sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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<strong>20</strong>1 Figure V.1 OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE GRANTED BY COUNTRIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE (DAC), 1990-<strong>20</strong>10 (Percentages of gross national income of donor countries) 0.7 ODA target ratified in Monterrey: 0.7% of GNI 0.6 Monterrey Conference 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 <strong>20</strong>00 <strong>20</strong>01 <strong>20</strong>02 <strong>20</strong>03 <strong>20</strong>04 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>06 <strong>20</strong>07 <strong>20</strong>08 <strong>20</strong>09 <strong>20</strong>10 DAC countries G7 countries Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) statistics, Evolution on official <strong>development</strong> assistance (ODA) and World Bank, World Development Indicators for gross national income [date of reference: January <strong>20</strong>12]. Table V.1 DISBURSEMENTS OF NET OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE (ODA) TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN, 1990-<strong>20</strong>10 (Millions of dollars at current prices and percentages) 1990 1995 <strong>20</strong>00 <strong>20</strong>01 <strong>20</strong>02 <strong>20</strong>03 <strong>20</strong>04 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>06 <strong>20</strong>07 <strong>20</strong>08 <strong>20</strong>09 <strong>20</strong>10 Developing countries 58 548 59 142 49 776 52 388 62 033 71 742 80 121 108 650 107 339 108 494 127 916 126 968 131 087 Latin America and the Caribbean 5 233 6 384 4 838 5 970 5 026 6 129 6 838 6 708 7 340 6 987 9 288 9 022 10 812 Of which Bilateral aid provided by countries of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) 4 188 4 811 3 858 4 470 3 901 4 580 5 134 4 855 5 276 4 832 7 008 6 573 7 885 Multilateral 1 032 1 543 941 1 469 1 069 1 519 1 685 1 828 2 050 2 109 2 257 2 429 2 895 ODA as a percentage of gross national income (GNI) 0.49 0.37 0.24 0.31 0.29 0.33 0.32 0.26 0.24 0.19 0.22 0.23 0.22 Share of world total 8.9 10.8 9.7 11.4 8.1 8.5 8.5 6.2 6.8 6.4 7.3 7.1 8.2 Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of figures issued by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Stat database [date of reference: 16 January <strong>20</strong>12].
<strong>20</strong>2 This assistance has been distributed unequally between regions and countries. In recent <strong>years</strong>, Latin America and the Caribbean, which accounts for approximately 8.5% of the world population and 10% of the population living in developing countries, 3 received about 7% of global ODA. Its share has been shrinking steadily (see figure V.2). 50 Figure V.2 REGIONAL SHARES OF TOTAL NET OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE (ODA), 1990-<strong>20</strong>10 (Percentages) 45 40 35 30 25 <strong>20</strong> 15 10 5 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 <strong>20</strong>00 <strong>20</strong>01 <strong>20</strong>02 <strong>20</strong>03 <strong>20</strong>04 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>06 <strong>20</strong>07 <strong>20</strong>08 <strong>20</strong>09 <strong>20</strong>10 Europe Africa Latin America and the Caribbean Asia Oceanía Developing and unspecified countries Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD.Stat database [date of reference: 16 January <strong>20</strong>12]. Note: “Developing and unspecified countries” refers to the financing of activities benefiting more than one region. The volume of official assistance received by Latin America and the Caribbean declined from 0.5% of regional GNI in 1990 to just over 0.2% in <strong>20</strong>10 (see table V.1), representing some US$ 18 per capita. No Latin American or Caribbean country has been among the 10 leading ODA recipients. The distribution of ODA in the region has been similar to the pattern worldwide, so low- and lower-middle income countries have received larger amounts of ODA as a percentage of their income than upper-middle income countries. Haiti, Colombia, Nicaragua and the Plurinational State of Bolivia have been the main recipients of assistance in the region over the last three <strong>years</strong>, accounting for 40% of all disbursements. It is important to note that several small island developing states (see chapter IV) are highly vulnerable to extreme climate events that cyclically destabilize the <strong>development</strong> path of many of those countries. This is compounded by pressures generated from the small size of their economies, for which reason assistance is crucial for them. In addition, some upper-middle income countries that receive a negligible share of ODA are facing major challenges in terms of persistent inequality and poverty, usually concentrated in certain segments of the population. 3 Data from the United Nations (<strong>20</strong>11b).
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 8. Protection of fishery resource
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6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
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8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
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11 FOREWORD In December 20<
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13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
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15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
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17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
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19 this regard, the International C
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21 The dynamic on which these data
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23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
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26 inequality, access to basic serv
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28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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30 air (see the section on health),
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36 The problem of unreliable servic
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38 Figure I.11 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
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42 Thanks to the improvements in wa
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44 One of the greatest health risks
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46 In Latin America and the Caribbe
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48 Figure I.14 UNDERNUTRITION AND O
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50 Generally speaking, national hea
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52 covered by existing retirement s
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54 Box I.3 MAINSTREAMING DISASTER-R
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56 patterns in Latin America, with
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58 In fact, despite achievements ma
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60 The second productivity feature
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62 for groups that are usually bypa
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64 Figure I.18 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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66 2009). In addit
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68 production will, however, height
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70 Lastly, climate factors are also
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72 C. ENERGY: ENERGY INTENSITY, EFF
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74 Fuel subsidies for private vehic
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76 Table I.9 LAWS FOR THE PROMOTION
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78 reduction must also be mainstrea
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80 Box I.7 URBAN SUSTAINABILITY IN
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82 Box I.8 THE ECO-EFFICIENCY OF UR
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84 Figure I.21 SELECTED COUNTRIES:
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86 E. STRENGTHENING THE STATE AND A
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88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<
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90 Fresco, Louise (20</stro
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92 Perroti, D.E. and R. Sánchez (<
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94 (2010b), Achiev
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96 Table II.1 RATIFICATION OF MULTI
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98 Box II.1 (concluded) Union of So
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100 Table II.3 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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102 The same applies to the incenti
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104 Figure II.1 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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106 Box II.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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108 Figure II.3 SHARE OF GLOBAL GRE
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110 Figure II.7 PER CAPITA CO 2 EMI
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112 Figure II.10 CARBON INTENSITY O
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114 Table II.4 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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116 coast and in marine areas, the
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118 Box II.4 CENTRAL AMERICA: BIODI
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120 25 Figure II.1
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122 The valuable assets related to
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124 monitoring have been instrument
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126 Box II.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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128 technology transfer is successf
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130 Table II.6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
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132 (a) Integrated water resources
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134 concessions, authorizations and
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136 water flows caused by land-use
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138 Climate change will exacerbate
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140 With regard to the safe recover
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142 MERCOSUR countries are implemen
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144 Unlike in the early 1990s, all
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146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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148 Li, J. and M. Colombier (<stron
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Page 232 and 233: 231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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