sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - José Eli da Veiga

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CONTENTS
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 13
Chapter I
Development in Latin America and the Caribbean since 1992 from the
perspective of sustainability ............................................................................................................ 25
A. Human beings at the centre ...................................................................................................... 25
1. Poverty and inequality ....................................................................................................... 26
2. Access to basic services ..................................................................................................... 33
3. Protection and promotion of human health ....................................................................... 41
4. Food security ..................................................................................................................... 46
5. Reproductive rights and sexual and reproductive health ................................................... 49
6. Population structure ........................................................................................................... 50
7. Reducing exposure to disasters.......................................................................................... 52
8. Emerging social issues ...................................................................................................... 55
B. Economy and sustainability ..................................................................................................... 55
1. Growth, investment and the exchange rate ........................................................................ 55
2. Production structure and productivity ............................................................................... 59
3. Employment ...................................................................................................................... 61
4. Environmental performance at the sectoral level .............................................................. 62
C. Energy: energy intensity, efficiency and renewability ............................................................. 72
1. Energy efficiency ............................................................................................................... 72
2. Renewable sources of energy ............................................................................................ 74
D. Territory, mobility and urban and rural <strong>development</strong> .............................................................. 77
1. Migration flows ................................................................................................................. 77
2. Sustainable urban and regional <strong>development</strong> .................................................................... 78
3. Transport ........................................................................................................................... 83
E. Strengthening the State and a renaissance in <strong>development</strong> planning ....................................... 86
Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 88
Chapter II
Strengthening the environmental pillar ......................................................................................... 95
A. Legislation, institutions and instruments .................................................................................. 98
1. Environmental legislation and institutions ........................................................................ 98
2. Experience with the use of economic instruments for environmental management ......... 101
B. Progress with specific environmental issues ............................................................................ 102
1. Climate change .................................................................................................................. 102
2. Conservation of biological diversity .................................................................................. 113
3. Forests ............................................................................................................................... 122
4. Reduction in emissions of ozone-depleting substances ..................................................... 127
5. Combating desertification, land degradation and drought: a priority for arid regions ...... 128
6. Water resource management ............................................................................................. 130
7. Protection of coasts, oceans and seas ................................................................................ 135
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