sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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107 Importantly, disaster reduction and adaptation policies are most effective and influential when they are at the centre of national <strong>development</strong> planning and the responsibility of central planning institutions. Financing for adaptation should be used to strengthen risk management and the capacities of developing countries (ISDR, <strong>20</strong>10). In Argentina, for example, the Under-Secretariat for Territorial Planning of Public Investment of the Ministry of Planning, Public Investment and Services and the Secretariat of the Environment and Sustainable Development have developed guidelines for including both matters in planning and territorial administration as a basis for guiding public investment. In Peru, mechanisms are being created to facilitate the <strong>development</strong> of a concerted agenda for defining <strong>development</strong> policies based on disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate change. As regards health impacts, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that climate change is responsible for 3% of deaths worldwide from diarrhoea, 3% from malaria and 3.8% from dengue fever; of these, 85% are child deaths (WHO, <strong>20</strong>09a). The lack of quantitative assessments means that, so far, it has not been possible to incorporate into these evaluations the full range of climate change-related diseases, which also include the health impact of temperature extremes, weather disasters, photochemical air pollution and vector-borne diseases, as well as the indirect impact of ecosystem changes and water shortages. The magnitude and potential severity of the effects of these factors would indicate, even without tools to quantify them, that the actual impact is much greater (PAHO, <strong>20</strong>08). As regards climate change adaptation, one of the main challenges lies in incorporating adaptation measures into national, sectoral and local strategies, policies and plans. An immediate concern is how to determine the amount of resources that should be devoted to the design, planning and implementation of adaptation policies and how those resources should be invested (ECLAC, <strong>20</strong>10a). Together with international funding, the national funding strategy will be key to balancing public finances in the face of pressure from higher domestic public expenditure. A variety of funding sources should be explored, such as direct and indirect taxes, internal and external debt or budget reallocation. (b) The contribution of Latin America and the Caribbean to greenhouse gas emissions The Latin American and Caribbean region makes a smaller contribution to global climate change than other regions. If greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from land-use change are excluded, the region contributes only 8% of global emissions (see figure II.3) but, when land-use change emissions are included, its contribution rises to 12% (see figure II.4). Greenhouse gas emissions from Latin America and the Caribbean have been increasing steadily since 1990. Between 1990 and <strong>20</strong>05, they increased at an average annual rate of 1.2%, similar to the global average (United Nations, <strong>20</strong>10; ECLAC, <strong>20</strong>10a). The structure of emissions by sector in the region differs from that of global emissions (see figure II.5). Land-use change in the region accounts for nearly half of all emissions (46%) while agriculture accounts for <strong>20</strong>%, in contrast with the global average, where emissions come chiefly from electricity, agriculture, transport, landuse change and manufacturing and construction. Emissions per country in the region are concentrated mainly in a few large countries and there are wide disparities in per capita share. The biggest emitter in the region is Brazil, with a 52% share. Brazil, together with Mexico, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Argentina, were responsible for 79% of the region’s total greenhouse gas emissions in <strong>20</strong>05 (see figure II.6).
108 Figure II.3 SHARE OF GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS EXCLUDING LAND-USE CHANGE EMISSIONS (Percentages of the mass of carbon dioxide equivalent) 40 38 35 35 30 25 <strong>20</strong> 18 22 <strong>20</strong> 19 15 14 12 10 7 8 5 4 5 0 European Union United States and Canada China India Latin America and the Caribbean Remaining countries 1990 <strong>20</strong>05 Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT), Version 7.0, Washington, D.C., World Resources Institute, <strong>20</strong>10. Figure II.4 SHARE OF GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INCLUDING LAND-USE CHANGE EMISSIONS (Percentages of the mass of carbon dioxide equivalent) 45 40 35 41 37 30 25 <strong>20</strong> 15 10 15 12 18 18 10 16 13 12 5 3 4 0 European Union United States and Canada China India Latin America and the Caribbean Remaining countries 1990 <strong>20</strong>05 Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT), Version 7.0, Washington, D.C., World Resources Institute, <strong>20</strong>10.
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 8. Protection of fishery resource
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6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
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8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
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11 FOREWORD In December 20<
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13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
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15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
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17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
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19 this regard, the International C
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21 The dynamic on which these data
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23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
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26 inequality, access to basic serv
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28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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30 air (see the section on health),
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36 The problem of unreliable servic
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38 Figure I.11 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
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42 Thanks to the improvements in wa
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44 One of the greatest health risks
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46 In Latin America and the Caribbe
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48 Figure I.14 UNDERNUTRITION AND O
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50 Generally speaking, national hea
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52 covered by existing retirement s
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54 Box I.3 MAINSTREAMING DISASTER-R
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Page 89 and 90: 88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<
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Page 145 and 146: 144 Unlike in the early 1990s, all
Page 147 and 148: 146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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Page 151 and 152: 150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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158 Reforms that would improve acce
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160 (b) Land ownership Land rights
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162 Box III.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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164 Box III.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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166 Many countries have created ins
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168 Since 1992, municipalities in L
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170 requirements of legislation; 14
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172 8. The science and technology c
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174 9. Farmers Rural households, in
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176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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178 Tréllez, E. (20</stron
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180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
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182 strategies, develop mechanisms
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184 participatory process; and nati
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186 issues, which have been incorpo
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188 Furthermore, at the internation
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190 4. Freshwater resources, water
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192 With respect to coastal and mar
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194 Further to the issues identifie
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196 (2006), Challe
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198 (2010b), Towar
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200 As for financi
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202 This assistanc
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204 Regions Table
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206 In addition to
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208 Figure V.5 LAT
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210 Innovative financing mechanisms
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212 8.8 Agricultural support estima
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214 2. Agricultural subsidies Most
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216 (18.9%). 11 Fishery subsidies h
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218 Figure V.9 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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220 1. Science and
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222 Figure V.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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224 2. Scientific capacities and te
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226 4. Knowledge plurality Rural po
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228 IDB (Inter-American Development
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231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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233 B. GUIDELINES FOR THE INTEGRATI
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235 (b) Strengthen policies designe
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237 from these sectors could suffer
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239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
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241 The following actions are sugge
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243 As part of the preparatory proc
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245 Indicators can help to raise aw
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247 All of these initiatives seek t
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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