sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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199 Chapter V INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, TRADE, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Two key elements of the 1992 Rio Declaration are the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (principle 7) and recognition of the importance, for <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>, of an international system that is fair and respects international trade law (principle 12). Principle 9 of the Rio Declaration says that States should cooperate to strengthen capacity-building for <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> by improving scientific understanding through exchanges of scientific and technological knowledge and by enhancing the <strong>development</strong>, adaptation, diffusion and transfer of technologies, including new and innovative technologies. These principles underpin subsequent international agreements, such as the commitment to promote a global partnership for <strong>development</strong> as reflected in Millennium Development Goal 8. This chapter describes progress and shortcomings in the essential components of such a global partnership for <strong>development</strong> and in the aforementioned principles of financing for <strong>development</strong>, trade and technology transfer. PRINCIPLES OF THE RIO DECLARATION OF ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 7 States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth’s ecosystem. In view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States have common but differentiated responsibilities. The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command. 9 States should cooperate to strengthen endogenous capacity-building for <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> by improving scientific understanding through exchanges of scientific and technological knowledge, and by enhancing the <strong>development</strong>, adaptation, diffusion and transfer of technologies, including new and innovative technologies. 12 States should cooperate to promote a supportive and open international economic system that would lead to economic growth and <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> in all countries, to better address the problems of environmental degradation. Trade policy measures for environmental purposes should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade. Unilateral actions to deal with environmental challenges outside the jurisdiction of the importing country should be avoided. Environmental measures addressing transboundary or global environmental problems should, as far as possible, be based on an international consensus. A. FINANCING Financing for <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> is a central theme of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21, the Millennium Summit, the Declaration of the World Summit on Sustainable Development and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, the Monterrey Consensus adopted at the International Conference on Financing for Development and the Doha Declaration on Financing for Development, as well as the sessions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.
<strong>20</strong>0 As for financing gaps, the Committee of Experts created by the Leading Group on Innovative Financing for Development has estimated that, if the resources needed to meet the Millennium Development Goals by <strong>20</strong>15 were added to the target 0.7% of GDP for official <strong>development</strong> assistance (ODA) plus the resources needed to address climate change, the resource shortfall would be between US$ 324 billion and US$ 336 billion between <strong>20</strong>12 and <strong>20</strong>17 (roughly US$ 156 billion for climate change and between US$ 168 billion and US$ 180 billion for ODA). In comparison, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has estimated that the net direct cost of the assistance provided to the advanced economies to cope with the recent financial crisis, which was the outcome of a long process of systemic deregulation, amounted to US$ 862 billion. This is the equivalent of 2.7% of the GDP of these countries; the cost could increase further as Western Europe’s sovereign debt crisis unfolds (Leading Group on Innovative Financing for Development, <strong>20</strong>10). The shortfall in financing for <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> and the inescapable challenges posed by environmental issues should be seen in the broader context of the international community’s inability to finance global public goods, now compounded by the after-effects of an economic and financial crisis that is, in this decade, causing countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to run budget deficits and public debt at levels not seen since the post-World War II era. International financing for <strong>development</strong> has several different components, including ODA, private international financial flows, contributions from financial institutions and other international agencies, and international loans. Innovative financing mechanisms and south-south cooperation are also gaining ground. 1. Official <strong>development</strong> assistance In 1970, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2626 (XXV) proposed the objective of increasing ODA to at least 0.7% of developed countries’ gross national income (GNI) at market prices. The developed countries have reaffirmed this commitment on several occasions, including at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1992) and at subsequent summits 1 (United Nations, <strong>20</strong>10a). In <strong>20</strong>05, at the Millennium +5 Summit and the Group of Eight (G8) summit at Gleneagles, it was agreed to increase assistance from US$ 80 billion in <strong>20</strong>04 to US$ 130 billion in <strong>20</strong>10 (at constant <strong>20</strong>04 prices) (United Nations, <strong>20</strong>10b). Nonetheless, between 1992 and <strong>20</strong>10, net ODA fell far below the commitment made in Rio de Janeiro. In <strong>20</strong>10, ODA provided by developed countries amounted to 0.33% of their GNI, less than half of the percentage target agreed upon, and below the trajectory envisaged in Gleneagles 2 (see figure V.1), despite an increase since <strong>20</strong>04 (see table V.1). In absolute terms, only five countries (Sweden, Norway, Luxembourg, Denmark and the Netherlands) have met the 0.7% target. Most other donor countries are well below their commitment. Given the developed countries’ still fragile recovery from the recent economic and financial crisis, compounded by the persistent threat of worldwide recession, the size of future flows remains uncertain. 1 2 Including the Millennium Summit of <strong>20</strong>00 and the International Conference on Financing for Development of <strong>20</strong>02. According to figures from the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 8. Protection of fishery resource
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6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
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8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
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11 FOREWORD In December 20<
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13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
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15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
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17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
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19 this regard, the International C
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21 The dynamic on which these data
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23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
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26 inequality, access to basic serv
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28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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30 air (see the section on health),
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36 The problem of unreliable servic
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38 Figure I.11 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
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42 Thanks to the improvements in wa
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44 One of the greatest health risks
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46 In Latin America and the Caribbe
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48 Figure I.14 UNDERNUTRITION AND O
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50 Generally speaking, national hea
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52 covered by existing retirement s
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54 Box I.3 MAINSTREAMING DISASTER-R
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56 patterns in Latin America, with
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58 In fact, despite achievements ma
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60 The second productivity feature
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62 for groups that are usually bypa
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64 Figure I.18 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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66 2009). In addit
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68 production will, however, height
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70 Lastly, climate factors are also
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72 C. ENERGY: ENERGY INTENSITY, EFF
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74 Fuel subsidies for private vehic
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76 Table I.9 LAWS FOR THE PROMOTION
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78 reduction must also be mainstrea
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80 Box I.7 URBAN SUSTAINABILITY IN
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82 Box I.8 THE ECO-EFFICIENCY OF UR
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84 Figure I.21 SELECTED COUNTRIES:
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86 E. STRENGTHENING THE STATE AND A
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88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<
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90 Fresco, Louise (20</stro
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92 Perroti, D.E. and R. Sánchez (<
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94 (2010b), Achiev
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96 Table II.1 RATIFICATION OF MULTI
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98 Box II.1 (concluded) Union of So
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100 Table II.3 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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102 The same applies to the incenti
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104 Figure II.1 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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106 Box II.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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108 Figure II.3 SHARE OF GLOBAL GRE
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110 Figure II.7 PER CAPITA CO 2 EMI
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112 Figure II.10 CARBON INTENSITY O
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114 Table II.4 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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116 coast and in marine areas, the
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118 Box II.4 CENTRAL AMERICA: BIODI
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120 25 Figure II.1
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122 The valuable assets related to
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124 monitoring have been instrument
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126 Box II.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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128 technology transfer is successf
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130 Table II.6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
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132 (a) Integrated water resources
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134 concessions, authorizations and
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136 water flows caused by land-use
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138 Climate change will exacerbate
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140 With regard to the safe recover
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142 MERCOSUR countries are implemen
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144 Unlike in the early 1990s, all
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146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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Page 232 and 233: 231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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