sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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241 The following actions are suggested under this guideline: (a) Create bodies to coordinate public action among different authorities, sectoral areas and levels of government to identify and discuss reforms in favour of <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> and their practical implications Bodies can be set up to deal with specific issues, such as the Executive Committee of the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon (PPCDAM) in Brazil (see chapter II), or permanent inter-ministerial committees to coordinate the action of various government entities, such as those in Mexico and Chile on climate change and <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>, respectively (see box VI.2). Such bodies should be at the highest institutional level possible and be responsible for reviewing inconsistencies in policies and evaluating potentially conflicting incentives and disincentives. Box VI.2 INTER-MINISTERIAL COORDINATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Inter-Ministerial Commission for Climate Change (CICC) of Mexico: This body coordinates the work of various federal agencies involved in policymaking and implementation of national measures to prevent and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. It is also responsible for promoting programmes and strategies for fulfilling the commitments assumed by the country under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. As such, it is the authority that approves clean <strong>development</strong> mechanism (CDM) projects under the terms of the Kyoto Protocol. CICC is made up of 10 secretariats, has 6 special working groups and has a consultative council on which civil society, academia and subject experts are represented. It has been working on and coordinating climate change policies since <strong>20</strong>05. It also served as the coordinating body for the preparation of the National Strategy on Climate Change and drew up the Special Climate Change Programme for <strong>20</strong>09-<strong>20</strong>12 as part of the National Development Plan for <strong>20</strong>07-<strong>20</strong>12, among many other achievements. Council of Ministers for Sustainability of Chile: Act No. <strong>20</strong>.417 of 26 January <strong>20</strong>10 provided for the establishment of the Ministry of the Environment and, within that framework, the creation of this council. The Council of Ministers for Sustainability is presided over by the Ministry of the Environment and is composed of the Minister of Agriculture, the Minister of Finance, the Minister of Health, the Minister of Economic Affairs, Development and Reconstruction, the Minister of Energy, the Minister of Public Works, the Minister of Housing and Urban Development, the Minister of Transport and Telecommunications, the Minister of Mining and the Minister of Planning. Its task is to submit policy proposals to the President for the <strong>sustainable</strong> management, use and <strong>development</strong> of natural resources. While it is still too early to assess the Council’s work as such, it was created to increase the coordination and coherence of various State policies and to ensure that they support <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>. Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of official documents. With regard to coordination among different political entities, some mechanisms already in use in the region include municipal consortia, territorial integration committees, regional planning boards (see chapters I and III) and committees on catchment areas. (b) Plan for <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> Within the framework of <strong>development</strong> planning, which is experiencing a resurgence (see chapter I), sustainability must be mainstreamed as a central element, both conceptually and in terms of concrete action. Sustainability must include environmental issues, the <strong>sustainable</strong> management of natural resources, climate change adaptation strategies and disaster risk reduction, among others. This is particularly important because environmental problems and <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>, which require longterm solutions and strategic visions, are often at odds with short political and administrative cycles.
242 Planning exercises can enable stakeholders to reach broad consensuses and <strong>development</strong> can be oriented towards the aspirations of society as a whole. When defining key points for planning in priority areas, decision makers should include a gender dimension in order to analyse the impact of action taken on the lives of men and women. Likewise, <strong>development</strong> planning should incorporate risk management (including climate change adaptation) in order to formulate actions that protect life, promote human security and build up the region’s resilience. (c) Conduct land-use planning in regions and cities Land-use planning and strategic management in both rural and urban areas are key to integrating the three pillars of <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> —environmental, social and economic— into activities in those areas, in accordance with the intended use of the land and its limitations, with a view to preventing or mitigating the risks involved for human security. Such planning should be carried out at the national, regional and local levels of government with the involvement of the private sector and civil society. (d) Carry out strategic evaluations of sectoral policies (on energy, agriculture, infrastructure, integration, urban <strong>development</strong> and fiscal matters, for example) to ensure that such policies are not working at cross-purposes and to identify possible unwanted effects Certain methodologies, such as the strategic environmental assessment, ensure that environmental considerations are taken into account in strategic decision-making (policies, strategies, plans and programmes). The region’s countries have recently begun to incorporate the strategic environmental assessment into their legal frameworks. In Chile, for example, under Act No. <strong>20</strong>.417, promulgated in January <strong>20</strong>10, strategic environmental assessments must be carried out when drafting regional land-use plans and regulatory plans at the municipal level, as well as other general normative policies and plans that could have an impact on the environment or sustainability, for example, infrastructure and fiscal plans. (e) Adopt <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> goals Establishing a series of clear, simple and widely disseminated goals could help to steer public and private sectors towards taking action in line with set priorities and within a clear time frame. Detailed goals could be defined at the international, regional, national and even local levels. International or regional goals would have the advantage of being internationally recognized and would have the potential to generate shared learning experiences and prevent competitive imbalances. National goals, on the other hand, could be more specific and give priority to the aspects of the international goals that are relevant at the country level. In order to be feasible, the goals must be clearly defined and simple, easy for the general public to understand and based on indicators that can be monitored effectively. That will necessitate a solid statistical base, as addressed under guideline 5 below. If the goals are to be fully accepted, various stakeholders must be involved in their formulation and monitoring. It is vital that public institutions at all levels, <strong>development</strong> banks and other financial institutions, as well as civil society organizations and the private sector, take on these goals, which will require a concerted awareness-raising effort.
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 8. Protection of fishery resource
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6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
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8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
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11 FOREWORD In December 20<
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13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
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15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
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17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
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19 this regard, the International C
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21 The dynamic on which these data
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23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
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26 inequality, access to basic serv
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28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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30 air (see the section on health),
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36 The problem of unreliable servic
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38 Figure I.11 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
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42 Thanks to the improvements in wa
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44 One of the greatest health risks
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46 In Latin America and the Caribbe
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48 Figure I.14 UNDERNUTRITION AND O
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50 Generally speaking, national hea
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52 covered by existing retirement s
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54 Box I.3 MAINSTREAMING DISASTER-R
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56 patterns in Latin America, with
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58 In fact, despite achievements ma
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60 The second productivity feature
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62 for groups that are usually bypa
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64 Figure I.18 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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66 2009). In addit
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68 production will, however, height
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70 Lastly, climate factors are also
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72 C. ENERGY: ENERGY INTENSITY, EFF
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74 Fuel subsidies for private vehic
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76 Table I.9 LAWS FOR THE PROMOTION
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78 reduction must also be mainstrea
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80 Box I.7 URBAN SUSTAINABILITY IN
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82 Box I.8 THE ECO-EFFICIENCY OF UR
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84 Figure I.21 SELECTED COUNTRIES:
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86 E. STRENGTHENING THE STATE AND A
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88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<
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90 Fresco, Louise (20</stro
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92 Perroti, D.E. and R. Sánchez (<
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94 (2010b), Achiev
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96 Table II.1 RATIFICATION OF MULTI
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98 Box II.1 (concluded) Union of So
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100 Table II.3 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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102 The same applies to the incenti
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104 Figure II.1 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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106 Box II.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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108 Figure II.3 SHARE OF GLOBAL GRE
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110 Figure II.7 PER CAPITA CO 2 EMI
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112 Figure II.10 CARBON INTENSITY O
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114 Table II.4 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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116 coast and in marine areas, the
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118 Box II.4 CENTRAL AMERICA: BIODI
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120 25 Figure II.1
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122 The valuable assets related to
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124 monitoring have been instrument
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126 Box II.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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128 technology transfer is successf
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130 Table II.6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
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132 (a) Integrated water resources
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134 concessions, authorizations and
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136 water flows caused by land-use
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138 Climate change will exacerbate
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140 With regard to the safe recover
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142 MERCOSUR countries are implemen
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144 Unlike in the early 1990s, all
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146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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148 Li, J. and M. Colombier (<stron
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150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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152 1. Statistics and indicators Si
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154 3. Technology and environmental
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156 2. Citizen participation in env
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158 Reforms that would improve acce
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160 (b) Land ownership Land rights
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162 Box III.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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164 Box III.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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166 Many countries have created ins
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168 Since 1992, municipalities in L
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170 requirements of legislation; 14
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172 8. The science and technology c
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174 9. Farmers Rural households, in
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176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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178 Tréllez, E. (20</stron
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180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
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182 strategies, develop mechanisms
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184 participatory process; and nati
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186 issues, which have been incorpo
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188 Furthermore, at the internation
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