sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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223 Figure V.11 EXPENDITURE ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BY FINANCING SOURCE, <strong>20</strong>07 (OR MOST RECENT YEAR AVAILABLE) (Percentages) A. Latin America and the Caribbean B. Other countries 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 <strong>20</strong> <strong>20</strong> 10 10 0 Brazil <strong>20</strong>07 Mexico <strong>20</strong>05 Uruguay <strong>20</strong>07 Latin America and the Caribbean <strong>20</strong>07 Argentina <strong>20</strong>07 Colombia <strong>20</strong>07 Ecuador <strong>20</strong>07 El Salvador <strong>20</strong>07 Paraguay <strong>20</strong>05 Panama <strong>20</strong>07 Guatemala <strong>20</strong>07 0 Japan <strong>20</strong>06 Rep. of Korea <strong>20</strong>06 China <strong>20</strong>06 Finland <strong>20</strong>07 United States <strong>20</strong>07 OECD <strong>20</strong>06 Ireland <strong>20</strong>06 European Union (27 countries) <strong>20</strong>06 Spain <strong>20</strong>06 Other sources Firms Source: Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), La necesidad de innovar: el camino hacia el progreso de América Latina y el Caribe, Washington, D.C., <strong>20</strong>10. The long-range scientific strategy should form the basis for creating a model for generating, disseminating and adopting technology aimed at environmental sustainability. The main challenges facing scientific strategies and policies in Latin America and the Caribbean include new and more in-depth research into natural wealth, to gain a thorough knowledge of the attributes and functioning of ecosystems, because there are many gaps in scientific knowledge that remain to be filled. There is also a need for research into alternative <strong>development</strong> models that promote new ways of using natural resources that foster a more harmonious relationship between society and its surroundings. Another need is to develop mechanisms to stimulate local research, making it possible to promote each country’s regions and recognizing local identities based on their specific conditions. This means directing the work of researchers and technologists towards solving problems related to specific needs, particularly in the most neglected segments of society. It also means stimulating research into local natural resources and incorporating the traditional empirical-science-based knowledge of the region’s own cultures. Latin American and Caribbean countries also require an instrument for financing R&D projects of intra-regional cooperation, to promote integration and the search for scientific-technological solutions to specific <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> problems. This financing platform should be founded on adequate sources of information for decision-making on the subject, 16 greater training opportunities for science and technology managers, and adequate regional reflection on the challenges of science, technology and innovation policy in the region for the future. 16 Science Policy Information Network (SPIN) of UNESCO, see [online] http://spin.unesco.org.uy.
224 2. Scientific capacities and technology transfer The scientific output of Latin America and the Caribbean, measured by the number of scientific publications, doubled between 1987 and <strong>20</strong>06, and accounted for 4.9% of the world’s total in <strong>20</strong>08 (UNESCO, <strong>20</strong>10b). Nonetheless, a review of the distribution of knowledge by field reveals a relative specialization in agricultural sciences. The R&D sector contributes less to technological <strong>development</strong> and innovations with industrial application, which is reflected in the small number of patents granted compared to developed countries. This is explained by a combination of factors, including lower efficiency and an orientation towards adapting and importing technology. Scientific capacities are unequally distributed across the region, and the large scientific facilities are mainly in Argentina, Brazil and Chile (UNESCO, <strong>20</strong>10a). According to data from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 17 human resources dedicated to R&D in the region in <strong>20</strong>07 amounted to 252,000 researchers and technologists. There is a general shortage of newly trained personnel, while insufficient resources in the R&D sector means little demand for scientists and technicians, thereby making it impossible to promote scientific work. The geographic distribution of human resources reveals the heterogeneity of the region and a concentration in the wealthier countries. Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico account for 90% of this highly skilled population (especially researchers and technologists). Some small countries, such as Cuba, do, however, have a large number of researchers and technologists in relation to their population (RICYT, <strong>20</strong>08) (see also chapter III). In the specific area of environmental sustainability, technological <strong>development</strong> strategies have prioritized the introduction of state-of-the-art technologies, such as the new biotechnologies and nanotechnologies. Environmental agencies in most of the region’s countries have given preference to the introduction of de-contamination technologies for the treatment of urban, industrial and mining waste, while leaving new technologies for other economic sectors. Little is being done with technology that alters the natural structure of ecosystems for the purpose of agricultural <strong>development</strong>, which has had a high environmental cost in the region. The structure of R&D expenditure in agriculture, financed mostly by the public sector, reveals a concentration on technology and, to a lesser extent, on <strong>sustainable</strong> land use and the control and protection of the environment. On this latter point, R&D targets issues such as the identification and analysis of sources of pollution, its dispersion in the environment, effects on mankind and species, and the <strong>development</strong> of pollutionmeasurement facilities. Transnational corporations are one of the key players in the creation, <strong>development</strong> and deployment of advanced technologies (see chapter III), so potentially they have an important role in reducing the technology gap, since their research and <strong>development</strong> capacities are crucial in hightechnology activities and in the provision of knowledge packages. Nonetheless, this does not always lead to the dissemination of innovation, which remains concentrated in the beneficiary countries and sectors. In Latin America and the Caribbean, transnational corporations are concentrated in sectors of lowtechnology content, and the individual countries display a low technology-absorption capacity. These aspects highlight the fact that technological changes in Latin America’s productive structure have been limited and inadequate to the challenges posed by a more open productive structure integrated into international trade (see chapter I). This situation could become more complex in an international setting in which technologies and production modalities are constantly changing, as a 17 See [online] http://www.uis.unesco.org [date of reference: 15 June <strong>20</strong>11].
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 8. Protection of fishery resource
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6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
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8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
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11 FOREWORD In December 20<
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13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
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15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
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17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
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19 this regard, the International C
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21 The dynamic on which these data
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23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
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26 inequality, access to basic serv
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28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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30 air (see the section on health),
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36 The problem of unreliable servic
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38 Figure I.11 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
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42 Thanks to the improvements in wa
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44 One of the greatest health risks
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46 In Latin America and the Caribbe
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48 Figure I.14 UNDERNUTRITION AND O
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50 Generally speaking, national hea
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52 covered by existing retirement s
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54 Box I.3 MAINSTREAMING DISASTER-R
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56 patterns in Latin America, with
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58 In fact, despite achievements ma
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60 The second productivity feature
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62 for groups that are usually bypa
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64 Figure I.18 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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66 2009). In addit
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68 production will, however, height
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70 Lastly, climate factors are also
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72 C. ENERGY: ENERGY INTENSITY, EFF
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74 Fuel subsidies for private vehic
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76 Table I.9 LAWS FOR THE PROMOTION
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78 reduction must also be mainstrea
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80 Box I.7 URBAN SUSTAINABILITY IN
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82 Box I.8 THE ECO-EFFICIENCY OF UR
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84 Figure I.21 SELECTED COUNTRIES:
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86 E. STRENGTHENING THE STATE AND A
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88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<
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90 Fresco, Louise (20</stro
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92 Perroti, D.E. and R. Sánchez (<
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94 (2010b), Achiev
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96 Table II.1 RATIFICATION OF MULTI
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98 Box II.1 (concluded) Union of So
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100 Table II.3 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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102 The same applies to the incenti
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104 Figure II.1 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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106 Box II.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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108 Figure II.3 SHARE OF GLOBAL GRE
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110 Figure II.7 PER CAPITA CO 2 EMI
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112 Figure II.10 CARBON INTENSITY O
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114 Table II.4 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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116 coast and in marine areas, the
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118 Box II.4 CENTRAL AMERICA: BIODI
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120 25 Figure II.1
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122 The valuable assets related to
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124 monitoring have been instrument
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126 Box II.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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128 technology transfer is successf
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130 Table II.6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
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132 (a) Integrated water resources
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134 concessions, authorizations and
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136 water flows caused by land-use
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138 Climate change will exacerbate
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140 With regard to the safe recover
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142 MERCOSUR countries are implemen
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144 Unlike in the early 1990s, all
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146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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148 Li, J. and M. Colombier (<stron
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150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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152 1. Statistics and indicators Si
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154 3. Technology and environmental
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156 2. Citizen participation in env
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158 Reforms that would improve acce
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160 (b) Land ownership Land rights
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162 Box III.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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164 Box III.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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166 Many countries have created ins
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168 Since 1992, municipalities in L
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170 requirements of legislation; 14
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