sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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3 CONTENTS Foreword ............................................................................................................................................ 11 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 13 Chapter I Development in Latin America and the Caribbean since 1992 from the perspective of sustainability ............................................................................................................ 25 A. Human beings at the centre ...................................................................................................... 25 1. Poverty and inequality ....................................................................................................... 26 2. Access to basic services ..................................................................................................... 33 3. Protection and promotion of human health ....................................................................... 41 4. Food security ..................................................................................................................... 46 5. Reproductive rights and sexual and reproductive health ................................................... 49 6. Population structure ........................................................................................................... 50 7. Reducing exposure to disasters.......................................................................................... 52 8. Emerging social issues ...................................................................................................... 55 B. Economy and sustainability ..................................................................................................... 55 1. Growth, investment and the exchange rate ........................................................................ 55 2. Production structure and productivity ............................................................................... 59 3. Employment ...................................................................................................................... 61 4. Environmental performance at the sectoral level .............................................................. 62 C. Energy: energy intensity, efficiency and renewability ............................................................. 72 1. Energy efficiency ............................................................................................................... 72 2. Renewable sources of energy ............................................................................................ 74 D. Territory, mobility and urban and rural <strong>development</strong> .............................................................. 77 1. Migration flows ................................................................................................................. 77 2. Sustainable urban and regional <strong>development</strong> .................................................................... 78 3. Transport ........................................................................................................................... 83 E. Strengthening the State and a renaissance in <strong>development</strong> planning ....................................... 86 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 88 Chapter II Strengthening the environmental pillar ......................................................................................... 95 A. Legislation, institutions and instruments .................................................................................. 98 1. Environmental legislation and institutions ........................................................................ 98 2. Experience with the use of economic instruments for environmental management ......... 101 B. Progress with specific environmental issues ............................................................................ 102 1. Climate change .................................................................................................................. 102 2. Conservation of biological diversity .................................................................................. 113 3. Forests ............................................................................................................................... 122 4. Reduction in emissions of ozone-depleting substances ..................................................... 127 5. Combating desertification, land degradation and drought: a priority for arid regions ...... 128 6. Water resource management ............................................................................................. 130 7. Protection of coasts, oceans and seas ................................................................................ 135 Page
4 8. Protection of fishery resources .......................................................................................... 138 9. Environmentally sound management of toxic chemicals .................................................. 139 10. Solid waste management ................................................................................................... 143 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 146 Chapter III Information for decision-making, and civil society, private sector and local government participation for <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> ...................................................... 151 A. Information for decision-making ............................................................................................. 151 1. Statistics and indicators ..................................................................................................... 152 2. Incorporating an environmental perspective into measurements of wealth and economic growth ........................................................................................................ 153 3. Technology and environmental information ..................................................................... 154 B. Access to information, participation and justice in environmental decision-making .............. 155 1. Access to information ........................................................................................................ 155 2. Citizen participation in environmental decision-making ................................................... 156 3. Access to justice ................................................................................................................ 157 C. Role of key stakeholders in implementing <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> ....................................... 158 1. Women towards <strong>sustainable</strong> and equitable <strong>development</strong> .................................................. 158 2. Children and youth in <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> ................................................................ 161 3. Indigenous peoples and local communities ....................................................................... 165 4. Non-governmental organizations ...................................................................................... 167 5. Local authorities ................................................................................................................ 167 6. Workers and trade unions .................................................................................................. 168 7. Private sector ..................................................................................................................... 169 8. The science and technology community ........................................................................... 172 9. Farmers .............................................................................................................................. 174 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 176 Chapter IV Sustainable <strong>development</strong> in the small island developing States of the Caribbean ..................... 179 A. Implementation of international commitments on <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> by the Caribbean SIDS .................................................................................................................. 180 1. National <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> strategies (NSDS) ....................................................... 181 2. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ............................................ 182 3. Convention on Biological Diversity .................................................................................. 183 4. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification ..................................................... 185 B. Issues of special concern to SIDS ............................................................................................ 186 1. Economic challenges ......................................................................................................... 186 2. Capacity constraints ........................................................................................................... 187 3. International cooperation ................................................................................................... 187 4. Freshwater resources, water management and sea level rise ............................................. 190 5. Waste management and chemical substances ................................................................... 190 6. Coastal and marine resources and biodiversity ................................................................. 191 7. Natural disaster threats ...................................................................................................... 192 C. Steps for further implementation of <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> ................................................. 193 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 195
Page 1 and 2: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
Page 3: Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
Page 7 and 8: 6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
Page 9 and 10: 8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
Page 12 and 13: 11 FOREWORD In December 20<
Page 14 and 15: 13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
Page 16 and 17: 15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
Page 18 and 19: 17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
Page 20 and 21: 19 this regard, the International C
Page 22 and 23: 21 The dynamic on which these data
Page 24: 23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
Page 27 and 28: 26 inequality, access to basic serv
Page 29 and 30: 28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 31 and 32: 30 air (see the section on health),
Page 37 and 38: 36 The problem of unreliable servic
Page 39 and 40: 38 Figure I.11 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 41 and 42: 40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
Page 43 and 44: 42 Thanks to the improvements in wa
Page 45 and 46: 44 One of the greatest health risks
Page 47 and 48: 46 In Latin America and the Caribbe
Page 49 and 50: 48 Figure I.14 UNDERNUTRITION AND O
Page 51 and 52: 50 Generally speaking, national hea
Page 53 and 54: 52 covered by existing retirement s
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54 Box I.3 MAINSTREAMING DISASTER-R
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56 patterns in Latin America, with
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58 In fact, despite achievements ma
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60 The second productivity feature
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62 for groups that are usually bypa
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64 Figure I.18 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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66 2009). In addit
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68 production will, however, height
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70 Lastly, climate factors are also
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72 C. ENERGY: ENERGY INTENSITY, EFF
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74 Fuel subsidies for private vehic
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76 Table I.9 LAWS FOR THE PROMOTION
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78 reduction must also be mainstrea
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80 Box I.7 URBAN SUSTAINABILITY IN
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82 Box I.8 THE ECO-EFFICIENCY OF UR
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84 Figure I.21 SELECTED COUNTRIES:
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86 E. STRENGTHENING THE STATE AND A
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88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<
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90 Fresco, Louise (20</stro
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92 Perroti, D.E. and R. Sánchez (<
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94 (2010b), Achiev
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96 Table II.1 RATIFICATION OF MULTI
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98 Box II.1 (concluded) Union of So
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100 Table II.3 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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102 The same applies to the incenti
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104 Figure II.1 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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106 Box II.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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108 Figure II.3 SHARE OF GLOBAL GRE
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110 Figure II.7 PER CAPITA CO 2 EMI
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112 Figure II.10 CARBON INTENSITY O
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114 Table II.4 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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116 coast and in marine areas, the
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118 Box II.4 CENTRAL AMERICA: BIODI
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120 25 Figure II.1
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122 The valuable assets related to
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124 monitoring have been instrument
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126 Box II.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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128 technology transfer is successf
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130 Table II.6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
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132 (a) Integrated water resources
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134 concessions, authorizations and
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136 water flows caused by land-use
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138 Climate change will exacerbate
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140 With regard to the safe recover
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142 MERCOSUR countries are implemen
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144 Unlike in the early 1990s, all
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146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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148 Li, J. and M. Colombier (<stron
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150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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152 1. Statistics and indicators Si
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154 3. Technology and environmental
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156 2. Citizen participation in env
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158 Reforms that would improve acce
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160 (b) Land ownership Land rights
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162 Box III.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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164 Box III.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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166 Many countries have created ins
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168 Since 1992, municipalities in L
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170 requirements of legislation; 14
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172 8. The science and technology c
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174 9. Farmers Rural households, in
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176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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178 Tréllez, E. (20</stron
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180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
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182 strategies, develop mechanisms
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184 participatory process; and nati
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186 issues, which have been incorpo
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188 Furthermore, at the internation
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190 4. Freshwater resources, water
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192 With respect to coastal and mar
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194 Further to the issues identifie
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196 (2006), Challe
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198 (2010b), Towar
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200 As for financi
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202 This assistanc
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204 Regions Table
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206 In addition to
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208 Figure V.5 LAT
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210 Innovative financing mechanisms
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212 8.8 Agricultural support estima
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214 2. Agricultural subsidies Most
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216 (18.9%). 11 Fishery subsidies h
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218 Figure V.9 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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220 1. Science and
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222 Figure V.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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224 2. Scientific capacities and te
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226 4. Knowledge plurality Rural po
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228 IDB (Inter-American Development
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231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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233 B. GUIDELINES FOR THE INTEGRATI
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235 (b) Strengthen policies designe
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237 from these sectors could suffer
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239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
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241 The following actions are sugge
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243 As part of the preparatory proc
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245 Indicators can help to raise aw
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247 All of these initiatives seek t
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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