sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - José Eli da Veiga

sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - José Eli da Veiga sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - José Eli da Veiga

25.04.2015 Views

73 Table I.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: STATUS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAMMES Programme Executing agencies / donors Argentina Energy Efficiency Programme Energy Secretariat / National budget and other agencies such as the Global Environment Fund and the World Bank / Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica (1) National Electricity Conservation Programme (PROCEL);( 2) Oil and Oil Products Conservation Programme (CONPET) (1) Energy Efficiency Division (2) Chilean Energy Efficiency Agency Programme for Rational and Efficient Energy Use and Non- Traditional Sources (PROURE) National Energy Conservation Programme (PRONACE) (1) Eletrobras: Corporate funds and Global Reversion Reserve (RGR);; and international entities ; (2) PETROBRAS: Corporate funds (1) Ministry of Mining/Ministry budget fund; (2) Board of directors made up of representatives of the ministries of energy and finance and of the Confederation of Production and Commerce Ministry of Mines and Energy/public budget fund ong>20ong>01 National Energy Conservation Commission (CONACE). CONACE is composed of representatives of the Energy Sector Department of the Ministry of the Environment and Energy, the Public Services Regulatory Authority (ARESEP), the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE), the Staterun oil refinery (RECOPE) and the national power company (CNFL), as well as by the electrification companies: the Administrative Board of Cartago Electrical Services (JASEC), the Heredia Public Service Company (ESPH) and the rural electrification cooperatives: Coopeguanacaste, Coopealfaro Ruiz, Coopelesca and Coopesantos. Ecuador National Energy Efficiency Plan Office of the Under-Secretary for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy(formerly the Renewable and Energy Efficiency Department in the Ministry of Energy and Mines) El Salvador Energy Efficiency Programme Government of El Salvador /Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Initiative (SECCI) of the Inter- American Development Bank (IDB) Mexico (1) Energy Savings; (2) “Save Energy and Live Better” pilot programme; (3) Electricity Savings; (4) Institutional Programme for Efficient Energy Use and Energy Savings of PEMEX (1) National Commission for Energy Savings (CONAE); (2) Energy Secretariat (SENER); (3) Electricity Savings Trust Fund (FIDE); (4) Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) Nicaragua Energy Efficiency Programme Government of Nicaragua / Inter-American Development Bank (donor: Japan Special Fund (JSF)) Peru Energy Savings Programme and CENERGIA activities Ministry of Energy and Mines; Energy and Environmental Conservation Centre (CENERGIA) Uruguay Energy Efficiency Programme Ministry of Mines and Energy / Global Environment Fund (GEF) – World Bank / National Electricity Plants and Distribution Administration (UTE) / private stakeholders Start-up date (1) and approximate total funding (2) ong>20ong>03; US$ 40 million (1) 1985; (2) 1991 ong>20ong>10 (these two entities continue the work started in ong>20ong>05 by the Energy Efficiency Country Programme, which came under the National Energy Commission) ong>20ong>01-ong>20ong>06 ong>20ong>01; funding from the Ministry of Energy and Mines and a US$ 508,000 World Bank loan; grant from the Global Environment Fund / World Bank (US$ 1,226,000) plus private grants (US$ 4,992,000) ong>20ong>07: US$ 800,000 (preparatory stage with technical assistance from IDB) (1) 1989; (2) ong>20ong>08; (3) 1990 (general government funding for programmes 1, 2 and 3); (4) ong>20ong>01: PEMEX budget ong>20ong>04; US$ 9ong>20ong>,000 1998 to date: Ministry of Energy and Mines, general government budget, CENERGIA ong>20ong>05; US$ 8ong>20ong>,000 Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)/German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), “América Latina y el Caribe frente a la coyuntura energética internacional: oportunidades para una nueva agenda de políticas”. Project documents, No. 2ong>20ong> (LC/W.2ong>20ong>), Santiago, Chile, December ong>20ong>08 (updated as at October ong>20ong>11).

74 Fuel subsidies for private vehicles and for cargo and transit services place an added burden on fiscal accounts. Some of these subsidies are also regressive since the top income quintile accounts for a substantial proportion of expenditure on fuel for automobiles (Acquatella and Altomonte, ong>20ong>10). These subsidies have been on the rise since 1992 due to the fact that most of them are based on international oil prices, which have been climbing sharply, especially since ong>20ong>03. 22 Calculations based on international oil prices in 1996-ong>20ong>08 (IMF, ong>20ong>08) show that the fiscal cost of these subsidies has been very high in some countries, and their opportunity cost in terms of potential alternative uses of those resources (e.g., health care) is quite significant (see table I.8). Table I.8 LATIN AMERICA (SELECTED COUNTRIES): SUBSIDIES ON FOSSIL FUELS AND PUBLIC SPENDING ON HEALTH CARE, ong>20ong>08-ong>20ong>10 (Billions of dollars and percentages of GDP) Subsidies on fossil fuels Public spending on health (billions of dollars) (percentages of GDP) (percentages of GDP) ong>20ong>08 ong>20ong>09 ong>20ong>10 ong>20ong>08 ong>20ong>09 ong>20ong>10 Argentina 18.1 5.9 6.5 5.5 1.9 1.8 5.3 (ong>20ong>08) Colombia 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.9 (ong>20ong>09) Ecuador 4.6 1.6 3.7 8.4 3.1 6.7 1.3 (ong>20ong>06) El Salvador 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 5.6 3.4 (ong>20ong>07) Mexico 22.5 3.4 9.5 2.1 0.4 0.9 2.8 (ong>20ong>08) Peru 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.2 (ong>20ong>08) Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 24.2 14.1 ong>20ong>.0 7.8 4.3 5.1 1.8 (ong>20ong>06) Source: Prepared by author on the basis of the subsidies on fossil fuels published in International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook ong>20ong>11 [online] http://www.iea.org/subsidy/index.html; Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Official figures of GDP and social expenditure database for public health-care spending. Cuts in these subsidies would not only reduce the use of fossil fuels and their adverse environmental and health impacts, as well as boosting the profitability of alternative energy sources, but would also free up government funds for use in other areas, such as investment in education and health. Alongside these subsidies, there are also a number of different fuel taxes (Campodónico, ong>20ong>09), yet these taxes have been cut in recent ong>yearsong> in order to cushion the impact of sharp fluctuations in international oil prices on domestic prices, without taking environmental impacts into consideration. 2. Renewable sources of energy The early 1990s marked a turning point in terms of energy supplies in the region as it increased output of oil and natural gas. The share of total supply accounted for by oil has been shrinking, while the share of natural gas has been on the rise. Nonetheless, the predominant market share of fossil fuels in terms of the overall energy matrix in the region has changed very little since 1970. 22 The price of oil is based on the simple average of the prices of three benchmark crudes: Dubai, Brent and West Texas. For a detailed description of this index and the prices of Latin America’s main commodities since 1960, see Bello, Cantú and Heresi (ong>20ong>11).

73<br />

Table I.7<br />

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: STATUS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAMMES<br />

Programme<br />

Executing agencies / d<strong>on</strong>ors<br />

Argentina Energy Efficiency Programme Energy Secretariat / Nati<strong>on</strong>al budget and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />

agencies such as <strong>the</strong> Global Envir<strong>on</strong>ment Fund and<br />

<strong>the</strong> World Bank /<br />

Brazil<br />

Chile<br />

Colombia<br />

Costa Rica<br />

(1) Nati<strong>on</strong>al Electricity<br />

C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> Programme<br />

(PROCEL);( 2) Oil and Oil<br />

Products C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong><br />

Programme (CONPET)<br />

(1) Energy Efficiency Divisi<strong>on</strong><br />

(2) Chilean Energy Efficiency<br />

Agency<br />

Programme for Rati<strong>on</strong>al and<br />

Efficient Energy Use and N<strong>on</strong>-<br />

Traditi<strong>on</strong>al Sources (PROURE)<br />

Nati<strong>on</strong>al Energy C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong><br />

Programme (PRONACE)<br />

(1) Eletrobras: Corporate funds and Global<br />

Reversi<strong>on</strong> Reserve (RGR);; and internati<strong>on</strong>al<br />

entities ; (2) PETROBRAS: Corporate funds<br />

(1) Ministry of Mining/Ministry budget fund;<br />

(2) Board of directors made up of representatives<br />

of <strong>the</strong> ministries of energy and finance and of<br />

<strong>the</strong> C<strong>on</strong>federati<strong>on</strong> of Producti<strong>on</strong> and Commerce<br />

Ministry of Mines and Energy/public budget fund <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>01<br />

Nati<strong>on</strong>al Energy C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> Commissi<strong>on</strong><br />

(CONACE). CONACE is composed of<br />

representatives of <strong>the</strong> Energy Sector Department of<br />

<strong>the</strong> Ministry of <strong>the</strong> Envir<strong>on</strong>ment and Energy, <strong>the</strong><br />

Public Services Regulatory Authority (ARESEP),<br />

<strong>the</strong> Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE), <strong>the</strong> Staterun<br />

oil refinery (RECOPE) and <strong>the</strong> nati<strong>on</strong>al power<br />

company (CNFL), as well as by <strong>the</strong> electrificati<strong>on</strong><br />

companies: <strong>the</strong> Administrative Board of Cartago<br />

Electrical Services (JASEC), <strong>the</strong> Heredia Public<br />

Service Company (ESPH) and <strong>the</strong> rural<br />

electrificati<strong>on</strong> cooperatives: Coopeguanacaste,<br />

Coopealfaro Ruiz, Coopelesca and Coopesantos.<br />

Ecuador Nati<strong>on</strong>al Energy Efficiency Plan Office of <strong>the</strong> Under-Secretary for Renewable Energy<br />

and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Electricity and<br />

Renewable Energy(formerly <strong>the</strong> Renewable and<br />

Energy Efficiency Department in <strong>the</strong> Ministry of<br />

Energy and Mines)<br />

El Salvador Energy Efficiency Programme Government of El Salvador /Sustainable Energy and<br />

Climate Change Initiative (SECCI) of <strong>the</strong> Inter-<br />

American Development Bank (IDB)<br />

Mexico<br />

(1) Energy Savings; (2) “Save<br />

Energy and Live Better” pilot<br />

programme; (3) Electricity<br />

Savings; (4) Instituti<strong>on</strong>al<br />

Programme for Efficient Energy<br />

Use and Energy Savings of<br />

PEMEX<br />

(1) Nati<strong>on</strong>al Commissi<strong>on</strong> for Energy Savings<br />

(CONAE); (2) Energy Secretariat (SENER); (3)<br />

Electricity Savings Trust Fund (FIDE); (4) Petróleos<br />

Mexicanos (PEMEX)<br />

Nicaragua Energy Efficiency Programme Government of Nicaragua / Inter-American<br />

Development Bank (d<strong>on</strong>or: Japan Special Fund<br />

(JSF))<br />

Peru<br />

Energy Savings Programme and<br />

CENERGIA activities<br />

Ministry of Energy and Mines; Energy and<br />

Envir<strong>on</strong>mental C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> Centre (CENERGIA)<br />

Uruguay Energy Efficiency Programme Ministry of Mines and Energy / Global Envir<strong>on</strong>ment<br />

Fund (GEF) – World Bank / Nati<strong>on</strong>al Electricity<br />

Plants and Distributi<strong>on</strong> Administrati<strong>on</strong> (UTE) /<br />

private stakeholders<br />

Start-up <strong>da</strong>te (1)<br />

and approximate total funding (2)<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>03; US$ 40 milli<strong>on</strong><br />

(1) 1985; (2) 1991<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>10 (<strong>the</strong>se two entities c<strong>on</strong>tinue <strong>the</strong><br />

work started in <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>05 by <strong>the</strong> Energy<br />

Efficiency Country Programme,<br />

which came under <strong>the</strong> Nati<strong>on</strong>al<br />

Energy Commissi<strong>on</strong>)<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>01-<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>06<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>01; funding <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ministry<br />

of Energy and Mines and a<br />

US$ 508,000 World Bank loan; grant<br />

<strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Global Envir<strong>on</strong>ment Fund /<br />

World Bank (US$ 1,226,000) plus<br />

private grants (US$ 4,992,000)<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>07: US$ 800,000 (preparatory<br />

stage with technical assistance <strong>from</strong><br />

IDB)<br />

(1) 1989; (2) <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>08; (3) 1990 (general<br />

government funding for programmes<br />

1, 2 and 3); (4) <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>01: PEMEX budget<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>04; US$ 9<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>,000<br />

1998 to <strong>da</strong>te: Ministry of Energy and<br />

Mines, general government budget,<br />

CENERGIA<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>05; US$ 8<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>,000<br />

Source: Ec<strong>on</strong>omic Commissi<strong>on</strong> for Latin America and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean (ECLAC)/German Agency for Technical Cooperati<strong>on</strong><br />

(GTZ), “América Latina y el Caribe frente a la coyuntura energética internaci<strong>on</strong>al: oportuni<strong>da</strong>des para una nueva agen<strong>da</strong> de<br />

políticas”. Project documents, No. 2<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g> (LC/W.2<str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>), Santiago, Chile, December <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>08 (up<strong>da</strong>ted as at October <str<strong>on</strong>g>20</str<strong>on</strong>g>11).

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!