sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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35 Country Table I.1 LATIN AMERICA (SELECTED COUNTRIES): ESTIMATE OF POPULATION WITHOUT ELECTRIC POWER (Thousands of persons and percentages) Poor without electric power (thousands of persons) Non-poor without electric power (thousands of persons) Total without electric power (thousands of persons) Percentages of poor without electric power Argentina 57 91 148 38 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 2 904 708 3 611 80 Brazil 5 123 2 753 7 875 65 Chile 62 168 231 27 Colombia 4<strong>20</strong> 956 1 376 31 Costa Rica 34 18 52 66 Ecuador 51 15 66 77 El Salvador 751 191 942 80 Guatemala 2 569 687 3 256 79 Honduras 2 272 210 2 482 92 Nicaragua 1 377 219 1 596 86 Paraguay 510 75 585 87 Peru 5 264 1 982 7 245 73 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 16 19 35 46 Total 21 410 8 092 29 501 73 Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/Club de Madrid/German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), “Contribución de los servicios energéticos a los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y a la mitigación de la pobreza en América Latina y el Caribe. Síntesis ejecutiva”, Project documents, No. 281 (LC/W.281), Santiago, Chile, October <strong>20</strong>09. Note: The estimate is calculated on the basis of the latest poverty records for Latin America and the Caribbean, and is applied to the total population of each country for which information is available. The estimate of the number of households lacking electric power is then applied to this figure. Box I.1 THE LUZ PARA TODOS PROGRAMME IN BRAZIL Taking up the challenge of providing millions of Brazilian citizens in the rural areas with access to electricity, the Federal Government of Brazil launched the programme Luz para todos in <strong>20</strong>03. The objective was to provide electric power to 10 million rural inhabitants by <strong>20</strong>10 at no installation cost for the beneficiaries. By May <strong>20</strong>09, two million hook-ups, benefiting 10 million people, had already been made. Thanks to this programme, 40.7% of the beneficiary families enjoy better opportunities for study, 34.2% have better working opportunities, 35.6% earn a better income and 22.1% have access to better health care. Source: Ministry of Mines and Energy of Brazil, “Luz para todos: Un marco histórico. 10 millones de brasileños salieron de la oscuridad. Programa luz para todos” [online] http://luzparatodos.mme.gov.br/luzparatodos/Asp/publicacoes.asp, <strong>20</strong>10.
36 The problem of unreliable services, especially electricity supply, tends to be most serious in countries with a lower HDI. Where services for the non-poor population fall short, the coverage difficulties are usually due to spatial distribution issues rather than lack of income. Access to energy services and to cleaner energy sources varies a great deal by income quintile and between urban and rural areas. In the absence of energy services, the only substitute for heat and cooking purposes is the burning of fuelwood, which is associated with health problems and gender inequalities among the poor, since fetching firewood for daily consumption is often the responsibility of girls and women in rural areas. Figure I.10 shows that facilitating access to energy services in Mexico is vital for reducing the hours of paid and unpaid domestic work required to access these services. .. Apart from the environmental advantages it would bring, investment in expanding access to clean and economical energy sources would free up time for women and girls to devote to other activities (such as education, paid productive activities or leisure). 60 Figure I.10 MEXICO: WORK TIME IN POPULATION AGED 15 YEARS AND OVER BY SEX AND FUEL MOST USED FOR COOKING, <strong>20</strong>09 (Hours per week) 50 40 30 40 53 49 49 42 52 48 37 48 44 34 46 40 40 40 35 48 46 33 46 40 <strong>20</strong> 10 15 18 17 16 13 13 16 0 Coal Electric power Gas tank or cylinder Natural or piped gas Fuelwood Other fuel Total Coal Electric power Gas tank or cylinder Natural or piped gas Fuelwood Other fuel Total Men Women Paid work Domestic work Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of the National Time Use Survey, <strong>20</strong>09 of Mexico. on the basis of information provided by National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics (INEGI) and National Women’s Institute (INMUJERES). The poor consume less energy than other social strata (see table I.2), but spend a higher proportion of their income on energy and often pay more per heat equivalent unit, basically because of difficulties in accessing services through electricity or natural gas distribution networks. Where they pay less, it is usually because they use firewood as a basic fuel. In some areas clandestine connections play a significant role.
Page 1 and 2: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
Page 3 and 4: Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
Page 5 and 6: 4 8. Protection of fishery resource
Page 7 and 8: 6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
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Page 12 and 13: 11 FOREWORD In December 20<
Page 14 and 15: 13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
Page 16 and 17: 15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
Page 18 and 19: 17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
Page 20 and 21: 19 this regard, the International C
Page 22 and 23: 21 The dynamic on which these data
Page 24: 23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
Page 27 and 28: 26 inequality, access to basic serv
Page 29 and 30: 28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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Page 33 and 34: 32 Figure I.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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Page 41 and 42: 40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
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Page 45 and 46: 44 One of the greatest health risks
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Page 51 and 52: 50 Generally speaking, national hea
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Page 57 and 58: 56 patterns in Latin America, with
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86 E. STRENGTHENING THE STATE AND A
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88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<
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90 Fresco, Louise (20</stro
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92 Perroti, D.E. and R. Sánchez (<
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94 (2010b), Achiev
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96 Table II.1 RATIFICATION OF MULTI
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98 Box II.1 (concluded) Union of So
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100 Table II.3 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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102 The same applies to the incenti
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104 Figure II.1 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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106 Box II.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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108 Figure II.3 SHARE OF GLOBAL GRE
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110 Figure II.7 PER CAPITA CO 2 EMI
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112 Figure II.10 CARBON INTENSITY O
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114 Table II.4 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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116 coast and in marine areas, the
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118 Box II.4 CENTRAL AMERICA: BIODI
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120 25 Figure II.1
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122 The valuable assets related to
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124 monitoring have been instrument
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126 Box II.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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128 technology transfer is successf
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130 Table II.6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
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132 (a) Integrated water resources
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134 concessions, authorizations and
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136 water flows caused by land-use
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138 Climate change will exacerbate
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140 With regard to the safe recover
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142 MERCOSUR countries are implemen
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144 Unlike in the early 1990s, all
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146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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148 Li, J. and M. Colombier (<stron
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150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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152 1. Statistics and indicators Si
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154 3. Technology and environmental
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156 2. Citizen participation in env
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158 Reforms that would improve acce
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160 (b) Land ownership Land rights
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162 Box III.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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164 Box III.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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166 Many countries have created ins
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168 Since 1992, municipalities in L
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170 requirements of legislation; 14
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172 8. The science and technology c
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174 9. Farmers Rural households, in
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176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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178 Tréllez, E. (20</stron
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180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
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182 strategies, develop mechanisms
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184 participatory process; and nati
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186 issues, which have been incorpo
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188 Furthermore, at the internation
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190 4. Freshwater resources, water
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192 With respect to coastal and mar
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194 Further to the issues identifie
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196 (2006), Challe
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198 (2010b), Towar
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200 As for financi
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202 This assistanc
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204 Regions Table
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206 In addition to
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208 Figure V.5 LAT
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210 Innovative financing mechanisms
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212 8.8 Agricultural support estima
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214 2. Agricultural subsidies Most
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216 (18.9%). 11 Fishery subsidies h
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218 Figure V.9 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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220 1. Science and
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222 Figure V.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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224 2. Scientific capacities and te
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226 4. Knowledge plurality Rural po
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228 IDB (Inter-American Development
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231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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233 B. GUIDELINES FOR THE INTEGRATI
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235 (b) Strengthen policies designe
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237 from these sectors could suffer
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239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
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241 The following actions are sugge
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243 As part of the preparatory proc
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245 Indicators can help to raise aw
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247 All of these initiatives seek t
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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