sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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145 In some countries, there are large gaps in the basic collection and disposal stages. In many countries, collection remains a local government responsibility. Just as with basic sanitation, the efficient scale for waste collection and disposal operations does not always match the size of municipalities. Institutional arrangements for cooperation between Governments can facilitate investment and services. Where payment for services is guaranteed, collection is usually adequate, but is not always accompanied by proper final disposal or treatment. Improper waste management, particularly where waste is disposed of in open dump sites, can exact a heavy toll on human health, especially when fires break out (PAHO, <strong>20</strong>05). Costs are also incurred by air-quality deterioration and by gas emissions, particularly biogas (composed primarily of methane), with the resulting impact on climate change. Fire hazards, strong odours from uncontrolled decomposition of organic matter, proliferation of disease vectors, improper use and degradation of land, and contamination of aquifers are all economic and environmental impacts typical of poorly managed domestic solid waste.
146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<strong>20</strong>09), “Market-based environmental policy in Latin America and the Caribbean: theory and reality”, Boston, The Fletcher School, Center for International Environment and Resources Policy, Tufts University. (<strong>20</strong>01), “Aplicación de instrumentos económicos en la gestión ambiental en países de América Latina y el Caribe: desafíos y factores condicionantes”, Medio ambiente y desarrollo series, No. 31 (LC/L.1488-P), Santiago, Chile, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). United Nations publication, Sales No. 01.II.G.28. Acquatella, J. and A. Bárcena (<strong>20</strong>05), Política fiscal y medio ambiente: bases para una agenda común, Libros de la CEPAL, No. 85 (LC/G.2274-P), Santiago, Chile, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). United Nations publication, Sales No. S.05.II.G.140. Andean Community (<strong>20</strong>08), El cambio climático no tiene fronteras. Impacto del cambio climático en la Comunidad Andina, Lima. ARC (Americas Regional Consortium) (<strong>20</strong>09), Americas Regional Document, paper presented at the fifth World Water Forum, Istanbul, 16-22 March. Argentina, Government of (<strong>20</strong>09), “Informe nacional al decimoctavo período de sesiones de la Comisión sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible”, Buenos Aires. Armenteras, D., F. Gast and H.V. Villareal (<strong>20</strong>03), “Andean forest fragmentation and the representativeness of protected natural areas in the Eastern Andes, Colombia”, Biological Conservation, vol. 113, N° 2, Bogota. Arnell, N.W. (<strong>20</strong>04), “Climate change and global water resources: SRES scenarios emissions and socioeconomic scenarios”, Global Environmental Change, vol. 14. Bayon, R., J.S. Lovink and W.J. Veening (<strong>20</strong>00), “Financiamiento de la conservación de la biodiversidad”, Sustainable Development Department Technical Paper Series, Washington, D.C., Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). Bovarnick, A., Fernández and Negret (<strong>20</strong>10), Financial Sustainability of Protected Areas in Latin America and the Caribbean: Investment Policy Guidance, Santiago, Chile, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/The Nature Conservancy. Brack Egg, Antonio (<strong>20</strong>00), “Perú, biodiversidad y biocomercio: Situación actual y potencial”, working document prepared for Comité Biocomercio Perú. Chile, Government of (<strong>20</strong>08), “Segundo informe país sobre el estado de los recursos fitogenéticos para la alimentación y la agricultura”, Mecanismo Nacional de Intercambio de Información sobre la aplicación del Plan de Acción Mundial para la Conservación y Utilización Sostenible de los Recursos Fitogenéticos para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, Santiago, Chile. Crooks, S. and others (<strong>20</strong>11), “Mitigating climate change through restoration and management of coastal wetlands and near-shore marine ecosystems: challenges and opportunities”, Environment Department Paper, No. 121, Washington, D.C., World Bank. De la Torre, A., P. Fajnzylber and J. Nash (<strong>20</strong>08), Low Carbon, High Growth: Latin American responses to climate change : an overview Washington, D.C., World Bank. Díaz, L.F. (<strong>20</strong>09), “Disposición final de residuos y perspectivas ambientales”, Panorama mundial del manejo de los residuos sólidos: problemas y perspectivas. Memorias del noveno Congreso Internacional, Armenia, Colombia. ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean) (<strong>20</strong>11a), “Contribución al cuarto informe de las Naciones Unidas sobre el desarrollo de los recursos hídricos del mundo (<strong>20</strong>12)”, Santiago, Chile, forthcoming. (<strong>20</strong>11b) “Efectos del cambio climático en la costa de América Latina y el Caribe: Dinámicas, tendencias y variabilidad climática”, Project documents, No. 447 (LC/W. 447), Santiago, Chile.
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 8. Protection of fishery resource
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6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
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8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
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11 FOREWORD In December 20<
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13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
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15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
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17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
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19 this regard, the International C
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21 The dynamic on which these data
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23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
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26 inequality, access to basic serv
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28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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30 air (see the section on health),
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36 The problem of unreliable servic
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38 Figure I.11 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
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42 Thanks to the improvements in wa
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44 One of the greatest health risks
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46 In Latin America and the Caribbe
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48 Figure I.14 UNDERNUTRITION AND O
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50 Generally speaking, national hea
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52 covered by existing retirement s
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54 Box I.3 MAINSTREAMING DISASTER-R
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56 patterns in Latin America, with
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58 In fact, despite achievements ma
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60 The second productivity feature
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62 for groups that are usually bypa
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64 Figure I.18 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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66 2009). In addit
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68 production will, however, height
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70 Lastly, climate factors are also
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72 C. ENERGY: ENERGY INTENSITY, EFF
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74 Fuel subsidies for private vehic
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76 Table I.9 LAWS FOR THE PROMOTION
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78 reduction must also be mainstrea
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80 Box I.7 URBAN SUSTAINABILITY IN
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82 Box I.8 THE ECO-EFFICIENCY OF UR
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84 Figure I.21 SELECTED COUNTRIES:
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86 E. STRENGTHENING THE STATE AND A
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88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<
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90 Fresco, Louise (20</stro
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92 Perroti, D.E. and R. Sánchez (<
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Page 133 and 134: 132 (a) Integrated water resources
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Page 141 and 142: 140 With regard to the safe recover
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Page 151 and 152: 150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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Page 165 and 166: 164 Box III.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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Page 177 and 178: 176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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Page 181 and 182: 180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
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Page 185 and 186: 184 participatory process; and nati
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Page 189 and 190: 188 Furthermore, at the internation
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196 (2006), Challe
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198 (2010b), Towar
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200 As for financi
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202 This assistanc
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204 Regions Table
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206 In addition to
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208 Figure V.5 LAT
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210 Innovative financing mechanisms
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212 8.8 Agricultural support estima
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214 2. Agricultural subsidies Most
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216 (18.9%). 11 Fishery subsidies h
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218 Figure V.9 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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220 1. Science and
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222 Figure V.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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224 2. Scientific capacities and te
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226 4. Knowledge plurality Rural po
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228 IDB (Inter-American Development
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231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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233 B. GUIDELINES FOR THE INTEGRATI
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235 (b) Strengthen policies designe
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237 from these sectors could suffer
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239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
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241 The following actions are sugge
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243 As part of the preparatory proc
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245 Indicators can help to raise aw
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247 All of these initiatives seek t
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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