sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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187 (UNDESA, <strong>20</strong>10a) and increasing difficulties in the main economic sectors, namely financial services and tourism (ECLAC, <strong>20</strong>08a), as well as agriculture. Since many of the activities in the Barbados Programme of Action rely on national budgets, a number of the gains achieved in the implementation of the Programme of Action and the subsequent Mauritius Strategy are additionally being eroded by budgetary constraints due to the repercussions of the global financial, food and energy crises. 2. Capacity constraints Other difficulties for SIDS include constraints in institutions and technical capacity. Governance in many SIDS is organized by sector (for example, energy, agriculture and health). Consequently, a limited number of new policies are actually integrated across sectors or are the subject of significant public participation. For example, economic issues are sometimes divorced from environmental considerations and there is only limited capacity for social planning (ECLAC, <strong>20</strong>10b). Existing institutions working on <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> are underfunded, and the migration patterns of highly skilled and professional populations have contributed to a reliance on a project-oriented management approach that addresses short-term needs rather than a programme and resources management approach that takes a more integrated and long-term perspective. This has also resulted in a reliance on recruiting outside expertise at significant cost but with no continuity, capacity-building or institutional strengthening (Greene, <strong>20</strong>09; World Bank, <strong>20</strong>11). 11 Most of the educated residents of Caribbean SIDS emigrate, and the “brain drain” of public sector employees who work on <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> issues further exacerbates the limited capacity of the countries (UNDESA, <strong>20</strong>10a). Lack of funding has also resulted in decreased capacity, such as incomplete data on the implementation of <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> commitments and limited availability of quantitative tools for effective monitoring and identification of corrective actions. Additionally, the <strong>20</strong>10 Mauritius Strategy review indicates a clear need to better consolidate and more effectively coordinate the existing responsibilities of the United Nations institutional entities that share responsibility for supporting <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> of the Caribbean SIDS, perhaps through a regional coordinating mechanism (ECLAC, <strong>20</strong>10b). This would allow a higher level of consolidation, integration and harmonization to implement the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy. 3. International cooperation Less than anticipated international cooperation and the global trend of declining official <strong>development</strong> assistance have also been evident in the Caribbean SIDS. Due to their classification as middle-income countries, most are excluded from a number of <strong>development</strong> opportunities. The criterion for allocating funds on the basis of GDP does not adequately consider the particular challenges faced by SIDS. For instance, Caribbean SIDS that are not classified as least developed countries (LDCs) do not qualify for debt relief assistance. In addition, they are increasingly considered ineligible for <strong>development</strong> aid (UNDESA, <strong>20</strong>10a), despite their high debt burdens, many of which are in excess of 100% of GDP (ECLAC, <strong>20</strong>08b). There have been numerous efforts to gain international recognition to consider the particular <strong>development</strong> challenges faced by SIDS. In <strong>20</strong>02, the Caribbean Community urged the International Conference on Financing for Development held in Monterrey, Mexico, to address this issue directly. 11 The emigration rate among the university-educated population is as high as 89% in Guyana (World Bank, <strong>20</strong>11).
188 Furthermore, at the international meeting held for the 10-year review of the Barbados Programme of Action in <strong>20</strong>05, the donor community committed to increasing the level of support for the <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> efforts of SIDS (United Nations, <strong>20</strong>05b). However, this high debt burden has remained largely unaddressed in the international policy community (United Nations, <strong>20</strong>11) and translates into weakened support for financial resources, technology transfer and capacity-building —crucial crosscutting issues for advancing the implementation of <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> in the subregion. A country in the region where many of the issues of special concern to the Caribbean SIDS are most pressing is Haiti, the only country in the Latin American and Caribbean region categorized as a least developed country (LDC). Principle 6 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development focuses on least developed countries and thus applies especially to Haiti. The country consistently suffers from very low GNI per capita, low human capital <strong>development</strong> and high economic vulnerability. Haiti shares the challenges common to most Caribbean SIDS, but it suffers additionally from other severe environmental, economic and social challenges of its own (see box IV.1). Box IV.1 SIDS COUNTRY PROFILE: HAITI Haiti’s real annual average GDP growth rate between <strong>20</strong>00 and <strong>20</strong>10 was -1.5%, with mostly negative rates in the first half of the decade and a rate of -6.6% in <strong>20</strong>10 and 2.8% in <strong>20</strong>11 a . Over 77% of the population lives below the poverty line (World Bank, <strong>20</strong>11) b , and the country’s <strong>20</strong>10 Human Development Index rating of 0.449 is only slightly above least developed countries (0.435) and is substantially lower than the regional average of .728 (UNDP, <strong>20</strong>10). Slow growth, high poverty rates and a waning human <strong>development</strong> index point to challenging circumstances for Haiti in the pursuit of <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>, environmental management and disaster preparedness. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATOR TRENDS and GDP PER CAPITA (USD): 1990-<strong>20</strong>10 1.0 6 000 0.9 0.8 5 000 0.7 4 000 0.6 0.5 3 000 0.4 0.3 2 000 0.2 1 000 0.1 0 1990 1995 <strong>20</strong>00 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>10 0 HDI Haiti HDI world GDP per capita Haiti HDI Latin America and the Caribbean HDI least developed countries GDP per capita Latin America and the Caribbean Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Regional and National Trends in the Human Development Index, 1980-<strong>20</strong>11[online] http://hdr.undp.org/en/, [date of reference: December <strong>20</strong>11] / CEPALSTAT database, date of reference: January <strong>20</strong>12. Note: Human Development Index (HDI) composite scores range from 0 to 1, with greater values indicating more <strong>development</strong>. The HDI includes measurements of health, education and living standards.
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 8. Protection of fishery resource
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6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
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8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
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11 FOREWORD In December 20<
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13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
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15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
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17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
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19 this regard, the International C
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21 The dynamic on which these data
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23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
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26 inequality, access to basic serv
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28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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30 air (see the section on health),
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36 The problem of unreliable servic
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38 Figure I.11 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
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42 Thanks to the improvements in wa
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44 One of the greatest health risks
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46 In Latin America and the Caribbe
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48 Figure I.14 UNDERNUTRITION AND O
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50 Generally speaking, national hea
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52 covered by existing retirement s
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54 Box I.3 MAINSTREAMING DISASTER-R
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56 patterns in Latin America, with
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58 In fact, despite achievements ma
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60 The second productivity feature
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62 for groups that are usually bypa
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64 Figure I.18 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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66 2009). In addit
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68 production will, however, height
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70 Lastly, climate factors are also
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72 C. ENERGY: ENERGY INTENSITY, EFF
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74 Fuel subsidies for private vehic
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76 Table I.9 LAWS FOR THE PROMOTION
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78 reduction must also be mainstrea
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80 Box I.7 URBAN SUSTAINABILITY IN
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82 Box I.8 THE ECO-EFFICIENCY OF UR
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84 Figure I.21 SELECTED COUNTRIES:
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86 E. STRENGTHENING THE STATE AND A
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88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<
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90 Fresco, Louise (20</stro
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92 Perroti, D.E. and R. Sánchez (<
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94 (2010b), Achiev
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96 Table II.1 RATIFICATION OF MULTI
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98 Box II.1 (concluded) Union of So
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100 Table II.3 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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102 The same applies to the incenti
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104 Figure II.1 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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106 Box II.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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108 Figure II.3 SHARE OF GLOBAL GRE
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110 Figure II.7 PER CAPITA CO 2 EMI
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112 Figure II.10 CARBON INTENSITY O
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114 Table II.4 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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116 coast and in marine areas, the
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118 Box II.4 CENTRAL AMERICA: BIODI
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120 25 Figure II.1
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122 The valuable assets related to
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124 monitoring have been instrument
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126 Box II.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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128 technology transfer is successf
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130 Table II.6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
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132 (a) Integrated water resources
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134 concessions, authorizations and
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Page 141 and 142: 140 With regard to the safe recover
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Page 145 and 146: 144 Unlike in the early 1990s, all
Page 147 and 148: 146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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Page 151 and 152: 150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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Page 177 and 178: 176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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Page 181 and 182: 180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
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Page 185 and 186: 184 participatory process; and nati
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Page 229 and 230: 228 IDB (Inter-American Development
Page 232 and 233: 231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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237 from these sectors could suffer
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239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
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241 The following actions are sugge
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243 As part of the preparatory proc
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245 Indicators can help to raise aw
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247 All of these initiatives seek t
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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