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Guided Reading<br />
and Review Workbook<br />
● Learn strategies for success in reading,<br />
testing, and writing for assessment<br />
● Create your own study guide as you read<br />
● Review main ideas and key terms
Guided Reading and<br />
Review Workbook<br />
Needham, Massachusetts<br />
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey<br />
Glenview, Illinois
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River,<br />
New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected<br />
by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage<br />
in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,<br />
recording, or likewise. The publisher hereby grants permission to reproduce these pages, in part<br />
or in whole, for classroom use only, the number not to exceed the number of students in each class. Notice of<br />
copyright must appear on all copies. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions<br />
Department.<br />
ISBN 0-13-067959-3<br />
21 22 23 24 V011 14 13 12 11
T ABLE OF CONTENTS<br />
Student Success Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />
Unit 1 Foundations of American Government<br />
Chapter 1 Principles of Government<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19<br />
Chapter 2 Origins of American Government<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22<br />
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br />
Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24<br />
Chapter 3 The Constitution<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br />
Chapter 4 Federalism<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br />
Unit 2 Political Behavior: Government by the People<br />
Chapter 5 Political Parties<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />
Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35<br />
Chapter 6 Voters and Voter Behavior<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38<br />
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39<br />
Chapter 7 The Electoral Process<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42<br />
Chapter 8 Mass Media and Public Opinion<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45<br />
Chapter 9 Interest Groups<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
Unit 3 The Legislative Branch<br />
Chapter 10 Congress<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br />
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52<br />
Chapter 11 Powers of Congress<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55<br />
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56<br />
Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57<br />
Chapter 12 Congress in Action<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60<br />
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Unit 4 The Executive Branch<br />
Chapter 13 The Presidency<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64<br />
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65<br />
Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66<br />
Chapter 14 The Presidency in Action<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69<br />
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70<br />
Chapter 15 Government at Work:<br />
The Bureaucracy<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73<br />
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74<br />
Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75<br />
Chapter 16 Financing Government<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78<br />
Chapter 17 Foreign Policy and<br />
National Defense<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81<br />
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82<br />
Unit 5 The Judicial Branch<br />
Chapter 18 The Federal Court System<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85<br />
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86<br />
Chapter 19 Civil Liberties: First<br />
Amendment Freedoms<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89<br />
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90<br />
Unit 6 Comparative Political and Economic Systems<br />
Chapter 22 Comparative Political Systems<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101<br />
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102<br />
Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103<br />
Chapter 20 Civil Liberties: Protecting<br />
Individual Rights<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93<br />
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94<br />
Chapter 21 Civil Rights: Equal Justice<br />
Under Law<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97<br />
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98<br />
Chapter 23 Comparative Economic Systems<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
Unit 7 Participating in Texas State and Local Government<br />
Chapter 24 Governing the State of Texas<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109<br />
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110<br />
Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111<br />
Chapter 25 Texas Local Government<br />
and Finance<br />
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112<br />
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113<br />
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114<br />
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Success in social studies comes from doing three things well—<br />
reading, testing, and writing. The following pages present<br />
strategies to help you read for meaning, understand test<br />
questions, and write well.<br />
Reading for Meaning<br />
Do you have trouble remembering what you read? Here<br />
are some tips from experts that will improve your ability to<br />
recall and understand what you read:<br />
BEFORE YOU READ<br />
Preview the text to identify important information.<br />
Like watching the coming attractions at a movie theater, previewing the text<br />
helps you know what to expect. Study the questions and strategies below to<br />
learn how to preview what you read.<br />
Ask yourself these questions:<br />
• What is the text about?<br />
Use these strategies to find the<br />
answers:<br />
Read the headings, subheadings, and captions.<br />
Study the photos, maps, tables, or graphs.<br />
• What do I already know about the topic?<br />
Read the questions at the end of the text to see if<br />
you can answer any of them.<br />
• What is the purpose of the text?<br />
Turn the headings into who, what, when, where,<br />
why, or how questions. This will help you decide<br />
if the text compares things, tells a chain of<br />
events, or explains causes and effects.<br />
STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK 5
AS YOU READ<br />
Organize information in a way that helps you see meaningful<br />
connections or relationships.<br />
Taking notes as you read will improve your understanding. Use graphic<br />
organizers like the ones below to record the information you read.<br />
Study these descriptions and examples to learn how to create each type<br />
of organizer.<br />
Sequencing<br />
A flowchart helps you see how one event led to<br />
another. It can also display the steps in a process.<br />
Use a flowchart if the text—<br />
• tells about a chain of events.<br />
• explains a method of doing something.<br />
TIP List the events or steps in order.<br />
Farm machinery is developed.<br />
Fewer farmworkers needed.<br />
Urban industries need workers.<br />
Farmworkers move to cities for work.<br />
Cities grow and prosper.<br />
Comparing and Contrasting<br />
A Venn diagram displays similarities and<br />
differences.<br />
Use a Venn diagram if the text—<br />
• compares and contrasts two individuals,<br />
groups, places, things, or events.<br />
TIP Label the outside section of each circle and<br />
list differences.<br />
Label the shared section and list similarities.<br />
HUTU<br />
• from West Africa<br />
• servants<br />
SHARED<br />
CULTURE<br />
• mainly<br />
Roman<br />
Catholic<br />
TUTSI<br />
• from Ethiopia<br />
• aristocrats<br />
6 STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK
AS YOU READ<br />
(continued)<br />
Categorizing Information<br />
A chart organizes information in categories.<br />
Use a chart if the text—<br />
• lists similar facts about several places or things.<br />
• presents characteristics of different groups.<br />
TIP Write an appropriate heading for each column in<br />
the chart to identify its category.<br />
COUNTRY FORM OF ECONOMY<br />
GOVERNMENT<br />
Cuba communist command<br />
dictatorship economy<br />
Puerto Rico democracy free enterprise<br />
system<br />
Identifying Main Ideas and Details<br />
A concept web helps you understand<br />
relationships among ideas.<br />
Use a concept web if the text—<br />
• provides examples to support a<br />
main idea.<br />
• links several ideas to a main topic.<br />
TIP Write the main idea in the largest circle.<br />
Write details in smaller circles and<br />
draw lines to show relationships.<br />
transportation<br />
industry Uses<br />
recreation<br />
BODIES<br />
OF WATER<br />
rivers<br />
Types<br />
oceans<br />
lakes<br />
STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK 7
Organizing Information<br />
An outline provides an overview, or a kind of<br />
blueprint for reading.<br />
Use an outline to organize ideas—<br />
• according to their importance.<br />
• according to the order in which they are presented.<br />
TIP Use Roman numerals for main ideas, capital<br />
letters for secondary ideas, and Arabic numerals<br />
for supporting details.<br />
I. Differences Between the North and the South<br />
A. Views on slavery<br />
1. Northern abolitionists<br />
2. Southern slave owners<br />
B. Economies<br />
1. Northern manufacturing<br />
2. Southern agriculture<br />
Identifying Cause and Effect<br />
A cause-and-effect diagram shows the relationship<br />
between what happened (effect) and the reason<br />
why it happened (cause).<br />
Use a cause-and-effect chart if the text—<br />
• lists one or more causes for an event.<br />
• lists one or more results of an event.<br />
Desire for<br />
trade<br />
Advances in<br />
navigation<br />
EXPLORATION OF THE AMERICAS<br />
Rebirth of<br />
learning<br />
TIP Label causes and effects. Draw arrows to<br />
indicate how ideas are related.<br />
Exchange<br />
of goods<br />
and ideas<br />
Destruction of<br />
Native American<br />
cultures<br />
Europeans<br />
set up<br />
colonies<br />
AFTER YOU READ<br />
Test yourself to find out what you learned from reading the text.<br />
Go back to the questions you asked yourself before you read the text. You<br />
should be able to give more complete answers to these questions:<br />
• What is the text about?<br />
• What is the purpose of the text?<br />
You should also be able to make connections between the new information<br />
you learned from the text and what you already knew about the topic.<br />
Study your graphic organizer. Use this information as the answers. Make up a<br />
meaningful question about each piece of information.<br />
8 STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK
Taking Tests<br />
Do you panic at the thought of taking a standardized test?<br />
Here are some tips that most test developers recommend to<br />
help you achieve good scores.<br />
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS<br />
Read each part of a multiple-choice question to make sure you<br />
understand what is being asked.<br />
Many tests are made up of multiple-choice questions. Some multiple-choice<br />
items are direct questions. They are complete sentences followed by possible<br />
answers, called distractors.<br />
Direct Question<br />
The distractors list the<br />
possible answers.<br />
What is a narrow strip of land that has water on both<br />
sides and joins two larger bodies of land called?<br />
A a bay<br />
B an isthmus<br />
C a lake<br />
D an island<br />
TIP<br />
Try each distractor as an<br />
answer to your question. Rule<br />
out the ones that don’t work.<br />
You can rule out A and C because they are bodies of<br />
water, not land. You can rule out D because an island<br />
is completely surrounded by water.<br />
Other multiple-choice questions are incomplete sentences that you are to<br />
finish. They are followed by possible answers.<br />
The stem tells you what the<br />
question is looking for<br />
Distractors<br />
A narrow strip of land that has water on both sides<br />
and joins two larger bodies of land is called<br />
A a bay<br />
B an isthmus<br />
C a lake<br />
D an island<br />
TIP<br />
Turn the stem into a direct<br />
question, using who, what,<br />
when, where, or why.<br />
What is a narrow strip of land that has water on both<br />
sides and joins two larger bodies of land called?<br />
STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK 9
WHAT’S BEING TESTED?<br />
Identify the type of question you are being asked.<br />
Social studies tests often ask questions that involve reading comprehension.<br />
Other questions may require you to gather or interpret information from a<br />
map, graph, or chart. The following strategies will help you answer different<br />
kinds of questions.<br />
Reading Comprehension Questions<br />
What to do:<br />
1. Determine the content and organization<br />
of the selection.<br />
How to do it:<br />
Read the title. Skim the selection. Look<br />
for key words that indicate time, causeand-effect,<br />
or comparison.<br />
2. Analyze the questions.<br />
Do they ask you to recall facts?<br />
Do they ask you to make judgments?<br />
Look for key words in the stem:<br />
According to the selection . . .<br />
The selection states that . . .<br />
The main idea of the selection is . . .<br />
The author would likely agree that . . .<br />
3. Read the selection.<br />
Read quickly. Keep the questions in mind.<br />
4. Answer the questions.<br />
Try out each distractor and choose<br />
the best answer. Refer back to the<br />
selection if necessary.<br />
Example:<br />
A Region of Diversity The Khmer empire was<br />
one of many kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Unlike<br />
the Khmer empire, however, the other kingdoms<br />
were small because Southeast Asia’s mountains<br />
kept people protected and apart. People had little<br />
contact with those who lived outside their own<br />
valley.<br />
Why were most kingdoms in Southeast<br />
Asia small?<br />
A disease killed many people<br />
B lack of food<br />
C climate was too hot<br />
D mountains kept people apart<br />
TIP The key word because tells why the kingdoms<br />
were small.<br />
(The correct answer is D.)<br />
10 STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK
WHAT’S BEING TESTED?<br />
(continued)<br />
Map Questions<br />
What to do:<br />
1. Determine what kind of information is<br />
presented on the map.<br />
2. Read the question. Determine which<br />
component on the map will help you<br />
find the answer.<br />
3. Look at the map and answer the question<br />
in your own words.<br />
How to do it:<br />
Read the map title. It will indicate the purpose of<br />
the map.<br />
Study the map key. It will explain the symbols used<br />
on the map.<br />
Look at the scale. It will help you calculate distance<br />
between places on the map.<br />
Look for key words in the stem.<br />
About how far . . . [use the scale]<br />
What crops were grown in . . . [use the map key]<br />
Do not read the distractors yet.<br />
4. Choose the best answer.<br />
Eastern Europe: Language Groups<br />
Decide which distractor agrees with the answer<br />
you determined from the map.<br />
In which of these countries<br />
are Thraco-Illyrian<br />
languages spoken?<br />
A Romania<br />
B Albania<br />
C Hungary<br />
D Lithuania<br />
TIP Read the labels and<br />
the key to understand<br />
the map.<br />
(The correct answer is B.)<br />
STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK 11
Graph Questions<br />
What to do:<br />
1. Determine the purpose of the graph.<br />
2. Determine what information on the<br />
graph will help you find the answer.<br />
3. Choose the best answer.<br />
How to do it:<br />
Read the graph title. It indicates what the graph<br />
represents.<br />
Read the labels on the graph or on the key. They<br />
tell the units of measurement used by the graph.<br />
Decide which distractor agrees with the answer<br />
you determined from the graph.<br />
Example<br />
Religious Persuasion in France<br />
Buddhist<br />
1%<br />
Protestant<br />
2%<br />
Muslim<br />
8%<br />
Jewish<br />
1%<br />
Roman<br />
Catholic 88%<br />
A Circle graph shows the relationship of parts<br />
to the whole in terms of percentages.<br />
After Roman Catholics, the next largest<br />
religious population in France is<br />
A Buddhist C Jewish<br />
B Protestant D Muslim<br />
TIP Compare the percentages listed in the labels.<br />
(The correct answer is D.)<br />
Number of Immigrants<br />
Immigration to the U.S., 1940–1990<br />
1,200,000<br />
1,000,000<br />
800,000<br />
600,000<br />
400,000<br />
200,000<br />
0<br />
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990<br />
Year<br />
Asia Americas Europe<br />
A line graph shows a pattern or change over<br />
time by the direction of the line.<br />
Between 1980 and 1990, immigration to the U.S.<br />
from the Americas<br />
A decreased a little C stayed about the same<br />
B increased greatly D increased a little<br />
TIP Compare the vertical distance between the two<br />
correct points on the line graph.<br />
(The correct answer is B.)<br />
Billions of Barrels<br />
Annual Oil Production in Southwest Asia<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
Iran Iraq Kuwait Saudi<br />
Arabia<br />
Country<br />
United<br />
Arab<br />
Emirates<br />
A bar graph compares differences in quantity<br />
by showing bars of different lengths.<br />
Saudi Arabia produces about how many more<br />
billion of barrels of oil a year than Iran?<br />
A 5 million C 15 million<br />
B 10 million D 20 million<br />
TIP Compare the heights of the bars to find the<br />
difference.<br />
(The correct answer is B.)<br />
12 STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK
Writing for Social Studies<br />
When you face a writing assignment, do you think, “How<br />
will I ever get through this?” Here are some tips to guide<br />
you through any writing project from start to finish.<br />
THE WRITING PROCESS<br />
Follow each step of the writing process to communicate effectively.<br />
• Establish the purpose.<br />
• Define the topic.<br />
Step 1. Prewrite<br />
• Determine the audience.<br />
• Gather details.<br />
• Organize information logically in an outline<br />
or graphic organizer.<br />
• Write an introduction, body, and conclusion.<br />
Step 2. Draft<br />
• State main ideas clearly.<br />
• Include relevant details to support your ideas.<br />
• Edit for clarity of ideas and elaboration.<br />
Step 3. Revise<br />
Step 4. Proofread<br />
• Correct any errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation.<br />
Step 5. Publish and Present<br />
• Copy text neatly by hand, or use a typewriter<br />
or word processor.<br />
• Illustrate as needed.<br />
• Create a cover, if appropriate.<br />
STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK 13
TYPES OF WRITING FOR SOCIAL STUDIES<br />
Identify the purpose for your writing.<br />
Each type of writing assignment has a specific purpose, and each purpose needs a<br />
different plan for development. The following descriptions and examples will help<br />
you identify the three purposes for social studies writing. The lists of steps will<br />
help you plan your writing.<br />
Writing to Inform<br />
Purpose: to present facts or ideas<br />
Example<br />
During the 1960s, research indicated the dangers<br />
of the insecticide DDT. It killed insects but also<br />
had long-term effects. When birds and fish ate<br />
poisoned insects, DDT built up in their fatty tissue.<br />
The poison also showed up in human beings who<br />
ate birds and fish contaminated by DDT.<br />
TIP Look for these key terms in the assignment:<br />
explain, describe, report, narrate<br />
How to get started:<br />
• Determine the topic you will write about.<br />
• Write a topic sentence that tells the main idea.<br />
• List all the ideas you can think of that are<br />
related to the topic.<br />
• Arrange the ideas in logical order.<br />
Writing to Persuade<br />
Purpose: to influence someone<br />
Example<br />
Teaching computer skills in the classroom uses<br />
time that could be spent teaching students how to<br />
think for themselves or how to interact with others.<br />
Students who can reason well, express themselves<br />
clearly, and get along with other people will be<br />
better prepared for life than those who can use<br />
a computer.<br />
TIP Look for these key terms in the assignment:<br />
convince, argue, request<br />
How to get started:<br />
• Make sure you understand the problem or<br />
issue clearly.<br />
• Determine your position.<br />
• List evidence to support your arguments.<br />
• Predict opposing views.<br />
• List evidence you can use to overcome the<br />
opposing arguments.<br />
Writing to Provide Historical Interpretations<br />
Purpose: to present the perspective of someone<br />
in a different era<br />
Example<br />
The crossing took a week, but the steamship voyage<br />
was hard. We were cramped in steerage with hundreds<br />
of others. At last we saw the huge statue of<br />
the lady with the torch. In the reception center, my<br />
mother held my hand while the doctor examined<br />
me. Then, my father showed our papers to the<br />
official, and we collected our bags. I was scared as<br />
we headed off to find a home in our new country.<br />
TIP Look for these key terms in the assignment: go<br />
back in time, create, suppose that, if you were<br />
How to get started:<br />
• Study the events or issues of the time period<br />
you will write about.<br />
• Consider how these events or issues might<br />
have affected different people at the time.<br />
• Choose a person whose views you would like<br />
to present.<br />
• Identify the thoughts and feelings this person<br />
might have experienced.<br />
14 STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK
RESEARCH FOR WRITING<br />
Follow each step of the writing process to communicate effectively.<br />
After you have identified the purpose for your writing, you may need to do<br />
research. The following steps will help you plan, gather, organize, and present<br />
information.<br />
Step 1. Ask Questions<br />
Ask yourself questions to help guide your research. What do I already know about the topic?<br />
What do I want to find out about the topic?<br />
Locate and use appropriate sources of information<br />
about the topic.<br />
Step 2. Acquire Information<br />
Library<br />
Internet search<br />
Interviews<br />
Take notes.<br />
Follow accepted format for listing sources.<br />
Evaluate the information you find.<br />
Step 3. Analyze Information<br />
Is it relevant to the topic?<br />
Is it up-to-date?<br />
Is it accurate?<br />
Is the writer an authority on the topic?<br />
Is there any bias?<br />
Step 4. Use Information<br />
Answer your research questions with the<br />
Do I have all the information I need?<br />
information you have found. (You may find that<br />
you need to do more research.)<br />
Organize your information into the main points<br />
you want to make. Identify supporting details.<br />
Arrange ideas in outline form or in a graphic<br />
organizer.<br />
Step 5. Communicate What You’ve Learned<br />
Review the purpose for your writing and choose<br />
an appropriate way to present the information.<br />
Purpose<br />
inform<br />
persuade<br />
interpret<br />
Presentation<br />
formal paper, documentary,<br />
multimedia<br />
essay, letter to the editor, speech<br />
journal, newspaper account, drama<br />
Draft and revise your writing, and then evaluate it.<br />
Use a rubric for self-evaluation.<br />
STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK 15
EVALUATING YOUR WRITING<br />
Use the following rubric to help you evaluate your writing.<br />
Excellent Good Acceptable Unacceptable<br />
Purpose<br />
Achieves<br />
purpose—to<br />
inform, persuade,<br />
or provide<br />
historical<br />
interpretation—<br />
very well<br />
Informs,<br />
persuades, or<br />
provides<br />
historical<br />
interpretation<br />
reasonably well<br />
Reader cannot<br />
easily tell if the<br />
purpose is to<br />
inform, persuade,<br />
or provide<br />
historical<br />
interpretation<br />
Lacks purpose<br />
Organization<br />
Develops ideas<br />
in a very clear<br />
and logical way<br />
Presents ideas<br />
in a reasonably<br />
well-organized<br />
way<br />
Reader has<br />
difficulty following<br />
the<br />
organization<br />
Lacks<br />
organization<br />
Elaboration<br />
Explains all<br />
ideas with facts<br />
and details<br />
Explains most<br />
ideas with facts<br />
and details<br />
Includes some<br />
supporting facts<br />
and details<br />
Lacks supporting<br />
details<br />
Use of<br />
Language<br />
Uses excellent<br />
vocabulary and<br />
sentence<br />
structure with<br />
no errors in<br />
spelling,<br />
grammar, or<br />
punctuation<br />
Uses good<br />
vocabulary and<br />
sentence<br />
structure with<br />
very few errors<br />
in spelling,<br />
grammar, or<br />
punctuation<br />
Includes some<br />
errors in<br />
grammar,<br />
punctuation,<br />
and spelling<br />
Includes many<br />
errors in<br />
grammar,<br />
punctuation,<br />
and spelling<br />
16 STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Government and the State<br />
CHAPTER<br />
1<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 1, fill in the answers to the following questions.<br />
1. What are the four characteristics of a state?<br />
a. __________________________________________________________________<br />
population<br />
b. __________________________________________________________________<br />
territory<br />
c. __________________________________________________________________<br />
sovereignty<br />
d. __________________________________________________________________<br />
government<br />
2. What are the four theories of the origins of a state?<br />
a. __________________________________________________________________<br />
force theory<br />
b. __________________________________________________________________<br />
evolutionary theory<br />
c. __________________________________________________________________<br />
divine right theory<br />
d. __________________________________________________________________<br />
social contract theory<br />
3. What are six purposes of the American system of government?<br />
a. __________________________________________________________________<br />
form a more perfect union<br />
b. __________________________________________________________________<br />
establish justice<br />
c. __________________________________________________________________<br />
insure domestic tranquility<br />
d. __________________________________________________________________<br />
provide for the common defense<br />
e. __________________________________________________________________<br />
promote the general welfare<br />
f. __________________________________________________________________<br />
secure the blessings of liberty<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.<br />
4. government the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies<br />
5. public policy something the government decides to do about a certain issue<br />
6. legislative power the power to make laws<br />
7. executive power the power to enforce and administer laws<br />
8. judicial power the power to interpret laws and settle disputes<br />
9. constitution a body of fundamental laws that sets out the principles, structures, and processes of government<br />
10. dictatorship government in which those who rule are not responsible to the will of the people<br />
11. democracy government in which power rests with the people<br />
12. state a body of people living in a defined area which has a government and the power to make and enforce laws<br />
without the consent of a higher authority<br />
13. sovereign having supreme and absolute power<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 1 17
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
1<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Forms of Government<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Use the chart below to compare the democratic form of government to the dictatorship form of<br />
government.<br />
Democracy<br />
Sovereign power 1. the people<br />
2.<br />
is held by:<br />
Those who rule are 3. the people<br />
4.<br />
responsible to:<br />
Power is gained by: 5. elections<br />
6.<br />
Dictatorship<br />
the dictator or oligarch<br />
themselves<br />
force<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each<br />
blank.<br />
Column I<br />
_____ h<br />
_____ d<br />
_____ b<br />
7. a government in which a single person holds<br />
unlimited power<br />
8. a government in which the executive and legislative<br />
branches are separate and coequal<br />
9. a government in which power is divided between a<br />
central government and other local governments<br />
_____ g 10. a government in which a small, usually self-appointed,<br />
group has the power to rule<br />
_____ a 11. a government in which all power belongs to a central<br />
agency<br />
_____ c 12. an alliance of independent states<br />
_____ f 13. structuring a government so that power is shared by a<br />
central and several local governments<br />
_____ e 14. a government in which members of the executive branch<br />
are also members of the legislative branch and are subject<br />
to the legislature’s direct control<br />
Column II<br />
a. unitary government<br />
b. federal government<br />
c. confederation<br />
d. presidential government<br />
e. parliamentary<br />
government<br />
f. division of powers<br />
g. oligarchy<br />
h. autocracy<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
18 Chapter 1 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Basic Concepts of Democracy<br />
CHAPTER<br />
1<br />
A. As You Read<br />
On the chart below, write the five basic concepts of democracy and write a sentence describing each.<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
fundamental worth of the<br />
individual: Each individual is<br />
a distinct, important being.<br />
equality of all persons: Everyone is<br />
entitled to equal opportunity and<br />
equality under the law.<br />
The Basic Concepts<br />
of Democracy<br />
3.<br />
majority rule and minority rights:<br />
Democracy expects that the<br />
majority will be right more often<br />
than it will be wrong, but its rule is<br />
still restrained by minority rights.<br />
4.<br />
necessity of compromise:<br />
Compromise is the process needed<br />
to achieve majority agreement.<br />
5.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
individual freedom: Individuals<br />
are as free as the welfare of all<br />
individuals can allow.<br />
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. Possible answers below<br />
6. Explain the significance of the term compromise as it relates to problem-solving in a<br />
democratic society. In a democratic society, people must blend, adjust, and reconcile competing views to find<br />
the solution most acceptable to the largest number.<br />
7. What are the four factors underlying the free enterprise system? private ownership, individual<br />
initiative, profit, and competition<br />
8. How does the law of supply and demand operate? When supplies become plentiful, demand and prices<br />
tend to drop; when supplies become scarce, demand and prices tend to rise.<br />
9. What is a mixed economy? A mixed economy combines private enterprise with government regulation and<br />
participation.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 1 19
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
2<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Our Political Beginnings<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read the section, answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.<br />
See answers below<br />
Basic Concepts of Government<br />
1. What is ordered government?<br />
2. What is limited government?<br />
3. What is representative government?<br />
Landmark English Documents<br />
4. How did the Magna Carta affect English government?<br />
5. How did the Petition of Right affect English government?<br />
6. How did the English Bill of Rights affect English government?<br />
Government in the Colonies<br />
7. How were royal colonies governed?<br />
8. How were proprietary colonies governed?<br />
9. How were charter colonies governed?<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II.<br />
Write the correct letter in each blank.<br />
Column I<br />
_____ d 10. written grant of authority from the king to<br />
establish a colony<br />
_____ a 11. government that is not all-powerful<br />
_____ e 12. consisting of two houses, as in a legislature<br />
_____ b 13. government that serves the will of the people<br />
_____ c 14. document written in 1215 limiting the power<br />
of the English monarchy<br />
Column II<br />
a. limited government<br />
b. representative government<br />
c. Magna Carta<br />
d. charter<br />
e. bicameral<br />
f. unicameral<br />
Possible answers to questions 1–9<br />
1. Ordered government is the orderly regulation of people’s relationships with one another.<br />
2. Limited government is the idea that government is not all-powerful.<br />
3. Representative government is the idea that government serves the will of the people.<br />
4. The Magna Carta introduced trial by jury and due process of law, and limited the king’s power.<br />
5. The Petition of Right stipulated that political critics could not be imprisoned or punished without a jury trial, martial<br />
law could not be imposed during peacetime, troops could not be quartered without homeowners’ consent, and taxes<br />
could not be levied without the consent of Parliament.<br />
6. The English Bill of Rights elevated the Parliament in English government by requiring its permission to maintain a<br />
standing army in peacetime, to suspend or execute laws, and to levy money for the use of the Crown. The bill also<br />
guaranteed fair trials, freedom from excessive bail, and freedom from cruel and unusual punishment.<br />
7. Royal colonies were subject to the direct control of the crown through a governor and a bicameral legislature.<br />
8. Proprietary colonies were owned by private citizens who appointed governors aided by legislatures; these colonies were<br />
still subject to English law.<br />
9. Charter colonies were self-governing under the terms of original charters granted by the monarch; these colonies<br />
elected their own bicameral legislatures and governors, who served with approval of the king.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
20 Chapter 2 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Coming of Independence<br />
CHAPTER<br />
2<br />
A. As You Read<br />
The dates on the chart below indicate important developments and events related to American<br />
independence. As you read Section 2, fill in the chart by writing a brief description of the significance<br />
of each date listed.<br />
Year/Date<br />
1. 1643<br />
2. 1696<br />
3. 1754<br />
4. 1765<br />
5. 1770, March 5<br />
6. 1772<br />
7. 1773, December 16<br />
8. 1774, Spring<br />
9. 1774, September 5<br />
10. 1775, April 19<br />
11. 1775, May 10<br />
12. 1776, June 7<br />
13. 1776, July 2<br />
Description of Event<br />
New England Confederation is formed.<br />
William Penn attempts, but fails, to organize colonies to cooperate in trade, defense,<br />
and criminal matters.<br />
Albany Plan of Union is proposed.<br />
Stamp Act is passed and Stamp Act Congress is convened.<br />
Boston Massacre<br />
Committees of Correspondence are first organized.<br />
Boston Tea Party<br />
Parliament passes the Intolerable Acts.<br />
First Continental Congress convenes.<br />
Revolution begins at Lexington and Concord.<br />
Second Continental Congress convenes.<br />
Richard Henry Lee proposes U.S. independence.<br />
Congress passes Lee’s independence resolution.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
14. 1776, July 4<br />
15. 1781, March 1<br />
Declaration of Independence is adopted.<br />
Articles of Confederation go into effect.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following key terms.<br />
16. delegates__________________________________________________________________________<br />
representatives<br />
17. confederation _____________________________________________________________________<br />
the joining of several groups for a common purpose<br />
18. repeal ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
recall<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 2 21
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
2<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Critical Period<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 3, answer the questions below on a separate piece of paper or in the space<br />
provided.<br />
The Articles of Confederation<br />
1. Describe the structure of the government set up by the Articles of Confederation.<br />
Congress was unicameral and was the only branch of government. Congressional committees would handle executive and<br />
judiciary functions. Congress would choose the president of the legislature (not the same as the President of the U.S.)<br />
Fill in the chart below with the 10 powers granted to Congress under the Articles.<br />
Congressional Powers Under the Articles of Confederation<br />
2.____________________________________<br />
make war and peace<br />
3.____________________________________<br />
send and receive ambassadors<br />
4.____________________________________<br />
make treaties<br />
5.____________________________________<br />
borrow money<br />
6.____________________________________<br />
set up monetary system<br />
7.____________________________________<br />
establish post offices<br />
8.____________________________________<br />
build navy<br />
9.____________________________________<br />
raise army by asking States for troops<br />
10. fix __________________________________<br />
uniform standards of weights and measures<br />
11. settle __________________________________<br />
disputes among States<br />
treat citizens equally; give full faith and credit to acts,<br />
12. What obligations did States have to one another? records, and judicial proceedings; surrender fugitives;<br />
permit open trade and travel; submit disputes to Congress for settlement<br />
13. What obligations did States have to citizens?<br />
to protect life and property; to promote the general welfare of people<br />
14. What powers did Congress not have?<br />
the power to tax, the power to regulate trade between the States, and the power to exercise its own laws<br />
The Critical Period, the 1780s<br />
15. What government action took place in response to Shays’ Rebellion?<br />
The Massachusetts legislature passed laws that eased the burden of debtors.<br />
A Need for Stronger Government<br />
16. What was the goal of the Constitutional Convention?<br />
to revise the Articles of Confederation to better suit the needs of the U.S.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following key terms.<br />
17. ratification ________________________________________________________________________<br />
formal approval<br />
18. presiding officer ___________________________________________________________________<br />
chief of an organization or group<br />
22 Chapter 2 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Creating the Constitution<br />
CHAPTER<br />
2<br />
A. As You Read<br />
The chart below outlines the initial plans for a constitution and the “bundle of compromises” that<br />
resulted from the various plans. As you read Section 4, complete the chart by filling in the boxes<br />
provided.<br />
Plan<br />
or Compromise<br />
Virginia Plan<br />
Provisions<br />
three separate branches, bicameral<br />
legislature, representation based on<br />
1. population or wealth of State, lower 2.<br />
house popularly elected, upper house<br />
chosen by States, veto power over<br />
State laws, Congress chooses executive<br />
and judiciary, veto power of executive<br />
and judiciary over Congress<br />
Type of States<br />
That Benefited<br />
large States and wealthy<br />
States<br />
New Jersey Plan<br />
unicameral legislature, States equally<br />
3. represented, limited power to tax and 4.<br />
regulate trade, more than one executive<br />
chosen by legislature, State governors<br />
could remove executive, judiciary<br />
appointed by executive<br />
small States<br />
Connecticut<br />
Compromise<br />
5. bicameral Congress with membership in 6.<br />
House based on population and in<br />
Senate based on equal numbers for<br />
each State<br />
all States<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
Three-Fifths<br />
Compromise<br />
Commerce and<br />
Slave Trade<br />
Compromise<br />
In northern States both taxes and<br />
7. representation were based on 8.<br />
population; Southerners could add<br />
three-fifths of the enslaved toward<br />
representation, but they also had to<br />
count them toward taxes owed to the<br />
National Government.<br />
southern States for<br />
population count, northern<br />
States for taxation<br />
9. Congress was forbidden to tax exports 10. southern States<br />
and to pass laws against slave trade<br />
for at least 20 years.<br />
11. Name a group whose interests seem to have been ignored, or even harmed, by the<br />
compromises that created the Constitution. ____________________________________<br />
enslaved African Americans<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, use the key term below in a sentence<br />
that shows the meaning of the term.<br />
12. Framers<br />
Sentences should indicate that Framers were delegates to the Philadelphia Convention, and authors of<br />
the Constitution.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 2 23
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
2<br />
Section 5: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Ratifying the Constitution<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read the section, fill in the following outline by writing supporting details in the form of<br />
answers to questions 1–5.<br />
The Fight for Ratification<br />
1. What were the positions of each side toward ratification?<br />
a. Federalists: __________________________________________<br />
Federalists favored ratification of the Constitution.<br />
b. Anti-Federalists: ______________________________________<br />
Anti-Federalists opposed its ratification.<br />
2. What were the five issues involved in the ratification debate?<br />
the weakness of the National Government under the Articles<br />
a. ______________________________________<br />
of Confederation versus the strength of the one proposed by the Constitution<br />
b. ______________________________________<br />
the ratification process itself<br />
c. ______________________________________<br />
absence of mention of God in the Constitution<br />
d. ______________________________________<br />
denial to States of the right to print money<br />
e. ______________________________________<br />
lack of a bill of rights<br />
3. On what two States did the success or failure of ratification depend?<br />
____________________________ Virginia<br />
and ________________________<br />
New York<br />
Inaugurating the Government<br />
4. Where was the first national capital located? ____________________________<br />
New York City<br />
5. Who became the new nation’s first President and Vice President?<br />
a. President: _________________________________________<br />
George Washington<br />
b. Vice President: ______________________________________<br />
John Adams<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Identify the following people as either a Federalist or an Anti-Federalist. On the spaces provided,<br />
write an A for Anti-Federalist or an F for Federalist.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
6. James Madison _____ F<br />
7. Patrick Henry _____ A<br />
8. Alexander Hamilton _____ F<br />
24 Chapter 2 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Six Basic Principles<br />
CHAPTER<br />
3<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 1, fill in a description of each of the six basic principles of the Constitution,<br />
shown in the chart below.<br />
Principle<br />
Popular Sovereignty 1.<br />
Description<br />
government by the consent of the governed<br />
Limited Government 2.<br />
Government is not all-powerful; it may do only what people empower it to do.<br />
Separation of Powers 3.<br />
distribution of power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches<br />
Checks and Balances 4.<br />
Each branch is subject to a number of constitutional checks, or restraints,<br />
by the other branches.<br />
Judicial Review 5.<br />
The Court has the power to determine the constitutionality of government actions.<br />
Federalism 6.<br />
division of power among a central government and several regional governments<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
7. The idea that government and its officers are always subject to— never above—the law is<br />
described as the ________________________________.<br />
rule of law<br />
8. The principle of ________________________________ constitutionalism<br />
expresses the concept that<br />
government must be conducted according to constitutional principles.<br />
9. Judicial review is the power to declare a government action that violates some provision of<br />
the Constitution to be ________________________________.<br />
unconstitutional<br />
10. The ________________ Preamble is the brief introduction that begins the Constitution.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 3 25
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
3<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Formal Amendment<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 2, answer the following questions.<br />
Formal Amendment Process<br />
1. What are the two steps involved in the first method of amending the Constitution?<br />
a. __________________________________________________________________<br />
Proposed by Congress by a two-thirds vote in both houses.<br />
b. __________________________________________________________________<br />
Ratified by three-fourths of the State legislatures.<br />
2. What are the two steps involved in the second method of amending the Constitution?<br />
a. __________________________________________________________________<br />
Proposed by Congress by a two-thirds vote in both houses.<br />
b. __________________________________________________________________<br />
Ratified by special conventions in three-fourths of the States.<br />
3. What are the two steps involved in the third method of amending the Constitution?<br />
a. __________________________________________________________________<br />
Proposed at a national convention when requested by two-thirds of the State legislatures.<br />
b. __________________________________________________________________<br />
Ratified by three-fourths of the State legislatures.<br />
4. What are the two steps involved in the fourth method of amending the Constitution?<br />
a. __________________________________________________________________<br />
Proposed at a national convention.<br />
b. __________________________________________________________________<br />
Ratified by special conventions held in three-fourths of the States.<br />
The 27 Amendments<br />
5. What is the Bill of Rights? __________________________________________________<br />
the first ten amendments, setting out constitutional guarantees of<br />
freedom of expression and belief, of freedom and security of the person, and of fair and equal treatment<br />
<br />
before the law<br />
6. Which amendments were results of the Civil War? ______________________________<br />
the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and<br />
<br />
Fifteenth Amendments<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Use each key term below in a sentence that reflects the meaning of the term. Possible sentences below<br />
7. amendment ________________________________________________________________<br />
The Constitution can only be changed by amendments.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
8. formal amendment __________________________________________________________<br />
A formal amendment results in a written change to the Constitution.<br />
26 Chapter 3 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Informal Procedures<br />
CHAPTER<br />
3<br />
As You Read<br />
As you read Section 3, complete the chart below by writing a brief definition of each method of<br />
constitutional change shown, and by giving an example of each.<br />
Basic Legislation<br />
1. Definition: ______________<br />
passage of laws<br />
____________________________<br />
that refine or define the Constitution<br />
2. Example: ________________<br />
establishing court<br />
_______________<br />
system<br />
Executive Action<br />
3. Definition: _______________<br />
using the President’s<br />
____________________________<br />
power to act independently of Congress<br />
4. Example: ________________<br />
expanding President’s<br />
war powers; making pacts with foreign<br />
leaders _______________<br />
without consent of the Senate<br />
Constitutional<br />
Change<br />
Court Decisions<br />
5. Definition: ______________<br />
using court cases<br />
____________________________<br />
to interpret the Constitution<br />
6. Example: _______________<br />
Marbury v. Madison<br />
_______________<br />
and judicial review<br />
Party Practices<br />
9. Definition: ______________<br />
using practices<br />
of political parties to change<br />
______________________________<br />
political processes<br />
10. Example: _______________<br />
nominating<br />
presidential candidates at<br />
national ______________<br />
conventions<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
Custom<br />
7. Definition: _______________<br />
upholding long-held<br />
_____________________________<br />
customs as constitutional necessity<br />
8. Example: _________________<br />
making executive<br />
department heads the<br />
_______________<br />
President’s Cabinet<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following key terms.<br />
11. treaty ____________________________________________________________<br />
a formal agreement between two or more sovereign states<br />
a pact made by the President directly with the head of a foreign state, skirting the<br />
12. executive agreement ______________________________________________________________<br />
need for Senate approval<br />
the Senate’s rejection of a presidential appointment when that appointment is opposed<br />
13. senatorial courtesy ________________________________________________________________<br />
by a majority party senator from the State in which the appointee would serve<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 3 27
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
4<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Federalism: The Division of Power<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 1, write N in the first box provided if the power given belongs ONLY to the<br />
National Government, S if it belongs ONLY to the States, or B if it belongs to both. In the second<br />
box, write whether any power belonging to the National Government is an example of an<br />
expressed, implied, or inherent power.<br />
Power<br />
1. collect taxes<br />
2. build an interstate highway system<br />
3. regulate immigration<br />
4. license doctors<br />
5. make treaties<br />
6. maintain armed forces<br />
7. declare war<br />
8. deport alien<br />
9. prohibit racial discrimination<br />
in access to restaurants<br />
10. set up public school systems<br />
11. punish crimes<br />
National (N),<br />
State (S), or<br />
Both(B)<br />
B<br />
N<br />
N<br />
S<br />
N<br />
N<br />
N<br />
N<br />
N<br />
S<br />
B<br />
Expressed, Implied, or Inherent<br />
expressed<br />
implied<br />
inherent<br />
expressed<br />
expressed<br />
expressed<br />
inherent<br />
implied<br />
implied<br />
12. coin money<br />
N<br />
expressed<br />
13. regulate the sale of liquor<br />
S<br />
14. regulate interstate commerce<br />
N<br />
expressed<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
15. A system of government in which powers are divided between a central government and<br />
several regional governments is called ________________________________.<br />
federalism<br />
16. The ________________________________ reserved<br />
powers are those set aside for the States.<br />
17. The ________________________________ division of powers<br />
between the National Government and the<br />
States was spelled out in the Bill of Rights.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
28 Chapter 4 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The National Government and the 50 States<br />
CHAPTER<br />
4<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 2, answer the following questions on the lines provided.<br />
The Nation’s Obligations to the States<br />
1. A republican form of government is ______________________________.<br />
representative government<br />
2. Three obligations the Constitution places on the National Government for the benefit of the<br />
States are: a. ________________________________________________<br />
to protect against invasion and domestic violence<br />
b. ________________________________________________<br />
to guarantee every State a representative government<br />
c. ________________________________________________<br />
to recognize the boundaries and physical existence of each State<br />
Admitting New States<br />
3. A congressional act directing a territory that wants to become a State to frame a proposed State<br />
constitution is called ___________________________________________.<br />
an enabling act<br />
4. A congressional law that agrees to grant statehood is _____________________________<br />
an act of admission<br />
________________________________________________.<br />
Cooperative Federalism<br />
5. The general term for federal money or resources granted to States or local governments is<br />
___________________________.<br />
grants-in-aid programs<br />
6. An example of a way that States aid the National Government is ___________________<br />
Answers should refer to state and<br />
local ________________________________________________________.<br />
election officials conducting national elections; state courts supervising naturalization process; and local police<br />
cooperating with the F.B.I.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II.<br />
Write the correct letter in each blank.<br />
Column I<br />
_____ b<br />
_____ d<br />
_____ a<br />
7. federal money granted to a State for a specific purpose<br />
8. federal money given to States or other local governments<br />
with fewer-than-usual strings attached<br />
9. federal aid program in place from 1972–1987 in which<br />
Congress gave a share of federal tax revenue to the States<br />
_____ c 10. federal money given to private agencies, States, or local<br />
governments that apply for it<br />
Column II<br />
a. revenue sharing<br />
b. categorical grant<br />
c. project grant<br />
d. block grant<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 4 29
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
4<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Interstate Relations<br />
A. As You Read<br />
The chart below will help you organize information on interstate relations. As you read Section 3,<br />
write the answer for each question in the spaces provided.<br />
Interstate Relations<br />
1. Interstate Compacts Why might States feel the need to form compacts with other States?<br />
to ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
achieve together what one State might have difficulty doing alone<br />
____________________________________________________________________________<br />
2. Full Faith and Credit What are three areas in which States give full faith and credit to<br />
citizens of other States? _______________________________________________________<br />
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings<br />
____________________________________________________________________________<br />
3. Extradition What is extradition? _______________________________________________<br />
the legal process by which a fugitive from justice in one State is<br />
returned ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
to that State from another<br />
____________________________________________________________________________<br />
4. Privileges and Immunities What is an example of a reasonable discrimination a State<br />
may exercise against a citizen of another State? ___________________________________<br />
A State may charge a nonresident higher fees for<br />
fishing ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
or hunting licenses or to attend a State university.<br />
____________________________________________________________________________<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms in the space provided.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
5. interstate compact _________________________________________________________<br />
an agreement made between two or more States<br />
6.<br />
A State must respect and recognize the validity of records,<br />
Full Faith and Credit Clause ________________________________________________<br />
documents, and civil court decisions in other States.<br />
7.<br />
No State can draw unreasonable distinctions between its own residents<br />
Privileges and Immunities Clause_____________________________________________<br />
and people who live in other States.<br />
30 Chapter 4 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Parties and What They Do<br />
CHAPTER<br />
5<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 1, write the correct answers in the blanks provided on the chart below.<br />
Functions of Political Parties<br />
Function Description Explanation<br />
1. ________________ nominating selecting candidates The activity that sets political<br />
parties apart from other political<br />
groups<br />
Informing and Inform people and activate their Parties share this function with<br />
activating supporters interests in public affairs. 2. _____________________ media and<br />
3. __________________ interest groups.<br />
Bonding agent Tries to choose candidates who After candidates are elected, the<br />
are 4. _____________________<br />
qualified<br />
party prods them to do well or<br />
and of good character.<br />
suffer in the next 5. ____________<br />
election<br />
Governing Helps 6. ___________________ legislative<br />
Most appointments to executive<br />
and executive branches work branch are made on basis of<br />
together.<br />
7. _________________, partisanship or<br />
allegiance to a political party.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
8. ________________ watchdog Party that is 9. ______________ out of power The loyal opposition urges votes to<br />
___________________________ 10. __________________________<br />
“throw the rascals out”<br />
criticizes the party that controls _____________________________<br />
the government.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
11. All _____________ political parties can be defined as groups of persons who join together because they want<br />
to gain control of the government through winning elections.<br />
12. Allegiance to a political party is known as _____________________.<br />
partisanship<br />
13. In the United States, the major ______________ parties are the Democrats and the Republicans.<br />
14. The party that controls the executive branch is known as the _____________________.<br />
party in power<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 5 31
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
5<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Two-Party System<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 2, fill in the blanks below explaining how each factor contributes to the<br />
stability of the two-party system in the United States. Possible answers below<br />
1. Historical Basis: __________________________________________________________________<br />
The Republic began with two parties: Federalists and Anti-Federalists.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
2. Tradition: ______________________________________________________________________<br />
Once established, the two-party system continues because of tradition and a reluctance to<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
support minor parties.<br />
3. Electoral System: ________________________________________________________________<br />
Single-member districts discourage voters from “wasting” votes on minor party<br />
candidates. ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Election laws are designed to discourage minor parties.<br />
4. Ideological Consensus: ____________________________________________________________<br />
Because Americans agree on fundamental issues, the conditions that could produce<br />
several ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
strong rival parties do not exist.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms.<br />
5. minor party______________________________________________________________________<br />
one of the less widely supported parties in the United States<br />
6. two-party system political ________________________________________________________________<br />
system in which only two parties have a reasonable chance of winning office<br />
7. single-member district election ____________________________________________________________<br />
district in which only one candidate is elected to each office on the ballot<br />
the largest number of votes cast for an office (contrasted with majority, which is more than half of all<br />
8. plurality votes ________________________________________________________________________<br />
cast)<br />
9. pluralistic society a ________________________________________________________________<br />
society that consists of several distinct cultures and groups<br />
10. consensus ______________________________________________________________________<br />
a general agreement on fundamental matters among various groups<br />
11. multiparty ______________________________________________________________________<br />
a system with several major parties and many smaller parties<br />
under dictatorship, a system in which only one party is allowed; or in another sense, an area<br />
12. one-party system in ________________________________________________________________<br />
which one party dominates regional politics<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
32 Chapter 5 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Two-Party System in American History<br />
CHAPTER<br />
5<br />
A. As You Read<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, draw a chart like the one shown. Fill in the chart as you read Section 3.<br />
Period of Supporters Leaders<br />
Dominance (if any)<br />
Federalists 1. strong before 1800 2. the rich and well-born 3. Hamilton<br />
Jeffersonian 4. 1800–1820s 5. common people 6. Jefferson, Madison<br />
Republicans<br />
Jacksonian 7. 1820s–1830s 8. small farmers, debtors, 9. Andrew Jackson<br />
Democrats<br />
slaveowners, pioneers<br />
Whigs 10. 1830s–1850s, never 11. bankers, merchants, 12. Clay, Webster, Harrison,<br />
dominant industrialists, planters Taylor<br />
Republicans 13. 1860–1932 14. business and financial 15. Lincoln, Taft,<br />
interests, labor, farmers, T. Roosevelt, McKinley,<br />
African Americans<br />
Frémont<br />
Post-Civil War 16. never dominant outside 17. the South 18. Bryan, Wilson<br />
Democrats<br />
the South<br />
the South, small<br />
New Deal 19. 1932–1968 20. farmers, organized labor, 21. FDR, Truman, Kennedy,<br />
Democrats<br />
big-city political organizations,<br />
Johnson<br />
minorities<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, describe the major issues for each of the following periods.<br />
22. Era of the Democrats, 1800–1860 conflict over public lands, Second Bank of the United States, high<br />
tariffs, slavery<br />
23. Era of the Republicans, 1860–1932 Civil War, Reconstruction, Great Depression<br />
24. Return of the Democrats, 1932–1968 Great Depression, New Deal, World War II, Kennedy assassination<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
On a separate sheet of paper define the following terms.<br />
25. incumbent the person currently holding office<br />
26. faction groups that dissent<br />
27. electorate the people eligible to vote<br />
28. sectionalism devotion to the interests of a particular region<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 5 33
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
5<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Minor Parties<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 4, define and give examples of the four types of minor parties on the<br />
chart below. Possible answers below<br />
Definition<br />
Single-Issue Parties 3. parties that focus on a single public 4.<br />
policy issue<br />
Examples<br />
Ideological Parties 1. those based on a particular set of beliefs 2. any of the following: Communist party,<br />
and having a comprehensive view of social, Socialist party, Socialist Labor party,<br />
economic, and political matters<br />
Socialist Workers party, Libertarian party<br />
Economic Protest 5. parties that protest economic hard times, 6. Greenback party, Populist party<br />
Parties<br />
blaming perceived enemies and proclaiming<br />
disgust with the major parties<br />
Splinter Parties 7. parties that split away from one of the 8.<br />
major parties<br />
any of the following: American (“Know-<br />
Nothing”) party, Free Soil party, Rightto-Life<br />
party<br />
any of the following: Progressive “Bull<br />
Moose” party, Progressive party (1924),<br />
Progressive party (1948), American<br />
Independent party, “Dixiecrat” party<br />
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.<br />
9. What tends to happen to single-issue parties? They fade away, or their policies are adopted by one of<br />
the major parties<br />
10. Which type of minor party has been most successful in winning votes? splinter parties<br />
11. Which type of minor party has been the longest lived? ideological parties<br />
12. What useful functions have minor parties performed in American history? They have drawn<br />
attention to problems ignored by the major parties, and they have played “spoiler roles” in close elections.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Decide whether each of the following theoretical parties is an example of an ideological party, a<br />
single-issue party, an economic protest party, or a splinter party. Write the correct term in the blank<br />
provided.<br />
______________ single-issue party 13.<br />
______________ splinter party 14.<br />
economic protest<br />
______________ party 15.<br />
______________ ideological party 16.<br />
______________ single-issue party 17.<br />
The “Free Choice” party is formed by people intent on legalizing the use of<br />
marijuana for medical purposes.<br />
A group of Democrats, dissatisfied with the party’s moderate nominee,<br />
decides to form a new “People’s Rights” party to back their more liberal<br />
leader, Henry J. Smith.<br />
A group of angry Midwestern farmers and laborers forms the “Working<br />
People’s” party, calling for higher tariffs, higher farm subsidies, and<br />
congressional term limitations.<br />
The “Socialist Justice” party calls for a complete overhaul of the American<br />
political, economic, and legal systems.<br />
The “Equity” party works for an end to affirmative action programs.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
34 Chapter 5 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 5: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Party Organization<br />
CHAPTER<br />
5<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 5, complete the chart below by supplying the missing information in the<br />
blanks provided.<br />
National Party Machinery<br />
Mechanism Term or when it Role<br />
takes place<br />
National Convention 1. ________________ every fourth year, the 2. ______________________________________<br />
nominates candidates for President and Vice<br />
summer before<br />
________________<br />
presidential election ______________________________________<br />
President; adopts party rules and platform<br />
National Committee 3. ________________ between conventions 4. ______________________________________<br />
mainly prepares for the next national convention<br />
________________ ______________________________________<br />
National Chairperson 5. ________________<br />
for a four-year term<br />
________________<br />
6. ______________________________________<br />
leads national committee, directs party headquarters,<br />
______________________________________<br />
works to strengthen the party<br />
Congressional 7. ________________ two years, during a 8. ______________________________________<br />
works to reelect incumbents and to unseat the other<br />
Campaign ________________ term of Congress ______________________________________<br />
party’s incumbents in each house<br />
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
9. Two factors that contribute to the decentralization of parties are _____________________<br />
federalism<br />
and ________________________________________.<br />
nominating powers<br />
10. The party out of power operates at a disadvantage because it has no leader comparable to<br />
_____________________________.<br />
the President<br />
11. In recent years, there has been a sharp rise in the number of voters who identify themselves<br />
as __________________________.<br />
independents<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms.<br />
12. ward unit into which a city is divided for electing city council members<br />
13. precinct the smallest unit of election administration<br />
14. split-ticket voting voting for candidates of different parties at the same election<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 5 35
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
6<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Right to Vote<br />
A. As You Read<br />
The chart below illustrates the expansion of suffrage. As you read Section 1, fill in the boxes provided<br />
by describing the portion of the American population that was qualified to vote at the time given.<br />
1. white ____________________________________<br />
male property owners; about 1/15 of white males<br />
the Constitution 1789<br />
2. ______________________________________________<br />
almost all adult white males<br />
dropped religious & property qualifications 1850<br />
3. ______________________________________________________<br />
all adult males, including African Americans (but this was not enforced)<br />
15th Amendment 1870<br />
4. ________________________________________________________________<br />
all adult men and women (but African Americans largely disenfranchised)<br />
19th Amendment 1920<br />
5. ________________________________________________________________________<br />
all adult men and women, including African Americans<br />
Civil Rights Movement<br />
1960s<br />
6. ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
all men and women over 18<br />
26th Amendment 1971<br />
Write the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
During the last two hundred years, Americans have broadened the right (7.) ______________ to vote by<br />
eliminating barriers based on (8.) _______________ religious belief, (9.) _______________ property ownership,<br />
(10.) _______________ tax payment, race, and (11.) _______________. sex At the same time, the<br />
(12.) ______________ Federal Government has assumed a greater role in deciding who can vote and how<br />
elections should be run.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each<br />
blank. You may use two terms to answer one question.<br />
Column I<br />
_____ b, c 13. the right to vote<br />
_____ a 14. the potential voting population<br />
Column II<br />
a. electorate<br />
b. franchise<br />
c. suffrage<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
36 Chapter 6 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Voter Qualifications<br />
CHAPTER<br />
6<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 2, answer the following questions in the space provided.<br />
1. According to the Constitution, can aliens vote? ______________________________________<br />
yes<br />
2. Do any State governments today allow aliens to vote? no ________________________________<br />
3. What are the two reasons that States adopted residency requirements?<br />
a. ______________________________________________________________________________<br />
to prevent the importing of enough people to fix the outcome of an election<br />
b. ______________________________________________________________________________<br />
to ensure that voters have time to inform themselves about candidates and issues<br />
4. What is the longest period of residence that any State today requires before permitting new<br />
residents to vote? 50 ________________________________________________________________<br />
days<br />
5. What is the oldest minimum age a State can set for voters? 18 ____________________________<br />
6. What kinds of information are voters usually asked to give when they register to vote? ____<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
name, age, place of birth, present address, length of residence<br />
7. a. Why do some people argue that voter registration ought to be abolished? Some ______________<br />
say it is a bar<br />
to voter turnout among the poor and less educated.<br />
b. Why do others believe registration is important? __________________________________<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Some argue that it is a necessary defense against fraud.<br />
8. What were the three provisions of the Motor Voter Law? registration ______________________________<br />
during driver’s license<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
application or renewal; registration by mail; registration forms available at many government offices<br />
9. Why were literacy tests abolished? They __________________________________________________<br />
were used to discriminate against people based on their race.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
10. In what region of the country was the poll tax once used? Why was it abolished? __________<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
in the South; because it was used to discourage African Americans from voting<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
11. What groups of persons are widely barred from voting? people ________________________________<br />
in mental hospitals, those who are<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
legally found to be mentally incompetent, and those convicted of serious crimes<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
12. ______________________________ Literacy<br />
is the ability to read or write.<br />
13. A __________________________ poll tax<br />
was a sum of money that had to be paid by the voter at the<br />
time he or she cast a ballot.<br />
14. _____________________________ Registration<br />
is a procedure for voter identification.<br />
15. Election officials are regularly supposed to ____________ purge their ____________________ poll books of the<br />
names of those who no longer meet voting requirements.<br />
16. Most States prohibit _________________, transients people who live there for a short time, from being<br />
considered legal residents.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 6 37
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
6<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Suffrage and Civil Rights<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 3, complete the paragraphs below by writing the correct answers in the blanks<br />
provided.<br />
THE 15TH AMENDMENT was ratified in<br />
(1.) ___________. 1870 It states that no citizen can<br />
be denied suffrage on the basis of<br />
(2.) ___________, race color, or previous<br />
condition of (3.) ___________. servitude Although this<br />
amendment was intended to enfranchise<br />
(4.) ______________ African American men, in fact it was not<br />
enforced for almost 100 years.<br />
THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957 set up the<br />
(5.) _______________________ U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and gave the<br />
attorney general the right to seek federal<br />
(6.) ______________ court orders to prevent actions that<br />
interfered with the voting rights of qualified<br />
citizens.<br />
THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1960 provided for<br />
the appointment of federal (7.) ___________<br />
voting referees<br />
_____________. Their duty was to make sure<br />
that qualified citizens were allowed to (8.)<br />
______________ register and (9.) ______________ vote in<br />
federal elections.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 forbade<br />
discriminatory (10.) registration ______________ or literacy<br />
requirements. It relied heavily on the use of<br />
the (11.) ________________ court system to<br />
overcome racial discrimination.<br />
Its shortcomings became clear when Martin<br />
Luther (12.) ___________ King, Jr. organized a voter<br />
registration drive in the city of (13.)<br />
_____________________. Selma, Alabama Efforts to register<br />
African-American voters were met with<br />
violent opposition.<br />
THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 attacked<br />
the use of the (14.) ______________ poll tax and<br />
(15.) ______________ literacy tests. It authorized the<br />
appointment of (16.) ______________ voting examiners in any<br />
State or county in which less than (17.)<br />
___________ half of the electorate had been registered<br />
or (18.) _____________ voted in the 1964<br />
elections. In 1975 the law was extended to<br />
cover States and counties in which more<br />
than (19.) ___________ five percent of the adult<br />
population belongs to the following groups:<br />
(20.) _________________________________<br />
(language minorities): Hispanics, Native<br />
______________________________________<br />
Americans, Asian Americans, Alaskan natives<br />
Write the correct definition for each of the following terms on a separate sheet of paper and tell<br />
why they were important.<br />
21. gerrymandering drawing lines of electoral districts that limit the voting strength of a particular group or party<br />
22. injunction court order that either compels or restrains an act by an individual<br />
23. preclearance approval given before an action is taken<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
38 Chapter 6 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Voter Behavior<br />
CHAPTER<br />
6<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read the section, fill in the answers to the questions below. Possible answers below<br />
1. What type of election years have the highest voter turnout? presidential ______________________________<br />
election years<br />
2. What is “ballot fatigue”? Voters __________________________________________________________<br />
lose their patience and/or knowledge as they work their way down a ballot.<br />
3. What is the largest group of “cannot-voters”? resident ________________________________________<br />
aliens<br />
4. Why do some nonvoters deliberately choose to not vote? They ________________________________<br />
think that their votes will not have an<br />
______________________________________________________<br />
effect on government.<br />
The news media predicts election winners when the polls in the East and Midwest<br />
5. What is “time-zone fallout”? close, ______________________________________________________<br />
resulting in lower voter turnout in the West where the polls are still open.<br />
6. What is the chief reason that most nonvoters do not vote? lack ______________________________<br />
of interest<br />
______________________________________________________<br />
7. How do each of these factors affect the likelihood of whether people do or do not vote?<br />
a. level of income: People ________________________________________________________________<br />
with higher incomes are more likely to vote than people with lower incomes.<br />
b. occupation: People ____________________________________________________________________<br />
with higher status occupations are more likely to vote.<br />
c. education: Better-educated ____________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
people are more likely to vote than those with less education.<br />
d. age: People __________________________________________________________________________<br />
under 35 are less likely to vote than older people.<br />
e. gender: Women ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
are more likely to vote than men.<br />
People with a strong party identification are more likely to vote than people with a weak<br />
f. party identification: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
party identification.<br />
Fill in the characteristics in the chart below to compare some factors that influence whether people<br />
are more likely to vote Democrat or Republican.<br />
Democrat<br />
Income/Occupation 8. lower status, lower income<br />
9.<br />
Republican<br />
higher status, higher income<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
Education 10. less educated<br />
11. more educated<br />
Gender/Age 12. women/younger<br />
13. men/older<br />
Religion 14. Catholics, Jews<br />
15. Protestants<br />
Ethnicity 16. African American, other nonwhites,<br />
Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans<br />
17. Whites, Cuban Latinos<br />
Geography 18. many southern states and big cities 19. Maine, Vermont, Kansas, Nebraska,<br />
North Dakota, South Dakota; suburbs<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Answers can be found on the following<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms. Student Edition pages:<br />
20. off-year election 23. gender gap 26. split-ticket voting<br />
p. 164 p. 169 p. 171<br />
21. political efficacy 24. party identification 27. independents<br />
p. 166 p. 171 p. 171<br />
22. political socialization 25. straight-ticket voting<br />
p. 168 p. 171<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 6 39
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
7<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Nominating Process<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Complete the chart below as you read Section 1. For each nominating method, write when it came<br />
into use and the procedure for nominating candidates.<br />
Nominating Method<br />
Self-Announcement 1.<br />
How it Works<br />
candidate (or a friend) announces intention to run for office<br />
Caucus 2.<br />
like-minded influential people (later, Congress members of the same party)<br />
gather to decide whom they will support in an election<br />
Convention 3.<br />
elected delegates select their party’s nominees<br />
Direct Primary 4.<br />
party members vote for candidates for their party<br />
Closed Primary 5.<br />
only declared party members vote for candidates for their party<br />
Open Primary 6.<br />
qualified voters, independent or of either party, vote for a party’s candidates<br />
Petition 7.<br />
eligible voters sign petitions in support of a particular candidate<br />
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.<br />
8. Why is the nominating process particularly important in a two-party system?<br />
9. What are some popular criticisms of the primary process?<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
It narrows<br />
voters’ choices<br />
Lack of anonymity, “bedsheet” ballots,<br />
expense, restriction to one party<br />
Read the statements below. If a statement is true, write T in the blank provided. If it is false, write<br />
F. Then rewrite the statement on a separate sheet of paper to make it true.<br />
_____ T 10. Nomination means the naming of candidates who will seek office.<br />
_____ F 11. During the early national period, major-party presidential candidates were nominated<br />
by State legislatures.<br />
_____ F 12. In a blanket primary, voters can nominate a Democratic and a Republican candidate<br />
for each office.<br />
_____ F 13. In States that require nominees to win a plurality of the popular vote, runoff primaries<br />
are sometimes needed.<br />
_____ T 14. In a nonpartisan election, candidates are not identified by party.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
40 Chapter 7 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Elections<br />
CHAPTER<br />
7<br />
A. As You Read<br />
1. Write a brief paragraph summarizing the information given under the heading “The<br />
Administration of Elections.” See answer below<br />
Complete the chart below as you read Section 2. For each method of voting given, write its major<br />
features and any advantages or disadvantages of the methods.<br />
Method of Voting Features Advantages/Disadvantages<br />
Some thought this was the only<br />
Voice Voting 2. Voters state their votes aloud. 3. “manly” way to vote, but with the<br />
expansion of suffrage, it led to<br />
corrupt practices.<br />
Early Paper Ballots<br />
Voters themselves and later,<br />
Corruption and intimidation were<br />
4. political parties, printed their own 5. still problems because different<br />
ballots.<br />
color ballots revealed how each<br />
person voted.<br />
Australian Ballot<br />
printed at public expense, lists<br />
6. names of all candidates, given out 7. greatly reduced corruption and<br />
only at the polls, marked in secret intimidation<br />
Office–Group Ballot 8. Names of candidates are grouped 9.<br />
by office in random order.<br />
encourages voters to make<br />
separate judgments for each<br />
office<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
Party–Column Ballot 10. lists each party’s candidates in a 11.<br />
column under the party’s name<br />
Voters receive a ballot in the mail,<br />
Vote by Mail 12. make their selections, and mail 13.<br />
the ballot to the precinct.<br />
Online Voting 14. Voters cast their ballots on the 15.<br />
Internet.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
It is an advantage for candidates<br />
because it encourages voters to<br />
vote a straight-party ticket.<br />
It is cost effective and raises<br />
voter turnout, but some critics<br />
worry about fraud and pressure<br />
on voters to vote a certain way.<br />
Supporters say it is efficient and<br />
promotes voter turnout;<br />
opponents worry about fraud and<br />
technical problems.<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms.<br />
16. absentee voting voting by mail by those unable to go to the polling place<br />
17. coattail effect occurs when a strong candidate at the top of the ticket helps attract voters to other<br />
candidates on the party’s ticket<br />
18. precinct a voting district, usually limited in size to an area where there are no more than 500 to 1,000 qualified voters<br />
19. polling place the location within each precinct where voters go to cast their ballots<br />
20. ballot the device by which voters cast their votes<br />
Possible answer to question #1<br />
1. Answers will vary. The following points should be mentioned: Our complex election laws and procedures are aimed at<br />
ensuring that elections will be free, honest, and accurate. Most election law is left to the States, but the Federal<br />
Government imposes some restrictions, requiring the use of the secret ballot, regulating campaign finance, etc. Most<br />
States hold elections for State office at the same time as the general elections. In most States, the disabled, members<br />
of the armed forces, and those who will be away on election day can vote by way of absentee ballot. In some States, voters<br />
can cast ballots several days before the election.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 7 41
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
7<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Money and Elections<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Possible answers below<br />
Fill in the spaces below to organize information about money and the election process. Under each<br />
main idea, write three supporting details from Section 3.<br />
Main Idea A: Candidates spend a great deal of money on political campaigns.<br />
1. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
The presidential election eats up by far the largest share of campaign dollars.<br />
2. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
The costs of congressional campaigns keep growing.<br />
Television accounts for the largest share of spending, with other money spent on radio, managers and consultants,<br />
3. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
newspaper advertisements, office rent, polls, mass mailings, travel, and many other things.<br />
Main Idea B: Private donors come in many different shapes and sizes.<br />
4. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
Small contributors give money to candidates they believe in.<br />
5. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
Wealthy persons and families make large contributions in order to buy influence.<br />
6. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
candidates themselves, their families, and friends<br />
7. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
nonparty groups, such as PACs and temporary fund-raising groups<br />
8. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
temporary organizations formed for the specific campaign<br />
Main Idea C: Laws that the Federal Election Commission (FEC) enforces cover four areas.<br />
9. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
the timely disclosure of campaign finance data<br />
10. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
limits on campaign contributions<br />
11. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
limits on campaign expenditures<br />
12. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
public funding for parts of the presidential election process<br />
Main Idea D: There are three major loopholes in campaign finance laws.<br />
13. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
Soft money contributions can easily be filtered into presidential and congressional campaigns.<br />
An independent group or person can spend money on a campaign not connected to a party. These groups use<br />
14. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
the money in efforts against candidates.<br />
Campaign money can be spent on issue ads that plug a candidate’s viewpoint without mentioning the<br />
15. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
candidate’s name.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
16. the political arms of special interest<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
groups that have a major stake in public<br />
policy 17. a grant, usually from the<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms.<br />
government 18. contributions that<br />
bypass campaign spending laws because<br />
16. political action committee 18. soft money they are donated to State and local<br />
party organizations, not to candidates<br />
17. subsidy 19. hard money 19. campaign money that is subject to<br />
FEC regulation<br />
42 Chapter 7 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Formation of Public Opinion<br />
CHAPTER<br />
8<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Complete the chart below as you read Section 1. For each source of information given, write the<br />
type of information that is communicated.<br />
Sources<br />
The Family 1.<br />
Factors that Shape Public Opinion<br />
Types of Information Communicated<br />
basic attitudes toward authority; rules of behavior, property, neighbors, and people<br />
of other racial and religious groups<br />
The Schools 2.<br />
good citizenship skills and attitudes, specific knowledge about politics, and informal<br />
learning about people with different backgrounds<br />
The Mass Media 3.<br />
information about politics and public policy, and a platform for opinion leaders<br />
Peer Groups 4.<br />
reinforcement of one’s existing opinions<br />
Opinion Leaders 5.<br />
information from which people can draw ideas and convictions about politics and<br />
public policy<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
Historic Events 6.<br />
Write the answers to questions 7 and 8 on a separate sheet of paper.<br />
7. What does it mean to say that “many publics exists exist in the United States?”<br />
Each public is made up of a group of people who hold the same view on a particular issue.<br />
8. Why are family and school particularly important in shaping people’s political views?<br />
They influence people when they are most impressionable—in childhood. All other political opinions are built from the base<br />
created in childhood.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
information on issues arising out of or related to the events<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms.<br />
9. public affairs 12. peer group 9. events and issues that concern the public at large<br />
10. the attitudes held by a significant number of people on matters<br />
10. public opinion 13. opinion leader of government and politics<br />
11. the means of communication that reach a wide audience<br />
11. mass media<br />
12. a group of people with whom one regularly associates<br />
13. any person who, for any reason, has an unusually strong<br />
influence on the views of others<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 8 43
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
8<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Measuring Public Opinion<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Complete the chart below as you read Section 2. Describe how each measure gauges public opinion<br />
and how accurate a measure it is. Possible answers below<br />
Measure<br />
Elections 1.<br />
How and How Well?<br />
Elections are frequently interpreted as voters’ acceptance or rejection of a party<br />
platform. In fact, voting is affected by many factors and gives only a broad<br />
indication of public opinion.<br />
Interest Groups 2.<br />
Interest groups pressure government officials to shape public policy in specific ways.<br />
It is difficult to tell how many citizens support such groups and how strongly they<br />
hold these views.<br />
Media 3.<br />
Media are often said to “mirror” public opinion. In fact they are not accurate mirrors<br />
because they may reflect only a vocal minority.<br />
Personal Contracts 4.<br />
Political leaders try to gauge public opinion by addressing groups, reading mail and<br />
telegrams, visiting home districts, and so on. But it is difficult to “read” public<br />
opinion from such contacts.<br />
Polls 5.<br />
Polls, especially those based on scientific polling techniques, are the best measure<br />
of public opinion. They collect information about public opinion by asking people<br />
questions.<br />
List the five steps of the polling process. Give a brief description of each.<br />
6. Step 1 Define __________________________________________________________________________<br />
the universe. Figure out which group should be polled.<br />
__________________________________________________________________________<br />
7. Step 2 Construct __________________________________________________________________________<br />
a sample. Random samples are drawn based on the law of probability, since in some cases, it is<br />
impossible __________________________________________________________________________<br />
to poll every person in a selected group.<br />
8. Step 3 Prepare __________________________________________________________________________<br />
valid questions. Questions should be phrased carefully. Avoid using loaded questions and<br />
questions __________________________________________________________________________<br />
that are worded in a way that can shape answers.<br />
9. Step 4 Conduct __________________________________________________________________________<br />
interviews. Whether a poll is conducted face-to-face or by mail or phone, pollsters must use<br />
proper __________________________________________________________________________<br />
interviewing techniques to avoid invalid results.<br />
10. Step 5 Report __________________________________________________________________________<br />
the poll’s findings. Computers and other electronic hardware help pollsters tabulate and<br />
interpret results.<br />
__________________________________________________________________________<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, use each term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term.<br />
Answers can be found on the following Student Edition pages:<br />
11. mandate 15. sample<br />
p. 216 p. 218<br />
12. interest group 16. random sample<br />
p. 216 p. 218<br />
13. public opinion poll 17. quota sample<br />
p. 217 p. 219<br />
14. straw vote<br />
p. 217<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
44 Chapter 8 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Mass Media<br />
CHAPTER<br />
8<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Complete the chart below as you read Section 3. List the media in order of their degree of influence<br />
on public opinion and give examples of each. Possible answers below<br />
1.<br />
Medium<br />
Television<br />
CBS, NBC, ABC, CNN, PBS, Fox Network<br />
Examples<br />
2.<br />
Newspapers<br />
New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, Wall Street<br />
Journal, Christian Science Monitor, USA Today<br />
3.<br />
Radio<br />
NBC, CBS, Mutual Broadcasting System, NPR<br />
4.<br />
Magazines<br />
Time, Newsweek, U.S. News and World Report, the Nation, the New Republic, the<br />
National Review<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
Write the answers to questions 5–7 on the blanks provided.<br />
5. How do the mass media help to shape the public agenda? They have the power to get __________________________________<br />
the public to<br />
focus ______________________________________________________<br />
on a certain issue.<br />
6. How has television influenced each of the following?<br />
a. the power of political parties______________________________________________________<br />
Television has made candidates less dependent on traditional party<br />
organizations ______________________________________________________<br />
by allowing them to appeal directly to the public.<br />
b. political campaigns It ______________________________________________________________<br />
has made political campaigns more image conscious and less focused on complex<br />
policy ______________________________________________________<br />
debates.<br />
7. What factors limit the influence of the mass media? Most ____________________________________<br />
people do not follow public events closely.<br />
Those ______________________________________________________<br />
who do select sources of information that reflect and support views they already hold.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms.<br />
8. medium a ________________________________________________________________________<br />
means of communication<br />
9. public agenda issues ________________________________________________________<br />
that politicians and citizens agree need to be addressed<br />
10. sound bite short, ______________________________________________________________________<br />
sharply focused news report that lasts 30–45 seconds<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 8 45
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
9<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Nature of Interest Groups<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Use the information in Section 1 to fill in the following supporting facts under each main idea.<br />
Main Idea A: Interest groups differ from political parties in several ways. Possible answers below<br />
1. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
groups do not nominate candidates.<br />
Interest groups want to influence or control government policies while political parties want to control<br />
2. government ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
itself.<br />
3. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
groups concentrate on one issue while political parties are interested in many issues of public concern.<br />
Main Idea B: Interest groups have historically been regarded with suspicion.<br />
the danger of uncontrolled “factions” that might pursue goals that<br />
4. James Madison warned against conflict ____________________________________________________.<br />
with the rights and interests of the community<br />
5. Madison hoped to moderate the power of interest groups through ______________________<br />
a balance of power so that no<br />
faction ________________________________________________________________________________.<br />
would become dominant<br />
Main Idea C: Interest groups fulfill many functions in American society.<br />
6. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
groups help stimulate interest in public affairs.<br />
7. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
groups represent their members on the basis of shared attitudes rather than shared geography.<br />
8. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
groups provide specialized information to government agencies.<br />
9. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
groups are vehicles for political participation.<br />
10. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
groups provide additional checks and balances to the system.<br />
11. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
groups compete with one another in the public arena.<br />
Main Idea D: Interest groups also pose a number of problems for the United States.<br />
12. Some ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
interest groups have an influence far out of proportion to their membership.<br />
13. It ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
is difficult to tell how many people an interest group truly represents.<br />
14. Many ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
interest groups do not really represent the views of all the people for whom they claim to speak.<br />
15. Some ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
groups use unfair or illegal tactics that, if widely adopted, would undermine the political system.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the terms listed below in the spaces provided.<br />
An interest group is an organization whose members are linked by a common opinion. The group<br />
16. interest group tries ____________________________________________________________________<br />
to persuade public officials to respond to the shared attitude of the members.<br />
17. public policy all ____________________________________________________________________<br />
the goals the government sets and the actions it takes to reach those goals<br />
18. public affairs ____________________________________________________________________<br />
issues that concern the people at large<br />
46 Chapter 9 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Types of Interest Groups<br />
CHAPTER<br />
9<br />
A. As You Read<br />
1. On a separate sheet of paper, write four sentences summarizing the information given about<br />
interest groups under the heading “An American Tradition.” Answers will vary<br />
As you read Section 2, complete the chart below by filling in the type of interest group or examples<br />
of the type of interest group. Possible answers below<br />
Type of Interest Group<br />
Business Groups<br />
Labor Groups<br />
Examples<br />
2. NAM, _____________________________________________________<br />
Chamber of Commerce, United States Brewers’ Association<br />
_____________________________________________________<br />
3. AFL-CIO, _____________________________________________________<br />
Fraternal Order of Police, International Longshore and<br />
Warehouse _____________________________________________________<br />
Union<br />
4. _____________________ agricultural groups National Grange, American Farm Bureau,<br />
National Farmers Union<br />
Professional Groups<br />
5. American _____________________________________________________<br />
Medical Association, American Bar Association, National<br />
Education _____________________________________________________<br />
Association<br />
6. _____________________ groups that promote causes ACLU, Sierra Club, National Women’s Political Caucus<br />
7. _____________________ Organizations That Promote American Legion, Older Americans, Inc., NAACP<br />
the Welfare of Certain Groups<br />
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8. _____________________ religious organizations National Council of Churches, American Jewish Congress,<br />
National Catholic Welfare Council<br />
Public- Interest Groups<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Match the groups in Column I with the interest group type in Column II.<br />
Column I<br />
9. League _____________________________________________________<br />
of Women Voters, Common Cause, Public Citizen, Inc.<br />
_____________________________________________________<br />
_____ c 10. a group that pushes for public policies that benefit<br />
most or all people in the country, regardless of whether<br />
they belong to or support the group<br />
_____ a 11. an interest group for a segment of the business community<br />
_____ b 12. an organization of workers who work in the same type<br />
of job or who work in the same industry<br />
Column II<br />
a. trade association<br />
b. labor union<br />
c. public-interest group<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 9 47
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
9<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Interest Groups at Work<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Answers will vary for 1–9. Possible answers are listed below.<br />
As you read Section 3, write three supporting details for each of the main ideas given.<br />
Main Idea A: Interest groups try to influence public opinion.<br />
1. ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Interest groups supply the public with information to support their interests.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
2. ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Interest groups try to build positive reputations in society.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
3. ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Interest groups work to persuade the public to adopt their views on policy issues.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Main Idea B: Interest groups help and make use of political parties.<br />
4. ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Interest groups try to secure the support of one or both parties.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
5. ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Much campaign funding comes from interest groups.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
6. ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Single-interest groups often campaign hard against candidates who oppose their stand on an issue.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Main Idea C: Lobbying involves many functions.<br />
7. ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Lobbying is more than just working to influence legislation before it is passed.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
8. ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Lobbyists work to influence how strictly a law is enforced.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
9. ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Lobbyists also try to influence how laws are interpreted by the courts.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, define each key term below and use it in a sentence.<br />
10. propaganda a technique of persuasion aimed at influencing individual or group behavior<br />
11. single-interest group organization that concentrates on one issue<br />
12. lobbying all of the methods by which group pressures are brought to bear on all aspects of the publicpolicy-making<br />
process<br />
13. grass roots related to the people, the average voter<br />
48 Chapter 9 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The National Legislature<br />
CHAPTER<br />
10<br />
A. As You Read<br />
The main points of Section 1 are supplied for you below in the form of questions. As you read the<br />
section, fill in the answers to the questions.<br />
Two Houses of Congress<br />
1. What is the historical reason for Americans choosing a bicameral system? __________<br />
The British<br />
Parliament __________________________________________________________________________<br />
and most colonial legislatures were bicameral.<br />
2. What is a practical reason for Americans choosing a bicameral system? ____________<br />
Bicameralism<br />
settled __________________________________________________________________________<br />
the conflict between the Virginia and New Jersey plans of 1787 and reflected American federalism.<br />
3. What is a theoretical reason for Americans choosing a bicameral system? __________<br />
Bicameralism<br />
allows __________________________________________________________________________<br />
each house to act as a check and balance on the other.<br />
Terms and Sessions<br />
4. What is a term of Congress? ________________________________________________<br />
the length of time elected officials serve after being elected<br />
__________________________________________________________________________<br />
5. What is a session of Congress? ______________________________________________<br />
the regular period of time during which Congress performs<br />
legislative __________________________________________________________________________<br />
work<br />
6. How many sessions are there in a term of Congress? ____________________________<br />
two<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms.<br />
7. adjourn ____________________________________________________________________<br />
to suspend a session until the next session<br />
8. special session ______________________________________________________________<br />
a meeting of Congress called by the President to deal with some pressing issue<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 10 49
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
10<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The House of Representatives<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Using information from this section, complete the chart below, which shows data related to the<br />
House of Representatives.<br />
Characteristics<br />
of House<br />
Description<br />
1. Size<br />
2. Terms<br />
3. Date of election<br />
Characteristics<br />
of Its Members<br />
4. Age<br />
5. Length of citizenship<br />
6. Residence<br />
435 seats<br />
two years<br />
Tuesday following first Monday in November of each even-numbered year<br />
Qualifications<br />
at least 25 years<br />
at least seven years<br />
inhabitant of State from which chosen<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms<br />
7. gerrymandering ____________________________________________________________________<br />
Gerrymandering is drawing congressional districts to the advantage of the party in power.<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Reapportionment is redistributing the seats in the House of Representatives in keeping with<br />
8. reapportionment ________________________________________________________<br />
the latest census.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
9. off-year election ____________________________________________________________________<br />
An off-year election is an election for Congress in a year without a presidential election.<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
50 Chapter 10 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Senate<br />
CHAPTER<br />
10<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Using information from this section, compare data about the Senate with data about the House by<br />
filling in the blanks in the chart below.<br />
The Congress<br />
Characteristic House Senate<br />
Size 435 1. _______________________<br />
100<br />
Term Length 2 years 2. _______________________<br />
6 years<br />
Date of Elections Tuesday following first 3. _______________________<br />
Tuesday following first Monday<br />
Monday in November of _______________________<br />
in November of each evennumbered<br />
each even-numbered year _______________________<br />
year<br />
Qualifications<br />
Age At least 25 years 4. _______________________<br />
at least 30 years<br />
Length of Citizenship At least 7 years 5. _______________________<br />
at least 9 years<br />
Residence Inhabitant of the State 6. _______________________<br />
inhabitant of State from which<br />
chosen<br />
How Chosen<br />
Originally By voters in district 7. _______________________<br />
by State legislatures<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
Today By voters in district 8. _______________________<br />
by voters in the State<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
9. The Senate is a _______________, continuous body that is, all of its seats are never up for election<br />
at the same time.<br />
10. _______________ Constituencies are the people and interests the senators represent.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 10 51
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
10<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Members of Congress<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 4, answer the questions below on the roles played by members of Congress<br />
and the compensation and privileges of the job.<br />
Roles Played by a Member of Congress<br />
1. Legislator: What does a legislator do? ________________________________________________<br />
makes laws<br />
2. Committee member: What do members do as part of a congressional committee? __________<br />
evaluate __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
bills, perform oversight function<br />
3. Trustee: How does a member of Congress act as a trustee? ______________________________<br />
decides issues on merit alone,<br />
regardless __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
of the views of constituents or other groups<br />
4. Delegate: How does a member of Congress act as a delegate? ____________________________<br />
acts as the constituents’ agents,<br />
regardless __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
of personal beliefs<br />
5. Partisan: How does a member of Congress act as a partisan? ____________________________<br />
votes in line with wishes of party<br />
platform __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
and leaders<br />
6. Politico: How does a member of Congress act as a politico? ______________________________<br />
combines roles of trustee, delegate,<br />
and __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
partisan and acts as a “practical” politician<br />
Compensation and Privileges<br />
7. Salary: What is the current salary of a member of Congress? ____________________________<br />
$141,300<br />
8. Nonsalary compensation: What are some fringe benefits for members of Congress? __________<br />
tax __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
deductions, travel allowances, low-cost health insurance, pension plan, money for offices and staffs, franking privilege<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
9. Privileges: To what does the phrase “cloak of legislative immunity” refer? __________________<br />
Members of Congress<br />
are __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
immune from arrest for misdemeanors during congressional sessions and may not be sued for libel.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms.<br />
10. constituency _____________________________________________________________________<br />
the people of a legislator’s State or district<br />
11. oversight function ________________________________________________________________<br />
congressional duty to see that the agencies in the executive branch are working effectively<br />
and according to legal policies<br />
52 Chapter 10 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Scope of Congressional Powers<br />
CHAPTER<br />
11<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Compare the concepts of strict and liberal constructionism by completing the chart below.<br />
Construction of the Constitution<br />
Strict<br />
Liberal<br />
Definition 1. _________________________ narrow, literal interpretation of the 2. _________________________<br />
broad interpretation of the<br />
Constitution<br />
Constitution<br />
Major proponent 3. _________________________ Jefferson<br />
4. _________________________<br />
Hamilton<br />
Attitude toward 5. use _________________________ only when necessary to carry out 6. _________________________<br />
use often and energetically<br />
implied powers<br />
expressed powers<br />
Attitude toward 7. _________________________ should be restrained and limited, 8. should _________________________<br />
be strong and allowed to grow<br />
national power<br />
except for defense<br />
Attitude toward 9. _________________________ should remain strong and keep 10. ________________________<br />
should be restrained<br />
State power<br />
most power<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
11. The Constitution gives powers to the Congress in three ways:<br />
a. through the _________________________, expressed<br />
or clearly stated, powers,<br />
b. through the _________________________, implied<br />
powers (powers deducted from<br />
the clearly stated powers),<br />
c. through the _________________________powers, inherent<br />
those possessed by all<br />
sovereign states.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 11 53
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
11<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Expressed Powers of Money and Commerce<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Complete the chart below showing the major powers granted to Congress by the Constitution in<br />
the areas of money and commerce.<br />
Power<br />
Congress’s Constitutional Powers of Money and Commerce<br />
Allows Congress to...<br />
Taxation<br />
1. ________________________________________________________<br />
lay and collect taxes to pay debts and provide for common defense and<br />
________________________________________________________<br />
general welfare<br />
Borrowing<br />
2. ________________________________________________________<br />
borrow money to finance projects<br />
________________________________________________________<br />
Commerce<br />
3. ________________________________________________________<br />
regulate interstate and foreign trade<br />
________________________________________________________<br />
Currency<br />
4. ________________________________________________________<br />
coin money and regulate its value<br />
________________________________________________________<br />
Bankruptcy<br />
5. ________________________________________________________<br />
establish uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies<br />
________________________________________________________<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms.<br />
6. tax __________________________________________________________________________<br />
charge levied by government on persons or property to meet government needs<br />
________________________________________________________________________<br />
7. indirect tax ____________________________________________________________________<br />
tax paid by one party and passed on to another<br />
________________________________________________________________________<br />
8. deficit financing ________________________________________________________________<br />
spending more than is taken in and borrowing to make up the difference<br />
________________________________________________________________________<br />
9. public debt ____________________________________________________________________<br />
all the money government borrowed over the years that is not yet repaid<br />
________________________________________________________________________<br />
10. legal tender ____________________________________________________________________<br />
money that must be accepted in payment of a debt<br />
________________________________________________________________________<br />
11. bankruptcy ____________________________________________________________________<br />
the legal proceeding in which the court distributes people’s assets among their creditors<br />
________________________________________________________________________<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
54 Chapter 11 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Other Expressed Powers<br />
CHAPTER<br />
11<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Fill in the supporting points in the outline below in the form of answers to the questions.<br />
Foreign Relations Powers<br />
1. Which parts of the National Government share the power in the field of foreign affairs? ______<br />
Congress __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
and the President<br />
2. Which part is primarily responsible for conducting foreign relations? ______________________<br />
the President<br />
3. What is the role of the States in foreign affairs and why? _________________________________<br />
The States have no role because they are<br />
not __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
sovereign powers.<br />
War Powers<br />
4. Who has the power to declare war? ___________________________________________________<br />
Congress<br />
5. What did the War Powers Resolution of 1973 state? _____________________________________<br />
Congress has the power to restrict use of U.S.<br />
forces __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
in combat areas that are not in a state of war.<br />
Other Expressed Powers<br />
6. What power gives Congress the right to make laws regulating mailing? _____________________<br />
the postal power<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
7. What is the role of the National Institute of Standards and Technology in fulfilling an expressed<br />
power? ___________________________________________________________________________<br />
It maintains the standard of weights and measures.<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Judicial Powers<br />
8. The Constitution specifically mentions the following four kinds of federal crimes:<br />
a. __________________________________<br />
counterfeiting<br />
b. __________________________________<br />
piracy and felonies on the high seas<br />
c. __________________________________<br />
offenses against law of nations<br />
d. __________________________________<br />
treason<br />
9. Which part of the National Government has the expressed power of creating and providing for<br />
the organization of federal courts?_____________________________________________________<br />
Congress<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
10. _________________________ Naturalization is the process of making non-citizens into citizens.<br />
11. A _______________________ copyright protects the right of an author over original writings.<br />
12. A _______________________ patent protects an inventor’s rights to inventions.<br />
13. _________________________ Eminent domain is the right of a government to take private property for public use.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 11 55
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
11<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Implied Powers<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Complete the following time line by inserting the correct events described in Section 4 in the spaces<br />
indicated. Then answer the questions that follow.<br />
1. 1790<br />
Hamilton recommended<br />
______________________<br />
Congress establish a<br />
______________________<br />
national bank<br />
______________________<br />
3. 1816<br />
Congress created<br />
______________________<br />
a second national bank<br />
______________________<br />
______________________<br />
5. 1819<br />
The Supreme Court ruled<br />
the ______________________<br />
Constitution need not expressly<br />
empower ______________________<br />
Congress to create a bank,<br />
______________________<br />
supporting implied powers<br />
2. 1791<br />
Congress set up first<br />
______________________<br />
national bank<br />
______________________<br />
______________________<br />
4. 1818<br />
Maryland placed a tax on<br />
all ______________________<br />
notes issued by banks doing<br />
______________________<br />
business in the State but not<br />
chartered ______________________<br />
by the State legislature<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
6. Explain why the Necessary and Proper Clause has often been called the Elastic Clause.<br />
______________________________________________________________________<br />
The clause has been used to stretch the meaning of the Constitution to meet the needs of the<br />
______________________________________________________________________<br />
American people.<br />
______________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________<br />
7. Why does Congress have the power to appropriate funds for various purposes? ________<br />
______________________________________________________________________<br />
The Necessary and Proper clause allows for implied powers.<br />
______________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
56 Chapter 11 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 5: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Nonlegislative Powers<br />
CHAPTER<br />
11<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
A. As You Read<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions as you read Section 5.<br />
Possible answers below<br />
Constitutional Amendments<br />
1. What are two ways Congress may propose an amendment to the Constitution?<br />
2. What are some current issues that many Americans have thought worthy of<br />
constitutional amendment? 1. by two-thirds vote in each house or by calling a national convention at the<br />
request of two-thirds of the State legislatures<br />
2. prayer in public schools, abortion, school busing, requiring a balanced<br />
budget, prohibiting flag burning, term limits<br />
Electoral Duties<br />
3. What electoral duty does the House have?<br />
4. What electoral duty does the Senate have?<br />
Impeachment<br />
5. What role does the House have in the impeachment process?<br />
6. What role does the Senate have in the impeachment process?<br />
Executive Powers<br />
7. What are the two executive powers possessed by the Senate?<br />
8. What is “senatorial courtesy”? 7. The Senate must confirm major appointments of the President and<br />
confirm treaties entered into by the President.<br />
8. The Senate will turn down a presidential appointment of a federal<br />
Investigatory Powers<br />
officer to serve in a particular State if the appointment is opposed<br />
by a senator of the President’s party who is from the State involved.<br />
9. What is the usual forum for congressional investigations? 9. congressional committees and<br />
subcommittees<br />
10. What are some reasons for congressional investigations? 10. gather information, oversee<br />
operations of executive agencies,<br />
expose questionable activities by public<br />
officials, and promote the interests of<br />
some members of Congress<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete the sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
3. If the electoral college cannot choose a President by<br />
majority vote, the House must choose.<br />
4. If the electoral college cannot choose a Vice President<br />
by majority vote, the Senate must choose.<br />
5. It has the sole power to vote<br />
articles of impeachment.<br />
6. It has the sole power to try the<br />
defendant based on the charges<br />
contained in the articles of<br />
impeachment passed by the House.<br />
11. It is the Senate, not the House, which has sole power to _______________ try an impeached President,<br />
Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States.<br />
12. Congress may _____________________ censure someone by issuing a formal condemnation of the<br />
individual’s actions.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 11 57
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
12<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Congress Organizes<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Complete the graphic organizer below showing the organization of the House of Representatives<br />
and the Senate. Fill in the presiding officers that are missing from the organizer and code each box,<br />
using the key provided, to indicate whether each officer is a party officer, an official presiding officer,<br />
or both.<br />
House<br />
Presiding Officer and Party Leader<br />
1. ____________________________________________________________<br />
Speaker of the House<br />
Party Officers<br />
2. _________________________ Majority Floor Leader 3. _________________________<br />
Minority Floor Leader<br />
4. _________________________ Majority Whip<br />
5. _________________________<br />
Minority Whip<br />
Senate<br />
Presiding Officers<br />
6. _________________________ President of the Senate 7. _________________________<br />
President Pro Tempore<br />
Party Officers<br />
8. _________________________ Majority Floor Leader<br />
9. _________________________<br />
Minority Floor Leader<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
10. _________________________ Majority Whip<br />
11. _________________________<br />
Minority Whip<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
12. He or she presides and maintains order, recognizes speakers,<br />
interprets rules, refers bills to committees, puts questions to a<br />
Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper. vote, decides the outcome of most votes,<br />
names members to all committees, and<br />
12. What are the functions of the Speaker of the House? signs all bills and resolutions.<br />
13. The president of the Senate is the presiding<br />
officer of the Senate and recognizes<br />
13. What are the functions of the president of the Senate?<br />
speakers, puts questions<br />
to a vote, and<br />
14. What are the functions of the floor leaders and their whips in both houses?<br />
may only vote to break a tie. The Vice President fills this post. 14. The leaders devise legislative strategies, carry out<br />
decisions of party caucuses, and steer floor action. By virtue of his or her majority position, the majority leader plans<br />
the order of business on the floor. The whips assist the leaders by advising them and organizing votes on each issue.<br />
58 Chapter 12 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Committees in Congress<br />
CHAPTER<br />
12<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Complete the graphic organizer below by answering the questions about congressional committees.<br />
Standing Committees<br />
1. What is a standing committee? ________ a permanent<br />
group of either the House or Senate to consider bills<br />
____________________________________<br />
in specific subjects<br />
2. What are the committees’ functions?<br />
Standing committees investigate, evaluate, and sift<br />
____________________________________<br />
through proposed bills.<br />
3. Give 3 examples of such committees.<br />
____________________________________<br />
Possible answers: House Ways and Means; Senate<br />
____________________________________<br />
Finance; House National Security. See chart on<br />
____________________________________<br />
Student Edition p. 330 for a list of other possible<br />
answers.<br />
Select Committees<br />
4. What is a select committee?____________<br />
a temporary<br />
____________________________________<br />
panel set up for some specific purpose<br />
5. What does a select committee do? ______ Select<br />
committees investigate some current matter for<br />
____________________________________<br />
possible new laws or for special issues.<br />
6. Give 2 examples of a select committee<br />
from 1987.__________________________<br />
House Select Committee to<br />
____________________________________<br />
Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran;<br />
____________________________________<br />
Senate Select Committee on Secret Military<br />
____________________________________<br />
Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition<br />
Types of Congressional Committees<br />
Joint Committees<br />
Conference Committees<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
7. What is a joint committee? ____________<br />
a committee<br />
composed ____________________________________<br />
of members from both houses<br />
8. What does a joint committee do? investigates<br />
and issues reports; deals with issues common<br />
______<br />
____________________________________<br />
to both houses; some have routine duties<br />
9. Give 3 examples of a joint committee.<br />
____________________________________<br />
Joint Economic Committee, Joint Committee<br />
____________________________________<br />
on Printing, Joint Committee on the Library<br />
____________________________________<br />
of Congress<br />
10. What is a conference committee? ______<br />
____________________________________<br />
A conference committee is temporary and composed<br />
____________________________________<br />
of members of both houses.<br />
____________________________________<br />
11. What does a conference committee do?<br />
____________________________________<br />
irons out differences between similar bills in the<br />
____________________________________<br />
House and Senate and produces compromise bills<br />
____________________________________<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Answer the question below on a separate sheet of paper.<br />
12. How does the House Rules Committee act as a “traffic cop” in the lower house? It manages<br />
the flow of bills for action by the full House and grants rules, or schedules for consideration, to bills as they emerge<br />
from committees.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 12 59
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
12<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
How a Bill Becomes a Law: The House<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Fill in the information below by writing the answers in the blanks provided.<br />
1. Most bills are introduced in Congress by ______________________________________________<br />
the executive branch, pressure groups, and private citizens.<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
2. A bill is __________________________________________________________________________<br />
a proposed law.<br />
3. A resolution deals with ____________________________________________________________<br />
a matter that concerns either house alone.<br />
4. A joint resolution is like a bill because ________________________________________________<br />
it has the force of law.<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
5. A concurrent resolution deals with __________________________________________________<br />
matters in which both houses must act jointly without the force of law.<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
6. At a first reading of a bill, the clerk __________________________________________________<br />
numbers and names the bill and enters it into the House Journal and<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
the Congressional Record.<br />
7. Five courses of action a committee may take on a bill are:________________________________<br />
report it favorably; refuse to report it;<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
report it in amended form; report it unfavorably; or report a substitute bill written by the committee.<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
8. Four types of votes in the House are: ________________________________________________<br />
voice votes, standing votes, teller votes, and roll-call votes.<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
9. After a bill has been passed and signed by the Speaker, __________________________________<br />
it is placed on the Senate president’s desk.<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms.<br />
10. rider __________________________________________________________________________<br />
a provision that is attached to a measure that is likely to pass<br />
11. quorum ________________________________________________________________________<br />
the portion of the full membership that must be present in order to do business<br />
12. concurrent resolution______________________________________________________________<br />
matters in which the Senate and the House must act jointly<br />
13. discharge petition ________________________________________________________________<br />
a move that forces a committee to present a bill for consideration to the House<br />
14. Committee of the Whole __________________________________________________________<br />
all the members of the House sitting as one large committee<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
60 Chapter 12 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Bill in the Senate<br />
CHAPTER<br />
12<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Fill in the blanks on the flowchart below that outlines the movements of a bill through the Senate.<br />
1. Bill<br />
introduced,<br />
given number<br />
and title, read<br />
_____times.<br />
two<br />
2. Bill<br />
referred to<br />
___________.<br />
committee<br />
3.__________<br />
Majority Floor<br />
____________ Leader<br />
calls bill to<br />
debate on<br />
floor.<br />
4. Senators<br />
may use the<br />
____________<br />
filibuster<br />
to prevent a<br />
vote on a bill.<br />
5. The Senate<br />
votes on the<br />
bill; if it<br />
passes the bill<br />
goes to the<br />
___________.<br />
House<br />
6. If the<br />
House passes<br />
a different<br />
version of the<br />
bill, aconfer-<br />
ence committee<br />
____________<br />
is formed.<br />
7. The<br />
conference<br />
committee<br />
works out a<br />
____________<br />
compromise<br />
version of the<br />
bill.<br />
8. The bill is<br />
sent to the<br />
___________.<br />
President<br />
9. The Constitution<br />
gives<br />
the President<br />
____________ four<br />
options.<br />
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B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
10. The Senate is reluctant to use ___________________ cloture to limit debate.<br />
11. In practice, just the threat of a _______________, filibuster an attempt to “talk a bill to death,”<br />
can result in the Senate’s failure to consider certain bills.<br />
12. By not acting on a bill sent by Congress within 10 days of adjourning, the President<br />
performs a ________________ pocket veto .<br />
13. The President may _______________ veto a bill sent to him by Congress by refusing to sign it.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 12 61
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
13<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The President’s Job Description<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 1, fill in a brief description for each of the roles of the President given below.<br />
Formal Qualifications for President<br />
1. Age<br />
2. Citizenship<br />
3. U. S. residence<br />
at least 35<br />
must have been born a U.S. citizen<br />
must have lived in United States at least 14 years<br />
Term and Compensation<br />
4. Maximum term length<br />
5. Annual salary<br />
6. Annual expenses<br />
maximum 10 years (2 full terms plus no more than 2 years)<br />
$400,000<br />
$50,000<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Match the descriptions in Column 1 with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each<br />
blank.<br />
Column I<br />
_____ b 7. chief of state<br />
_____ h 8. chief executive<br />
_____ d 9. chief administrator<br />
_____ e 10. chief diplomat<br />
_____ g 11. commander in chief<br />
_____ a 12. chief legislator<br />
_____ f 13. chief of party<br />
_____ c 14. chief citizen<br />
Column II<br />
a. proposes laws to Congress<br />
b. ceremonial head of government<br />
c. represents the American people<br />
d. heads the federal bureaucracy<br />
e. determines foreign policy<br />
f. leads his or her political party<br />
g. commands the armed forces<br />
h. sees that the nation’s laws are carried out<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
62 Chapter 13 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Presidential Succession and the Vice Presidency<br />
CHAPTER<br />
13<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 2, use the chart below to write the correct order of succession to the presidency.<br />
The Order of Succession to the Presidency<br />
1. Vice ______________________________________________<br />
President<br />
2. Speaker ______________________________________________<br />
of the House<br />
3. president ______________________________________________<br />
pro tempore of the Senate<br />
4. secretary ______________________________________________<br />
of state<br />
5. secretary ______________________________________________<br />
of the treasury<br />
Answer the following questions in the blanks provided.<br />
Possible answers below<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
6. How does the Constitution provide for situations in which the President is disabled? The ________ Twentyfifth<br />
Amendment states that the Vice President may temporarily assume duties of the presidency if the President<br />
so __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
requests or if the Vice President and a majority of the Cabinet inform Congress that such a move is necessary.<br />
7. What duties are given to the Vice President by the Constitution? __________________________<br />
The __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Vice President’s constitutional duties are to preside over the Senate and to help decide presidential disability.<br />
8. How are Vice Presidents usually selected? ______________________________________________<br />
Vice Presidents are usually chosen to “balance the ticket,”<br />
thus __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
improving the presidential candidate’s chances of winning the election.<br />
9. How can a vacancy in the vice presidency be filled?______________________________________<br />
The Twenty-fifth Amendment states that the<br />
President __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
nominates a new Vice President and that nomination must be confirmed by a majority vote of both houses.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Write the definition of each term in the blank provided.<br />
10. presidential succession ____________________________________________________________<br />
the order in which lesser officials take over the duties of the presidency in case<br />
those __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
above them die, resign, or are removed from office<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
11. balance the ticket__________________________________________________________________<br />
presidential candidate chooses a running mate who can strengthen his or her chance of<br />
being __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
elected by virtue of ideological, geographic, racial, ethnic, gender, or other characteristics<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 13 63
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
13<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Presidential Selection: The Framers’ Plan<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 3, answer the following questions on the lines provided.<br />
1. What were three methods of presidential election discussed by the Framers? ____________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
election by Congress, popular vote, and electoral college<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
2. How did the Framers arrange for the electors to choose the President and Vice President?<br />
They would meet in their States, each casting votes for two different presidential candidates. The person who won<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
the largest number of votes would be President; the runner-up, Vice President.<br />
3. Why did the Framers choose this method of electing the President? What kind of person did<br />
Framers did not want either congressional or popular election of the President.<br />
they envision as an elector? ______________________________________________________<br />
They expected electors to be respectable, well-informed citizens.<br />
4. How did the rise of political parties affect the electoral college? ______________________<br />
Parties nominated not only<br />
presidential and vice-presidential candidates, but also candidates for the electoral college. It was understood<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
that these electors would not be free agents but were pledged to vote for their parties’ ticket.<br />
5. How did the election of 1800 lead to passage of the 12th Amendment? ________________<br />
The election of 1800<br />
ended in a tie between the two candidates of the Democratic-Republican party, Jefferson and Burr. Though the<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
party clearly meant for Jefferson to be President, the election went through 36 ballots in the House before he was<br />
elected. The Twelfth Amendment ensured that this would never happen again by requiring electors to designate<br />
which vote was cast for President and which for Vice President.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term.<br />
Possible answers below<br />
6. presidential electors ____________________________________________________________<br />
Today, presidential electors are pledged to vote for their parties’ candidates.<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
7. electoral college ________________________________________________________________<br />
The Framers designed the electoral college in order to ensure that the President would be<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
elected by knowledgeable people.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
64 Chapter 13 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Presidential Nominations<br />
CHAPTER<br />
13<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Complete the outline below by filling in the blanks to complete the sentences.<br />
The Role of Conventions<br />
1. From 1800 to 1824, presidential candidates were chosen by ____________________________<br />
congressional caucus<br />
________________________________________________________________________________.<br />
2. In 1832, that system was replaced by the ____________________________________________.<br />
national convention<br />
3. Today, the Democratic and Republican parties allot each State a number of party delegates<br />
based on the State’s electoral vote and ______________________________________________.<br />
its past voter support for party candidates<br />
4. The procedure for selecting delegates in a primary is governed by State laws and/or ________<br />
party ________________________________________________________________________________.<br />
rules<br />
Presidential Primaries<br />
choose delegates to the national<br />
5. A State’s presidential primary may either be a process to ________________________ conventions<br />
or to<br />
indicate ____________________________.<br />
express preferences for presidential candidates<br />
6. Winner-take-all primaries have nearly disappeared in favor of __________________________.<br />
proportional representation<br />
7. The few States that do not hold primaries choose delegates in ________________________ caucuses and<br />
conventions ________________________________________________________________________________.<br />
The National Convention<br />
8. The _________________________ platform<br />
is the statement of a party’s basic principles.<br />
9. The _________________________ keynote address is the speech that is usually given on the first day of a<br />
convention.<br />
Who Is Nominated?<br />
10. An ____________________________ incumbent<br />
President who wants to run again is usually nominated.<br />
11. The greatest number of people who have been nominated for President have previously served<br />
as __________________________.<br />
State governors<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms.<br />
12. presidential primary ______________________________________________________________<br />
a popular vote to either (a) elect some or all of a State’s delegates to a national<br />
party __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
convention and/or (b) express a preference among the various contenders for a party’s nomination<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
13. proportional representation ________________________________________________________<br />
allowing a State’s delegates to cast votes in proportion to his or her share<br />
of __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
the State’s primary vote<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 13 65
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
13<br />
Section 5: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Election<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Using information from Section 5, complete the chart below, which shows different plans for<br />
electing the President.<br />
Actual or Proposed System How it Works Flaws<br />
Voters in each State vote for<br />
The winner of the national popular<br />
Electoral College 1. electors for a party’s presidential 2. vote may not win the electoral vote;<br />
and vice presidential candidates, electors may break their pledges<br />
and each State’s votes are<br />
to vote for the candidates; if there<br />
awarded on a winner-take-all basis. is no majority, the House decides.<br />
Two electors are chosen from each<br />
District Plan 3. State at large and cast votes in 4.<br />
accordance with statewide popular<br />
vote. All other delegates are<br />
elected separately from State’s<br />
congressional districts.<br />
Proportional Plan 5. Candidates would receive the same 6.<br />
percentage of a State’s electoral<br />
vote as he or she receives in the<br />
State’s popular vote.<br />
The winner of the popular vote may<br />
not win the electoral vote.<br />
The election may not produce a<br />
clear winner, and third parties<br />
would gain power.<br />
Direct Popular Election 7. The electoral college would be 8. It requires a Constitutional<br />
scrapped and the President and amendment, would weaken<br />
Vice President would be elected by federalism, small States would<br />
direct popular vote.<br />
oppose it, and it might not<br />
produce a clear winner.<br />
Electoral votes allotted State by<br />
National Bonus Plan 9. State, on winner-take-all basis; 10. This plan is not well known or<br />
national pool of 102 electoral votes understood.<br />
awarded to winner of popular vote.<br />
In a tie, run-off between two top contenders<br />
in popular vote.<br />
11. In which three elections of the past has the winner of the popular vote failed to win the<br />
electoral vote for the presidency? _______________ 1824 _______________ 1876 _______________<br />
1888<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following key term.<br />
12. electorate ________________________________________________________________________<br />
the mass of people who actually cast votes<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
66 Chapter 13 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Growth of Presidential Power<br />
CHAPTER<br />
14<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 1, complete the sentences below.<br />
Article II<br />
1. Article II is known as the _________________________________ Executive Article<br />
because it establishes<br />
the presidency.<br />
2. Article II establishes the following presidential powers:<br />
a. command _____________________________________________________<br />
the armed forces<br />
b. make _____________________________________________________<br />
treaties<br />
c. approve _____________________________________________________<br />
or veto acts of Congress<br />
d. send _____________________________________________________<br />
and receive diplomatic representatives<br />
e. grant _____________________________________________________<br />
pardons and reprieves<br />
f. see _____________________________________________________<br />
that the laws are faithfully executed<br />
3. Beginning at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787, there has been a struggle between those<br />
who want a ________________________ strong presidency and those who want a __________________________.<br />
weak presidency (in either order)<br />
Why Presidential Power Has Grown<br />
4. Throughout American history, those who want a _______________________________<br />
strong presidency<br />
have usually prevailed.<br />
5. One reason for the growth of presidential power has been the nation’s increasingly<br />
complex ____________________________________________________.<br />
social and economic life<br />
6. The frequent need for ___________________________________________________ decisive action in times of national emergency<br />
has<br />
also strengthened presidential power.<br />
7. Even ___________________ Congress has strengthened the presidency by passing laws that added<br />
to the activities of the executive branch.<br />
The Presidential View<br />
8. Some strong, effective Presidents have stated the _______________________ stewardship theory,<br />
which takes a broad view of their powers.<br />
9. Critics of strong presidential power compare the President to an emperor, calling a<br />
strong presidency a(n) _____________________________________.<br />
imperial presidency<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following key term on the lines provided.<br />
10. mass media ____________________________________________________________________<br />
means of communicating with people, such as the press, radio, television, and the Internet<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 14 67
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
14<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The President’s Executive Powers<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 2, use the chart below to indicate whether the power is implied or expressed<br />
and to describe each executive power shown.<br />
The Executive Powers of the President<br />
Function Implied or Gives the President Power to…<br />
Expressed?<br />
Executing the Law 1. expressed<br />
2. uphold and carry out all federal laws, with some<br />
discretion in interpreting and enforcing them<br />
The Ordinance Power 3. implied<br />
4.<br />
The Appointment 5. expressed<br />
6.<br />
Power<br />
The Removal Power 7. implied<br />
8.<br />
direct the administration of the executive branch;<br />
issue orders and delegate responsibility within<br />
the bureaucracy<br />
appoint some officials on his own authority and<br />
appoint other officials with the Senate’s approval<br />
remove any person he or she has appointed, except<br />
for federal judges; Congress may set limits on his<br />
or her power to remove the heads of independent<br />
agencies that are not purely executive agencies<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term. Possible answers below<br />
9. oath of office _____________________________________________________________________<br />
Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution stipulates that the President must take the oath of<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
office on the day he takes office.<br />
10. executive order ___________________________________________________________________<br />
A President’s executive order does not need Senate approval, but has the force of law.<br />
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________________________________________________________________________________<br />
68 Chapter 14 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Diplomatic and Military Powers<br />
CHAPTER<br />
14<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 3, complete the outline by filling in the blanks.<br />
The Power to Make Treaties<br />
1. A treaty is a formal agreement between ______________________________________________.<br />
two or more sovereign states<br />
2. After the President negotiates a treaty, the __________________ Senate must approve it by a<br />
___________ two-thirds vote.<br />
3. Presidents Tyler and McKinley encouraged Congress to pass a __________________ joint resolution to<br />
annex territory after the approval of a treaty had been defeated in the Senate.<br />
Executive Agreements<br />
4. An executive agreement is __________________________________________________________.<br />
a pact between the President and the head of a foreign state, or a subordinate<br />
5. One difference between an executive agreement and a treaty is that an executive agreement<br />
does not require __________________________________________________________________.<br />
Senate consent<br />
The Power of Recognition<br />
6. By exercising the power of recognition, the President acknowledges the<br />
______________________ legal existence of another country and its government.<br />
7. Prompt recognition of a country or its government may ______________ guarantee its existence.<br />
8. Displeasure with another country’s conduct may be shown by the President’s asking for<br />
__________________________________________.<br />
recall of that country’s ambassador or other diplomat<br />
9. The most serious diplomatic rebuke one nation may give another is the _____________<br />
__________________________________________.<br />
withdrawal of recognition<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
Commander in Chief<br />
10. The President’s powers as commander in chief are almost ______________________________.<br />
unlimited<br />
11. Presidents have used the armed forces in combat abroad without ________________________.<br />
a congressional declaration of war<br />
12. A President’s power as commander in chief is greatest during __________________________.<br />
wartime<br />
13. Congress passed the War Powers Resolution in 1973 to limit the President’s war-making<br />
powers in response to ____________________________________________________________.<br />
the war in Vietnam<br />
14. The constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution remains __________________________.<br />
in dispute<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following term.<br />
an unwelcome person; when referring to a diplomat, it means a person who is<br />
15. persona non grata ______________________________________________________________<br />
unwelcome in the country to which he or she has been posted<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 14 69
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
14<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Legislative and Judicial Powers<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 4, complete the outline on legislative powers by writing the correct words or<br />
phrases in the blanks.<br />
1. Using his message power, the President regularly sends these three major messages to Congress:<br />
a. _____________________________________________________________<br />
the State of the Union message<br />
b. the _____________________________________________________________<br />
President’s budget message<br />
c. _____________________________________________________________<br />
the annual Economic Report<br />
2. The President’s four options in dealing with a measure passed by Congress are:<br />
a. _____________________________________________________________<br />
sign the bill into law<br />
b. veto _____________________________________________________________<br />
the bill<br />
c. _____________________________________________________________<br />
not sign it, allowing it to become law<br />
pocket veto, not sign a bill at the end of a congressional session, which does not allow<br />
d. it _____________________________________________________________<br />
to become law<br />
3. Throughout history Presidents have requested the veto power to include the<br />
__________________ line-item veto that would allow them to cancel specific dollar amounts in spending.<br />
4. Article II, Section 3 allows the President to call Congress into ____________________________.<br />
special session<br />
5. No President has yet used the power to ______________________________________ prorogue (adjourn)<br />
Congress.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter<br />
in each blank.<br />
Column I<br />
_____ c<br />
_____ b<br />
_____ d<br />
_____ a<br />
6. a general pardon offered to a group of lawbreakers<br />
7. mercy or leniency given in cases involving federal offenses<br />
8. a postponement of the execution of a sentence imposed<br />
by a court<br />
9. a reduction in the severity of a sentence or fine imposed<br />
by a court<br />
_____ e 10. legal forgiveness of a crime<br />
Column II<br />
a. commutation<br />
b. clemency<br />
c. amnesty<br />
d. reprieve<br />
e. pardon<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
70 Chapter 14 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Federal Bureaucracy<br />
CHAPTER<br />
15<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Fill in the outline below by answering the questions in the spaces provided.<br />
What Is a Bureaucracy?<br />
1. Name the three main characteristics of a bureaucracy and explain why each is important.<br />
hierarchical authority: Makes it clear who has the power to make decisions, thus reducing conflicts<br />
a. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
over authority.<br />
job specialization: Because each person has a specific job, the work is conducted more efficiently by people<br />
b. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
who have gained highly specialized skills.<br />
c. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
formalized rules: Decisions are based on rules and standards and not by any individual’s likes or dislikes.<br />
Major Elements of the Federal Bureaucracy<br />
2. How does the Constitution make reference to a federal bureaucracy? ________________<br />
The Constitution<br />
makes the President the chief administrator of the Federal Government and gives him the power to require heads<br />
of _______________________________________________________________________<br />
executive departments to assist in the administration of government.<br />
3. Which two departments does the Constitution anticipate?<br />
a. _________________________________ department for foreign affairs b. _________________________________<br />
department for the military<br />
The Name Game<br />
Define the following titles of executive branch units and give one example of each unit. You may<br />
use section content and the chart on Student Edition page 417.<br />
4. department ____________________________________________________________________<br />
refers to agencies of Cabinet rank; possible answers: Department of State, Department of Defense<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
5. agency ________________________________________________________________________<br />
can refer to any governmental body or to a major unit headed by a single administrator of near-<br />
Cabinet ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
status; possible answers: Environmental Protection Agency, Central Intelligence Agency<br />
6. administration __________________________________________________________________<br />
like agency, refers to a major unit headed by a single administrator of near-Cabinet status;<br />
possible ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
answers: Social Security Administration, Small Business Administration<br />
7. commission ______________________________________________________________<br />
used for agencies charged that regulate business activities and for agencies that investigate,<br />
revise, ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
and report; possible answers: Federal Communications Commission, Civil Rights Commission<br />
8. corporation/authority ____________________________________________________________<br />
title given to agencies that conduct business-like activities; possible answers:<br />
Federal ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Deposit Insurance Corporation, Tennessee Valley Authority<br />
Staff and Line Agencies<br />
Define the following terms and give an example of each.<br />
agencies that support the President and other administrators by offering advice and assistance;<br />
9. staff agency ______________________________________________________________________<br />
any agency that is part of Executive Office of the President<br />
10. line agency ______________________________________________________________________<br />
agencies that perform the task for which the agency exists; Environmental Protection Agency<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, use each key term in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term.<br />
11. bureaucrat 12. administration<br />
11. A person who works for a bureaucracy and who has defined duties and responsibilities is known<br />
as a bureaucrat.<br />
12. The government’s many administrators and agencies comprise the administration, without which<br />
policies would not be executed.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 15 71
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
15<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Executive Office of the President<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 2, use the chart below to organize information about the Executive Office of<br />
the President (EOP). Describe the major function of each agency in the Executive Office shown in<br />
boxes 1–11. Possible answers below<br />
Executive Office Agencies<br />
1. White House Executive Office<br />
2. National Security Council<br />
3. Office of Management and Budget<br />
4. Office of National Drug Control Policy<br />
5. Council of Economic Advisers<br />
Function<br />
acts as the “nerve center” of the executive branch; houses<br />
key executive personnel<br />
advises President in domestic, foreign, and military<br />
matters relating to national security<br />
prepares federal budget that the President submits to<br />
Congress; reports on functioning of all executive agencies;<br />
checks agency stands on legislative matters<br />
prepares a drug-control strategy and coordinates<br />
federal agencies that fight drugs<br />
provides information and advice to the President on<br />
nation’s economy<br />
6. Office of Policy Development<br />
7. Council of Environmental Equality<br />
advises the President on domestic affairs<br />
helps the President with environmental policy matters<br />
and helps the President prepare the “state of the<br />
environment” report<br />
8. Office of the Vice President<br />
aids the Vice President in his duties<br />
9. Office of the U.S. Trade Representatives<br />
10. Office of Science and Technology<br />
11. Office of Administration<br />
advises the President in foreign trade matters<br />
advises the President on all scientific matters that<br />
apply to national policies and programs<br />
provides Executive Office agencies with support services<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define each of the following terms in the space provided.<br />
12. federal budget __________________________________________________________________<br />
a detailed estimate of the nation’s income and spending for the coming fiscal year<br />
a 12-month period used for record-keeping, budgets, and other financial management purposes;<br />
13. fiscal year ______________________________________________________________________<br />
the Federal Government’s fiscal year is October 1–September 30<br />
14. domestic affairs __________________________________________________________________<br />
any matters within the United States’ borders<br />
72 Chapter 15 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Executive Departments<br />
CHAPTER<br />
15<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 3, fill in the answers to the questions below.<br />
1. What is another name for the executive departments? ________________________________<br />
Cabinet departments<br />
2. What is the title for the heads of most executive departments? ________________________<br />
secretary<br />
3. What is the title for the head of the Department of Justice? ____________________________<br />
attorney general<br />
4. What are the two main duties of the heads of the executive departments? ________________<br />
to serve as<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
advisors to the President and to serve as heads of their own departments<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
5. How many executive departments are there today? __________________________________<br />
15<br />
6. About what percentage of employees of executive departments are career people, not political<br />
appointees? ____________________________________________________________________<br />
80%<br />
7. About what percentage of employees of executive departments do not work in Washington,<br />
D.C.? __________________________________________________________________________<br />
90%<br />
8. What is the role of the Cabinet? __________________________________________________<br />
to serve as an informal advisory board to the President<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
9. What is the process for appointing the heads of executive departments? ________________<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
the President appoints the heads and the Senate must confirm them<br />
10. What is the basis for the existence of the Cabinet? ____________________________________<br />
It is the product of custom and usage.<br />
11. When was the first woman appointed to the Cabinet? ________________________________<br />
in 1933<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
12. What President appointed the greatest number of women and minority members to the<br />
Cabinet? ______________________________________________________________________<br />
Clinton<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following term in the space provided.<br />
13. executive department ____________________________________________________________<br />
An executive department is a department of Cabinet rank.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 15 73
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
15<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Independent Agencies<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 4, fill in the chart below describing the functions of the three types of independent<br />
agencies, and giving at least two examples of each type of agency.<br />
Independent Agencies<br />
Type of Agency Functions Examples<br />
Independent Executive 1. function much like Cabinet departments, 2.<br />
Agencies<br />
but without Cabinet status<br />
Independent Regulatory 3. regulate important parts of the 4.<br />
Commissions<br />
nation’s economy<br />
Possible examples: General Services<br />
Administration, NASA, Federal<br />
Election Commission<br />
Possible examples: Federal Reserve<br />
System, Federal Communications<br />
Commission, Nuclear Regulatory<br />
Commission<br />
Government 5. carry out government’s business-like 6. U.S. Postal Service, FDIC, TVA<br />
Corporations<br />
activities<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term or phrase in the blank provided.<br />
7. The term independent agencies means that the agencies are not part of ____________________<br />
Cabinet __________________________________________________________________________________.<br />
departments<br />
8. Independent regulatory commissions are ______________________ quasi-legislative bodies, which means they<br />
have the power to make rules and regulations.<br />
9. They also have quasi-judicial powers, which they exercise by ____________________________<br />
deciding disputes in those fields in<br />
which ____________________________________________________________________________________________________.<br />
Congress has given them policing authority.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
74 Chapter 15 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 5: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Civil Service<br />
CHAPTER<br />
15<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 5, answer the questions below about changes in the manner of choosing<br />
federal employees.<br />
1. How did the first Presidents choose federal officials? __________________________________<br />
The first Presidents chose federal officials on<br />
the basis of who was best qualified for the job, but favored those who shared their political views or belonged to the<br />
same ______________________________________________________________________<br />
party.<br />
2. How did Jackson choose federal officials? ____________________________________________<br />
Jackson fired thousands of officeholders and handed out<br />
their jobs to his own friends and supporters. Jackson believed that any person of normal intelligence was qualified to<br />
hold ______________________________________________________________________<br />
any government post, so he paid no attention to choosing the best person for a job.<br />
3. What government action began civil service reform and how did it work? ________________<br />
With the passage of the Pendleton Act, the civil service system of merit hiring began to replace the spoils system.<br />
Classified ______________________________________________________________________<br />
employees were hired by the Civil Service Commission on the basis of competitive examinations.<br />
4. What two agencies run and oversee the civil service system today? Describe the functions of<br />
each. ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
The Office of Personnel Management recruits, hires, and trains federal employees. The Merit System<br />
Protection ______________________________________________________________________<br />
Board polices the merit system and hears appeals from federal workers who have complaints about<br />
personnel ______________________________________________________________________<br />
actions.<br />
______________________________________________________________________<br />
5. How has the Federal Employees Political Activities Act of 1993 relaxed restrictions placed by<br />
the Hatch Act of 1939? ____________________________________________________________<br />
In addition to allowing federal employees to vote, the 1993 act allows them to help<br />
register ______________________________________________________________________<br />
new voters, contribute money to parties and candidates, participate in campaigns, and hold office in a<br />
political ______________________________________________________________________<br />
party.<br />
______________________________________________________________________<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term. Possible answers below<br />
6. spoils system ____________________________________________________________________<br />
If I had known that this company used the spoils system and hired friends and supporters and<br />
not ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
necessarily those most qualified for the position, I might never have applied.<br />
7. patronage ______________________________________________________________________<br />
Andrew Jackson’s patronage practices rewarded friends and supporters with government jobs<br />
rather ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
than those most qualified.<br />
8. register__________________________________________________________________________<br />
After taking the civil service examination, I am hoping that I will be placed on the Office of Personnel<br />
Management’s ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
register of people who have passed.<br />
9. bipartisan ______________________________________________________________________<br />
The bipartisan committee had an equal number of Democrats and Republicans.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
10. civil service ______________________________________________________________________<br />
I am trying to decide whether to take the civil service exam and apply for a job in the government.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 15 75
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CHAPTER<br />
16<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Taxes<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Write the answers to the questions below in the blanks provided.<br />
The Power to Tax<br />
1. What are the expressed constitutional limitations to the power to tax?<br />
a. ______________________________________________________________________________<br />
Taxes may be levied only for public purposes.<br />
b. ______________________________________________________________________________<br />
Export taxes are prohibited.<br />
c. ______________________________________________________________________________<br />
Direct taxes must be equally apportioned among the States according to their populations.<br />
d. ______________________________________________________________________________<br />
Indirect taxes, such as duties and imposts, must be levied at the same rate throughout the country.<br />
2. What is the implied limitation on the power to tax State and local governments and how can<br />
the Federal Government tax them?<br />
a. ______________________________________________________________________________<br />
The Federal Government may not tax State or local governments in the exercise of their governmental duties.<br />
b. ______________________________________________________________________________<br />
The Federal Government may tax nongovernmental State and local activities, such as a tax on State-sold liquor.<br />
Current Federal Taxes<br />
3. What are the six types of revenue-raising taxes imposed by the Federal Government?<br />
a. ______________________________________________________________________________<br />
individual income tax<br />
b. ______________________________________________________________________________<br />
corporation income tax<br />
c. ______________________________________________________________________________<br />
social insurance taxes (includes OASDI, Medicare, and unemployment compensation)<br />
d. ______________________________________________________________________________<br />
excise taxes<br />
e. ______________________________________________________________________________<br />
estate and gift taxes<br />
f. ______________________________________________________________________________<br />
customs duties<br />
Taxing for Nonrevenue Purposes<br />
4. For what reason other than to raise revenue does Congress levy taxes and how is this power<br />
limited?<br />
a. ______________________________________________________________________________<br />
Congress levies taxes to regulate activities deemed harmful to the public.<br />
b. ______________________________________________________________________________<br />
This power is limited by the Constitution and by the Supreme Court.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
5. What is the difference between a progressive tax and a regressive tax? ____________________<br />
Progressive taxes are<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
levied according to level of income while regressive taxes are levied at a flat rate.<br />
Place a check mark next to each phrase that correctly pairs a type of tax with an example of that tax.<br />
<br />
<br />
❒<br />
❒<br />
<br />
❒<br />
❒<br />
6. payroll tax; Medicare<br />
7. excise tax; federal tax on<br />
imported peanuts<br />
8. progressive tax; income tax<br />
9. custom duty; tax on tobacco products<br />
<br />
❒ 10. regressive tax; Medicare<br />
❒<br />
11. estate tax; tax on inheritance<br />
❒ 12. tax return; income tax form<br />
❒ 13. gift tax; tax on gifts<br />
worth more than $1,000<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
76 Chapter 16 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Nontax Revenues and Borrowing<br />
CHAPTER<br />
16<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Answer the following questions as you read Section 2.<br />
Possible answers below<br />
Nontax Revenues<br />
1. What are sources of interest that the government collects as nontax revenue? ______________<br />
loans ______________________________________________________________________<br />
made by some federal agencies, canal tolls, fees for passports, copyrights, patents and trademarks<br />
2. What is seigniorage? ______________________________________________________________<br />
the profit made by the U.S. Mint; they can make money for more than its face value<br />
______________________________________________________________________<br />
3. What government corporation generates nontax revenue for the government? ______________<br />
United ______________________________________________________________________<br />
States Postal Service<br />
Borrowing<br />
4. For what three reasons does the government often borrow money? ____________________<br />
It borrows money to meet<br />
costs ________________________________________________________________<br />
of crises, to finance large projects, and to pay for deficit financing.<br />
________________________________________________________________<br />
5. Explain the process by which the government borrows money. __________________________<br />
The treasury issues securities to<br />
investors. ____________________________________________________________<br />
These securities often take the form of treasury bills and the government promises to repay them with<br />
interest ____________________________________________________________<br />
on a certain date.<br />
The Public Debt<br />
6. What has been the trend of the public debt over the past 20 years? ______________________<br />
The public debt has<br />
increased ____________________________________________________________<br />
tremendously.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms in the space provided.<br />
7. interest ________________________________________________________________________<br />
a fee for borrowing money; generally a percentage of the amount borrowed<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
8. deficit __________________________________________________________________________<br />
the yearly shortfall between income and spending; when spending is higher than income<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
9. surplus ________________________________________________________________________<br />
the yearly excess between income and spending; when income is higher than spending the public debt<br />
is ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
reduced<br />
10. public debt ____________________________________________________________________<br />
the government’s total outstanding indebtedness, including all of the money borrowed and not<br />
yet ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
repaid plus the accrued interest<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 16 77
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CHAPTER<br />
16<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Spending and the Budget<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Complete the chart below by filling in the missing information in the blanks provided.<br />
Possible answers below<br />
Federal Spending<br />
Type of Spending Meaning Examples<br />
Controllable 1. Congress ___________________________ and the President decide how 2. a. military _______________________<br />
equipment<br />
Spending<br />
___________________________<br />
much will be spent on a specific item in b. aid _______________________<br />
to education<br />
___________________________<br />
the budget.<br />
c. environmental _______________________<br />
protection<br />
Uncontrollable 3. spending ___________________________ that Congress and the 4. a. Social _______________________<br />
Security benefits<br />
Spending<br />
___________________________<br />
President have no power to change b. food _______________________<br />
stamps<br />
___________________________ c. Medicare _______________________<br />
As you read the section, fill in the answers to the questions below.<br />
5. Who initiates the spending process? ________________________________________________<br />
the President<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
6. How does the federal budget serve as a political statement? ____________________________<br />
It serves as a plan for the execution<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
of public policy.<br />
7. According to the chart on page 460, in what three categories has the government spent the<br />
most money since 1997? __________________________________________________________<br />
Social Security Administration, Department of the Treasury, Department of<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Health and Human Services<br />
8. Where does the budget-making process begin? ______________________________________<br />
It begins with each federal agency submitting its<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
spending plans to the OMB.<br />
9. How does Congress become involved in the process? __________________________________<br />
Congress reviews the budget with the<br />
Congressional Budget Office, and congressional committees study it, hold hearings, change it, and prepare<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
appropriations bills.<br />
10. What happens if the 13 appropriations measures are not passed by the beginning of the fiscal<br />
year? __________________________________________________________________________<br />
Congress passes a continuing resolution to allow emergency spending.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Explain the meaning of the following term and give some examples.<br />
11. entitlement ______________________________________________________________________<br />
any benefit that federal law says must be paid to all those who meet the eligibility requirements;<br />
possible ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
examples: OASDI, Medicare, Medicaid<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
78 Chapter 16 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Foreign Affairs and National Security<br />
CHAPTER<br />
17<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 1, answer the questions below in the space provided.<br />
1. What major change took place in the United States’ relationship with the rest of the world<br />
after World War II? These ______________________________________________________________<br />
relationships shifted from isolationism to internationalism.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
2. What is foreign policy? Foreign ____________________________________________________________<br />
policy involves all of a country’s relationships—diplomatic, military,<br />
commercial, ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
and other—with other countries.<br />
3. What is the main function of the State Department?____________________________________<br />
The State advises the President and<br />
formulates ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
and conducts U.S. foreign policy.<br />
4. What does the Foreign Service do? The __________________________________________________<br />
Foreign Service represents the United States abroad.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
5. Why is the military under civilian control?____________________________________________<br />
The Framers of the Constitution believed that military power<br />
could ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
threaten a free government if the military were not under civilian control.<br />
6. Who are the chief military aides to the secretary of defense? ____________________________<br />
the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs; army<br />
chief ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
of staff; chief of naval operations; Commandant of the Marine Corps; and air force chief of staff<br />
7. What are the three military departments? the ____________________________________________<br />
Army, Navy, and Air Force<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each<br />
blank.<br />
Column I<br />
_____ d 8. refusal to become involved in the world’s affairs<br />
_____ e 9. events that take place in one’s own country<br />
_____ b 10. the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives<br />
_____ a 11. freedom of a nation’s ambassadors from the laws<br />
of the country to which they are accredited<br />
_____ f 12. a nation’s relationship with other countries<br />
_____ c 13. the President’s representative to another nation<br />
Column II<br />
a. diplomatic immunity<br />
b. right of legation<br />
c. ambassador<br />
d. isolationism<br />
e. domestic affairs<br />
f. foreign affairs<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 17 79
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CHAPTER<br />
17<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Other Foreign and Defense Agencies<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Use the following chart to organize information from this section. If an acronym is used, write out<br />
the full name of the agency on the blank provided. Then answer the questions below the chart on a<br />
separate sheet of paper.<br />
Organization<br />
Function<br />
CIA<br />
2. ______________________________________________<br />
to coordinate all information-gathering activities in the Federal<br />
1. Central Intelligence Agency<br />
______________________________________________<br />
Government, analyze and evaluate the data it receives, and report<br />
______________________________________________<br />
the data to the President<br />
INS<br />
4. ______________________________________________<br />
to deal with people who come to the United States to live and/or<br />
Immigration and Naturalization<br />
3. Service<br />
______________________________________________<br />
work, grant political asylum when appropriate, and naturalize<br />
______________________________________________<br />
new citizens<br />
NASA<br />
6. ______________________________________________<br />
plans and carries out the nation’s space programs toward both<br />
National Aeronautics and Space<br />
5. Administration<br />
______________________________________________<br />
military and peaceful ends<br />
______________________________________________<br />
Selective Service System<br />
7. ______________________________________________<br />
administers the military draft for men between 18 and 26, which<br />
______________________________________________<br />
exists only on a standby basis today<br />
It may not conduct activities within<br />
8. What limit has Congress imposed on the operations of the CIA? the United States.<br />
9. Briefly describe the history of military conscription in the United States. Colonies and States often<br />
required militia service; conscription was used in the Civil War; a national draft was first used in 1917, and was revived<br />
during the Korean and Vietnam wars.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
10. When they reach the age of 18, all men must register for the ______________________, draft<br />
or<br />
compulsory military service.<br />
11. CIA operations include ______________________, espionage or spying.<br />
12. People suffering persecution in their own countries may come to the United States for<br />
______________________, political asylum or safe haven.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
80 Chapter 17 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
American Foreign Policy Overview<br />
CHAPTER<br />
17<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Using information from Section 3, complete the graphic organizer below.<br />
Key Events in American Foreign Policy<br />
Dates Event Result<br />
1823 1. ________________ Monroe Doctrine The United States stays out of European affairs<br />
________________ and warns others to stay out of the Americas.<br />
Early 1900s 2. ________________ Roosevelt Corollary to<br />
the Monroe Doctrine<br />
United States polices Latin America<br />
3.__________ 1899 Open Door in China 4. promoted ________________________________________<br />
equal trade access to China and preservation<br />
of China’s independence<br />
5.__________ 1917 U.S. enters World Intention is “to make world safe for democracy.”<br />
War I<br />
1941 Japan bombs United 6. United ________________________________________<br />
States becomes involved in World War II<br />
States naval base at ________________________________________<br />
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii ________________________________________<br />
After World Collective security 7. Led ________________________________________<br />
by the United States, nations form the United Nations<br />
War II<br />
with ________________________________________<br />
the intention of acting together to protect peace.<br />
1947 8. ______________ Truman Doctrine United States supports nations that remain free of<br />
Soviet control.<br />
1948–1949 9. ______________ Berlin Blockade After Soviets try to blockade West Berlin, the<br />
United States mounts a massive airlift to provide<br />
supplies to West Berlin.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
1950–1953 10. ______________ Korean War UN forces, largely American, defend South Korea<br />
against Communist North Korea.<br />
11. ________ 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis 12. After ______________________________________<br />
Soviets built up military weapons in Cuba, the<br />
United States orders naval blockade of Cuba.<br />
1965–1973 13. ______________ Vietnam War United States becomes increasingly involved in a<br />
civil war in Vietnam.<br />
14. ________ 1991 15. ______________ Persian Gulf War United States and allies deploy troops to force<br />
Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait.<br />
16. an agreement among the nations of the world to act together<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms against any nation that threatened world peace 17. the policy of<br />
making America and its allies so militarily strong that their very<br />
Define the following key terms on a separate sheet of paper. strength will discourage any attack 18. a<br />
period of more than 40 years during which the<br />
16. collective security 18. cold war 20. détente relations between two superpowers<br />
were tense and hostile<br />
17. deterrence 19. containment but no military action took place 19. anti-Communist<br />
policy followed by the United States from the mid-1940s<br />
through the 1980s 20. a policy in which tensions<br />
among nations is relaxed<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 17 81
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
17<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Use the chart below to organize the information presented in the textbook on security alliances.<br />
Name of Pact or Members Agreement<br />
Organization<br />
NATO 1. United States, 2.<br />
Canada, and 17<br />
European Nations<br />
mutual defense pact—an armed attack against one is<br />
considered an attack against all<br />
Rio Pact 3. United States, 4.<br />
Canada, 32 Latin<br />
American nations<br />
ANZUS 5. Australia, New 6.<br />
Zealand, United<br />
States<br />
Japanese Pact 7. Japan, United 8.<br />
States<br />
Philippines Pact 9. Philippines, United 10.<br />
States<br />
mutual defense pact and agreement to seek peaceful<br />
settlements of all disputes among member nations<br />
regional security alliance, ensure collective security in<br />
Pacific region<br />
in return for American protection, Japan agrees to allow<br />
the United States to maintain land, sea, and air forces in<br />
Japan<br />
continuing American military presence in the Philippines to<br />
guarantee Philippine independence (now being revised)<br />
Korean Pact 11. South Korea, United 12.<br />
States<br />
United States agrees to aid South Korea in the event of<br />
an invasion<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, describe the duties of each of the United Nations organizations listed<br />
below.<br />
13. General Assembly of Justice<br />
14. Security Council<br />
15. Economic and Social Council<br />
16. International Court of Justice<br />
17. Secretariat<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
13. debates issues, makes recommendations to Security Council and other<br />
bodies, elects officials, proposes amendments to charter, shares power to<br />
admit, expel, and suspend members 14. responsible for keeping the peace;<br />
can adopt measures ranging from recommendations to economic and military<br />
sanctions 15. carries out the UN’s many economic, cultural, educational,<br />
health, and related programs 16. decides cases voluntarily brought to it<br />
17. civil service, administrative chores; also, secretary-general has power to<br />
bring matters before the Security Council<br />
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
18. Of all the regions that receive American _______________, foreign aid Asia has received the greatest<br />
economic assistance.<br />
19. The Rio Pact is an example of a _______________.<br />
regional security alliance<br />
20. The nonpermanent members of the __________________ UN Security Council are elected to two-year terms by the<br />
General Assembly.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
82 Chapter 17 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The National Judiciary<br />
CHAPTER<br />
18<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 1, answer the questions below.<br />
1. What did Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution create? Article __________________________<br />
III, Section 1 of the Constitution<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
created the national judiciary.<br />
2. What are constitutional courts? Constitutional __________________________________________________<br />
courts, sometimes called regular courts, are federal<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
courts that Congress formed under Article III. They exercise broad judicial powers.<br />
3. What are special courts? Special ________________________________________________________<br />
courts, sometimes called legislative courts, were created to hear cases<br />
arising under the expressed powers given to Congress in Article I. They hear a much narrower range of cases than<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
the constitutional courts.<br />
4. Under what circumstances may federal courts hear a case? Federal __________________________<br />
courts may hear a case if it<br />
deals with constitutional issues or matters on U.S. waters or the high seas or if the parties in the case are U.S.<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
officers, one of the 50 States, a foreign government, or a citizen of another State.<br />
5. What is the procedure for the selection of federal judges? The ____________________________<br />
President appoints federal judges<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
and the Senate confirms them.<br />
6. What is the primary function of federal judges? to ____________________________________<br />
hear and decide cases<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
7. How long are the terms of judges of constitutional courts? life __________________________<br />
8. How long are the terms of judges in special courts? 8–15 ________________________________<br />
years, depending on the specific court<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Write the definition of each term in the left column in the box in the right column.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
Term<br />
exclusive jurisdiction 9.<br />
concurrent jurisdiction 10.<br />
Definition<br />
cases that can be heard only in federal courts<br />
cases that can be heard either in federal or in State courts<br />
plaintiff 11.<br />
the party that files a lawsuit<br />
defendant 12.<br />
the party that must defend against a complaint in a lawsuit<br />
original jurisdiction 13.<br />
the court in which a case is first heard<br />
appellate jurisdiction 14.<br />
a court that hears a case on appeal from a lower court<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 18 83
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
18<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Inferior Courts<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 2, fill in the chart below to help you organize information about each type of<br />
federal court shown.<br />
Court Number of Number of Types of Cases<br />
Courts<br />
Judges<br />
1. District Court a. 94 b. 632 c. civil and criminal cases<br />
involving federal law<br />
2. Courts of Appeals a. 12 b. 179 c. appeals only from federal<br />
courts and regulatory<br />
agencies<br />
3. Supreme Court a. 1 b. 9 c. appeals from State and federal<br />
courts and a few types of<br />
cases with original jurisdiction<br />
4. Court of International a. 1 b. 9 c. civil cases relating to<br />
Trade<br />
trade and tariffs<br />
5. Court of Appeals a. 1 b. 12 c. appeals in federal cases<br />
for the Federal<br />
from across the country<br />
Circuit<br />
Answer the following questions.<br />
6. On what basis is the United States divided into judicial districts? Each ________________________<br />
State forms at least one<br />
federal __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
judicial district, no matter what its size or population. States with larger populations are further divided.<br />
There __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
are also district courts in the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico.<br />
7. When and why were the courts of appeals created? They ____________________________________<br />
were created in 1891 in order to relieve the<br />
Supreme __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Court of much of the burden of hearing appeals because the High Court’s docket had become overwhelming.<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms.<br />
Possible answers below<br />
8. criminal case______________________________________________________________________<br />
a in which a defendant is tried for committing some action that has been declared by law to<br />
be __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
a crime<br />
9. civil case a ________________________________________________________________________<br />
case involving a noncriminal matter, such as a dispute over terms of a contract or claims of patent<br />
infringement __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
10. docket list __________________________________________________________________________<br />
of cases to be heard<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
84 Chapter 18 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Supreme Court<br />
CHAPTER<br />
18<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Complete each sentence by finishing it in the blank provided.<br />
1. The term “judicial review” means ___________________________________________________<br />
the power to decide if an act is constitutional<br />
________________________________________________________________________________.<br />
2. In the United States, the court of last resort in questions of federal law is__________________<br />
the Supreme Court<br />
________________________________________________________________________________.<br />
3. The first case in which the court used its power of judicial review was Marbury ____________________<br />
v. Madison<br />
________________________________________________________________________________.<br />
4. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases involving ______________________ a State<br />
or<br />
those affecting ambassadors ___________________________________________________________________.<br />
and other public ministers<br />
5. A case is accepted if at least _________________ four<br />
Court justices agree to place it on the docket.<br />
6. When the Supreme Court accepts a case, it receives written documents called _____________<br />
briefs<br />
and hears _______________________________________________________________________.<br />
oral arguments<br />
7. The opening day of each Supreme Court term is ______________________________________.<br />
the first Monday in October<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete each sentence in Column I by writing the letter of the<br />
correct term from Column II in the blank.<br />
Column I<br />
_____ d<br />
_____ e<br />
8. A justice who agrees with the Opinion of the Court<br />
may nonetheless decide to write a ___.<br />
9. If the Chief Justice agrees with the Opinion of the<br />
Court, he or she decides who will write the ___.<br />
_____ a 10. When the Supreme Court accepts a case for review,<br />
it issues a ___.<br />
_____ c 11. Justices who disagree with an Opinion of the Court<br />
may register their views by writing a ___.<br />
_____ b 12. If an inferior court wants guidance from the Supreme<br />
Court on a particular question of law, it may issue a ___.<br />
Column II<br />
a. writ of certiorari<br />
b. certificate<br />
c. dissenting opinion<br />
d. concurring opinion<br />
e. majority opinion<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 18 85
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
18<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Special Courts<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 4, fill in the chart below to organize information about each special court<br />
shown.<br />
Court Number of Term of Types of Cases<br />
Judges Judges<br />
hears cases in which there are<br />
1. United States Court<br />
claims against the government<br />
of the United States<br />
of Federal Claims a. 16 b. 15 years c. from all over the country<br />
hear cases like those heard in<br />
local State courts throughout<br />
2. Territorial Courts a. b. c. the United States<br />
3. Court of Appeals for<br />
the Armed Forces a. 5 b. 15 years c.<br />
4. Court of Appeals for a. 7 b. 15 years c.<br />
Veterans Claims<br />
hears appeals of serious<br />
court-martial convictions<br />
hears appeals from the<br />
decisions of the Board of<br />
Veterans Appeals in the<br />
Department of Veterans<br />
Affairs<br />
5. United States a. 19 b. 15 years c.<br />
Tax Court<br />
hears civil cases involving<br />
disputes over tax laws<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms.<br />
6. redress satisfaction ____________________________________________________________________________<br />
of a claim<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
7. court-martial a ______________________________________________________________________<br />
court consisting of military officers who try cases of violation of military law by members of the<br />
armed __________________________________________________________________________________<br />
services<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
8. civilian tribunal a ____________________________________________________________________<br />
court operating as part of the judicial branch, entirely separate from the military establishment<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
86 Chapter 18 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Unalienable Rights<br />
CHAPTER<br />
19<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph with the appropriate words or phrases from the section<br />
content.<br />
The Framers believed that the primary purpose of government was to (1.)___________________.<br />
protect individual rights<br />
They stated this belief both in the (2.) Declaration ___________________ of Independence and the (3.) ___________________.<br />
Constitution<br />
people wanted a guarantee<br />
The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution because (4.) ___________________.<br />
of individual rights<br />
This document fit well with the principle of (5.) ___________________, limited government which states that<br />
governments have only those powers which the people have granted to them. But even in a democracy,<br />
individual rights are not unlimited. Each individual’s rights are limited by<br />
(6.) ___________________. the rights of others Often, the rights of individuals conflict and, when this occurs,<br />
(7.) ___________________ the courts may be called upon to decide which rights take precedence. For the most<br />
part, the protections of the Bill of Rights are extended to (8.) ___________________ citizens as well as<br />
(9.) ___________________, aliens<br />
but there are some rights that may be denied to<br />
(10.) ___________________.<br />
aliens<br />
Answer the following question in the space provided. Possible answer below<br />
11. How has the Supreme Court ensured that States do not deny basic rights to the people?<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
The Court has engaged in the process of incorporation. Through decisions in various court cases dating as far<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
back as 1925, the Court has incorporated most Bill of Rights protections into the Due Process Clause, which<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
essentially prevents States from depriving people of their basic rights.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each<br />
blank.<br />
Column I<br />
_____ c 12. the positive acts of government that seek to make<br />
the guarantees of the Constitution a reality for<br />
all people<br />
_____ d 13. foreign-born resident; noncitizen<br />
_____ f 14. inclusion of the essential Bill of Rights into the<br />
Due Process Clause<br />
_____ a 15. the first 10 amendments to the Constitution,<br />
which guarantee certain personal freedoms to all people<br />
_____ e 16. part of the Constitution that prevents States from<br />
denying people their basic rights<br />
_____ b 17. protections against government<br />
Column II<br />
a. Bill of Rights<br />
b. civil liberties<br />
c. civil rights<br />
d. alien<br />
e. Due Process Clause<br />
f. process of incorporation<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 19 87
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
19<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Freedom of Religion<br />
A. As You Read<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, write the decisions for each of the cases listed below. The cases on the<br />
left involved an interpretation of the Establishment Clause and the cases on the right involved an<br />
interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause. Answers can be found on the following Student Edition pages:<br />
Establishment Clause<br />
1. Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 1925<br />
2. Everson v. Board of Education, 1947<br />
3. Zorach v. Clauson, 1952<br />
4. Engel v. Vitale, 1962<br />
5. Abington School District v.<br />
Schempp, 1963<br />
6. Wallace v. Jaffree, 1985<br />
7. Santa Fe Independent School District v.<br />
Doe, 2000<br />
8. Lemon v. Kurtzman, 1971<br />
9. Lynch v. Donnelly, 1984<br />
10. County of Allegheny v. ACLU, 1989<br />
11. Marsh v. Chambers, 1983<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Free Exercise Clause<br />
12. Reynolds v. United States, 1879<br />
13. McGowan v. Maryland, 1961<br />
14. Welsh v. United States, 1970<br />
15. Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery<br />
Protective Association, 1988<br />
16. Cantwell v. Connecticut, 1940<br />
17. Sherbert v. Verner, 1963<br />
18. West Virginia Board of Education<br />
v. Barnette, 1943<br />
1. p. 538 10. p. 542<br />
2. p. 538 11. p. 542<br />
3. p. 538 12. p. 543<br />
4. p. 539 13. p. 543<br />
5. p. 539 14. p. 543<br />
6. p. 539 15. p. 543<br />
7. p. 539 16. p. 543<br />
8. p. 540 17. p. 544<br />
9. p. 542 18. p. 544<br />
Define the following terms in the space provided.<br />
19. Establishment Clause the ____________________________________________________________<br />
part of the First Amendment that separates church and government<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
20. Free Exercise Clause ______________________________________________________________<br />
guarantees people the right to have whatever religious belief they choose<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
21. parochial ______________________________________________________________________<br />
church-related<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
88 Chapter 19 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Freedom of Speech and Press<br />
CHAPTER<br />
19<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Use the chart to organize information about important Supreme Court rulings in cases involving<br />
freedom of speech and press.<br />
Case Date Ruling<br />
Schenck v. United States 1. ____________ 1919 2. __________________________________<br />
upheld conviction of Schenck for obstructing the<br />
__________________________________<br />
war effort by sending out leaflets urging<br />
__________________________________<br />
drafted men to resist the draft<br />
ruled that obscenity is material that (1) excites<br />
Miller v. California 1973 3.__________________________________<br />
lust according to an average person’s standards;<br />
__________________________________<br />
(2) deals with a form of sexual conduct specifically<br />
__________________________________<br />
covered in an anti-obscenity law; and (3) has no<br />
literary, artistic, political, or scientific value<br />
New York Times v. United States 4. ____________ 1971 5.__________________________________<br />
upheld the “heavy presumption” of the unconstitutionality<br />
of prior restraint by allowing the New<br />
__________________________________<br />
__________________________________<br />
York Times to publish the Pentagon Papers<br />
6. ________________________________________________________________ Branzburg v. Hayes<br />
7. ____________ 1972 held that reporters must respond to<br />
relevant questions in a valid grand<br />
jury investigation or a criminal trial<br />
Burstyn v. Wilson 1952 8. ________________________________________________________<br />
held that expression through motion pictures<br />
____________________________<br />
is protected by the First and Fourteenth<br />
____________________________<br />
amendments<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
9. ______________________________ Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC 1940 held that television is protected by<br />
the First Amendment, but its protection is<br />
very limited<br />
10. ______________________________ Thornhill v. Alabama<br />
1940 struck down a law that made<br />
picketing a place of business a crime<br />
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting 11. __________ 1999 12. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
struck down a federal law that barred casinos<br />
Association v. United States<br />
__________________________________<br />
from advertising on radio or television<br />
__________________________________<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Answers can be found on the following<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms. Student Edition pages:<br />
13. libel 16. seditious speech 19. symbolic speech<br />
p. 546 p. 547 p. 551<br />
14. slander 17. prior restraint 20. picketing<br />
p. 547 p. 549 p. 551<br />
15. sedition 18. shield law<br />
p. 547 p. 550<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 19 89
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
19<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Freedom of Assembly and Petition<br />
A. As You Read<br />
The following paragraphs summarize Section 4. As you read the section, fill in the blanks with the<br />
missing words or phrases.<br />
The (1.) _________________ First Amendment guarantees the right of people to (2.) _________________,<br />
assemble<br />
peaceably and to petition government for (3.) _________________. redress of grievances The (4.) _________________<br />
Fourteenth<br />
Amendment extends this protection to actions by State and local governments. However, the Court<br />
has allowed government to place reasonable limits on these rights in the form of<br />
(5.) _________________ time-place-manner regulations. For example, parades cannot be held near a courthouse when<br />
intended to influence the<br />
court is in session if they are (6.) _________________. Court’s proceedings But government regulation of the right of<br />
assembly must be precisely drawn and (7.) _________________. fairly administered In addition, while government can<br />
regulate assembly on the basis of (8.) _________________, time, place, or manner it cannot regulate on the basis of<br />
(9.) _________________.<br />
what is said<br />
the demonstrators want<br />
Most demonstrations take place in public places because (10.) _________________. to influence the public However,<br />
the Court has held that it is permissible for the government to require demonstrators to give<br />
(11.) _________________ advance notice and acquire (12.) _________________ permits before demonstrating in public<br />
places.<br />
In the case of Gregory v. Chicago, 1969, the Court held that demonstrators cannot be<br />
charged with disorderly conduct as long as they (13.) _________________, acted peacefully even if their actions lead<br />
to (14.) _________________.<br />
disorder<br />
In more recent years, cases have focused on demonstrations at (15.) _________________.<br />
abortion clinics<br />
The Court has held that local ordinances can require a buffer zone to avoid blocking access to<br />
them.<br />
Demonstrations on (16.) _________________, private property such as shopping malls, are viewed differently<br />
by the Court. The Court has ruled that State supreme courts may interpret State constitutions<br />
reasonable exercise of<br />
in such a way as to allow (17.) _________________.<br />
the right of petition on<br />
private property<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following key terms in the space provided.<br />
18. assemble to ________________________________________________________________________<br />
gather in groups<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
19. content neutral not __________________________________________________________________<br />
related to what is said<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
20. guarantee of association the __________________________________________________________<br />
right to associate with others to promote causes<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
90 Chapter 19 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Due Process Law<br />
CHAPTER<br />
20<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Use the chart below to organize information about the legitimate uses of the States’ police power.<br />
Possible answers below<br />
Uses of the Police Power<br />
States’ Duty to Protect:<br />
Examples<br />
Health<br />
1. laws ____________________________________________<br />
to combat pollution, regulation of liquor and tobacco,<br />
____________________________________________<br />
mandatory vaccinations<br />
2. safety __________________________ seat-belt laws, drunk driving laws, laws against<br />
__________________________ concealed weapons<br />
Morals<br />
3. laws ____________________________________________<br />
against gambling, prostitution, obscenity<br />
____________________________________________<br />
4. general __________________________ welfare<br />
compulsory education laws, regulation of public<br />
__________________________ utilities, assist medically needy<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. Then, describe a court case involving each.<br />
See possible answers below<br />
5. procedural due process<br />
6. substantive due process<br />
7. right of privacy<br />
In the space provided, use each key term in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term.<br />
Possible answers below<br />
8. police power ____________________________________________________________________<br />
The State uses its police power to protect and promote the public health, safety, morals, and<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
general welfare.<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
9. search warrant __________________________________________________________________<br />
Courts order search warrants to give police the authority to search a suspect’s house.<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
__________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Answers to questions 5–7<br />
5. The government must act fairly and in accordance with established principles in the way it takes action. In the case of<br />
Rochin v. California, 1952, the Supreme Court found that Los Angeles deputies violated procedural due process by illegally<br />
entering a suspect’s home, trying to force him to spit out pills, and pumping the victim’s stomach to recover the pills.<br />
6. The laws under which the government acts must be fair. In the case of Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 1925, the Supreme<br />
Court declared unconstitutional an Oregon law requiring children ages 8–16 to attend public schools. The substance of the<br />
law violated due process. 7. “the right to be free, except in very limited circumstances, from unwanted governmental<br />
intrusions into one’s privacy;” answers will vary as students can choose from several cases including Roe v. Wade, Webster<br />
v. Reproductive Health Services, and Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 20 91
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
20<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Freedom and Security of the Person<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read the section, fill in the chart below. Write the provisions of each amendment in the first<br />
column. In the second column, give an example of a Supreme Court ruling that was based on the<br />
provisions of each amendment.<br />
Amendment Provisions Examples<br />
13th 1. Slavery and involuntary servitude are banned 2. Possible answer: In Jones v. Mayer, 1968,<br />
in the United States. Congress has the<br />
the Court ruled that Congress has the<br />
power to abolish “the badges and incidents power to secure the right for African<br />
of slavery.”<br />
American men to hold the same property<br />
that a white man can hold.<br />
2nd 3. The people have the right to keep and bear 4.<br />
arms in order to provide for a well<br />
regulated militia.<br />
3rd 5.<br />
forbids the quartering of soldiers in<br />
private homes in peace or war searches<br />
and seizures<br />
In United States v. Miller, 1939, the Court<br />
ruled that certain types of weapons could<br />
not be shipped across State lines without<br />
the payment of a tax and the registration<br />
of the weapons.<br />
Not Applicable<br />
4th 6. People may not be subjected to<br />
7.<br />
unreasonable searches and seizures; a<br />
search warrant must be obtained with<br />
probable cause.<br />
Possible answer: In Florida v. J.L., 2000,<br />
the Court ruled that two police officers<br />
violated the Fourth Amendment when they<br />
searched a man based on an anonymous,<br />
unsubstantiated tip.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each<br />
blank.<br />
Column I<br />
_____ e 8. forced labor<br />
_____ d 9. a reasonable suspicion of a crime<br />
_____ c 10. bias; unfairness<br />
_____ a 11. illegally seized evidence cannot be used against the<br />
person from whom it was seized<br />
_____ b 12. a blanket search warrant<br />
Column II<br />
a. exclusionary rule<br />
b. writ of assistance<br />
c. discrimination<br />
d. probable cause<br />
e. involuntary servitude<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
92 Chapter 20 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Rights of the Accused<br />
CHAPTER<br />
20<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Copy the chart below onto a separate sheet of paper and then fill in the blanks to organize information<br />
about the legal terms introduced in this section.<br />
Legal Term Definition Purpose<br />
writ of habeas corpus 1.<br />
a court order to bring a prisoner<br />
before a court and show cause why<br />
he or she should not be released<br />
2. to prevent unjust imprisonment<br />
bill of attainder 3.<br />
legislative act that inflicts<br />
punishment without a court trial 4.<br />
banned to preserve individual freedom<br />
and the separation of powers<br />
5. ex post facto law criminal law that applies to 6.<br />
an act committed before its<br />
passage<br />
banned to prevent the government<br />
from trying to punish people for<br />
actions that were not crimes at the<br />
time they were committed<br />
indictment 7. formal complaint laid before a grand prevents overzealous<br />
jury by a prosecutor<br />
prosecutors from recklessly<br />
charging people with crimes<br />
8. presentment<br />
formal accusation brought by allows grand jury to act when<br />
a grand jury on its own<br />
a prosecutor has some interest<br />
motion<br />
in not prosecuting<br />
double jeopardy 9.<br />
trying a person twice for the same<br />
crime<br />
10.<br />
banned to protect citizens after being<br />
acquitted of a crime<br />
bench trial 11. trial in which the judge alone hears the defendant always has the<br />
the case, rather than a jury right to a jury trial, but that<br />
may be waived if the<br />
defendant is fully aware of<br />
his or her rights<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
12. Miranda Rule 13. rule based on the Court decision of to prevent the police from<br />
Miranda v. Arizona, stating that<br />
suspects must be told of their<br />
coercing confessions or selfincriminating<br />
testimony from<br />
rights before being questioned by<br />
police<br />
uninformed suspects<br />
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.<br />
14. What four criteria are used to determine if a trial delay is unconstitutional?<br />
15. What is a petit jury?<br />
16. What was the Supreme Court’s ruling in Escobedo v. Illinois, 1964?<br />
17. What does the 5th Amendment ban?<br />
Answers to questions 14–17<br />
14. the length of the delay, the reasons for it,<br />
whether the delay harmed the defendant, and<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
whether the defendant asked for a prompt trial<br />
15. A petit jury is a trial jury.<br />
Define the following term on a separate sheet of paper. 16. The Court ruled that Escobedo was denied his<br />
right to counsel and therefore should be freed.<br />
18. grand jury<br />
17. self-incrimination<br />
a formal device by which a person can be accused of a serious crime<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 20 93
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
20<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Punishment<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Each of the statements under the main heading in the outline below is incorrect. Rewrite each on a<br />
separate sheet of paper to make it correct. Possible answers below<br />
Bail and Preventive Detention<br />
1. Every person accused of a crime must be allowed to set his or her own bail. Every person accused<br />
of a crime is not automatically granted bail; bail is set by the court.<br />
2. The Supreme Court rejected preventive detention in Stack v. Boyle, 1951. The Court upheld<br />
preventive detention in United States v. Salerno, 1987.<br />
Cruel and Unusual Punishment<br />
3. The 6th Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and the 13th Amendment<br />
extends that prohibition to the States. The Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and the<br />
Fourteenth Amendment extends that prohibition to the States.<br />
4. The Supreme Court has ruled that death by firing squad is cruel and unusual.<br />
The Supreme Court has ruled that death by firing squad is not cruel or unusual.<br />
Capital Punishment<br />
5. Thirty States have capital punishment laws. Thirty-eight States have capital punishment laws.<br />
6. A State can impose the death penalty only for crimes resulting in excessive cruelty to the victim.<br />
A State can impose the death penalty only for crimes resulting in the death of the victim.<br />
Treason<br />
7. Treason is the only crime specifically defined in the Constitution because the Framers knew<br />
that its meaning would be lost with time. Treason is the only crime specifically defined in the Constitution<br />
because the Framers knew that this charge is often used by tyrants to silence their opponents.<br />
8. A person can be convicted of treason if there is one eyewitness to the treasonous act.<br />
A person can be convicted of treason if there are two eyewitnesses to the treasonous act or there is a confession in<br />
open court.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each<br />
blank.<br />
Column I<br />
_____ d<br />
9. levying war against the United States or giving aid<br />
and comfort to its enemies<br />
_____ b 10. holding the accused without bail when there is reason<br />
to believe the accused will commit serious crimes<br />
before trial<br />
_____ a 11. money an accused person must deposit with the court<br />
to guarantee an appearance at trial<br />
_____ c 12. the death penalty<br />
Column II<br />
a. bail<br />
b. preventive detention<br />
c. capital punishment<br />
d. treason<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
94 Chapter 20 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Diversity and Discrimination in American Society<br />
CHAPTER<br />
21<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read the section, summarize the information given on each group below in the space provided.<br />
Possible answers below<br />
African Americans<br />
1. African ____________________<br />
Americans constitute<br />
the largest minority group in<br />
______________________<br />
the United States. Africans<br />
originally came to the country<br />
______________________<br />
in 1619 as slaves; slavery was<br />
not abolished until 1865. Many<br />
______________________<br />
of the gains in equality in the<br />
U.S. have been made by and for<br />
______________________<br />
African Americans.<br />
______________________<br />
Native Americans<br />
2. ____________________<br />
In the 1600s, more than half<br />
of the Native American population<br />
died ____________________<br />
from disease and at the hands<br />
of those pushing for westward<br />
expansion. ____________________<br />
Today, many Native<br />
Americans live on reservations<br />
and ____________________<br />
some are impoverished as a<br />
result of past discrimination.<br />
____________________<br />
Hispanic Americans<br />
3. Hispanic ____________________<br />
Americans make up<br />
the second largest minority group<br />
________________________<br />
in the country. There are four main<br />
groups of Hispanic Americans—<br />
________________________<br />
Mexican Americans, Puerto<br />
Ricans, Cuban Americans, and<br />
________________________<br />
Central and South Americans.<br />
________________________<br />
____________________ ________________________<br />
Asian Americans<br />
4. ____________________<br />
Asian Americans suffered<br />
discrimination at several points<br />
in ________________________<br />
U.S. history. Asian American<br />
miners suffered through violent<br />
attacks ________________________<br />
in the late 1800s and<br />
Asian Americans on the West<br />
Coast ________________________<br />
were forced into war<br />
relocation camps during World<br />
War ________________________<br />
II.<br />
________________________<br />
Women<br />
5. ____________________<br />
Despite the large numbers of<br />
women living in the United States,<br />
________________________<br />
women are underrepresented in<br />
government and in higher level<br />
________________________<br />
business positions. Woman<br />
suffrage, the Equal Pay Act, and<br />
________________________<br />
the Civil Rights Act have improved<br />
women’s position in society.<br />
________________________<br />
________________________<br />
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B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Place a check mark next to each of the following pairs that correctly matches a term from this<br />
chapter with its definition.<br />
❑<br />
<br />
<br />
❑<br />
❑<br />
❑<br />
6. reservation—land set aside by the government for Native-American use<br />
7. heterogeneous—made up of several ingredients<br />
8. assimilation—agreement<br />
9. refugee—person who comes to the United States for religious reasons<br />
❑ 10. immigrant—new citizen<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 21 95
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
21<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Equality Before the Law<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Complete the outline by supplying the missing words or phrases in the blanks.<br />
Equal Protection Clause<br />
1. Reasonable Classification—The government is allowed to ______________________, discriminate or draw<br />
distinctions, between groups, but it may not do so ______________________.<br />
unreasonably<br />
2. The Rational Basis Test—The rational basis test asks: Does the classification in question<br />
bear a reasonable relationship to the achievement of some ______________________<br />
proper governmental purpose<br />
______________________?<br />
3. The Strict Scrutiny Test—In cases dealing with “______________________,” fundamental rights such as the right<br />
to vote, or “______________________,” suspect classifications such as those based on race or sex, the Supreme Court<br />
imposes the strict scrutiny test, which requires that the State prove that some<br />
“______________________________________________” compelling governmental interest<br />
justifies the distinctions it has drawn.<br />
Segregation in America<br />
4. The Separate-but-Equal Doctrine—In 1896, the Supreme Court upheld racial segregation by<br />
saying that segregated facilities for African Americans were lawful as long as the separate<br />
facilities were ______________________.<br />
equal to those for whites<br />
5. Brown v. Topeka Board of Education, 1954—In 1954 the Court reversed itself, ruling that<br />
segregation was ______________________ unconstitutional and must be ended.<br />
6. De Jure and De Facto Segregation—Attention turned toward schools that practiced<br />
______________________, de facto segregation often brought about by housing patterns.<br />
Classification by Sex<br />
7. Until 20 years ago, the Court has upheld ______________________ sex-based classifications.<br />
8. Today, sex is a “suspect classification,” and is allowed only in cases where the law is intended<br />
to serve an “important ______________________ governmental objective.”<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper.<br />
9. segregation 12. integration the process of bringing a group into<br />
the separation of one group from another<br />
equal membership in society<br />
10. Jim Crow law law that separates one group 13. de jure segregation<br />
from another based on race<br />
segregation by law<br />
11. separate-but-equal doctrine 14. de facto segregation<br />
Developed by the Supreme Court, it held that<br />
segregation in fact, even if no law requires it<br />
segregation was acceptable as long as facilities<br />
for each race were equal.<br />
96 Chapter 21 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Federal Civil Rights Laws<br />
CHAPTER<br />
21<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Use the time line to organize information on the legislation and Supreme Court cases dealing with<br />
civil rights. Fill in the appropriate act or case for each date indicated on the time line in the space<br />
provided. Then explain the significance of each event. Possible answers below<br />
Federal Civil Rights Laws<br />
2.<br />
4.<br />
7., 8. 9.<br />
1960<br />
1968<br />
1979<br />
1989<br />
1995 2000<br />
1964 1970<br />
1.<br />
1978 1980 1987<br />
3. 5. 6.<br />
1990<br />
1996<br />
10.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in the workplace or in public accommodations and requires<br />
that federal funds be cut off from any program that discriminates on the grounds of race, color, religion, national<br />
1. origin, ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
sex, or physical disability.<br />
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 forbids anyone to refuse to sell or rent a dwelling to any person on grounds of race,<br />
2. color, ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
religion, national origin, sex, disability, or to a family with children.<br />
In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution does not allow<br />
3. race ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
to be used as the only factor in the making of affirmative action decisions.<br />
In United Steelworkers v. Weber, 1979, the Court upheld quotas that were put in place to correct “longstanding and<br />
4. flagrant” ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
past discrimination.<br />
Fullilove v. Klutznick, 1980, upheld use of quotas to correct blatant and longstanding bias in the construction<br />
5. industry. ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
The Johnson v. Transportation Agency of Santa Clara County, 1987, ruling allowed preferential treatment on the<br />
6. basis ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
of sex.<br />
Richmond v. Croson, 1989, rejected use of quotas in the city of Richmond, Virginia, on the basis that the city had<br />
7. not ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
proved that the quotas they used in the construction industry were justified by past discrimination.<br />
Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 1989, placed the burden of proof on the employee rather than employer to show<br />
8. that ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
discrimination exists.<br />
Adarand Constructors v. Pena, 1995, departed from previous Court rulings by making it more difficult for the<br />
9. Federal ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Government to use affirmative action programs.<br />
California passed Proposition 209, forbidding affirmative action in State and local agencies. Although a federal<br />
10. district ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
court found it unconstitutional, the decision was overturned by the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme<br />
Court refused to hear an appeal.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper.<br />
11. affirmative action positive steps to remedy the effects of past discrimination<br />
12. quota rule requiring certain numbers of jobs or promotions to be set aside for certain groups<br />
13. reverse discrimination discrimination against the majority in favor of the minority<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 21 97
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
21<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
American Citizenship<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Use the information from Section 4 to complete the chart below.<br />
Possible answers below<br />
Changes in U.S. Immigration Policy<br />
Date Policy Features<br />
Independence– Open frontier 1.__________________________________________________________<br />
no attempt to regulate immigration<br />
1880s<br />
1882 2. __________________________________________________________ Chinese Exclusion Act<br />
severely limited immigration<br />
from Asia<br />
1921–1929 Immigration Acts of 1921, 1924, 3.______________________________<br />
set quotas favoring northern and western<br />
Europeans, generally prohibited Asian and<br />
and the National Origins Act of 1929 African ______________________________<br />
immigration<br />
4. __________________________________________________ 1952 5. ______________________________ Immigration and Nationality Act modified quotas to cover all<br />
______________________________ countries outside Western Hemisphere<br />
1965 Immigration Act of 1965 6.______________________________<br />
allowed 270,000 immigrants to enter United<br />
States without regard to race, nationality,<br />
or ______________________________<br />
country of origin; gave preference to<br />
families of U.S. citizens and legal aliens<br />
7. __________________________________________________ 1990 Immigration Act of 1990 8.______________________________<br />
increased annual number of immigrants;<br />
preference to families of U.S. citizens, legal<br />
aliens, ______________________________<br />
and skilled workers<br />
Answer the following question on a separate sheet of paper.<br />
9. Write a paragraph summarizing the information provided under the heading “Undocumented Aliens.”<br />
Answers will vary.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each blank.<br />
Column I<br />
_____ e 10. citizen of a foreign state living in this country<br />
_____ d 11. legal process by which a person becomes a citizen<br />
of a country at some time after birth<br />
_____ a 12. one who owes allegiance to the state and is entitled to<br />
its protection<br />
_____ f 13. legal process by which citizenship is lost<br />
_____ g 14. involuntary loss of citizenship by someone not born here,<br />
usually because of fraud<br />
_____ h 15. legally requiring an alien to leave the United States<br />
_____ b 16. the law of the soil; where one is born<br />
_____ c 17. the law of the blood; to whom one is born<br />
Column II<br />
a. citizen<br />
b. jus soli<br />
c. jus sanguinis<br />
d. naturalization<br />
e. alien<br />
f. expatriation<br />
g. denaturalization<br />
h. deportation<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
98 Chapter 21 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Great Britain<br />
CHAPTER<br />
22<br />
A. As You Read<br />
The chart below compares the governments of the United States and Great Britain. As you read<br />
Section 1, complete the chart by filling in the information that describes the government of Great<br />
Britain for each category shown.<br />
A Comparison of the Governments of the United States and Great Britain<br />
United States<br />
Great Britain<br />
Constitution Written 1.<br />
written and unwritten<br />
Monarch None 2.<br />
limited by constitution; head of state<br />
Government Powers Separated 3. unitary executive, legislative,<br />
and judiciary<br />
Legislative Body Bicameral Congress (Senate; 4. bicameral Parliament (House of Lords,<br />
House of Commons), with most power in<br />
House of Representatives)<br />
House of Commons<br />
Executive President (head of state and head 5.<br />
of government)<br />
prime minister; head of government<br />
Elections Regularly scheduled 6. no fixed date, but must occur every<br />
5 years or if government falls; members<br />
(representatives, 2 years; senators, of Parliament popularly elected<br />
6 years; President, 4 years)<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
Parties 2 major parties (Republican and 7. 2 major parties (Conservatives and<br />
Labour), also Liberal party<br />
Democratic)<br />
National and Local Separate federal and State 8. unitary, all power belongs to<br />
central government, except for some<br />
Government governments<br />
self-government in Scotland, Wales,<br />
and Northern Ireland<br />
Judiciary Independent Supreme Court 9. House of Lords serves as the final<br />
court of appeals. Scotland and Ireland<br />
have separate systems.<br />
10. a government in which the head of state is a hereditary ruler<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
11. a special election held to choose a new MP if the current one dies<br />
or resigns<br />
12. a temporary alliance of parties for the purpose<br />
Define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. of forming a government<br />
10. monarchy 12. coalition 14. shadow cabinet<br />
11. by-election 13. minister 15. devolution<br />
13. British cabinet member<br />
14. members of the opposition party who are potential cabinet members and<br />
are appointed to watch one particular member of the cabinet in power<br />
15. delegation of authority from the central government to regional governments<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 22 99
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
22<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Japan<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 2, answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.<br />
Possible answers below<br />
1. What type of government did Japan have until the 1850s–1860s? Japan had a feudal system with an<br />
emperor (mikado), military dictator (shogun), noble families (daimyo), and warriors (samurai).<br />
2. What was Japan’s objective after it encountered Western powers? Japan worked to become a modern<br />
state, and tried to conquer East Asia in the process.<br />
3. What event caused a dramatic change in Japanese politics from 1945 to 1952? The Japanese<br />
were defeated in World War II by the U.S., who forced the Japanese to accept a new, democratic constitution.<br />
4. What form of government did Americans force the Japanese to accept?<br />
Americans forced the Japanese to accept a democratic system.<br />
5. What unique feature did the new constitution have? The Japanese renounced their sovereign power to<br />
make war.<br />
6. What is the House of Councillors and what kind of power does it have? The House of Councillors<br />
is the upper house of Japan’s parliament; it has little power and tends to be deliberative and advisory.<br />
7. What is the House of Representatives and what kind of power does it have? The House of Representatives<br />
is the lower house of Japan’s parliament; it can make laws, treaties, raise funds, and spend money.<br />
8. What is political consensus and what role does it play in Japanese politics? Consensus is broad<br />
agreement on issues and is a valued Japanese tradition, based on the people’s wish to avoid personal confrontation.<br />
9. What causes the prime minister and the cabinet to maintain agreement on most issues?<br />
The prime minister and cabinet believe in collective responsibility for their acts.<br />
10. What is the bureaucracy and what role does it play in Japanese government? The bureaucracy is<br />
the Japanese civil service which wields great power and serves as day-to-day administrators of government.<br />
11. Which party dominated Japanese politics during most of the period after World War II?<br />
the Liberal Democratic party (LDP)<br />
12. How are Japanese courts like the courts of the United States? They are independent of the other<br />
branches of government and have various levels, from local courts to the Supreme Court.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete each sentence in Column I by writing the letter of the correct term from Column II<br />
in the blank.<br />
Column I<br />
Column II<br />
_____ b 13. For political purposes, Japan has been divided into<br />
47 districts called ___.<br />
a.<br />
b.<br />
National Diet<br />
prefectures<br />
_____ e 14. The prime minister has the power to dissolve the<br />
c. multiseat district<br />
House of Representatives, a step called ___, which leads<br />
to immediate elections.<br />
d. consensus<br />
_____ a 15. The ___ is the name of the Japanese parliament.<br />
_____ c 16. An area that has more than one representative is known as a ___.<br />
_____ d 17. The Japanese value ___, or broad agreement on political issues.<br />
e. dissolution<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
100 Chapter 22 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Mexico<br />
CHAPTER<br />
22<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 3, complete the chart below comparing the government of Mexico to that of<br />
the United States. Then answer the question that follows on a separate sheet of paper.<br />
Mexico<br />
United States<br />
Early History Gained independence from Gained independence from<br />
1. Spain ________________________ England<br />
Three Branches of 2. executive, ________________________ headed by president Executive, Legislative,<br />
Government 3. legislature, ________________________ bicameral<br />
Judicial<br />
4. judiciary ________________________<br />
Presidential Term May serve 5. ______________ one<br />
May serve two four-year terms<br />
6. ____________-year six term(s)<br />
Congress Bicameral: 7. ______________ Senate Bicameral: Senate and House<br />
and 8. ____________________<br />
Chamber of Deputies of Representatives<br />
Court System 9. independent ________________________ systems of state and Independent system of State<br />
federal ________________________<br />
courts<br />
and federal courts<br />
Political Parties 10. Institutional ______________________ Revolutionary Party Two major parties: Democratic<br />
11. Democratic ______________________ Revolutionary Party and Republican<br />
12. National ______________________<br />
Action Party (PAN)<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
13. What major change took place with the election of President Vicente Fox in 2000?<br />
For the first time since 1929, Mexicans elected a president who is not a member of the PRI;<br />
President Fox is a member of PAN.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
14. Since 1938 the ____________________ nationalization of the oil industry has served as a symbol of Mexican<br />
independence from foreign domination.<br />
15. Mexico has a ____________________ mestizo culture, made up of both Spanish and Native American<br />
elements.<br />
NAFTA (North American<br />
16. The free-trade agreement known as ____________________ Free Trade Agreement) removes trade restrictions among<br />
the United States, Mexico, and Canada.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 22 101
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
22<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Russia<br />
A. As You Read<br />
The incomplete chronological chart below outlines some of the dramatic events of Russian and<br />
Soviet political history. As you read Section 4, fill in the missing event.<br />
Year<br />
1721 1.<br />
1905 2.<br />
Major Russian Political Events<br />
Event<br />
Russian empire established by Peter the Great<br />
Russo–Japanese War brings heavy losses, and czarist rule begins to collapse<br />
1917 3.<br />
1924 4.<br />
1950s–1990s 5.<br />
1985 6.<br />
Russian Revolution; Lenin and Communist party come to power; Soviet Union replaces<br />
Russian empire<br />
Lenin dies, Stalin comes to power<br />
Soviet Union becomes superpower, engages United States in a cold war, and controls<br />
all of Eastern Europe<br />
Gorbachev comes to power and begins reforms in Soviet Union<br />
1991 7.<br />
1993 8.<br />
1999 9.<br />
Soviet Union ceases to exist<br />
new Russian constitution drafted<br />
Vladimir Putin elected president of Russia<br />
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.<br />
10. What is the structure of Russia’s legislature? Russia’s legislature has two houses: the Council of the<br />
Federation is the upper house, the State Duma is the lower house. Both are popularly elected.<br />
11. What kinds of local governments are there in the Russian Federation?<br />
Russia has 49 oblasts, or provinces, 6 territories, 21 republics, and 10 autonomous areas.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms in the space provided.<br />
12. purge __________________________________________________________________________<br />
purification of political enemies, often by brutal means such as execution, jail, and exile<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
13. soviet __________________________________________________________________________<br />
elected councils at factories, farms, cities, regions, and national level<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
14. perestroika ______________________________________________________________________<br />
restructuring of Soviet economy and politics<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
15. glasnost ________________________________________________________________________<br />
openness; tolerance of dissent and freedom of expression<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
102 Chapter 22 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 5: Guided Reading and Review<br />
China<br />
CHAPTER<br />
22<br />
A. As You Read<br />
Using information from Section 5, complete the chart below, which shows the organization of the<br />
Chinese Communist party.<br />
Unit<br />
Role<br />
National Party Congress 1. ________________________________________________<br />
meets every 5 years to elect a Central Committee<br />
______________________________________________<br />
2.________________________<br />
Central Committee<br />
elects the Politburo<br />
Politburo<br />
3. ______________________________________________<br />
makes Communist party policy (and therefore government policy)<br />
______________________________________________<br />
4.________________________<br />
Politburo<br />
makes day-to-day decisions for the party (and therefore<br />
the government)<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions as you read Section 5.<br />
5. When did China’s present form of government begin and who was its leader?<br />
It began in 1949, led by Mao Zedong.<br />
6. How have China’s constitutions been different from the constitutions of the United States and<br />
most other countries? Most countries’ constitutions are meant to be fundamental law; China’s constitution<br />
is not fundamental law, but reflects current government policies.<br />
7. What organization effectively controls China’s government?<br />
the Chinese Communist party (CCP)<br />
8. What are the two main parts of China’s national government?<br />
the National People’s Congress and the State Council<br />
9. What is the structure of China’s judicial system?<br />
The nation’s Supreme People’s Court supervises all the courts, both civil and criminal.<br />
10. How is Hong Kong governed?<br />
It is a special administrative region of China with its own governor and provisional legislature.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
11. In 1966, during the _______________________________, Cultural Revolution<br />
the Red Guards attacked teachers,<br />
intellectuals, and others who did not have sufficient revolutionary enthusiasm.<br />
12. China includes five_____________________________, autonomous<br />
or independent, regions.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 22 103
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
23<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Capitalism<br />
A. As You Read<br />
On a separate sheet of paper, copy and complete the chart by writing answers to the questions in<br />
the space provided.<br />
1. What are the four factors of<br />
production?<br />
a. ______________________________<br />
land<br />
b. __________________________________<br />
labor<br />
c. ______________________________<br />
management<br />
d. __________________________________<br />
capital<br />
2. What are four characteristics of a<br />
free enterprise system?<br />
a. ______________________________<br />
private ownership<br />
b. __________________________________<br />
individual initiative<br />
c. ______________________________<br />
profit<br />
d. __________________________________<br />
competition<br />
Capitalism<br />
3. Describe the laws of supply and demand.<br />
____________________________________<br />
demand low, price low; demand high, price high;<br />
____________________________________<br />
supply plentiful, price low, supply low, price high<br />
____________________________________<br />
____________________________________<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
4. What are three kinds of businesses<br />
and what are their advantages and<br />
disadvantages?<br />
sole proprietorship; quick decisions, but<br />
a. personal ____________________________________<br />
liability<br />
partnerships; more resources, but partnership<br />
b. ends ____________________________________<br />
if partner leaves or dies<br />
c. corporation; ____________________________________<br />
large resources, but double taxation<br />
Answer the following questions in the space provided. Possible answers below<br />
5. What is the difference between a capitalist and an entrepreneur? ________________________<br />
Capitalists are those who privately<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
own productive property and do all those things necessary to make a profit from their property; entrepreneurs are<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
capitalists who tend to be risk takers and who take greater initiative in starting or expanding a business.<br />
6. Describe the laissez-faire theory. ____________________________________________________<br />
The government should play a very limited, hands-off role in society. Its<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
activity should be limited to foreign relations and defense, the maintenance of police and courts, and the few other<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
functions private enterprisers cannot perform for profit. In the economy, government should only function to<br />
protect free competition and the laws of supply and demand.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
104 Chapter 23 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Socialism<br />
CHAPTER<br />
23<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
A. As You Read<br />
The main points of Section 2 are supplied in the outline below. As you read the section, fill in the<br />
supporting points in the form of answers to the questions. Possible answers below<br />
Socialism<br />
1. What is socialism? ________________________________________________________________<br />
an economic and political philosophy designed to achieve equitable distribution of wealth<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
through government ownership of the means of production<br />
The Industrial Revolution<br />
the dramatic change of the economies of many nations as they<br />
2. What was the Industrial Revolution? ________________________________________________<br />
changed from predominantly agricultural to mainly industrial; the<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Industrial Revolution occurred in Great Britain in the late eighteenth century and elsewhere during the nineteenth century<br />
3. Who was Karl Marx? ____________________________________________________________<br />
the leading critic of the effects of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism; the<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
inventor of communism<br />
4. What did Marx think of capitalism? ________________________________________________<br />
He criticized it as abusive of the masses and doomed to failure.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
5. How were socialism and communism alike and different? ______________________________<br />
Both systems urged government ownership<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
of the means of production and wanted to redistribute wealth. Socialists advocated peaceful evolution to socialism;<br />
communists believed a bloody revolution was inevitable as history approached Marx’s communist era.<br />
Characteristics of Socialist Economies<br />
6. What is nationalization? __________________________________________________________<br />
a state takeover of privately owned industry<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
7. How did socialists hope to help the masses? __________________________________________<br />
by guaranteeing all public services and welfare for the<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
neediest through the equitable distribution of wealth<br />
8. Why is taxation high in socialist countries? __________________________________________<br />
to pay for public services and welfare<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
9. Describe the term “command economy.” ____________________________________________<br />
governments that direct their economies along desired paths<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Socialism in Developing Countries<br />
10. What attracts developing countries to socialism? ______________________________________<br />
Such countries have little or no industry and feel<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
the need to take drastic steps to industrialize.<br />
Pros and Cons<br />
11. What are three major criticisms of socialism? ________________________________________<br />
(a) too much bureaucracy, (b) economies too complex<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
for central planners, (c) deprives people of freedom to make economic decisions<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper.<br />
12. proletariat 14. welfare state 16. centrally planned economy<br />
the workers<br />
an economy where the decision<br />
13. bourgeoisie 15. market economy<br />
making is more centralized<br />
the capitalists<br />
a capitalist economy<br />
14. a country that provides extensive social<br />
services at little or no cost to the user<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 23 105
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
23<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Communism<br />
A. As You Read<br />
The chart below lists four concepts Marx analyzed as they related to capitalism. As you read<br />
Section 3, complete the chart by explaining Marx’s view of each concept.<br />
View of history 1.<br />
Marx’s Views on Capitalism<br />
story of class struggle; classes competing for the control of labor<br />
and productive property<br />
Value theory 2.<br />
value of a commodity is set by the amount of labor that went into it<br />
Nature of the state 3.<br />
state and government are tools by which capitalists maintain power<br />
Dictatorship of the proletariat 4.<br />
transitional phase in which authoritarian state would represent the<br />
interest of the masses<br />
List the four main characteristics of communist economies.<br />
5. Communist ______________________________________________<br />
party holds decision-making power<br />
6. bureaucrats ______________________________________________<br />
plan for the development of the economy<br />
7. collectivization ______________________________________________<br />
of the means of production<br />
8. industrial ______________________________________________<br />
enterprises, transportation, and other parts of the economy are state-owned<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following key terms in the space provided.<br />
9. communism ______________________________________________________________________<br />
collectivist ideology where the state owns land and other productive property<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
10. Gosplan ________________________________________________________________________<br />
agency that ran Stalin’s centralized planning<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
11. privatization ____________________________________________________________________<br />
returning nationalized enterprises to private ownership<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
12. Great Leap Forward ______________________________________________________________<br />
China’s five-year plan of 1958 aimed at modernizing quickly<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
13. commune ________________________________________________________________________<br />
collective farms brought together into a larger unit<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
106 Chapter 23 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Texas State Constitution<br />
CHAPTER<br />
24<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 1, write the answers to the questions in the space provided.<br />
List the five main categories by which all State constitutions can be described.<br />
1. ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
basic principles<br />
2. ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
protections of civil rights<br />
3. structure ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
of State government<br />
4. powers ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
of the branches of State government<br />
5. process ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
of constitutional change<br />
Fill in the chart to explain the amendment process for State constitutions.<br />
Amendments can be proposed by:<br />
6. constitutional ______________________________________________________<br />
convention<br />
7. legislature ______________________________________________________<br />
8. voters ______________________________________________________<br />
Amendments can be ratified by:<br />
9. vote ______________________________________________________<br />
of the people<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
10. Explain the difference between statutory law and fundamental law. Statutory ______________________<br />
laws are laws<br />
passed ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
by the legislature. Fundamental laws are laws of basic and lasting importance.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Explain each of the following key terms in the space provided.<br />
11. popular sovereignty The ________________________________________________________________<br />
people are the sole source of the government’s power.<br />
_<br />
12. limited government ________________________________________________________________<br />
Powers given to the government are limited.<br />
_<br />
13. initiative process ________________________________________________________________________<br />
by which voters sign a petition favoring a proposal<br />
_<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 24 107
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
24<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Texas State Legislature<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 2, write the answers to the questions on the lines provided.<br />
1. What formal qualifications does the State of Texas set out for membership in the State<br />
legislature? age, ______________________________________________________________________<br />
citizenship, residence<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
2. What is the usual term for Texas State legislators? two ____________________________________<br />
or four years<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
3. What are eight of the most important legislative powers of the Texas State legislature? ______<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
tax, spend, borrow, police, establish courts, define crimes and provide for their punishment, regulate commercial<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
activities, maintain public schools<br />
4. Name three nonlegislative functions of the Texas State legislature. executive: approve governor’s __________<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
appointments; judicial: impeachment; constituent: constitution-making and amending<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
5. How does the committee system in the Texas State legislature work? Laws are referred to _<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
committees for recommendation to full houses, similar to Congress.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
6. From where do a large number of bills originate? ______________________________________<br />
a wide variety of public and private sources<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following terms on the lines provided.<br />
7. constituent power constitution-making ________________________________________________________________<br />
power<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
8. police power State’s ____________________________________________________________________<br />
power to protect and promote public health, safety, morals, and welfare<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
9. referendum process ______________________________________________________________________<br />
by which a legislature sends bills to the electorate for approval<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
108 Chapter 24 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Governor and State Administration<br />
CHAPTER<br />
24<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 3, complete the chart with information about the governor’s powers.<br />
Executive Powers<br />
appoint and remove key<br />
1._____________________________<br />
assistants<br />
2._______________________________<br />
supervise staffs of executive branch<br />
3._______________________________<br />
prepare and submit a biennial budget<br />
serve as commander in chief of<br />
4.________________________<br />
State National Guard<br />
Powers of<br />
The Governor<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
Legislative Powers<br />
Judicial Powers<br />
8._____________________________<br />
pardon<br />
5._______________________________<br />
recommend legislation<br />
9._______________________________<br />
commute<br />
6.________________________________<br />
call special sessions of legislature<br />
10.______________________________<br />
reprieve<br />
7.__________________________<br />
veto bills<br />
11._______________________<br />
parole<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
12. The governor has the power to _______________, reprieve or postpone, the execution of a sentence.<br />
13. The governor has the power to _______________, pardon or release a person from the legal consequences<br />
of a crime.<br />
14. The governor has the power to _______________, parole or release a prisoner short of the completion<br />
of the term of his or her sentence.<br />
15. The governor has the power of _______________, commutation or reducing a sentence.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 24 109
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CHAPTER<br />
24<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
In the Courtroom<br />
A. As You Read<br />
The main points of Section 4 are supplied in the outline. As you read the section, fill in the<br />
supporting details in the form of answers to the questions. Possible answers below<br />
Kinds of Law Applied in State Courts<br />
1. What is constitutional law? the ________________________________________________________<br />
body of law based on the United States and State constitutions and<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
judicial interpretations of them<br />
2. What is statutory law? the ____________________________________________________________<br />
body of law based on statutes enacted by legislative bodies<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
3. What is administrative law? rules, ________________________________________________________<br />
orders, and regulations issued by executive branches of government<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
4. What is common law? the ____________________________________________________________<br />
unwritten, judge-made law that has developed over the centuries<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
5. What is equity? the __________________________________________________________________<br />
body of law that provides remedies for wrongs before they occur<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Criminal and Civil Law<br />
6. What are the two kinds of crimes? felonies __________________________________________________<br />
(serious crimes) and misdemeanors (lesser offenses)<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
7. What is civil law? disputes ________________________________________________________________<br />
between individuals and between individuals and governments<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
The Jury System<br />
8. What is the function of a grand jury? The ________________________________________________<br />
grand jury determines whether the facts of a case warrant<br />
bringing ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
a criminal case to trial.<br />
9. What is an information? An __________________________________________________________<br />
information is a formal charge filed by the prosecutor without the<br />
involvement ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
of a grand jury; it is used for most minor offenses in Texas.<br />
10. How are members of a petit jury chosen? They ____________________________________________<br />
are selected from lists of registered voters and<br />
licensed ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
drivers.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Answer the following question on a separate sheet of paper.<br />
11. What is a precedent and what part do precedents play in common law?<br />
Following precedent is abiding by earlier court decisions as they have been handed down over the years by judges in<br />
England and the United States. Precedents create a body of law known as common law.<br />
110 Chapter 24 Guided Reading and Review
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Section 5: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Courts and Their Judges<br />
CHAPTER<br />
24<br />
A. As You Read<br />
The chart below shows the various types of State and local courts. Next to the name of each type of<br />
State and local court, briefly describe the kind of cases heard by that court. Possible answers below<br />
State and Local Courts<br />
Justice of the Peace 1. usually hears only misdemeanor cases<br />
Municipal Court 2.<br />
hears criminal cases in which the fines are under $2,000; traffic<br />
violations make up the majority of their workload<br />
Juvenile Court 3.<br />
hears only cases involving young people under 18 years of age<br />
General Trial Court 4.<br />
hears most of the more important civil and criminal cases; exercises<br />
original jurisdiction<br />
Intermediate Appellate Court 5.<br />
reviews cases decided in lower courts<br />
State Supreme Court 6.<br />
the State’s highest appellate court in civil cases<br />
Court of Criminal Appeals 7.<br />
the State’s highest appellate court in criminal cases<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term Possible answers below<br />
8. warrant A ________________________________________________________________________<br />
warrant is a court order authorizing an official action.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
9. preliminary hearing ______________________________________________________________<br />
A preliminary hearing is the first step in a major criminal prosecution.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
10. appellate jurisdiction Courts ______________________________________________________________<br />
that exercise appellate jurisdiction are reviewing cases that have already been<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
heard in another court.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 24 111
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
25<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Texas Counties and Special Districts<br />
A. As You Read<br />
The outline below lists the main points of Section 1. As you read the section, fill in the supporting<br />
details by answering the questions on a separate sheet of paper. See answers below<br />
The Counties<br />
1. What are some statistics about the extremes of county sizes and populations in the U.S.?<br />
2. What powers does the Commissioners Court have?<br />
3. What are some of the titles of elected county officials in Texas and what do they do?<br />
4. What obstacles exist for Texas county government in urban areas?<br />
Special Districts<br />
5. Why are special districts created?<br />
6. Why are special disctricts useful?<br />
School Districts<br />
7. What are the responsibilities of ISD boards?<br />
Towns and Townships<br />
8. What is unique about the New England town?<br />
9. How do townships in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania differ from those in Ohio and<br />
westward?<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
10. In most of the United States, including Texas, the main unit of local government is the<br />
_______________.<br />
county<br />
11. A(n) _______________ special district is an independent unit of local government set up to handle a specific<br />
problem or task.<br />
12. In the Middle Atlantic States and Midwest, counties are usually divided into subunits known<br />
as _______________, townships which share the duties of local government.<br />
Answers to questions 1–9<br />
1. San Bernardino County, CA, covers 20,064 square miles; Kalawao County, Hawaii, 13 square miles; more than 9 million people<br />
live in Los Angeles County, CA, but only 67 people live in Loving County, Texas. 2. The Commissioners Court sets policy and<br />
directs the administration of the county. Its most important responsibilities are establishing a county budget and setting tax<br />
rates. 3. sheriff, keeps jail and furnishes police protection; clerk, registers and records documents, mortgages, etc.; assessor,<br />
appraises property and collects taxes; treasurer, keeps county funds; district attorney, chief county lawyer 4. The basic<br />
structure and organization of the county governments are the same regardless of the population, and the complexities of urban<br />
issues are difficult to deal with within the existing structure. 5. Special districts are created to perform one or more related<br />
governmental functions at the local level. 6. They fill a need that existing governmental units do not because these units do<br />
not have the necessary legal authority or financial base. 7. hiring and firing teachers, constructing new schools, buying school<br />
supplies, setting district school tax rates, and selecting a superintendent of schools 8. has been the major unit of local<br />
government for hundreds of years; its meetings are examples of direct democracy 9. NY, NJ, PA: formed where people settled,<br />
so they are not uniform in shape; Ohio and westward: more uniform in shape because they were drawn in federal public land<br />
surveys.<br />
112 Chapter 25 Guided Reading and Review<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Cities and Metropolitan Areas in Texas<br />
and the Nation<br />
CHAPTER<br />
25<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 2, fill in the chart below with information about the three forms of<br />
city government. Possible answers below<br />
Forms of City Government<br />
Mayor Council Form 1.<br />
Description<br />
elected mayor, executive branch; elected council,<br />
legislative branch<br />
Strong mayor 2.<br />
Weak mayor 3.<br />
Commission Form 4.<br />
Mayor heads the administration with power to hire<br />
and fire and to prepare a budget; takes lead in<br />
making policy.<br />
Executive duties are shared with other elected officials;<br />
appointment powers are shared or taken over by council.<br />
5 to 9 popularly elected department heads, one of<br />
which is chosen by commission as mayor<br />
Council Manager Form 5.<br />
strong elected council, weak elected mayor, hired<br />
administrator<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
Answer the following questions in the space provided. Possible answers below<br />
6. What is the practice of zoning and why is it important to city planning? Zoning __________________<br />
is the practice of<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
dividing a city into a number of districts, or zones, and regulating the uses to which property in each of them may<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
be put. It is important to ensure the orderly growth of a city.<br />
7. Briefly describe the reasons for suburban growth.______________________________________<br />
Suburbs began to in the years after World War II<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
as people felt the need for more room, cheaper land, less pollution and noise, and greater privacy.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following key terms in the space provided.<br />
8. charter __________________________________________________________________________<br />
a city’s basic law, or constitution<br />
_<br />
9. metropolitan area ________________________________________________________________<br />
a city and the areas that surround it<br />
_<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 25 113
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
25<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Providing Important Services<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 3, complete the chart by writing examples of each of the State-provided<br />
services shown. Possible answers below<br />
State Services<br />
Example<br />
Education<br />
Higher education 1. establish and run universities<br />
Primary and secondary education 2.<br />
Public Welfare<br />
Health 3.<br />
fund schools; set quality guidelines; establish curricula;<br />
screen quality of materials; establish minimum length of<br />
school year<br />
operate hospitals; fund health programs; immunize children;<br />
work with Federal Government administering programs<br />
Welfare 4. provide aid to families with dependent children<br />
Public Safety 5.<br />
provide State police protection; operate centralized offices as<br />
well as jails and prisons<br />
Highways 6. build and maintain roads; ensure vehicle safety; license drivers<br />
Other Services 7.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Fill in the missing terms to complete the following sentences.<br />
set aside public lands for conservation and recreation;<br />
regulate businesses; protect consumers<br />
8. The Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) is a(n) _______________ entitlement program,<br />
meaning that anyone meeting eligibility requirements can receive benefits.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
9. States help out citizens through _______________, welfare or cash assistance for the poor.<br />
10. Low income families can get medical insurance through __________________.<br />
Medicaid<br />
114 Chapter 25 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Financing State and Local Government<br />
CHAPTER<br />
25<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 4, complete the diagram by writing the various sources of State and local<br />
revenues in the space provided. Possible answers below<br />
2. ________ individual<br />
__________<br />
income tax<br />
__________<br />
3. ________ corporate<br />
__________<br />
income tax<br />
__________<br />
4. ________ property<br />
__________ tax<br />
__________<br />
5. ________ inheritance<br />
__________ tax<br />
__________<br />
1. ________ sales tax<br />
__________<br />
__________<br />
12.________ borrowing<br />
__________<br />
__________<br />
State and Local Revenues<br />
6. ________ estate tax<br />
__________<br />
__________<br />
7. ________ franchise<br />
__________ tax<br />
__________<br />
11.________ business<br />
__________<br />
enterprises<br />
__________<br />
10.________<br />
tolls<br />
__________<br />
__________<br />
9. ________ amusement<br />
__________ taxes<br />
__________<br />
8. ________ licenses<br />
__________<br />
__________<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Read each statement below. If a statement is true, write T in the blank provided. If it is false, write F.<br />
_____ T 13. A sales tax is one that is placed on the sale of commodities such as gasoline and<br />
cigarettes.<br />
_____ F 14. The assessed value of taxable property is always determined on a fair and equal basis.<br />
_____ T 15. Inheritance and estate taxes are also known as “death taxes” because they are levied<br />
after a person dies.<br />
_____ F 16. The sales tax is probably the most difficult tax for a State to collect.<br />
_____ F 17. Taxes that are geared according to a person’s ability to pay are called regressive taxes.<br />
_____ T 18. Generally, taxes placed on the annual income of individuals and corporations are<br />
progressive.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 25 115
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
25<br />
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Providing Important Services<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 3, complete the chart by writing examples of each of the State-provided<br />
services shown. Possible answers below<br />
State Services<br />
Example<br />
Education<br />
Higher education 1. establish and run universities<br />
Primary and secondary education 2.<br />
Public Welfare<br />
Health 3.<br />
fund schools; set quality guidelines; establish curricula;<br />
screen quality of materials; establish minimum length of<br />
school year<br />
operate hospitals; fund health programs; immunize children;<br />
work with Federal Government administering programs<br />
Welfare 4. provide aid to families with dependent children<br />
Public Safety 5.<br />
provide State police protection; operate centralized offices as<br />
well as jails and prisons<br />
Highways 6. build and maintain roads; ensure vehicle safety; license drivers<br />
Other Services 7.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Fill in the missing terms to complete the following sentences.<br />
set aside public lands for conservation and recreation;<br />
regulate businesses; protect consumers<br />
8. The Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) is a(n) _______________ entitlement program,<br />
meaning that anyone meeting eligibility requirements can receive benefits.<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
9. States help out citizens through _______________, welfare or cash assistance for the poor.<br />
10. Low income families can get medical insurance through __________________.<br />
Medicaid<br />
114 Chapter 25 Guided Reading and Review
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 5: Guided Reading and Review<br />
The Courts and Their Judges<br />
CHAPTER<br />
24<br />
A. As You Read<br />
The chart below shows the various types of State and local courts. Next to the name of each type of<br />
State and local court, briefly describe the kind of cases heard by that court. Possible answers below<br />
State and Local Courts<br />
Justice of the Peace 1. usually hears only misdemeanor cases<br />
Municipal Court 2.<br />
hears criminal cases in which the fines are under $2,000; traffic<br />
violations make up the majority of their workload<br />
Juvenile Court 3.<br />
hears only cases involving young people under 18 years of age<br />
General Trial Court 4.<br />
hears most of the more important civil and criminal cases; exercises<br />
original jurisdiction<br />
Intermediate Appellate Court 5.<br />
reviews cases decided in lower courts<br />
State Supreme Court 6.<br />
the State’s highest appellate court in civil cases<br />
Court of Criminal Appeals 7.<br />
the State’s highest appellate court in criminal cases<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term Possible answers below<br />
8. warrant A ________________________________________________________________________<br />
warrant is a court order authorizing an official action.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
9. preliminary hearing ______________________________________________________________<br />
A preliminary hearing is the first step in a major criminal prosecution.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
10. appellate jurisdiction Courts ______________________________________________________________<br />
that exercise appellate jurisdiction are reviewing cases that have already been<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
heard in another court.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 24 111
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
CHAPTER<br />
25<br />
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Texas Counties and Special Districts<br />
A. As You Read<br />
The outline below lists the main points of Section 1. As you read the section, fill in the supporting<br />
details by answering the questions on a separate sheet of paper. See answers below<br />
The Counties<br />
1. What are some statistics about the extremes of county sizes and populations in the U.S.?<br />
2. What powers does the Commissioners Court have?<br />
3. What are some of the titles of elected county officials in Texas and what do they do?<br />
4. What obstacles exist for Texas county government in urban areas?<br />
Special Districts<br />
5. Why are special districts created?<br />
6. Why are special disctricts useful?<br />
School Districts<br />
7. What are the responsibilities of ISD boards?<br />
Towns and Townships<br />
8. What is unique about the New England town?<br />
9. How do townships in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania differ from those in Ohio and<br />
westward?<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided.<br />
10. In most of the United States, including Texas, the main unit of local government is the<br />
_______________.<br />
county<br />
11. A(n) _______________ special district is an independent unit of local government set up to handle a specific<br />
problem or task.<br />
12. In the Middle Atlantic States and Midwest, counties are usually divided into subunits known<br />
as _______________, townships which share the duties of local government.<br />
Answers to questions 1–9<br />
1. San Bernardino County, CA, covers 20,064 square miles; Kalawao County, Hawaii, 13 square miles; more than 9 million people<br />
live in Los Angeles County, CA, but only 67 people live in Loving County, Texas. 2. The Commissioners Court sets policy and<br />
directs the administration of the county. Its most important responsibilities are establishing a county budget and setting tax<br />
rates. 3. sheriff, keeps jail and furnishes police protection; clerk, registers and records documents, mortgages, etc.; assessor,<br />
appraises property and collects taxes; treasurer, keeps county funds; district attorney, chief county lawyer 4. The basic<br />
structure and organization of the county governments are the same regardless of the population, and the complexities of urban<br />
issues are difficult to deal with within the existing structure. 5. Special districts are created to perform one or more related<br />
governmental functions at the local level. 6. They fill a need that existing governmental units do not because these units do<br />
not have the necessary legal authority or financial base. 7. hiring and firing teachers, constructing new schools, buying school<br />
supplies, setting district school tax rates, and selecting a superintendent of schools 8. has been the major unit of local<br />
government for hundreds of years; its meetings are examples of direct democracy 9. NY, NJ, PA: formed where people settled,<br />
so they are not uniform in shape; Ohio and westward: more uniform in shape because they were drawn in federal public land<br />
surveys.<br />
112 Chapter 25 Guided Reading and Review<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Cities and Metropolitan Areas in Texas<br />
and the Nation<br />
CHAPTER<br />
25<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 2, fill in the chart below with information about the three forms of<br />
city government. Possible answers below<br />
Forms of City Government<br />
Mayor Council Form 1.<br />
Description<br />
elected mayor, executive branch; elected council,<br />
legislative branch<br />
Strong mayor 2.<br />
Weak mayor 3.<br />
Commission Form 4.<br />
Mayor heads the administration with power to hire<br />
and fire and to prepare a budget; takes lead in<br />
making policy.<br />
Executive duties are shared with other elected officials;<br />
appointment powers are shared or taken over by council.<br />
5 to 9 popularly elected department heads, one of<br />
which is chosen by commission as mayor<br />
Council Manager Form 5.<br />
strong elected council, weak elected mayor, hired<br />
administrator<br />
© Pearson Education, Inc.<br />
Answer the following questions in the space provided. Possible answers below<br />
6. What is the practice of zoning and why is it important to city planning? Zoning __________________<br />
is the practice of<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
dividing a city into a number of districts, or zones, and regulating the uses to which property in each of them may<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
be put. It is important to ensure the orderly growth of a city.<br />
7. Briefly describe the reasons for suburban growth.______________________________________<br />
Suburbs began to in the years after World War II<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
as people felt the need for more room, cheaper land, less pollution and noise, and greater privacy.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Define the following key terms in the space provided.<br />
8. charter __________________________________________________________________________<br />
a city’s basic law, or constitution<br />
_<br />
9. metropolitan area ________________________________________________________________<br />
a city and the areas that surround it<br />
_<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 25 113
NAME CLASS DATE<br />
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review<br />
Financing State and Local Government<br />
CHAPTER<br />
25<br />
A. As You Read<br />
As you read Section 4, complete the diagram by writing the various sources of State and local<br />
revenues in the space provided. Possible answers below<br />
2. ________ individual<br />
__________<br />
income tax<br />
__________<br />
3. ________ corporate<br />
__________<br />
income tax<br />
__________<br />
4. ________ property<br />
__________ tax<br />
__________<br />
5. ________ inheritance<br />
__________ tax<br />
__________<br />
1. ________ sales tax<br />
__________<br />
__________<br />
12.________ borrowing<br />
__________<br />
__________<br />
State and Local Revenues<br />
6. ________ estate tax<br />
__________<br />
__________<br />
7. ________ franchise<br />
__________ tax<br />
__________<br />
11.________ business<br />
__________<br />
enterprises<br />
__________<br />
10.________<br />
tolls<br />
__________<br />
__________<br />
9. ________ amusement<br />
__________ taxes<br />
__________<br />
8. ________ licenses<br />
__________<br />
__________<br />
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B. Reviewing Key Terms<br />
Read each statement below. If a statement is true, write T in the blank provided. If it is false, write F.<br />
_____ T 13. A sales tax is one that is placed on the sale of commodities such as gasoline and<br />
cigarettes.<br />
_____ F 14. The assessed value of taxable property is always determined on a fair and equal basis.<br />
_____ T 15. Inheritance and estate taxes are also known as “death taxes” because they are levied<br />
after a person dies.<br />
_____ F 16. The sales tax is probably the most difficult tax for a State to collect.<br />
_____ F 17. Taxes that are geared according to a person’s ability to pay are called regressive taxes.<br />
_____ T 18. Generally, taxes placed on the annual income of individuals and corporations are<br />
progressive.<br />
Guided Reading and Review Chapter 25 115