sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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183 compiled national inventories of coastal resources, established databases of climate-related parameters and benefited from the design and establishment of a sea level monitoring programme (Trotz, <strong>20</strong>08). Furthermore, in <strong>20</strong>09 the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Heads of Government approved the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre Regional Framework for Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change (CCCCC, <strong>20</strong>11). The Centre is also preparing an implementation plan for the regional framework. (iv) Mitigation. As part of their climate change mitigation efforts, Caribbean SIDS have focused on increased efficiency in the energy and transport sectors and have worked on national awareness-building and incorporated several new initiatives utilizing renewable energy technologies. In addition, Caribbean SIDS have targeted both supply- and demand-side measures for energy mitigation, such as energy conservation and efficiency, cogeneration, modernization of thermoelectric utilities, improvement of transport infrastructure, enhancement of energy efficiency in lighting and air conditioning and implementation of demand-side management programmes. In the transport sector, Caribbean SIDS have attempted mitigation through the introduction of electric or compressed natural gas vehicles, encouragement for early adoption of hybrid vehicles and the introduction of vehicle emissions standards (Trotz, <strong>20</strong>08). These efforts will not only improve transport sector efficiency but will also create positive spillovers for other policy goals, such as reducing local pollution, energy costs and traffic congestion. Despite their low contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions and the efforts mentioned in (i) above, however, Caribbean SIDS face challenges in moving to clean energy. An increase in energy consumption resulted in carbon dioxide emissions increasing by an annual average of 3.0% between 1990 and <strong>20</strong>08. 3 3. Convention on Biological Diversity The Caribbean countries have consistently reported progress in implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity. Almost half of the Caribbean SIDS 4 have submitted all four national reports, and the majority of the remaining countries have submitted at least three national reports since 1998. In addition to national reporting, the principle mechanism for implementing the Convention at the national level is through national biodiversity strategies and action plans. 5 Over half of all Caribbean SIDS 6 have completed an initial strategy and action plan since 1998, and an additional four countries 7 are revising or have revised their strategy. The process of mainstreaming biodiversity into national <strong>development</strong> planning has been relatively successful, with most countries rating their progress in this regard as medium to high. Specifically, Belize, Cuba, Guyana, Jamaica and Saint Lucia have reported high levels of Convention implementation. 8 In particular, Saint Lucia has achieved near complete implementation of its first strategy and action plan, with the success of implementation due in large part to an active biodiversity focal point in government; strong inclusion of sectors, communities and stakeholders in a 3 4 5 6 7 8 ECLAC calculation based on carbon dioxide emissions data from the Millennium Development Goals Indicators database, [online] http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx [date of reference: December <strong>20</strong>11]. Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana and Saint Lucia. National biodiversity strategies and action plans under the Convention on Biological Diversity [online] http://www.cbd.int/nbsap/ [date of reference: December <strong>20</strong>11]. Barbados, Belize, Dominca, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago. Cuba, Guyana, Bahamas and Saint Lucia. National reports under the Convention on Biological Diversity [online] http://www.cbd.int/reports/search/ [date of reference: December <strong>20</strong>11].
184 participatory process; and national funding and investment for biodiversity (Prip and others, <strong>20</strong>10). These reports also illustrate the extensive biodiversity and biological uniqueness of Caribbean SIDS, as evidenced by their high concentration of flora, fauna and endemic species (CBD, <strong>20</strong>10). In fact, the Caribbean Islands are considered biodiversity hotspots, due to their high number of endemic species (upwards of 1,500 on each island) and extremely threatened habitat (with losses of at least 70% of original habitat) (Mittermeirer and others, <strong>20</strong>05, cited in CEPF, <strong>20</strong>10). Habitat that is under threat includes over 10,000 square kilometres of reefs, 22,000 square kilometres of mangroves and 33,000 kilometers of seagrass beds, along with a range of amphibians (all endemic), highly endemic reptiles, mammals and plants (CEPF, <strong>20</strong>10). Biodiversity in the Caribbean is threatened by enforcement shortcomings, other institutional deficiencies and mounting pressures that translate into the overexploitation of species, the introduction of alien invasive species, loss of habitat and habitat fragmentation, pollution, resource extraction, un<strong>sustainable</strong> land-use practices and unregulated <strong>development</strong>, all of which have deleterious effects on the ecosystems of Caribbean SIDS (CBD, <strong>20</strong>10). Invasive species, an emerging issue for the region, are having dramatic effects on ecosystems and leading to species extinction, which is exacerbated on small islands due to high marine traffic and the lack of natural predators (United Nations, <strong>20</strong>10b). Furthermore, as in the rest of the region, the economic and social costs of environmental degradation are not adequately considered or evident. Despite an increase in the area of forest designated primarily for biodiversity conservation (FAO, <strong>20</strong>11), the Caribbean reports a high species extinction rate (see table IV.1). Table IV.1 NUMBER OF THREATENED AND EXTINCT SPECIES IN THE CARIBBEAN SUBREGION, <strong>20</strong>11 Animals Plants Threatened a Extinct b Threatened a Extinct b Antigua and Barbuda 37 0 4 0 Bahamas 60 2 7 0 Barbados 38 0 2 0 Belize 65 0 32 0 Dominica 41 1 10 0 Grenada 39 0 3 0 Guyana 51 0 22 0 Jamaica 77 6 <strong>20</strong>9 2 Saint Kitts and Nevis 37 1 2 0 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 40 1 4 0 Saint Lucia 43 1 6 0 Suriname 41 0 26 0 Trinidad and Tobago 52 0 1 0 Total 621 12 328 2 Source: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), “The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Summary Statistics”, Cambridge <strong>20</strong>11 [online] http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/summary-statistics [date of reference: December <strong>20</strong>11]. a Includes values for the “critically endangered”, “endangered” and “vulnerable” categories of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. b Includes values for the “extinct” and “extinct in the wild” categories of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 8. Protection of fishery resource
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6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
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8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
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11 FOREWORD In December 20<
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13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
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15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
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17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
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19 this regard, the International C
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21 The dynamic on which these data
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23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
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26 inequality, access to basic serv
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28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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30 air (see the section on health),
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36 The problem of unreliable servic
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38 Figure I.11 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
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42 Thanks to the improvements in wa
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44 One of the greatest health risks
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46 In Latin America and the Caribbe
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48 Figure I.14 UNDERNUTRITION AND O
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50 Generally speaking, national hea
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52 covered by existing retirement s
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54 Box I.3 MAINSTREAMING DISASTER-R
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56 patterns in Latin America, with
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58 In fact, despite achievements ma
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60 The second productivity feature
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62 for groups that are usually bypa
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64 Figure I.18 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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66 2009). In addit
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68 production will, however, height
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70 Lastly, climate factors are also
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72 C. ENERGY: ENERGY INTENSITY, EFF
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74 Fuel subsidies for private vehic
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76 Table I.9 LAWS FOR THE PROMOTION
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78 reduction must also be mainstrea
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80 Box I.7 URBAN SUSTAINABILITY IN
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82 Box I.8 THE ECO-EFFICIENCY OF UR
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84 Figure I.21 SELECTED COUNTRIES:
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86 E. STRENGTHENING THE STATE AND A
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88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<
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90 Fresco, Louise (20</stro
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92 Perroti, D.E. and R. Sánchez (<
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94 (2010b), Achiev
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96 Table II.1 RATIFICATION OF MULTI
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98 Box II.1 (concluded) Union of So
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100 Table II.3 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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102 The same applies to the incenti
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104 Figure II.1 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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106 Box II.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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108 Figure II.3 SHARE OF GLOBAL GRE
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110 Figure II.7 PER CAPITA CO 2 EMI
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112 Figure II.10 CARBON INTENSITY O
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114 Table II.4 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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116 coast and in marine areas, the
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118 Box II.4 CENTRAL AMERICA: BIODI
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120 25 Figure II.1
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122 The valuable assets related to
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124 monitoring have been instrument
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126 Box II.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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128 technology transfer is successf
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130 Table II.6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
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Page 147 and 148: 146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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Page 151 and 152: 150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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233 B. GUIDELINES FOR THE INTEGRATI
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235 (b) Strengthen policies designe
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237 from these sectors could suffer
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239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
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241 The following actions are sugge
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243 As part of the preparatory proc
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245 Indicators can help to raise aw
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247 All of these initiatives seek t
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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