sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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5 Chapter V International cooperation, trade, science and technology ............................................................ 199 A. Financing ................................................................................................................................. 199 1. Official <strong>development</strong> assistance ........................................................................................ <strong>20</strong>0 2. Private international financial flows .................................................................................. <strong>20</strong>3 3. Contributions from international financial institutions and other <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> organizations ................................................................................................ <strong>20</strong>6 4. International loans ............................................................................................................. <strong>20</strong>7 5. Innovative mechanisms ..................................................................................................... <strong>20</strong>9 6. Emerging cooperation and South-South financing ............................................................ 210 7. Remittances ....................................................................................................................... 210 B. Trade ........................................................................................................................................ 211 1. Duty on Latin American and Caribbean export products .................................................. 212 2. Agricultural subsidies ........................................................................................................ 214 3. Aid for trade ...................................................................................................................... 214 4. The Doha Round and <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>................................................................. 215 5. Negotiations on climate change and international trade .................................................... 216 6. Property rights and trade rules ........................................................................................... 218 C. Science, technology and technology transfer ........................................................................... 219 1. Science and technology in Latin America and the Caribbean ........................................... 2<strong>20</strong> 2. Scientific capacities and technology transfer .................................................................... 224 3. Information technologies and knowledge societies ........................................................... 225 4. Knowledge plurality .......................................................................................................... 226 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 227 Chapter VI Guidelines for achieving sustainability .......................................................................................... 231 A. Persistent gaps in the implementation of <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> and the way forward ....... 231 B. Guidelines for the integration of the three pillars of <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> ........................ 233 C. Key issues for the <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> of Caribbean small island developing States ...... 251 D. International conditions for moving forward with the cross-cutting guidelines ...................... 252 E. Closing remarks ....................................................................................................................... 254 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 256 Tables Table I.1 Table I.2 Table I.3 Latin America (selected countries): estimate of population without electric power ........................................................................................................... 35 Latin America (6 countries): estimate of average income and energy spending ratios between income quintiles I and V ................................................... 37 Latin America and the Caribbean: urban population living in slums, 1990-<strong>20</strong>07 ................................................................................................................ 39 Table I.4 Latin America (selected countries): disaster-related losses ..................................... 52 Table I.5 Latin America and the Caribbean (19 countries): GDP growth, 1971-<strong>20</strong>10 ............ 57 Table I.6 Brazil: number of green jobs in each economic activity, <strong>20</strong>08 ................................ 62 Table I.7 Latin America and the Caribbean: status of energy efficiency programmes ........... 73 Table I.8 Table I.9 Latin America (selected countries): subsidies on fossil fuels and public spending on health care, <strong>20</strong>08-<strong>20</strong>10 ....................................................... 74 Laws for the promotion of renewable energy sources in selected countries of the region ............................................................................................................. 76
6 Table II.1 Ratification of multilateral environmental agreements ............................................ 96 Table II.2 Latin America and the Caribbean (14 countries): environmental framework laws, legislation on environmental impact assessment, legal definition of environmental damage and incorporation of the principle of participation in environmental law-making .................................................................................. 99 Table II.3 Latin America and the Caribbean: highest environmental authorities ..................... 100 Table II.4 Latin America and the Caribbean: known species as a percentage of the world’s known species ................................................................................... 114 Table II.5 Latin America and the Caribbean: forest area and annual rates of change, 1990-<strong>20</strong>10, and percentage of global forest area ........................................ 123 Table II.6 Agricultural productivity losses according to climate change scenario A2 ............. 130 Table II.7 Production and disposal of solid waste in Latin American megacities .................... 143 Table III.1 Latin America and the Caribbean: illiteracy rate among indigenous and non-indigenous populations .............................................................................. 166 Table III.2 Latin America and the Caribbean: member organizations of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development ...................................................... 171 Table IV.1 Number of threatened and extinct species in the Caribbean subregion, <strong>20</strong>11 ......... 184 Table V.1 Disbursements of net official <strong>development</strong> assistance (ODA) to developing countries and Latin America and the Caribbean, 1990-<strong>20</strong>10 ................................... <strong>20</strong>1 Table V.2 Flow, variation and share of global net foreign direct investment, by region, <strong>20</strong>07-<strong>20</strong>10 ............................................................................................... <strong>20</strong>4 Figures Figure I.1 Latin America and the Caribbean (19 countries): poverty and indigence, 1980-<strong>20</strong>11 ................................................................................................................ 27 Figure I.2 Latin America and the Caribbean: employment, unemployment and Gini coefficient, around 1990 and most recent year ........................................................ 27 Figure I.3 Latin America and the Caribbean and OECD: human <strong>development</strong> index 1990, <strong>20</strong>00, <strong>20</strong>05 and <strong>20</strong>10 ...................................................................................... 28 Figure I.4 Latin America and other regions of the world: Gini coefficient, around <strong>20</strong>09.............................................................................................................. 28 Figure I.5 Latin America (17 countries): multidimensional poverty rates, <strong>20</strong>00-<strong>20</strong>09 ............ 29 Figure I.6 Latin America (18 countries): population aged <strong>20</strong>-24 with complete secondary education by per capita income and sex, around <strong>20</strong>08............................ 31 Figure I.7 Latin America and the Caribbean (9 countries): distribution of PISA reading achievement levels among students aged 15 by index of socioeconomic and cultural status (ISEC) of their families, <strong>20</strong>09 .................................................... 32 Figure I.8 Latin America (18 countries): average monthly labour income of employed population aged 15-29, 30-64 and 15 and over, by level of education .................... 32 Figure I.9 Latin America and the Caribbean: proportion of national, urban and rural population using an improved drinking water source and an improved sanitation facility, 1990-<strong>20</strong>08 ................................................................................... 34 Figure I.10 Mexico: work time in population aged 15 <strong>years</strong> and over by sex and fuel most used for cooking, <strong>20</strong>09 .................................................................................... 36 Figure I.11 Latin America and the Caribbean: urban population living in slums, 1990-<strong>20</strong>10 ................................................................................................................ 38 Figure I.12 Costa Rica and Guatemala: epidemiological transition, 1965-<strong>20</strong>06 ........................ 47 Figure I.13 Number of undernourished people in the world and in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1990-1992 to <strong>20</strong>10 .................................................................... 47
Page 1 and 2: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
Page 3 and 4: Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
Page 5: 4 8. Protection of fishery resource
Page 9 and 10: 8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
Page 12 and 13: 11 FOREWORD In December 20<
Page 14 and 15: 13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
Page 16 and 17: 15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
Page 18 and 19: 17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
Page 20 and 21: 19 this regard, the International C
Page 22 and 23: 21 The dynamic on which these data
Page 24: 23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
Page 27 and 28: 26 inequality, access to basic serv
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Page 37 and 38: 36 The problem of unreliable servic
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56 patterns in Latin America, with
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58 In fact, despite achievements ma
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60 The second productivity feature
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62 for groups that are usually bypa
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64 Figure I.18 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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66 2009). In addit
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68 production will, however, height
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70 Lastly, climate factors are also
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72 C. ENERGY: ENERGY INTENSITY, EFF
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74 Fuel subsidies for private vehic
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76 Table I.9 LAWS FOR THE PROMOTION
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78 reduction must also be mainstrea
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80 Box I.7 URBAN SUSTAINABILITY IN
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82 Box I.8 THE ECO-EFFICIENCY OF UR
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84 Figure I.21 SELECTED COUNTRIES:
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86 E. STRENGTHENING THE STATE AND A
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88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<
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90 Fresco, Louise (20</stro
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92 Perroti, D.E. and R. Sánchez (<
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94 (2010b), Achiev
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96 Table II.1 RATIFICATION OF MULTI
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98 Box II.1 (concluded) Union of So
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100 Table II.3 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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102 The same applies to the incenti
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104 Figure II.1 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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106 Box II.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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108 Figure II.3 SHARE OF GLOBAL GRE
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110 Figure II.7 PER CAPITA CO 2 EMI
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112 Figure II.10 CARBON INTENSITY O
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114 Table II.4 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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116 coast and in marine areas, the
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118 Box II.4 CENTRAL AMERICA: BIODI
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120 25 Figure II.1
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122 The valuable assets related to
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124 monitoring have been instrument
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126 Box II.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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128 technology transfer is successf
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130 Table II.6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
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132 (a) Integrated water resources
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134 concessions, authorizations and
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136 water flows caused by land-use
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138 Climate change will exacerbate
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140 With regard to the safe recover
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142 MERCOSUR countries are implemen
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144 Unlike in the early 1990s, all
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146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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148 Li, J. and M. Colombier (<stron
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150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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152 1. Statistics and indicators Si
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154 3. Technology and environmental
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156 2. Citizen participation in env
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158 Reforms that would improve acce
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160 (b) Land ownership Land rights
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162 Box III.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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164 Box III.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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166 Many countries have created ins
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168 Since 1992, municipalities in L
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170 requirements of legislation; 14
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172 8. The science and technology c
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174 9. Farmers Rural households, in
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176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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178 Tréllez, E. (20</stron
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180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
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182 strategies, develop mechanisms
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184 participatory process; and nati
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186 issues, which have been incorpo
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188 Furthermore, at the internation
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190 4. Freshwater resources, water
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192 With respect to coastal and mar
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194 Further to the issues identifie
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196 (2006), Challe
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198 (2010b), Towar
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200 As for financi
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202 This assistanc
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204 Regions Table
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206 In addition to
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208 Figure V.5 LAT
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210 Innovative financing mechanisms
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212 8.8 Agricultural support estima
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214 2. Agricultural subsidies Most
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216 (18.9%). 11 Fishery subsidies h
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218 Figure V.9 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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220 1. Science and
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222 Figure V.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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224 2. Scientific capacities and te
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226 4. Knowledge plurality Rural po
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228 IDB (Inter-American Development
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231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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233 B. GUIDELINES FOR THE INTEGRATI
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235 (b) Strengthen policies designe
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237 from these sectors could suffer
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239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
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241 The following actions are sugge
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243 As part of the preparatory proc
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245 Indicators can help to raise aw
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247 All of these initiatives seek t
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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