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125 Box II.6 BRAZIL: ACTION PLAN FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DEFORESTATION IN THE LEGAL AMAZON The Amazon rainforest plays a key role in the region’s climate system. High deforestation rates in the Amazon led the Government of Brazil to establish the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon Plan (PPCDAM) in <strong>20</strong>03. PPCDAM is an unprecedented initiative in terms of institutional coordination between government sectors (ministries) and levels (federal, State, municipal). The complexity of the deforestation issue required the plan to be implemented jointly by 13 ministries, under the coordination of the Civil House of the Presidency of the Republic. PPCDAM has three main components: land use and issues relating to land ownership; environmental monitoring and control; and promotion of production activities. Since <strong>20</strong>05, there has been a marked decline in deforestation rates (see the following figure). BRAZIL: ANNUAL DEFORESTATION RATE IN THE LEGAL AMAZON, <strong>20</strong>00-<strong>20</strong>10 (Square kilometres/year) 27 772 25 396 21 651 18 226 18 165 19 014 14 286 12 911 11 651 7 464 6 451 <strong>20</strong>00 <strong>20</strong>01 <strong>20</strong>02 <strong>20</strong>03 <strong>20</strong>04 <strong>20</strong>05 <strong>20</strong>06 <strong>20</strong>07 <strong>20</strong>08 <strong>20</strong>09 <strong>20</strong>10 Source: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPES) , “Taxas anuais do desmatamento - 1988 até <strong>20</strong>10” [online] www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/prodes_1988_<strong>20</strong>10.htm Some of the key measures have been auditing, the dissemination of lists of municipalities where deforestation has reached critical levels and a decree preventing public-sector financial institutions from funding economic agents with activities in deforested areas. Added to this has been growing market pressure to obtain guarantees concerning the legal provenance of products (such as meat) and economic action by the private sector and civil society (such as a moratorium on buying soy produced in deforested areas). The action plan has been re-evaluated and readjusted periodically in response to lessons learned and changes in deforestation patterns and causal factors. During the first quarter of <strong>20</strong>11, an increase in the deforestation rate highlighted the structural fragility of these achievements. This was caused by such factors as legal uncertainty arising from the parliamentary discussions on the Forest Code over reducing the compulsory percentage of forest area to be maintained within farms as legal forest reserves and permanent conservation areas and the resulting amnesty on illegal deforestation. Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)/German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ)/Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), “Avaliação preliminar dos resultados atingidos pelo Plano de Ação para a Prevenção e Controle ao Desmatamento na Amazônia Legal (PPCDAM)”, <strong>20</strong>11, forthcoming.
126 Box II.7 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: PROMOTION OF FOREST MANAGEMENT FOR NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS – CASE STUDY IN BOYACÁ (COLOMBIA) The municipality of Ráquira, in Boyacá, is considered Colombia’s craftwork capital and is famous for its clay crafts, as well as its hand-woven bags, baskets and hammocks and for pottery in general. It has 13,300 inhabitants of whom around 1,250 are craftworkers, and 75% of its economy hinges on the craft trade. Of all the forest species recorded in the municipality of Ráquira (287), it was found that 46% have current or potential use and that the pottery trade uses 42 species for fuelwood and 19 species for crafts, including the lianas, Smilax floribunda and Smilax aff. tomentosa, and other species like Indigofera suffruticosa (indigo), used as a dye, and Juncus effusus (rush), used in basketwork. These species are priorities for the <strong>development</strong> of management plans relating to harvesting models and market research to ensure an economic benefit for the region’s farmers and craftspeople (López, <strong>20</strong>06). Equally successful cases of local communities deriving enormous social and economic benefit from harvesting non-wood products from forests can be found in other areas of Latin America and the Caribbean (one such case is the Maya Biosphere Reserve in Guatemala, as reported by Mollinedo and others, <strong>20</strong>01). Source: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Latin America and the Caribbean: Environment Outlook, Panama City, <strong>20</strong>10. R. López, “Lista de especies vegetales vasculares registradas en el municipio de Ráquira, Boyacá. Informe final”, Bogota, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, <strong>20</strong>06; A.C. Mollinedo and others, “Beneficios sociales y económicos del bosque en la Reserva de Biósfera Maya”, Revista forestal centroamericana, No. 34, <strong>20</strong>01, pp. 57–60. The economic importance of forests goes far beyond formal trade figures for forest products. On the one hand, the economic value of many of the products sourced from forests is included in agricultural accounts. On the other hand, conventional statistics take no account of the great importance of various forest products and services for the survival and lifestyles of families and local communities, as well as for the local and global environment (ecosystem resources account for about 89% of the income generated by some <strong>20</strong> million poor (TEEB, <strong>20</strong>10)). As mentioned earlier, the region has great potential in innovative markets for payment for environmental services. Initiatives such as the World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership Facility and the United Nations Collaborative Programme on reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (UN-REDD) support countries in establishing payment mechanisms for forest environmental services. 10 Two examples of ongoing initiatives are Brazil’s Bolsa Floresta programme (Viana, <strong>20</strong>08) and Costa Rica’s payment for environmental services programme. Many of the region’s success stories have been limited to one-off initiatives or relatively small areas. In many cases, a weak State presence in remote forest areas compounds problems of logistics, funding and technical capacity, hampering the implementation of larger-scale, more effective measures. There is room for: the transfer of successful experiences; the widespread introduction of models of participation in forest management by civil society, communities and specific groups, such as women (see box II.8); and the use of technology tools such as information and communication technologies. An emerging issue is governance of the region’s forests to realize the potential of carbon sequestration, including financing mechanisms for communities reliant on forest resources. Another issue of increasing importance is upgrading the forestry industry by introducing the principles of efficiency, cleaner production, appropriate working conditions, social benefits for the communities living in the vicinity of forests and certification schemes accessible to small farmers. 10 See [online] http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/ and http://www.un-redd.org.
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 8. Protection of fishery resource
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6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
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8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
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11 FOREWORD In December 20<
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13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
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15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
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17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
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19 this regard, the International C
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21 The dynamic on which these data
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23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
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26 inequality, access to basic serv
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28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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30 air (see the section on health),
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36 The problem of unreliable servic
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38 Figure I.11 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
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42 Thanks to the improvements in wa
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44 One of the greatest health risks
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46 In Latin America and the Caribbe
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48 Figure I.14 UNDERNUTRITION AND O
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50 Generally speaking, national hea
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52 covered by existing retirement s
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54 Box I.3 MAINSTREAMING DISASTER-R
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56 patterns in Latin America, with
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58 In fact, despite achievements ma
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60 The second productivity feature
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62 for groups that are usually bypa
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64 Figure I.18 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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66 2009). In addit
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68 production will, however, height
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70 Lastly, climate factors are also
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72 C. ENERGY: ENERGY INTENSITY, EFF
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176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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178 Tréllez, E. (20</stron
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180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
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182 strategies, develop mechanisms
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184 participatory process; and nati
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186 issues, which have been incorpo
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188 Furthermore, at the internation
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190 4. Freshwater resources, water
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192 With respect to coastal and mar
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194 Further to the issues identifie
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202 This assistanc
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204 Regions Table
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206 In addition to
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208 Figure V.5 LAT
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210 Innovative financing mechanisms
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212 8.8 Agricultural support estima
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214 2. Agricultural subsidies Most
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216 (18.9%). 11 Fishery subsidies h
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218 Figure V.9 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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220 1. Science and
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222 Figure V.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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226 4. Knowledge plurality Rural po
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228 IDB (Inter-American Development
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231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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233 B. GUIDELINES FOR THE INTEGRATI
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235 (b) Strengthen policies designe
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237 from these sectors could suffer
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239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
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241 The following actions are sugge
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243 As part of the preparatory proc
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245 Indicators can help to raise aw
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247 All of these initiatives seek t
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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