9 th . Relieved by Major General L<strong>in</strong>coln’s division. This day, at 3 o’clock, P.M., <strong>the</strong> batteries <strong>of</strong> Lamb<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Marquis de St. Simon opened with great elegance <strong>and</strong> were quickly followed. The Comm<strong>and</strong>er-<strong>in</strong>-Chief<br />
paid <strong>the</strong> allies <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>pliment <strong>of</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g first. The shot <strong>and</strong> shells flew <strong>in</strong>cessantly through <strong>the</strong> night, dismounted<br />
<strong>the</strong> guns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>and</strong> destroyed many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir embrasures.” 3755<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “On <strong>the</strong> afternoon <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> n<strong>in</strong>th, several batteries <strong>and</strong> redoubts were <strong>com</strong>pleted, <strong>and</strong> a general discharge<br />
<strong>of</strong> twenty-four <strong>and</strong> eighteen pounders was <strong>com</strong>menced by <strong>the</strong> Americans on <strong>the</strong> right. The cannonade was kept<br />
up without <strong>in</strong>termission dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night <strong>and</strong> early <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> French opened up <strong>the</strong>ir batteries upon<br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy. For nearly eight hours <strong>the</strong>re was an <strong>in</strong>cessant roar <strong>of</strong> cannons <strong>and</strong> mortars; <strong>and</strong> hundreds <strong>of</strong> bombs<br />
<strong>and</strong> round shot poured upon <strong>the</strong> British works. So tremendous was <strong>the</strong> bombardment, that <strong>the</strong> besieged soon<br />
withdrew <strong>the</strong>ir cannon from <strong>the</strong> embrasures, <strong>and</strong> fired very few shots <strong>in</strong> return.” 3756<br />
3749 SQR pp. 248-254, MLW4A pp. 481-483, LMS pp. 496-499, 513-514, WCO p. 373.<br />
3750 EHJ p. 329.<br />
3751 AR81 p. 130, EHJ pp. 329-330, CSS p. 1227, SQR pp. 248-254, MLW4A pp. 481-483, HFR pp. 54-62, LMS pp. 496-499, GYT pp.<br />
174-176.<br />
3752 TCS pp. 376-378, LMS p. 497, JYC pp. 128-129, WAR2 p. 888, BGD p. 184, BEA pp. 437-438.<br />
3753 AR81 p. 130, CBA p. 636, GHA4 p. 191, SAW2 p. 409, MLW4A pp. 483-484, LMS pp. 499-500, JYC p. 131, WCO p. 376, GYT pp.<br />
185-190.<br />
3754 CSS pp. 1228-1230, TCS pp. 425-426, MLW4A p. 483, LMS pp. 499-500, JYC p. 135.<br />
3755 Historical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, vol. VIII, pp. 107-108, CSS pp. 1229-1230.<br />
3756 LFB2 p. 311.<br />
633
10 October. The British Charon (44 guns), <strong>and</strong> two or three transports were set on fire by guns from a French<br />
battery; while ano<strong>the</strong>r British ship, <strong>the</strong> Guadaloupe was forced to retreat out <strong>of</strong> range. In <strong>the</strong> channel at<br />
Yorktown, Cornwallis had previously sank several vessels <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> river just outside <strong>the</strong> town to prevent any Allied<br />
l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>gs from <strong>the</strong> rear. 3757<br />
11-12 October. Beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 11 th , <strong>the</strong> Allies began work on <strong>the</strong> second parallel; which was<br />
<strong>com</strong>pleted by next morn<strong>in</strong>g. In <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terim, ano<strong>the</strong>r British ship was set on fire by heated shot from <strong>the</strong> French<br />
batteries. 3758<br />
On <strong>the</strong> 11 th , Cornwallis wrote Cl<strong>in</strong>ton [<strong>in</strong> cipher]: “I have only to repeat what I said <strong>in</strong> my letter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3d, that<br />
noth<strong>in</strong>g but a direct move to York river, which <strong>in</strong>cludes a successful naval action, can save me. The enemy made<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir first parallel on <strong>the</strong> night <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 6 th , at <strong>the</strong> distance <strong>of</strong> six hundred yards, <strong>and</strong> have perfected it, <strong>and</strong><br />
constructed places <strong>of</strong> arms <strong>and</strong> batteries with great regularity <strong>and</strong> caution. On <strong>the</strong> even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 9 th <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
batteries opened, <strong>and</strong> have s<strong>in</strong>ce cont<strong>in</strong>ued fir<strong>in</strong>g without <strong>in</strong>termission, with about forty pieces <strong>of</strong> cannon,<br />
mostly heavy, <strong>and</strong> sixteen mortars, from eight to sixteen <strong>in</strong>ches. We have lost about seventy men, <strong>and</strong> many <strong>of</strong><br />
our works are considerably damaged: With such works on disadvantageous ground, aga<strong>in</strong>st so powerful an attack,<br />
we cannot hope to make a very long resistance.<br />
“P. S. Oct. 11, five P. M. -- S<strong>in</strong>ce my last letter was written we have lost thirty men.<br />
“Oct. 12, seven P. M. -- Last night <strong>the</strong> enemy made <strong>the</strong>ir second parallel at <strong>the</strong> distance <strong>of</strong> three hundred yards.<br />
We cont<strong>in</strong>ue to lose men very fast.” 3759<br />
Lee: “The slender defences opposed to us began to tumble under <strong>the</strong> demolish<strong>in</strong>g fire…<br />
“Surprised at <strong>the</strong> unexpected condition <strong>in</strong> which he [Cornwallis] found himself, he urged with redoubled vigor<br />
<strong>the</strong> repairs wherever requisite, <strong>and</strong> streng<strong>the</strong>ned his advanced works. This was <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> seventh day<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ce Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton was to ‘start’ with his relief ‘navy <strong>and</strong> army.’ Cornwallis cont<strong>in</strong>ued to believe <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
assurance, <strong>and</strong> with unappalled courage determ<strong>in</strong>ed to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> his l<strong>in</strong>es. His battery <strong>and</strong> his two front redoubts<br />
opened, <strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g this day his fire most <strong>in</strong>jured us. Many <strong>of</strong> our soldiers were killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. Never<strong>the</strong>less<br />
our parallel advanced, <strong>and</strong> our batteries began to show <strong>the</strong>mselves, yet his two redoubts cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong>ir fire<br />
with severe effect.” 3760<br />
Historian Jerome A. Greene: “But <strong>the</strong> bark <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> artillery died suddenly as Cornwallis’s soldiers witnessed a<br />
most unaccountable happen<strong>in</strong>g. Young Lieutenant Colonel Alex<strong>and</strong>er Hamilton, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Second<br />
Battalion <strong>of</strong> Hazen’s Brigade 3761 suddenly ordered his unit to mount <strong>the</strong> epaulement <strong>and</strong> -- fully exposed to<br />
whatever guns <strong>the</strong> enemy might open on <strong>the</strong>m -- to execute <strong>the</strong> manual <strong>of</strong> arms from Steuben’s Regulations.<br />
Incredulous at <strong>the</strong> development, <strong>the</strong> British held <strong>the</strong>ir fire. ‘Although I esteem him one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> f<strong>in</strong>est <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> American army,’ said one man [James Duncan <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pennsylvania L<strong>in</strong>e] <strong>of</strong> Hamilton, ‘[I] must beg leave <strong>in</strong><br />
this <strong>in</strong>stance to th<strong>in</strong>k he wantonly exposed <strong>the</strong> lives <strong>of</strong> his men.’ The <strong>in</strong>cident, however impetuous, sparked<br />
repeated emulation through <strong>the</strong> siege. Later, Colonel Philip Van Cortl<strong>and</strong>t paraded his Second New York<br />
Regiment, with unfurled banners <strong>and</strong> beat<strong>in</strong>g drums, dangerously close to <strong>the</strong> British ma<strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>es. Baron Steuben<br />
diverted <strong>the</strong> enemy from bombard<strong>in</strong>g Van Cortl<strong>and</strong>t’s men with shot <strong>and</strong> shell by direct<strong>in</strong>g an attack <strong>in</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
quarter. And Steuben himself ultimately fell victim to bravado, direct<strong>in</strong>g his own troops through a similar<br />
escapade <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis’s artillery.” 3762<br />
14 October. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton to Cornwallis: “At a council <strong>of</strong> war <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> General Officers, held on <strong>the</strong> 10 th <strong>in</strong>stant, it was<br />
resolved I should submit <strong>the</strong> three follow<strong>in</strong>g plans to your Lordship’s consideration. They occurred to us as<br />
secondary objects only, (<strong>in</strong> case we should f<strong>in</strong>d it absolutely impracticable to go directly up to York; or, by<br />
l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g at Monday’s po<strong>in</strong>t, effect a junction with you by <strong>the</strong> Gloucester side) <strong>and</strong> be <strong>the</strong>reby obliged to try<br />
James river.<br />
“FIRST. To l<strong>and</strong> at Newport-News, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops to advance from <strong>the</strong>nce on <strong>the</strong> James river road to some<br />
favourable position, <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>munication with that river, where we are to wait until we hear from your Lordship,<br />
or circumstances may make it proper for us to co-operate with you <strong>in</strong> effect<strong>in</strong>g a junction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two armies,<br />
which we at present th<strong>in</strong>k will be best done without your l<strong>in</strong>es, <strong>in</strong> preference to an attempt <strong>of</strong> do<strong>in</strong>g it with<strong>in</strong>,<br />
for reasons we th<strong>in</strong>k obvious.<br />
“SECOND. To attempt a junction with you by a <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed move, -- we mov<strong>in</strong>g up James river to James town, <strong>and</strong><br />
your Lordship up <strong>the</strong> York river to ei<strong>the</strong>r Queen’s creek or Cappahosick ferry, <strong>and</strong> effect <strong>the</strong> junction as near<br />
Williamsburg as we can; <strong>the</strong>reby putt<strong>in</strong>g ourselves <strong>in</strong> a situation to attack <strong>the</strong> enemy, should it be thought<br />
adviseable.<br />
“THIRD. To save as great a part <strong>of</strong> your Lordship’s corps as possible, by br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong>f to James town, <strong>and</strong> a<br />
naval force will be ready to protect <strong>the</strong>m. This we th<strong>in</strong>k may be done by our giv<strong>in</strong>g jealousy to <strong>the</strong> enemy from<br />
Newport News or Mulberry isl<strong>and</strong>, whilst your Lordship mov<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> river with as many troops as your boats<br />
will carry, or march<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong> Gloucester side, crosses <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>s ei<strong>the</strong>r at Queen’s creek or<br />
Cappahosick, <strong>and</strong> makes <strong>the</strong> best <strong>of</strong> your way to James town…<br />
“By this your Lordship will perceive, our wishes are to effect <strong>the</strong> junction first by York, -- next by Gloucester, --<br />
<strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> case ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> those are absolutely impracticable, by <strong>the</strong> James river. -- First l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g at Newport News,<br />
3757 TCS p. 327, LFB2 p. 311, JYC p. 140, WAR2 p. 890.<br />
3758 GHA4 pp. 191-192, SAW2 p. 410, MLW4A pp. 483-485, LMS pp. 499-500, LFB2 p. 312, JYC p. 167.<br />
3759 TCS pp. 425-426, SCP6 p. 39.<br />
3760 LMS pp. 499-500.<br />
3761 Hamilton’s battalion was made up <strong>of</strong> 4 <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> Massachusetts light <strong>in</strong>fantry, 3 from Connecticut, <strong>and</strong> 2 from New York.<br />
3762 CSS pp. 1228-1230, GYT pp. 197-198.<br />
634
<strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g a position ready to co-operate with your Lordship, <strong>in</strong> case you should re<strong>com</strong>mend a <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed effort<br />
to effect a junction that way; or to endeavour [sic] to effect it near Williamsburg, <strong>the</strong> two armies mov<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong><br />
James <strong>and</strong> York rivers about <strong>the</strong> same time, we l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g at James town, <strong>and</strong> your Lordship where you judge best;<br />
<strong>and</strong> when our junction is formed, br<strong>in</strong>g on a general action with <strong>the</strong> enemy, should that on consultation be<br />
thought adviseable [sic]. But <strong>in</strong> case all <strong>the</strong>se should fail, our last object will be to save as many <strong>of</strong> your<br />
Lordship’s troops as we can, <strong>and</strong> leave <strong>the</strong> post at York afterwards to make <strong>the</strong> best terms <strong>the</strong>y can for<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves.<br />
“The Torbay <strong>and</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ce William hav<strong>in</strong>g arrived on <strong>the</strong> 11 th , our fleet at present consists <strong>of</strong> twenty-five sail <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> two fifties, with a large number <strong>of</strong> frigates. They are now ready, <strong>and</strong> I expect we shall certa<strong>in</strong>ly sail <strong>in</strong> a<br />
day or two. 3763<br />
“P. S. Oct. 15. -- Had <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d been fair to day, <strong>the</strong> fleet would have fallen down to <strong>the</strong> Hook, but I expect <strong>the</strong><br />
whole will sail to-morrow.” 3764<br />
14 October. [siege assaults] Redoubts No. 9 <strong>and</strong> No. 10 (York County, VA.) On <strong>the</strong> artillery lit night <strong>of</strong> 14<br />
October, <strong>the</strong> French <strong>and</strong> Americans launched separate night assaults on British forward redoubts No. 9 <strong>and</strong> No.<br />
10 at Yorktown. The French under Maj. Gen. Baron de Viomenil were given orders to breach <strong>the</strong> larger redoubt<br />
No. 9; while <strong>the</strong> American cont<strong>in</strong>gent under Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Hamilton were assigned redoubt No. 10. While<br />
await<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir pioneers’ methodically dispos<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fraises <strong>and</strong> abatis, Viomenil’s men were required to<br />
endure prolonged heavy fire from <strong>the</strong> German gunners. When <strong>the</strong> pioneers were f<strong>in</strong>ally done, <strong>the</strong> French <strong>the</strong>n<br />
rushed valiantly forward, shout<strong>in</strong>g “Vivé le Roi,” <strong>and</strong> successfully seized <strong>the</strong>ir objective. The American light<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry for its part carried out <strong>the</strong>ir task with an <strong>in</strong>trepidity <strong>and</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>e that has been cited as <strong>the</strong> high water<br />
mark <strong>of</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental army pr<strong>of</strong>essionalism. Unlike <strong>the</strong> French, however, <strong>the</strong> Americans did not wait on <strong>the</strong><br />
eng<strong>in</strong>eers; but (more or less) carried out <strong>the</strong> bayonet assault <strong>and</strong> hacked <strong>and</strong> dismantled <strong>the</strong> works<br />
simultaneously. Certa<strong>in</strong>ly <strong>the</strong> outnumbered British <strong>and</strong> Germans defenders deserve as much praise for <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
spirited defense. With some last moment, albeit futile, gallantry <strong>of</strong> some British <strong>of</strong>ficers sword <strong>in</strong> h<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> (so it<br />
is reported) a few privates cower<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> begg<strong>in</strong>g for mercy, both redoubts were taken. 3765<br />
* Assault on Redoubt No. 9 3766<br />
FRENCH:<br />
Maj. Gen. Baron de Viomenil<br />
Col. Comte Guillame des Deux-Ponts,<br />
Royal Deuxponts Regt.: 400, (Deux-Ponts), Lieut. Col. Baron de l’Estrade<br />
In addition, <strong>the</strong> 2 nd Regt. Gatenois, under Comte de Rosta<strong>in</strong>g, was placed <strong>in</strong> reserve, but did not engage.<br />
BRITISH defend<strong>in</strong>g Redoubt No. 9:<br />
Comb<strong>in</strong>ed British <strong>and</strong> Hesse-Cassel detachment (Erb Pr<strong>in</strong>z Regt.): 120, Lieut. Col. Duncan McPherson <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st<br />
Regt. 3767<br />
The French lost 15 killed, 77 wounded; <strong>the</strong> British 18 killed <strong>and</strong> 50 prisoners, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> wounded.<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
* Assault on Redoubt No. 10<br />
AMERICAN:<br />
Maj. Gen. Marquis de Lafayette<br />
Lieut. Col. Alex<strong>and</strong>er Hamilton<br />
2 nd Light Infantry Bttn., Lafayette Division, Lieut. Col. John Joseph Gimat<br />
2 nd Light Infantry Bttn., Hazen Division, (Hamilton)<br />
half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3 rd Light Infantry Bttn., Hazen Division, Lieut. Col. John Laurens<br />
Detachment <strong>of</strong> sappers <strong>and</strong> m<strong>in</strong>ers<br />
Total American Troops: 400, plus <strong>the</strong> sappers <strong>and</strong> m<strong>in</strong>ers<br />
3763 O<strong>the</strong>r than this mention <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal Navy ships present as his escort, no reference or suggestion is made with respect to any<br />
opposition de Grasse’s fleet might pose; so that given <strong>the</strong> urgency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> situation it was evidently more or less assumed that <strong>the</strong><br />
French would be beaten if a fur<strong>the</strong>r round <strong>of</strong> naval fight<strong>in</strong>g took place. Lee for his part characterizes Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s rescue scheme as<br />
chimerical, <strong>and</strong> a decisive naval victory <strong>and</strong> a repulse <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> allied l<strong>and</strong> forces required by <strong>the</strong> British as most unlikely. LMS pp<br />
515-516.<br />
3764 CAC pp. 257-260.<br />
3765 Among those present with Hamilton were -- Col. John Laurens; who, as well as be<strong>in</strong>g one <strong>of</strong> those noted by Tarleton for his<br />
gallantry <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> assault on no. 10, had earlier been one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers surrendered at Charlestown; <strong>and</strong> Col. Charles Arm<strong>and</strong>,<br />
veteran <strong>of</strong> Camden. The light <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hazen’s Canadian Regt., <strong>and</strong> that 1 st Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong> Regt., which latter <strong>in</strong>cidentally<br />
was <strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> a large percentage <strong>of</strong> Black soldiers, participated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> attack. EHJ p. 335, CSS p. 1233, AR81 pp. 131-132,<br />
RSC2 pp. 323-324, TCS pp. 385-386, GHA4 pp. 192-193, MLW4A pp. 484-488, LMS pp. 500-503, LFB2 pp. 312-313, Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong><br />
American History, Dec. 1881, vol. VII, no. 6, p. 544 , JYC pp. 142-145, WAR2 p. 892, BEA pp. 1244-1245, GYT pp. 277-286.<br />
3766 Numbers given below are rank <strong>and</strong> file.<br />
3767 WCO pp. 380-381, GYT pp. 276-277.<br />
635
2 Pennsylvania Battalions, under Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne, were held <strong>in</strong> reserve, but did not engage.<br />
BRITISH defend<strong>in</strong>g redoubt No. 10:<br />
50-70 men, Major James Campbell <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 71 st Regt.<br />
Jerome A. Greene: “[The redoubts 9 <strong>and</strong> 10] were manned by details from <strong>the</strong> 33 rd , 43 rd , 71 st , 80 th , von Bose, <strong>and</strong><br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Hereditaire regiments…Accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> British orderly book for <strong>the</strong> 43 rd Foot, 208 men held <strong>the</strong> redoubts.<br />
Probably 60-70 men manned Redoubt 10, with <strong>the</strong> balance hold<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> larger structure…The most difficult<br />
assignment fell to Baron de Viomenil, whose objective was Redoubt 9 –- by far <strong>the</strong> strongest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two<br />
outposts…Lafayette’s objective was Redoubt 10. The strike force selected for that honor was <strong>com</strong>posed <strong>of</strong> light<br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry pulled from three regiments: Lieutenant Colonel de Gimat’s mixed battalion <strong>of</strong> men from Connecticut,<br />
Massachusetts, <strong>and</strong> Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong> (<strong>the</strong> latter were taken from Olney’s 1 st Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>cluded a large<br />
number -– perhaps a majority -– <strong>of</strong> black troops); Lieutenant Colonel Alex<strong>and</strong>er Hamilton’s New York <strong>and</strong><br />
Connecticut battalion; <strong>and</strong> soldiers from Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens’s New Hampshire, Connecticut, <strong>and</strong><br />
Massachusetts battalion. The American column numbered about <strong>the</strong> same as <strong>the</strong> French: 400 men, plus a party<br />
<strong>of</strong> sappers <strong>and</strong> m<strong>in</strong>ers who would advance <strong>and</strong> clear a path for <strong>the</strong> attack<strong>in</strong>g column.” 3768<br />
Americans lost 9 killed <strong>and</strong> 25-31 wounded. Wickwyre states <strong>the</strong> two actions cost Cornwallis 6 <strong>of</strong>ficers, 67 men<br />
captured, 26 killed. Johnson, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g redoubt No. 9, escaped. 3769<br />
Earl Cornwallis to Cl<strong>in</strong>ton on <strong>the</strong> 15 th wrote (<strong>in</strong> cipher): “Last even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enemy carried two advanced redoubts<br />
on <strong>the</strong> left by storm, <strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night have <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir second parallel, which <strong>the</strong>y are at present<br />
busy <strong>in</strong> perfect<strong>in</strong>g. My situation now be<strong>com</strong>es very critical; we dare not shew [sic] a gun to <strong>the</strong>ir old batteries,<br />
<strong>and</strong> I expect that <strong>the</strong>ir new ones will open to-morrow morn<strong>in</strong>g: Experience has shewn, that our fresh ear<strong>the</strong>n<br />
works do not resist <strong>the</strong>ir powerful artillery; so that we shall soon be exposed to an assault <strong>in</strong> ru<strong>in</strong>ed works, <strong>in</strong> a<br />
bad position, <strong>and</strong> with weakened numbers. The safety <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> place is, <strong>the</strong>refore, so precarious, that I cannot<br />
re<strong>com</strong>mend that <strong>the</strong> fleet <strong>and</strong> army should run great risk <strong>in</strong> endeavour<strong>in</strong>g to save us.” 3770<br />
In a report to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, dated October 16 th , “Camp before York,” Lafayette briefed: “Colonel Gimat’s<br />
battalion led <strong>the</strong> van, <strong>and</strong> was followed by that <strong>of</strong> Colonel Hamilton’s, who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> whole advanced<br />
corps, at <strong>the</strong> same time a party <strong>of</strong> eighty men, under Col. Laurens, turned <strong>the</strong> redoubt. I beg leave to refer your<br />
Excellency to <strong>the</strong> report I have received from Col. [Alex<strong>and</strong>er] Hamilton, whose well known talents <strong>and</strong><br />
gallantry, were on this occasion most conspicuous <strong>and</strong> serviceable. Our obligations to him, to Col. Gimat to Col.<br />
Laurens, <strong>and</strong> to each <strong>and</strong> all <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men above expression. Not one gun was fired; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ardor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
troops did not give time for <strong>the</strong> sappers to derange <strong>the</strong> abattis; <strong>and</strong> ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> conduct <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ers,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> bravery <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> men, <strong>the</strong> redoubt was stormed with un<strong>com</strong>mon rapidity.<br />
“Colonel [Francis] Barbers batallion [sic] which was <strong>the</strong> first <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> support<strong>in</strong>g column be<strong>in</strong>g detached to <strong>the</strong> aid<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> advance arrived at <strong>the</strong> moment <strong>the</strong>y were gett<strong>in</strong>g over <strong>the</strong> works, <strong>and</strong> executed <strong>the</strong>ir orders with <strong>the</strong><br />
utmost alacrity. The colonel was slightly wounded. The rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> column under Gen Mullemberg [Peter<br />
Muhlenberg] <strong>and</strong> [Moses] Hazen advanced with admirable firmness <strong>and</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>e to <strong>the</strong> left, a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
division successively dress<strong>in</strong>g by him, whilst a k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> second l<strong>in</strong>e was form<strong>in</strong>g columns <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rear. It adds<br />
greatly to <strong>the</strong> character <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops, that under <strong>the</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy [sic], <strong>the</strong>y displayed <strong>and</strong> took <strong>the</strong>ir ranks<br />
with perfect silence <strong>and</strong> order.” 3771<br />
Ewald: “Toward even<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> 15 th [actually <strong>the</strong> 14 th ] …About eight o’clock General Baron Vioménil attacked<br />
<strong>the</strong> detached redoubt on <strong>the</strong> left with French troops, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Marquis de Lafayette attacked <strong>the</strong> adjacent one<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Americans. Both redoubts were taken with <strong>the</strong> bayonet after a fight <strong>of</strong> an hour. The Hessian Lieutenant<br />
Anderson <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Erb Pr<strong>in</strong>z Regiment <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> English Capta<strong>in</strong> Tailor [Taylor?] were seized with swords <strong>in</strong> h<strong>and</strong> by<br />
<strong>the</strong> enemy. Both <strong>of</strong>ficers were wounded by bayonets or swords <strong>and</strong> won <strong>the</strong> praise <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy. Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
garrison is said to have saved itself too soon.” 3772<br />
Sous-lieutenant Wilhelm Graf von Schwer<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> a letter to his uncle <strong>in</strong> France, written on 21 October, from York,<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia: “On 14 October our <strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> grenadiers, where I have <strong>the</strong> honor <strong>of</strong> still serv<strong>in</strong>g, received orders to<br />
march <strong>in</strong>to our redoubts. Our chasseurs, <strong>the</strong> grenadiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Gatenois regiment <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir chasseurs jo<strong>in</strong>ed us at<br />
nightfall. Our colonel-en-second, chevalier de Deux-Ponts, received <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> this battalion <strong>of</strong> grenadiers <strong>and</strong><br />
chasseurs; [Charles du Houx, Baron] de Viomenil, maréchal-de-camp, had <strong>the</strong> overall <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>. At 8 o’clock at<br />
night we approached <strong>the</strong> redoubts, always hidden beh<strong>in</strong>d our entrenchments. At 8 ¼ we were ordered to march<br />
<strong>in</strong> attack step up to <strong>the</strong> enemy redoubt <strong>and</strong> ascend it <strong>in</strong> an assault, our colonel-en-second at <strong>the</strong> head. There<br />
was a lively fire from all sides for about ¼ <strong>of</strong> an hour, after which <strong>the</strong> enemy <strong>of</strong>fered to surrender. The garrison<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort consisted <strong>of</strong> 160 men, <strong>of</strong> which we took no more than 40 prisoners without count<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> dead; <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs saved <strong>the</strong>mselves as best <strong>the</strong>y could. On our side we lost 80 men killed or wounded. Two <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
French regiment were killed…The enemy ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed a cont<strong>in</strong>uous fire from his forts on our redoubts which we<br />
3768 Jerome A. Greene, The Guns <strong>of</strong> Independence: The Siege <strong>of</strong> Yorktown, 1781 pp. 236-237.<br />
3769 WCO pp. 380-381.<br />
3770 TCS p. 426, SCP6 p. 40.<br />
3771 LLW pp. 235-236.<br />
3772 EHJ p. 335.<br />
636
had taken, <strong>the</strong>y also had <strong>the</strong> skill to throw dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night five or six bombs <strong>in</strong> our redoubt which exploded <strong>and</strong><br />
which killed a few grenadiers <strong>and</strong> chasseurs. I assure you, my very dear uncle, that one had to crouch on <strong>the</strong><br />
ground all night to avoid <strong>the</strong> cannons <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> bombs.” 3773<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “Rochambeau, <strong>in</strong> his Memoirs, mentions an <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g circumstance connected with <strong>the</strong> attack upon<br />
this redoubt. The grenadiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> regiment <strong>of</strong> Gatenois, which had been formed out <strong>of</strong> that <strong>of</strong> Auvergne, called<br />
Sans Tache [‘without sta<strong>in</strong>’], were led to <strong>the</strong> attack. When <strong>in</strong>formed that <strong>the</strong>y were to be engaged <strong>in</strong> this<br />
perilous enterprise, <strong>the</strong>y declared <strong>the</strong>ir will<strong>in</strong>gness ‘to be killed, even to <strong>the</strong> last man,’ if <strong>the</strong>ir orig<strong>in</strong>al name,<br />
which <strong>the</strong>y so much revered, would be restored to <strong>the</strong>m. Rochambeau promised <strong>the</strong>m it should be done. They<br />
fought like tigers, <strong>and</strong> one third <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir number were killed. When Rochambeau reported this affair to <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
Louis signed <strong>the</strong> order, restor<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> regiment <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> Royal Auvergne.” 3774<br />
15 October. Work on <strong>the</strong> Allied second parallel at Yorktown was all but f<strong>in</strong>ished. On this date de Grasse was<br />
supposed to have left <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake <strong>and</strong> return to <strong>the</strong> West Indies, but had been urgently dissuaded from this<br />
by Lafayette, Rochambeau, <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>and</strong> so rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> bay till Nov. 5. After <strong>the</strong> siege ended,<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton had tried (perhaps at <strong>the</strong> suggestion <strong>of</strong> Greene’s <strong>the</strong>n present aide <strong>and</strong> emissary, Henry Lee) to get<br />
de Grasse to sail some <strong>of</strong> his Cont<strong>in</strong>entals troops south to assist Greene, yet to this de Grasse felt he could not<br />
<strong>com</strong>ply. 3775<br />
15 October. [skirmish] Raft Swamp (Robeson County, N.C.) North Carol<strong>in</strong>a militia under Colonel Robert Smith,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Major Joseph Graham (o<strong>the</strong>r accounts also <strong>in</strong>clude Col. Thomas Robeson though Caru<strong>the</strong>rs makes no mention<br />
<strong>of</strong> him) routed <strong>and</strong> dispersed some loyalists near Raft Swamp; which had been an active center <strong>of</strong> loyalist<br />
activity for quite some time. This action occurred dur<strong>in</strong>g Brig. Gen. Griffith Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s campaign, carried on<br />
<strong>in</strong>to December, to extirpate <strong>the</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> around Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek <strong>and</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford spent some<br />
time tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g his men at a location where Drown<strong>in</strong>g Creek (now Lumber Creek) flows <strong>in</strong>to Montgomery County. At<br />
one po<strong>in</strong>t, he reportedly had 1,200 N.C. militia men assembled. 3776<br />
Joseph Graham: “…[T]he Enemy hav<strong>in</strong>g marched to Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton & left a garrison <strong>the</strong>re, but no militia services<br />
were called for <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> west until <strong>the</strong> month <strong>of</strong> August 1781, though <strong>the</strong> Tories, under protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British,<br />
had possession <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Country South <strong>of</strong> Cape Fear [River] until above Fayetteville & Col. [David] Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Tories surprised Hillsboro & took Governor Burke prisoner. General Ru<strong>the</strong>rford returned about this time. He had<br />
been exchanged (he was taken prisoner at Gates’ defeat <strong>and</strong> with o<strong>the</strong>r dist<strong>in</strong>guished Citizens had been conf<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Castle at St. August<strong>in</strong>e). [Ru<strong>the</strong>rford] sent this deponent orders to raise a troop <strong>of</strong> Dragoons <strong>in</strong><br />
Mecklenburg [County, NC], many <strong>of</strong> those who had served <strong>the</strong> preced<strong>in</strong>g w<strong>in</strong>ter jo<strong>in</strong>ed. There were but 4<br />
married men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Troop. [We] jo<strong>in</strong>ed Head Quarters near P. Dee [Peedee River], did not receive <strong>the</strong><br />
Commission herewith sent until several days after application was made to <strong>the</strong> Genl. on <strong>the</strong> ground that several<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers who had formerly acted under verbal appo<strong>in</strong>tments who had been taken prisoners <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y had not been<br />
Respected as <strong>of</strong>ficers but treated as <strong>com</strong>mon Soldiers, when all <strong>the</strong> drafts were assembled a Legionary Corps<br />
were formed under <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Col. Robert Smith who had been a Capta<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a l<strong>in</strong>e. It<br />
consisted <strong>of</strong> 3 troops <strong>of</strong> Dragoons about 96 troopers <strong>and</strong> 200 mounted Infantry. This Deponent was appo<strong>in</strong>ted<br />
Major as will appear by <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mission <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r papers herewith -- Two days after <strong>the</strong> General, hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation <strong>the</strong> Tories embodied on Raft Swamp upwards <strong>of</strong> 600 were about to retreat before him towards<br />
Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, detached this deponent with <strong>the</strong> Dragoons & 40 mounted men with orders to endeavor to hold <strong>the</strong>m<br />
at bay or impede <strong>the</strong>ir march so as he might follow <strong>and</strong> overtake <strong>the</strong>m -- when <strong>the</strong>y [<strong>the</strong> Tories] were<br />
overtaken, <strong>the</strong> ground appear<strong>in</strong>g favorable <strong>the</strong>y were charged by <strong>the</strong> Dragoons <strong>and</strong> entirely defeated <strong>and</strong><br />
dispersed 20 or 30 be<strong>in</strong>g killed <strong>and</strong> wounded entirely with saber.<br />
“This Deponent was detached by Col. Smith with one troop <strong>of</strong> dragoons <strong>and</strong> two <strong>com</strong>panies <strong>of</strong> mounted men at<br />
Alfred Moore’s Plantation a mile below <strong>the</strong> ferry at Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton where we surprised <strong>and</strong> defeated about 100<br />
Tories; killed & wounded 12.<br />
“The next day we were <strong>in</strong> an unsuccessful attack on a British Garrison <strong>in</strong> a brick house that covered <strong>the</strong> ferry<br />
opposite Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton. In this engagement, we had one <strong>of</strong> our party killed.<br />
“This deponent was afterwards detached by order <strong>of</strong> General Ru<strong>the</strong>rford with three <strong>com</strong>panies (one <strong>of</strong> which<br />
was dragoons) by Brunswick over Lockwood’s folly <strong>and</strong> Waccamaw River at a place called Seven Creeks near <strong>the</strong><br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a l<strong>in</strong>e. We were attacked about midnight by <strong>the</strong> noted Col Ganey <strong>of</strong> So. Carol<strong>in</strong>a who was <strong>the</strong>n<br />
under a truce with Genl Marion but it appears Ganey did not consider it b<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a. We had one <strong>of</strong><br />
our party killed & 2 wounded & 4 horses killed. The Cavalry charged & defeated <strong>the</strong>m & killed one <strong>of</strong> Ganey’s<br />
party -- for <strong>the</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r evidence <strong>of</strong> this service see Genl. [Griffith] Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s order to this deponent (after<br />
<strong>the</strong> British had left Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton) dated Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton Nov. 18 th 1781 <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> orders this deponent gave to those<br />
under his Comm<strong>and</strong> when act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> pursuance <strong>of</strong> said order, <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> which service was someth<strong>in</strong>g over 3<br />
months. Dur<strong>in</strong>g this service, we lost two men killed <strong>and</strong> two wounded <strong>and</strong> were <strong>in</strong> 4 battles.” 3777<br />
3773 Quoted <strong>in</strong> “Eyewitness to Yorktown,”(letters to home from Sous-lieutenant Wilhelm Graf von Schwer<strong>in</strong>), edited with an<br />
article by Robert A. Selig, Military History (magaz<strong>in</strong>e), Feb. 2003, pp 58-64.<br />
3774 LFB2 p. 313n.<br />
3775 TCS p. 386, GHA4 p. 199, LMS pp. 500, 518.<br />
3776 CNC22 pp. 125-126, CNS2 pp. 368-380, SCP6 pp. 175-176, DRO pp. 224-227.<br />
And see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/littleraftsw.htm Dunkerly speaks <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> Ru<strong>the</strong>rford’s force be<strong>in</strong>g ambushed <strong>the</strong> day<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g Raft Swamp, see DRO p. 227.<br />
3777 GPS.<br />
637
Caru<strong>the</strong>rs: “The Tories had never dispersed s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> capture <strong>of</strong> Gov. Burke <strong>and</strong> about six hundred <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m were<br />
now embodied on <strong>the</strong> Raft Swamp, under [Colonels] Ray [Duncan Ray], McDougal [Archibald McDougald] <strong>and</strong><br />
McNeil [Hector MacNeil], (‘one-eyed Hector.’) Gen. [Joseph] Graham says, <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>in</strong>formed that Col. Fann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
was not with <strong>the</strong>m. The tradition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighborhood says he was <strong>the</strong>re, but was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first that fled.<br />
When <strong>the</strong> re<strong>in</strong>forcements were received, Major [Robert] Smith was raised to <strong>the</strong> rank <strong>of</strong> colonel, <strong>and</strong> Capta<strong>in</strong><br />
Graham to that <strong>of</strong> major. These light troops scoured <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>and</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> advance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fantry, did all<br />
<strong>the</strong> fight<strong>in</strong>g. As soon as <strong>the</strong> cavalry approached, <strong>the</strong>y [<strong>the</strong> loyalists] fled <strong>in</strong> every direction, <strong>and</strong> made no<br />
organized general resistance, for <strong>the</strong>y had nei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>e nor <strong>the</strong> firmness necessary to face such men<br />
under such <strong>of</strong>ficers.<br />
“The Whigs came upon <strong>the</strong>m on <strong>the</strong> causeway <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Raft Swamps [sic], each <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m two or three hundred<br />
yards wide, <strong>and</strong> rode over <strong>the</strong>m, cut <strong>the</strong>m with <strong>the</strong>ir sabers, <strong>and</strong> tumbled <strong>the</strong> riders <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir s<strong>and</strong> hill ponies<br />
<strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> causeway <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> water, where probably some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m drowned. At a certa<strong>in</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t, <strong>the</strong>y had taken<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir st<strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> ris<strong>in</strong>g ground, <strong>in</strong>tend<strong>in</strong>g to give <strong>the</strong> Whigs ‘Jesse,’ as <strong>the</strong>y came out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Swamp; but as soon<br />
as <strong>the</strong>y saw <strong>the</strong>m, on <strong>the</strong>ir big western horses, rush<strong>in</strong>g through like a torrent, <strong>the</strong>y were frightened out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
wits <strong>and</strong> fled <strong>in</strong> utter confusion. [Based on Joseph Graham’s account] sixteen <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m were known to have been<br />
killed, John McAdoo, who was greatly lamented as a man <strong>of</strong> tried firmness <strong>and</strong> dauntless courage. Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Tories fled to <strong>the</strong> ‘Neutral Ground,’ <strong>and</strong> some left <strong>the</strong> country; but most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m gave <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir submission…<br />
“…he [David Fann<strong>in</strong>g] would not have had <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> more than his own men, if he had been <strong>the</strong>re, as <strong>the</strong><br />
Scotch were unwill<strong>in</strong>g to be <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by him; but, if he had been <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer, he had more sense<br />
than to encounter a superior force <strong>of</strong> western men, <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>ed by such <strong>of</strong>ficers as Ru<strong>the</strong>rford, Smith, Graham<br />
<strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs, whose character for skill <strong>and</strong> bravery was well known all over <strong>the</strong> State. He knew well what would<br />
be <strong>the</strong> result; <strong>and</strong>, ra<strong>the</strong>r than witness <strong>the</strong> destruction, or entire dis<strong>com</strong>fiture <strong>of</strong> his friends, he very prudently<br />
left when he found that <strong>the</strong> enemy was nearly with<strong>in</strong> strik<strong>in</strong>g distance.<br />
“Before Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Elrod jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>m with <strong>the</strong> men <strong>the</strong>y had collected, Col. McNeil, ‘One-eyed Hector,’ as he<br />
was afterwards called, had marched his army down about five miles below McFalls [McPhaul’s] mill, <strong>and</strong><br />
encamped <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods at <strong>the</strong> mouth <strong>of</strong> Brown’s, now McDougal’s branch, on <strong>the</strong> south-west side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Little<br />
Raft Swamp, <strong>and</strong> about a mile above <strong>the</strong> Lowry road, where <strong>the</strong>y were jo<strong>in</strong>ed by Fann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Elrod. At <strong>the</strong><br />
battle on Cane Creek, as before stated, where old Col. Hector MacNeil was killed, McDougal [McDougald] was<br />
put <strong>in</strong> his place; but that was <strong>in</strong>tended to be only a temporary appo<strong>in</strong>tment. When <strong>the</strong> danger was over,<br />
accord<strong>in</strong>g to tradition, ano<strong>the</strong>r Hector MacNeil was put <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> place, to conceal <strong>the</strong> death <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> old Colonel,<br />
<strong>and</strong> he cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong>fice. Still McDougal may also have been permitted to reta<strong>in</strong> his appo<strong>in</strong>tment <strong>in</strong> honor <strong>of</strong><br />
his services on that occasion; but be this as it may, none <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m hav<strong>in</strong>g much to do, he left head-quarters <strong>and</strong><br />
went on a visit to his old Whig friend, Neill Brown., Esq., who lived some four or five miles south, on <strong>the</strong> southwest<br />
side <strong>of</strong> Richl<strong>and</strong> swamp, where he stayed a day or two. Next morn<strong>in</strong>g [<strong>the</strong> second morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> this visit, I<br />
presume,) word came to <strong>the</strong> army that Gen. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford had arrived at McFall’s mill; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y just supposed<br />
that, <strong>in</strong> a day or two, he might <strong>com</strong>e down, or perhaps send a forward detachment to reconnoitre [sic] <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
camp, <strong>and</strong> perhaps ‘beat up <strong>the</strong>ir quarters,’ a little….” [Caru<strong>the</strong>rs goes on to describe <strong>the</strong> engagement <strong>in</strong><br />
greater details, ac<strong>com</strong>panied with his usual remarks <strong>and</strong> observations.] 3778<br />
16 October. [skirmish] Monck’s Corner (Berkeley County) Boatner: “Accord<strong>in</strong>g to [Newton A.] Strait, a Col.<br />
Malone (not identified <strong>in</strong> Heitman) attacked <strong>the</strong> British camp <strong>and</strong> took 80 prisoners.” 3779<br />
16 October. [sortie] Yorktown (York County, VA.) At 3 a.m. on <strong>the</strong> 16 th , <strong>the</strong> British carried out a sortie on <strong>the</strong><br />
Allied second parallel <strong>in</strong> order to delay its open<strong>in</strong>g. The essay<strong>in</strong>g party, about 350-400, headed by Lieut. Col.<br />
Robert Abercromby, was <strong>com</strong>prised <strong>of</strong> Light Infantry under Maj. Armstrong, Grenadiers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Foot Guards, <strong>and</strong> a<br />
<strong>com</strong>pany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 80 th under Lieut. Col. Lake. Somewhat successful at first, <strong>the</strong>y were at last driven <strong>of</strong>f by a larger<br />
force <strong>of</strong> grenadiers under Col. Louis-Marte Vi<strong>com</strong>te de Noailles, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Regt. de Soissonnois. Though <strong>the</strong> British<br />
acquitted <strong>the</strong>mselves honorably by <strong>the</strong> bold gesture, spik<strong>in</strong>g 7 French guns <strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g a few prisoners <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
process, <strong>the</strong> resultant impact was relatively slight; <strong>the</strong> spiked guns be<strong>in</strong>g repaired with<strong>in</strong> a few hours. British<br />
killed 8 <strong>and</strong> captured 12 prisoners mostly French <strong>and</strong> one American; <strong>the</strong>y <strong>the</strong>mselves lost 20, <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>and</strong> men<br />
killed <strong>and</strong> wounded. 3780<br />
16-17 October. Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> night Cornwallis began ferry<strong>in</strong>g troops over to Gloucester <strong>in</strong> an effort to permit his<br />
army’s escape. Although a first group (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> greater part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> light <strong>in</strong>fantry, Guards <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> 23 rd Regt.)<br />
was able to cross <strong>and</strong> disembark, a storm arose endanger<strong>in</strong>g any fur<strong>the</strong>r such efforts <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> attempt was<br />
halted.<br />
At ten o’clock <strong>the</strong>n on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 17 th , a drummer appeared on a parapet <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British works, beat<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
parley. Cornwallis <strong>the</strong>reafter relayed a message to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Rochambeau request<strong>in</strong>g a suspension <strong>of</strong><br />
hostilities. Ewald <strong>com</strong>ments with some persuasiveness that a move south across <strong>the</strong> James River toward <strong>the</strong><br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>as (with one navigable river to cross), ra<strong>the</strong>r than north (with three navigable rivers to pass) would have<br />
been a more prudent escape strategy for Cornwallis. 3781<br />
3778 CNS2 pp. 368-373.<br />
3779 Newton A. Strait, Alphabetical List <strong>of</strong> Battles, 1754-1900, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, 1900, BEA p. 711.<br />
3780 EHJ p. 336, AR81 pp. 132-133, CSS p. 1237, TCS pp. 386-387, GHA4 pp. 193-194, SAW2 pp. 410-411, MLW4A pp. 488-489, LMS<br />
p. 503, JYC p. 149, WAR2 p. 893.<br />
3781 EHJ pp. 336-338, AR81 p. 133, TCS pp. 387-388, CSS pp. 1234-1238, SAW2 p. 412, MLW4A pp. 389-390, LMS pp. 503-506, LFB2<br />
p. 315, JYC p. 149, WAR2 pp. 893-894.<br />
638
17 October. The allied second parallel was <strong>com</strong>pleted. 3782<br />
18 October. Negotiations for surrender were carried on between Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Allies at Yorktown. 3783<br />
19 October. Cl<strong>in</strong>ton <strong>and</strong> Graves with 7,000 troops embarked from New York to aid Cornwallis. They had been<br />
ready to go on <strong>the</strong> 15 th , but bad wea<strong>the</strong>r had caused a three day cunctation. 3784<br />
19 October. [surrender] YORKTOWN (York County, VA) Receiv<strong>in</strong>g an ultimatum from Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong><br />
Rochambeau, <strong>and</strong> his men suffer<strong>in</strong>g alarm<strong>in</strong>g losses, Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown with a reported 7,247<br />
(6,602 rank <strong>and</strong> file) <strong>and</strong> 840 seaman be<strong>in</strong>g given up to <strong>the</strong> Americans <strong>and</strong> French. Cornwallis’ casualties<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege were 156 killed <strong>and</strong> 326 wounded, <strong>and</strong> 70 miss<strong>in</strong>g. Of <strong>the</strong>se, <strong>the</strong> German losses were<br />
53 killed, 131 wounded, <strong>and</strong> 27 miss<strong>in</strong>g. As well, over 1,500 (Cornwallis’ return says 1,900) were reported sick or<br />
unfit for duty on day <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> surrender. The American casualties were 26 killed, 56 wounded; those <strong>of</strong> French 52<br />
killed, <strong>and</strong> 134 wounded. Based on an un<strong>of</strong>ficial statement <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> sick <strong>and</strong> unfit for duty among <strong>the</strong><br />
allies <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed was 1,430.<br />
The British were granted <strong>the</strong> same humiliat<strong>in</strong>g terms <strong>of</strong> surrender as <strong>the</strong> Charlestown garrison <strong>of</strong> 1780. Although<br />
<strong>the</strong> war would cont<strong>in</strong>ue to drag on for more than a year, Yorktown loudly signaled <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> end; with<br />
joy, relief, anger, <strong>and</strong> grief be<strong>in</strong>g some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> emotions <strong>com</strong>monly expressed by those present.<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton sailed from New York on this same day <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> surrender, with 25 ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, 2 fifty-gun ships, <strong>and</strong> 8<br />
frigates <strong>and</strong> 7,000 troops. He arrived <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Capes on <strong>the</strong> 24 th (which see), <strong>and</strong> stayed wait<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Chesapeake till <strong>the</strong> 29 th . But by <strong>the</strong>n, hav<strong>in</strong>g fully ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed what had happened, he returned to New York. de<br />
Grasse <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> French fleet, for <strong>the</strong>ir part, departed <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake en route to <strong>the</strong> West Indies on 5 November<br />
(he orig<strong>in</strong>ally had been under orders to have left by Oct. 15 th .)<br />
Prisoners taken by <strong>the</strong> Allies at Yorktown were subsequently marched to W<strong>in</strong>chester, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong><br />
Frederickstown, Maryl<strong>and</strong>, Cornwallis <strong>and</strong> his pr<strong>in</strong>cipal <strong>of</strong>ficers sailed for New York on parole. St. Simon<br />
embarked on <strong>the</strong> last <strong>of</strong> October, <strong>and</strong> de Grasse left on 4 November. Rochambeau <strong>and</strong> his troops rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong><br />
Williamsburg till <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g (Loss<strong>in</strong>g says summer), after which <strong>the</strong>y moved north to camp on <strong>the</strong> Hudson (to<br />
which location Wash<strong>in</strong>gton as well had returned to not long after <strong>the</strong> siege.) In Autumn 1782, <strong>the</strong>y removed to a<br />
New Engl<strong>and</strong> location, <strong>and</strong> by early December had embarked from Boston for <strong>the</strong> West Indies. 3785<br />
Lee: “The author was present at this ceremony; <strong>and</strong> certa<strong>in</strong>ly no spectacle could be more impressive than <strong>the</strong><br />
one now exhibited. Valiant troops yield<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>the</strong>ir arms after fight<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> a cause dear to <strong>the</strong>m<br />
(because <strong>the</strong> cause <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir country), under a leader who, throughout <strong>the</strong> war, <strong>in</strong> every grade <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> every<br />
situation to which he had been called, appeared <strong>the</strong> Hector <strong>of</strong> his host. Battle after battle had he fought;<br />
climate after climate had he endured; towns had yielded to his m<strong>and</strong>ate, posts were ab<strong>and</strong>oned at his approach;<br />
armies were conquered by his prowess; one nearly exterm<strong>in</strong>ated, ano<strong>the</strong>r chased from <strong>the</strong> conf<strong>in</strong>es <strong>of</strong> South<br />
Carol<strong>in</strong>a beyond <strong>the</strong> Dan <strong>in</strong>to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, <strong>and</strong> a third severely chastised <strong>in</strong> that State on <strong>the</strong> shores <strong>of</strong> James River.<br />
But here even he, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> midst <strong>of</strong> his splendid career, found his conqueror.<br />
“The road through which <strong>the</strong>y marched was l<strong>in</strong>ed with spectators, French <strong>and</strong> American. On one side <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er-<strong>in</strong>-chief, surrounded by his suite <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> American staff, took his station; on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side,<br />
opposite to him, was <strong>the</strong> Count de Rochambeau <strong>in</strong> like manner attended. The captive army approached, mov<strong>in</strong>g<br />
slowly <strong>in</strong> column with grace <strong>and</strong> precision. Universal silence was observed amidst <strong>the</strong> vast concourse, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
utmost decency prevailed; exhibit<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> demeanor an awful sense <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> vicissitudes <strong>of</strong> human fortune, m<strong>in</strong>gled<br />
with <strong>com</strong>miseration for <strong>the</strong> unhappy. The head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> column approached <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er-<strong>in</strong>-chief; -- O’Hara,<br />
mistak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> circle, turned to that on his left for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> pay<strong>in</strong>g his respects to <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er-<strong>in</strong>-chief,<br />
<strong>and</strong> request<strong>in</strong>g fur<strong>the</strong>r orders; when quickly discover<strong>in</strong>g his error, with much embarrassment <strong>in</strong> his countenance,<br />
he flew across <strong>the</strong> road, <strong>and</strong> advanc<strong>in</strong>g up to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, asked pardon for his mistake, apologized for <strong>the</strong><br />
absence <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis, <strong>and</strong> begged to know his fur<strong>the</strong>r pleasure. The general feel<strong>in</strong>g his embarrassment,<br />
relieved it by referr<strong>in</strong>g him to General L<strong>in</strong>coln for his government. Return<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> column, it<br />
moved under <strong>the</strong> guidance <strong>of</strong> L<strong>in</strong>coln to <strong>the</strong> field selected for <strong>the</strong> conclusion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ceremony.<br />
“Every eye was turned, search<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> British <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er-<strong>in</strong>-chief, anxious to look at that man, heret<strong>of</strong>ore so<br />
much <strong>the</strong> object <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir dread. All were disappo<strong>in</strong>ted. Cornwallis held himself back from <strong>the</strong> humiliat<strong>in</strong>g scene;<br />
obey<strong>in</strong>g emotions which his great character ought to have stifled. He had been unfortunate, not from any false<br />
step or deficiency <strong>of</strong> exertion on his part, but from <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>fatuated policy <strong>of</strong> his superior, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> united power <strong>of</strong><br />
his enemy, brought to bear upon him alone. There was noth<strong>in</strong>g with which he could reproach himself; <strong>the</strong>re was<br />
noth<strong>in</strong>g with which he could reproach his brave <strong>and</strong> faithful army; why not <strong>the</strong>n appear at its head <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day <strong>of</strong><br />
misfortune, as he had always done <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> day <strong>of</strong> triumph? The British general <strong>in</strong> this <strong>in</strong>stance deviated from his<br />
usual l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> conduct, dimm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> splendor <strong>of</strong> his long <strong>and</strong> brilliant career.” 3786<br />
3782 MLW4A pp. 488-489, LMS p. 506.<br />
3783 LFB2 pp. 317-318.<br />
3784 CAC pp. 257-260, CGP pp. 116-118, MLW4A pp. 479, 482n, 496, WFK p. 244.<br />
3785 (These citations also cover <strong>the</strong> Yorktown campaign at large) ATR82a pp. 34, 35, 37, 40, 42, 46, 59, 140, AR81 pp. 133-135,<br />
TCS pp. 365-393, CAR p. 587, GHA4 pp. 194-200, CSS pp. 1236-1243, MLW4A pp. 490-503, LMS pp. 507-514, LFB2 pp. 303-320,<br />
CBA p. 643, Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> American History, <strong>and</strong> which (written <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> year <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yorktown centennial) conta<strong>in</strong>s as thorough a<br />
treatment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yorktown campaign <strong>and</strong> its aftermath as anywhere else; as follows: Jan. 1881, vol. VI, no. 1, pp. 1-55; July<br />
1881, vol. VII, no. 1, pp. 1-58, 65; Aug. 1881, vol. VII, no. 2, pp. 122-133; Sept. 1881, vol. VII, no. 3, pp. 161-175, 201-216, 222-<br />
275; Oct. 1881, vol. VII, no. 4, pp. 283-295, 299, 302-314; Nov. 1881, vol. VII, no. 5, pp. 321-338, 363-370, 381-384; Dec. 1881,<br />
vol. VII, no. 6, pp. 445-453, JYC p. 158, FWI pp. 251-252, WAR2 pp. 886-896.<br />
3786 LMS pp. 512-513.<br />
639
“Lord Cornwallis’ deputy Adjutant General’s Return <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> troops surrendered at York <strong>and</strong> Gloucester:<br />
Surrendered at York: 385 sergeants, 165 drummers, 5014 rank <strong>and</strong> file<br />
Gloucester 91 sergeants, 39 drummers, 936 rank <strong>and</strong> file<br />
Total: 476 sergeants, 204 drummers, 5950 rank <strong>and</strong> file<br />
Of which 1900 rank <strong>and</strong> file were sick.” 3787<br />
General Return <strong>of</strong> British Troops Surrendered Prisoners <strong>of</strong> <strong>War</strong> on <strong>the</strong> 19 th <strong>of</strong> October, 1781 3788<br />
Organization Officers Men O<strong>the</strong>r personnel Total<br />
General <strong>and</strong> staff 31 46 77<br />
Royal Artillery 13 198 31 242<br />
Guards 23 504 527<br />
Light Infantry 31 640 671<br />
Seventeenth Regiment 17 227 244<br />
Twenty-third Regiment 12 221 233<br />
Thirty-third Regiment 11 259 270<br />
Forty-third Regiment 14 345 359<br />
Seventy-first Regiment 22 272 294<br />
Seventy-sixth Regiment 31 684 715<br />
Eightieth Regiment 32 657 689<br />
Two battalions Anspach 69 1005 2 1086<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Hereditaire 22 455 7 484<br />
Regiment de Bose 15 333 1 349<br />
Yagers 5 69 74<br />
British Legion 25 216 241<br />
Queen’s Rangers 43 277 320<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a vol. 21 121 142<br />
Pioneers 5 37 42<br />
Small detachments 14 10 24<br />
Taken on 14 th & 16 th Oct. 6 72 78<br />
Camp followers 80 80<br />
TOTAL 462 6602 177 7241<br />
Loss<strong>in</strong>g: “The loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> British on this occasion was one hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty-six killed, three hundred <strong>and</strong> twentysix<br />
wounded, <strong>and</strong> seventy miss<strong>in</strong>g. The whole number surrendered by capitulation was a little more than seven<br />
thous<strong>and</strong>, accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> most reliable authorities, mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> total loss between seventy-five <strong>and</strong> seventyeight<br />
hundred. The <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ed army employed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege consisted <strong>of</strong> about seven thous<strong>and</strong> regular American<br />
troops, more than five thous<strong>and</strong> French, <strong>and</strong> four thous<strong>and</strong> militia; a total <strong>of</strong> over sixteen thous<strong>and</strong> men. Their<br />
loss dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> siege, <strong>of</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, was only about three hundred. The artillery, <strong>and</strong> military stores<br />
<strong>and</strong> provisions surrendered, were very considerable. There were seventy-five brass, <strong>and</strong> one hundred <strong>and</strong> sixty<br />
iron cannons; seven thous<strong>and</strong> seven hundred <strong>and</strong> n<strong>in</strong>ety-four muskets; twenty-eight regimental st<strong>and</strong>ards (ten <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m English, <strong>and</strong> eighteen German); a large quantity <strong>of</strong> cannon <strong>and</strong> musket-balls, bombs, carriages, &c., &c.<br />
The military chest conta<strong>in</strong>ed nearly eleven thous<strong>and</strong> dollars <strong>in</strong> specie.” 3789<br />
Return <strong>of</strong> British Military Stores <strong>and</strong> Provisions Captured 3790<br />
Brass Cannon: 75<br />
Iron Cannon: 160<br />
Muskets: 7794<br />
Regimental St<strong>and</strong>ards: 28 (10 British, 18 German)<br />
Historian Robert Selig estimates that <strong>the</strong> French casualties at Yorktown were less than 200 killed or wounded.<br />
The Americans lost half as many. British casualties totaled about 600 killed, wounded, or miss<strong>in</strong>g. 3791<br />
For Adj. Gen. Edward H<strong>and</strong>’s highly detailed return <strong>of</strong> killed <strong>and</strong> wounded, plus a similar one for captures, at<br />
Yorktown, see Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> American History, Dec. 1881, vol. VII, no. 6, p. 450-453.<br />
The Annual Register: “Such was <strong>the</strong> very hard fate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> that conquer<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> gallant army, which<br />
had been so highly dist<strong>in</strong>guished <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn war! We shall say noth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> share which <strong>the</strong>ir noble<br />
<strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>er bore <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>com</strong>mon misfortune, as he lives <strong>in</strong> an age which knows how to dist<strong>in</strong>guish <strong>the</strong> want <strong>of</strong><br />
success from <strong>the</strong> want <strong>of</strong> merit. Nei<strong>the</strong>r himself nor his army forfeited any part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir former character. Their<br />
position was <strong>in</strong> many respects a very bad one, <strong>and</strong> probably would have cont<strong>in</strong>ued so <strong>in</strong> any state <strong>of</strong><br />
fortification; but <strong>in</strong> its present, it was no more than an entrenched camp, <strong>and</strong> subject to be enfiladed <strong>in</strong><br />
different parts; while <strong>the</strong>ir new half-formed works, were much less capable <strong>of</strong> withst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> powerful<br />
3787 CAR p. 587. At <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> surrender Cornwallis had 4,017 fit for duty. RCC p. 132.<br />
3788 From <strong>the</strong> U.S. Army Center for Military History.<br />
3789 LFB2 p. 320.<br />
3790 TBY pp. 133-134.<br />
3791 Military History (magaz<strong>in</strong>e), Feb. 2003, p. 62. Respect<strong>in</strong>g Allied losses at Yorktown see also GYT pp. 341-342; for British <strong>and</strong><br />
German see GYT pp. 342-343.<br />
640
artillery <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enemy, than <strong>the</strong>y would <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>of</strong> oppos<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir vast superiority <strong>of</strong> force <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> open field.<br />
It was pitched upon <strong>in</strong> one <strong>of</strong> those unfavourable conjunctures which allow <strong>of</strong> no good expedient, <strong>and</strong> where<br />
<strong>in</strong>conveniences must be balanced ra<strong>the</strong>r than advantages sought. The troops made <strong>the</strong> best amends for <strong>the</strong><br />
difficulties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir situation, by <strong>the</strong> patience with which <strong>the</strong>y endured an unremitt<strong>in</strong>g duty <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> greatest<br />
fatigues, as well as by <strong>the</strong> firmness <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>trepidity with which <strong>the</strong>y stood a fire <strong>of</strong> shot <strong>and</strong> shells, which has<br />
seldom been exceeded <strong>in</strong> magnitude. The French expended 16,000 shot <strong>and</strong> shells <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> siege, 3000 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
latter be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first dimensions; <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americans was not less…<br />
“Such was <strong>the</strong> issue <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ian war. The loss <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallis’s army was too heavy a blow to be soon or<br />
easily recovered. It was evident, that it must entirely change <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war on <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> Great Brita<strong>in</strong>;<br />
<strong>and</strong> that it could no longer be carried on <strong>of</strong>fensively by l<strong>and</strong>, at least to any considerable extent. Indeed <strong>the</strong><br />
surrender at York Town, may be considered as <strong>the</strong> clos<strong>in</strong>g scene <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole cont<strong>in</strong>ental war <strong>in</strong> America. There<br />
are few periods <strong>in</strong> history more capable <strong>of</strong> rous<strong>in</strong>g attention <strong>and</strong> excit<strong>in</strong>g reflections; whe<strong>the</strong>r we consider <strong>the</strong><br />
orig<strong>in</strong>al policy, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> discussions which ensued; its various events, <strong>and</strong> sudden changes <strong>of</strong> fortune; on one fide<br />
<strong>the</strong> magnitude <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> preparations, <strong>and</strong> distance <strong>of</strong> operation from <strong>the</strong> feat <strong>of</strong> power, <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>the</strong><br />
difficulties, pert<strong>in</strong>acity, <strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>al success <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> resistance; or whe<strong>the</strong>r we consider <strong>the</strong> effect this revolution<br />
may <strong>in</strong> future operate on <strong>the</strong> political state <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole human race, we shall <strong>in</strong> every respect f<strong>in</strong>d it<br />
extraord<strong>in</strong>ary. Undoubtedly a new scene is opened.” 3792<br />
20 October. Sumner, at “Halifax,” N.C., to Gen. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton: “I rejoice to hear <strong>of</strong> your approaches aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong><br />
fortified holds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy about York, <strong>and</strong> flatter our expectations that <strong>the</strong>y will soon fall under yr. [your]<br />
Power. The Situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Camp, about <strong>the</strong> 27 th <strong>of</strong> September on <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> Santee, were under<br />
some apprehensions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Enemy’s Cross<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> river Santee upon receiv<strong>in</strong>g some re<strong>in</strong>forcements, which had<br />
not jo<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>the</strong>m before <strong>the</strong> affair, at <strong>the</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs. Genl. Ru<strong>the</strong>rford & Butler with about eighteen<br />
Hundred Militia were last Tuesday, with<strong>in</strong> twenty five miles West <strong>of</strong> Campbleton [Campbellton, also Cross Creek<br />
<strong>and</strong> present day Fayetteville] on Cross Creek on Cape Fear, that <strong>the</strong> disaffected were imbodyed [sic] on <strong>the</strong><br />
head waters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wo<strong>com</strong>aw [Waccamaw] River South <strong>of</strong> Campbleton (1200) [sic]. Major Craig who <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong>s<br />
<strong>in</strong> Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton about Four Hundred British troops has fortified redoubts <strong>and</strong> [lacuna] this post has recovered<br />
much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> neighbor<strong>in</strong>g country <strong>and</strong> have [Unif<strong>in</strong>ished letter <strong>in</strong> General Sumner’s h<strong>and</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g.]” 3793<br />
20 October. [skirmish] Hilton Head Isl<strong>and</strong> (Beaufort County, S.C.) 3794<br />
23 October. Follow<strong>in</strong>g his victory at Raft Swamp (15 October), Ru<strong>the</strong>rford (number<strong>in</strong>g some 1,500, <strong>and</strong> which<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded some cavalry) advanced on Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton (<strong>in</strong> two prongs, one under himself; <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r a much smaller<br />
detachment <strong>of</strong> 200 mounted <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>and</strong> 100 cavalry under Capt. Robert Smith); <strong>the</strong>reby <strong>com</strong>pell<strong>in</strong>g Craig to<br />
ab<strong>and</strong>on Heron’s Bridge <strong>and</strong> withdraw <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> city. The British ultimately left Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton itself on November<br />
18 th (Rank<strong>in</strong> give <strong>the</strong> 14 th .) 3795<br />
24 October. Escorted by 25 ships <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e, 2 fifty gun ships, <strong>and</strong> several frigates headed by Graves, 7,000<br />
British re<strong>in</strong>forcements from New York (which had left <strong>the</strong>re on <strong>the</strong> 19 th ) under Cl<strong>in</strong>ton entered <strong>the</strong> Chesapeake<br />
Bay, but soon turned back from proceed<strong>in</strong>g to Yorktown upon learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> its surrender. They actually turned<br />
back from <strong>the</strong> Bay itself on <strong>the</strong> 29 th ; after be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>pletely assured that fur<strong>the</strong>r exertion to assist <strong>the</strong> post<br />
would be futile. De Grasse, meanwhile, rema<strong>in</strong>ed at anchorage while make preparations for his later departure,<br />
<strong>and</strong> which ultimately transpired on Nov. 5 th . 3796<br />
24 October. Colonels John Sevier <strong>and</strong> Isaac Shelby, rid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> two separate groups, moved to assist Greene’s army<br />
with about 700 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir mounted frontier militia. By October 24 th Sevier arrived to jo<strong>in</strong> Greene; while Shelby<br />
reached Marion, with whom he had been assigned to cooperate, by November 2 nd . 3797<br />
27 October. St. Simon’s troops began embark<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> West Indies <strong>in</strong> preparation for de Grasse’s leav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
Chesapeake on Nov. 5 th .<br />
Kirkwood, at Greene’s camp <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> High Hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Santee, on this date entered <strong>in</strong> his Order Book: “Received<br />
Intelligence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Surrender <strong>of</strong> Lord Cornwallaces [sic] whole Army to his Excellency Genl. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>in</strong> York<br />
Town Virg<strong>in</strong>ia on <strong>the</strong> 17 th Inst.” 3798<br />
28 October. [raid] V<strong>in</strong>ce’s Fort. (Barnwell County) Loyalist partisan Col. Hezekiah Williams, set out to attack<br />
V<strong>in</strong>ce’s Fort (just west <strong>of</strong> present day Barnwell.) Its garrison <strong>of</strong> 80 men hav<strong>in</strong>g retreated, apparently on his<br />
approach, he took a few stragglers prisoner, set <strong>the</strong> fort ablaze, <strong>and</strong> retired to his camp 15 miles south <strong>of</strong><br />
Orangeburgh. 3799<br />
3792 AR81 pp. 135-136.<br />
3793 CNC15 p. 655.<br />
3794 LSC p. 19, ONB3 pp. 378-379.<br />
3795 RNC p. 367, SCP6 pp. 174-176, DRO p. 228.<br />
3796 AR81 p. 136, GHA4 pp. 198-199, SAW2 p. 414, MLW4A pp. 496, LMS pp. 514-515, GYT pp. 317-318, 353, WFK p. 244.<br />
3797 NGP9 pp. 277n, 521-522.<br />
3798 GHA4 p. 199, KJO p. 26.<br />
3799 MSC2 p. 748, RBG p. 208. And see http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/v<strong>in</strong>cesfort.htm<br />
641
Late October. [battle] Brush Creek (Chatham County, N.C.) Accord<strong>in</strong>g to his own account Col. David Fann<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
despite <strong>the</strong> wound he received at L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mills, with 140 loyalists fought <strong>of</strong>f 170 N.C. militia; <strong>the</strong>n disb<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
his men. 3800<br />
Pension statement <strong>of</strong> John Patterson <strong>of</strong> Orange County, N.C.: “This deponent was not <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> battle at L<strong>in</strong>dley’s<br />
Mill because he was absent as above stated. Capt. Christmas was wounded a few days after ---home, when<br />
act<strong>in</strong>g as a spy & returned home. After <strong>the</strong> battle at L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mill, Col. [William] O’Neil ordered <strong>the</strong> men to<br />
furnish <strong>the</strong>m-selves with horses, that <strong>the</strong>ir efforts might be more efficient aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Tories, aga<strong>in</strong>st whom <strong>the</strong><br />
Militia <strong>in</strong> that district was directed. This deponent furnished his own horse, saddle, bridle, etc., & set out aga<strong>in</strong><br />
from home aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> September, as near as he can recollect, under Capt. Schoby & Col. O’Neil who<br />
was still under Genl John Butler. The forces were directed aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Scotch Tories from Cross Creek,<br />
Wilm<strong>in</strong>ton [Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton] <strong>and</strong> who were very bad & who annoyed <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants very much.<br />
“The time <strong>the</strong> deponent was out, <strong>the</strong> Americans under Col. O’Neil <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tories under Col. Fann<strong>in</strong> [Fann<strong>in</strong>g]<br />
had a battle at Brush Creek, <strong>in</strong> Chatham County North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> Americans were victorious. This<br />
deponent, however, was aga<strong>in</strong> absent at his own house, by leave <strong>of</strong> his <strong>com</strong>m<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>ficer, & was not <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
battle; -- <strong>the</strong> troops hav<strong>in</strong>g camped with<strong>in</strong> two or three miles <strong>of</strong> his own house, he obta<strong>in</strong>ed leave <strong>of</strong> absence to<br />
go home that night, & return next morn<strong>in</strong>g; & soon after this deponent left <strong>the</strong> Camp that night, as he afterward<br />
learned, <strong>the</strong> troops marched all night & came up with <strong>the</strong> Tories where <strong>the</strong>y had <strong>the</strong> battle on Brush Creek.<br />
“A short time after <strong>the</strong> Battle <strong>of</strong> Brush Creek, <strong>the</strong> news <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Surrender<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Cornwallis came, but <strong>the</strong> Tories<br />
were so bad, & kept such a plunder<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>of</strong> Orange & Chatham, that <strong>the</strong> troops were not<br />
discharged, but kept <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> service, until late <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> next year, & after <strong>the</strong> corn had been ga<strong>the</strong>red,<br />
when he was discharged.”<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------<br />
3800 See Fann<strong>in</strong>g text quoted <strong>in</strong> entry for 13 September, L<strong>in</strong>dley’s Mill. FNA pp. 32-35, <strong>and</strong><br />
http://gaz.jrshelby.<strong>com</strong>/uwharriemtn.htm<br />
642
TOTALS FOR GREENE’S CONTINENTALS IN THE SOUTH<br />
Totals given, unless noted o<strong>the</strong>rwise, are rank <strong>and</strong> file <strong>and</strong> unless stated does not <strong>in</strong>clude <strong>in</strong> cavalry or<br />
artillerymen; or else <strong>the</strong> number for which last are given separately.<br />
1780<br />
Early December. 1482, plus 90 cavalry, 60 artillerymen, <strong>and</strong> 128 Cont<strong>in</strong>entals extra service. 3801<br />
1781<br />
Mid January. About 1,400, plus about 80 for Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s dragoons <strong>and</strong> 240 for Lee’s Legion cavalry <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>fantry. Lieut. Col. John Green had arrived about this time br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g 400 Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Cont<strong>in</strong>entals; so that <strong>the</strong> drop<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise from December is attributable to desertions rampant at that time, plus expired enlistments <strong>and</strong> men<br />
unfit for duty (due to lack <strong>of</strong> cloth<strong>in</strong>g, etc.) sent home to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. 3802<br />
Early February. 1,426, plus 47 artillerists, 230-240 cavalry. 3803<br />
Mid February. 1,535, plus 176 cavalry <strong>and</strong> 64 artillerymen. 3804<br />
Mid March. 1,670-1,715 (estimates vary somewhat), 161-180 cavalry. 3805<br />
Mid April. 1,143-1,174 <strong>and</strong> which <strong>in</strong>cludes 87 with Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry <strong>and</strong> 40 artillery men. In addition to this<br />
total were 300 men, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Lee’s cavalry, detached under Lee <strong>and</strong> Oldham. 3806<br />
Mid June. 1,224 3807<br />
Late July. 1,198, plus 179 on extra service, 178 cavalry, <strong>and</strong> 58 artillerymen. 3808<br />
This <strong>in</strong>cludes <strong>the</strong> 350 man North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals who had sufficiently collected by this time.<br />
Early September. 1,256, plus 140 cavalry <strong>and</strong> 80-100 artillery which <strong>in</strong>cludes matrosses. 3809<br />
The 1,256 figure <strong>in</strong>cludes an unspecified number not fit for duty.<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental Unit Strengths<br />
* Delaware Regiment<br />
Strength at Guilford: 80<br />
At Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs: 60 to 80<br />
Difference between Guilford <strong>and</strong> Eutaw: -20<br />
A June 1781 return gives <strong>the</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Delawares as 121 rank <strong>and</strong> file. Exactly why this higher number is<br />
not reflected <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs estimate is not clear. 3810<br />
* Maryl<strong>and</strong> Brigade<br />
Strength at Guilford: 632<br />
Strength at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs: 250<br />
Difference between Guilford <strong>and</strong> Eutaw: -382<br />
* Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Brigade<br />
Strength at Guilford: 778<br />
Strength at Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs: 250<br />
Difference between Guilford <strong>and</strong> Eutaw: -528<br />
* Lee’s Legion<br />
At Guilford: Infantry: 82, Cavalry: 62<br />
At Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs: 100 <strong>in</strong>fantry, 60 cavalry.<br />
Difference between Guilford <strong>and</strong> Eutaw: +18 <strong>in</strong>fantry, -2 cavalry<br />
3801 GHA4 pp. 26-27, 42-43, JLG1 pp. 312-314, 338-342.<br />
3802 NGP7 pp. 110, 162.<br />
3803 NGP7 pp. 261, 268, GHA4 pp. 42-43, LMS pp. 235-238, JLG1 pp. 392.<br />
3804 William Johnson: “On <strong>the</strong> 17 th <strong>of</strong> this month, <strong>the</strong>re were no less than 345 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e thus employed [on detached<br />
service <strong>and</strong> forag<strong>in</strong>g]; <strong>and</strong>, on that day, every man <strong>in</strong> camp, fit for duty, is stated at, <strong>in</strong>fantry, 1078 -- artillery, 64 -- cavalry,<br />
176 -- legionary <strong>in</strong>fantry, 112.”JLG1 p. 435.<br />
3805 MLW4 pp. 364-365, LMS pp. 283n, 284. GHA4 p. 54, JLG2 pp. 2-3.<br />
3806 GHA4 pp. 80-81, LMS p. 333, JLG2 p. 44, WAR2 pp. 798-799.<br />
3807 LFB2 p. 485n, WAR2 p. 817, <strong>and</strong> see entry for Hobkirk’s Hill, 25 April 1781.<br />
3808 NGP9 pp. 93, 98n, 133, MLW4A p. 539n.<br />
3809 NGP9 p. 333, LMS pp. 465-466, JLG2 p. 219.<br />
3810 NGP9 p. 224n.<br />
643
Note. 25 North Carol<strong>in</strong>a Cont<strong>in</strong>entals had been attached to <strong>the</strong> Legion <strong>in</strong>fantry <strong>in</strong> July.<br />
* Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry<br />
Strength at Guilford: 90<br />
At Eutaw Spr<strong>in</strong>gs: 80<br />
Difference between Guilford <strong>and</strong> Eutaw: -10<br />
Both Lee’s Legion <strong>and</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s cavalry would occasionally recruit from locals, as a number <strong>of</strong> pensioners<br />
from North <strong>and</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a testified to hav<strong>in</strong>g served with <strong>the</strong>m; giv<strong>in</strong>g specific details <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir service, <strong>and</strong><br />
who it was that discharged <strong>the</strong>m. See pension statements <strong>of</strong> Isaac Brewer <strong>of</strong> Chatham County, N.C., John<br />
Chaney <strong>of</strong> R<strong>and</strong>olph County, N.C., George Dea<strong>the</strong>rage <strong>of</strong> Surry County, N.C., Jesse <strong>and</strong> John Johnson <strong>of</strong> Bladen<br />
County, N.C.<br />
TOTALS FOR THE BRITISH ARMY IN THE CAROLINAS AND GEORGIA<br />
The Public <strong>Record</strong> Office figures <strong>in</strong> a given <strong>in</strong>stance, due to misreport<strong>in</strong>g, may be <strong>of</strong>f by anywhere from a 100 to<br />
a thous<strong>and</strong> or more men <strong>and</strong> should be viewed with caution. Also <strong>the</strong>se estimates were made long after <strong>the</strong><br />
given date. These particular figures <strong>the</strong>n are best used to give a general view, or else as a supplement to o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
troop lists. The numbers are total effectives, <strong>and</strong> refer to British, Hessian, Prov<strong>in</strong>cial troops <strong>and</strong> sailors only, <strong>and</strong><br />
not local militia or blacks.<br />
Page Smith provides <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
On May 1, 1780, British army strength was as follows:<br />
In New York 7,711 British soldiers, 7, 451 Hessians, <strong>and</strong> 2, 162 Prov<strong>in</strong>cials for a total <strong>of</strong> 17, 324<br />
In South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>the</strong>re were 7,041 British<br />
3,018 Hessians<br />
2,788 Prov<strong>in</strong>cials for a total <strong>of</strong> 12,847<br />
In Nova Scotia 3,500, mostly Br., 536 <strong>in</strong> East Florida Garrison<br />
1,453 <strong>in</strong> West Florida<br />
862 Hessians <strong>and</strong> 1,016 Prov<strong>in</strong>cials <strong>in</strong> Georgia<br />
Gr<strong>and</strong> total <strong>of</strong> 37,500, 31,00 <strong>of</strong> which were British (regulars) <strong>and</strong> Hessian. 3811<br />
British <strong>Record</strong> Office Returns for South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
British German Prov<strong>in</strong>cials Total<br />
May 1, 1780 7,041 3,018 2,788 12, 847<br />
August 1, 1780 6,589<br />
The lower total, <strong>of</strong> course, reflects <strong>the</strong> troops Cl<strong>in</strong>ton took back with him to New York. The number <strong>of</strong> regulars<br />
(British, Hessian, Prov<strong>in</strong>cial) <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> June, accord<strong>in</strong>g to Tarleton, was 5,400 effectives, with Georgia<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g 1,000. Added to this, he fur<strong>the</strong>r states, were 4,000 (local) loyalists. 3812<br />
December 1, 1780 7,384<br />
This obviously <strong>in</strong>cludes Leslie’s re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>in</strong> mid December, <strong>the</strong> return hav<strong>in</strong>g been made afterward.<br />
A return for 31 December 1780, from Cl<strong>in</strong>ton’s memoirs, <strong>and</strong> which <strong>in</strong>cludes <strong>the</strong> loyalist militia, gives:<br />
Troops under Cornwallis: 13,382, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se 9107 were fit for duty.<br />
5500 <strong>in</strong> field, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se 2,000 were under Cornwallis, <strong>and</strong> 1,500 under Leslie. Camden, N<strong>in</strong>ety Six <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r posts,<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ton reports at 2000 to 3000 3813<br />
In a letter to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>of</strong> August 6 th , Greene, reported <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> his department as hav<strong>in</strong>g: 4000 <strong>in</strong>fantry,<br />
400 horse <strong>of</strong> regular troops, 1000 tory militia, 1000 sailors, <strong>and</strong> 400 to 500 negroes. 3814<br />
Sept. 1, 1781 5,024 1,596 3,155 9,775<br />
British <strong>Record</strong> Office Returns for Georgia<br />
British German Prov<strong>in</strong>cials Total<br />
May 1, 1780 862 1,016 1,878<br />
August 1, 1780 1,756<br />
December. 1, 1780 968<br />
May 1, 1780 887<br />
September 1 486 598 1,084<br />
3811 SNA2 p. 1392. See also AR81 pp. 264-266, CAR p. 152n, MSC1 p. 426.<br />
3812 TCS p. 85.<br />
3813 CAR p. 237n.<br />
3814 NGP9 pp.139-141.<br />
644
British <strong>Record</strong> Office Returns for East Florida:<br />
Total<br />
May 1, 1780 536<br />
August 1, 1780 1,261<br />
December 1, 1780 1,261<br />
Sept. 1, 1780 546<br />
Total British forces <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn <strong>the</strong>ater, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Virg<strong>in</strong>ia: May 1, 1781<br />
Under Leslie....2,278<br />
Under Arnold....1,553<br />
Under Phillips....2,116<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a..7,254<br />
East Florida…..……438<br />
Georgia.………………887<br />
German Mercenaries present <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
1 May, 1780: 2,559 total effectives, 2,264 rank <strong>and</strong> file fit for duty 3815<br />
1 September, 1781: 1,444 total effectives, 1,196 rank <strong>and</strong> file fit for duty 3816<br />
LOYALTIES AND POPULATION IN THE SOUTH IN 1780<br />
Us<strong>in</strong>g modern counties as approximate locations, below is a list <strong>of</strong> areas show<strong>in</strong>g a pronounced tendency toward<br />
one side or o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early part <strong>of</strong> 1780. That a given county is listed does not mean that <strong>the</strong>re wasn’t an<br />
opposition present <strong>the</strong>re <strong>in</strong> it as well. All that is be<strong>in</strong>g said is that such opposition would have been significantly<br />
less. O<strong>the</strong>r areas may have had majority lean<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> one direction or <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r, but not such as to qualify <strong>the</strong>m<br />
for this list. It should <strong>the</strong>n be understood that <strong>the</strong> characterizations as to loyalty are provided to give an overall<br />
sense <strong>of</strong> where <strong>the</strong> most whigs <strong>and</strong> loyalists were located, with <strong>the</strong> underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g that as a result <strong>of</strong> warfare<br />
go<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>in</strong> that particular area, sympathies for <strong>the</strong> los<strong>in</strong>g side might be neutralized, as for example with<br />
L<strong>in</strong>coln-Ru<strong>the</strong>rford Counties (i.e., Tryon County), N.C. after Ramseur’s Mill <strong>in</strong> June 1780, or similarly a decrease<br />
on loyalist support <strong>in</strong> Kershaw County, S.C. after <strong>the</strong> evacuation <strong>of</strong> Camden <strong>in</strong> May 1781.<br />
Areas <strong>of</strong> predom<strong>in</strong>antly American Loyalty<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
All <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia generally could be said to have been <strong>of</strong> American loyalty. However, <strong>the</strong>re were substantial<br />
populations <strong>of</strong> loyalists <strong>in</strong> southwest Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, namely Botetourt, Bedford, Henry, Montgomery, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton,<br />
Pittsylvania (<strong>and</strong> possibly Culpepper) counties. As well, more than usual numbers <strong>of</strong> loyalist were to be found <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> Portsmouth <strong>and</strong> Norfolk.<br />
Thomas Jefferson <strong>in</strong> his Notes on <strong>the</strong> State <strong>of</strong> Virg<strong>in</strong>ia gives a county by county account<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> militia available<br />
between 1780-1781; arriv<strong>in</strong>g at a gr<strong>and</strong> total <strong>of</strong> 49, 971. He fur<strong>the</strong>r notes: “It should be remembered that <strong>the</strong><br />
militia system <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state was been cont<strong>in</strong>ually upset by <strong>the</strong> volunteer<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> draft<strong>in</strong>g from it <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> various<br />
armies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>and</strong> state regular service.”<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Granville<br />
Halifax<br />
Mecklenburg<br />
Rowan<br />
Though not as <strong>in</strong>tensely as <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> above listed counties, <strong>the</strong> eastern part <strong>of</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a was generally pro-<br />
American, that is, except towards <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>ast, which was loyalist. The far-western part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state, <strong>in</strong> what<br />
is now eastern Tennessee, was heavily pro-American.<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Calhoun<br />
Lancaster<br />
Marion<br />
McCormick<br />
3815 A “State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Troops under <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> his Excellency General Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton, 1st. May 1780” <strong>in</strong> Colonial Office,<br />
class 5, v. 99, pp. 514-515. Special Thanks to Don Londahl-Smidt for provid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se figures.<br />
3816 A “State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Army under <strong>the</strong> Comm<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> His Excellency General Sir Henry Cl<strong>in</strong>ton. New York 1st. September 1781” <strong>in</strong> CO<br />
5/103, p. 321.<br />
645
Williamsburg<br />
York<br />
Georgia<br />
Richmond<br />
Wilkes<br />
Western Georgia generally was pro-American.<br />
Areas <strong>of</strong> predom<strong>in</strong>antly British Loyalty<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Anson<br />
Brunswick<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Burke County<br />
Chatham<br />
Cumberl<strong>and</strong><br />
Forsyth<br />
Guilford<br />
Orange<br />
L<strong>in</strong>coln (Tryon)<br />
Montgomery<br />
R<strong>and</strong>olph<br />
Robeson<br />
Rowan<br />
Ru<strong>the</strong>rford (Tryon)<br />
Scotl<strong>and</strong><br />
Surry<br />
Not count<strong>in</strong>g Wilm<strong>in</strong>gton, <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>ast part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> state was mostly loyalist <strong>in</strong> lean<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Dillon<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Georgetown County<br />
Greenwood(?)<br />
Horry<br />
Kershaw<br />
Laurens<br />
Newberry<br />
Parts <strong>of</strong> Lex<strong>in</strong>gton <strong>and</strong> Richl<strong>and</strong> counties adjacent to Newberry. These along with Newberry itself, all between<br />
<strong>the</strong> Broad <strong>and</strong> Saluda Rivers, made up <strong>the</strong> “Dutch Fork,” which was largely loyalist.<br />
Georgia<br />
There were no pronounced areas <strong>of</strong> loyalist sympathy <strong>in</strong> Georgia.<br />
Population estimates for 1780 based on <strong>the</strong> 1790 United States Census<br />
In 1790 <strong>the</strong> population <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States was calculated at be<strong>in</strong>g around 4 million people, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g slaves. It<br />
has been estimated that <strong>in</strong> 1780 <strong>the</strong> number was around 2.8 million. This is a 30% difference between <strong>the</strong><br />
population <strong>of</strong> 1780 <strong>and</strong> 1790, <strong>and</strong> suggests that we can, at least <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ory, extrapolate 1780 populations by<br />
subtract<strong>in</strong>g 30% from <strong>the</strong> 1790 figure. This assumes that <strong>the</strong> populations rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same place <strong>in</strong> that ten<br />
year period, when, <strong>of</strong> course, <strong>in</strong> reality <strong>the</strong>re were significant geographical shifts <strong>in</strong> population groups, for<br />
example <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> tendency <strong>of</strong> many to move westward. It assumes that <strong>the</strong> rate <strong>of</strong> population growth for <strong>the</strong> deep<br />
south was similar to <strong>the</strong> United States at large, which is obviously open to question. Never<strong>the</strong>less, allow<strong>in</strong>g for<br />
<strong>and</strong> tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account such variations, we can at least get a good rough idea <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1780 population situation<br />
us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 1790 census. F<strong>in</strong>ally, it needs to be noted also, that many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> counties listed were not formed till<br />
after <strong>the</strong> war.<br />
Total population <strong>in</strong> 1790:<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia: 747,550<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a: 395,005<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a: 249,073<br />
Georgia: 82,548<br />
646
Total number <strong>of</strong> white males over 16 <strong>in</strong> 1790:<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia: 110,936<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a: 70,172<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a: 35,576<br />
Georgia: 13,103<br />
Total number <strong>of</strong> slaves (all ages) <strong>in</strong> 1790:<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia: 292,627<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a: 100,783<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a: 107,094<br />
Georgia: 29,264<br />
Populations by County <strong>in</strong> 1790<br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
County White males<br />
TOTAL over 16 Slaves<br />
ACCOMACK : 13,959 2,297 4,262<br />
ALBEMARLE : 12,585 1,703 5,579<br />
AMELIA : 18,097 1,709 11,307<br />
AMHERST : 13,703 2,056 5,296<br />
AUGUSTA : 10,886 2,599 1,567<br />
BEDFORD : 10,531 1,785 2,754<br />
BERKELEY : 19,713 4,253 2,932<br />
BOTETOURT : 10,524 2,247 1,259<br />
BRUNSWICK : 12,827 1,472 6,776<br />
BUCKINGHAM : 9,779 1,274 4,168<br />
CAMPBELL : 7,685 1,236 2,488<br />
CAROLINE : 17,489 1,799 10,292<br />
CHARLES CITY : 5,588 532 3,141<br />
CHARLOTTE : 10,078 1,285 4,816<br />
CHESTERFIELD : 14,214 1,652 7,487<br />
CULPEPER : 22,105 3,372 8,226<br />
CUMBERLAND : 8,153 885 4,434<br />
DINWIDDIE : 13,934 1,790 7,334<br />
ELIZABETH CITY : 3,450 390 1,876<br />
ESSEX : 9,122 908 5,440<br />
FAIRFAX : 12,320 2,138 4,574<br />
FAUQUIER : 17,892 2,674 6,642<br />
FLUVANNA : 3,921 589 1,466<br />
FRANKLIN : 6,842 1,266 1,073<br />
FREDERICK : 19,681 3,835 4,250<br />
GLOUCESTER : 13,498 1,597 7,063<br />
GOOCHLAND : 9,053 1,028 4,656<br />
GREENBRIER : 6,015 1,463 319<br />
GREENSVILLE : 6,362 669 3,620<br />
HALIFAX : 14,722 2,214 5,565<br />
HAMPSHIRE : 7,346 1,662 454<br />
HANOVER : 14,754 1,637 8,223<br />
HARDY : 7,336 1,108 369<br />
HARRISON : 2,080 487 67<br />
HENRICO : 12,000 1,823 5,819<br />
HENRY : 8,479 1,523 1,551<br />
ISLE OF WIGHT : 9,028 1,208 3,867<br />
JAMES CITY : 4,070 395 2,405<br />
KING AND QUEEN : 9,377 995 5,143<br />
KING GEORGE : 7,366 757 4,157<br />
KING WILLIAM : 8,128 723 5,151<br />
LANCASTER : 5,638 535 3,236<br />
LOUDOUN : 18,962 3,677 4,030<br />
LOUISA : 8,467 957 4,573<br />
LUNENBURG : 8,959 1,110 4,332<br />
MECKLENBURG : 14,733 1,857 6,762<br />
MIDDLESEX : 4,140 407 2,558<br />
MONONGALIA : 4,768 1,089 154<br />
MONTGOMERY : 13,228 2,846 828<br />
NANSEMOND : 9,010 1,215 3,817<br />
NEW KENT : 6,239 605 3,700<br />
NORFOLK : 14,524 2,650 5,345<br />
647
NORTHAMPTON : 6,889 857 3,244<br />
NORTHUMBERLAND : 9,103 1,046 4,460<br />
OHIO : 5,212 1,222 281<br />
ORANGE : 9,921 1,317 4,421<br />
PENDLETON : 2,452 568 73<br />
PITTSYLVANIA : 11,579 2,008 2,979<br />
POWHATAN : 6,822 623 4,325<br />
PRINCE EDWARD : 8,100 1,044 3,986<br />
PRINCE GEORGE : 8,173 965 4,519<br />
PRINCE WILLIAM : 11,615 1,644 4,704<br />
PRINCESS ANNE : 7,793 1,169 3,202<br />
RANDOLPH : 951 221 19<br />
RICHMOND : 6,985 704 3,984<br />
ROCKBRIDGE : 6,548 1,517 682<br />
ROCKINGHAM : 7,449 1,816 772<br />
RUSSELL : 3,338 734 190<br />
SHENANDOAH : 10,510 2,409 512<br />
SOUTHAMPTON : 12,864 1,632 5,993<br />
SPOTSYLVANIA : 11,252 1,361 5,933<br />
STAFFORD : 9,588 1,341 4,036<br />
SURRY : 6,227 732 3,097<br />
SUSSEX : 10,549 1,215 5,387<br />
WARWICK : 1,690 176 990<br />
WASHINGTON : 5,625 1,287 450<br />
WESTMORELAND : 7,722 815 4,425<br />
WILLIAMSBURG : NA NA NA<br />
YORK : 5,233 530 2,760<br />
North Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
County White males<br />
TOTAL over 16 Slaves<br />
ANSON : 5,235 1,035 829<br />
BEAUFORT : 5,405 910 1,622<br />
BERTIE : 12,462 1,719 5,121<br />
BLADEN : 5,100 837 1,686<br />
BRUNSWICK : 3,070 380 1,511<br />
BURKE : 8,106 1,705 600<br />
CAMDEN : 4,022 725 1,038<br />
CARTERET : 3,734 718 709<br />
CASWELL : 10,096 1,801 2,736<br />
CHATHAM : 9,161 1,761 1,558<br />
CHOWAN : 4,988 638 2,587<br />
CRAVEN : 10,474 1,710 3,663<br />
CUMBERLAND : 8,730 1,852 2,180<br />
CURRITUCK : 5,220 1,018 1,103<br />
DOBBS : 6,994 1,164 2,012<br />
DUPLIN : 5,663 1,035 1,386<br />
EDGECOMBE : 10,265 1,663 3,167<br />
FRANKLIN : 7,502 1,076 2,701<br />
GATES : 5,386 790 2,217<br />
GRANVILLE : 10,982 1,581 4,163<br />
GUILFORD : 7,300 1,615 616<br />
HALIFAX : 14,310 1,873 6,697<br />
HERTFORD : 5,949 813 2,448<br />
HYDE : 4,204 792 1,143<br />
IREDELL : 5,430 1,118 868<br />
JOHNSTON : 5,691 1,040 1,328<br />
JONES : 4,796 736 1,655<br />
LINCOLN : 9,246 2,057 855<br />
MARTIN : 6,010 1,067 1,829<br />
MECKLENBURG : 11,360 2,364 1,608<br />
MONTGOMERY : 5,039 942 837<br />
MOORE : 3,870 850 371<br />
NASH : 7,390 1,134 2,008<br />
NEW HANOVER : 6,837 834 3,737<br />
NORTHAMPTON : 9,992 1,335 4,414<br />
ONSLOW : 5,427 867 1,747<br />
ORANGE : 12,216 2,433 2,060<br />
PASQUOTANK : 5,477 951 1,600<br />
648
PERQUIMANS : 5,439 884 1,883<br />
PITT : 8,270 1,461 2,364<br />
RANDOLPH : 7,318 1,590 460<br />
RICHMOND : 5,053 1,096 583<br />
ROBESON : 5,343 1,132 533<br />
ROCKINGHAM : 6,211 1,188 1,113<br />
ROWAN : 15,972 3,399 1,741<br />
RUTHERFORD : 7,808 1,576 609<br />
SAMPSON : 6,162 1,146 1,177<br />
STOKES : 8,423 1,846 778<br />
SURRY : 7,192 1,531 692<br />
TYRRELL : 4,826 867 1,156<br />
WAKE : 10,198 1,771 2,472<br />
WARREN : 9,379 1,067 4,713<br />
WAYNE : 6,115 1,064 1,546<br />
WILKES : 8,157 1,615 553<br />
South Carol<strong>in</strong>a<br />
County White males<br />
TOTAL over 16 Slaves<br />
ABBEVILLE : 9,197 1,904 1,665<br />
BEAUFORT : 18,753 1,266 14,236<br />
CHARLESTOWN : 66,985 5,060 50,633<br />
CHESTER : 6,866 1,446 938<br />
CLAREMONT : 4,548 517 2,110<br />
CLARENDON : 2,392 444 602<br />
EDGEFIELD : 13,289 2,333 3,619<br />
FAIRFIELD : 7,623 1,335 1,485<br />
GEORGETOWN : 22,122 2,356 13,131<br />
GREENVILLE : 6,503 1,400 606<br />
LANCASTER : 6,302 1,253 1,370<br />
LAURENS : 9,337 1,969 1,120<br />
NEWBERRY : 9,342 1,992 1,144<br />
PENDLETON : 9,568 2,007 834<br />
RICHLAND : 3,930 596 1,437<br />
SPARTANBURG : 8,800 1,868 866<br />
UNION : 7,693 1,500 1,215<br />
YORK : 6,604 1,350 923<br />
Georgia<br />
White males<br />
TOTAL over 16 Slaves<br />
BURKE: 9,467 1,808 2,392<br />
CAMDEN: 305 81 70<br />
CHATHAM: 10,769 846 8,201<br />
EFFINGHAM: 2,424 627 750<br />
FRANKLIN: 1,041 225 156<br />
GLYNN: 413 70 215<br />
GREENE: 5,405 1,027 1,377<br />
LIBERTY: 5,355 426 4,025<br />
RICHMOND: 11,317 1,894 4,116<br />
WASHINGTON: 4,552 947 694<br />
WILKES: 31,500 5,152 7,268<br />
649
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white settlements, <strong>the</strong>ir subsequent progress, civil changes, <strong>the</strong> struggle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> revolution, <strong>and</strong> growth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
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Marshall, John. The Life <strong>of</strong> George Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, vol. IV. C.P. Wayne, Philadelphia 1805.<br />
3821 Both <strong>the</strong> pag<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>and</strong> to some extent content <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> volumes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> early 1805 edition <strong>of</strong> Marshall versus those put out by<br />
<strong>the</strong> Citizen’s Guild <strong>in</strong> 1926 are different, <strong>in</strong>deed <strong>the</strong> volumes are <strong>the</strong>mselves out <strong>of</strong> sync with each o<strong>the</strong>r; e.g., volume IV <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
former is for <strong>the</strong> most part conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> vol. III <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter -– someth<strong>in</strong>g to be wary <strong>of</strong> when cit<strong>in</strong>g him. I list him as a<br />
secondary source, but <strong>of</strong> course he was actually present at several <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> events he recounts; usually provid<strong>in</strong>g special<br />
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655
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to <strong>the</strong> Siege <strong>of</strong> York, Narrated <strong>in</strong> letters <strong>of</strong> St. George Tucker to his wife, part II.” Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> American History,<br />
Sept. 1881, vol. VII, no. 3, pp. 201-221.<br />
Young, Thomas. “Memoir <strong>of</strong> Major Thomas Young.” Orion Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, October <strong>and</strong> November, 1843. See also JTR<br />
pp. 446-454 <strong>and</strong> SCAR vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 5-7.<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, George. “Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Journal, May to August 1781.” Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> American History, Feb. 1881,<br />
vol. VI, no. 2, pp. 108-125.<br />
Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, George. “Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s Journal, from <strong>the</strong> Orig<strong>in</strong>al Manuscript <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Library <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Department <strong>of</strong><br />
State at Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, [D.C.], August to November, 1781.” Magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> American History, Aug. 1881, vol. VII, no.<br />
2, pp. 122-133.<br />
Williams, Otho Holl<strong>and</strong>. “Narrative <strong>of</strong> Col. Otho Williams.” Found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> appendix <strong>of</strong> William Johnson’s Life <strong>and</strong><br />
Correspondence <strong>of</strong> Nathanael Greene, vol. I.<br />
Williams, Samuel C., ed. “Diary <strong>of</strong> Alex<strong>and</strong>er Chesney.” Tennessee Historical Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, April 1921.<br />
Williams, Samuel C., ed. “General Richard W<strong>in</strong>n’s Notes--1780.” South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Historical <strong>and</strong> Genealogical<br />
Magaz<strong>in</strong>e, (Part I) vol. XLIII, no. 4, October 1942, (Part II) vol. XLIV, no. 1, January 1943. The orig<strong>in</strong>al manuscript<br />
for W<strong>in</strong>n’s Notes can be found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hargrett Rare Book <strong>and</strong> Manuscript Library, The University <strong>of</strong> Georgia<br />
Libraries, collection: Keith Read, box: 17, folder: 58, document: 01.<br />
========================================<br />
For additional, <strong>and</strong> sometimes more scarce <strong>and</strong> out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> way, material, see:<br />
“A United Empire Loyalist’s Bibliography <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Revolution,” Compiled by Lieut. Col. William A. Smy<br />
at: http://www.uelac.org/bibcon.htm<br />
“Sources for <strong>the</strong> American Revolution at <strong>the</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a Department <strong>of</strong> Archives <strong>and</strong> History,” Compiled by<br />
Charles H. Lesser at: http://www.state.sc.us/scdah/exhibits/revolution/revsources.htm<br />
“The American Revolution <strong>in</strong> South Carol<strong>in</strong>a” at: http://www.carolana.<strong>com</strong>/SC/Revolution/home.html<br />
“American Revolution Sites, Events, <strong>and</strong> Troop Movements” at:<br />
http://elehistory.<strong>com</strong>/amrev/SitesEventsTroopMovements.htm<br />
For an ongo<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>-progress onl<strong>in</strong>e archive <strong>of</strong> pension statements for American veterans <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolutionary</strong><br />
<strong>War</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> South hosted by William T. Graves <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs: http://sou<strong>the</strong>rncampaign.org/pen/<br />
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