sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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115 properties of certain plants as well as their history of use in the country has enabled Peru to avoid nontariff barriers to trade in exotic products, such as the application of the European Union’s regulation on novel foods to products such as Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) and Lúcuma (Pouteria obovata). This has also enabled Peru to protect its biological resources against biopiracy by successfully challenging international applications for patents for products derived from Maca and Sacha Inchi. The region has initiatives for genetic diversity conservation, such as ex situ seed banks, and several centres for species diversity are already in operation. The booming market for biodiversitybased medicinal products could enable the region to position itself as a leader in the sector through further investment in research and technology <strong>development</strong>. For example, plant-based medicinal products have an estimated global market of US$ 60 billion (Lasmar, <strong>20</strong>05; UNEP, <strong>20</strong>10a). However, much of the technological <strong>development</strong> based on the region’s genetic wealth is currently taking place beyond its borders. There have also been moves in the region to recover traditional knowledge and use of biodiversity. In Chile, they include a project by the national association of rural and indigenous women (ANAMURI), the Aukinko Zomo corporation of Mapuche women and the <strong>sustainable</strong> societies foundation (Fundación Sociedades Sustentables), which have promoted the concept of women seed guardians, curators and caretakers, who have kept alive the tradition of saving, growing and exchanging seeds from ancient crop varieties. The women caretakers also domesticate various species to make them edible and diversify their use, recognizing this as an effective way to preserve local agricultural biodiversity and pass on traditional knowledge (Government of Chile, <strong>20</strong>08). Despite the obvious importance of Latin American and Caribbean biodiversity for both the region itself and the world as a whole, the region’s enormous biodiversity is being lost or seriously threatened by human activity at all levels and throughout nearly all of the region (UNEP, <strong>20</strong>10a). As a result, the goal of reducing the rate of biodiversity loss by <strong>20</strong>10 3 set in the Convention on Biological Diversity has not been met. Five principal pressures on biodiversity in the region have been identified by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (<strong>20</strong>10): habitat loss and degradation; over-exploitation and un<strong>sustainable</strong> use of resources; climate change; invasive alien species; and excessive nutrient load and other forms of pollution. The greatest risks to biodiversity stem from land-use change, with the resulting reduction, fragmentation and even disappearance of habitat (UNEP, <strong>20</strong>10a). The existence of forested areas rich in biodiversity and endemic species, combined with heavy anthropogenic pressure from economically profitable alternatives, has resulted in many ‘hot spots’ 4 in the region (see map II.2). One of the main forces driving this process has been land-use change, resulting from major growth in recent <strong>years</strong> in commercial crops for export (such as soy beans, biofuel crops, livestock, fruits, vegetables and flowers) (see chapter I). The construction of roads without proper management of their surroundings or internalization of their social costs has been another major factor in deforestation processes, mainly in South America (World Bank, <strong>20</strong>07; UNEP-CATHALAC, <strong>20</strong>10a). All along the 3 4 Decision of the sixth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (April <strong>20</strong>02): “to achieve by <strong>20</strong>10 a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national level as a contribution to poverty alleviation and to the benefit of all life on earth”. Hotspots are the biologically richest and most endangered places on earth. For further information, see [online] www.conservation.org.
116 coast and in marine areas, the heaviest pressure comes from tourism and unplanned urban sprawl, pollution from land-based sources and aquaculture. Attempts to safeguard the coastal and marine zone by declaring protected areas are still very modest. Only 0.1% of the Latin American and Caribbean exclusive economic zone (EEZ) enjoys some form of protection, and most of the 255 marine reserves are not managed effectively (PISCO, <strong>20</strong>08). Map II.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: HOT SPOTS BY TYPE OF DETERIORATION, <strong>20</strong>05 Source: F. Achard and others, “Identification of deforestation hot spot areas in the humid tropics”, Research Report, No. 4, Brussels, European Commission, 1998; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Global Forest Resources Assessment <strong>20</strong>05, Rome, <strong>20</strong>05; and information from GlobCover project. Note: The boundaries and names shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 8. Protection of fishery resource
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6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
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8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
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11 FOREWORD In December 20<
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13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
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15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
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17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
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19 this regard, the International C
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21 The dynamic on which these data
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23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
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26 inequality, access to basic serv
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28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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30 air (see the section on health),
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36 The problem of unreliable servic
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38 Figure I.11 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
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42 Thanks to the improvements in wa
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44 One of the greatest health risks
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46 In Latin America and the Caribbe
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48 Figure I.14 UNDERNUTRITION AND O
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50 Generally speaking, national hea
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52 covered by existing retirement s
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54 Box I.3 MAINSTREAMING DISASTER-R
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56 patterns in Latin America, with
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58 In fact, despite achievements ma
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60 The second productivity feature
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62 for groups that are usually bypa
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Page 147 and 148: 146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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Page 151 and 152: 150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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166 Many countries have created ins
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168 Since 1992, municipalities in L
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170 requirements of legislation; 14
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172 8. The science and technology c
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174 9. Farmers Rural households, in
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176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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178 Tréllez, E. (20</stron
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180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
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182 strategies, develop mechanisms
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184 participatory process; and nati
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186 issues, which have been incorpo
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188 Furthermore, at the internation
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190 4. Freshwater resources, water
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192 With respect to coastal and mar
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194 Further to the issues identifie
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196 (2006), Challe
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198 (2010b), Towar
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200 As for financi
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202 This assistanc
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204 Regions Table
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206 In addition to
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208 Figure V.5 LAT
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210 Innovative financing mechanisms
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212 8.8 Agricultural support estima
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214 2. Agricultural subsidies Most
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216 (18.9%). 11 Fishery subsidies h
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218 Figure V.9 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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220 1. Science and
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222 Figure V.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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224 2. Scientific capacities and te
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226 4. Knowledge plurality Rural po
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228 IDB (Inter-American Development
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231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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233 B. GUIDELINES FOR THE INTEGRATI
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235 (b) Strengthen policies designe
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237 from these sectors could suffer
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239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
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241 The following actions are sugge
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243 As part of the preparatory proc
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245 Indicators can help to raise aw
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247 All of these initiatives seek t
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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