sustainable development 20 years on from the ... - JosÃ© Eli da Veiga

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99 Table II.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (14 COUNTRIES): ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORK LAWS, LEGISLATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT, LEGAL DEFINITION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE AND INCORPORATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW-MAKING Country Environmental framework laws Has legislation on environmental impact assessment Has a legal definition of environmental damage Incorporates the principle of participation in environmental law-making Argentina Law 25675 (<strong>20</strong>02) X X X Brazil Law 6938 (1981) X X X Chile Law 19300 (1994) X X X Colombia Law 99 (1993) X X X Framework law on the Costa Rica environment (1995) X X X Cuba Law 81 (1997) X X X Law on environmental Ecuador management (1999) X X X Law on the environment (1988) El Salvador and related regulations X X X Guatemala Law 68-86 (1986) X – X Decree on environmental management for <strong>sustainable</strong> X – – Haiti <strong>development</strong> (<strong>20</strong>01) Nicaragua Law 217 (1996) X X X Panama Law 41 (1998) X – X Peru Law 28611 (<strong>20</strong>05) X X X Dominican Republic Law 64-00 (<strong>20</strong>00) X X X Uruguay Law 17283 (<strong>20</strong>00) X X X Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) on the basis of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), “Derecho y políticas ambientales. Legislación por países”, <strong>20</strong>09 [online] www.pnuma.org/deramb/ legislacionporpaises.php?menusup=8&menuinf=3. Since 1992 there has also been a steep increase in the number of national institutions devoted to the environment or to <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>. All countries in the region now have a ministry, secretariat or equivalent devoted to the environment and, in some cases, they are linked to related issues, such as agriculture, housing, energy or natural resources (see table II.3). However, many of these organizations are given lower priority than other areas of public policy, including in the allocation of financial and human resources. Indeed, public spending on the environment as a percentage of GDP did not exceed 1% throughout the first decade of this century (United Nations, <strong>20</strong>10). 1 This applies not only to the national level, but also the State and provincial levels. Local authorities have a crucial role to play in environmental management, as the sphere of action for many environmental problems is local. Local authorities are recognized explicitly in Agenda 21 (see chapter III). 1 As a reference, in member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) public spending on the environment represents between 1% and 2% of GDP (United Nations, <strong>20</strong>10).
100 Table II.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: HIGHEST ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITIES Country Highest authority Antigua and Barbuda Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Housing and the Environment Argentina Secretariat of Environment and Sustainable Development Bahamas Ministry of the Environment Barbados Ministry of Environment and Drainage Belize Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Ministry of Environment and Water Brazil Ministry of the Environment Chile Ministry of the Environment Colombia Ministry of Ministry of the Environment , Housing and Territorial Development Costa Rica Ministry of the Environment, Energy and Telecommunications Cuba Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment Dominica Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources, Physical Planning and Fisheries Dominican Republic Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Ecuador Ministry of the Environment El Salvador Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources Grenada Ministry of the Environment, Foreign Trade and Export Development Guatemala Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources Guyana Environmental Protection Agency Haiti Ministry of the Environment Honduras Secretariat of Natural Resources and the Environment Jamaica Ministry of Land and the Environment Mexico Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources Nicaragua Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources Panama National Authority for the Environment Paraguay Secretariat of the Environment Peru Ministry of the Environment Saint Kitts and Nevis Ministry of Finance, Sustainable Development and Human Resource Development Saint Lucia Ministry of Physical Development, Environment and Housing Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Ministry of Health and the Environment Suriname National Institute for Environment And Development Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Planning, Housing and the Environment Uruguay Ministry of Housing, Land-Use Planning and Environment (National Environment Directorate) Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Ministry of People’s Power for the Environment Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) [online] www.pnuma.org/deramb/legislacionporpaises.php?menusup=8&menuinf=3; and websites of the respective environment ministries and secretariats. As mentioned in the previous chapter, in many countries of the region, public policies and decisions relating to the environment are poorly coordinated and inconsistent, meaning that, while significant efforts are being made to enhance the environment, policies (such as subsidizing fossil fuels) that allow inefficient behaviour to continue or exacerbate problems that environmental legislation is seeking to resolve, remain in force. The difficulty of ensuring coordinated, consistent policies can be blamed at least partly on information failures that lead to inappropriate resource allocation (see chapter III on environmental statistics). Environmental protection objectives are usually treated separately —and ranked differently— from other public policy objectives (growth, employment or poverty reduction) mainly because the vital role played by the environment in sustaining economic activity and long-term prosperity is not fully recognized. The costs to the environment and human health in the short term are numerous (United Nations, <strong>20</strong>10).
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 20<
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 8. Protection of fishery resource
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6 Table II.1 Ratification of multil
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8 Figure V.7 Figure V.8 Figure V.9
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11 FOREWORD In December 20<
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13 INTRODUCTION The United Nations
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15 The Rio Declaration contains 27
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17 Box 2 (concluded) 24 Warfare is
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19 this regard, the International C
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21 The dynamic on which these data
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23 Bibliography Acquatella, J. and
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26 inequality, access to basic serv
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28 Figure I.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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30 air (see the section on health),
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36 The problem of unreliable servic
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38 Figure I.11 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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40 Concerning tenure, certain struc
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42 Thanks to the improvements in wa
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44 One of the greatest health risks
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46 In Latin America and the Caribbe
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Page 73 and 74: 72 C. ENERGY: ENERGY INTENSITY, EFF
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Page 87 and 88: 86 E. STRENGTHENING THE STATE AND A
Page 89 and 90: 88 Bibliography Acquatella, Jean (<
Page 91 and 92: 90 Fresco, Louise (20</stro
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Page 141 and 142: 140 With regard to the safe recover
Page 143 and 144: 142 MERCOSUR countries are implemen
Page 145 and 146: 144 Unlike in the early 1990s, all
Page 147 and 148: 146 Bibliography Acquatella, J. (<s
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150 WHO (World Health Organization)
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152 1. Statistics and indicators Si
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154 3. Technology and environmental
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156 2. Citizen participation in env
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158 Reforms that would improve acce
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160 (b) Land ownership Land rights
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162 Box III.3 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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164 Box III.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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166 Many countries have created ins
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168 Since 1992, municipalities in L
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170 requirements of legislation; 14
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172 8. The science and technology c
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174 9. Farmers Rural households, in
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176 Bibliography Acuña, G. (<stron
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178 Tréllez, E. (20</stron
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180 A. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIO
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182 strategies, develop mechanisms
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184 participatory process; and nati
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186 issues, which have been incorpo
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188 Furthermore, at the internation
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190 4. Freshwater resources, water
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192 With respect to coastal and mar
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194 Further to the issues identifie
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196 (2006), Challe
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198 (2010b), Towar
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200 As for financi
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202 This assistanc
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204 Regions Table
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206 In addition to
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208 Figure V.5 LAT
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210 Innovative financing mechanisms
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212 8.8 Agricultural support estima
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214 2. Agricultural subsidies Most
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216 (18.9%). 11 Fishery subsidies h
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218 Figure V.9 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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220 1. Science and
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222 Figure V.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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224 2. Scientific capacities and te
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226 4. Knowledge plurality Rural po
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228 IDB (Inter-American Development
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231 Chapter VI GUIDELINES FOR ACHIE
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233 B. GUIDELINES FOR THE INTEGRATI
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235 (b) Strengthen policies designe
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237 from these sectors could suffer
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239 (f) Send proper signals to esse
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241 The following actions are sugge
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243 As part of the preparatory proc
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245 Indicators can help to raise aw
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247 All of these initiatives seek t
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249 (a) Reform curricula to include
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251 (ii) Support initiatives to for
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253 (b) For Latin America and the C
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255 initiatives, are intended to no
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This report describes the progress
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