sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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63 Box I.4 SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION IN THE REGION In line with principle 8 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the Latin American and Caribbean region has joined the international community in its commitment to work towards the establishment of more <strong>sustainable</strong> production and consumption patterns. To that end, the region has embarked on a number of different initiatives. By its Decision No. 12/<strong>20</strong>03, the Forum of Ministers of the Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean established the Council of Government Experts on Sustainable Consumption and Production and tasked it with promoting and facilitating the adoption of <strong>sustainable</strong> consumption and production patterns. The Council is composed of representatives of each country’s focal point for <strong>sustainable</strong> consumption and production, which, in most cases, is located in the national agency or ministry responsible for environmental affairs. The results of a survey of the focal points for <strong>sustainable</strong> consumption and production in <strong>20</strong> countries of the region indicate that a great deal of work is being done in this area. Most of the countries have launched initiatives to step up the pace of the transition to <strong>sustainable</strong> consumption and production patterns and, in nearly half of them, these initiatives have been incorporated into the countries’ national <strong>development</strong> plans. A similar number of countries have opened the way for participation in design and implementation tasks by other public-sector agencies working in such areas as economics and transport. Little headway has been made in implementation, however. Training, technical assistance, various forms of recognition and incentives are the most commonly used tools for promoting <strong>sustainable</strong> consumption and production patterns in the region. Laws, regulations and penalties relating to market creation and damages are being applied in very few cases. The types of incentives for <strong>sustainable</strong> consumption and production patterns that are being used, for the most part, are measures designed to provide financing for environmental investments, tax incentives and voluntary agreements. In most cases, special forms of support are provided for small and medium-sized enterprises (e.g., awards, quality certifications, technical assistance, tax breaks and other incentives). A number of countries have launched <strong>sustainable</strong> government procurement initiatives. Most of these projects are still in their initial stages, however. All the countries that responded to the survey said that their advocacy of <strong>sustainable</strong> consumption and production patterns has been based on a participatory process and that they have set up information and training networks dealing with sustainability issues, including those relating to consumption and production. Source: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/Technology Management Center of Costa Rica (CEGESTI), “Consumo y producción sustentable (CPS). Estado de avances en América Latina y el Caribe”, <strong>20</strong>09 [online] http://www.redpycs.net/ MD_upload/redpycs_net/File/Reuniones_Regionales/Reunion%<strong>20</strong>Colombia/informe%<strong>20</strong>cps%<strong>20</strong>alc%<strong>20</strong><strong>20</strong>09-28%<strong>20</strong>agosto %<strong>20</strong>09.pdf. (a) Mining and hydrocarbons A number of countries in the region have a long tradition of mining and hydrocarbon production. In some of them, these industries are a major driver of economic activity, account for a large share of exports and are an important source of fiscal revenue (Altomonte, <strong>20</strong>08; Campodónico, <strong>20</strong>09). In fact, as noted earlier, the economic growth attained by the region in <strong>20</strong>03-<strong>20</strong>08 was closely related to the upswing in demand for commodities, including mineral products and hydrocarbons, which figure prominently in the region’s export matrix (see figures I.18 and I.19). Since the 1990s, global hydrocarbons and mining industries have undergone major changes which have included their consolidation and transnationalization. In the region, regulatory reforms were introduced in these sectors in the 1990s as part of a policy package designed to bring about structural changes (opening up trade, liberalizing the financial sector, downsizing the public sector and offering incentives for foreign investment) in the region’s economies (Sánchez and Lardé, <strong>20</strong>06). The depth and nature of these reforms, particularly in terms of the role to be played by State enterprises, varied across countries and differed between the mining sector and the hydrocarbons industry. In some countries, Staterun oil companies began to regain lost ground in the early <strong>20</strong>00s.
64 Figure I.18 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: PRICE INDEXES FOR COMMODITIES AND MANUFACTURES, <strong>20</strong>07-<strong>20</strong>11 a (Index: <strong>20</strong>00=100, three-month moving average) 440 390 340 290 240 190 140 90 Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr <strong>20</strong>07 <strong>20</strong>08 <strong>20</strong>09 <strong>20</strong>10 <strong>20</strong>11 Foods Agricultural and forestry-related raw materials Manufactures Tropical beverages Minerals and metals Oils and oilseeds Energy Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of official figures from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the Netherlands Bureau for Economic Analysis (CPB). a The categories of commodities are weighted by their share in Latin America’s exports. Rising prices for mining products and hydrocarbons, together with technological innovations (e.g., deep sea drilling), have made it profitable to mine deposits that were once economically unattractive. The expansion of mining activity in some Central American countries, for example, is posing challenges in terms of environmental protection and local communities’ way of life. The number of social and environmental conflicts or disputes associated with mining activities has been on the rise since 1990 (UNEP, <strong>20</strong>10). Environmental problems posed by mining and drilling activities include the pollution of groundwater and surface water, deforestation and the consequent loss of plant cover, and soil erosion, along with the resulting destabilization of land areas and increased sedimentation of water courses, which disturb watersheds (UNEP, <strong>20</strong>10). In addition, there is the risk of accidents, such as oil spills and the rupture of tailings reservoirs. 14 Sensitive areas of the Amazon basin have been contaminated with mercury from gold mining operations, for example. 14 UNEP, for example, is currently conducting the Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level (APELL) Programme.
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 8. Protection of fishery resource
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6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
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8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
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11 FOREWORD In December 20<
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114 Table II.4 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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118 Box II.4 CENTRAL AMERICA: BIODI
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120 25 Figure II.1
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122 The valuable assets related to
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124 monitoring have been instrument
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126 Box II.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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128 technology transfer is successf
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130 Table II.6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
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132 (a) Integrated water resources
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134 concessions, authorizations and
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136 water flows caused by land-use
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138 Climate change will exacerbate
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140 With regard to the safe recover
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142 MERCOSUR countries are implemen
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144 Unlike in the early 1990s, all
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146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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148 Li, J. and M. Colombier (<stron
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150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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152 1. Statistics and indicators Si
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158 Reforms that would improve acce
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160 (b) Land ownership Land rights
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162 Box III.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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164 Box III.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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166 Many countries have created ins
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168 Since 1992, municipalities in L
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170 requirements of legislation; 14
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172 8. The science and technology c
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174 9. Farmers Rural households, in
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176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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178 Tréllez, E. (20</stron
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180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
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182 strategies, develop mechanisms
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184 participatory process; and nati
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186 issues, which have been incorpo
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188 Furthermore, at the internation
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190 4. Freshwater resources, water
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192 With respect to coastal and mar
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194 Further to the issues identifie
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200 As for financi
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204 Regions Table
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206 In addition to
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208 Figure V.5 LAT
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210 Innovative financing mechanisms
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212 8.8 Agricultural support estima
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214 2. Agricultural subsidies Most
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216 (18.9%). 11 Fishery subsidies h
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218 Figure V.9 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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220 1. Science and
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222 Figure V.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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224 2. Scientific capacities and te
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226 4. Knowledge plurality Rural po
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228 IDB (Inter-American Development
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231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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233 B. GUIDELINES FOR THE INTEGRATI
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235 (b) Strengthen policies designe
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237 from these sectors could suffer
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239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
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241 The following actions are sugge
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243 As part of the preparatory proc
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245 Indicators can help to raise aw
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247 All of these initiatives seek t
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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