sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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53 Map I.1 LATIN AMERICA (SELECTED COUNTRIES): IMPACT OF EXTREME EVENTS ON REGIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE, 1970-<strong>20</strong>09 A. Number of education establishments damaged B. Kilometres of road destroyed by province Venezuela (Bol. Rep. of) Colombia Venezuela (Bol. Rep. of) Colombia Peru Peru Brazil Brazil Bolivia (Plur. Sate of) Bolivia (Plur. Sate of) Chile Chile Argentina Education establishments 5 or fewer 6-15 16-50 51-<strong>20</strong>0 <strong>20</strong>1-700 More than 700 Argentina Road destroyed less than 1 Km 1 - 3 Km 3 - 5 Km 5 - 30 Km 30 - 100 Km More than 100 Km Source: International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), <strong>20</strong>11 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Revealing Risk, Redefining Development [online] http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/<strong>20</strong>11/en/home/ download.html. Note: The boundaries and names shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. These impacts imply setbacks in the already complex process of <strong>development</strong> in the countries of the region. Small countries, in particular small island developing States (SIDS) are the most seriously affected by economic losses caused by disasters (ISDR, <strong>20</strong>09). The heightened vulnerability to disaster risks in the region is attributable to factors such as climate change, poverty, poor land-use planning, urban sprawl and environmental degradation with the subsequent loss of biodiversity. Climate change is giving rise to new patterns in the intensity and frequency of climaterelated threats and other physical perils that threaten lives, property, employment and livelihoods. The gravity of the impacts of future natural disasters will depend largely on the ability of countries in the region to reduce their vulnerability and boost their risk-management capabilities; this, in turn, will depend on how they manage their environmental and natural resources, economic and social <strong>development</strong>, urban and land-use planning and governance (ISRD, <strong>20</strong>11b). Reducing vulnerability will require instruments for prevention such as land-use planning, earlywarning systems, maintaining plant cover, improved local institutions and construction of proper infrastructure. Integrated analytical and management approaches will also be needed; in particular, disaster risk reduction strategies must be incorporated into public investment systems in the region (see box I.3, below).
54 Box I.3 MAINSTREAMING DISASTER-RISK REDUCTION INTO PUBLIC INVESTMENT DECISIONS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Since the turn of the century, disaster-risk reduction has been an essential component of public investment systems in the region. In addition to its primary function, it has served to ensure that public funds are used efficiently and in such a way as to promote sustainability and equity. In <strong>20</strong>00, Peru set up the National Public Investment System, which paved the way for incorporating disaster risk reduction in the public investment system. The success of this initiative is attributable to a number of factors including standardized concepts and appraisal methodologies, the participation of government stakeholders of different levels and from different departments, the training of 900 professionals, the implementation of new standards and instruments and the <strong>development</strong> of a long-term investment vision. By <strong>20</strong>08, as many as 72,000 projects had been approved. Following the success of the Peruvian experience, Costa Rica adopted a similar initiative in <strong>20</strong>07. In Latin America, some 80% of disaster-related losses are reported to occur in urban areas. Integrating disaster risk reduction in public investment decisions and in urban <strong>development</strong> agendas is therefore key for reducing risk and preventing loss of life and assets when weather-related disasters strike. According to estimates carried out in Mexico and Colombia, it would cost four times as much to reconstruct and repair damaged infrastructure than to take the necessary risk-reduction measures in the area of land-use planning and better construction codes. Corrective measures such as retrofitting or relocating are more expensive but could result in 40% fewer deaths. Social protection is another innovative mechanism for preserving community and household assets during and following a disaster. Chile and Nicaragua have successfully adopted social protection measures, such as cash transfers, to reduce vulnerability of households in times of disaster. Over 114 million people in Latin America alone benefit from similar social protection programmes and these may be adapted at relatively low cost to effectively boost the resilience of communities and households, thereby reducing the need for humanitarian aid in the aftermath of a disaster. The value of disaster risk management as a policy initiative is growing even at the local level. Currently, about 80 local government units are active members in the <strong>20</strong>10-<strong>20</strong>11 campaign entitled “Making cities resilient: My city is getting ready”, launched by the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) (see [online] http://www.unisdr.org/english/campaigns/campaign<strong>20</strong>10-<strong>20</strong>11/). The campaign was implemented to unite cities in building better awareness and commitment in order to promote <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> practices with a view to reducing future disaster risks and boosting disaster preparedness. The members of the campaign have access to the ten-point check-list to help them monitor their progress in disaster risk management. These points are aligned with local indicators in order to highlight local progress. Source: International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), <strong>20</strong>11 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Revealing Risk, Redefining Development [online] http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/<strong>20</strong>11/en/home/ download.html; Making Cities Resilient: My City is Getting Ready. <strong>20</strong>10-<strong>20</strong>11 World Disaster Reduction Campaign, Geneva. The Hyogo Framework for Action <strong>20</strong>05-<strong>20</strong>15: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities, endorsed by all the Governments of the region, is the first international agreement that outlines the work different actors and sectors will need to do in order to reduce disaster-related losses. It seeks to strengthen risk management and institutional and legal frameworks as well as the mechanisms that support them (ISRD, <strong>20</strong>11a). Since the adoption of this framework, various regional platforms have been established, including the Regional Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction in the Americas for furthering implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action. These platforms have served to underscore the need to strengthen coordination between the different levels of government (national, subnational and local) in implementing disaster risk reduction actions and in promoting adaptation to climate change. A holistic, <strong>sustainable</strong>-<strong>development</strong> approach is viewed as essential for boosting <strong>development</strong> management, biodiversity, fragile ecosystems and water resource management and for reducing vulnerability to different types of threat, in particular, environmental degradation.
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
Page 3 and 4: Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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Page 12 and 13: 11 FOREWORD In December 20<
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Page 18 and 19: 17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
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Page 22 and 23: 21 The dynamic on which these data
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Page 27 and 28: 26 inequality, access to basic serv
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104 Figure II.1 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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106 Box II.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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108 Figure II.3 SHARE OF GLOBAL GRE
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110 Figure II.7 PER CAPITA CO 2 EMI
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112 Figure II.10 CARBON INTENSITY O
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114 Table II.4 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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116 coast and in marine areas, the
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118 Box II.4 CENTRAL AMERICA: BIODI
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120 25 Figure II.1
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122 The valuable assets related to
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124 monitoring have been instrument
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126 Box II.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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128 technology transfer is successf
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130 Table II.6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
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132 (a) Integrated water resources
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134 concessions, authorizations and
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136 water flows caused by land-use
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138 Climate change will exacerbate
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140 With regard to the safe recover
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142 MERCOSUR countries are implemen
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144 Unlike in the early 1990s, all
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146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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148 Li, J. and M. Colombier (<stron
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150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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152 1. Statistics and indicators Si
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154 3. Technology and environmental
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156 2. Citizen participation in env
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158 Reforms that would improve acce
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160 (b) Land ownership Land rights
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162 Box III.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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164 Box III.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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166 Many countries have created ins
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168 Since 1992, municipalities in L
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170 requirements of legislation; 14
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172 8. The science and technology c
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174 9. Farmers Rural households, in
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176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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178 Tréllez, E. (20</stron
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180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
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182 strategies, develop mechanisms
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184 participatory process; and nati
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186 issues, which have been incorpo
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188 Furthermore, at the internation
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190 4. Freshwater resources, water
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192 With respect to coastal and mar
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194 Further to the issues identifie
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196 (2006), Challe
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200 As for financi
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202 This assistanc
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204 Regions Table
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206 In addition to
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208 Figure V.5 LAT
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210 Innovative financing mechanisms
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212 8.8 Agricultural support estima
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214 2. Agricultural subsidies Most
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216 (18.9%). 11 Fishery subsidies h
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218 Figure V.9 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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220 1. Science and
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222 Figure V.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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224 2. Scientific capacities and te
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226 4. Knowledge plurality Rural po
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228 IDB (Inter-American Development
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231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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233 B. GUIDELINES FOR THE INTEGRATI
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235 (b) Strengthen policies designe
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237 from these sectors could suffer
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239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
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241 The following actions are sugge
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243 As part of the preparatory proc
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245 Indicators can help to raise aw
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247 All of these initiatives seek t
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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