sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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95 Chapter II STRENGTHENING THE ENVIRONMENTAL PILLAR In 1992, the environmental pillar was the weakest of the three pillars of <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>, reflected in the importance placed by the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development on strengthening it in a number of areas: legislation and policies on the environment and responsibility for damage; the precautionary approach; internalization of environmental costs; the polluter pays principle; and environmental impact assessment (see table II.1). Since then, Latin American and Caribbean countries have made significant progress with environmental management. There has been a proliferation and consolidation of public, private and civil society institutions working in the field of the environment and progress has been made in the areas of public policy and private-sector initiatives, <strong>development</strong> of environmental legislation and access by countries in the region to international environmental agreements, as well as their participation in international and regional <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> institutions, which have served as forums for addressing environmental issues in an integrated way with <strong>development</strong> issues (see table II.1 and box II.1). This chapter reviews some of these legislative and institutional advances (see section A) and the evolution of a number of environmental issues that are highly relevant to the region (see section B), starting with the subjects of the two conventions concluded in 1992: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity. PRINCIPLES OF THE RIO DECLARATION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 2 States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and <strong>development</strong>al policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. 11 States shall enact effective environmental legislation. Environmental standards, management objectives and priorities should reflect the environmental and <strong>development</strong>al context to which they apply. Standards applied by some countries may be inappropriate and of unwarranted economic and social cost to other countries, in particular developing countries. 13 States shall develop national law regarding liability and compensation for the victims of pollution and other environmental damage. States shall also cooperate in an expeditious and more determined manner to develop further international law regarding liability and compensation for adverse effects of environmental damage caused by activities within their jurisdiction or control to areas beyond their jurisdiction. 15 In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation. 16 National authorities should endeavour to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment. 17 Environmental impact assessment, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment and are subject to a decision of a competent national authority.
96 Table II.1 RATIFICATION OF MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS a Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Dominican Republic Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Lucia Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1979) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (1971) Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1989) Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (<strong>20</strong>01) Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (1998) Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985) United Nations Convention to combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa (1994) a 1993 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1995 1994 1994 1993 1993 1995 1994 1995 1994 1996 1995 1995 1993 1995 1995 1994 1993 1998 1993 1996 1993 1997 1994 1994 1994 1993 1994 1993 1993 1993 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1993 1994 1994 1995 1994 1996 1995 1995 1993 1995 1995 1994 1993 1996 1993 1996 1993 1996 1996 1993 1994 <strong>20</strong>07 1992 <strong>20</strong>03 1983 <strong>20</strong>07 <strong>20</strong>08 <strong>20</strong>04 <strong>20</strong>07 1989 1999 1997 1990 1997 1981 1979 1992 1986 1979 1975 1975 1981 1975 1990 1995 1975 1987 1999 1979 1976 1985 1997 1991 1977 1978 1976 1975 1986 1994 1988 1982 1980 1984 1975 1977 <strong>20</strong>05 1992 1997 <strong>20</strong>05 1998 1990 1993 1981 1998 1991 <strong>20</strong>01 1990 1999 1990 1993 1997 1986 1997 1990 1995 1992 <strong>20</strong>02 <strong>20</strong>02 1985 1992 1984 1988 1993 1991 1992 1995 1997 1996 1992 1992 1996 1995 1994 1998 1993 1991 1995 <strong>20</strong>01 1995 <strong>20</strong>03 1991 1997 1991 1995 1993 <strong>20</strong>00 1994 1996 1993 1994 1991 1998 <strong>20</strong>03 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>04 <strong>20</strong>10 <strong>20</strong>03 <strong>20</strong>04 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>08 <strong>20</strong>07 <strong>20</strong>07 <strong>20</strong>03 <strong>20</strong>04 <strong>20</strong>08 <strong>20</strong>08 <strong>20</strong>07 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>07 <strong>20</strong>03 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>03 <strong>20</strong>04 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>07 <strong>20</strong>04 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>02 <strong>20</strong>02 <strong>20</strong>04 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>10 <strong>20</strong>04 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>03 <strong>20</strong>04 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>08 <strong>20</strong>09 <strong>20</strong>08 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>04 1999 <strong>20</strong>10 <strong>20</strong>07 <strong>20</strong>02 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>08 <strong>20</strong>00 <strong>20</strong>03 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>06 <strong>20</strong>10 <strong>20</strong>00 <strong>20</strong>03 <strong>20</strong>05 1992 1990 1993 1992 1997 1994 1990 1990 1990 1991 1992 1993 1990 1992 1993 1987 1993 <strong>20</strong>00 1993 1993 1987 1993 1989 1992 1989 1993 1992 1996 1993 1997 1989 1989 1988 1997 1997 <strong>20</strong>00 1997 1998 1996 1997 1997 1999 1998 1997 1997 1995 1997 1997 1998 1997 1996 1997 1997 1995 1998 1996 1997 1995 1997 1997 1998 1997 <strong>20</strong>00 <strong>20</strong>00 1999 1998 Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). The lighter shading indicates agreements ratified since 1992. The darker shading indicates agreements ratified before that date. Boxes without a date indicate that the agreement concerned has not been ratified by the country in that column. Date of revision: October <strong>20</strong>11.
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 8. Protection of fishery resource
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6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
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8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
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11 FOREWORD In December 20<
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13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
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15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
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17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
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19 this regard, the International C
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21 The dynamic on which these data
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23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
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26 inequality, access to basic serv
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28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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30 air (see the section on health),
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36 The problem of unreliable servic
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38 Figure I.11 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
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42 Thanks to the improvements in wa
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Page 89 and 90: 88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<
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Page 93 and 94: 92 Perroti, D.E. and R. Sánchez (<
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146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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148 Li, J. and M. Colombier (<stron
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150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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152 1. Statistics and indicators Si
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154 3. Technology and environmental
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156 2. Citizen participation in env
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158 Reforms that would improve acce
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160 (b) Land ownership Land rights
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162 Box III.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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164 Box III.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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166 Many countries have created ins
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168 Since 1992, municipalities in L
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170 requirements of legislation; 14
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172 8. The science and technology c
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174 9. Farmers Rural households, in
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176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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178 Tréllez, E. (20</stron
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180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
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182 strategies, develop mechanisms
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184 participatory process; and nati
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186 issues, which have been incorpo
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188 Furthermore, at the internation
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190 4. Freshwater resources, water
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192 With respect to coastal and mar
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194 Further to the issues identifie
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196 (2006), Challe
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198 (2010b), Towar
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200 As for financi
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202 This assistanc
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204 Regions Table
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206 In addition to
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208 Figure V.5 LAT
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210 Innovative financing mechanisms
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212 8.8 Agricultural support estima
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214 2. Agricultural subsidies Most
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216 (18.9%). 11 Fishery subsidies h
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218 Figure V.9 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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220 1. Science and
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222 Figure V.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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224 2. Scientific capacities and te
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226 4. Knowledge plurality Rural po
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228 IDB (Inter-American Development
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231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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233 B. GUIDELINES FOR THE INTEGRATI
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235 (b) Strengthen policies designe
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237 from these sectors could suffer
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239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
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241 The following actions are sugge
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243 As part of the preparatory proc
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245 Indicators can help to raise aw
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247 All of these initiatives seek t
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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