0130679593

Guided Reading 

and Review Workbook 

● Learn strategies for success in reading, 

testing, and writing for assessment 

● Create your own study guide as you read 

● Review main ideas and key terms

Guided Reading and 

Review Workbook 

Needham, Massachusetts 

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 

Glenview, Illinois

Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 

New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected 

by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage 

in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, 

recording, or likewise. The publisher hereby grants permission to reproduce these pages, in part 

or in whole, for classroom use only, the number not to exceed the number of students in each class. Notice of 

copyright must appear on all copies. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions 

Department. 

ISBN 0-13-067959-3 

21 22 23 24 V011 14 13 12 11

T ABLE OF CONTENTS 

Student Success Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Unit 1 Foundations of American Government 

Chapter 1 Principles of Government 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

Chapter 2 Origins of American Government 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

Chapter 3 The Constitution 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

Chapter 4 Federalism 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

Unit 2 Political Behavior: Government by the People 

Chapter 5 Political Parties 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 

Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 

Chapter 6 Voters and Voter Behavior 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 

Chapter 7 The Electoral Process 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 

Chapter 8 Mass Media and Public Opinion 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 

Chapter 9 Interest Groups 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 

© Pearson Education, Inc. 

Unit 3 The Legislative Branch 

Chapter 10 Congress 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 

Chapter 11 Powers of Congress 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 

Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 

Chapter 12 Congress in Action 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Unit 4 The Executive Branch 

Chapter 13 The Presidency 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 

Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 

Chapter 14 The Presidency in Action 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 

Chapter 15 Government at Work: 

The Bureaucracy 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 

Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 

Chapter 16 Financing Government 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 

Chapter 17 Foreign Policy and 

National Defense 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 

Unit 5 The Judicial Branch 

Chapter 18 The Federal Court System 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 

Chapter 19 Civil Liberties: First 

Amendment Freedoms 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 

Unit 6 Comparative Political and Economic Systems 

Chapter 22 Comparative Political Systems 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 

Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 

Chapter 20 Civil Liberties: Protecting 

Individual Rights 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 

Chapter 21 Civil Rights: Equal Justice 

Under Law 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 

Chapter 23 Comparative Economic Systems 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 


Unit 7 Participating in Texas State and Local Government 

Chapter 24 Governing the State of Texas 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 

Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 

Chapter 25 Texas Local Government 

and Finance 

Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 

Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 

Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 

Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Success in social studies comes from doing three things well— 

reading, testing, and writing. The following pages present 

strategies to help you read for meaning, understand test 

questions, and write well. 

Reading for Meaning 

Do you have trouble remembering what you read? Here 

are some tips from experts that will improve your ability to 

recall and understand what you read: 

BEFORE YOU READ 

Preview the text to identify important information. 

Like watching the coming attractions at a movie theater, previewing the text 

helps you know what to expect. Study the questions and strategies below to 

learn how to preview what you read. 

Ask yourself these questions: 

• What is the text about? 

Use these strategies to find the 

answers: 

Read the headings, subheadings, and captions. 

Study the photos, maps, tables, or graphs. 

• What do I already know about the topic? 

Read the questions at the end of the text to see if 

you can answer any of them. 

• What is the purpose of the text? 

Turn the headings into who, what, when, where, 

why, or how questions. This will help you decide 

if the text compares things, tells a chain of 

events, or explains causes and effects. 

STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK 5

AS YOU READ 

Organize information in a way that helps you see meaningful 

connections or relationships. 

Taking notes as you read will improve your understanding. Use graphic 

organizers like the ones below to record the information you read. 

Study these descriptions and examples to learn how to create each type 

of organizer. 

Sequencing 

A flowchart helps you see how one event led to 

another. It can also display the steps in a process. 

Use a flowchart if the text— 

• tells about a chain of events. 

• explains a method of doing something. 

TIP List the events or steps in order. 

Farm machinery is developed. 

Fewer farmworkers needed. 

Urban industries need workers. 

Farmworkers move to cities for work. 

Cities grow and prosper. 

Comparing and Contrasting 

A Venn diagram displays similarities and 

differences. 

Use a Venn diagram if the text— 

• compares and contrasts two individuals, 

groups, places, things, or events. 

TIP Label the outside section of each circle and 

list differences. 

Label the shared section and list similarities. 

HUTU 

• from West Africa 

• servants 

SHARED 

CULTURE 

• mainly 

Roman 

Catholic 

TUTSI 

• from Ethiopia 

• aristocrats 

6 STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK

AS YOU READ 

(continued) 

Categorizing Information 

A chart organizes information in categories. 

Use a chart if the text— 

• lists similar facts about several places or things. 

• presents characteristics of different groups. 

TIP Write an appropriate heading for each column in 

the chart to identify its category. 

COUNTRY FORM OF ECONOMY 

GOVERNMENT 

Cuba communist command 

dictatorship economy 

Puerto Rico democracy free enterprise 

system 

Identifying Main Ideas and Details 

A concept web helps you understand 

relationships among ideas. 

Use a concept web if the text— 

• provides examples to support a 

main idea. 

• links several ideas to a main topic. 

TIP Write the main idea in the largest circle. 

Write details in smaller circles and 

draw lines to show relationships. 

transportation 

industry Uses 

recreation 

BODIES 

OF WATER 

rivers 

Types 

oceans 

lakes 


Organizing Information 

An outline provides an overview, or a kind of 

blueprint for reading. 

Use an outline to organize ideas— 

• according to their importance. 

• according to the order in which they are presented. 

TIP Use Roman numerals for main ideas, capital 

letters for secondary ideas, and Arabic numerals 

for supporting details. 

I. Differences Between the North and the South 

A. Views on slavery 

1. Northern abolitionists 

2. Southern slave owners 

B. Economies 

1. Northern manufacturing 

2. Southern agriculture 

Identifying Cause and Effect 

A cause-and-effect diagram shows the relationship 

between what happened (effect) and the reason 

why it happened (cause). 

Use a cause-and-effect chart if the text— 

• lists one or more causes for an event. 

• lists one or more results of an event. 

Desire for 

trade 

Advances in 

navigation 

EXPLORATION OF THE AMERICAS 

Rebirth of 

learning 

TIP Label causes and effects. Draw arrows to 

indicate how ideas are related. 

Exchange 

of goods 

and ideas 

Destruction of 

Native American 

cultures 

Europeans 

set up 

colonies 

AFTER YOU READ 

Test yourself to find out what you learned from reading the text. 

Go back to the questions you asked yourself before you read the text. You 

should be able to give more complete answers to these questions: 

• What is the text about? 

• What is the purpose of the text? 

You should also be able to make connections between the new information 

you learned from the text and what you already knew about the topic. 

Study your graphic organizer. Use this information as the answers. Make up a 

meaningful question about each piece of information. 


Taking Tests 

Do you panic at the thought of taking a standardized test? 

Here are some tips that most test developers recommend to 

help you achieve good scores. 

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 

Read each part of a multiple-choice question to make sure you 

understand what is being asked. 

Many tests are made up of multiple-choice questions. Some multiple-choice 

items are direct questions. They are complete sentences followed by possible 

answers, called distractors. 

Direct Question 

The distractors list the 

possible answers. 

What is a narrow strip of land that has water on both 

sides and joins two larger bodies of land called? 

A a bay 

B an isthmus 

C a lake 

D an island 

TIP 

Try each distractor as an 

answer to your question. Rule 

out the ones that don’t work. 

You can rule out A and C because they are bodies of 

water, not land. You can rule out D because an island 

is completely surrounded by water. 

Other multiple-choice questions are incomplete sentences that you are to 

finish. They are followed by possible answers. 

The stem tells you what the 

question is looking for 

Distractors 

A narrow strip of land that has water on both sides 

and joins two larger bodies of land is called 

A a bay 

B an isthmus 

C a lake 

D an island 

TIP 

Turn the stem into a direct 

question, using who, what, 

when, where, or why. 

What is a narrow strip of land that has water on both 

sides and joins two larger bodies of land called? 


WHAT’S BEING TESTED? 

Identify the type of question you are being asked. 

Social studies tests often ask questions that involve reading comprehension. 

Other questions may require you to gather or interpret information from a 

map, graph, or chart. The following strategies will help you answer different 

kinds of questions. 

Reading Comprehension Questions 

What to do: 

1. Determine the content and organization 

of the selection. 

How to do it: 

Read the title. Skim the selection. Look 

for key words that indicate time, causeand-effect, 

or comparison. 

2. Analyze the questions. 

Do they ask you to recall facts? 

Do they ask you to make judgments? 

Look for key words in the stem: 

According to the selection . . . 

The selection states that . . . 

The main idea of the selection is . . . 

The author would likely agree that . . . 

3. Read the selection. 

Read quickly. Keep the questions in mind. 

4. Answer the questions. 

Try out each distractor and choose 

the best answer. Refer back to the 

selection if necessary. 

Example: 

A Region of Diversity The Khmer empire was 

one of many kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Unlike 

the Khmer empire, however, the other kingdoms 

were small because Southeast Asia’s mountains 

kept people protected and apart. People had little 

contact with those who lived outside their own 

valley. 

Why were most kingdoms in Southeast 

Asia small? 

A disease killed many people 

B lack of food 

C climate was too hot 

D mountains kept people apart 

TIP The key word because tells why the kingdoms 

were small. 

(The correct answer is D.) 


WHAT’S BEING TESTED? 

(continued) 

Map Questions 

What to do: 

1. Determine what kind of information is 

presented on the map. 

2. Read the question. Determine which 

component on the map will help you 

find the answer. 

3. Look at the map and answer the question 

in your own words. 

How to do it: 

Read the map title. It will indicate the purpose of 

the map. 

Study the map key. It will explain the symbols used 

on the map. 

Look at the scale. It will help you calculate distance 

between places on the map. 

Look for key words in the stem. 

About how far . . . [use the scale] 

What crops were grown in . . . [use the map key] 

Do not read the distractors yet. 

4. Choose the best answer. 

Eastern Europe: Language Groups 

Decide which distractor agrees with the answer 

you determined from the map. 

In which of these countries 

are Thraco-Illyrian 

languages spoken? 

A Romania 

B Albania 

C Hungary 

D Lithuania 

TIP Read the labels and 

the key to understand 

the map. 

(The correct answer is B.) 


Graph Questions 

What to do: 

1. Determine the purpose of the graph. 

2. Determine what information on the 

graph will help you find the answer. 

3. Choose the best answer. 

How to do it: 

Read the graph title. It indicates what the graph 

represents. 

Read the labels on the graph or on the key. They 

tell the units of measurement used by the graph. 

Decide which distractor agrees with the answer 

you determined from the graph. 

Example 

Religious Persuasion in France 

Buddhist 

1% 

Protestant 

2% 

Muslim 

8% 

Jewish 

1% 

Roman 

Catholic 88% 

A Circle graph shows the relationship of parts 

to the whole in terms of percentages. 

After Roman Catholics, the next largest 

religious population in France is 

A Buddhist C Jewish 

B Protestant D Muslim 

TIP Compare the percentages listed in the labels. 

(The correct answer is D.) 

Number of Immigrants 

Immigration to the U.S., 1940–1990 

1,200,000 

1,000,000 

800,000 

600,000 

400,000 

200,000 

0 

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 

Year 

Asia Americas Europe 

A line graph shows a pattern or change over 

time by the direction of the line. 

Between 1980 and 1990, immigration to the U.S. 

from the Americas 

A decreased a little C stayed about the same 

B increased greatly D increased a little 

TIP Compare the vertical distance between the two 

correct points on the line graph. 


Billions of Barrels 

Annual Oil Production in Southwest Asia 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

Iran Iraq Kuwait Saudi 

Arabia 

Country 

United 

Arab 

Emirates 

A bar graph compares differences in quantity 

by showing bars of different lengths. 

Saudi Arabia produces about how many more 

billion of barrels of oil a year than Iran? 

A 5 million C 15 million 

B 10 million D 20 million 

TIP Compare the heights of the bars to find the 

difference. 



Writing for Social Studies 

When you face a writing assignment, do you think, “How 

will I ever get through this?” Here are some tips to guide 

you through any writing project from start to finish. 

THE WRITING PROCESS 

Follow each step of the writing process to communicate effectively. 

• Establish the purpose. 

• Define the topic. 

Step 1. Prewrite 

• Determine the audience. 

• Gather details. 

• Organize information logically in an outline 

or graphic organizer. 

• Write an introduction, body, and conclusion. 

Step 2. Draft 

• State main ideas clearly. 

• Include relevant details to support your ideas. 

• Edit for clarity of ideas and elaboration. 

Step 3. Revise 

Step 4. Proofread 

• Correct any errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation. 

Step 5. Publish and Present 

• Copy text neatly by hand, or use a typewriter 

or word processor. 

• Illustrate as needed. 

• Create a cover, if appropriate. 


TYPES OF WRITING FOR SOCIAL STUDIES 

Identify the purpose for your writing. 

Each type of writing assignment has a specific purpose, and each purpose needs a 

different plan for development. The following descriptions and examples will help 

you identify the three purposes for social studies writing. The lists of steps will 

help you plan your writing. 

Writing to Inform 

Purpose: to present facts or ideas 

Example 

During the 1960s, research indicated the dangers 

of the insecticide DDT. It killed insects but also 

had long-term effects. When birds and fish ate 

poisoned insects, DDT built up in their fatty tissue. 

The poison also showed up in human beings who 

ate birds and fish contaminated by DDT. 

TIP Look for these key terms in the assignment: 

explain, describe, report, narrate 

How to get started: 

• Determine the topic you will write about. 

• Write a topic sentence that tells the main idea. 

• List all the ideas you can think of that are 

related to the topic. 

• Arrange the ideas in logical order. 

Writing to Persuade 

Purpose: to influence someone 

Example 

Teaching computer skills in the classroom uses 

time that could be spent teaching students how to 

think for themselves or how to interact with others. 

Students who can reason well, express themselves 

clearly, and get along with other people will be 

better prepared for life than those who can use 

a computer. 

TIP Look for these key terms in the assignment: 

convince, argue, request 


• Make sure you understand the problem or 

issue clearly. 

• Determine your position. 

• List evidence to support your arguments. 

• Predict opposing views. 

• List evidence you can use to overcome the 

opposing arguments. 

Writing to Provide Historical Interpretations 

Purpose: to present the perspective of someone 

in a different era 

Example 

The crossing took a week, but the steamship voyage 

was hard. We were cramped in steerage with hundreds 

of others. At last we saw the huge statue of 

the lady with the torch. In the reception center, my 

mother held my hand while the doctor examined 

me. Then, my father showed our papers to the 

official, and we collected our bags. I was scared as 

we headed off to find a home in our new country. 

TIP Look for these key terms in the assignment: go 

back in time, create, suppose that, if you were 


• Study the events or issues of the time period 

you will write about. 

• Consider how these events or issues might 

have affected different people at the time. 

• Choose a person whose views you would like 

to present. 

• Identify the thoughts and feelings this person 

might have experienced. 


RESEARCH FOR WRITING 

Follow each step of the writing process to communicate effectively. 

After you have identified the purpose for your writing, you may need to do 

research. The following steps will help you plan, gather, organize, and present 

information. 

Step 1. Ask Questions 

Ask yourself questions to help guide your research. What do I already know about the topic? 

What do I want to find out about the topic? 

Locate and use appropriate sources of information 

about the topic. 

Step 2. Acquire Information 

Library 

Internet search 

Interviews 

Take notes. 

Follow accepted format for listing sources. 

Evaluate the information you find. 

Step 3. Analyze Information 

Is it relevant to the topic? 

Is it up-to-date? 

Is it accurate? 

Is the writer an authority on the topic? 

Is there any bias? 

Step 4. Use Information 

Answer your research questions with the 

Do I have all the information I need? 

information you have found. (You may find that 

you need to do more research.) 

Organize your information into the main points 

you want to make. Identify supporting details. 

Arrange ideas in outline form or in a graphic 

organizer. 

Step 5. Communicate What You’ve Learned 

Review the purpose for your writing and choose 

an appropriate way to present the information. 

Purpose 

inform 

persuade 

interpret 

Presentation 

formal paper, documentary, 

multimedia 

essay, letter to the editor, speech 

journal, newspaper account, drama 

Draft and revise your writing, and then evaluate it. 

Use a rubric for self-evaluation. 


EVALUATING YOUR WRITING 

Use the following rubric to help you evaluate your writing. 

Excellent Good Acceptable Unacceptable 

Purpose 

Achieves 

purpose—to 

inform, persuade, 

or provide 

historical 

interpretation— 

very well 

Informs, 

persuades, or 

provides 

historical 

interpretation 

reasonably well 

Reader cannot 

easily tell if the 

purpose is to 

inform, persuade, 

or provide 

historical 

interpretation 

Lacks purpose 

Organization 

Develops ideas 

in a very clear 

and logical way 

Presents ideas 

in a reasonably 

well-organized 

way 

Reader has 

difficulty following 

the 

organization 

Lacks 

organization 

Elaboration 

Explains all 

ideas with facts 

and details 

Explains most 

ideas with facts 

and details 

Includes some 

supporting facts 

and details 

Lacks supporting 

details 

Use of 

Language 

Uses excellent 

vocabulary and 

sentence 

structure with 

no errors in 

spelling, 

grammar, or 

punctuation 

Uses good 

vocabulary and 

sentence 

structure with 

very few errors 

in spelling, 

grammar, or 

punctuation 

Includes some 

errors in 

grammar, 

punctuation, 

and spelling 

Includes many 

errors in 

grammar, 

punctuation, 

and spelling 


NAME CLASS DATE 

Section 1: Guided Reading and Review 

Government and the State 

CHAPTER 

1 

A. As You Read 

As you read Section 1, fill in the answers to the following questions. 

1. What are the four characteristics of a state? 

a. __________________________________________________________________ 

population 

b. __________________________________________________________________ 

territory 

c. __________________________________________________________________ 

sovereignty 

d. __________________________________________________________________ 

government 

2. What are the four theories of the origins of a state? 

a. __________________________________________________________________ 

force theory 

b. __________________________________________________________________ 

evolutionary theory 

c. __________________________________________________________________ 

divine right theory 

d. __________________________________________________________________ 

social contract theory 

3. What are six purposes of the American system of government? 

a. __________________________________________________________________ 

form a more perfect union 

b. __________________________________________________________________ 

establish justice 

c. __________________________________________________________________ 

insure domestic tranquility 

d. __________________________________________________________________ 

provide for the common defense 

e. __________________________________________________________________ 

promote the general welfare 

f. __________________________________________________________________ 

secure the blessings of liberty 


B. Reviewing Key Terms 

Define the following terms. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 

4. government the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies 

5. public policy something the government decides to do about a certain issue 

6. legislative power the power to make laws 

7. executive power the power to enforce and administer laws 

8. judicial power the power to interpret laws and settle disputes 

9. constitution a body of fundamental laws that sets out the principles, structures, and processes of government 

10. dictatorship government in which those who rule are not responsible to the will of the people 

11. democracy government in which power rests with the people 

12. state a body of people living in a defined area which has a government and the power to make and enforce laws 

without the consent of a higher authority 

13. sovereign having supreme and absolute power 

Guided Reading and Review Chapter 1 17


CHAPTER 

1 


Forms of Government 


Use the chart below to compare the democratic form of government to the dictatorship form of 

government. 

Democracy 

Sovereign power 1. the people 

2. 

is held by: 

Those who rule are 3. the people 

4. 

responsible to: 

Power is gained by: 5. elections 

6. 

Dictatorship 

the dictator or oligarch 

themselves 

force 


Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each 

blank. 

Column I 

_____ h 

_____ d 

_____ b 

7. a government in which a single person holds 

unlimited power 

8. a government in which the executive and legislative 

branches are separate and coequal 

9. a government in which power is divided between a 

central government and other local governments 

_____ g 10. a government in which a small, usually self-appointed, 

group has the power to rule 

_____ a 11. a government in which all power belongs to a central 

agency 

_____ c 12. an alliance of independent states 

_____ f 13. structuring a government so that power is shared by a 

central and several local governments 

_____ e 14. a government in which members of the executive branch 

are also members of the legislative branch and are subject 

to the legislature’s direct control 

Column II 

a. unitary government 

b. federal government 

c. confederation 

d. presidential government 

e. parliamentary 

government 

f. division of powers 

g. oligarchy 

h. autocracy 


18 Chapter 1 Guided Reading and Review



Basic Concepts of Democracy 

CHAPTER 

1 


On the chart below, write the five basic concepts of democracy and write a sentence describing each. 

1. 

2. 

fundamental worth of the 

individual: Each individual is 

a distinct, important being. 

equality of all persons: Everyone is 

entitled to equal opportunity and 

equality under the law. 

The Basic Concepts 

of Democracy 

3. 

majority rule and minority rights: 

Democracy expects that the 

majority will be right more often 

than it will be wrong, but its rule is 

still restrained by minority rights. 

4. 

necessity of compromise: 

Compromise is the process needed 

to achieve majority agreement. 

5. 



individual freedom: Individuals 

are as free as the welfare of all 

individuals can allow. 

Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. Possible answers below 

6. Explain the significance of the term compromise as it relates to problem-solving in a 

democratic society. In a democratic society, people must blend, adjust, and reconcile competing views to find 

the solution most acceptable to the largest number. 

7. What are the four factors underlying the free enterprise system? private ownership, individual 

initiative, profit, and competition 

8. How does the law of supply and demand operate? When supplies become plentiful, demand and prices 

tend to drop; when supplies become scarce, demand and prices tend to rise. 

9. What is a mixed economy? A mixed economy combines private enterprise with government regulation and 

participation. 



CHAPTER 

2 


Our Political Beginnings 


As you read the section, answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 

See answers below 

Basic Concepts of Government 

1. What is ordered government? 

2. What is limited government? 

3. What is representative government? 

Landmark English Documents 

4. How did the Magna Carta affect English government? 

5. How did the Petition of Right affect English government? 

6. How did the English Bill of Rights affect English government? 

Government in the Colonies 

7. How were royal colonies governed? 

8. How were proprietary colonies governed? 

9. How were charter colonies governed? 


Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. 

Write the correct letter in each blank. 

Column I 

_____ d 10. written grant of authority from the king to 

establish a colony 

_____ a 11. government that is not all-powerful 

_____ e 12. consisting of two houses, as in a legislature 

_____ b 13. government that serves the will of the people 

_____ c 14. document written in 1215 limiting the power 

of the English monarchy 

Column II 

a. limited government 

b. representative government 

c. Magna Carta 

d. charter 

e. bicameral 

f. unicameral 

Possible answers to questions 1–9 

1. Ordered government is the orderly regulation of people’s relationships with one another. 

2. Limited government is the idea that government is not all-powerful. 

3. Representative government is the idea that government serves the will of the people. 

4. The Magna Carta introduced trial by jury and due process of law, and limited the king’s power. 

5. The Petition of Right stipulated that political critics could not be imprisoned or punished without a jury trial, martial 

law could not be imposed during peacetime, troops could not be quartered without homeowners’ consent, and taxes 

could not be levied without the consent of Parliament. 

6. The English Bill of Rights elevated the Parliament in English government by requiring its permission to maintain a 

standing army in peacetime, to suspend or execute laws, and to levy money for the use of the Crown. The bill also 

guaranteed fair trials, freedom from excessive bail, and freedom from cruel and unusual punishment. 

7. Royal colonies were subject to the direct control of the crown through a governor and a bicameral legislature. 

8. Proprietary colonies were owned by private citizens who appointed governors aided by legislatures; these colonies were 

still subject to English law. 

9. Charter colonies were self-governing under the terms of original charters granted by the monarch; these colonies 

elected their own bicameral legislatures and governors, who served with approval of the king. 





The Coming of Independence 

CHAPTER 

2 


The dates on the chart below indicate important developments and events related to American 

independence. As you read Section 2, fill in the chart by writing a brief description of the significance 

of each date listed. 

Year/Date 

1. 1643 

2. 1696 

3. 1754 

4. 1765 

5. 1770, March 5 

6. 1772 

7. 1773, December 16 

8. 1774, Spring 

9. 1774, September 5 

10. 1775, April 19 

11. 1775, May 10 

12. 1776, June 7 

13. 1776, July 2 

Description of Event 

New England Confederation is formed. 

William Penn attempts, but fails, to organize colonies to cooperate in trade, defense, 

and criminal matters. 

Albany Plan of Union is proposed. 

Stamp Act is passed and Stamp Act Congress is convened. 

Boston Massacre 

Committees of Correspondence are first organized. 

Boston Tea Party 

Parliament passes the Intolerable Acts. 

First Continental Congress convenes. 

Revolution begins at Lexington and Concord. 

Second Continental Congress convenes. 

Richard Henry Lee proposes U.S. independence. 

Congress passes Lee’s independence resolution. 


14. 1776, July 4 

15. 1781, March 1 

Declaration of Independence is adopted. 

Articles of Confederation go into effect. 


Define the following key terms. 

16. delegates__________________________________________________________________________ 

representatives 

17. confederation _____________________________________________________________________ 

the joining of several groups for a common purpose 

18. repeal ____________________________________________________________________________ 

recall 



CHAPTER 

2 


The Critical Period 


As you read Section 3, answer the questions below on a separate piece of paper or in the space 

provided. 

The Articles of Confederation 

1. Describe the structure of the government set up by the Articles of Confederation. 

Congress was unicameral and was the only branch of government. Congressional committees would handle executive and 

judiciary functions. Congress would choose the president of the legislature (not the same as the President of the U.S.) 

Fill in the chart below with the 10 powers granted to Congress under the Articles. 

Congressional Powers Under the Articles of Confederation 

2.____________________________________ 

make war and peace 

3.____________________________________ 

send and receive ambassadors 

4.____________________________________ 

make treaties 

5.____________________________________ 

borrow money 

6.____________________________________ 

set up monetary system 

7.____________________________________ 

establish post offices 

8.____________________________________ 

build navy 

9.____________________________________ 

raise army by asking States for troops 

10. fix __________________________________ 

uniform standards of weights and measures 

11. settle __________________________________ 

disputes among States 

treat citizens equally; give full faith and credit to acts, 

12. What obligations did States have to one another? records, and judicial proceedings; surrender fugitives; 

permit open trade and travel; submit disputes to Congress for settlement 

13. What obligations did States have to citizens? 

to protect life and property; to promote the general welfare of people 

14. What powers did Congress not have? 

the power to tax, the power to regulate trade between the States, and the power to exercise its own laws 

The Critical Period, the 1780s 

15. What government action took place in response to Shays’ Rebellion? 

The Massachusetts legislature passed laws that eased the burden of debtors. 

A Need for Stronger Government 

16. What was the goal of the Constitutional Convention? 

to revise the Articles of Confederation to better suit the needs of the U.S. 




17. ratification ________________________________________________________________________ 

formal approval 

18. presiding officer ___________________________________________________________________ 

chief of an organization or group 




Creating the Constitution 

CHAPTER 

2 


The chart below outlines the initial plans for a constitution and the “bundle of compromises” that 

resulted from the various plans. As you read Section 4, complete the chart by filling in the boxes 

provided. 

Plan 

or Compromise 

Virginia Plan 

Provisions 

three separate branches, bicameral 

legislature, representation based on 

1. population or wealth of State, lower 2. 

house popularly elected, upper house 

chosen by States, veto power over 

State laws, Congress chooses executive 

and judiciary, veto power of executive 

and judiciary over Congress 

Type of States 

That Benefited 

large States and wealthy 

States 

New Jersey Plan 

unicameral legislature, States equally 

3. represented, limited power to tax and 4. 

regulate trade, more than one executive 

chosen by legislature, State governors 

could remove executive, judiciary 

appointed by executive 

small States 

Connecticut 

Compromise 

5. bicameral Congress with membership in 6. 

House based on population and in 

Senate based on equal numbers for 

each State 

all States 


Three-Fifths 

Compromise 

Commerce and 

Slave Trade 

Compromise 

In northern States both taxes and 

7. representation were based on 8. 

population; Southerners could add 

three-fifths of the enslaved toward 

representation, but they also had to 

count them toward taxes owed to the 

National Government. 

southern States for 

population count, northern 

States for taxation 

9. Congress was forbidden to tax exports 10. southern States 

and to pass laws against slave trade 

for at least 20 years. 

11. Name a group whose interests seem to have been ignored, or even harmed, by the 

compromises that created the Constitution. ____________________________________ 

enslaved African Americans 


On a separate sheet of paper, use the key term below in a sentence 

that shows the meaning of the term. 

12. Framers 

Sentences should indicate that Framers were delegates to the Philadelphia Convention, and authors of 

the Constitution. 



CHAPTER 

2 


Ratifying the Constitution 


As you read the section, fill in the following outline by writing supporting details in the form of 

answers to questions 1–5. 

The Fight for Ratification 

1. What were the positions of each side toward ratification? 

a. Federalists: __________________________________________ 

Federalists favored ratification of the Constitution. 

b. Anti-Federalists: ______________________________________ 

Anti-Federalists opposed its ratification. 

2. What were the five issues involved in the ratification debate? 

the weakness of the National Government under the Articles 

a. ______________________________________ 

of Confederation versus the strength of the one proposed by the Constitution 

b. ______________________________________ 

the ratification process itself 

c. ______________________________________ 

absence of mention of God in the Constitution 

d. ______________________________________ 

denial to States of the right to print money 

e. ______________________________________ 

lack of a bill of rights 

3. On what two States did the success or failure of ratification depend? 

____________________________ Virginia 

and ________________________ 

New York 

Inaugurating the Government 

4. Where was the first national capital located? ____________________________ 

New York City 

5. Who became the new nation’s first President and Vice President? 

a. President: _________________________________________ 

George Washington 

b. Vice President: ______________________________________ 

John Adams 


Identify the following people as either a Federalist or an Anti-Federalist. On the spaces provided, 

write an A for Anti-Federalist or an F for Federalist. 


6. James Madison _____ F 

7. Patrick Henry _____ A 

8. Alexander Hamilton _____ F 




The Six Basic Principles 

CHAPTER 

3 


As you read Section 1, fill in a description of each of the six basic principles of the Constitution, 

shown in the chart below. 

Principle 

Popular Sovereignty 1. 

Description 

government by the consent of the governed 

Limited Government 2. 

Government is not all-powerful; it may do only what people empower it to do. 

Separation of Powers 3. 

distribution of power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches 

Checks and Balances 4. 

Each branch is subject to a number of constitutional checks, or restraints, 

by the other branches. 

Judicial Review 5. 

The Court has the power to determine the constitutionality of government actions. 

Federalism 6. 

division of power among a central government and several regional governments 


Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. 


7. The idea that government and its officers are always subject to— never above—the law is 

described as the ________________________________. 

rule of law 

8. The principle of ________________________________ constitutionalism 

expresses the concept that 

government must be conducted according to constitutional principles. 

9. Judicial review is the power to declare a government action that violates some provision of 

the Constitution to be ________________________________. 

unconstitutional 

10. The ________________ Preamble is the brief introduction that begins the Constitution. 



CHAPTER 

3 


Formal Amendment 


As you read Section 2, answer the following questions. 

Formal Amendment Process 

1. What are the two steps involved in the first method of amending the Constitution? 

a. __________________________________________________________________ 

Proposed by Congress by a two-thirds vote in both houses. 

b. __________________________________________________________________ 

Ratified by three-fourths of the State legislatures. 

2. What are the two steps involved in the second method of amending the Constitution? 

a. __________________________________________________________________ 

Proposed by Congress by a two-thirds vote in both houses. 

b. __________________________________________________________________ 

Ratified by special conventions in three-fourths of the States. 

3. What are the two steps involved in the third method of amending the Constitution? 

a. __________________________________________________________________ 

Proposed at a national convention when requested by two-thirds of the State legislatures. 

b. __________________________________________________________________ 

Ratified by three-fourths of the State legislatures. 

4. What are the two steps involved in the fourth method of amending the Constitution? 

a. __________________________________________________________________ 

Proposed at a national convention. 

b. __________________________________________________________________ 

Ratified by special conventions held in three-fourths of the States. 

The 27 Amendments 

5. What is the Bill of Rights? __________________________________________________ 

the first ten amendments, setting out constitutional guarantees of 

freedom of expression and belief, of freedom and security of the person, and of fair and equal treatment 

 

before the law 

6. Which amendments were results of the Civil War? ______________________________ 

the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and 

 

Fifteenth Amendments 


Use each key term below in a sentence that reflects the meaning of the term. Possible sentences below 

7. amendment ________________________________________________________________ 

The Constitution can only be changed by amendments. 


8. formal amendment __________________________________________________________ 

A formal amendment results in a written change to the Constitution. 




Informal Procedures 

CHAPTER 

3 

As You Read 

As you read Section 3, complete the chart below by writing a brief definition of each method of 

constitutional change shown, and by giving an example of each. 

Basic Legislation 

1. Definition: ______________ 

passage of laws 

____________________________ 

that refine or define the Constitution 

2. Example: ________________ 

establishing court 

_______________ 

system 

Executive Action 

3. Definition: _______________ 

using the President’s 

____________________________ 

power to act independently of Congress 

4. Example: ________________ 

expanding President’s 

war powers; making pacts with foreign 

leaders _______________ 

without consent of the Senate 

Constitutional 

Change 

Court Decisions 

5. Definition: ______________ 

using court cases 

____________________________ 

to interpret the Constitution 

6. Example: _______________ 

Marbury v. Madison 

_______________ 

and judicial review 

Party Practices 

9. Definition: ______________ 

using practices 

of political parties to change 

______________________________ 

political processes 

10. Example: _______________ 

nominating 

presidential candidates at 

national ______________ 

conventions 


Custom 

7. Definition: _______________ 

upholding long-held 

_____________________________ 

customs as constitutional necessity 

8. Example: _________________ 

making executive 

department heads the 

_______________ 

President’s Cabinet 



11. treaty ____________________________________________________________ 

a formal agreement between two or more sovereign states 

a pact made by the President directly with the head of a foreign state, skirting the 

12. executive agreement ______________________________________________________________ 

need for Senate approval 

the Senate’s rejection of a presidential appointment when that appointment is opposed 

13. senatorial courtesy ________________________________________________________________ 

by a majority party senator from the State in which the appointee would serve 



CHAPTER 

4 


Federalism: The Division of Power 


As you read Section 1, write N in the first box provided if the power given belongs ONLY to the 

National Government, S if it belongs ONLY to the States, or B if it belongs to both. In the second 

box, write whether any power belonging to the National Government is an example of an 

expressed, implied, or inherent power. 

Power 

1. collect taxes 

2. build an interstate highway system 

3. regulate immigration 

4. license doctors 

5. make treaties 

6. maintain armed forces 

7. declare war 

8. deport alien 

9. prohibit racial discrimination 

in access to restaurants 

10. set up public school systems 

11. punish crimes 

National (N), 

State (S), or 

Both(B) 

B 

N 

N 

S 

N 

N 

N 

N 

N 

S 

B 

Expressed, Implied, or Inherent 

expressed 

implied 

inherent 

expressed 

expressed 

expressed 

inherent 

implied 

implied 

12. coin money 

N 

expressed 

13. regulate the sale of liquor 

S 

14. regulate interstate commerce 

N 

expressed 



15. A system of government in which powers are divided between a central government and 

several regional governments is called ________________________________. 

federalism 

16. The ________________________________ reserved 

powers are those set aside for the States. 

17. The ________________________________ division of powers 

between the National Government and the 

States was spelled out in the Bill of Rights. 





The National Government and the 50 States 

CHAPTER 

4 


As you read Section 2, answer the following questions on the lines provided. 

The Nation’s Obligations to the States 

1. A republican form of government is ______________________________. 

representative government 

2. Three obligations the Constitution places on the National Government for the benefit of the 

States are: a. ________________________________________________ 

to protect against invasion and domestic violence 

b. ________________________________________________ 

to guarantee every State a representative government 

c. ________________________________________________ 

to recognize the boundaries and physical existence of each State 

Admitting New States 

3. A congressional act directing a territory that wants to become a State to frame a proposed State 

constitution is called ___________________________________________. 

an enabling act 

4. A congressional law that agrees to grant statehood is _____________________________ 

an act of admission 

________________________________________________. 

Cooperative Federalism 

5. The general term for federal money or resources granted to States or local governments is 

___________________________. 

grants-in-aid programs 

6. An example of a way that States aid the National Government is ___________________ 

Answers should refer to state and 

local ________________________________________________________. 

election officials conducting national elections; state courts supervising naturalization process; and local police 

cooperating with the F.B.I. 



Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. 

Write the correct letter in each blank. 

Column I 

_____ b 

_____ d 

_____ a 

7. federal money granted to a State for a specific purpose 

8. federal money given to States or other local governments 

with fewer-than-usual strings attached 

9. federal aid program in place from 1972–1987 in which 

Congress gave a share of federal tax revenue to the States 

_____ c 10. federal money given to private agencies, States, or local 

governments that apply for it 

Column II 

a. revenue sharing 

b. categorical grant 

c. project grant 

d. block grant 



CHAPTER 

4 


Interstate Relations 


The chart below will help you organize information on interstate relations. As you read Section 3, 

write the answer for each question in the spaces provided. 

Interstate Relations 

1. Interstate Compacts Why might States feel the need to form compacts with other States? 

to ____________________________________________________________________________ 

achieve together what one State might have difficulty doing alone 

____________________________________________________________________________ 

2. Full Faith and Credit What are three areas in which States give full faith and credit to 

citizens of other States? _______________________________________________________ 

public acts, records, and judicial proceedings 

____________________________________________________________________________ 

3. Extradition What is extradition? _______________________________________________ 

the legal process by which a fugitive from justice in one State is 

returned ____________________________________________________________________________ 

to that State from another 

____________________________________________________________________________ 

4. Privileges and Immunities What is an example of a reasonable discrimination a State 

may exercise against a citizen of another State? ___________________________________ 

A State may charge a nonresident higher fees for 

fishing ____________________________________________________________________________ 

or hunting licenses or to attend a State university. 

____________________________________________________________________________ 


Define the following terms in the space provided. 


5. interstate compact _________________________________________________________ 

an agreement made between two or more States 

6. 

A State must respect and recognize the validity of records, 

Full Faith and Credit Clause ________________________________________________ 

documents, and civil court decisions in other States. 

7. 

No State can draw unreasonable distinctions between its own residents 

Privileges and Immunities Clause_____________________________________________ 

and people who live in other States. 




Parties and What They Do 

CHAPTER 

5 


As you read Section 1, write the correct answers in the blanks provided on the chart below. 

Functions of Political Parties 

Function Description Explanation 

1. ________________ nominating selecting candidates The activity that sets political 

parties apart from other political 

groups 

Informing and Inform people and activate their Parties share this function with 

activating supporters interests in public affairs. 2. _____________________ media and 

3. __________________ interest groups. 

Bonding agent Tries to choose candidates who After candidates are elected, the 

are 4. _____________________ 

qualified 

party prods them to do well or 

and of good character. 

suffer in the next 5. ____________ 

election 

Governing Helps 6. ___________________ legislative 

Most appointments to executive 

and executive branches work branch are made on basis of 

together. 

7. _________________, partisanship or 

allegiance to a political party. 


8. ________________ watchdog Party that is 9. ______________ out of power The loyal opposition urges votes to 

___________________________ 10. __________________________ 

“throw the rascals out” 

criticizes the party that controls _____________________________ 

the government. 



11. All _____________ political parties can be defined as groups of persons who join together because they want 

to gain control of the government through winning elections. 

12. Allegiance to a political party is known as _____________________. 

partisanship 

13. In the United States, the major ______________ parties are the Democrats and the Republicans. 

14. The party that controls the executive branch is known as the _____________________. 

party in power 



CHAPTER 

5 


The Two-Party System 


As you read Section 2, fill in the blanks below explaining how each factor contributes to the 

stability of the two-party system in the United States. Possible answers below 

1. Historical Basis: __________________________________________________________________ 

The Republic began with two parties: Federalists and Anti-Federalists. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

2. Tradition: ______________________________________________________________________ 

Once established, the two-party system continues because of tradition and a reluctance to 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

support minor parties. 

3. Electoral System: ________________________________________________________________ 

Single-member districts discourage voters from “wasting” votes on minor party 

candidates. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

Election laws are designed to discourage minor parties. 

4. Ideological Consensus: ____________________________________________________________ 

Because Americans agree on fundamental issues, the conditions that could produce 

several ________________________________________________________________________________ 

strong rival parties do not exist. 


Define the following terms. 

5. minor party______________________________________________________________________ 

one of the less widely supported parties in the United States 

6. two-party system political ________________________________________________________________ 

system in which only two parties have a reasonable chance of winning office 

7. single-member district election ____________________________________________________________ 

district in which only one candidate is elected to each office on the ballot 

the largest number of votes cast for an office (contrasted with majority, which is more than half of all 

8. plurality votes ________________________________________________________________________ 

cast) 

9. pluralistic society a ________________________________________________________________ 

society that consists of several distinct cultures and groups 

10. consensus ______________________________________________________________________ 

a general agreement on fundamental matters among various groups 

11. multiparty ______________________________________________________________________ 

a system with several major parties and many smaller parties 

under dictatorship, a system in which only one party is allowed; or in another sense, an area 

12. one-party system in ________________________________________________________________ 

which one party dominates regional politics 





The Two-Party System in American History 

CHAPTER 

5 


On a separate sheet of paper, draw a chart like the one shown. Fill in the chart as you read Section 3. 

Period of Supporters Leaders 

Dominance (if any) 

Federalists 1. strong before 1800 2. the rich and well-born 3. Hamilton 

Jeffersonian 4. 1800–1820s 5. common people 6. Jefferson, Madison 

Republicans 

Jacksonian 7. 1820s–1830s 8. small farmers, debtors, 9. Andrew Jackson 

Democrats 

slaveowners, pioneers 

Whigs 10. 1830s–1850s, never 11. bankers, merchants, 12. Clay, Webster, Harrison, 

dominant industrialists, planters Taylor 

Republicans 13. 1860–1932 14. business and financial 15. Lincoln, Taft, 

interests, labor, farmers, T. Roosevelt, McKinley, 

African Americans 

Frémont 

Post-Civil War 16. never dominant outside 17. the South 18. Bryan, Wilson 

Democrats 

the South 

the South, small 

New Deal 19. 1932–1968 20. farmers, organized labor, 21. FDR, Truman, Kennedy, 

Democrats 

big-city political organizations, 

Johnson 

minorities 


On a separate sheet of paper, describe the major issues for each of the following periods. 

22. Era of the Democrats, 1800–1860 conflict over public lands, Second Bank of the United States, high 

tariffs, slavery 

23. Era of the Republicans, 1860–1932 Civil War, Reconstruction, Great Depression 

24. Return of the Democrats, 1932–1968 Great Depression, New Deal, World War II, Kennedy assassination 


On a separate sheet of paper define the following terms. 

25. incumbent the person currently holding office 

26. faction groups that dissent 

27. electorate the people eligible to vote 

28. sectionalism devotion to the interests of a particular region 



CHAPTER 

5 


The Minor Parties 


As you read Section 4, define and give examples of the four types of minor parties on the 

chart below. Possible answers below 

Definition 

Single-Issue Parties 3. parties that focus on a single public 4. 

policy issue 

Examples 

Ideological Parties 1. those based on a particular set of beliefs 2. any of the following: Communist party, 

and having a comprehensive view of social, Socialist party, Socialist Labor party, 

economic, and political matters 

Socialist Workers party, Libertarian party 

Economic Protest 5. parties that protest economic hard times, 6. Greenback party, Populist party 

Parties 

blaming perceived enemies and proclaiming 

disgust with the major parties 

Splinter Parties 7. parties that split away from one of the 8. 

major parties 

any of the following: American (“Know- 

Nothing”) party, Free Soil party, Rightto-Life 

party 

any of the following: Progressive “Bull 

Moose” party, Progressive party (1924), 

Progressive party (1948), American 

Independent party, “Dixiecrat” party 

Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 

9. What tends to happen to single-issue parties? They fade away, or their policies are adopted by one of 

the major parties 

10. Which type of minor party has been most successful in winning votes? splinter parties 

11. Which type of minor party has been the longest lived? ideological parties 

12. What useful functions have minor parties performed in American history? They have drawn 

attention to problems ignored by the major parties, and they have played “spoiler roles” in close elections. 


Decide whether each of the following theoretical parties is an example of an ideological party, a 

single-issue party, an economic protest party, or a splinter party. Write the correct term in the blank 

provided. 

______________ single-issue party 13. 

______________ splinter party 14. 

economic protest 

______________ party 15. 

______________ ideological party 16. 

______________ single-issue party 17. 

The “Free Choice” party is formed by people intent on legalizing the use of 

marijuana for medical purposes. 

A group of Democrats, dissatisfied with the party’s moderate nominee, 

decides to form a new “People’s Rights” party to back their more liberal 

leader, Henry J. Smith. 

A group of angry Midwestern farmers and laborers forms the “Working 

People’s” party, calling for higher tariffs, higher farm subsidies, and 

congressional term limitations. 

The “Socialist Justice” party calls for a complete overhaul of the American 

political, economic, and legal systems. 

The “Equity” party works for an end to affirmative action programs. 





Party Organization 

CHAPTER 

5 


As you read Section 5, complete the chart below by supplying the missing information in the 

blanks provided. 

National Party Machinery 

Mechanism Term or when it Role 

takes place 

National Convention 1. ________________ every fourth year, the 2. ______________________________________ 

nominates candidates for President and Vice 

summer before 

________________ 

presidential election ______________________________________ 

President; adopts party rules and platform 

National Committee 3. ________________ between conventions 4. ______________________________________ 

mainly prepares for the next national convention 

________________ ______________________________________ 

National Chairperson 5. ________________ 

for a four-year term 

________________ 

6. ______________________________________ 

leads national committee, directs party headquarters, 

______________________________________ 

works to strengthen the party 

Congressional 7. ________________ two years, during a 8. ______________________________________ 

works to reelect incumbents and to unseat the other 

Campaign ________________ term of Congress ______________________________________ 

party’s incumbents in each house 



9. Two factors that contribute to the decentralization of parties are _____________________ 

federalism 

and ________________________________________. 

nominating powers 

10. The party out of power operates at a disadvantage because it has no leader comparable to 

_____________________________. 

the President 

11. In recent years, there has been a sharp rise in the number of voters who identify themselves 

as __________________________. 

independents 


On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms. 

12. ward unit into which a city is divided for electing city council members 

13. precinct the smallest unit of election administration 

14. split-ticket voting voting for candidates of different parties at the same election 



CHAPTER 

6 


The Right to Vote 


The chart below illustrates the expansion of suffrage. As you read Section 1, fill in the boxes provided 

by describing the portion of the American population that was qualified to vote at the time given. 

1. white ____________________________________ 

male property owners; about 1/15 of white males 

the Constitution 1789 

2. ______________________________________________ 

almost all adult white males 

dropped religious & property qualifications 1850 

3. ______________________________________________________ 

all adult males, including African Americans (but this was not enforced) 

15th Amendment 1870 

4. ________________________________________________________________ 

all adult men and women (but African Americans largely disenfranchised) 


5. ________________________________________________________________________ 

all adult men and women, including African Americans 

Civil Rights Movement 

1960s 

6. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

all men and women over 18 


Write the correct term in the blank provided. 

During the last two hundred years, Americans have broadened the right (7.) ______________ to vote by 

eliminating barriers based on (8.) _______________ religious belief, (9.) _______________ property ownership, 

(10.) _______________ tax payment, race, and (11.) _______________. sex At the same time, the 

(12.) ______________ Federal Government has assumed a greater role in deciding who can vote and how 

elections should be run. 



blank. You may use two terms to answer one question. 

Column I 

_____ b, c 13. the right to vote 

_____ a 14. the potential voting population 

Column II 

a. electorate 

b. franchise 

c. suffrage 





Voter Qualifications 

CHAPTER 

6 



As you read Section 2, answer the following questions in the space provided. 

1. According to the Constitution, can aliens vote? ______________________________________ 

yes 

2. Do any State governments today allow aliens to vote? no ________________________________ 

3. What are the two reasons that States adopted residency requirements? 

a. ______________________________________________________________________________ 

to prevent the importing of enough people to fix the outcome of an election 

b. ______________________________________________________________________________ 

to ensure that voters have time to inform themselves about candidates and issues 

4. What is the longest period of residence that any State today requires before permitting new 

residents to vote? 50 ________________________________________________________________ 

days 

5. What is the oldest minimum age a State can set for voters? 18 ____________________________ 

6. What kinds of information are voters usually asked to give when they register to vote? ____ 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

name, age, place of birth, present address, length of residence 

7. a. Why do some people argue that voter registration ought to be abolished? Some ______________ 

say it is a bar 

to voter turnout among the poor and less educated. 

b. Why do others believe registration is important? __________________________________ 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

Some argue that it is a necessary defense against fraud. 

8. What were the three provisions of the Motor Voter Law? registration ______________________________ 

during driver’s license 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

application or renewal; registration by mail; registration forms available at many government offices 

9. Why were literacy tests abolished? They __________________________________________________ 

were used to discriminate against people based on their race. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

10. In what region of the country was the poll tax once used? Why was it abolished? __________ 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

in the South; because it was used to discourage African Americans from voting 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

11. What groups of persons are widely barred from voting? people ________________________________ 

in mental hospitals, those who are 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

legally found to be mentally incompetent, and those convicted of serious crimes 



12. ______________________________ Literacy 

is the ability to read or write. 

13. A __________________________ poll tax 

was a sum of money that had to be paid by the voter at the 

time he or she cast a ballot. 

14. _____________________________ Registration 

is a procedure for voter identification. 

15. Election officials are regularly supposed to ____________ purge their ____________________ poll books of the 

names of those who no longer meet voting requirements. 

16. Most States prohibit _________________, transients people who live there for a short time, from being 

considered legal residents. 



CHAPTER 

6 


Suffrage and Civil Rights 


As you read Section 3, complete the paragraphs below by writing the correct answers in the blanks 

provided. 

THE 15TH AMENDMENT was ratified in 

(1.) ___________. 1870 It states that no citizen can 

be denied suffrage on the basis of 

(2.) ___________, race color, or previous 

condition of (3.) ___________. servitude Although this 

amendment was intended to enfranchise 

(4.) ______________ African American men, in fact it was not 

enforced for almost 100 years. 

THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957 set up the 

(5.) _______________________ U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and gave the 

attorney general the right to seek federal 

(6.) ______________ court orders to prevent actions that 

interfered with the voting rights of qualified 

citizens. 

THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1960 provided for 

the appointment of federal (7.) ___________ 

voting referees 

_____________. Their duty was to make sure 

that qualified citizens were allowed to (8.) 

______________ register and (9.) ______________ vote in 

federal elections. 


THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 forbade 

discriminatory (10.) registration ______________ or literacy 

requirements. It relied heavily on the use of 

the (11.) ________________ court system to 

overcome racial discrimination. 

Its shortcomings became clear when Martin 

Luther (12.) ___________ King, Jr. organized a voter 

registration drive in the city of (13.) 

_____________________. Selma, Alabama Efforts to register 

African-American voters were met with 

violent opposition. 

THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 attacked 

the use of the (14.) ______________ poll tax and 

(15.) ______________ literacy tests. It authorized the 

appointment of (16.) ______________ voting examiners in any 

State or county in which less than (17.) 

___________ half of the electorate had been registered 

or (18.) _____________ voted in the 1964 

elections. In 1975 the law was extended to 

cover States and counties in which more 

than (19.) ___________ five percent of the adult 

population belongs to the following groups: 

(20.) _________________________________ 

(language minorities): Hispanics, Native 

______________________________________ 

Americans, Asian Americans, Alaskan natives 

Write the correct definition for each of the following terms on a separate sheet of paper and tell 

why they were important. 

21. gerrymandering drawing lines of electoral districts that limit the voting strength of a particular group or party 

22. injunction court order that either compels or restrains an act by an individual 

23. preclearance approval given before an action is taken 





Voter Behavior 

CHAPTER 

6 


As you read the section, fill in the answers to the questions below. Possible answers below 

1. What type of election years have the highest voter turnout? presidential ______________________________ 

election years 

2. What is “ballot fatigue”? Voters __________________________________________________________ 

lose their patience and/or knowledge as they work their way down a ballot. 

3. What is the largest group of “cannot-voters”? resident ________________________________________ 

aliens 

4. Why do some nonvoters deliberately choose to not vote? They ________________________________ 

think that their votes will not have an 

______________________________________________________ 

effect on government. 

The news media predicts election winners when the polls in the East and Midwest 

5. What is “time-zone fallout”? close, ______________________________________________________ 

resulting in lower voter turnout in the West where the polls are still open. 

6. What is the chief reason that most nonvoters do not vote? lack ______________________________ 

of interest 

______________________________________________________ 

7. How do each of these factors affect the likelihood of whether people do or do not vote? 

a. level of income: People ________________________________________________________________ 

with higher incomes are more likely to vote than people with lower incomes. 

b. occupation: People ____________________________________________________________________ 

with higher status occupations are more likely to vote. 

c. education: Better-educated ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 

people are more likely to vote than those with less education. 

d. age: People __________________________________________________________________________ 

under 35 are less likely to vote than older people. 

e. gender: Women ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

are more likely to vote than men. 

People with a strong party identification are more likely to vote than people with a weak 

f. party identification: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

party identification. 

Fill in the characteristics in the chart below to compare some factors that influence whether people 

are more likely to vote Democrat or Republican. 

Democrat 

Income/Occupation 8. lower status, lower income 

9. 

Republican 

higher status, higher income 


Education 10. less educated 

11. more educated 

Gender/Age 12. women/younger 

13. men/older 

Religion 14. Catholics, Jews 

15. Protestants 

Ethnicity 16. African American, other nonwhites, 

Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans 

17. Whites, Cuban Latinos 

Geography 18. many southern states and big cities 19. Maine, Vermont, Kansas, Nebraska, 

North Dakota, South Dakota; suburbs 


Answers can be found on the following 

On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms. Student Edition pages: 

20. off-year election 23. gender gap 26. split-ticket voting 

p. 164 p. 169 p. 171 

21. political efficacy 24. party identification 27. independents 

p. 166 p. 171 p. 171 

22. political socialization 25. straight-ticket voting 

p. 168 p. 171 



CHAPTER 

7 


The Nominating Process 


Complete the chart below as you read Section 1. For each nominating method, write when it came 

into use and the procedure for nominating candidates. 

Nominating Method 

Self-Announcement 1. 

How it Works 

candidate (or a friend) announces intention to run for office 

Caucus 2. 

like-minded influential people (later, Congress members of the same party) 

gather to decide whom they will support in an election 

Convention 3. 

elected delegates select their party’s nominees 

Direct Primary 4. 

party members vote for candidates for their party 

Closed Primary 5. 

only declared party members vote for candidates for their party 

Open Primary 6. 

qualified voters, independent or of either party, vote for a party’s candidates 

Petition 7. 

eligible voters sign petitions in support of a particular candidate 


8. Why is the nominating process particularly important in a two-party system? 

9. What are some popular criticisms of the primary process? 


It narrows 

voters’ choices 

Lack of anonymity, “bedsheet” ballots, 

expense, restriction to one party 

Read the statements below. If a statement is true, write T in the blank provided. If it is false, write 

F. Then rewrite the statement on a separate sheet of paper to make it true. 

_____ T 10. Nomination means the naming of candidates who will seek office. 

_____ F 11. During the early national period, major-party presidential candidates were nominated 

by State legislatures. 

_____ F 12. In a blanket primary, voters can nominate a Democratic and a Republican candidate 

for each office. 

_____ F 13. In States that require nominees to win a plurality of the popular vote, runoff primaries 

are sometimes needed. 

_____ T 14. In a nonpartisan election, candidates are not identified by party. 





Elections 

CHAPTER 

7 


1. Write a brief paragraph summarizing the information given under the heading “The 

Administration of Elections.” See answer below 

Complete the chart below as you read Section 2. For each method of voting given, write its major 

features and any advantages or disadvantages of the methods. 

Method of Voting Features Advantages/Disadvantages 

Some thought this was the only 

Voice Voting 2. Voters state their votes aloud. 3. “manly” way to vote, but with the 

expansion of suffrage, it led to 

corrupt practices. 

Early Paper Ballots 

Voters themselves and later, 

Corruption and intimidation were 

4. political parties, printed their own 5. still problems because different 

ballots. 

color ballots revealed how each 

person voted. 

Australian Ballot 

printed at public expense, lists 

6. names of all candidates, given out 7. greatly reduced corruption and 

only at the polls, marked in secret intimidation 

Office–Group Ballot 8. Names of candidates are grouped 9. 

by office in random order. 

encourages voters to make 

separate judgments for each 

office 


Party–Column Ballot 10. lists each party’s candidates in a 11. 

column under the party’s name 

Voters receive a ballot in the mail, 

Vote by Mail 12. make their selections, and mail 13. 

the ballot to the precinct. 

Online Voting 14. Voters cast their ballots on the 15. 

Internet. 


It is an advantage for candidates 

because it encourages voters to 

vote a straight-party ticket. 

It is cost effective and raises 

voter turnout, but some critics 

worry about fraud and pressure 

on voters to vote a certain way. 

Supporters say it is efficient and 

promotes voter turnout; 

opponents worry about fraud and 

technical problems. 


16. absentee voting voting by mail by those unable to go to the polling place 

17. coattail effect occurs when a strong candidate at the top of the ticket helps attract voters to other 

candidates on the party’s ticket 

18. precinct a voting district, usually limited in size to an area where there are no more than 500 to 1,000 qualified voters 

19. polling place the location within each precinct where voters go to cast their ballots 

20. ballot the device by which voters cast their votes 

Possible answer to question #1 

1. Answers will vary. The following points should be mentioned: Our complex election laws and procedures are aimed at 

ensuring that elections will be free, honest, and accurate. Most election law is left to the States, but the Federal 

Government imposes some restrictions, requiring the use of the secret ballot, regulating campaign finance, etc. Most 

States hold elections for State office at the same time as the general elections. In most States, the disabled, members 

of the armed forces, and those who will be away on election day can vote by way of absentee ballot. In some States, voters 

can cast ballots several days before the election. 



CHAPTER 

7 


Money and Elections 


Possible answers below 

Fill in the spaces below to organize information about money and the election process. Under each 

main idea, write three supporting details from Section 3. 

Main Idea A: Candidates spend a great deal of money on political campaigns. 

1. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

The presidential election eats up by far the largest share of campaign dollars. 

2. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

The costs of congressional campaigns keep growing. 

Television accounts for the largest share of spending, with other money spent on radio, managers and consultants, 

3. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

newspaper advertisements, office rent, polls, mass mailings, travel, and many other things. 

Main Idea B: Private donors come in many different shapes and sizes. 

4. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

Small contributors give money to candidates they believe in. 

5. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

Wealthy persons and families make large contributions in order to buy influence. 

6. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

candidates themselves, their families, and friends 

7. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

nonparty groups, such as PACs and temporary fund-raising groups 

8. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

temporary organizations formed for the specific campaign 

Main Idea C: Laws that the Federal Election Commission (FEC) enforces cover four areas. 

9. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

the timely disclosure of campaign finance data 

10. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

limits on campaign contributions 

11. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

limits on campaign expenditures 

12. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

public funding for parts of the presidential election process 

Main Idea D: There are three major loopholes in campaign finance laws. 

13. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

Soft money contributions can easily be filtered into presidential and congressional campaigns. 

An independent group or person can spend money on a campaign not connected to a party. These groups use 

14. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

the money in efforts against candidates. 

Campaign money can be spent on issue ads that plug a candidate’s viewpoint without mentioning the 

15. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

candidate’s name. 


16. the political arms of special interest 


groups that have a major stake in public 

policy 17. a grant, usually from the 


government 18. contributions that 

bypass campaign spending laws because 

16. political action committee 18. soft money they are donated to State and local 

party organizations, not to candidates 

17. subsidy 19. hard money 19. campaign money that is subject to 

FEC regulation 




The Formation of Public Opinion 

CHAPTER 

8 


Complete the chart below as you read Section 1. For each source of information given, write the 

type of information that is communicated. 

Sources 

The Family 1. 

Factors that Shape Public Opinion 

Types of Information Communicated 

basic attitudes toward authority; rules of behavior, property, neighbors, and people 

of other racial and religious groups 

The Schools 2. 

good citizenship skills and attitudes, specific knowledge about politics, and informal 

learning about people with different backgrounds 

The Mass Media 3. 

information about politics and public policy, and a platform for opinion leaders 

Peer Groups 4. 

reinforcement of one’s existing opinions 

Opinion Leaders 5. 

information from which people can draw ideas and convictions about politics and 

public policy 


Historic Events 6. 

Write the answers to questions 7 and 8 on a separate sheet of paper. 

7. What does it mean to say that “many publics exists exist in the United States?” 

Each public is made up of a group of people who hold the same view on a particular issue. 

8. Why are family and school particularly important in shaping people’s political views? 

They influence people when they are most impressionable—in childhood. All other political opinions are built from the base 

created in childhood. 


information on issues arising out of or related to the events 


9. public affairs 12. peer group 9. events and issues that concern the public at large 

10. the attitudes held by a significant number of people on matters 

10. public opinion 13. opinion leader of government and politics 

11. the means of communication that reach a wide audience 

11. mass media 

12. a group of people with whom one regularly associates 

13. any person who, for any reason, has an unusually strong 

influence on the views of others 



CHAPTER 

8 


Measuring Public Opinion 


Complete the chart below as you read Section 2. Describe how each measure gauges public opinion 

and how accurate a measure it is. Possible answers below 

Measure 

Elections 1. 

How and How Well? 

Elections are frequently interpreted as voters’ acceptance or rejection of a party 

platform. In fact, voting is affected by many factors and gives only a broad 

indication of public opinion. 

Interest Groups 2. 

Interest groups pressure government officials to shape public policy in specific ways. 

It is difficult to tell how many citizens support such groups and how strongly they 

hold these views. 

Media 3. 

Media are often said to “mirror” public opinion. In fact they are not accurate mirrors 

because they may reflect only a vocal minority. 

Personal Contracts 4. 

Political leaders try to gauge public opinion by addressing groups, reading mail and 

telegrams, visiting home districts, and so on. But it is difficult to “read” public 

opinion from such contacts. 

Polls 5. 

Polls, especially those based on scientific polling techniques, are the best measure 

of public opinion. They collect information about public opinion by asking people 

questions. 

List the five steps of the polling process. Give a brief description of each. 

6. Step 1 Define __________________________________________________________________________ 

the universe. Figure out which group should be polled. 

__________________________________________________________________________ 

7. Step 2 Construct __________________________________________________________________________ 

a sample. Random samples are drawn based on the law of probability, since in some cases, it is 

impossible __________________________________________________________________________ 

to poll every person in a selected group. 

8. Step 3 Prepare __________________________________________________________________________ 

valid questions. Questions should be phrased carefully. Avoid using loaded questions and 

questions __________________________________________________________________________ 

that are worded in a way that can shape answers. 

9. Step 4 Conduct __________________________________________________________________________ 

interviews. Whether a poll is conducted face-to-face or by mail or phone, pollsters must use 

proper __________________________________________________________________________ 

interviewing techniques to avoid invalid results. 

10. Step 5 Report __________________________________________________________________________ 

the poll’s findings. Computers and other electronic hardware help pollsters tabulate and 

interpret results. 

__________________________________________________________________________ 


On a separate sheet of paper, use each term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term. 

Answers can be found on the following Student Edition pages: 

11. mandate 15. sample 

p. 216 p. 218 

12. interest group 16. random sample 

p. 216 p. 218 

13. public opinion poll 17. quota sample 

p. 217 p. 219 

14. straw vote 

p. 217 





The Mass Media 

CHAPTER 

8 


Complete the chart below as you read Section 3. List the media in order of their degree of influence 

on public opinion and give examples of each. Possible answers below 

1. 

Medium 

Television 

CBS, NBC, ABC, CNN, PBS, Fox Network 

Examples 

2. 

Newspapers 

New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, Wall Street 

Journal, Christian Science Monitor, USA Today 

3. 

Radio 

NBC, CBS, Mutual Broadcasting System, NPR 

4. 

Magazines 

Time, Newsweek, U.S. News and World Report, the Nation, the New Republic, the 

National Review 


Write the answers to questions 5–7 on the blanks provided. 

5. How do the mass media help to shape the public agenda? They have the power to get __________________________________ 

the public to 

focus ______________________________________________________ 

on a certain issue. 

6. How has television influenced each of the following? 

a. the power of political parties______________________________________________________ 

Television has made candidates less dependent on traditional party 

organizations ______________________________________________________ 

by allowing them to appeal directly to the public. 

b. political campaigns It ______________________________________________________________ 

has made political campaigns more image conscious and less focused on complex 

policy ______________________________________________________ 

debates. 

7. What factors limit the influence of the mass media? Most ____________________________________ 

people do not follow public events closely. 

Those ______________________________________________________ 

who do select sources of information that reflect and support views they already hold. 



8. medium a ________________________________________________________________________ 

means of communication 

9. public agenda issues ________________________________________________________ 

that politicians and citizens agree need to be addressed 

10. sound bite short, ______________________________________________________________________ 

sharply focused news report that lasts 30–45 seconds 



CHAPTER 

9 


The Nature of Interest Groups 


Use the information in Section 1 to fill in the following supporting facts under each main idea. 

Main Idea A: Interest groups differ from political parties in several ways. Possible answers below 

1. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________ 

groups do not nominate candidates. 

Interest groups want to influence or control government policies while political parties want to control 

2. government ________________________________________________________________________________ 

itself. 

3. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________ 

groups concentrate on one issue while political parties are interested in many issues of public concern. 

Main Idea B: Interest groups have historically been regarded with suspicion. 

the danger of uncontrolled “factions” that might pursue goals that 

4. James Madison warned against conflict ____________________________________________________. 

with the rights and interests of the community 

5. Madison hoped to moderate the power of interest groups through ______________________ 

a balance of power so that no 

faction ________________________________________________________________________________. 

would become dominant 

Main Idea C: Interest groups fulfill many functions in American society. 

6. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________ 

groups help stimulate interest in public affairs. 

7. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________ 

groups represent their members on the basis of shared attitudes rather than shared geography. 

8. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________ 

groups provide specialized information to government agencies. 

9. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________ 

groups are vehicles for political participation. 

10. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________ 

groups provide additional checks and balances to the system. 

11. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________ 

groups compete with one another in the public arena. 

Main Idea D: Interest groups also pose a number of problems for the United States. 

12. Some ________________________________________________________________________________ 

interest groups have an influence far out of proportion to their membership. 

13. It ________________________________________________________________________________ 

is difficult to tell how many people an interest group truly represents. 

14. Many ________________________________________________________________________________ 

interest groups do not really represent the views of all the people for whom they claim to speak. 

15. Some ________________________________________________________________________________ 

groups use unfair or illegal tactics that, if widely adopted, would undermine the political system. 



Define the terms listed below in the spaces provided. 

An interest group is an organization whose members are linked by a common opinion. The group 

16. interest group tries ____________________________________________________________________ 

to persuade public officials to respond to the shared attitude of the members. 

17. public policy all ____________________________________________________________________ 

the goals the government sets and the actions it takes to reach those goals 

18. public affairs ____________________________________________________________________ 

issues that concern the people at large 




Types of Interest Groups 

CHAPTER 

9 


1. On a separate sheet of paper, write four sentences summarizing the information given about 

interest groups under the heading “An American Tradition.” Answers will vary 

As you read Section 2, complete the chart below by filling in the type of interest group or examples 

of the type of interest group. Possible answers below 

Type of Interest Group 

Business Groups 

Labor Groups 

Examples 

2. NAM, _____________________________________________________ 

Chamber of Commerce, United States Brewers’ Association 

_____________________________________________________ 

3. AFL-CIO, _____________________________________________________ 

Fraternal Order of Police, International Longshore and 

Warehouse _____________________________________________________ 

Union 

4. _____________________ agricultural groups National Grange, American Farm Bureau, 

National Farmers Union 

Professional Groups 

5. American _____________________________________________________ 

Medical Association, American Bar Association, National 

Education _____________________________________________________ 

Association 

6. _____________________ groups that promote causes ACLU, Sierra Club, National Women’s Political Caucus 

7. _____________________ Organizations That Promote American Legion, Older Americans, Inc., NAACP 

the Welfare of Certain Groups 


8. _____________________ religious organizations National Council of Churches, American Jewish Congress, 

National Catholic Welfare Council 

Public- Interest Groups 


Match the groups in Column I with the interest group type in Column II. 

Column I 

9. League _____________________________________________________ 

of Women Voters, Common Cause, Public Citizen, Inc. 

_____________________________________________________ 

_____ c 10. a group that pushes for public policies that benefit 

most or all people in the country, regardless of whether 

they belong to or support the group 

_____ a 11. an interest group for a segment of the business community 

_____ b 12. an organization of workers who work in the same type 

of job or who work in the same industry 

Column II 

a. trade association 

b. labor union 

c. public-interest group 



CHAPTER 

9 


Interest Groups at Work 


Answers will vary for 1–9. Possible answers are listed below. 

As you read Section 3, write three supporting details for each of the main ideas given. 

Main Idea A: Interest groups try to influence public opinion. 

1. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

Interest groups supply the public with information to support their interests. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

2. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

Interest groups try to build positive reputations in society. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

3. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

Interest groups work to persuade the public to adopt their views on policy issues. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

Main Idea B: Interest groups help and make use of political parties. 

4. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

Interest groups try to secure the support of one or both parties. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

5. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

Much campaign funding comes from interest groups. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

6. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

Single-interest groups often campaign hard against candidates who oppose their stand on an issue. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

Main Idea C: Lobbying involves many functions. 

7. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

Lobbying is more than just working to influence legislation before it is passed. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

8. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

Lobbyists work to influence how strictly a law is enforced. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

9. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

Lobbyists also try to influence how laws are interpreted by the courts. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 



On a separate sheet of paper, define each key term below and use it in a sentence. 

10. propaganda a technique of persuasion aimed at influencing individual or group behavior 

11. single-interest group organization that concentrates on one issue 

12. lobbying all of the methods by which group pressures are brought to bear on all aspects of the publicpolicy-making 

process 

13. grass roots related to the people, the average voter 




The National Legislature 

CHAPTER 

10 


The main points of Section 1 are supplied for you below in the form of questions. As you read the 

section, fill in the answers to the questions. 

Two Houses of Congress 

1. What is the historical reason for Americans choosing a bicameral system? __________ 

The British 

Parliament __________________________________________________________________________ 

and most colonial legislatures were bicameral. 

2. What is a practical reason for Americans choosing a bicameral system? ____________ 

Bicameralism 

settled __________________________________________________________________________ 

the conflict between the Virginia and New Jersey plans of 1787 and reflected American federalism. 

3. What is a theoretical reason for Americans choosing a bicameral system? __________ 

Bicameralism 

allows __________________________________________________________________________ 

each house to act as a check and balance on the other. 

Terms and Sessions 

4. What is a term of Congress? ________________________________________________ 

the length of time elected officials serve after being elected 

__________________________________________________________________________ 

5. What is a session of Congress? ______________________________________________ 

the regular period of time during which Congress performs 

legislative __________________________________________________________________________ 

work 

6. How many sessions are there in a term of Congress? ____________________________ 

two 




7. adjourn ____________________________________________________________________ 

to suspend a session until the next session 

8. special session ______________________________________________________________ 

a meeting of Congress called by the President to deal with some pressing issue 



CHAPTER 

10 


The House of Representatives 


Using information from this section, complete the chart below, which shows data related to the 

House of Representatives. 

Characteristics 

of House 

Description 

1. Size 

2. Terms 

3. Date of election 

Characteristics 

of Its Members 

4. Age 

5. Length of citizenship 

6. Residence 

435 seats 

two years 

Tuesday following first Monday in November of each even-numbered year 

Qualifications 

at least 25 years 

at least seven years 

inhabitant of State from which chosen 


Define the following terms 

7. gerrymandering ____________________________________________________________________ 

Gerrymandering is drawing congressional districts to the advantage of the party in power. 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

Reapportionment is redistributing the seats in the House of Representatives in keeping with 

8. reapportionment ________________________________________________________ 

the latest census. 


9. off-year election ____________________________________________________________________ 

An off-year election is an election for Congress in a year without a presidential election. 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 




The Senate 

CHAPTER 

10 


Using information from this section, compare data about the Senate with data about the House by 

filling in the blanks in the chart below. 

The Congress 

Characteristic House Senate 

Size 435 1. _______________________ 

100 

Term Length 2 years 2. _______________________ 

6 years 

Date of Elections Tuesday following first 3. _______________________ 

Tuesday following first Monday 

Monday in November of _______________________ 

in November of each evennumbered 

each even-numbered year _______________________ 

year 

Qualifications 

Age At least 25 years 4. _______________________ 


Length of Citizenship At least 7 years 5. _______________________ 


Residence Inhabitant of the State 6. _______________________ 

inhabitant of State from which 

chosen 

How Chosen 

Originally By voters in district 7. _______________________ 

by State legislatures 


Today By voters in district 8. _______________________ 

by voters in the State 



9. The Senate is a _______________, continuous body that is, all of its seats are never up for election 

at the same time. 

10. _______________ Constituencies are the people and interests the senators represent. 



CHAPTER 

10 


The Members of Congress 


As you read Section 4, answer the questions below on the roles played by members of Congress 

and the compensation and privileges of the job. 

Roles Played by a Member of Congress 

1. Legislator: What does a legislator do? ________________________________________________ 

makes laws 

2. Committee member: What do members do as part of a congressional committee? __________ 

evaluate __________________________________________________________________________________ 

bills, perform oversight function 

3. Trustee: How does a member of Congress act as a trustee? ______________________________ 

decides issues on merit alone, 

regardless __________________________________________________________________________________ 

of the views of constituents or other groups 

4. Delegate: How does a member of Congress act as a delegate? ____________________________ 

acts as the constituents’ agents, 

regardless __________________________________________________________________________________ 

of personal beliefs 

5. Partisan: How does a member of Congress act as a partisan? ____________________________ 

votes in line with wishes of party 

platform __________________________________________________________________________________ 

and leaders 

6. Politico: How does a member of Congress act as a politico? ______________________________ 

combines roles of trustee, delegate, 

and __________________________________________________________________________________ 

partisan and acts as a “practical” politician 

Compensation and Privileges 

7. Salary: What is the current salary of a member of Congress? ____________________________ 

$141,300 

8. Nonsalary compensation: What are some fringe benefits for members of Congress? __________ 

tax __________________________________________________________________________________ 

deductions, travel allowances, low-cost health insurance, pension plan, money for offices and staffs, franking privilege 


9. Privileges: To what does the phrase “cloak of legislative immunity” refer? __________________ 

Members of Congress 

are __________________________________________________________________________________ 

immune from arrest for misdemeanors during congressional sessions and may not be sued for libel. 



10. constituency _____________________________________________________________________ 

the people of a legislator’s State or district 

11. oversight function ________________________________________________________________ 

congressional duty to see that the agencies in the executive branch are working effectively 

and according to legal policies 




The Scope of Congressional Powers 

CHAPTER 

11 


Compare the concepts of strict and liberal constructionism by completing the chart below. 

Construction of the Constitution 

Strict 

Liberal 

Definition 1. _________________________ narrow, literal interpretation of the 2. _________________________ 

broad interpretation of the 

Constitution 

Constitution 

Major proponent 3. _________________________ Jefferson 

4. _________________________ 

Hamilton 

Attitude toward 5. use _________________________ only when necessary to carry out 6. _________________________ 

use often and energetically 

implied powers 

expressed powers 

Attitude toward 7. _________________________ should be restrained and limited, 8. should _________________________ 

be strong and allowed to grow 

national power 

except for defense 

Attitude toward 9. _________________________ should remain strong and keep 10. ________________________ 

should be restrained 

State power 

most power 




11. The Constitution gives powers to the Congress in three ways: 

a. through the _________________________, expressed 

or clearly stated, powers, 

b. through the _________________________, implied 

powers (powers deducted from 

the clearly stated powers), 

c. through the _________________________powers, inherent 

those possessed by all 

sovereign states. 



CHAPTER 

11 


The Expressed Powers of Money and Commerce 


Complete the chart below showing the major powers granted to Congress by the Constitution in 

the areas of money and commerce. 

Power 

Congress’s Constitutional Powers of Money and Commerce 

Allows Congress to... 

Taxation 

1. ________________________________________________________ 

lay and collect taxes to pay debts and provide for common defense and 

________________________________________________________ 

general welfare 

Borrowing 

2. ________________________________________________________ 

borrow money to finance projects 

________________________________________________________ 

Commerce 

3. ________________________________________________________ 

regulate interstate and foreign trade 

________________________________________________________ 

Currency 

4. ________________________________________________________ 

coin money and regulate its value 

________________________________________________________ 

Bankruptcy 

5. ________________________________________________________ 

establish uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies 

________________________________________________________ 



6. tax __________________________________________________________________________ 

charge levied by government on persons or property to meet government needs 

________________________________________________________________________ 

7. indirect tax ____________________________________________________________________ 

tax paid by one party and passed on to another 

________________________________________________________________________ 

8. deficit financing ________________________________________________________________ 

spending more than is taken in and borrowing to make up the difference 

________________________________________________________________________ 

9. public debt ____________________________________________________________________ 

all the money government borrowed over the years that is not yet repaid 

________________________________________________________________________ 

10. legal tender ____________________________________________________________________ 

money that must be accepted in payment of a debt 

________________________________________________________________________ 

11. bankruptcy ____________________________________________________________________ 

the legal proceeding in which the court distributes people’s assets among their creditors 

________________________________________________________________________ 





Other Expressed Powers 

CHAPTER 

11 



Fill in the supporting points in the outline below in the form of answers to the questions. 

Foreign Relations Powers 

1. Which parts of the National Government share the power in the field of foreign affairs? ______ 

Congress __________________________________________________________________________________ 

and the President 

2. Which part is primarily responsible for conducting foreign relations? ______________________ 

the President 

3. What is the role of the States in foreign affairs and why? _________________________________ 

The States have no role because they are 

not __________________________________________________________________________________ 

sovereign powers. 

War Powers 

4. Who has the power to declare war? ___________________________________________________ 

Congress 

5. What did the War Powers Resolution of 1973 state? _____________________________________ 

Congress has the power to restrict use of U.S. 

forces __________________________________________________________________________________ 

in combat areas that are not in a state of war. 

Other Expressed Powers 

6. What power gives Congress the right to make laws regulating mailing? _____________________ 

the postal power 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

7. What is the role of the National Institute of Standards and Technology in fulfilling an expressed 

power? ___________________________________________________________________________ 

It maintains the standard of weights and measures. 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

Judicial Powers 

8. The Constitution specifically mentions the following four kinds of federal crimes: 

a. __________________________________ 

counterfeiting 

b. __________________________________ 

piracy and felonies on the high seas 

c. __________________________________ 

offenses against law of nations 

d. __________________________________ 

treason 

9. Which part of the National Government has the expressed power of creating and providing for 

the organization of federal courts?_____________________________________________________ 

Congress 



10. _________________________ Naturalization is the process of making non-citizens into citizens. 

11. A _______________________ copyright protects the right of an author over original writings. 

12. A _______________________ patent protects an inventor’s rights to inventions. 

13. _________________________ Eminent domain is the right of a government to take private property for public use. 



CHAPTER 

11 


The Implied Powers 


Complete the following time line by inserting the correct events described in Section 4 in the spaces 

indicated. Then answer the questions that follow. 

1. 1790 

Hamilton recommended 

______________________ 

Congress establish a 

______________________ 

national bank 

______________________ 

3. 1816 

Congress created 

______________________ 

a second national bank 

______________________ 

______________________ 

5. 1819 

The Supreme Court ruled 

the ______________________ 

Constitution need not expressly 

empower ______________________ 

Congress to create a bank, 

______________________ 

supporting implied powers 

2. 1791 

Congress set up first 

______________________ 

national bank 

______________________ 

______________________ 

4. 1818 

Maryland placed a tax on 

all ______________________ 

notes issued by banks doing 

______________________ 

business in the State but not 

chartered ______________________ 

by the State legislature 


6. Explain why the Necessary and Proper Clause has often been called the Elastic Clause. 

______________________________________________________________________ 

The clause has been used to stretch the meaning of the Constitution to meet the needs of the 

______________________________________________________________________ 

American people. 

______________________________________________________________________ 

______________________________________________________________________ 

______________________________________________________________________ 

7. Why does Congress have the power to appropriate funds for various purposes? ________ 

______________________________________________________________________ 

The Necessary and Proper clause allows for implied powers. 

______________________________________________________________________ 

______________________________________________________________________ 

______________________________________________________________________ 





The Nonlegislative Powers 

CHAPTER 

11 



On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions as you read Section 5. 


Constitutional Amendments 

1. What are two ways Congress may propose an amendment to the Constitution? 

2. What are some current issues that many Americans have thought worthy of 

constitutional amendment? 1. by two-thirds vote in each house or by calling a national convention at the 

request of two-thirds of the State legislatures 

2. prayer in public schools, abortion, school busing, requiring a balanced 

budget, prohibiting flag burning, term limits 

Electoral Duties 

3. What electoral duty does the House have? 

4. What electoral duty does the Senate have? 

Impeachment 

5. What role does the House have in the impeachment process? 

6. What role does the Senate have in the impeachment process? 

Executive Powers 

7. What are the two executive powers possessed by the Senate? 

8. What is “senatorial courtesy”? 7. The Senate must confirm major appointments of the President and 

confirm treaties entered into by the President. 

8. The Senate will turn down a presidential appointment of a federal 

Investigatory Powers 

officer to serve in a particular State if the appointment is opposed 

by a senator of the President’s party who is from the State involved. 

9. What is the usual forum for congressional investigations? 9. congressional committees and 

subcommittees 

10. What are some reasons for congressional investigations? 10. gather information, oversee 

operations of executive agencies, 

expose questionable activities by public 

officials, and promote the interests of 

some members of Congress 


Complete the sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. 

3. If the electoral college cannot choose a President by 

majority vote, the House must choose. 

4. If the electoral college cannot choose a Vice President 

by majority vote, the Senate must choose. 

5. It has the sole power to vote 

articles of impeachment. 

6. It has the sole power to try the 

defendant based on the charges 

contained in the articles of 

impeachment passed by the House. 

11. It is the Senate, not the House, which has sole power to _______________ try an impeached President, 

Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States. 

12. Congress may _____________________ censure someone by issuing a formal condemnation of the 

individual’s actions. 



CHAPTER 

12 


Congress Organizes 


Complete the graphic organizer below showing the organization of the House of Representatives 

and the Senate. Fill in the presiding officers that are missing from the organizer and code each box, 

using the key provided, to indicate whether each officer is a party officer, an official presiding officer, 

or both. 

House 

Presiding Officer and Party Leader 

1. ____________________________________________________________ 

Speaker of the House 

Party Officers 

2. _________________________ Majority Floor Leader 3. _________________________ 

Minority Floor Leader 

4. _________________________ Majority Whip 

5. _________________________ 

Minority Whip 

Senate 

Presiding Officers 

6. _________________________ President of the Senate 7. _________________________ 

President Pro Tempore 

Party Officers 

8. _________________________ Majority Floor Leader 

9. _________________________ 

Minority Floor Leader 


10. _________________________ Majority Whip 

11. _________________________ 

Minority Whip 


12. He or she presides and maintains order, recognizes speakers, 

interprets rules, refers bills to committees, puts questions to a 

Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper. vote, decides the outcome of most votes, 

names members to all committees, and 

12. What are the functions of the Speaker of the House? signs all bills and resolutions. 

13. The president of the Senate is the presiding 

officer of the Senate and recognizes 

13. What are the functions of the president of the Senate? 

speakers, puts questions 

to a vote, and 

14. What are the functions of the floor leaders and their whips in both houses? 

may only vote to break a tie. The Vice President fills this post. 14. The leaders devise legislative strategies, carry out 

decisions of party caucuses, and steer floor action. By virtue of his or her majority position, the majority leader plans 

the order of business on the floor. The whips assist the leaders by advising them and organizing votes on each issue. 




Committees in Congress 

CHAPTER 

12 


Complete the graphic organizer below by answering the questions about congressional committees. 

Standing Committees 

1. What is a standing committee? ________ a permanent 

group of either the House or Senate to consider bills 

____________________________________ 

in specific subjects 

2. What are the committees’ functions? 

Standing committees investigate, evaluate, and sift 

____________________________________ 

through proposed bills. 

3. Give 3 examples of such committees. 

____________________________________ 

Possible answers: House Ways and Means; Senate 

____________________________________ 

Finance; House National Security. See chart on 

____________________________________ 

Student Edition p. 330 for a list of other possible 

answers. 

Select Committees 

4. What is a select committee?____________ 

a temporary 

____________________________________ 

panel set up for some specific purpose 

5. What does a select committee do? ______ Select 

committees investigate some current matter for 

____________________________________ 

possible new laws or for special issues. 

6. Give 2 examples of a select committee 

from 1987.__________________________ 

House Select Committee to 

____________________________________ 

Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran; 

____________________________________ 

Senate Select Committee on Secret Military 

____________________________________ 

Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition 

Types of Congressional Committees 

Joint Committees 

Conference Committees 


7. What is a joint committee? ____________ 

a committee 

composed ____________________________________ 

of members from both houses 

8. What does a joint committee do? investigates 

and issues reports; deals with issues common 

______ 

____________________________________ 

to both houses; some have routine duties 

9. Give 3 examples of a joint committee. 

____________________________________ 

Joint Economic Committee, Joint Committee 

____________________________________ 

on Printing, Joint Committee on the Library 

____________________________________ 

of Congress 

10. What is a conference committee? ______ 

____________________________________ 

A conference committee is temporary and composed 

____________________________________ 

of members of both houses. 

____________________________________ 

11. What does a conference committee do? 

____________________________________ 

irons out differences between similar bills in the 

____________________________________ 

House and Senate and produces compromise bills 

____________________________________ 


Answer the question below on a separate sheet of paper. 

12. How does the House Rules Committee act as a “traffic cop” in the lower house? It manages 

the flow of bills for action by the full House and grants rules, or schedules for consideration, to bills as they emerge 

from committees. 



CHAPTER 

12 


How a Bill Becomes a Law: The House 


Fill in the information below by writing the answers in the blanks provided. 

1. Most bills are introduced in Congress by ______________________________________________ 

the executive branch, pressure groups, and private citizens. 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

2. A bill is __________________________________________________________________________ 

a proposed law. 

3. A resolution deals with ____________________________________________________________ 

a matter that concerns either house alone. 

4. A joint resolution is like a bill because ________________________________________________ 

it has the force of law. 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

5. A concurrent resolution deals with __________________________________________________ 

matters in which both houses must act jointly without the force of law. 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

6. At a first reading of a bill, the clerk __________________________________________________ 

numbers and names the bill and enters it into the House Journal and 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

the Congressional Record. 

7. Five courses of action a committee may take on a bill are:________________________________ 

report it favorably; refuse to report it; 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

report it in amended form; report it unfavorably; or report a substitute bill written by the committee. 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

8. Four types of votes in the House are: ________________________________________________ 

voice votes, standing votes, teller votes, and roll-call votes. 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

9. After a bill has been passed and signed by the Speaker, __________________________________ 

it is placed on the Senate president’s desk. 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 



10. rider __________________________________________________________________________ 

a provision that is attached to a measure that is likely to pass 

11. quorum ________________________________________________________________________ 

the portion of the full membership that must be present in order to do business 

12. concurrent resolution______________________________________________________________ 

matters in which the Senate and the House must act jointly 

13. discharge petition ________________________________________________________________ 

a move that forces a committee to present a bill for consideration to the House 

14. Committee of the Whole __________________________________________________________ 

all the members of the House sitting as one large committee 





The Bill in the Senate 

CHAPTER 

12 


Fill in the blanks on the flowchart below that outlines the movements of a bill through the Senate. 

1. Bill 

introduced, 

given number 

and title, read 

_____times. 

two 

2. Bill 

referred to 

___________. 

committee 

3.__________ 

Majority Floor 

____________ Leader 

calls bill to 

debate on 

floor. 

4. Senators 

may use the 

____________ 

filibuster 

to prevent a 

vote on a bill. 

5. The Senate 

votes on the 

bill; if it 

passes the bill 

goes to the 

___________. 

House 

6. If the 

House passes 

a different 

version of the 

bill, aconfer- 

ence committee 

____________ 

is formed. 

7. The 

conference 

committee 

works out a 

____________ 

compromise 

version of the 

bill. 

8. The bill is 

sent to the 

___________. 

President 

9. The Constitution 

gives 

the President 

____________ four 

options. 




10. The Senate is reluctant to use ___________________ cloture to limit debate. 

11. In practice, just the threat of a _______________, filibuster an attempt to “talk a bill to death,” 

can result in the Senate’s failure to consider certain bills. 

12. By not acting on a bill sent by Congress within 10 days of adjourning, the President 

performs a ________________ pocket veto . 

13. The President may _______________ veto a bill sent to him by Congress by refusing to sign it. 



CHAPTER 

13 


The President’s Job Description 


As you read Section 1, fill in a brief description for each of the roles of the President given below. 

Formal Qualifications for President 

1. Age 

2. Citizenship 

3. U. S. residence 

at least 35 

must have been born a U.S. citizen 

must have lived in United States at least 14 years 

Term and Compensation 

4. Maximum term length 

5. Annual salary 

6. Annual expenses 

maximum 10 years (2 full terms plus no more than 2 years) 

$400,000 

$50,000 


Match the descriptions in Column 1 with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each 

blank. 

Column I 

_____ b 7. chief of state 

_____ h 8. chief executive 

_____ d 9. chief administrator 

_____ e 10. chief diplomat 

_____ g 11. commander in chief 

_____ a 12. chief legislator 

_____ f 13. chief of party 

_____ c 14. chief citizen 

Column II 

a. proposes laws to Congress 

b. ceremonial head of government 

c. represents the American people 

d. heads the federal bureaucracy 

e. determines foreign policy 

f. leads his or her political party 

g. commands the armed forces 

h. sees that the nation’s laws are carried out 





Presidential Succession and the Vice Presidency 

CHAPTER 

13 


As you read Section 2, use the chart below to write the correct order of succession to the presidency. 

The Order of Succession to the Presidency 

1. Vice ______________________________________________ 

President 

2. Speaker ______________________________________________ 

of the House 

3. president ______________________________________________ 

pro tempore of the Senate 

4. secretary ______________________________________________ 

of state 

5. secretary ______________________________________________ 

of the treasury 

Answer the following questions in the blanks provided. 



6. How does the Constitution provide for situations in which the President is disabled? The ________ Twentyfifth 

Amendment states that the Vice President may temporarily assume duties of the presidency if the President 

so __________________________________________________________________________________ 

requests or if the Vice President and a majority of the Cabinet inform Congress that such a move is necessary. 

7. What duties are given to the Vice President by the Constitution? __________________________ 

The __________________________________________________________________________________ 

Vice President’s constitutional duties are to preside over the Senate and to help decide presidential disability. 

8. How are Vice Presidents usually selected? ______________________________________________ 

Vice Presidents are usually chosen to “balance the ticket,” 

thus __________________________________________________________________________________ 

improving the presidential candidate’s chances of winning the election. 

9. How can a vacancy in the vice presidency be filled?______________________________________ 

The Twenty-fifth Amendment states that the 

President __________________________________________________________________________________ 

nominates a new Vice President and that nomination must be confirmed by a majority vote of both houses. 


Write the definition of each term in the blank provided. 

10. presidential succession ____________________________________________________________ 

the order in which lesser officials take over the duties of the presidency in case 

those __________________________________________________________________________________ 

above them die, resign, or are removed from office 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

11. balance the ticket__________________________________________________________________ 

presidential candidate chooses a running mate who can strengthen his or her chance of 

being __________________________________________________________________________________ 

elected by virtue of ideological, geographic, racial, ethnic, gender, or other characteristics 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 



CHAPTER 

13 


Presidential Selection: The Framers’ Plan 


As you read Section 3, answer the following questions on the lines provided. 

1. What were three methods of presidential election discussed by the Framers? ____________ 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

election by Congress, popular vote, and electoral college 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

2. How did the Framers arrange for the electors to choose the President and Vice President? 

They would meet in their States, each casting votes for two different presidential candidates. The person who won 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

the largest number of votes would be President; the runner-up, Vice President. 

3. Why did the Framers choose this method of electing the President? What kind of person did 

Framers did not want either congressional or popular election of the President. 

they envision as an elector? ______________________________________________________ 

They expected electors to be respectable, well-informed citizens. 

4. How did the rise of political parties affect the electoral college? ______________________ 

Parties nominated not only 

presidential and vice-presidential candidates, but also candidates for the electoral college. It was understood 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

that these electors would not be free agents but were pledged to vote for their parties’ ticket. 

5. How did the election of 1800 lead to passage of the 12th Amendment? ________________ 

The election of 1800 

ended in a tie between the two candidates of the Democratic-Republican party, Jefferson and Burr. Though the 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

party clearly meant for Jefferson to be President, the election went through 36 ballots in the House before he was 

elected. The Twelfth Amendment ensured that this would never happen again by requiring electors to designate 

which vote was cast for President and which for Vice President. 


Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term. 


6. presidential electors ____________________________________________________________ 

Today, presidential electors are pledged to vote for their parties’ candidates. 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

7. electoral college ________________________________________________________________ 

The Framers designed the electoral college in order to ensure that the President would be 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

elected by knowledgeable people. 





Presidential Nominations 

CHAPTER 

13 



Complete the outline below by filling in the blanks to complete the sentences. 

The Role of Conventions 

1. From 1800 to 1824, presidential candidates were chosen by ____________________________ 

congressional caucus 

________________________________________________________________________________. 

2. In 1832, that system was replaced by the ____________________________________________. 

national convention 

3. Today, the Democratic and Republican parties allot each State a number of party delegates 

based on the State’s electoral vote and ______________________________________________. 

its past voter support for party candidates 

4. The procedure for selecting delegates in a primary is governed by State laws and/or ________ 

party ________________________________________________________________________________. 

rules 

Presidential Primaries 

choose delegates to the national 

5. A State’s presidential primary may either be a process to ________________________ conventions 

or to 

indicate ____________________________. 

express preferences for presidential candidates 

6. Winner-take-all primaries have nearly disappeared in favor of __________________________. 

proportional representation 

7. The few States that do not hold primaries choose delegates in ________________________ caucuses and 

conventions ________________________________________________________________________________. 

The National Convention 

8. The _________________________ platform 

is the statement of a party’s basic principles. 

9. The _________________________ keynote address is the speech that is usually given on the first day of a 

convention. 

Who Is Nominated? 

10. An ____________________________ incumbent 

President who wants to run again is usually nominated. 

11. The greatest number of people who have been nominated for President have previously served 

as __________________________. 

State governors 



12. presidential primary ______________________________________________________________ 

a popular vote to either (a) elect some or all of a State’s delegates to a national 

party __________________________________________________________________________________ 

convention and/or (b) express a preference among the various contenders for a party’s nomination 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

13. proportional representation ________________________________________________________ 

allowing a State’s delegates to cast votes in proportion to his or her share 

of __________________________________________________________________________________ 

the State’s primary vote 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 



CHAPTER 

13 


The Election 


Using information from Section 5, complete the chart below, which shows different plans for 

electing the President. 

Actual or Proposed System How it Works Flaws 

Voters in each State vote for 

The winner of the national popular 

Electoral College 1. electors for a party’s presidential 2. vote may not win the electoral vote; 

and vice presidential candidates, electors may break their pledges 

and each State’s votes are 

to vote for the candidates; if there 

awarded on a winner-take-all basis. is no majority, the House decides. 

Two electors are chosen from each 

District Plan 3. State at large and cast votes in 4. 

accordance with statewide popular 

vote. All other delegates are 

elected separately from State’s 

congressional districts. 

Proportional Plan 5. Candidates would receive the same 6. 

percentage of a State’s electoral 

vote as he or she receives in the 

State’s popular vote. 

The winner of the popular vote may 

not win the electoral vote. 

The election may not produce a 

clear winner, and third parties 

would gain power. 

Direct Popular Election 7. The electoral college would be 8. It requires a Constitutional 

scrapped and the President and amendment, would weaken 

Vice President would be elected by federalism, small States would 

direct popular vote. 

oppose it, and it might not 

produce a clear winner. 

Electoral votes allotted State by 

National Bonus Plan 9. State, on winner-take-all basis; 10. This plan is not well known or 

national pool of 102 electoral votes understood. 

awarded to winner of popular vote. 

In a tie, run-off between two top contenders 

in popular vote. 

11. In which three elections of the past has the winner of the popular vote failed to win the 

electoral vote for the presidency? _______________ 1824 _______________ 1876 _______________ 

1888 


Define the following key term. 

12. electorate ________________________________________________________________________ 

the mass of people who actually cast votes 

________________________________________________________________________________ 





The Growth of Presidential Power 

CHAPTER 

14 



As you read Section 1, complete the sentences below. 

Article II 

1. Article II is known as the _________________________________ Executive Article 

because it establishes 

the presidency. 

2. Article II establishes the following presidential powers: 

a. command _____________________________________________________ 

the armed forces 

b. make _____________________________________________________ 

treaties 

c. approve _____________________________________________________ 

or veto acts of Congress 

d. send _____________________________________________________ 

and receive diplomatic representatives 

e. grant _____________________________________________________ 

pardons and reprieves 

f. see _____________________________________________________ 

that the laws are faithfully executed 

3. Beginning at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787, there has been a struggle between those 

who want a ________________________ strong presidency and those who want a __________________________. 

weak presidency (in either order) 

Why Presidential Power Has Grown 

4. Throughout American history, those who want a _______________________________ 

strong presidency 

have usually prevailed. 

5. One reason for the growth of presidential power has been the nation’s increasingly 

complex ____________________________________________________. 

social and economic life 

6. The frequent need for ___________________________________________________ decisive action in times of national emergency 

has 

also strengthened presidential power. 

7. Even ___________________ Congress has strengthened the presidency by passing laws that added 

to the activities of the executive branch. 

The Presidential View 

8. Some strong, effective Presidents have stated the _______________________ stewardship theory, 

which takes a broad view of their powers. 

9. Critics of strong presidential power compare the President to an emperor, calling a 

strong presidency a(n) _____________________________________. 

imperial presidency 


Define the following key term on the lines provided. 

10. mass media ____________________________________________________________________ 

means of communicating with people, such as the press, radio, television, and the Internet 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

________________________________________________________________________________ 



CHAPTER 

14 


The President’s Executive Powers 


As you read Section 2, use the chart below to indicate whether the power is implied or expressed 

and to describe each executive power shown. 

The Executive Powers of the President 

Function Implied or Gives the President Power to… 

Expressed? 

Executing the Law 1. expressed 

2. uphold and carry out all federal laws, with some 

discretion in interpreting and enforcing them 

The Ordinance Power 3. implied 

4. 

The Appointment 5. expressed 

6. 

Power 

The Removal Power 7. implied 

8. 

direct the administration of the executive branch; 

issue orders and delegate responsibility within 

the bureaucracy 

appoint some officials on his own authority and 

appoint other officials with the Senate’s approval 

remove any person he or she has appointed, except 

for federal judges; Congress may set limits on his 

or her power to remove the heads of independent 

agencies that are not purely executive agencies 


Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term. Possible answers below 

9. oath of office _____________________________________________________________________ 

Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution stipulates that the President must take the oath of 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

office on the day he takes office. 

10. executive order ___________________________________________________________________ 

A President’s executive order does not need Senate approval, but has the force of law. 


________________________________________________________________________________ 




Diplomatic and Military Powers 

CHAPTER 

14 


As you read Section 3, complete the outline by filling in the blanks. 

The Power to Make Treaties 

1. A treaty is a formal agreement between ______________________________________________. 

two or more sovereign states 

2. After the President negotiates a treaty, the __________________ Senate must approve it by a 

___________ two-thirds vote. 

3. Presidents Tyler and McKinley encouraged Congress to pass a __________________ joint resolution to 

annex territory after the approval of a treaty had been defeated in the Senate. 

Executive Agreements 

4. An executive agreement is __________________________________________________________. 

a pact between the President and the head of a foreign state, or a subordinate 

5. One difference between an executive agreement and a treaty is that an executive agreement 

does not require __________________________________________________________________. 

Senate consent 

The Power of Recognition 

6. By exercising the power of recognition, the President acknowledges the 

______________________ legal existence of another country and its government. 

7. Prompt recognition of a country or its government may ______________ guarantee its existence. 

8. Displeasure with another country’s conduct may be shown by the President’s asking for 

__________________________________________. 

recall of that country’s ambassador or other diplomat 

9. The most serious diplomatic rebuke one nation may give another is the _____________ 

__________________________________________. 

withdrawal of recognition 


Commander in Chief 

10. The President’s powers as commander in chief are almost ______________________________. 

unlimited 

11. Presidents have used the armed forces in combat abroad without ________________________. 

a congressional declaration of war 

12. A President’s power as commander in chief is greatest during __________________________. 

wartime 

13. Congress passed the War Powers Resolution in 1973 to limit the President’s war-making 

powers in response to ____________________________________________________________. 

the war in Vietnam 

14. The constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution remains __________________________. 

in dispute 


Define the following term. 

an unwelcome person; when referring to a diplomat, it means a person who is 

15. persona non grata ______________________________________________________________ 

unwelcome in the country to which he or she has been posted 



CHAPTER 

14 


Legislative and Judicial Powers 


As you read Section 4, complete the outline on legislative powers by writing the correct words or 

phrases in the blanks. 

1. Using his message power, the President regularly sends these three major messages to Congress: 

a. _____________________________________________________________ 

the State of the Union message 

b. the _____________________________________________________________ 

President’s budget message 

c. _____________________________________________________________ 

the annual Economic Report 

2. The President’s four options in dealing with a measure passed by Congress are: 

a. _____________________________________________________________ 

sign the bill into law 

b. veto _____________________________________________________________ 

the bill 

c. _____________________________________________________________ 

not sign it, allowing it to become law 

pocket veto, not sign a bill at the end of a congressional session, which does not allow 

d. it _____________________________________________________________ 

to become law 

3. Throughout history Presidents have requested the veto power to include the 

__________________ line-item veto that would allow them to cancel specific dollar amounts in spending. 

4. Article II, Section 3 allows the President to call Congress into ____________________________. 

special session 

5. No President has yet used the power to ______________________________________ prorogue (adjourn) 

Congress. 


Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter 

in each blank. 

Column I 

_____ c 

_____ b 

_____ d 

_____ a 

6. a general pardon offered to a group of lawbreakers 

7. mercy or leniency given in cases involving federal offenses 

8. a postponement of the execution of a sentence imposed 

by a court 

9. a reduction in the severity of a sentence or fine imposed 

by a court 

_____ e 10. legal forgiveness of a crime 

Column II 

a. commutation 

b. clemency 

c. amnesty 

d. reprieve 

e. pardon 





The Federal Bureaucracy 

CHAPTER 

15 



Fill in the outline below by answering the questions in the spaces provided. 

What Is a Bureaucracy? 

1. Name the three main characteristics of a bureaucracy and explain why each is important. 

hierarchical authority: Makes it clear who has the power to make decisions, thus reducing conflicts 

a. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

over authority. 

job specialization: Because each person has a specific job, the work is conducted more efficiently by people 

b. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

who have gained highly specialized skills. 

c. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

formalized rules: Decisions are based on rules and standards and not by any individual’s likes or dislikes. 

Major Elements of the Federal Bureaucracy 

2. How does the Constitution make reference to a federal bureaucracy? ________________ 

The Constitution 

makes the President the chief administrator of the Federal Government and gives him the power to require heads 

of _______________________________________________________________________ 

executive departments to assist in the administration of government. 

3. Which two departments does the Constitution anticipate? 

a. _________________________________ department for foreign affairs b. _________________________________ 

department for the military 

The Name Game 

Define the following titles of executive branch units and give one example of each unit. You may 

use section content and the chart on Student Edition page 417. 

4. department ____________________________________________________________________ 

refers to agencies of Cabinet rank; possible answers: Department of State, Department of Defense 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

5. agency ________________________________________________________________________ 

can refer to any governmental body or to a major unit headed by a single administrator of near- 

Cabinet ________________________________________________________________________________ 

status; possible answers: Environmental Protection Agency, Central Intelligence Agency 

6. administration __________________________________________________________________ 

like agency, refers to a major unit headed by a single administrator of near-Cabinet status; 

possible ________________________________________________________________________________ 

answers: Social Security Administration, Small Business Administration 

7. commission ______________________________________________________________ 

used for agencies charged that regulate business activities and for agencies that investigate, 

revise, ________________________________________________________________________________ 

and report; possible answers: Federal Communications Commission, Civil Rights Commission 

8. corporation/authority ____________________________________________________________ 

title given to agencies that conduct business-like activities; possible answers: 

Federal ________________________________________________________________________________ 

Deposit Insurance Corporation, Tennessee Valley Authority 

Staff and Line Agencies 

Define the following terms and give an example of each. 

agencies that support the President and other administrators by offering advice and assistance; 

9. staff agency ______________________________________________________________________ 

any agency that is part of Executive Office of the President 

10. line agency ______________________________________________________________________ 

agencies that perform the task for which the agency exists; Environmental Protection Agency 


On a separate sheet of paper, use each key term in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term. 

11. bureaucrat 12. administration 

11. A person who works for a bureaucracy and who has defined duties and responsibilities is known 

as a bureaucrat. 

12. The government’s many administrators and agencies comprise the administration, without which 

policies would not be executed. 



CHAPTER 

15 


The Executive Office of the President 


As you read Section 2, use the chart below to organize information about the Executive Office of 

the President (EOP). Describe the major function of each agency in the Executive Office shown in 

boxes 1–11. Possible answers below 

Executive Office Agencies 

1. White House Executive Office 

2. National Security Council 

3. Office of Management and Budget 

4. Office of National Drug Control Policy 

5. Council of Economic Advisers 

Function 

acts as the “nerve center” of the executive branch; houses 

key executive personnel 

advises President in domestic, foreign, and military 

matters relating to national security 

prepares federal budget that the President submits to 

Congress; reports on functioning of all executive agencies; 

checks agency stands on legislative matters 

prepares a drug-control strategy and coordinates 

federal agencies that fight drugs 

provides information and advice to the President on 

nation’s economy 

6. Office of Policy Development 

7. Council of Environmental Equality 

advises the President on domestic affairs 

helps the President with environmental policy matters 

and helps the President prepare the “state of the 

environment” report 

8. Office of the Vice President 

aids the Vice President in his duties 

9. Office of the U.S. Trade Representatives 

10. Office of Science and Technology 

11. Office of Administration 

advises the President in foreign trade matters 

advises the President on all scientific matters that 

apply to national policies and programs 

provides Executive Office agencies with support services 



Define each of the following terms in the space provided. 

12. federal budget __________________________________________________________________ 

a detailed estimate of the nation’s income and spending for the coming fiscal year 

a 12-month period used for record-keeping, budgets, and other financial management purposes; 

13. fiscal year ______________________________________________________________________ 

the Federal Government’s fiscal year is October 1–September 30 

14. domestic affairs __________________________________________________________________ 

any matters within the United States’ borders 




The Executive Departments 

CHAPTER 

15 


As you read Section 3, fill in the answers to the questions below. 

1. What is another name for the executive departments? ________________________________ 

Cabinet departments 

2. What is the title for the heads of most executive departments? ________________________ 

secretary 

3. What is the title for the head of the Department of Justice? ____________________________ 

attorney general 

4. What are the two main duties of the heads of the executive departments? ________________ 

to serve as 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

advisors to the President and to serve as heads of their own departments 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

5. How many executive departments are there today? __________________________________ 

15 

6. About what percentage of employees of executive departments are career people, not political 

appointees? ____________________________________________________________________ 

80% 

7. About what percentage of employees of executive departments do not work in Washington, 

D.C.? __________________________________________________________________________ 

90% 

8. What is the role of the Cabinet? __________________________________________________ 

to serve as an informal advisory board to the President 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

9. What is the process for appointing the heads of executive departments? ________________ 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

the President appoints the heads and the Senate must confirm them 

10. What is the basis for the existence of the Cabinet? ____________________________________ 

It is the product of custom and usage. 

11. When was the first woman appointed to the Cabinet? ________________________________ 

in 1933 


12. What President appointed the greatest number of women and minority members to the 

Cabinet? ______________________________________________________________________ 

Clinton 


Define the following term in the space provided. 

13. executive department ____________________________________________________________ 

An executive department is a department of Cabinet rank. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

________________________________________________________________________________ 



CHAPTER 

15 


Independent Agencies 


As you read Section 4, fill in the chart below describing the functions of the three types of independent 

agencies, and giving at least two examples of each type of agency. 

Independent Agencies 

Type of Agency Functions Examples 

Independent Executive 1. function much like Cabinet departments, 2. 

Agencies 

but without Cabinet status 

Independent Regulatory 3. regulate important parts of the 4. 

Commissions 

nation’s economy 

Possible examples: General Services 

Administration, NASA, Federal 

Election Commission 

Possible examples: Federal Reserve 

System, Federal Communications 

Commission, Nuclear Regulatory 

Commission 

Government 5. carry out government’s business-like 6. U.S. Postal Service, FDIC, TVA 

Corporations 

activities 


Complete each sentence by writing the correct term or phrase in the blank provided. 

7. The term independent agencies means that the agencies are not part of ____________________ 

Cabinet __________________________________________________________________________________. 

departments 

8. Independent regulatory commissions are ______________________ quasi-legislative bodies, which means they 

have the power to make rules and regulations. 

9. They also have quasi-judicial powers, which they exercise by ____________________________ 

deciding disputes in those fields in 

which ____________________________________________________________________________________________________. 

Congress has given them policing authority. 





The Civil Service 

CHAPTER 

15 


As you read Section 5, answer the questions below about changes in the manner of choosing 

federal employees. 

1. How did the first Presidents choose federal officials? __________________________________ 

The first Presidents chose federal officials on 

the basis of who was best qualified for the job, but favored those who shared their political views or belonged to the 

same ______________________________________________________________________ 

party. 

2. How did Jackson choose federal officials? ____________________________________________ 

Jackson fired thousands of officeholders and handed out 

their jobs to his own friends and supporters. Jackson believed that any person of normal intelligence was qualified to 

hold ______________________________________________________________________ 

any government post, so he paid no attention to choosing the best person for a job. 

3. What government action began civil service reform and how did it work? ________________ 

With the passage of the Pendleton Act, the civil service system of merit hiring began to replace the spoils system. 

Classified ______________________________________________________________________ 

employees were hired by the Civil Service Commission on the basis of competitive examinations. 

4. What two agencies run and oversee the civil service system today? Describe the functions of 

each. ____________________________________________________________________________ 

The Office of Personnel Management recruits, hires, and trains federal employees. The Merit System 

Protection ______________________________________________________________________ 

Board polices the merit system and hears appeals from federal workers who have complaints about 

personnel ______________________________________________________________________ 

actions. 

______________________________________________________________________ 

5. How has the Federal Employees Political Activities Act of 1993 relaxed restrictions placed by 

the Hatch Act of 1939? ____________________________________________________________ 

In addition to allowing federal employees to vote, the 1993 act allows them to help 

register ______________________________________________________________________ 

new voters, contribute money to parties and candidates, participate in campaigns, and hold office in a 

political ______________________________________________________________________ 

party. 

______________________________________________________________________ 



Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term. Possible answers below 

6. spoils system ____________________________________________________________________ 

If I had known that this company used the spoils system and hired friends and supporters and 

not ________________________________________________________________________________ 

necessarily those most qualified for the position, I might never have applied. 

7. patronage ______________________________________________________________________ 

Andrew Jackson’s patronage practices rewarded friends and supporters with government jobs 

rather ________________________________________________________________________________ 

than those most qualified. 

8. register__________________________________________________________________________ 

After taking the civil service examination, I am hoping that I will be placed on the Office of Personnel 

Management’s ________________________________________________________________________________ 

register of people who have passed. 

9. bipartisan ______________________________________________________________________ 

The bipartisan committee had an equal number of Democrats and Republicans. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

10. civil service ______________________________________________________________________ 

I am trying to decide whether to take the civil service exam and apply for a job in the government. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 



CHAPTER 

16 


Taxes 


Write the answers to the questions below in the blanks provided. 

The Power to Tax 

1. What are the expressed constitutional limitations to the power to tax? 

a. ______________________________________________________________________________ 

Taxes may be levied only for public purposes. 

b. ______________________________________________________________________________ 

Export taxes are prohibited. 

c. ______________________________________________________________________________ 

Direct taxes must be equally apportioned among the States according to their populations. 

d. ______________________________________________________________________________ 

Indirect taxes, such as duties and imposts, must be levied at the same rate throughout the country. 

2. What is the implied limitation on the power to tax State and local governments and how can 

the Federal Government tax them? 

a. ______________________________________________________________________________ 

The Federal Government may not tax State or local governments in the exercise of their governmental duties. 

b. ______________________________________________________________________________ 

The Federal Government may tax nongovernmental State and local activities, such as a tax on State-sold liquor. 

Current Federal Taxes 

3. What are the six types of revenue-raising taxes imposed by the Federal Government? 

a. ______________________________________________________________________________ 

individual income tax 

b. ______________________________________________________________________________ 

corporation income tax 

c. ______________________________________________________________________________ 

social insurance taxes (includes OASDI, Medicare, and unemployment compensation) 

d. ______________________________________________________________________________ 

excise taxes 

e. ______________________________________________________________________________ 

estate and gift taxes 

f. ______________________________________________________________________________ 

customs duties 

Taxing for Nonrevenue Purposes 

4. For what reason other than to raise revenue does Congress levy taxes and how is this power 

limited? 

a. ______________________________________________________________________________ 

Congress levies taxes to regulate activities deemed harmful to the public. 

b. ______________________________________________________________________________ 

This power is limited by the Constitution and by the Supreme Court. 


5. What is the difference between a progressive tax and a regressive tax? ____________________ 

Progressive taxes are 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

levied according to level of income while regressive taxes are levied at a flat rate. 

Place a check mark next to each phrase that correctly pairs a type of tax with an example of that tax. 

 

 

❒ 

❒ 

 

❒ 

❒ 

6. payroll tax; Medicare 

7. excise tax; federal tax on 

imported peanuts 

8. progressive tax; income tax 

9. custom duty; tax on tobacco products 

 

❒ 10. regressive tax; Medicare 

❒ 

11. estate tax; tax on inheritance 

❒ 12. tax return; income tax form 

❒ 13. gift tax; tax on gifts 

worth more than $1,000 





Nontax Revenues and Borrowing 

CHAPTER 

16 


Answer the following questions as you read Section 2. 


Nontax Revenues 

1. What are sources of interest that the government collects as nontax revenue? ______________ 

loans ______________________________________________________________________ 

made by some federal agencies, canal tolls, fees for passports, copyrights, patents and trademarks 

2. What is seigniorage? ______________________________________________________________ 

the profit made by the U.S. Mint; they can make money for more than its face value 

______________________________________________________________________ 

3. What government corporation generates nontax revenue for the government? ______________ 

United ______________________________________________________________________ 

States Postal Service 

Borrowing 

4. For what three reasons does the government often borrow money? ____________________ 

It borrows money to meet 

costs ________________________________________________________________ 

of crises, to finance large projects, and to pay for deficit financing. 

________________________________________________________________ 

5. Explain the process by which the government borrows money. __________________________ 

The treasury issues securities to 

investors. ____________________________________________________________ 

These securities often take the form of treasury bills and the government promises to repay them with 

interest ____________________________________________________________ 

on a certain date. 

The Public Debt 

6. What has been the trend of the public debt over the past 20 years? ______________________ 

The public debt has 

increased ____________________________________________________________ 

tremendously. 




7. interest ________________________________________________________________________ 

a fee for borrowing money; generally a percentage of the amount borrowed 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

8. deficit __________________________________________________________________________ 

the yearly shortfall between income and spending; when spending is higher than income 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

9. surplus ________________________________________________________________________ 

the yearly excess between income and spending; when income is higher than spending the public debt 

is ________________________________________________________________________________ 

reduced 

10. public debt ____________________________________________________________________ 

the government’s total outstanding indebtedness, including all of the money borrowed and not 

yet ________________________________________________________________________________ 

repaid plus the accrued interest 



CHAPTER 

16 


Spending and the Budget 


Complete the chart below by filling in the missing information in the blanks provided. 


Federal Spending 

Type of Spending Meaning Examples 

Controllable 1. Congress ___________________________ and the President decide how 2. a. military _______________________ 

equipment 

Spending 

___________________________ 

much will be spent on a specific item in b. aid _______________________ 

to education 

___________________________ 

the budget. 

c. environmental _______________________ 

protection 

Uncontrollable 3. spending ___________________________ that Congress and the 4. a. Social _______________________ 

Security benefits 

Spending 

___________________________ 

President have no power to change b. food _______________________ 

stamps 

___________________________ c. Medicare _______________________ 

As you read the section, fill in the answers to the questions below. 

5. Who initiates the spending process? ________________________________________________ 

the President 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

6. How does the federal budget serve as a political statement? ____________________________ 

It serves as a plan for the execution 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

of public policy. 

7. According to the chart on page 460, in what three categories has the government spent the 

most money since 1997? __________________________________________________________ 

Social Security Administration, Department of the Treasury, Department of 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

Health and Human Services 

8. Where does the budget-making process begin? ______________________________________ 

It begins with each federal agency submitting its 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

spending plans to the OMB. 

9. How does Congress become involved in the process? __________________________________ 

Congress reviews the budget with the 

Congressional Budget Office, and congressional committees study it, hold hearings, change it, and prepare 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

appropriations bills. 

10. What happens if the 13 appropriations measures are not passed by the beginning of the fiscal 

year? __________________________________________________________________________ 

Congress passes a continuing resolution to allow emergency spending. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 


Explain the meaning of the following term and give some examples. 

11. entitlement ______________________________________________________________________ 

any benefit that federal law says must be paid to all those who meet the eligibility requirements; 

possible ________________________________________________________________________________ 

examples: OASDI, Medicare, Medicaid 





Foreign Affairs and National Security 

CHAPTER 

17 


As you read Section 1, answer the questions below in the space provided. 

1. What major change took place in the United States’ relationship with the rest of the world 

after World War II? These ______________________________________________________________ 

relationships shifted from isolationism to internationalism. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

2. What is foreign policy? Foreign ____________________________________________________________ 

policy involves all of a country’s relationships—diplomatic, military, 

commercial, ________________________________________________________________________________ 

and other—with other countries. 

3. What is the main function of the State Department?____________________________________ 

The State advises the President and 

formulates ________________________________________________________________________________ 

and conducts U.S. foreign policy. 

4. What does the Foreign Service do? The __________________________________________________ 

Foreign Service represents the United States abroad. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

5. Why is the military under civilian control?____________________________________________ 

The Framers of the Constitution believed that military power 

could ________________________________________________________________________________ 

threaten a free government if the military were not under civilian control. 

6. Who are the chief military aides to the secretary of defense? ____________________________ 

the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs; army 

chief ________________________________________________________________________________ 

of staff; chief of naval operations; Commandant of the Marine Corps; and air force chief of staff 

7. What are the three military departments? the ____________________________________________ 

Army, Navy, and Air Force 

________________________________________________________________________________ 




blank. 

Column I 

_____ d 8. refusal to become involved in the world’s affairs 

_____ e 9. events that take place in one’s own country 

_____ b 10. the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives 

_____ a 11. freedom of a nation’s ambassadors from the laws 

of the country to which they are accredited 

_____ f 12. a nation’s relationship with other countries 

_____ c 13. the President’s representative to another nation 

Column II 

a. diplomatic immunity 

b. right of legation 

c. ambassador 

d. isolationism 

e. domestic affairs 

f. foreign affairs 



CHAPTER 

17 


Other Foreign and Defense Agencies 


Use the following chart to organize information from this section. If an acronym is used, write out 

the full name of the agency on the blank provided. Then answer the questions below the chart on a 

separate sheet of paper. 

Organization 

Function 

CIA 

2. ______________________________________________ 

to coordinate all information-gathering activities in the Federal 

1. Central Intelligence Agency 

______________________________________________ 

Government, analyze and evaluate the data it receives, and report 

______________________________________________ 

the data to the President 

INS 

4. ______________________________________________ 

to deal with people who come to the United States to live and/or 

Immigration and Naturalization 

3. Service 

______________________________________________ 

work, grant political asylum when appropriate, and naturalize 

______________________________________________ 

new citizens 

NASA 

6. ______________________________________________ 

plans and carries out the nation’s space programs toward both 

National Aeronautics and Space 

5. Administration 

______________________________________________ 

military and peaceful ends 

______________________________________________ 

Selective Service System 

7. ______________________________________________ 

administers the military draft for men between 18 and 26, which 

______________________________________________ 

exists only on a standby basis today 

It may not conduct activities within 

8. What limit has Congress imposed on the operations of the CIA? the United States. 

9. Briefly describe the history of military conscription in the United States. Colonies and States often 

required militia service; conscription was used in the Civil War; a national draft was first used in 1917, and was revived 

during the Korean and Vietnam wars. 



10. When they reach the age of 18, all men must register for the ______________________, draft 

or 

compulsory military service. 

11. CIA operations include ______________________, espionage or spying. 

12. People suffering persecution in their own countries may come to the United States for 

______________________, political asylum or safe haven. 





American Foreign Policy Overview 

CHAPTER 

17 


Using information from Section 3, complete the graphic organizer below. 

Key Events in American Foreign Policy 

Dates Event Result 

1823 1. ________________ Monroe Doctrine The United States stays out of European affairs 

________________ and warns others to stay out of the Americas. 

Early 1900s 2. ________________ Roosevelt Corollary to 

the Monroe Doctrine 

United States polices Latin America 

3.__________ 1899 Open Door in China 4. promoted ________________________________________ 

equal trade access to China and preservation 

of China’s independence 

5.__________ 1917 U.S. enters World Intention is “to make world safe for democracy.” 

War I 

1941 Japan bombs United 6. United ________________________________________ 

States becomes involved in World War II 

States naval base at ________________________________________ 

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii ________________________________________ 

After World Collective security 7. Led ________________________________________ 

by the United States, nations form the United Nations 

War II 

with ________________________________________ 

the intention of acting together to protect peace. 

1947 8. ______________ Truman Doctrine United States supports nations that remain free of 

Soviet control. 

1948–1949 9. ______________ Berlin Blockade After Soviets try to blockade West Berlin, the 

United States mounts a massive airlift to provide 

supplies to West Berlin. 


1950–1953 10. ______________ Korean War UN forces, largely American, defend South Korea 

against Communist North Korea. 

11. ________ 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis 12. After ______________________________________ 

Soviets built up military weapons in Cuba, the 

United States orders naval blockade of Cuba. 

1965–1973 13. ______________ Vietnam War United States becomes increasingly involved in a 

civil war in Vietnam. 

14. ________ 1991 15. ______________ Persian Gulf War United States and allies deploy troops to force 

Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait. 

16. an agreement among the nations of the world to act together 

B. Reviewing Key Terms against any nation that threatened world peace 17. the policy of 

making America and its allies so militarily strong that their very 

Define the following key terms on a separate sheet of paper. strength will discourage any attack 18. a 

period of more than 40 years during which the 

16. collective security 18. cold war 20. détente relations between two superpowers 

were tense and hostile 

17. deterrence 19. containment but no military action took place 19. anti-Communist 

policy followed by the United States from the mid-1940s 

through the 1980s 20. a policy in which tensions 

among nations is relaxed 



CHAPTER 

17 


Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances 


Use the chart below to organize the information presented in the textbook on security alliances. 

Name of Pact or Members Agreement 

Organization 

NATO 1. United States, 2. 

Canada, and 17 

European Nations 

mutual defense pact—an armed attack against one is 

considered an attack against all 

Rio Pact 3. United States, 4. 

Canada, 32 Latin 

American nations 

ANZUS 5. Australia, New 6. 

Zealand, United 

States 

Japanese Pact 7. Japan, United 8. 

States 

Philippines Pact 9. Philippines, United 10. 

States 

mutual defense pact and agreement to seek peaceful 

settlements of all disputes among member nations 

regional security alliance, ensure collective security in 

Pacific region 

in return for American protection, Japan agrees to allow 

the United States to maintain land, sea, and air forces in 

Japan 

continuing American military presence in the Philippines to 

guarantee Philippine independence (now being revised) 

Korean Pact 11. South Korea, United 12. 

States 

United States agrees to aid South Korea in the event of 

an invasion 

On a separate sheet of paper, describe the duties of each of the United Nations organizations listed 

below. 

13. General Assembly of Justice 

14. Security Council 

15. Economic and Social Council 

16. International Court of Justice 

17. Secretariat 


13. debates issues, makes recommendations to Security Council and other 

bodies, elects officials, proposes amendments to charter, shares power to 

admit, expel, and suspend members 14. responsible for keeping the peace; 

can adopt measures ranging from recommendations to economic and military 

sanctions 15. carries out the UN’s many economic, cultural, educational, 

health, and related programs 16. decides cases voluntarily brought to it 

17. civil service, administrative chores; also, secretary-general has power to 

bring matters before the Security Council 


18. Of all the regions that receive American _______________, foreign aid Asia has received the greatest 

economic assistance. 

19. The Rio Pact is an example of a _______________. 

regional security alliance 

20. The nonpermanent members of the __________________ UN Security Council are elected to two-year terms by the 

General Assembly. 





The National Judiciary 

CHAPTER 

18 


As you read Section 1, answer the questions below. 

1. What did Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution create? Article __________________________ 

III, Section 1 of the Constitution 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

created the national judiciary. 

2. What are constitutional courts? Constitutional __________________________________________________ 

courts, sometimes called regular courts, are federal 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

courts that Congress formed under Article III. They exercise broad judicial powers. 

3. What are special courts? Special ________________________________________________________ 

courts, sometimes called legislative courts, were created to hear cases 

arising under the expressed powers given to Congress in Article I. They hear a much narrower range of cases than 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

the constitutional courts. 

4. Under what circumstances may federal courts hear a case? Federal __________________________ 

courts may hear a case if it 

deals with constitutional issues or matters on U.S. waters or the high seas or if the parties in the case are U.S. 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

officers, one of the 50 States, a foreign government, or a citizen of another State. 

5. What is the procedure for the selection of federal judges? The ____________________________ 

President appoints federal judges 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

and the Senate confirms them. 

6. What is the primary function of federal judges? to ____________________________________ 

hear and decide cases 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

7. How long are the terms of judges of constitutional courts? life __________________________ 

8. How long are the terms of judges in special courts? 8–15 ________________________________ 

years, depending on the specific court 


Write the definition of each term in the left column in the box in the right column. 


Term 

exclusive jurisdiction 9. 

concurrent jurisdiction 10. 

Definition 

cases that can be heard only in federal courts 

cases that can be heard either in federal or in State courts 

plaintiff 11. 

the party that files a lawsuit 

defendant 12. 

the party that must defend against a complaint in a lawsuit 

original jurisdiction 13. 

the court in which a case is first heard 

appellate jurisdiction 14. 

a court that hears a case on appeal from a lower court 



CHAPTER 

18 


The Inferior Courts 


As you read Section 2, fill in the chart below to help you organize information about each type of 

federal court shown. 

Court Number of Number of Types of Cases 

Courts 

Judges 

1. District Court a. 94 b. 632 c. civil and criminal cases 

involving federal law 

2. Courts of Appeals a. 12 b. 179 c. appeals only from federal 

courts and regulatory 

agencies 

3. Supreme Court a. 1 b. 9 c. appeals from State and federal 

courts and a few types of 

cases with original jurisdiction 

4. Court of International a. 1 b. 9 c. civil cases relating to 

Trade 

trade and tariffs 

5. Court of Appeals a. 1 b. 12 c. appeals in federal cases 

for the Federal 

from across the country 

Circuit 

Answer the following questions. 

6. On what basis is the United States divided into judicial districts? Each ________________________ 

State forms at least one 

federal __________________________________________________________________________________ 

judicial district, no matter what its size or population. States with larger populations are further divided. 

There __________________________________________________________________________________ 

are also district courts in the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. 

7. When and why were the courts of appeals created? They ____________________________________ 

were created in 1891 in order to relieve the 

Supreme __________________________________________________________________________________ 

Court of much of the burden of hearing appeals because the High Court’s docket had become overwhelming. 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 




8. criminal case______________________________________________________________________ 

a in which a defendant is tried for committing some action that has been declared by law to 

be __________________________________________________________________________________ 

a crime 

9. civil case a ________________________________________________________________________ 

case involving a noncriminal matter, such as a dispute over terms of a contract or claims of patent 

infringement __________________________________________________________________________________ 

10. docket list __________________________________________________________________________ 

of cases to be heard 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 





The Supreme Court 

CHAPTER 

18 


Complete each sentence by finishing it in the blank provided. 

1. The term “judicial review” means ___________________________________________________ 

the power to decide if an act is constitutional 

________________________________________________________________________________. 

2. In the United States, the court of last resort in questions of federal law is__________________ 

the Supreme Court 

________________________________________________________________________________. 

3. The first case in which the court used its power of judicial review was Marbury ____________________ 

v. Madison 

________________________________________________________________________________. 

4. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases involving ______________________ a State 

or 

those affecting ambassadors ___________________________________________________________________. 

and other public ministers 

5. A case is accepted if at least _________________ four 

Court justices agree to place it on the docket. 

6. When the Supreme Court accepts a case, it receives written documents called _____________ 

briefs 

and hears _______________________________________________________________________. 

oral arguments 

7. The opening day of each Supreme Court term is ______________________________________. 

the first Monday in October 



Complete each sentence in Column I by writing the letter of the 

correct term from Column II in the blank. 

Column I 

_____ d 

_____ e 

8. A justice who agrees with the Opinion of the Court 

may nonetheless decide to write a ___. 

9. If the Chief Justice agrees with the Opinion of the 

Court, he or she decides who will write the ___. 

_____ a 10. When the Supreme Court accepts a case for review, 

it issues a ___. 

_____ c 11. Justices who disagree with an Opinion of the Court 

may register their views by writing a ___. 

_____ b 12. If an inferior court wants guidance from the Supreme 

Court on a particular question of law, it may issue a ___. 

Column II 

a. writ of certiorari 

b. certificate 

c. dissenting opinion 

d. concurring opinion 

e. majority opinion 



CHAPTER 

18 


The Special Courts 


As you read Section 4, fill in the chart below to organize information about each special court 

shown. 

Court Number of Term of Types of Cases 

Judges Judges 

hears cases in which there are 

1. United States Court 

claims against the government 

of the United States 

of Federal Claims a. 16 b. 15 years c. from all over the country 

hear cases like those heard in 

local State courts throughout 

2. Territorial Courts a. b. c. the United States 

3. Court of Appeals for 

the Armed Forces a. 5 b. 15 years c. 

4. Court of Appeals for a. 7 b. 15 years c. 

Veterans Claims 

hears appeals of serious 

court-martial convictions 

hears appeals from the 

decisions of the Board of 

Veterans Appeals in the 

Department of Veterans 

Affairs 

5. United States a. 19 b. 15 years c. 

Tax Court 

hears civil cases involving 

disputes over tax laws 



6. redress satisfaction ____________________________________________________________________________ 

of a claim 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

7. court-martial a ______________________________________________________________________ 

court consisting of military officers who try cases of violation of military law by members of the 

armed __________________________________________________________________________________ 

services 


8. civilian tribunal a ____________________________________________________________________ 

court operating as part of the judicial branch, entirely separate from the military establishment 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 




The Unalienable Rights 

CHAPTER 

19 


Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph with the appropriate words or phrases from the section 

content. 

The Framers believed that the primary purpose of government was to (1.)___________________. 

protect individual rights 

They stated this belief both in the (2.) Declaration ___________________ of Independence and the (3.) ___________________. 

Constitution 

people wanted a guarantee 

The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution because (4.) ___________________. 

of individual rights 

This document fit well with the principle of (5.) ___________________, limited government which states that 

governments have only those powers which the people have granted to them. But even in a democracy, 

individual rights are not unlimited. Each individual’s rights are limited by 

(6.) ___________________. the rights of others Often, the rights of individuals conflict and, when this occurs, 

(7.) ___________________ the courts may be called upon to decide which rights take precedence. For the most 

part, the protections of the Bill of Rights are extended to (8.) ___________________ citizens as well as 

(9.) ___________________, aliens 

but there are some rights that may be denied to 

(10.) ___________________. 

aliens 

Answer the following question in the space provided. Possible answer below 

11. How has the Supreme Court ensured that States do not deny basic rights to the people? 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

The Court has engaged in the process of incorporation. Through decisions in various court cases dating as far 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

back as 1925, the Court has incorporated most Bill of Rights protections into the Due Process Clause, which 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

essentially prevents States from depriving people of their basic rights. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 




blank. 

Column I 

_____ c 12. the positive acts of government that seek to make 

the guarantees of the Constitution a reality for 

all people 

_____ d 13. foreign-born resident; noncitizen 

_____ f 14. inclusion of the essential Bill of Rights into the 

Due Process Clause 

_____ a 15. the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, 

which guarantee certain personal freedoms to all people 

_____ e 16. part of the Constitution that prevents States from 

denying people their basic rights 

_____ b 17. protections against government 

Column II 

a. Bill of Rights 

b. civil liberties 

c. civil rights 

d. alien 

e. Due Process Clause 

f. process of incorporation 



CHAPTER 

19 


Freedom of Religion 


On a separate sheet of paper, write the decisions for each of the cases listed below. The cases on the 

left involved an interpretation of the Establishment Clause and the cases on the right involved an 

interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause. Answers can be found on the following Student Edition pages: 

Establishment Clause 

1. Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 1925 

2. Everson v. Board of Education, 1947 

3. Zorach v. Clauson, 1952 

4. Engel v. Vitale, 1962 

5. Abington School District v. 

Schempp, 1963 

6. Wallace v. Jaffree, 1985 

7. Santa Fe Independent School District v. 

Doe, 2000 

8. Lemon v. Kurtzman, 1971 

9. Lynch v. Donnelly, 1984 

10. County of Allegheny v. ACLU, 1989 

11. Marsh v. Chambers, 1983 


Free Exercise Clause 

12. Reynolds v. United States, 1879 

13. McGowan v. Maryland, 1961 

14. Welsh v. United States, 1970 

15. Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery 

Protective Association, 1988 

16. Cantwell v. Connecticut, 1940 

17. Sherbert v. Verner, 1963 

18. West Virginia Board of Education 

v. Barnette, 1943 

1. p. 538 10. p. 542 

2. p. 538 11. p. 542 

3. p. 538 12. p. 543 

4. p. 539 13. p. 543 

5. p. 539 14. p. 543 

6. p. 539 15. p. 543 

7. p. 539 16. p. 543 

8. p. 540 17. p. 544 

9. p. 542 18. p. 544 


19. Establishment Clause the ____________________________________________________________ 

part of the First Amendment that separates church and government 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

20. Free Exercise Clause ______________________________________________________________ 

guarantees people the right to have whatever religious belief they choose 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

21. parochial ______________________________________________________________________ 

church-related 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

________________________________________________________________________________ 





Freedom of Speech and Press 

CHAPTER 

19 


Use the chart to organize information about important Supreme Court rulings in cases involving 

freedom of speech and press. 

Case Date Ruling 

Schenck v. United States 1. ____________ 1919 2. __________________________________ 

upheld conviction of Schenck for obstructing the 

__________________________________ 

war effort by sending out leaflets urging 

__________________________________ 

drafted men to resist the draft 

ruled that obscenity is material that (1) excites 

Miller v. California 1973 3.__________________________________ 

lust according to an average person’s standards; 

__________________________________ 

(2) deals with a form of sexual conduct specifically 

__________________________________ 

covered in an anti-obscenity law; and (3) has no 

literary, artistic, political, or scientific value 

New York Times v. United States 4. ____________ 1971 5.__________________________________ 

upheld the “heavy presumption” of the unconstitutionality 

of prior restraint by allowing the New 

__________________________________ 

__________________________________ 

York Times to publish the Pentagon Papers 

6. ________________________________________________________________ Branzburg v. Hayes 

7. ____________ 1972 held that reporters must respond to 

relevant questions in a valid grand 

jury investigation or a criminal trial 

Burstyn v. Wilson 1952 8. ________________________________________________________ 

held that expression through motion pictures 

____________________________ 

is protected by the First and Fourteenth 

____________________________ 

amendments 


9. ______________________________ Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC 1940 held that television is protected by 

the First Amendment, but its protection is 

very limited 

10. ______________________________ Thornhill v. Alabama 

1940 struck down a law that made 

picketing a place of business a crime 

Greater New Orleans Broadcasting 11. __________ 1999 12. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

struck down a federal law that barred casinos 

Association v. United States 

__________________________________ 

from advertising on radio or television 

__________________________________ 


Answers can be found on the following 

On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms. Student Edition pages: 

13. libel 16. seditious speech 19. symbolic speech 

p. 546 p. 547 p. 551 

14. slander 17. prior restraint 20. picketing 

p. 547 p. 549 p. 551 

15. sedition 18. shield law 

p. 547 p. 550 



CHAPTER 

19 


Freedom of Assembly and Petition 


The following paragraphs summarize Section 4. As you read the section, fill in the blanks with the 

missing words or phrases. 

The (1.) _________________ First Amendment guarantees the right of people to (2.) _________________, 

assemble 

peaceably and to petition government for (3.) _________________. redress of grievances The (4.) _________________ 

Fourteenth 

Amendment extends this protection to actions by State and local governments. However, the Court 

has allowed government to place reasonable limits on these rights in the form of 

(5.) _________________ time-place-manner regulations. For example, parades cannot be held near a courthouse when 

intended to influence the 

court is in session if they are (6.) _________________. Court’s proceedings But government regulation of the right of 

assembly must be precisely drawn and (7.) _________________. fairly administered In addition, while government can 

regulate assembly on the basis of (8.) _________________, time, place, or manner it cannot regulate on the basis of 

(9.) _________________. 

what is said 

the demonstrators want 

Most demonstrations take place in public places because (10.) _________________. to influence the public However, 

the Court has held that it is permissible for the government to require demonstrators to give 

(11.) _________________ advance notice and acquire (12.) _________________ permits before demonstrating in public 

places. 

In the case of Gregory v. Chicago, 1969, the Court held that demonstrators cannot be 

charged with disorderly conduct as long as they (13.) _________________, acted peacefully even if their actions lead 

to (14.) _________________. 

disorder 

In more recent years, cases have focused on demonstrations at (15.) _________________. 

abortion clinics 

The Court has held that local ordinances can require a buffer zone to avoid blocking access to 

them. 

Demonstrations on (16.) _________________, private property such as shopping malls, are viewed differently 

by the Court. The Court has ruled that State supreme courts may interpret State constitutions 

reasonable exercise of 

in such a way as to allow (17.) _________________. 

the right of petition on 

private property 


Define the following key terms in the space provided. 

18. assemble to ________________________________________________________________________ 

gather in groups 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

19. content neutral not __________________________________________________________________ 

related to what is said 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

20. guarantee of association the __________________________________________________________ 

right to associate with others to promote causes 

________________________________________________________________________________ 





Due Process Law 

CHAPTER 

20 


Use the chart below to organize information about the legitimate uses of the States’ police power. 


Uses of the Police Power 

States’ Duty to Protect: 

Examples 

Health 

1. laws ____________________________________________ 

to combat pollution, regulation of liquor and tobacco, 

____________________________________________ 

mandatory vaccinations 

2. safety __________________________ seat-belt laws, drunk driving laws, laws against 

__________________________ concealed weapons 

Morals 

3. laws ____________________________________________ 

against gambling, prostitution, obscenity 

____________________________________________ 

4. general __________________________ welfare 

compulsory education laws, regulation of public 

__________________________ utilities, assist medically needy 



Define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. Then, describe a court case involving each. 

See possible answers below 

5. procedural due process 

6. substantive due process 

7. right of privacy 

In the space provided, use each key term in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term. 


8. police power ____________________________________________________________________ 

The State uses its police power to protect and promote the public health, safety, morals, and 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

general welfare. 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

9. search warrant __________________________________________________________________ 

Courts order search warrants to give police the authority to search a suspect’s house. 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

Answers to questions 5–7 

5. The government must act fairly and in accordance with established principles in the way it takes action. In the case of 

Rochin v. California, 1952, the Supreme Court found that Los Angeles deputies violated procedural due process by illegally 

entering a suspect’s home, trying to force him to spit out pills, and pumping the victim’s stomach to recover the pills. 

6. The laws under which the government acts must be fair. In the case of Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 1925, the Supreme 

Court declared unconstitutional an Oregon law requiring children ages 8–16 to attend public schools. The substance of the 

law violated due process. 7. “the right to be free, except in very limited circumstances, from unwanted governmental 

intrusions into one’s privacy;” answers will vary as students can choose from several cases including Roe v. Wade, Webster 

v. Reproductive Health Services, and Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health 



CHAPTER 

20 


Freedom and Security of the Person 


As you read the section, fill in the chart below. Write the provisions of each amendment in the first 

column. In the second column, give an example of a Supreme Court ruling that was based on the 

provisions of each amendment. 

Amendment Provisions Examples 

13th 1. Slavery and involuntary servitude are banned 2. Possible answer: In Jones v. Mayer, 1968, 

in the United States. Congress has the 

the Court ruled that Congress has the 

power to abolish “the badges and incidents power to secure the right for African 

of slavery.” 

American men to hold the same property 

that a white man can hold. 

2nd 3. The people have the right to keep and bear 4. 

arms in order to provide for a well 

regulated militia. 

3rd 5. 

forbids the quartering of soldiers in 

private homes in peace or war searches 

and seizures 

In United States v. Miller, 1939, the Court 

ruled that certain types of weapons could 

not be shipped across State lines without 

the payment of a tax and the registration 

of the weapons. 

Not Applicable 

4th 6. People may not be subjected to 

7. 

unreasonable searches and seizures; a 

search warrant must be obtained with 

probable cause. 

Possible answer: In Florida v. J.L., 2000, 

the Court ruled that two police officers 

violated the Fourth Amendment when they 

searched a man based on an anonymous, 

unsubstantiated tip. 



blank. 

Column I 

_____ e 8. forced labor 

_____ d 9. a reasonable suspicion of a crime 

_____ c 10. bias; unfairness 

_____ a 11. illegally seized evidence cannot be used against the 

person from whom it was seized 

_____ b 12. a blanket search warrant 

Column II 

a. exclusionary rule 

b. writ of assistance 

c. discrimination 

d. probable cause 

e. involuntary servitude 





Rights of the Accused 

CHAPTER 

20 


Copy the chart below onto a separate sheet of paper and then fill in the blanks to organize information 

about the legal terms introduced in this section. 

Legal Term Definition Purpose 

writ of habeas corpus 1. 

a court order to bring a prisoner 

before a court and show cause why 

he or she should not be released 

2. to prevent unjust imprisonment 

bill of attainder 3. 

legislative act that inflicts 

punishment without a court trial 4. 

banned to preserve individual freedom 

and the separation of powers 

5. ex post facto law criminal law that applies to 6. 

an act committed before its 

passage 

banned to prevent the government 

from trying to punish people for 

actions that were not crimes at the 

time they were committed 

indictment 7. formal complaint laid before a grand prevents overzealous 

jury by a prosecutor 

prosecutors from recklessly 

charging people with crimes 

8. presentment 

formal accusation brought by allows grand jury to act when 

a grand jury on its own 

a prosecutor has some interest 

motion 

in not prosecuting 

double jeopardy 9. 

trying a person twice for the same 

crime 

10. 

banned to protect citizens after being 

acquitted of a crime 

bench trial 11. trial in which the judge alone hears the defendant always has the 

the case, rather than a jury right to a jury trial, but that 

may be waived if the 

defendant is fully aware of 

his or her rights 


12. Miranda Rule 13. rule based on the Court decision of to prevent the police from 

Miranda v. Arizona, stating that 

suspects must be told of their 

coercing confessions or selfincriminating 

testimony from 

rights before being questioned by 

police 

uninformed suspects 


14. What four criteria are used to determine if a trial delay is unconstitutional? 

15. What is a petit jury? 

16. What was the Supreme Court’s ruling in Escobedo v. Illinois, 1964? 

17. What does the 5th Amendment ban? 


14. the length of the delay, the reasons for it, 

whether the delay harmed the defendant, and 


whether the defendant asked for a prompt trial 

15. A petit jury is a trial jury. 

Define the following term on a separate sheet of paper. 16. The Court ruled that Escobedo was denied his 

right to counsel and therefore should be freed. 

18. grand jury 

17. self-incrimination 

a formal device by which a person can be accused of a serious crime 



CHAPTER 

20 


Punishment 


Each of the statements under the main heading in the outline below is incorrect. Rewrite each on a 

separate sheet of paper to make it correct. Possible answers below 

Bail and Preventive Detention 

1. Every person accused of a crime must be allowed to set his or her own bail. Every person accused 

of a crime is not automatically granted bail; bail is set by the court. 

2. The Supreme Court rejected preventive detention in Stack v. Boyle, 1951. The Court upheld 

preventive detention in United States v. Salerno, 1987. 

Cruel and Unusual Punishment 

3. The 6th Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and the 13th Amendment 

extends that prohibition to the States. The Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and the 

Fourteenth Amendment extends that prohibition to the States. 

4. The Supreme Court has ruled that death by firing squad is cruel and unusual. 

The Supreme Court has ruled that death by firing squad is not cruel or unusual. 

Capital Punishment 

5. Thirty States have capital punishment laws. Thirty-eight States have capital punishment laws. 

6. A State can impose the death penalty only for crimes resulting in excessive cruelty to the victim. 

A State can impose the death penalty only for crimes resulting in the death of the victim. 

Treason 

7. Treason is the only crime specifically defined in the Constitution because the Framers knew 

that its meaning would be lost with time. Treason is the only crime specifically defined in the Constitution 

because the Framers knew that this charge is often used by tyrants to silence their opponents. 

8. A person can be convicted of treason if there is one eyewitness to the treasonous act. 

A person can be convicted of treason if there are two eyewitnesses to the treasonous act or there is a confession in 

open court. 



blank. 

Column I 

_____ d 

9. levying war against the United States or giving aid 

and comfort to its enemies 

_____ b 10. holding the accused without bail when there is reason 

to believe the accused will commit serious crimes 

before trial 

_____ a 11. money an accused person must deposit with the court 

to guarantee an appearance at trial 

_____ c 12. the death penalty 

Column II 

a. bail 

b. preventive detention 

c. capital punishment 

d. treason 





Diversity and Discrimination in American Society 

CHAPTER 

21 


As you read the section, summarize the information given on each group below in the space provided. 


African Americans 

1. African ____________________ 

Americans constitute 

the largest minority group in 

______________________ 

the United States. Africans 

originally came to the country 

______________________ 

in 1619 as slaves; slavery was 

not abolished until 1865. Many 

______________________ 

of the gains in equality in the 

U.S. have been made by and for 

______________________ 

African Americans. 

______________________ 

Native Americans 

2. ____________________ 

In the 1600s, more than half 

of the Native American population 

died ____________________ 

from disease and at the hands 

of those pushing for westward 

expansion. ____________________ 

Today, many Native 

Americans live on reservations 

and ____________________ 

some are impoverished as a 

result of past discrimination. 

____________________ 

Hispanic Americans 

3. Hispanic ____________________ 

Americans make up 

the second largest minority group 

________________________ 

in the country. There are four main 

groups of Hispanic Americans— 

________________________ 

Mexican Americans, Puerto 

Ricans, Cuban Americans, and 

________________________ 

Central and South Americans. 

________________________ 

____________________ ________________________ 

Asian Americans 

4. ____________________ 

Asian Americans suffered 

discrimination at several points 

in ________________________ 

U.S. history. Asian American 

miners suffered through violent 

attacks ________________________ 

in the late 1800s and 

Asian Americans on the West 

Coast ________________________ 

were forced into war 

relocation camps during World 

War ________________________ 

II. 

________________________ 

Women 

5. ____________________ 

Despite the large numbers of 

women living in the United States, 

________________________ 

women are underrepresented in 

government and in higher level 

________________________ 

business positions. Woman 

suffrage, the Equal Pay Act, and 

________________________ 

the Civil Rights Act have improved 

women’s position in society. 

________________________ 

________________________ 



Place a check mark next to each of the following pairs that correctly matches a term from this 

chapter with its definition. 

❑ 

 

 

❑ 

❑ 

❑ 

6. reservation—land set aside by the government for Native-American use 

7. heterogeneous—made up of several ingredients 

8. assimilation—agreement 

9. refugee—person who comes to the United States for religious reasons 

❑ 10. immigrant—new citizen 



CHAPTER 

21 


Equality Before the Law 


Complete the outline by supplying the missing words or phrases in the blanks. 

Equal Protection Clause 

1. Reasonable Classification—The government is allowed to ______________________, discriminate or draw 

distinctions, between groups, but it may not do so ______________________. 

unreasonably 

2. The Rational Basis Test—The rational basis test asks: Does the classification in question 

bear a reasonable relationship to the achievement of some ______________________ 

proper governmental purpose 

______________________? 

3. The Strict Scrutiny Test—In cases dealing with “______________________,” fundamental rights such as the right 

to vote, or “______________________,” suspect classifications such as those based on race or sex, the Supreme Court 

imposes the strict scrutiny test, which requires that the State prove that some 

“______________________________________________” compelling governmental interest 

justifies the distinctions it has drawn. 

Segregation in America 

4. The Separate-but-Equal Doctrine—In 1896, the Supreme Court upheld racial segregation by 

saying that segregated facilities for African Americans were lawful as long as the separate 

facilities were ______________________. 

equal to those for whites 

5. Brown v. Topeka Board of Education, 1954—In 1954 the Court reversed itself, ruling that 

segregation was ______________________ unconstitutional and must be ended. 

6. De Jure and De Facto Segregation—Attention turned toward schools that practiced 

______________________, de facto segregation often brought about by housing patterns. 

Classification by Sex 

7. Until 20 years ago, the Court has upheld ______________________ sex-based classifications. 

8. Today, sex is a “suspect classification,” and is allowed only in cases where the law is intended 

to serve an “important ______________________ governmental objective.” 



Define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. 

9. segregation 12. integration the process of bringing a group into 

the separation of one group from another 

equal membership in society 

10. Jim Crow law law that separates one group 13. de jure segregation 

from another based on race 

segregation by law 

11. separate-but-equal doctrine 14. de facto segregation 

Developed by the Supreme Court, it held that 

segregation in fact, even if no law requires it 

segregation was acceptable as long as facilities 

for each race were equal. 




Federal Civil Rights Laws 

CHAPTER 

21 


Use the time line to organize information on the legislation and Supreme Court cases dealing with 

civil rights. Fill in the appropriate act or case for each date indicated on the time line in the space 

provided. Then explain the significance of each event. Possible answers below 

Federal Civil Rights Laws 

2. 

4. 

7., 8. 9. 

1960 

1968 

1979 

1989 

1995 2000 

1964 1970 

1. 

1978 1980 1987 

3. 5. 6. 

1990 

1996 

10. 


The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in the workplace or in public accommodations and requires 

that federal funds be cut off from any program that discriminates on the grounds of race, color, religion, national 

1. origin, ________________________________________________________________________________ 

sex, or physical disability. 

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 forbids anyone to refuse to sell or rent a dwelling to any person on grounds of race, 

2. color, ________________________________________________________________________________ 

religion, national origin, sex, disability, or to a family with children. 

In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution does not allow 

3. race ________________________________________________________________________________ 

to be used as the only factor in the making of affirmative action decisions. 

In United Steelworkers v. Weber, 1979, the Court upheld quotas that were put in place to correct “longstanding and 

4. flagrant” ________________________________________________________________________________ 

past discrimination. 

Fullilove v. Klutznick, 1980, upheld use of quotas to correct blatant and longstanding bias in the construction 

5. industry. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

The Johnson v. Transportation Agency of Santa Clara County, 1987, ruling allowed preferential treatment on the 

6. basis ________________________________________________________________________________ 

of sex. 

Richmond v. Croson, 1989, rejected use of quotas in the city of Richmond, Virginia, on the basis that the city had 

7. not ________________________________________________________________________________ 

proved that the quotas they used in the construction industry were justified by past discrimination. 

Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 1989, placed the burden of proof on the employee rather than employer to show 

8. that ________________________________________________________________________________ 

discrimination exists. 

Adarand Constructors v. Pena, 1995, departed from previous Court rulings by making it more difficult for the 

9. Federal ________________________________________________________________________________ 

Government to use affirmative action programs. 

California passed Proposition 209, forbidding affirmative action in State and local agencies. Although a federal 

10. district ________________________________________________________________________________ 

court found it unconstitutional, the decision was overturned by the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme 

Court refused to hear an appeal. 



11. affirmative action positive steps to remedy the effects of past discrimination 

12. quota rule requiring certain numbers of jobs or promotions to be set aside for certain groups 

13. reverse discrimination discrimination against the majority in favor of the minority 



CHAPTER 

21 


American Citizenship 


Use the information from Section 4 to complete the chart below. 


Changes in U.S. Immigration Policy 

Date Policy Features 

Independence– Open frontier 1.__________________________________________________________ 

no attempt to regulate immigration 

1880s 

1882 2. __________________________________________________________ Chinese Exclusion Act 

severely limited immigration 

from Asia 

1921–1929 Immigration Acts of 1921, 1924, 3.______________________________ 

set quotas favoring northern and western 

Europeans, generally prohibited Asian and 

and the National Origins Act of 1929 African ______________________________ 

immigration 

4. __________________________________________________ 1952 5. ______________________________ Immigration and Nationality Act modified quotas to cover all 

______________________________ countries outside Western Hemisphere 

1965 Immigration Act of 1965 6.______________________________ 

allowed 270,000 immigrants to enter United 

States without regard to race, nationality, 

or ______________________________ 

country of origin; gave preference to 

families of U.S. citizens and legal aliens 

7. __________________________________________________ 1990 Immigration Act of 1990 8.______________________________ 

increased annual number of immigrants; 

preference to families of U.S. citizens, legal 

aliens, ______________________________ 

and skilled workers 

Answer the following question on a separate sheet of paper. 

9. Write a paragraph summarizing the information provided under the heading “Undocumented Aliens.” 

Answers will vary. 


Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each blank. 

Column I 

_____ e 10. citizen of a foreign state living in this country 

_____ d 11. legal process by which a person becomes a citizen 

of a country at some time after birth 

_____ a 12. one who owes allegiance to the state and is entitled to 

its protection 

_____ f 13. legal process by which citizenship is lost 

_____ g 14. involuntary loss of citizenship by someone not born here, 

usually because of fraud 

_____ h 15. legally requiring an alien to leave the United States 

_____ b 16. the law of the soil; where one is born 

_____ c 17. the law of the blood; to whom one is born 

Column II 

a. citizen 

b. jus soli 

c. jus sanguinis 

d. naturalization 

e. alien 

f. expatriation 

g. denaturalization 

h. deportation 





Great Britain 

CHAPTER 

22 


The chart below compares the governments of the United States and Great Britain. As you read 

Section 1, complete the chart by filling in the information that describes the government of Great 

Britain for each category shown. 

A Comparison of the Governments of the United States and Great Britain 

United States 

Great Britain 

Constitution Written 1. 

written and unwritten 

Monarch None 2. 

limited by constitution; head of state 

Government Powers Separated 3. unitary executive, legislative, 

and judiciary 

Legislative Body Bicameral Congress (Senate; 4. bicameral Parliament (House of Lords, 

House of Commons), with most power in 

House of Representatives) 

House of Commons 

Executive President (head of state and head 5. 

of government) 

prime minister; head of government 

Elections Regularly scheduled 6. no fixed date, but must occur every 

5 years or if government falls; members 

(representatives, 2 years; senators, of Parliament popularly elected 

6 years; President, 4 years) 


Parties 2 major parties (Republican and 7. 2 major parties (Conservatives and 

Labour), also Liberal party 

Democratic) 

National and Local Separate federal and State 8. unitary, all power belongs to 

central government, except for some 

Government governments 

self-government in Scotland, Wales, 

and Northern Ireland 

Judiciary Independent Supreme Court 9. House of Lords serves as the final 

court of appeals. Scotland and Ireland 

have separate systems. 

10. a government in which the head of state is a hereditary ruler 


11. a special election held to choose a new MP if the current one dies 

or resigns 

12. a temporary alliance of parties for the purpose 

Define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. of forming a government 

10. monarchy 12. coalition 14. shadow cabinet 

11. by-election 13. minister 15. devolution 

13. British cabinet member 

14. members of the opposition party who are potential cabinet members and 

are appointed to watch one particular member of the cabinet in power 

15. delegation of authority from the central government to regional governments 



CHAPTER 

22 


Japan 


As you read Section 2, answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 


1. What type of government did Japan have until the 1850s–1860s? Japan had a feudal system with an 

emperor (mikado), military dictator (shogun), noble families (daimyo), and warriors (samurai). 

2. What was Japan’s objective after it encountered Western powers? Japan worked to become a modern 

state, and tried to conquer East Asia in the process. 

3. What event caused a dramatic change in Japanese politics from 1945 to 1952? The Japanese 

were defeated in World War II by the U.S., who forced the Japanese to accept a new, democratic constitution. 

4. What form of government did Americans force the Japanese to accept? 

Americans forced the Japanese to accept a democratic system. 

5. What unique feature did the new constitution have? The Japanese renounced their sovereign power to 

make war. 

6. What is the House of Councillors and what kind of power does it have? The House of Councillors 

is the upper house of Japan’s parliament; it has little power and tends to be deliberative and advisory. 

7. What is the House of Representatives and what kind of power does it have? The House of Representatives 

is the lower house of Japan’s parliament; it can make laws, treaties, raise funds, and spend money. 

8. What is political consensus and what role does it play in Japanese politics? Consensus is broad 

agreement on issues and is a valued Japanese tradition, based on the people’s wish to avoid personal confrontation. 

9. What causes the prime minister and the cabinet to maintain agreement on most issues? 

The prime minister and cabinet believe in collective responsibility for their acts. 

10. What is the bureaucracy and what role does it play in Japanese government? The bureaucracy is 

the Japanese civil service which wields great power and serves as day-to-day administrators of government. 

11. Which party dominated Japanese politics during most of the period after World War II? 

the Liberal Democratic party (LDP) 

12. How are Japanese courts like the courts of the United States? They are independent of the other 

branches of government and have various levels, from local courts to the Supreme Court. 


Complete each sentence in Column I by writing the letter of the correct term from Column II 

in the blank. 

Column I 

Column II 

_____ b 13. For political purposes, Japan has been divided into 

47 districts called ___. 

a. 

b. 

National Diet 

prefectures 

_____ e 14. The prime minister has the power to dissolve the 

c. multiseat district 

House of Representatives, a step called ___, which leads 

to immediate elections. 

d. consensus 

_____ a 15. The ___ is the name of the Japanese parliament. 

_____ c 16. An area that has more than one representative is known as a ___. 

_____ d 17. The Japanese value ___, or broad agreement on political issues. 

e. dissolution 





Mexico 

CHAPTER 

22 


As you read Section 3, complete the chart below comparing the government of Mexico to that of 

the United States. Then answer the question that follows on a separate sheet of paper. 

Mexico 

United States 

Early History Gained independence from Gained independence from 

1. Spain ________________________ England 

Three Branches of 2. executive, ________________________ headed by president Executive, Legislative, 

Government 3. legislature, ________________________ bicameral 

Judicial 

4. judiciary ________________________ 

Presidential Term May serve 5. ______________ one 

May serve two four-year terms 

6. ____________-year six term(s) 

Congress Bicameral: 7. ______________ Senate Bicameral: Senate and House 

and 8. ____________________ 

Chamber of Deputies of Representatives 

Court System 9. independent ________________________ systems of state and Independent system of State 

federal ________________________ 

courts 

and federal courts 

Political Parties 10. Institutional ______________________ Revolutionary Party Two major parties: Democratic 

11. Democratic ______________________ Revolutionary Party and Republican 

12. National ______________________ 

Action Party (PAN) 


13. What major change took place with the election of President Vicente Fox in 2000? 

For the first time since 1929, Mexicans elected a president who is not a member of the PRI; 

President Fox is a member of PAN. 



14. Since 1938 the ____________________ nationalization of the oil industry has served as a symbol of Mexican 

independence from foreign domination. 

15. Mexico has a ____________________ mestizo culture, made up of both Spanish and Native American 

elements. 

NAFTA (North American 

16. The free-trade agreement known as ____________________ Free Trade Agreement) removes trade restrictions among 

the United States, Mexico, and Canada. 



CHAPTER 

22 


Russia 


The incomplete chronological chart below outlines some of the dramatic events of Russian and 

Soviet political history. As you read Section 4, fill in the missing event. 

Year 

1721 1. 

1905 2. 

Major Russian Political Events 

Event 

Russian empire established by Peter the Great 

Russo–Japanese War brings heavy losses, and czarist rule begins to collapse 

1917 3. 

1924 4. 

1950s–1990s 5. 

1985 6. 

Russian Revolution; Lenin and Communist party come to power; Soviet Union replaces 

Russian empire 

Lenin dies, Stalin comes to power 

Soviet Union becomes superpower, engages United States in a cold war, and controls 

all of Eastern Europe 

Gorbachev comes to power and begins reforms in Soviet Union 

1991 7. 

1993 8. 

1999 9. 

Soviet Union ceases to exist 

new Russian constitution drafted 

Vladimir Putin elected president of Russia 


10. What is the structure of Russia’s legislature? Russia’s legislature has two houses: the Council of the 

Federation is the upper house, the State Duma is the lower house. Both are popularly elected. 

11. What kinds of local governments are there in the Russian Federation? 

Russia has 49 oblasts, or provinces, 6 territories, 21 republics, and 10 autonomous areas. 



12. purge __________________________________________________________________________ 

purification of political enemies, often by brutal means such as execution, jail, and exile 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

13. soviet __________________________________________________________________________ 

elected councils at factories, farms, cities, regions, and national level 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

14. perestroika ______________________________________________________________________ 

restructuring of Soviet economy and politics 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

15. glasnost ________________________________________________________________________ 

openness; tolerance of dissent and freedom of expression 

______________________________________________________________________________ 





China 

CHAPTER 

22 


Using information from Section 5, complete the chart below, which shows the organization of the 

Chinese Communist party. 

Unit 

Role 

National Party Congress 1. ________________________________________________ 

meets every 5 years to elect a Central Committee 

______________________________________________ 

2.________________________ 

Central Committee 

elects the Politburo 

Politburo 

3. ______________________________________________ 

makes Communist party policy (and therefore government policy) 

______________________________________________ 

4.________________________ 

Politburo 

makes day-to-day decisions for the party (and therefore 

the government) 


On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions as you read Section 5. 

5. When did China’s present form of government begin and who was its leader? 

It began in 1949, led by Mao Zedong. 

6. How have China’s constitutions been different from the constitutions of the United States and 

most other countries? Most countries’ constitutions are meant to be fundamental law; China’s constitution 

is not fundamental law, but reflects current government policies. 

7. What organization effectively controls China’s government? 

the Chinese Communist party (CCP) 

8. What are the two main parts of China’s national government? 

the National People’s Congress and the State Council 

9. What is the structure of China’s judicial system? 

The nation’s Supreme People’s Court supervises all the courts, both civil and criminal. 

10. How is Hong Kong governed? 

It is a special administrative region of China with its own governor and provisional legislature. 



11. In 1966, during the _______________________________, Cultural Revolution 

the Red Guards attacked teachers, 

intellectuals, and others who did not have sufficient revolutionary enthusiasm. 

12. China includes five_____________________________, autonomous 

or independent, regions. 



CHAPTER 

23 


Capitalism 


On a separate sheet of paper, copy and complete the chart by writing answers to the questions in 

the space provided. 

1. What are the four factors of 

production? 

a. ______________________________ 

land 

b. __________________________________ 

labor 

c. ______________________________ 

management 

d. __________________________________ 

capital 

2. What are four characteristics of a 

free enterprise system? 

a. ______________________________ 

private ownership 

b. __________________________________ 

individual initiative 

c. ______________________________ 

profit 

d. __________________________________ 

competition 

Capitalism 

3. Describe the laws of supply and demand. 

____________________________________ 

demand low, price low; demand high, price high; 

____________________________________ 

supply plentiful, price low, supply low, price high 

____________________________________ 

____________________________________ 


4. What are three kinds of businesses 

and what are their advantages and 

disadvantages? 

sole proprietorship; quick decisions, but 

a. personal ____________________________________ 

liability 

partnerships; more resources, but partnership 

b. ends ____________________________________ 

if partner leaves or dies 

c. corporation; ____________________________________ 

large resources, but double taxation 

Answer the following questions in the space provided. Possible answers below 

5. What is the difference between a capitalist and an entrepreneur? ________________________ 

Capitalists are those who privately 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

own productive property and do all those things necessary to make a profit from their property; entrepreneurs are 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

capitalists who tend to be risk takers and who take greater initiative in starting or expanding a business. 

6. Describe the laissez-faire theory. ____________________________________________________ 

The government should play a very limited, hands-off role in society. Its 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

activity should be limited to foreign relations and defense, the maintenance of police and courts, and the few other 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

functions private enterprisers cannot perform for profit. In the economy, government should only function to 

protect free competition and the laws of supply and demand. 





Socialism 

CHAPTER 

23 



The main points of Section 2 are supplied in the outline below. As you read the section, fill in the 

supporting points in the form of answers to the questions. Possible answers below 

Socialism 

1. What is socialism? ________________________________________________________________ 

an economic and political philosophy designed to achieve equitable distribution of wealth 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

through government ownership of the means of production 

The Industrial Revolution 

the dramatic change of the economies of many nations as they 

2. What was the Industrial Revolution? ________________________________________________ 

changed from predominantly agricultural to mainly industrial; the 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

Industrial Revolution occurred in Great Britain in the late eighteenth century and elsewhere during the nineteenth century 

3. Who was Karl Marx? ____________________________________________________________ 

the leading critic of the effects of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism; the 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

inventor of communism 

4. What did Marx think of capitalism? ________________________________________________ 

He criticized it as abusive of the masses and doomed to failure. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

5. How were socialism and communism alike and different? ______________________________ 

Both systems urged government ownership 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

of the means of production and wanted to redistribute wealth. Socialists advocated peaceful evolution to socialism; 

communists believed a bloody revolution was inevitable as history approached Marx’s communist era. 

Characteristics of Socialist Economies 

6. What is nationalization? __________________________________________________________ 

a state takeover of privately owned industry 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

7. How did socialists hope to help the masses? __________________________________________ 

by guaranteeing all public services and welfare for the 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

neediest through the equitable distribution of wealth 

8. Why is taxation high in socialist countries? __________________________________________ 

to pay for public services and welfare 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

9. Describe the term “command economy.” ____________________________________________ 

governments that direct their economies along desired paths 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

Socialism in Developing Countries 

10. What attracts developing countries to socialism? ______________________________________ 

Such countries have little or no industry and feel 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

the need to take drastic steps to industrialize. 

Pros and Cons 

11. What are three major criticisms of socialism? ________________________________________ 

(a) too much bureaucracy, (b) economies too complex 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

for central planners, (c) deprives people of freedom to make economic decisions 



12. proletariat 14. welfare state 16. centrally planned economy 

the workers 

an economy where the decision 

13. bourgeoisie 15. market economy 

making is more centralized 

the capitalists 

a capitalist economy 

14. a country that provides extensive social 

services at little or no cost to the user 



CHAPTER 

23 


Communism 


The chart below lists four concepts Marx analyzed as they related to capitalism. As you read 

Section 3, complete the chart by explaining Marx’s view of each concept. 

View of history 1. 

Marx’s Views on Capitalism 

story of class struggle; classes competing for the control of labor 

and productive property 

Value theory 2. 

value of a commodity is set by the amount of labor that went into it 

Nature of the state 3. 

state and government are tools by which capitalists maintain power 

Dictatorship of the proletariat 4. 

transitional phase in which authoritarian state would represent the 

interest of the masses 

List the four main characteristics of communist economies. 

5. Communist ______________________________________________ 

party holds decision-making power 

6. bureaucrats ______________________________________________ 

plan for the development of the economy 

7. collectivization ______________________________________________ 

of the means of production 

8. industrial ______________________________________________ 

enterprises, transportation, and other parts of the economy are state-owned 



9. communism ______________________________________________________________________ 

collectivist ideology where the state owns land and other productive property 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

10. Gosplan ________________________________________________________________________ 

agency that ran Stalin’s centralized planning 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

11. privatization ____________________________________________________________________ 

returning nationalized enterprises to private ownership 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

12. Great Leap Forward ______________________________________________________________ 

China’s five-year plan of 1958 aimed at modernizing quickly 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

13. commune ________________________________________________________________________ 

collective farms brought together into a larger unit 

________________________________________________________________________________ 





The Texas State Constitution 

CHAPTER 

24 


As you read Section 1, write the answers to the questions in the space provided. 

List the five main categories by which all State constitutions can be described. 

1. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

basic principles 

2. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

protections of civil rights 

3. structure ________________________________________________________________________________ 

of State government 

4. powers ________________________________________________________________________________ 

of the branches of State government 

5. process ________________________________________________________________________________ 

of constitutional change 

Fill in the chart to explain the amendment process for State constitutions. 

Amendments can be proposed by: 

6. constitutional ______________________________________________________ 

convention 

7. legislature ______________________________________________________ 

8. voters ______________________________________________________ 

Amendments can be ratified by: 

9. vote ______________________________________________________ 

of the people 


10. Explain the difference between statutory law and fundamental law. Statutory ______________________ 

laws are laws 

passed ________________________________________________________________________________ 

by the legislature. Fundamental laws are laws of basic and lasting importance. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

________________________________________________________________________________ 


Explain each of the following key terms in the space provided. 

11. popular sovereignty The ________________________________________________________________ 

people are the sole source of the government’s power. 

_ 

12. limited government ________________________________________________________________ 

Powers given to the government are limited. 

_ 

13. initiative process ________________________________________________________________________ 

by which voters sign a petition favoring a proposal 

_ 



CHAPTER 

24 


The Texas State Legislature 


As you read Section 2, write the answers to the questions on the lines provided. 

1. What formal qualifications does the State of Texas set out for membership in the State 

legislature? age, ______________________________________________________________________ 

citizenship, residence 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

2. What is the usual term for Texas State legislators? two ____________________________________ 

or four years 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

3. What are eight of the most important legislative powers of the Texas State legislature? ______ 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

tax, spend, borrow, police, establish courts, define crimes and provide for their punishment, regulate commercial 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

activities, maintain public schools 

4. Name three nonlegislative functions of the Texas State legislature. executive: approve governor’s __________ 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

appointments; judicial: impeachment; constituent: constitution-making and amending 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

5. How does the committee system in the Texas State legislature work? Laws are referred to _ 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

committees for recommendation to full houses, similar to Congress. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

6. From where do a large number of bills originate? ______________________________________ 

a wide variety of public and private sources 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

________________________________________________________________________________ 


Define the following terms on the lines provided. 

7. constituent power constitution-making ________________________________________________________________ 

power 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

8. police power State’s ____________________________________________________________________ 

power to protect and promote public health, safety, morals, and welfare 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

9. referendum process ______________________________________________________________________ 

by which a legislature sends bills to the electorate for approval 

________________________________________________________________________________ 





The Governor and State Administration 

CHAPTER 

24 


As you read Section 3, complete the chart with information about the governor’s powers. 

Executive Powers 

appoint and remove key 

1._____________________________ 

assistants 

2._______________________________ 

supervise staffs of executive branch 

3._______________________________ 

prepare and submit a biennial budget 

serve as commander in chief of 

4.________________________ 

State National Guard 

Powers of 

The Governor 


Legislative Powers 

Judicial Powers 

8._____________________________ 

pardon 

5._______________________________ 

recommend legislation 

9._______________________________ 

commute 

6.________________________________ 

call special sessions of legislature 

10.______________________________ 

reprieve 

7.__________________________ 

veto bills 

11._______________________ 

parole 



12. The governor has the power to _______________, reprieve or postpone, the execution of a sentence. 

13. The governor has the power to _______________, pardon or release a person from the legal consequences 

of a crime. 

14. The governor has the power to _______________, parole or release a prisoner short of the completion 

of the term of his or her sentence. 

15. The governor has the power of _______________, commutation or reducing a sentence. 



CHAPTER 

24 


In the Courtroom 


The main points of Section 4 are supplied in the outline. As you read the section, fill in the 

supporting details in the form of answers to the questions. Possible answers below 

Kinds of Law Applied in State Courts 

1. What is constitutional law? the ________________________________________________________ 

body of law based on the United States and State constitutions and 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

judicial interpretations of them 

2. What is statutory law? the ____________________________________________________________ 

body of law based on statutes enacted by legislative bodies 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

3. What is administrative law? rules, ________________________________________________________ 

orders, and regulations issued by executive branches of government 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

4. What is common law? the ____________________________________________________________ 

unwritten, judge-made law that has developed over the centuries 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

5. What is equity? the __________________________________________________________________ 

body of law that provides remedies for wrongs before they occur 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

Criminal and Civil Law 

6. What are the two kinds of crimes? felonies __________________________________________________ 

(serious crimes) and misdemeanors (lesser offenses) 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

7. What is civil law? disputes ________________________________________________________________ 

between individuals and between individuals and governments 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

The Jury System 

8. What is the function of a grand jury? The ________________________________________________ 

grand jury determines whether the facts of a case warrant 

bringing ________________________________________________________________________________ 

a criminal case to trial. 

9. What is an information? An __________________________________________________________ 

information is a formal charge filed by the prosecutor without the 

involvement ________________________________________________________________________________ 

of a grand jury; it is used for most minor offenses in Texas. 

10. How are members of a petit jury chosen? They ____________________________________________ 

are selected from lists of registered voters and 

licensed ________________________________________________________________________________ 

drivers. 



Answer the following question on a separate sheet of paper. 

11. What is a precedent and what part do precedents play in common law? 

Following precedent is abiding by earlier court decisions as they have been handed down over the years by judges in 

England and the United States. Precedents create a body of law known as common law. 




The Courts and Their Judges 

CHAPTER 

24 


The chart below shows the various types of State and local courts. Next to the name of each type of 

State and local court, briefly describe the kind of cases heard by that court. Possible answers below 

State and Local Courts 

Justice of the Peace 1. usually hears only misdemeanor cases 

Municipal Court 2. 

hears criminal cases in which the fines are under $2,000; traffic 

violations make up the majority of their workload 

Juvenile Court 3. 

hears only cases involving young people under 18 years of age 

General Trial Court 4. 

hears most of the more important civil and criminal cases; exercises 

original jurisdiction 

Intermediate Appellate Court 5. 

reviews cases decided in lower courts 

State Supreme Court 6. 

the State’s highest appellate court in civil cases 

Court of Criminal Appeals 7. 

the State’s highest appellate court in criminal cases 



Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term Possible answers below 

8. warrant A ________________________________________________________________________ 

warrant is a court order authorizing an official action. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

9. preliminary hearing ______________________________________________________________ 

A preliminary hearing is the first step in a major criminal prosecution. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

10. appellate jurisdiction Courts ______________________________________________________________ 

that exercise appellate jurisdiction are reviewing cases that have already been 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

heard in another court. 



CHAPTER 

25 


Texas Counties and Special Districts 


The outline below lists the main points of Section 1. As you read the section, fill in the supporting 

details by answering the questions on a separate sheet of paper. See answers below 

The Counties 

1. What are some statistics about the extremes of county sizes and populations in the U.S.? 

2. What powers does the Commissioners Court have? 

3. What are some of the titles of elected county officials in Texas and what do they do? 

4. What obstacles exist for Texas county government in urban areas? 

Special Districts 

5. Why are special districts created? 

6. Why are special disctricts useful? 

School Districts 

7. What are the responsibilities of ISD boards? 

Towns and Townships 

8. What is unique about the New England town? 

9. How do townships in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania differ from those in Ohio and 

westward? 



10. In most of the United States, including Texas, the main unit of local government is the 

_______________. 

county 

11. A(n) _______________ special district is an independent unit of local government set up to handle a specific 

problem or task. 

12. In the Middle Atlantic States and Midwest, counties are usually divided into subunits known 

as _______________, townships which share the duties of local government. 


1. San Bernardino County, CA, covers 20,064 square miles; Kalawao County, Hawaii, 13 square miles; more than 9 million people 

live in Los Angeles County, CA, but only 67 people live in Loving County, Texas. 2. The Commissioners Court sets policy and 

directs the administration of the county. Its most important responsibilities are establishing a county budget and setting tax 

rates. 3. sheriff, keeps jail and furnishes police protection; clerk, registers and records documents, mortgages, etc.; assessor, 

appraises property and collects taxes; treasurer, keeps county funds; district attorney, chief county lawyer 4. The basic 

structure and organization of the county governments are the same regardless of the population, and the complexities of urban 

issues are difficult to deal with within the existing structure. 5. Special districts are created to perform one or more related 

governmental functions at the local level. 6. They fill a need that existing governmental units do not because these units do 

not have the necessary legal authority or financial base. 7. hiring and firing teachers, constructing new schools, buying school 

supplies, setting district school tax rates, and selecting a superintendent of schools 8. has been the major unit of local 

government for hundreds of years; its meetings are examples of direct democracy 9. NY, NJ, PA: formed where people settled, 

so they are not uniform in shape; Ohio and westward: more uniform in shape because they were drawn in federal public land 

surveys. 

112 Chapter 25 Guided Reading and Review 

© Pearson Education, Inc.



Cities and Metropolitan Areas in Texas 

and the Nation 

CHAPTER 

25 


As you read Section 2, fill in the chart below with information about the three forms of 

city government. Possible answers below 

Forms of City Government 

Mayor Council Form 1. 

Description 

elected mayor, executive branch; elected council, 

legislative branch 

Strong mayor 2. 

Weak mayor 3. 

Commission Form 4. 

Mayor heads the administration with power to hire 

and fire and to prepare a budget; takes lead in 

making policy. 

Executive duties are shared with other elected officials; 

appointment powers are shared or taken over by council. 

5 to 9 popularly elected department heads, one of 

which is chosen by commission as mayor 

Council Manager Form 5. 

strong elected council, weak elected mayor, hired 

administrator 



6. What is the practice of zoning and why is it important to city planning? Zoning __________________ 

is the practice of 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

dividing a city into a number of districts, or zones, and regulating the uses to which property in each of them may 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

be put. It is important to ensure the orderly growth of a city. 

7. Briefly describe the reasons for suburban growth.______________________________________ 

Suburbs began to in the years after World War II 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

as people felt the need for more room, cheaper land, less pollution and noise, and greater privacy. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 



8. charter __________________________________________________________________________ 

a city’s basic law, or constitution 

_ 

9. metropolitan area ________________________________________________________________ 

a city and the areas that surround it 

_ 



CHAPTER 

25 


Providing Important Services 


As you read Section 3, complete the chart by writing examples of each of the State-provided 

services shown. Possible answers below 

State Services 

Example 

Education 

Higher education 1. establish and run universities 

Primary and secondary education 2. 

Public Welfare 

Health 3. 

fund schools; set quality guidelines; establish curricula; 

screen quality of materials; establish minimum length of 

school year 

operate hospitals; fund health programs; immunize children; 

work with Federal Government administering programs 

Welfare 4. provide aid to families with dependent children 

Public Safety 5. 

provide State police protection; operate centralized offices as 

well as jails and prisons 

Highways 6. build and maintain roads; ensure vehicle safety; license drivers 

Other Services 7. 


Fill in the missing terms to complete the following sentences. 

set aside public lands for conservation and recreation; 

regulate businesses; protect consumers 

8. The Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) is a(n) _______________ entitlement program, 

meaning that anyone meeting eligibility requirements can receive benefits. 


9. States help out citizens through _______________, welfare or cash assistance for the poor. 

10. Low income families can get medical insurance through __________________. 

Medicaid 




Financing State and Local Government 

CHAPTER 

25 


As you read Section 4, complete the diagram by writing the various sources of State and local 

revenues in the space provided. Possible answers below 

2. ________ individual 

__________ 

income tax 

__________ 

3. ________ corporate 

__________ 

income tax 

__________ 

4. ________ property 

__________ tax 

__________ 

5. ________ inheritance 

__________ tax 

__________ 

1. ________ sales tax 

__________ 

__________ 

12.________ borrowing 

__________ 

__________ 

State and Local Revenues 

6. ________ estate tax 

__________ 

__________ 

7. ________ franchise 

__________ tax 

__________ 

11.________ business 

__________ 

enterprises 

__________ 

10.________ 

tolls 

__________ 

__________ 

9. ________ amusement 

__________ taxes 

__________ 

8. ________ licenses 

__________ 

__________ 



Read each statement below. If a statement is true, write T in the blank provided. If it is false, write F. 

_____ T 13. A sales tax is one that is placed on the sale of commodities such as gasoline and 

cigarettes. 

_____ F 14. The assessed value of taxable property is always determined on a fair and equal basis. 

_____ T 15. Inheritance and estate taxes are also known as “death taxes” because they are levied 

after a person dies. 

_____ F 16. The sales tax is probably the most difficult tax for a State to collect. 

_____ F 17. Taxes that are geared according to a person’s ability to pay are called regressive taxes. 

_____ T 18. Generally, taxes placed on the annual income of individuals and corporations are 

progressive. 



CHAPTER 

25 


Providing Important Services 


As you read Section 3, complete the chart by writing examples of each of the State-provided 

services shown. Possible answers below 

State Services 

Example 

Education 

Higher education 1. establish and run universities 

Primary and secondary education 2. 

Public Welfare 

Health 3. 

fund schools; set quality guidelines; establish curricula; 

screen quality of materials; establish minimum length of 

school year 

operate hospitals; fund health programs; immunize children; 

work with Federal Government administering programs 

Welfare 4. provide aid to families with dependent children 

Public Safety 5. 

provide State police protection; operate centralized offices as 

well as jails and prisons 

Highways 6. build and maintain roads; ensure vehicle safety; license drivers 

Other Services 7. 


Fill in the missing terms to complete the following sentences. 

set aside public lands for conservation and recreation; 

regulate businesses; protect consumers 

8. The Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) is a(n) _______________ entitlement program, 

meaning that anyone meeting eligibility requirements can receive benefits. 


9. States help out citizens through _______________, welfare or cash assistance for the poor. 

10. Low income families can get medical insurance through __________________. 

Medicaid 




The Courts and Their Judges 

CHAPTER 

24 


The chart below shows the various types of State and local courts. Next to the name of each type of 

State and local court, briefly describe the kind of cases heard by that court. Possible answers below 

State and Local Courts 

Justice of the Peace 1. usually hears only misdemeanor cases 

Municipal Court 2. 

hears criminal cases in which the fines are under $2,000; traffic 

violations make up the majority of their workload 

Juvenile Court 3. 

hears only cases involving young people under 18 years of age 

General Trial Court 4. 

hears most of the more important civil and criminal cases; exercises 

original jurisdiction 

Intermediate Appellate Court 5. 

reviews cases decided in lower courts 

State Supreme Court 6. 

the State’s highest appellate court in civil cases 

Court of Criminal Appeals 7. 

the State’s highest appellate court in criminal cases 



Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term Possible answers below 

8. warrant A ________________________________________________________________________ 

warrant is a court order authorizing an official action. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

9. preliminary hearing ______________________________________________________________ 

A preliminary hearing is the first step in a major criminal prosecution. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

10. appellate jurisdiction Courts ______________________________________________________________ 

that exercise appellate jurisdiction are reviewing cases that have already been 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

heard in another court. 



CHAPTER 

25 


Texas Counties and Special Districts 


The outline below lists the main points of Section 1. As you read the section, fill in the supporting 

details by answering the questions on a separate sheet of paper. See answers below 

The Counties 

1. What are some statistics about the extremes of county sizes and populations in the U.S.? 

2. What powers does the Commissioners Court have? 

3. What are some of the titles of elected county officials in Texas and what do they do? 

4. What obstacles exist for Texas county government in urban areas? 

Special Districts 

5. Why are special districts created? 

6. Why are special disctricts useful? 

School Districts 

7. What are the responsibilities of ISD boards? 

Towns and Townships 

8. What is unique about the New England town? 

9. How do townships in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania differ from those in Ohio and 

westward? 



10. In most of the United States, including Texas, the main unit of local government is the 

_______________. 

county 

11. A(n) _______________ special district is an independent unit of local government set up to handle a specific 

problem or task. 

12. In the Middle Atlantic States and Midwest, counties are usually divided into subunits known 

as _______________, townships which share the duties of local government. 


1. San Bernardino County, CA, covers 20,064 square miles; Kalawao County, Hawaii, 13 square miles; more than 9 million people 

live in Los Angeles County, CA, but only 67 people live in Loving County, Texas. 2. The Commissioners Court sets policy and 

directs the administration of the county. Its most important responsibilities are establishing a county budget and setting tax 

rates. 3. sheriff, keeps jail and furnishes police protection; clerk, registers and records documents, mortgages, etc.; assessor, 

appraises property and collects taxes; treasurer, keeps county funds; district attorney, chief county lawyer 4. The basic 

structure and organization of the county governments are the same regardless of the population, and the complexities of urban 

issues are difficult to deal with within the existing structure. 5. Special districts are created to perform one or more related 

governmental functions at the local level. 6. They fill a need that existing governmental units do not because these units do 

not have the necessary legal authority or financial base. 7. hiring and firing teachers, constructing new schools, buying school 

supplies, setting district school tax rates, and selecting a superintendent of schools 8. has been the major unit of local 

government for hundreds of years; its meetings are examples of direct democracy 9. NY, NJ, PA: formed where people settled, 

so they are not uniform in shape; Ohio and westward: more uniform in shape because they were drawn in federal public land 

surveys. 

112 Chapter 25 Guided Reading and Review 

© Pearson Education, Inc.



Cities and Metropolitan Areas in Texas 

and the Nation 

CHAPTER 

25 


As you read Section 2, fill in the chart below with information about the three forms of 

city government. Possible answers below 

Forms of City Government 

Mayor Council Form 1. 

Description 

elected mayor, executive branch; elected council, 

legislative branch 

Strong mayor 2. 

Weak mayor 3. 

Commission Form 4. 

Mayor heads the administration with power to hire 

and fire and to prepare a budget; takes lead in 

making policy. 

Executive duties are shared with other elected officials; 

appointment powers are shared or taken over by council. 

5 to 9 popularly elected department heads, one of 

which is chosen by commission as mayor 

Council Manager Form 5. 

strong elected council, weak elected mayor, hired 

administrator 



6. What is the practice of zoning and why is it important to city planning? Zoning __________________ 

is the practice of 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

dividing a city into a number of districts, or zones, and regulating the uses to which property in each of them may 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

be put. It is important to ensure the orderly growth of a city. 

7. Briefly describe the reasons for suburban growth.______________________________________ 

Suburbs began to in the years after World War II 

________________________________________________________________________________ 

as people felt the need for more room, cheaper land, less pollution and noise, and greater privacy. 

________________________________________________________________________________ 



8. charter __________________________________________________________________________ 

a city’s basic law, or constitution 

_ 

9. metropolitan area ________________________________________________________________ 

a city and the areas that surround it 

_ 




Financing State and Local Government 

CHAPTER 

25 


As you read Section 4, complete the diagram by writing the various sources of State and local 

revenues in the space provided. Possible answers below 

2. ________ individual 

__________ 

income tax 

__________ 

3. ________ corporate 

__________ 

income tax 

__________ 

4. ________ property 

__________ tax 

__________ 

5. ________ inheritance 

__________ tax 

__________ 

1. ________ sales tax 

__________ 

__________ 

12.________ borrowing 

__________ 

__________ 

State and Local Revenues 

6. ________ estate tax 

__________ 

__________ 

7. ________ franchise 

__________ tax 

__________ 

11.________ business 

__________ 

enterprises 

__________ 

10.________ 

tolls 

__________ 

__________ 

9. ________ amusement 

__________ taxes 

__________ 

8. ________ licenses 

__________ 

__________ 



Read each statement below. If a statement is true, write T in the blank provided. If it is false, write F. 

_____ T 13. A sales tax is one that is placed on the sale of commodities such as gasoline and 

cigarettes. 

_____ F 14. The assessed value of taxable property is always determined on a fair and equal basis. 

_____ T 15. Inheritance and estate taxes are also known as “death taxes” because they are levied 

after a person dies. 

_____ F 16. The sales tax is probably the most difficult tax for a State to collect. 

_____ F 17. Taxes that are geared according to a person’s ability to pay are called regressive taxes. 

_____ T 18. Generally, taxes placed on the annual income of individuals and corporations are 

progressive.

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