sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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251 (ii) Support initiatives to forge closer ties between the productive sector and publicly funded academic institutions in order to foster research that promotes <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> in the region. (iii) Direct the work of researchers and technical staff towards solving problems related to specific needs, incorporating traditional knowledge from the region’s own cultures. C. KEY ISSUES FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF CARIBBEAN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES The guidelines for integrating the three pillars of <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>, and much of the analysis relating to the other countries of the region, are also applicable to the small island developing States of the Caribbean. 9 They have their own particular vulnerabilities, however, which make the transition to <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> especially challenging: their populations’ size, their remote and isolated position, and the human, financial and technical constraints they face, in addition to their dependence on scarce natural resources. Their marine and coastal ecosystems are especially vulnerable to natural disasters and the impact of climate change and their economies are especially reliant on international trade. They are particularly vulnerable to adverse global <strong>development</strong>s and high transport and communications costs and some have weak and inefficient infrastructure and public administration. For all these reasons, international financing is vital for these economies if they are to make headway towards <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> and implement the policies and instruments proposed. As noted in the assessment, the priority issues for the small island developing States of the Caribbean include reducing the risk of disasters; adapting to climate change; reducing dependence on fossil fuels; creating stronger incentives for proper waste and chemical management; protecting marine, coastal and freshwater resources and biodiversity; and ensuring that the tourism industry is compatible with <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>. In order to adapt to climate change, Caribbean countries need economic <strong>development</strong> and fiscal policies capable of capturing the additional costs associated with the impact of climate change on infrastructure, public health, biodiversity and water resources, among others due to the effects of variations in rainfall, temperature and sea level and, especially, of the heightened destructive power of extreme weather events. If actions to promote adaptation to climate change are to be <strong>sustainable</strong>, they must include disaster risk reduction strategies. Given these challenges, the costs of disaster risk reduction measures need to be internalized in <strong>development</strong> planning. Vulnerabilities must be mapped, along with their differentiated impact on disadvantaged groups, both in urban and regional planning and in building codes and legislation. Coverage against the risks of climate change must be diversified through new or broadened insurance mechanisms or financing for prevention and reconstruction. These States’ heavy dependence on imported fossil fuels means that fiscal (subsidies and taxes) and credit incentives need to be realigned to promote energy efficiency, renewable energies and capacitybuilding in the sector. This includes adopting more efficient forms of transport. 9 As mentioned in Chapter IV, the Caribbean small island developing States considered here are: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago.
252 Given the size of their economies, waste management in these countries needs regional cooperation to create shared infrastructure on an appropriate scale for dealing with waste and dangerous pollutants and to explore possibilities for generating clean, low-carbon energy from waste. If marine and coastal resources and biodiversity are to be properly managed, the economies must internalize the costs of coastal and marine degradation, especially that caused by land-based pollutants. Local economic incentives and disincentives are therefore crucial, as is subregional maritime transport, including for tourism. Regional cooperation can also help to generate economies of scale in the management and use of shared resources (such as fisheries) and in the protection of critical ecosystems, particularly in transboundary or multinational marine and coastal conservation areas. Regulatory issues are crucial to the sustainability of the tourism industry. The rules applicable to tourism must be harmonized across the subregion to maintain competitiveness and capital mobility. Areas such as energy and telecommunications can benefit from regional coordination for similar reasons. D. INTERNATIONAL CONDITIONS FOR MOVING FORWARD WITH THE CROSS-CUTTING GUIDELINES International cooperation (in the form of financing or technology transfer) and the terms of international trade are not sufficient, either in relation to commitments made or the region’s needs. The region still faces international market barriers to its products, especially those of higher value added. With a few notable exceptions, developed countries have not honoured their commitments to provide financial assistance, or shown leadership in alleviating global public bads such as climate change. There are some examples of successful technology transfer in specific areas, in particular under multilateral environmental or trade agreements, but technological weaknesses and the world intellectual property system limit those transfers. On the trade front, the outcome of the Doha Round is still pending. The current state of multilateral governance has been incapable of addressing the pressing challenge of achieving greater consistency between the conditions arising from global mechanisms and forums and the real needs of countries of the region. In this regard: (a) Developed countries must comply with the objective, proclaimed under General Assembly resolution 2626 (XXV), of devoting 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) at market prices to official <strong>development</strong> assistance (ODA). This commitment was reaffirmed by the developed countries at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1992) and at subsequent summits The shortfall today is close to 50% of that commitment (see chapter V), and more systematic and transparent monitoring of these flows is therefore needed at the international level. If the commitment contained in resolution 2626 (XXV) were fully realized, the additional funding for the Latin American and Caribbean region would amount to US$ 9 billion, assuming its share in the world total remained constant. Accordingly, it would be advisable to reach a regional agreement on the priorities for using these resources. In addition, assistance for generating global goods and services must be differentiated from traditional official <strong>development</strong> assistance.
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 8. Protection of fishery resource
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6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
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8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
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11 FOREWORD In December 20<
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13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
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15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
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17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
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19 this regard, the International C
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21 The dynamic on which these data
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23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
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26 inequality, access to basic serv
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28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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30 air (see the section on health),
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36 The problem of unreliable servic
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38 Figure I.11 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
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42 Thanks to the improvements in wa
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44 One of the greatest health risks
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46 In Latin America and the Caribbe
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48 Figure I.14 UNDERNUTRITION AND O
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50 Generally speaking, national hea
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52 covered by existing retirement s
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54 Box I.3 MAINSTREAMING DISASTER-R
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56 patterns in Latin America, with
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58 In fact, despite achievements ma
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60 The second productivity feature
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62 for groups that are usually bypa
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64 Figure I.18 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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66 2009). In addit
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68 production will, however, height
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70 Lastly, climate factors are also
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72 C. ENERGY: ENERGY INTENSITY, EFF
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74 Fuel subsidies for private vehic
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76 Table I.9 LAWS FOR THE PROMOTION
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78 reduction must also be mainstrea
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80 Box I.7 URBAN SUSTAINABILITY IN
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82 Box I.8 THE ECO-EFFICIENCY OF UR
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84 Figure I.21 SELECTED COUNTRIES:
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86 E. STRENGTHENING THE STATE AND A
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88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<
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90 Fresco, Louise (20</stro
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92 Perroti, D.E. and R. Sánchez (<
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94 (2010b), Achiev
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96 Table II.1 RATIFICATION OF MULTI
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98 Box II.1 (concluded) Union of So
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100 Table II.3 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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102 The same applies to the incenti
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104 Figure II.1 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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106 Box II.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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108 Figure II.3 SHARE OF GLOBAL GRE
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110 Figure II.7 PER CAPITA CO 2 EMI
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112 Figure II.10 CARBON INTENSITY O
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114 Table II.4 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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116 coast and in marine areas, the
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118 Box II.4 CENTRAL AMERICA: BIODI
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120 25 Figure II.1
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122 The valuable assets related to
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124 monitoring have been instrument
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126 Box II.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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128 technology transfer is successf
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130 Table II.6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
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132 (a) Integrated water resources
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134 concessions, authorizations and
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136 water flows caused by land-use
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138 Climate change will exacerbate
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140 With regard to the safe recover
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142 MERCOSUR countries are implemen
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144 Unlike in the early 1990s, all
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146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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148 Li, J. and M. Colombier (<stron
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150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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152 1. Statistics and indicators Si
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154 3. Technology and environmental
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156 2. Citizen participation in env
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158 Reforms that would improve acce
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160 (b) Land ownership Land rights
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162 Box III.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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164 Box III.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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166 Many countries have created ins
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168 Since 1992, municipalities in L
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170 requirements of legislation; 14
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172 8. The science and technology c
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174 9. Farmers Rural households, in
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176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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178 Tréllez, E. (20</stron
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180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
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182 strategies, develop mechanisms
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184 participatory process; and nati
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186 issues, which have been incorpo
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188 Furthermore, at the internation
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190 4. Freshwater resources, water
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192 With respect to coastal and mar
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194 Further to the issues identifie
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196 (2006), Challe
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198 (2010b), Towar
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Page 225 and 226: 224 2. Scientific capacities and te
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