sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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87 Governments in the region have also been incorporating environmental issues into their policies and planning systems by including environmental protection as one of the stated objectives of their national <strong>development</strong> plans, integrating environmental institutions into their legal and general institutional frameworks, concluding multilateral environmental agreements, incorporating environmental considerations into trade integration mechanisms and developing fiscal tools that can be used to promote environmental management. Concern about climate change is also reflected in the vast majority of these <strong>development</strong> strategies or plans, with climate change being seen as a mega-trend that will be one of the determinants of national <strong>development</strong> processes or as a component of environmental policy. Where this latter approach is taken, climate change strategies have been developed that set out defined objectives, lines of action, benchmarks and targets. Some countries, such as Mexico, have strategic programmes for dealing with climate change that have been designed to incorporate medium- and long-term projections into short-term actions aligned with their national <strong>development</strong> plan. 25 Strengthening planning processes is of crucial importance in order to coordinate the various areas of government action. Poor coordination in this respect is, as noted earlier, one of the factors that reduces the effectiveness of policies designed to promote sustainability (e.g., energy efficiency policies) (see also chapter II). Moreover, any socioeconomic activity has a territorial impact. Land-use planning is a scientific, technical and administrative discipline and involves political action. Indeed, it is conceived as a comprehensive, interdisciplinary practice, designed to achieve balanced <strong>development</strong> between the regions and proper organization of land space. Authorities should be urged to develop national, subnational/regional or local land-use plans that project spatially the social, economic and environmental policies that are part and parcel of <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>. The distribution of human activities under these plans should be subject to the potential and limitations of the land, thereby preventing and/or mitigating risks for human security (UNCRD, <strong>20</strong>11b). Other challenges also remain to be met, such as those involved in expanding and implementing planning mechanisms and achieving an appropriate allocation of resources among their various components. This is the framework within which the need to strengthen the environmental pillar of <strong>development</strong> must be understood, as will be discussed in the following chapter. 25 See the presentations made at the twenty-third Regional Seminar on Fiscal Policy held in January <strong>20</strong>11 [online] http://www.cepal.org/cgi-bin/getprod.asp?xml=/ilpes/noticias/paginas/1/41751/P41751.xml&xsl=/ilpes/tpl/p18 f.xsl&base=/ilpes/tpl/top-bottom.xsl
88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<strong>20</strong>10), “Energías renovables no convencionales en América Latina: tendencias y costos”, paper presented at the International Forum on Renewable Energies, Santiago, Chile, Ministry of Energy/Production Development Corporation (CORFO), November. Acquatella, Jean and Hugo Altomonte (<strong>20</strong>10), “Instrumentos fiscales para la mitigación de problemas ambientales específicos” Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) [online] http://www.eclac.org/drni/noticias/noticias/1/41791/HugoAltomonteJeanAcquatellaCEPAL.pdf. Adioetomo, S. and others (<strong>20</strong>05), “Policy implications of age-structural changes”, CICRED Policy Papers, Paris. Altomonte, Hugo (coord.) (<strong>20</strong>08), “América Latina y el Caribe frente a la coyuntura energética internacional: oportunidades para una nueva agenda de políticas”, Project Document, No. 2<strong>20</strong> (LC/W. 2<strong>20</strong>-P), Santiago, Chile, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), December. Amaral, (do), R.S. and others (<strong>20</strong>06), “An analysis of the impact of the Schistosomiasis control programme in Brazil”, Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 101 (Suppl. 1), Brasilia, University of Brasilia. Argentina, Government of (<strong>20</strong>10), “Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Urbano y Vivienda” [online] http://www.vivienda.gov.ar/. Bello, Omar, Fernando Cantú and Rodrigo Heresi (<strong>20</strong>11), “Variabilidad y persistencia de los precios de los productos de exportación de América Latina”, Revista CEPAL, No. 103 (LC/G.2487-P/E), Santiago, Chile, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), April. Bernardini, D.A. (<strong>20</strong>09), “Health in Megacities: Buenos Aires, Argentina”, Washington, D.C., World Bank. Bloom, D., D. Canning and J. Sevilla (<strong>20</strong>03), “The demographic dividend: a new perspective on the economic consequences of population change”, RAND Population Matters Program, No. MR- 1274, Santa Monica, California. Bravo, V. and others (<strong>20</strong>11), “Pesticide import data as a tool for monitoring health hazards in Central America”, International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, vol. 17, No. 3. Campodónico, Humberto (<strong>20</strong>09), “Gestión de la industria petrolera en períodos de altos precios del petróleo en países seleccionados de América Latina”, Recursos naturales e infraestructura series, No. 147 (LC/L.3162-P/E), Santiago, Chile, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). CESCR (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) (<strong>20</strong>03), The right to water. General Comment No. 15. (<strong>20</strong>01), Substantive issues arising in the implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Poverty and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Statement adopted by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on 4 May <strong>20</strong>01, (E/C.12/<strong>20</strong>01/10), Geneva. (1999), The right to adequate food. General Comment No. 12. (1991), The right to adequate housing. General Comment No. 4. Chile, Government of (<strong>20</strong>10), Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo [online] http://www.minvu.cl/opensite_ <strong>20</strong>101129092614.aspx. CHS (Commission on Human Security) (<strong>20</strong>03), Human Security Now, New York [online] http://www.humansecurity-chs.org/finalreport/English/FinalReport.pdf. DeSchutter, Olivier (<strong>20</strong>10), “Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier De Schutter”, Human Rights Council Sixteenth session Agenda item 3. Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to <strong>development</strong>. Diouf, J. (<strong>20</strong>11), “Involve the users in developing and disseminating technologies”, Global. The International Briefing [online] http://www.global-briefing.org/<strong>20</strong>11/04/%E2%80%9Cinvolvethe-users-in-developing-and-disseminating-technologies%E2%80%9D/.
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 8. Protection of fishery resource
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6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
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8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
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11 FOREWORD In December 20<
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13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
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15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
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17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
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19 this regard, the International C
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21 The dynamic on which these data
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23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
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26 inequality, access to basic serv
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28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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30 air (see the section on health),
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Page 73 and 74: 72 C. ENERGY: ENERGY INTENSITY, EFF
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138 Climate change will exacerbate
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140 With regard to the safe recover
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142 MERCOSUR countries are implemen
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144 Unlike in the early 1990s, all
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146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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148 Li, J. and M. Colombier (<stron
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150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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152 1. Statistics and indicators Si
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154 3. Technology and environmental
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156 2. Citizen participation in env
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158 Reforms that would improve acce
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160 (b) Land ownership Land rights
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162 Box III.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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164 Box III.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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166 Many countries have created ins
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168 Since 1992, municipalities in L
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170 requirements of legislation; 14
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172 8. The science and technology c
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174 9. Farmers Rural households, in
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176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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178 Tréllez, E. (20</stron
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180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
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182 strategies, develop mechanisms
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184 participatory process; and nati
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186 issues, which have been incorpo
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188 Furthermore, at the internation
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190 4. Freshwater resources, water
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192 With respect to coastal and mar
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194 Further to the issues identifie
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196 (2006), Challe
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198 (2010b), Towar
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200 As for financi
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202 This assistanc
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204 Regions Table
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206 In addition to
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208 Figure V.5 LAT
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210 Innovative financing mechanisms
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212 8.8 Agricultural support estima
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214 2. Agricultural subsidies Most
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216 (18.9%). 11 Fishery subsidies h
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218 Figure V.9 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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220 1. Science and
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222 Figure V.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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224 2. Scientific capacities and te
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226 4. Knowledge plurality Rural po
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228 IDB (Inter-American Development
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231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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233 B. GUIDELINES FOR THE INTEGRATI
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235 (b) Strengthen policies designe
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237 from these sectors could suffer
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239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
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241 The following actions are sugge
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243 As part of the preparatory proc
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245 Indicators can help to raise aw
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247 All of these initiatives seek t
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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