sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - José Eli da Veiga

sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - José Eli da Veiga sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - José Eli da Veiga

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7 Figure I.14 Undernutrition and overweight in children under 5 ong>yearsong>, ong>20ong>00 to ong>20ong>09 ................. 48 Figure I.15 Latin America and the Caribbean: period for which the dependency ratio remains below two dependents for every three working-age individuals ................ 51 Figure I.16 Latin America (19 countries): gross fixed capital formation, 1970-ong>20ong>09 ................ 58 Figure I.17 Relative productivity index of Latin America (selected countries) and productivity in the United States .............................................................................. 59 Figure I.18 Latin America and the Caribbean: price indexes for commodities and manufactures, ong>20ong>07-ong>20ong>11 .................................................................................. 64 Figure I.19 Latin America and the Caribbean: export volumes of selected products, 1990-ong>20ong>08 ................................................................................................................ 65 Figure I.ong>20ong> Energy intensity of the economy .............................................................................. 72 Figure I.21 Selected countries: rate of motor vehicle ownership, 1990-ong>20ong>07 ............................ 84 Figure I.22 Land transport in Latin America and South-East Asia ............................................ 85 Figure II.1 Latin America and the Caribbean: hydrometeorological events, 1970-ong>20ong>09 ........... 104 Figure II.2 Central America: main extreme weather events, 1970-ong>20ong>08 ................................... 105 Figure II.3 Share of global greenhouse gas emissions excluding land-use change emissions ...................................................................................................... 108 Figure II.4 Share of global greenhouse gas emissions including land-use change emissions ...................................................................................................... 108 Figure II.5 Share of greenhouse gas emissions by sector, ong>20ong>05 ................................................. 109 Figure II.6 Latin America and the Caribbean (9 countries): share of Caribbean Figure II.7 greenhouse gas emissions by country, ong>20ong>05 ............................................................ 109 Per capita CO 2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels by region, 1990–ong>20ong>06 .............................................................................................. 110 Figure II.8 Latin America and the Caribbean: per capita CO 2 emissions, 1990 and ong>20ong>08 Official Millennium Development Goals (MDG) indicator 7.2.1 .......................................................................................................... 110 Figure II.9 Carbon intensity of the economy, 1990, ong>20ong>00 and ong>20ong>07 .......................................... 111 Figure II.10 Carbon intensity of energy use, 1990, ong>20ong>00 and ong>20ong>07 ............................................. 112 Figure II.11 Proportion of terrestrial protected areas, 1990–ong>20ong>10 ............................................... 1ong>20ong> Figure II.12 Figure II.13 Figure III.1 Figure III.2 Figure V.1 Figure V.2 Figure V.3 Figure V.4 Latin America and the Caribbean: consumption of ozone-depleting substances, 1990-ong>20ong>09 ............................................................................................. 128 Latin America and the Caribbean (selected countries): water withdrawal as a proportion of renewable water, by sector, 1998-ong>20ong>02 ...................................... 131 Latin America and the Caribbean: trend in the global share of researchers, 1990-ong>20ong>08 ........................................................................................ 172 Latin America (selected countries): family farming as a share of the value of agricultural production and as a share of all farms .............................................. 174 Official ong>developmentong> assistance granted by countries of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), 1990-ong>20ong>10 .............................................................. ong>20ong>1 Regional shares of total net official ong>developmentong> assistance (ODA), 1990-ong>20ong>10 ................................................................................................................ ong>20ong>2 Latin America and the Caribbean: foreign direct investment inflows by subregion, 1990-ong>20ong>10 .......................................................................................... ong>20ong>4 Latin America and the Caribbean: foreign direct investment destination sectors by subregion, ong>20ong>05-ong>20ong>10 .............................................................................. ong>20ong>5 Figure V.5 Latin America and the Caribbean (27 countries): debt/GDP ratio, 1992-ong>20ong>10 ........ ong>20ong>8 Figure V.6 The Caribbean (8 countries): external debt indicators, 1990-ong>20ong>10 .......................... ong>20ong>8

8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9 Figure V.10 Latin America and the Caribbean (selected countries): proportion of total developed country imports (by value) from developing and least developed countries, admitted free of duty, 1996-ong>20ong>08 ........................................... 212 Latin America and the Caribbean (selected countries): agricultural, textile and clothing products subject to average customs duties, most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment and preferential tariffs applied by developed countries, 1996-ong>20ong>08 ............................................................. 213 Latin America and the Caribbean: structure of global exports since the early 1980s ................................................................................................ 218 Latin America and the Caribbean: distribution of investment in R&D, 1999 and ong>20ong>08 (or latest figure available) ................................................................ 222 Figure V.11 Expenditure on research and ong>developmentong> by financing source, ong>20ong>07 (or most recent year available) ................................................................................. 223 Boxes Box I.1 The Luz para todos programme in Brazil ................................................................ 35 Box I.2 Sustainable construction .......................................................................................... 40 Box I.3 Mainstreaming disaster-risk reduction into public investment decisions in Latin America and the Caribbean......................................................... 54 Box I.4 Sustainable consumption and production in the region ........................................... 63 Box I.5 Pesticide risk reduction ............................................................................................ 67 Box I.6 Gender and land tenure ............................................................................................ 69 Box I.7 Urban sustainability in six metropolitan cities in Latin America and the Caribbean ..................................................................................................... 80 Box I.8 The eco-efficiency of urban infrastructure ............................................................... 82 Box I.9 Initiatives for improving public transportation systems in the region...................... 83 Box II.1 Latin America and the Caribbean in international and regional forums on the environment and ong>sustainableong> ong>developmentong> .................................................... 97 Box II.2 Latin America and the Caribbean: projected trends in primary production capacity as a result of climate change .................................................... 106 Box II.3 Latin America and the Caribbean and the clean ong>developmentong> mechanism .............. 113 Box II.4 Central America: biodiversity reduction scenarios with and without climate change .......................................................................................................... 118 Box II.5 Conventions on biodiversity and protected species ................................................. 119 Box II.6 Box II.7 Brazil: Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon ................................................................................................ 125 Latin America and the Caribbean: promotion of forest management for non-wood forest products – case study in Boyacá (Colombia)................................ 126 Box II.8 Desired role of women in forest conservation ......................................................... 127 Box II.9 Local water governance in Central America ............................................................ 132 Box II.10 Women and ong>sustainableong> water management ............................................................ 134 Box II.11 Costs of coral reef degradation for human populations in the Caribbean region ...................................................................................................... 136 Box II.12 Latin America and the Caribbean: main problems of marine regions ..................... 137 Box II.13 Electronic waste: a challenge for Latin America and the Caribbean ....................... 144 Box III.1 Socio-environmental conflicts in Latin America and the Caribbean ....................... 156 Box III.2 Gender-responsive budgeting in Ecuador ................................................................ 161 Box III.3 Latin America and the Caribbean: relationship between childhood living conditions and educational attainment ..................................................................... 162

7<br />

Figure I.14 Undernutriti<strong>on</strong> and overweight in children under 5 <str<strong>on</strong>g>years</str<strong>on</strong>g>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>00 to <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>09 ................. 48<br />

Figure I.15 Latin America and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean: period for which <strong>the</strong> dependency ratio<br />

remains below two dependents for every three working-age individuals ................ 51<br />

Figure I.16 Latin America (19 countries): gross fixed capital formati<strong>on</strong>, 1970-<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>09 ................ 58<br />

Figure I.17 Relative productivity index of Latin America (selected countries) and<br />

productivity in <strong>the</strong> United States .............................................................................. 59<br />

Figure I.18 Latin America and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean: price indexes for commodities<br />

and manufactures, <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>07-<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>11 .................................................................................. 64<br />

Figure I.19 Latin America and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean: export volumes of selected products,<br />

1990-<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>08 ................................................................................................................ 65<br />

Figure I.<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g> Energy intensity of <strong>the</strong> ec<strong>on</strong>omy .............................................................................. 72<br />

Figure I.21 Selected countries: rate of motor vehicle ownership, 1990-<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>07 ............................ 84<br />

Figure I.22 Land transport in Latin America and South-East Asia ............................................ 85<br />

Figure II.1 Latin America and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean: hydrometeorological events, 1970-<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>09 ........... 104<br />

Figure II.2 Central America: main extreme wea<strong>the</strong>r events, 1970-<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>08 ................................... 105<br />

Figure II.3 Share of global greenhouse gas emissi<strong>on</strong>s excluding land-use<br />

change emissi<strong>on</strong>s ...................................................................................................... 108<br />

Figure II.4 Share of global greenhouse gas emissi<strong>on</strong>s including land-use<br />

change emissi<strong>on</strong>s ...................................................................................................... 108<br />

Figure II.5 Share of greenhouse gas emissi<strong>on</strong>s by sector, <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>05 ................................................. 109<br />

Figure II.6 Latin America and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean (9 countries): share of Caribbean<br />

Figure II.7<br />

greenhouse gas emissi<strong>on</strong>s by country, <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>05 ............................................................ 109<br />

Per capita CO 2 emissi<strong>on</strong>s <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> burning of fossil fuels<br />

by regi<strong>on</strong>, 1990–<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>06 .............................................................................................. 110<br />

Figure II.8 Latin America and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean: per capita CO 2 emissi<strong>on</strong>s, 1990<br />

and <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>08 Official Millennium Development Goals (MDG)<br />

indicator 7.2.1 .......................................................................................................... 110<br />

Figure II.9 Carb<strong>on</strong> intensity of <strong>the</strong> ec<strong>on</strong>omy, 1990, <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>00 and <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>07 .......................................... 111<br />

Figure II.10 Carb<strong>on</strong> intensity of energy use, 1990, <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>00 and <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>07 ............................................. 112<br />

Figure II.11 Proporti<strong>on</strong> of terrestrial protected areas, 1990–<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>10 ............................................... 1<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

Figure II.12<br />

Figure II.13<br />

Figure III.1<br />

Figure III.2<br />

Figure V.1<br />

Figure V.2<br />

Figure V.3<br />

Figure V.4<br />

Latin America and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean: c<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong> of oz<strong>on</strong>e-depleting<br />

substances, 1990-<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>09 ............................................................................................. 128<br />

Latin America and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean (selected countries): water withdrawal<br />

as a proporti<strong>on</strong> of renewable water, by sector, 1998-<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>02 ...................................... 131<br />

Latin America and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean: trend in <strong>the</strong> global share<br />

of researchers, 1990-<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>08 ........................................................................................ 172<br />

Latin America (selected countries): family farming as a share of <strong>the</strong> value<br />

of agricultural producti<strong>on</strong> and as a share of all farms .............................................. 174<br />

Official <str<strong>on</strong>g>development</str<strong>on</strong>g> assistance granted by countries of <strong>the</strong> Development<br />

Assistance Committee (DAC), 1990-<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>10 .............................................................. <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>1<br />

Regi<strong>on</strong>al shares of total net official <str<strong>on</strong>g>development</str<strong>on</strong>g> assistance (ODA),<br />

1990-<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>10 ................................................................................................................ <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>2<br />

Latin America and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean: foreign direct investment inflows<br />

by subregi<strong>on</strong>, 1990-<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>10 .......................................................................................... <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>4<br />

Latin America and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean: foreign direct investment destinati<strong>on</strong><br />

sectors by subregi<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>05-<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>10 .............................................................................. <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>5<br />

Figure V.5 Latin America and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean (27 countries): debt/GDP ratio, 1992-<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>10 ........ <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>8<br />

Figure V.6 The Caribbean (8 countries): external debt indicators, 1990-<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>10 .......................... <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>8

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