sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

More documents

Recommendations

Info

143 The main barrier to increased mercury substitution is the cost of substitutes. Given that the costs of mercury damage for society are not calculated, the alternative products and solutions that are less contaminating are regarded as too expensive. Some countries of the region have implemented projects for eliminating mercury use in hospital products. Argentina is conducting a global pilot project for the demonstration and promotion of best practices, which includes the elimination of dioxins (Government of the Republic of Argentina, <strong>20</strong>09). Costa Rica and Honduras have also implemented an initiative for reducing mercury use in hospitals (regarding Costa Rica, see MINAET, <strong>20</strong>09). In order to substitute mercury with safe inputs in such items as light fittings for liquid crystal displays (LCDs), dental amalgam and compact fluorescent lamps, or in industrial processes such as chlor-alkali plants, definitions regarding waste storage are required as well as corresponding resources (UNEP, <strong>20</strong>08b). This issue is also relevant to the region’s economy, which presents major opportunities and where progress has been made, including technology developed by Brazil for deactivating mercury cells in the chlor-alkali industry. Negotiations for a global convention on mercury will be crucial to the future management of the issue. 10. Solid waste management Solid waste management remains one of the critical issues for human safety, especially in urban areas. The worst problems are poor management of economic incentives, low collection coverage, shortage of suitable sites for final disposal and use of inappropriate technologies. However, there has been excellent progress with public policies for solid-waste disposal and management, even though the situation is far from optimal. Table II.7 summarizes the situation in Latin America and the Caribbean. Table II.7 PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE IN LATIN AMERICAN MEGACITIES Solid waste production (per person) Domestic production (kilograms/person/ year) Total production (kilograms/person/ year) Solid waste disposal (tons/year) Uncollected/improperly disposed of (estimated, percentage) Emissions from landfills Methane (tons/year) Bogota 267 442 1 792 211 2-40 25 <strong>20</strong>0 Buenos Aires 281 606 5 300 000 10–27 Lima 246 310 2 164 893 14-30 Mexico 210 438 6 518 900 23 168 240 Santiago 462 949 2 578 697 0 t a 60 000 São Paulo 380 726 5 235 195 10 176 000 Source: Ricardo Jordán, Johannes Rehner and Joseluis Samaniego. “Regional Panorama Latin America: Megacities and Sustainability”, Project Document, No. 289 (LC/W.289), Santiago, Chile, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)/German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ), <strong>20</strong>10. a Approximate figure.
144 Unlike in the early 1990s, all Latin American capitals now have landfills. However, this does not necessarily mean that all waste is deposited in them because, in parallel, makeshift landfills in natural systems or in wasteland are used, causing problems of gas emissions, leaching and the <strong>development</strong> of vectors of various diseases. Illegal dumps are still a serious problem because of their implications in terms of health, pollution, soil degradation and the impact on tourism (Díaz, <strong>20</strong>09). Since <strong>20</strong>00, coverage rates of street sweeping, collection and final disposal services have improved throughout the entire region. More than half Latin America’s urban population now disposes of its waste in proper landfills, compared with less than one quarter of the population at the beginning of this decade. These are major achievements, although they are not necessarily uniform across all countries or all cities within a country (UNEP, <strong>20</strong>10a). Data also reveal that cities are spending more on waste management. In spite of the progress made with public cleaning services, collection and final disposal, waste reduction, recovery and recycling practices are not widespread. There are numerous opportunities to be explored in these markets, as well as in biogas recovery. Major programmes promoted by local governments have been implemented and, in some cases, in partnership with civil or private organizations (UNEP, <strong>20</strong>10a). The International Labour Organization (ILO) supports the Governments of some countries in the region in defining policies to include waste-pickers in the solid-waste management system, with the dual aim of increasing recycling and creating decent work for a traditionally highly vulnerable segment of workers. Electronic waste has gained prominence in industrial waste management (see box II.13). Box II.13 ELECTRONIC WASTE: A CHALLENGE FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Growth in the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has led to an increase in electronic waste when equipment reaches the end of its useful life. Considering that large numbers of electronic devices are abandoned owing to minor defects or no defects at all, there is huge social potential for reconditioning disused equipment. The <strong>sustainable</strong> management of electronic equipment includes a variety of measures according to its usefulness. In cases where reconditioning is appropriate, the steps include: collection, sorting, disassembly, analysis, mechanical processing, reconditioning, assembly and distribution to beneficiaries. Recycling of end-of-life equipment includes: disassembly, separation of components and processing of recyclable materials in recycling plants, as well as final processing and storage of hazardous substances. Public–private partnerships are essential to ensuring <strong>sustainable</strong> and effective solutions for managing electronic waste. To encourage and promote greater producer accountability, including waste management, the European Union enacted Directive <strong>20</strong>02/196/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January <strong>20</strong>03 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), defining extended producer responsibility (EPR) for ecological product design, collection of disused equipment and systematic treatment of hazardous components, as well as reconditioning and recycling of usable components. This directive could serve as a model for formulating various bills for legislation in Latin America. The Basel Convention Partnerships Programme is developing the Mobile Phone Partnership Initiative (MPPI) and the Partnership for Action on Computing Equipment (PACE). The MPPI aims to ensure the environmentally sound management of used and end-of-life mobile phones. PACE, whose partners include Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico, operates as a forum for Governments, industry, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and academia to tackle the environmentally sound management, refurbishment, recycling and disposal of end-of-life computing equipment. Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) on the basis of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Regional Bureau for Sciences in Latin America and the Caribbean, Los residuos electronicos: Un desafio para la Sociedad del Conocimiento en America Latina y el Caribe, Montevideo, <strong>20</strong>10; and ECLAC, Sustainable <strong>development</strong> in Latin America and the Caribbean: trends, progress and challenges in <strong>sustainable</strong> consumption and production, mining, transport, chemicals and waste management (LC/R.2161), Santiago, Chile, <strong>20</strong>09.
Page 1 and 2:
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
Page 3 and 4:
Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
Page 5 and 6:
4 8. Protection of fishery resource
Page 7 and 8:
6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
Page 9 and 10:
8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
Page 12 and 13:
11 FOREWORD In December 20<
Page 14 and 15:
13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
Page 16 and 17:
15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
Page 18 and 19:
17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
Page 20 and 21:
19 this regard, the International C
Page 22 and 23:
21 The dynamic on which these data
Page 24:
23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
Page 27 and 28:
26 inequality, access to basic serv
Page 29 and 30:
28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 31 and 32:
30 air (see the section on health),
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
36 The problem of unreliable servic
Page 39 and 40:
38 Figure I.11 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 41 and 42:
40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
Page 43 and 44:
42 Thanks to the improvements in wa
Page 45 and 46:
44 One of the greatest health risks
Page 47 and 48:
46 In Latin America and the Caribbe
Page 49 and 50:
48 Figure I.14 UNDERNUTRITION AND O
Page 51 and 52:
50 Generally speaking, national hea
Page 53 and 54:
52 covered by existing retirement s
Page 55 and 56:
54 Box I.3 MAINSTREAMING DISASTER-R
Page 57 and 58:
56 patterns in Latin America, with
Page 59 and 60:
58 In fact, despite achievements ma
Page 61 and 62:
60 The second productivity feature
Page 63 and 64:
62 for groups that are usually bypa
Page 65 and 66:
64 Figure I.18 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 67 and 68:
66 2009). In addit
Page 69 and 70:
68 production will, however, height
Page 71 and 72:
70 Lastly, climate factors are also
Page 73 and 74:
72 C. ENERGY: ENERGY INTENSITY, EFF
Page 75 and 76:
74 Fuel subsidies for private vehic
Page 77 and 78:
76 Table I.9 LAWS FOR THE PROMOTION
Page 79 and 80:
78 reduction must also be mainstrea
Page 81 and 82:
80 Box I.7 URBAN SUSTAINABILITY IN
Page 83 and 84:
82 Box I.8 THE ECO-EFFICIENCY OF UR
Page 85 and 86:
84 Figure I.21 SELECTED COUNTRIES:
Page 87 and 88:
86 E. STRENGTHENING THE STATE AND A
Page 89 and 90:
88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<
Page 91 and 92:
90 Fresco, Louise (20</stro
Page 93 and 94: 92 Perroti, D.E. and R. Sánchez (<
Page 95 and 96: 94 (2010b), Achiev
Page 97 and 98: 96 Table II.1 RATIFICATION OF MULTI
Page 99 and 100: 98 Box II.1 (concluded) Union of So
Page 101 and 102: 100 Table II.3 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 103 and 104: 102 The same applies to the incenti
Page 105 and 106: 104 Figure II.1 LATIN AMERICA AND T
Page 107 and 108: 106 Box II.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 109 and 110: 108 Figure II.3 SHARE OF GLOBAL GRE
Page 111 and 112: 110 Figure II.7 PER CAPITA CO 2 EMI
Page 113 and 114: 112 Figure II.10 CARBON INTENSITY O
Page 115 and 116: 114 Table II.4 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 117 and 118: 116 coast and in marine areas, the
Page 119 and 120: 118 Box II.4 CENTRAL AMERICA: BIODI
Page 121 and 122: 120 25 Figure II.1
Page 123 and 124: 122 The valuable assets related to
Page 125 and 126: 124 monitoring have been instrument
Page 127 and 128: 126 Box II.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 129 and 130: 128 technology transfer is successf
Page 131 and 132: 130 Table II.6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
Page 133 and 134: 132 (a) Integrated water resources
Page 135 and 136: 134 concessions, authorizations and
Page 137 and 138: 136 water flows caused by land-use
Page 139 and 140: 138 Climate change will exacerbate
Page 141 and 142: 140 With regard to the safe recover
Page 143: 142 MERCOSUR countries are implemen
Page 147 and 148: 146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
Page 149 and 150: 148 Li, J. and M. Colombier (<stron
Page 151 and 152: 150 WHO (World Health Organization)
Page 153 and 154: 152 1. Statistics and indicators Si
Page 155 and 156: 154 3. Technology and environmental
Page 157 and 158: 156 2. Citizen participation in env
Page 159 and 160: 158 Reforms that would improve acce
Page 161 and 162: 160 (b) Land ownership Land rights
Page 163 and 164: 162 Box III.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 165 and 166: 164 Box III.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 167 and 168: 166 Many countries have created ins
Page 169 and 170: 168 Since 1992, municipalities in L
Page 171 and 172: 170 requirements of legislation; 14
Page 173 and 174: 172 8. The science and technology c
Page 175 and 176: 174 9. Farmers Rural households, in
Page 177 and 178: 176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
Page 179 and 180: 178 Tréllez, E. (20</stron
Page 181 and 182: 180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
Page 183 and 184: 182 strategies, develop mechanisms
Page 185 and 186: 184 participatory process; and nati
Page 187 and 188: 186 issues, which have been incorpo
Page 189 and 190: 188 Furthermore, at the internation
Page 191 and 192: 190 4. Freshwater resources, water
Page 193 and 194: 192 With respect to coastal and mar
Page 195 and 196:
194 Further to the issues identifie
Page 197 and 198:
196 (2006), Challe
Page 199 and 200:
198 (2010b), Towar
Page 201 and 202:
200 As for financi
Page 203 and 204:
202 This assistanc
Page 205 and 206:
204 Regions Table
Page 207 and 208:
206 In addition to
Page 209 and 210:
208 Figure V.5 LAT
Page 211 and 212:
210 Innovative financing mechanisms
Page 213 and 214:
212 8.8 Agricultural support estima
Page 215 and 216:
214 2. Agricultural subsidies Most
Page 217 and 218:
216 (18.9%). 11 Fishery subsidies h
Page 219 and 220:
218 Figure V.9 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 221 and 222:
220 1. Science and
Page 223 and 224:
222 Figure V.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
Page 225 and 226:
224 2. Scientific capacities and te
Page 227 and 228:
226 4. Knowledge plurality Rural po
Page 229 and 230:
228 IDB (Inter-American Development
Page 232 and 233:
231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
Page 234 and 235:
233 B. GUIDELINES FOR THE INTEGRATI
Page 236 and 237:
235 (b) Strengthen policies designe
Page 238 and 239:
237 from these sectors could suffer
Page 240 and 241:
239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
Page 242 and 243:
241 The following actions are sugge
Page 244 and 245:
243 As part of the preparatory proc
Page 246 and 247:
245 Indicators can help to raise aw
Page 248 and 249:
247 All of these initiatives seek t
Page 250 and 251:
249 (a) Reform curricula to include
Page 252 and 253:
251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
Page 254 and 255:
253 (b) For Latin America and the C
Page 256 and 257:
255 initiatives, are intended to no
Page 258:
This report describes the progress
show all

sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?