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Etiology of Torsional <strong>Nystagmus</strong><br />
Syringobulbia, with or without<br />
syringomyelia<br />
Arnold-Chiari malformation<br />
Brainstem stroke (e.g., Wallenberg’s<br />
syndrome)<br />
Arteriovenous malformation in the<br />
brainstem or middle cerebellar peduncle<br />
*Often occurs in association with the ocular tilt reaction and unilateral<br />
internuclear ophthalmoplegia.<br />
Leigh JR and Zee DS. The Neurology of Eye Movements 4 th Edition.<br />
Oxford University Press, New York 2006 with permission
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