sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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165 until six months of age should also promoted, which is another initiative designed to protect babies from environmental pollution, given the huge nutritional and emotional benefits. This could be promoted by extending current maternity and paternity leave (Rico and Pautassi, <strong>20</strong>11). 3. Indigenous peoples and local communities Principle 22 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development states that indigenous peoples and their communities and other local communities have a vital role in environmental management and <strong>development</strong> because of their knowledge and traditional practices. It calls upon States to recognize and support their identity, culture and interests and enable their effective participation in the achievement of <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>. In the past two decades, the region has made visible progress. In constitutions and in legislation on access to land and other matters, there is now greater recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples and their communities and other local communities, as well as an appreciation of the rich culture of indigenous peoples. Programmes of democratically elected Governments have incorporated indigenous worldviews, including the ancestral concept of “good life” (buen vivir) (ECLAC/UNFPA, <strong>20</strong>09). Some global agreements have set precedents on the course to be followed and have been signed by most countries in the region. Two key instruments are Convention 169 of the International Labour Organization (ILO) 12 and the more recent United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in <strong>20</strong>07 (ECLAC/UNFPA, <strong>20</strong>09). Of the 22 countries that have ratified ILO Convention 169, 15 are in Latin America and the Caribbean (see box III.5). In a region with such a large indigenous population, this is an important area of work. In the Plurinational State of Bolivia, the indigenous population forms 62% of the total population; in Guatemala, 41%; and in Panama, 10%. 13 Box III.5 RATIFICATION OF CONVENTION 169 OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION: CASE OF THE PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA The Plurinational State of Bolivia ratified ILO Convention No. 169 in 1991; in 1994 the Constitution recognized the country’s “multi-ethnic and multicultural” nature. The constitutional reforms of <strong>20</strong>04 recognized indigenous peoples’ right to present candidates directly, recognizing them as political and social actors in their own right. Other national regulations recognize indigenous rights to their native communal lands, to a share of natural resource profits, and, among others, the right to consultation. The Plurinational State of Bolivia also made the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples binding as national law, and the <strong>20</strong>06–<strong>20</strong>07 constitutional process included a high level of indigenous participation. Source: International Labour Organization (ILO) [online] http://www.ilo.org/indigenous/Activitiesbyregion/LatinAmerica/ Bolivia/lang--en/index.htm. 12 13 ILO Convention 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, which was adopted in 1989, is the first comprehensive international agreement to specify the rights of these peoples. It sets out the obligations of States to recognize and respect the customs and institutions of indigenous peoples “where these are not incompatible with fundamental rights defined by the national legal system and with internationally recognized human rights”. See the Socio-demographic Indicators System on Indigenous People and Populations in Latin America [online] http://celade.cepal.org/redatam/PRYESP/SISPPI/.
166 Many countries have created institutions devoted specifically to indigenous peoples. Some sectoral initiatives have been targeted at indigenous peoples, safeguarding aspects of cultural relevance, endeavouring to involve indigenous peoples and recognizing their unique characteristics and knowledge (ECLAC/UNFPA, <strong>20</strong>09). The Brazilian State of Amazonas, for instance, runs scientific research and <strong>development</strong> programmes aimed primarily at promoting the identity and building the knowledge of indigenous peoples and communities. However, there is still a long way to go, especially in terms of empowerment and the ability of indigenous peoples to participate effectively in decision-making (see box III.6). The illiteracy rate among the indigenous population is a clear indicator of this (see table III.1). Box III.6 LEADERSHIP TRAINING FOR INDIGENOUS WOMEN IN ECUADOR Despite the fact that Ecuador introduced its quota law in 1997, setting a minimum quota of <strong>20</strong>% women in political positions, indigenous women were not standing as candidates in local elections. Most women lacked leadership training and had poor public-speaking skills. To address these shortcomings, the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) conducted a project between <strong>20</strong>00 and <strong>20</strong>02 entitled ‘Indigenous Women: Local Development and Leadership Building’, to train indigenous women to enable them, in turn, to provide leadership training to a larger number of indigenous women in Saraguro. The specific changes arising from this project include (i) the <strong>development</strong> of the Saraguro Indigenous Women’s Agenda for Action and (ii) the establishment of a Municipal Commission on Gender. Source: Inter-Agency Network on Women and Gender Equality (IANWGE), Indigenous Women and the UN System. Good Practices and Lessons Learned, <strong>20</strong>06, pp.63-66. Country Table III.1 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: ILLITERACY RATE AMONG INDIGENOUS AND NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS (Percentages) Illiteracy rate among the indigenous population Illiteracy rate among the nonindigenous population Bolivia (Plurinational State of) (<strong>20</strong>01) 18 7 Brazil (<strong>20</strong>00) 26 13 Chile (<strong>20</strong>02) 9 4 Costa Rica (<strong>20</strong>00) <strong>20</strong> 5 Ecuador (<strong>20</strong>01) 28 8 Guatemala (<strong>20</strong>02) 48 <strong>20</strong> Honduras (<strong>20</strong>01) 29 19 Mexico (<strong>20</strong>00) 32 8 Panama (<strong>20</strong>00) 38 6 Paraguay (<strong>20</strong>02) 51 7 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) (<strong>20</strong>01) 33 7 Source: Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC, System of Sociodemographic Indicators for Indigenous Peoples and Populations of Latin America [online] http://celade.cepal.org/ redatam/PRYESP/SISPPI/ [date of reference: December <strong>20</strong>11].
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 8. Protection of fishery resource
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6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
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8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
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11 FOREWORD In December 20<
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13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
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15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
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17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
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19 this regard, the International C
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21 The dynamic on which these data
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23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
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26 inequality, access to basic serv
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28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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30 air (see the section on health),
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36 The problem of unreliable servic
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38 Figure I.11 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
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42 Thanks to the improvements in wa
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44 One of the greatest health risks
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46 In Latin America and the Caribbe
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48 Figure I.14 UNDERNUTRITION AND O
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50 Generally speaking, national hea
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52 covered by existing retirement s
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54 Box I.3 MAINSTREAMING DISASTER-R
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56 patterns in Latin America, with
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58 In fact, despite achievements ma
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60 The second productivity feature
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62 for groups that are usually bypa
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64 Figure I.18 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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66 2009). In addit
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68 production will, however, height
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70 Lastly, climate factors are also
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72 C. ENERGY: ENERGY INTENSITY, EFF
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74 Fuel subsidies for private vehic
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76 Table I.9 LAWS FOR THE PROMOTION
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78 reduction must also be mainstrea
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80 Box I.7 URBAN SUSTAINABILITY IN
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82 Box I.8 THE ECO-EFFICIENCY OF UR
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84 Figure I.21 SELECTED COUNTRIES:
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86 E. STRENGTHENING THE STATE AND A
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88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<
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90 Fresco, Louise (20</stro
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92 Perroti, D.E. and R. Sánchez (<
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94 (2010b), Achiev
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96 Table II.1 RATIFICATION OF MULTI
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98 Box II.1 (concluded) Union of So
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100 Table II.3 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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102 The same applies to the incenti
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104 Figure II.1 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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106 Box II.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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108 Figure II.3 SHARE OF GLOBAL GRE
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110 Figure II.7 PER CAPITA CO 2 EMI
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112 Figure II.10 CARBON INTENSITY O
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Page 147 and 148: 146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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Page 151 and 152: 150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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Page 177 and 178: 176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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216 (18.9%). 11 Fishery subsidies h
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218 Figure V.9 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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220 1. Science and
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222 Figure V.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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224 2. Scientific capacities and te
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226 4. Knowledge plurality Rural po
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228 IDB (Inter-American Development
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231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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233 B. GUIDELINES FOR THE INTEGRATI
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235 (b) Strengthen policies designe
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237 from these sectors could suffer
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239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
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241 The following actions are sugge
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243 As part of the preparatory proc
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245 Indicators can help to raise aw
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247 All of these initiatives seek t
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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