sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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29 A number of methods exist for calculating a multidimensional measurement of poverty. Figure I.5 shows outcomes based on the unmet basic needs method. The countries with the highest multidimensional poverty rates are also those with the highest rates of monetary poverty. Multidimensional poverty rates came down in practically all of the countries of the region in the past decade (ECLAC, <strong>20</strong>11a). Figure I.5 LATIN AMERICA (17 COUNTRIES): MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY RATES, <strong>20</strong>00-<strong>20</strong>09 a (Percentages) 70 60 50 40 30 <strong>20</strong> 10 0 Nicaragua Guatemala Honduras Peru Bolivia (Plur. State of) El Salvador Paraguay Colombia b Brazil Mexico Argentina c Venezuela (Bol. Rep. of) b Dominican Rep. Ecuador c Costa Rica Uruguay c Chile <strong>20</strong>00 Most recent year Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Social Panorama of Latin America <strong>20</strong>10 (LC/G.2481-P), Santiago, Chile, <strong>20</strong>10. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.G.6. a The survey year used differs between countries. The period <strong>20</strong>00 corresponds to the latest survey available in <strong>20</strong>00, and the period <strong>20</strong>09 represents the latest surveys available between <strong>20</strong>06 and <strong>20</strong>09. b The surveys available around the year <strong>20</strong>00 do not support a comparable estimate of multidimensional poverty. c The data relate to urban areas only. The multidimensional analysis of human security reveals the interrelationships and complementarities between the different dimensions of personal security (economic, environmental, health, community, food and political) and provides insight into vulnerability and the critical events that have a bearing on people’s lives, their survival and their dignity as persons. If one dimension is affected, another or all of the others may be as well. For example, lack of environmental security can also generate low food security, undermining health security. Precarious health can also have repercussions on economic security and so forth. The links between poverty, on the one hand, and vulnerability to environmental degradation and natural disasters, on the other, have become increasingly stark. The most disadvantaged sectors of the population are also the most likely to suffer loss of income and assets in the event of economic and environmental events that encroach upon the various aspects of human security. They suffer most from diseases associated with exposure to toxic products, waste, and polluted water and
30 air (see the section on health), and from the deterioration or shortage of the natural resources or water on which they depend for their survival. The poor are also more vulnerable to extreme weather events, which tend to worsen with climate change. Not enough has been invested in the past few decades in managing the risks associated with natural events, and post-disaster recovery or reconstruction has often been postponed or left incomplete (ECLAC, <strong>20</strong>10b). The need to adapt to the consequences of climate change makes the role of environment protection and ecosystem services even more important. Where potential conflicts of access and control exist in relation to environmental resources, States must make additional efforts to ensure that the rights of disadvantages groups are properly protected (UNCRD, <strong>20</strong>11). 3 Inequality, too, has many dimensions (UNDP, <strong>20</strong>10a). One of them is gender. Women have made a major contribution to poverty reduction through paid and unpaid work and migrant remittances (ECLAC, <strong>20</strong>10b). Poverty is worse, however, in female-headed households and in most of the countries of the region a higher proportion of female-headed households than male-headed households are poor. Women outnumber men in the region’s informal labour markets and consequently earn lower incomes and have more limited social security access (UNDP, <strong>20</strong>10a). The countries with the greatest inequalities in general also show the largest gaps between men and women. What is more, given the double work burden (paid and unpaid) borne by women and the higher barriers they face to working outside the home, they have narrower options for overcoming poverty and entering paid employment (UNDP, <strong>20</strong>10a, <strong>20</strong>10b). Inequality also has a strongly territorial component: Latin America as a region shows highly uneven patterns of land use (see section D). The sustainability perspective must necessarily consider the intergenerational transmission of inequality (UNDP, <strong>20</strong>10a and ECLAC, <strong>20</strong>10a). Two critical factors in this respect are unequal capacities and high rates of early fertility among the poorest population groups (for a discussion of the latter, see section 5). With regard to capacity-building, the quality of education remains highly uneven between different socioeconomic levels and between the rural and urban populations in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (see figure I.6). Five criteria are used to assess the quality of education: importance of learning, relevance, equity, effectiveness and efficiency. Even though the region has made significant strides in education compared with the international context, inequalities persist between and above all within the countries of the region. At the end of the first decade of the twentyfirst century, 91% of Latin Americans and Caribbean nationals were literate and 94% of school-age girls and boys were enrolled in a school programme (UNESCO, <strong>20</strong>11). Generally speaking, reading skills and above all skills in mathematics and the sciences are below the average for the OECD countries. According to the second Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Cuba is the country in the region with the best performance in all areas (UNESCO, <strong>20</strong>11). 3 In August <strong>20</strong>11, the intermediate Governments of Latin America, led by the Latin American Organization of Intermediate Governments (OLAGI) and with support from the United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD), signed the Valparaíso Manifesto on Human Security in the Latin America Integration Agenda, with emphasis on climate change and risk management. This Agenda will be submitted at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+<strong>20</strong>). There are also significant initiatives under way in Chile, Colombia, Haiti and Honduras, which point up the outcomes of synergies between human security, biological diversity and territorial (rural and urban) management in a context of integrated land management.
Page 1 and 2: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
Page 3 and 4: Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
Page 5 and 6: 4 8. Protection of fishery resource
Page 7 and 8: 6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
Page 9 and 10: 8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
Page 12 and 13: 11 FOREWORD In December 20<
Page 14 and 15: 13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
Page 16 and 17: 15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
Page 18 and 19: 17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
Page 20 and 21: 19 this regard, the International C
Page 22 and 23: 21 The dynamic on which these data
Page 24: 23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
Page 27 and 28: 26 inequality, access to basic serv
Page 29: 28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 33 and 34: 32 Figure I.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 35 and 36: 34 Figure I.9 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 37 and 38: 36 The problem of unreliable servic
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Page 41 and 42: 40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
Page 43 and 44: 42 Thanks to the improvements in wa
Page 45 and 46: 44 One of the greatest health risks
Page 47 and 48: 46 In Latin America and the Caribbe
Page 49 and 50: 48 Figure I.14 UNDERNUTRITION AND O
Page 51 and 52: 50 Generally speaking, national hea
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Page 57 and 58: 56 patterns in Latin America, with
Page 59 and 60: 58 In fact, despite achievements ma
Page 61 and 62: 60 The second productivity feature
Page 63 and 64: 62 for groups that are usually bypa
Page 65 and 66: 64 Figure I.18 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 67 and 68: 66 2009). In addit
Page 69 and 70: 68 production will, however, height
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Page 73 and 74: 72 C. ENERGY: ENERGY INTENSITY, EFF
Page 75 and 76: 74 Fuel subsidies for private vehic
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80 Box I.7 URBAN SUSTAINABILITY IN
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82 Box I.8 THE ECO-EFFICIENCY OF UR
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84 Figure I.21 SELECTED COUNTRIES:
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86 E. STRENGTHENING THE STATE AND A
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88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<
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90 Fresco, Louise (20</stro
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92 Perroti, D.E. and R. Sánchez (<
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94 (2010b), Achiev
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96 Table II.1 RATIFICATION OF MULTI
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98 Box II.1 (concluded) Union of So
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100 Table II.3 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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102 The same applies to the incenti
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104 Figure II.1 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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106 Box II.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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108 Figure II.3 SHARE OF GLOBAL GRE
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110 Figure II.7 PER CAPITA CO 2 EMI
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112 Figure II.10 CARBON INTENSITY O
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114 Table II.4 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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116 coast and in marine areas, the
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118 Box II.4 CENTRAL AMERICA: BIODI
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120 25 Figure II.1
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122 The valuable assets related to
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124 monitoring have been instrument
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126 Box II.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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128 technology transfer is successf
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130 Table II.6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
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132 (a) Integrated water resources
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134 concessions, authorizations and
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136 water flows caused by land-use
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138 Climate change will exacerbate
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140 With regard to the safe recover
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142 MERCOSUR countries are implemen
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144 Unlike in the early 1990s, all
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146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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148 Li, J. and M. Colombier (<stron
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150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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152 1. Statistics and indicators Si
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154 3. Technology and environmental
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156 2. Citizen participation in env
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158 Reforms that would improve acce
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160 (b) Land ownership Land rights
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162 Box III.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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164 Box III.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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166 Many countries have created ins
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168 Since 1992, municipalities in L
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170 requirements of legislation; 14
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172 8. The science and technology c
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174 9. Farmers Rural households, in
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176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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178 Tréllez, E. (20</stron
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180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
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182 strategies, develop mechanisms
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184 participatory process; and nati
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186 issues, which have been incorpo
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188 Furthermore, at the internation
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190 4. Freshwater resources, water
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192 With respect to coastal and mar
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194 Further to the issues identifie
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196 (2006), Challe
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198 (2010b), Towar
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200 As for financi
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202 This assistanc
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204 Regions Table
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206 In addition to
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208 Figure V.5 LAT
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210 Innovative financing mechanisms
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212 8.8 Agricultural support estima
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214 2. Agricultural subsidies Most
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216 (18.9%). 11 Fishery subsidies h
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218 Figure V.9 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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220 1. Science and
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222 Figure V.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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224 2. Scientific capacities and te
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226 4. Knowledge plurality Rural po
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228 IDB (Inter-American Development
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231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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233 B. GUIDELINES FOR THE INTEGRATI
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235 (b) Strengthen policies designe
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237 from these sectors could suffer
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239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
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241 The following actions are sugge
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243 As part of the preparatory proc
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245 Indicators can help to raise aw
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247 All of these initiatives seek t
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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