sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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51 In much of the region, there is still time to take advantage of the demographic dividend and invest effectively in the universal provision of basic services and good-quality education (see figure I.15). A virtuous cycle between demographics and economic and social conditions began in the region as of <strong>20</strong>02, thanks to the boom phase of the business cycle and greater economic growth (see section B). This has brought opportunities for social mobility by strengthening the middle classes and increasing household income in a context of fewer dependents per family. Figure I.15 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: PERIOD FOR WHICH THE DEPENDENCY RATIO REMAINS BELOW TWO DEPENDENTS FOR EVERY THREE WORKING-AGE INDIVIDUALS A. Latin America (19 countries) B. The Caribbean (12 countries and territories) <strong>20</strong>11 <strong>20</strong>11 Cuba Chile Brazil Costa Rica Colombia Venezuela (Bol. Rep. of) Panama Mexico Peru Ecuador Argentina El Salvador Dominican Rep. Nicaragua Paraguay Haiti Honduras Bolivia (Plur. State of) Guatemala 1970 1980 1990 <strong>20</strong>00 <strong>20</strong>10 <strong>20</strong><strong>20</strong> <strong>20</strong>30 <strong>20</strong>40 <strong>20</strong>50 <strong>20</strong>60 <strong>20</strong>70 Aruba Netherlands Antilles Barbados United States Virgin Islands Bahamas Puerto Rico Trinidad and Tobago Guyana Suriname Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Jamaica 1970 1980 1990 <strong>20</strong>00 <strong>20</strong>10 <strong>20</strong><strong>20</strong> <strong>20</strong>30 <strong>20</strong>40 <strong>20</strong>50 <strong>20</strong>60 <strong>20</strong>70 Source: Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) – Population Division of ECLAC, population estimates and projections, <strong>20</strong>07 for Latin America; United Nations, “World Population Prospects: The <strong>20</strong>06 Revision. Population Database” [online database] http://esa.un.org/unpp/ for the Caribbean. Benefiting from the demographic dividend however, depends on the adoption of macroeconomic policies that will encourage productive investment (Bloom, Canning and Sevilla, <strong>20</strong>03; Adioetomo and others, <strong>20</strong>05; Wong and Carvalho, <strong>20</strong>06). It will also require heavy investments in human capital, especially in young people (see section 1 and chapter III). Suitable, comprehensive education and employment policies are needed to tap the benefits of the demographic dividend for education coverage and leverage its effect on poverty reduction and <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>. For some countries, many of them in the Caribbean, the demographic dividend is petering out. For many others in the region, it is just beginning or has yet to start (ECLAC/UNFPA, <strong>20</strong>09). As the transition progresses, older persons will come to represent a proportionally larger section of the population, making it essential to take action now to face the challenges posed by an older society. The opportunity offered by the demographic dividend must be leveraged to promote decent work, social protection and the savings capacities of today’s youth (ECLAC/UNFPA, <strong>20</strong>09). An overview of the action being taken in the countries of Latin America shows that many have begun to prepare for population ageing. Capacity-building is under way to enable public agencies to respond to and channel the needs of older persons and to coordinate public policy in the sectors involved. Many countries have adopted special legal instruments for older persons. Non-contributory pension systems have formed one of the pillars of recent efforts to build social protection in several countries in the region, and this has enabled governments to offer greater economic security to large swathes of the adult population not
52 covered by existing retirement schemes. There are a number of examples of non-contributory pension schemes in the region, but they are still not the general rule (ECLAC/UNFPA, <strong>20</strong>09) nor a solution in their own right. 7. Reducing exposure to disasters The disasters arising from extreme weather events and natural phenomena such as earthquakes have strongly impacted social well-being and the economy of a number of countries in the region. The most disadvantaged sectors of the population are the most vulnerable to the various natural threats including hydrometeorological hazards, which tend to worsen with climate change (see chapter II). In the past two decades, investments in natural disaster risk management have been insufficient; moreover, post-disaster recovery and reconstruction have been postponed or incomplete (ECLAC, <strong>20</strong>10c). Table I.4 reveals the magnitude of the impacts of geological disasters or those associated with weather events in the region. Maps I.1A and I.1B show the damage done to regional infrastructure by these extreme events. Table I.4 LATIN AMERICA (SELECTED COUNTRIES): DISASTER-RELATED LOSSES (Number of persons and households) Dead Injured Disappeared Homes destroyed Homes damaged Persons affected Population in <strong>20</strong>09 Period Argentina 3 377 22 470 810 53 973 141 381 23 271 305 40 164 561 1970-<strong>20</strong>09 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1 190 1 133 254 6 249 8 <strong>20</strong>0 832 980 10 187 067 1970-<strong>20</strong>09 Chile 3 184 6 811 640 101 877 278 087 8 052 836 19 983 7<strong>20</strong> 1970-<strong>20</strong>09 Colombia 35 898 26 447 2 812 183 106 681 404 22 688 062 45 103 268 1970-<strong>20</strong>09 Costa Rica 516 51 62 8 796 50 800 32 405 4 509 290 1970-<strong>20</strong>09 Ecuador 3 019 2 535 1 228 12 074 58 785 1 293 799 14 032 233 1970-<strong>20</strong>09 El Salvador 4 541 15 087 535 180 277 <strong>20</strong>2 701 343 817 7 124 374 1970-<strong>20</strong>09 Guatemala 1 953 2 789 1 113 <strong>20</strong> 941 105 985 3 339 301 14 009 133 1989-<strong>20</strong>09 Mexico 31 442 2 882 359 9 273 432 812 2 781 635 59 882 327 106 116 969 1970-<strong>20</strong>09 Panama 339 1 292 39 13 534 70 678 345 782 3 304 461 1989-<strong>20</strong>09 Peru 40 994 65 675 9 136 438 376 398 237 2 218 035 29 330 481 1988-<strong>20</strong>09 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 3 015 379 1 059 56 285 158 288 2 932 101 28 143 584 1970-<strong>20</strong>09 Source: International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), <strong>20</strong>11 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Revealing Risk, Redefining Development [online] http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/<strong>20</strong>11/en/home/ download.html.
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Page 3 and 4: Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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Page 27 and 28: 26 inequality, access to basic serv
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Page 37 and 38: 36 The problem of unreliable servic
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102 The same applies to the incenti
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104 Figure II.1 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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106 Box II.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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108 Figure II.3 SHARE OF GLOBAL GRE
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110 Figure II.7 PER CAPITA CO 2 EMI
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114 Table II.4 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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116 coast and in marine areas, the
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118 Box II.4 CENTRAL AMERICA: BIODI
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120 25 Figure II.1
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122 The valuable assets related to
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124 monitoring have been instrument
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126 Box II.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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128 technology transfer is successf
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130 Table II.6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
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132 (a) Integrated water resources
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134 concessions, authorizations and
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136 water flows caused by land-use
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138 Climate change will exacerbate
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140 With regard to the safe recover
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142 MERCOSUR countries are implemen
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144 Unlike in the early 1990s, all
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146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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148 Li, J. and M. Colombier (<stron
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150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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152 1. Statistics and indicators Si
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158 Reforms that would improve acce
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160 (b) Land ownership Land rights
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162 Box III.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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164 Box III.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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166 Many countries have created ins
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168 Since 1992, municipalities in L
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170 requirements of legislation; 14
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172 8. The science and technology c
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174 9. Farmers Rural households, in
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176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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178 Tréllez, E. (20</stron
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180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
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182 strategies, develop mechanisms
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184 participatory process; and nati
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186 issues, which have been incorpo
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188 Furthermore, at the internation
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190 4. Freshwater resources, water
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192 With respect to coastal and mar
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194 Further to the issues identifie
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196 (2006), Challe
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200 As for financi
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202 This assistanc
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204 Regions Table
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206 In addition to
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208 Figure V.5 LAT
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210 Innovative financing mechanisms
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212 8.8 Agricultural support estima
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214 2. Agricultural subsidies Most
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216 (18.9%). 11 Fishery subsidies h
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218 Figure V.9 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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220 1. Science and
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222 Figure V.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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224 2. Scientific capacities and te
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226 4. Knowledge plurality Rural po
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228 IDB (Inter-American Development
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231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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233 B. GUIDELINES FOR THE INTEGRATI
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235 (b) Strengthen policies designe
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237 from these sectors could suffer
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239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
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241 The following actions are sugge
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243 As part of the preparatory proc
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245 Indicators can help to raise aw
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247 All of these initiatives seek t
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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