CITY OF BUCHAREST SEISMIC PROFILE: FROM HAZARD ... - apcmr

SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS AND SEISMIC 

INSTRUMENTATION -TWO PRIORITIES FOR SEISMIC RISK 

REDUCTION IN ROMANIA 

D. Lungu 1,2 , A. Aldea 2 , S. Demetriu 2 and I. Craifaleanu 1 

Abstract 

According to the number of people lost in earthquakes during XX th century as well as 

in a single (March 4, 1977) earthquake during this century (1574 people, including 1424 in 

Bucharest), Romania can be ranked the 3 rd country in Europe, after Italy and Turkey. Romania 

is followed by the former Yugoslavia and by the Greece (Bolt, 1995, Coburn and Spence, 

1992). 

The World Bank loss estimation after the 1977 earthquake (Report No.P-2240-RO, 

1978) indicates that from the total loss (2.05 Billion US $) more than 2/3 was in Bucharest, 

where 32 tall buildings collapsed. Half of the total loss was accumulated from buildings 

damage. The 1977 direct loss and indirect consequences of loss mark probably the starting 

point of economical decay of Romania during the next decade. They also explain the present 

concern of civil engineers and Romanian Government for assessment and reduction of 

seismic risk in Romania. 

The World Map of Natural Hazards prepared by the Münich Re, 1998 indicates for 

Bucharest: “Large city with Mexico-city effect”. The map focuses the dangerous phenomenon 

of long (1.6s) predominant period of soil vibration in Bucharest during strong Carpathians 

Vrancea earthquakes. The Bucharest and Lisbon are the only two European cities falling into 

Mexico-city category. 

International experts and organizations agreed that Bucharest is the capital city in 

Europe characterised by the highest seismic risk. 

The paper presents: 

Part I, Vrancea Seismic Hazard Assessment in Romania, 1.1 Subcrustal Seismicity of 

the Vrancea Region; 1.2 Codes and standards for design of earthquake resistance of structures 

1 National Institute for Building Research, Bucharest, Tel.: 0040.21.255.02.70, Fax: 0040.21.255.00.62, E-mail: 

lungud@cons.incerc.ro; lungud@incerc2004.ro 

2 Technical University of Civil Engineering, Bucharest. Tel.: 0040.21.242.58.04, 

E-mail: lungud@mail.utcb.ro

(1940 – 2000); 1.3 Seismic hazard assessment in the draft P 100 2003 seismic code of 

Romania. 

Part II, Seismic Risk Management, 2.1 The structure of the existing building stock in 

Bucharest; 2.2 Fragile residential buildings in Bucharest. 

Part I: Vrancea seismic hazard assessment in Romania 

1.1 Subcrustal seismicity of the Vrancea region of Romania 

The Vrancea region, located where the Carpathians Mountains Arch bends, at about 

135 ± 35 km epicentral distance from Bucharest, is a source of subcrustal seismic activity, 

which affects ±35 more than 2/3 of the territory of Romania and an important part of the 

territories of Republic of Moldova, Bulgaria and Ukraine. The Vrancea source induces the 

very high seismic risk in the densely built zones of the South-East of Romania. According to 

the 20th century seismicity, the epicentral Vrancea area is confined to a rectangle of 

40x80km 2 having the long axis oriented N45E and being centered at about 45.6 o Lat.N and 

26.6 o Long. E. 

During the last 60 years, Bucharest was threatened by 4 strong Vrancea events: Nov.10, 

1940 (moment magnitude M w =7.7, focal depth h=150 km), March 4, 1977 (M w =7.5, h=109 

km), Aug 30, 1986 (M w =7.2, h=133km) and May 30/31, 1990 (M w =7.0/6.4, h=91/79 km). 

The Catalogues of earthquakes occurred on the territory of Romania were compiled by 

Radu (1974, 1980, 1995) and Constantinescu and Marza (1980, 1995). 

The most complete Vrancea historical catalogue is Radu Catalogue, even the majority 

of significant events are also included in Constantinescu and Marza Catalogue. The Radu 

Catalogue is about three times larger than the other Catalogue. The magnitude used in the 

Radu catalogue is the Gutenberg-Richter magnitude, M. 

Figure 1. Epicenters of earthquakes in Romania, 984 - 2000 

For Vrancea subcrustal source, the conversion of Gutenberg-Richter magnitude into 

moment magnitude might be approximated by M w = M + 0.3 for 6.5 < M w < 7.8 (Lungu et 

al.1999). 

From existing catalogues, one may approximately note: 

(i) During the time interval 984-1900, one event/century with epicentral intensity 

I 0 9.0;

(ii) During the period 1901-2000 the evidence is two events per century of 

intensity I 0 9.0 (i.e. M w 7.5), Table 1. 

Table 1. 20 th Century catalogue of Vrancea Earthquakes, M GR >6.0 

Date 

Time 

(GMT) 

h:m:s 

MARZA www.infp.ro 

Lat. N o Long. E o RADU Catalogue, 

Catalogue, Catalogue, 

1994 

1980 1998 

h, km I 0 M GR M w I 0 M s M w 

1903 13 Sept 08:02:7 45.7 26.6 >60 7 6.3 - 6.5 5.7 6.3 

1904 6 Feb 02:49:00 45.7 26.6 75 6 5.7 - 6 6.3 6.6 

1908 6 Oct 21:39:8 45.7 26.5 150 8 6.8 - 8 6.8 7.1 

1912 25 May 18:01:7 45.7 27.2 80 7 6.0 - 7 6.4 6.7 

1934 29 March 20:06:51 45.8 26.5 90 7 6.3 - 8 6.3 6.6 

1939 5 Sept 06:02:00 45.9 26.7 120 6 5.3 - 6 6.1 6.2 

1940 22 Oct 06:37:00 45.8 26.4 122 7 / 8 6.5 - 7 6.2 6.5 

1940 10 Nov 01:39:07 45.8 26.7 150 1) 9 7.4 - 9 7.4 7.7 

1945 7 Sept 15:48:26 45.9 26.5 75 7 / 8 6.5 - 7.5 6.5 6.8 

1945 9 Dec 06:08:45 45.7 26.8 80 7 6.0 - 7 6.2 6.5 

1948 29 May 04:48:55 45.8 26.5 130 6 / 7 5.8 - 6.5 6.0 6.3 

1977 4 March 2) 19:22:15 45.34 26.30 109 8 / 9 7.2 7.5 9 7.2 7.4 

1986 30 Aug 21:28:37 45.53 26.47 133 8 7.0 7.2 - - 7.1 

1990 30 May 10:40:06 45.82 26.90 91 8 6.7 7.0 - - 6.9 

1990 31 May 00:17:49 45.83 26.89 79 7 6.1 6.4 - - 6.4 

The strongest Vrancea earthquake ever occurred is accepted to be the Oct 26, 1802 

event (M = 7.5 ….7.7) the most disastrous event is March 4, 1977 earthquake (M=7.2; M w = 

7.4 …7.5). 

The recurrence-magnitude relationship is determined from Radu’s 20th century 

Catalogue of subcrustal magnitudes with threshold lower magnitude M w =6.3. The average 

number per year of Vrancea subcrustal earthquakes with magnitude equal to and greater than 

M w , as resulting also from Figure 2 is (Lungu, Demetriu, 1995): 

log n(>M w ) = 3.76 - 0.73 M w 

(1a) 

The maximum credible magnitude of the source was estimated using Wells and 

Coppersmith (1994) equations. Even those equations are intended for crustal earthquakes, the 

experience of recent subcrustal Vrancea events fits approximately the mentioned equations. 

According to Romanian geologists Sandulescu & Dinu, in Vrancea subduction zone the 

length of the rupture surface is: SRL 150÷200 km and the area of the rupture surface is: 

SRA8000 km 2 . Based on this estimation, one might get from Wells and Coppersmith 

equations M w,max = 8.0...8.1 (Lungu et al. 1999). 

If the source magnitude is limited by an upper bound magnitude M w,max , the recurrence 

relationship (1a)can be modified in order to satisfy the property of a probability distribution 

(Hwang and Huo 1994). In the case of Vrancea source (Elnashai and Lungu, 1995): 

n 

1 

e 

1 

e 

1.687(8.1M 

w 

8.6541.687Mw 

( M 

w 

) = e 

1.687(8.16.3) 

) 

(1b)

In Eq.(1), the threshold lower magnitude is M w0 =6.3, the maximum credible magnitude 

of the source is M w,max =8.1, and = 3.76 ln10 = 8.654, = 0.73 ln10 =1.687. 

1 

20 th century Radu's catalogue 

Cumulative number, n(>M) per yr 

0.1 

0.01 

n 

1.687(8.1 

M 

1 e 

w 

8.6541.687M 

w 

( M w ) = e 

1.687(8.1 

6.3) 

1 e 

0.001 

6.0 6.3 6.4 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.2 7.5 7.6 7.9 8.38.0 

Moment magnitude, M w 

) 

log n (>M w ) = 3.76 - 0.73M w 

M w, m ax = 7.8 8.1 

Figure 2. Magnitude recurrence relation for the subcrustal Vrancea source (M w 6.3) 

1.2 Codes and standards for design of earthquake resistance of structures (1940 – 2000) 

The codes for earthquake resistance of buildings and structures in Romania during the 

last 60 years are listed below: 

P.I. - 1941 Preliminary instructions (after the 1940 event). Ministry of Public Works and 

Communication, Bucharest 1941, 9p.; 

I - 1945 Instructions for preventing the damage of buildings due to earthquakes. Ministry 

of Public Works and Communication, Bucharest, 1945, 10p.; 

P13 - 63 and P13 - 70 Code for (structural) design of buildings in seismic zones. State 

Committee for Constructions, Architecture and Urban Planning, CSCAS, Bucharest, 1963, 

39p. and 1970, 63p.; 

P100 - 78 and P100 - 81 Code for (structural) design of buildings in seismic zones. 

Central Institute for Research, Design and Management for Constructions ICCPDC, 

Bucharest, 1978, 57p. and 1981, 72p.; 

P100 - 90 and P100 - 92 Code for earthquake-resistant design of civil and industrial 

buildings. Ministry of Public Works and Land Planning, MLPAT, Bucharest, 1991, 152p. and 

1992, 152p (English version 1993, 151p). Chapters 11, 12 were modified in 1996, 50p. 

P100 – 2003 - Code for earthquake resistance of buildings and structure (Draft, 2003).

The accompanying standards for seismic zonation of Romania are: 

STAS 2923-52 and STAS 2923-63, Macrozonation of the territory of R.S.Romania. State 

Office for Standardization, Bucharest, 1952 and 1963; 

Decree No. 66/1977 of the Romanian Government, 1977; 

STAS 11100/1-77, Macrozonation of the territory of R.S.Romania. Romanian Institute for 

Standardization, Bucharest, 1978; 

STAS 11100/1-91 and SR 11100/1-93, Macrozonation of the territory of Romania. 

Romanian Institute for Standardization, Bucharest, 1991 and 1994. 

The contents of the seismic codes and of the standards for seismic zonation of territory 

of Romania can be classified in four generations of major developments described in Table 2. 

Table 2. Classification of codes for design of earthquake resistance of buildings and 

standards for seismic zonation of Romania (1940-2003) 

Code for earthquake Seismic 

Period 

resistance of structures zonation standard* 

Prior to the 1940 earthquake 

P.I. – 1941 

Pre-code, 

P.I. - 1941 

and 

I – 1945 

before 1963 

I - 1945 

Prior to the 1963 code 

STAS 2923 - 52 

Low-code, Inspired by the Russian P 13 - 63 

STAS 2923 - 63 

1963-1977 

Moderate-code, 

1977–1990 

Moderate-code to 

High-code, 

after 1990 

seismic practice 

After the great 1977 

earthquake 

After the 1986 and the 1990 

earthquakes 

P 13 - 70 

P 100 - 78 

P 100 - 81 

P 100 - 90 

P 100 - 92 

STAS 11100/1 - 77 

STAS 11100/1 - 91 

SR 11100/1 - 93 

High code, 

Inspired by Eurocode 8 P100 – 2003 (draft) - 

after 2004 

*The intensity scale used in Romania is MSK - 64 scale (STAS 3684 - 63, STAS 3684 - 71) 

(T ) 

3.0 

2.5 

2.0 

1.0 

0.6 

P13-63 

7 yr. 

0.9/T 

0.8/T 

3/T 

= 0.05 

P13-70 

6 yr. 

P100-78 

after March 4, 1977 

P100-81 

12 yr. 

P100-90 

after Aug.30, 1986 

P100-92 

6 yr. 

1.0 

0.75 

0.6 

0.0 

0 0.3 0.4 0.7 1 1.5 2 2.2 2.5 3 4 

Period T , s 

Figure 3. Normalised acceleration elastic response spectra in Romanian 

seismic codes, from the 1963 to 2002 (Lungu, 1996) 

The evolution of normalized acceleration elastic response spectra in design provisions 

for earthquake resistance of structures in Bucharest is given in Figure 3 and it is selfexplanatory. 

The evolution of seismic design coefficient for computing lateral force (shear) at the 

base of building structure in Bucharest is presented in Figure 4. One should note the gap of the

overall coefficient C s for flexible buildings and structures built during the period 1963-1978; 

however, even for rigid structures built during that period, the maximum C s was about 2/3 of the 

present C s due to reduced MSK intensity (VII) recommended for Bucharest by STAS 2923-63 

(Table3). 

After the 1977 disaster, ductility rules for reinforced concrete structures were imported 

into Romanian codes from American Concrete Institute (ACI) codes of practice. Those 

ductility rules were improved in 1990 according to the EUROCODE 8 new requirements. 

Evolution of seismic zonation maps in Romania during the last 40 years is illustrated 

by Figure 4 and Table 3. 

Shear walls 

Frames 

7.5% 

7.5% 7.2% 

6.8% 

10 % 

8% 

12.5 % 

10% 

1.5 s 

12 

Seismic 

design 

coefficient 

C s , % 

5 % 

0.3 s 

T c =0.4 s 

T c =1.5 s 

10 

8 

8-10 

6-8 

Rigid RIGID 0.1 

buildings 

0.4 

0.7 

FLEXIBLE Flexible 1 

buildings 

buildings 

1.3 

Building period 

T , s 

1.6 

1.9 

1941 

1945 

2% 

1963 

2.2% 

1.8% 

1970 

1978 

1981 

1990 

1992 

2 

0 

6 

4 

Year of code issue 

4-6 

2-4 

Non-ductile buildings 

Ductile structures 

Figure 4. Evolution of seismic design coefficient in Bucharest during time interval 1940-2000, 

(Lungu, Demetriu, 1998) 

Table 3. MSK seismic intensity in Bucharest 

Time interval Standard MSK intensity 

1952 – 1963 STAS 2923-52 VIII 

1963 – 1977 STAS 2923-63 VII 

1978 – 1991 STAS 11100/1-77 VIII 

1991 - present SR 11100/1-91 and 93 VIII 

The present conversion of MSK intensity, adopted by Romanian standard SR 11100/1- 

93, into peak ground acceleration, a g used by Romanian code for design of earthquake 

resistance of structures, is given in Table 4.

Table 4 

MSK-64 intensity in SR 11100/1-93 9 8 7 6 5 

a g /g in P100-92 code 0.32 0.25 and 0.20 (2 zones) 0.16 0.12 0.08 

Figure 5. Evolution of seismic zonation of Romania (from 1963 to 1993 and 2002) 

It is emphasized that the present seismic code of Romania, P100-92 defines the 

earthquake hazard by 50 yr. mean recurrence interval event (MRI=50yr i.e. 63% exceedance 

probability in 50 yr). However, since the American loading code ASCE 7-95, 2000 and 

EUROCODE 8 for earthquake resistance of structures define the design earthquake by 475 yr.

mean recurrence interval (MRI=475yr i.e. 10% exceedance probability in 50 years) event, the 

level of seismic hazard in present seismic code is now under revision. 

A comparison of the max. peak ground acceleration for design (MRI = 50yr. and M g RI 

= 475 yr.) in Bucharest, Skopje and other 8 cities around the world is presented in Figure 6. 

1.0 

Peak Ground Acceleration PGA, g 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

0.10 

0.06 

0.20 

0.75 

Europe Africa Asia America 

0.40 

0.28 

T = 50 yr 

0.32 

0.12 0.13 

Mean recurrence interval 

T = 475 yr 

0.40 

0.13 

Rome Bucharest Sofia Skopje Algiers Tehran Katmandu Salvador Santiago Bogota 

Figure 6. Seismic hazard around the world – U.N. RADIUS Project,1999 

0.33 

0.18 

0.36 

0.14 

0.38 

0.82 

0.30 0.31 

0.20 

The recorded maximum peak ground acceleration in Romania during in 1977, 1980 

and 1990 Vrancea earthquakes in given in Figure 7. 

ROMANIA. Maximum peak ground acceleration PGA, cm/s2 recorded during 1977, 1986 and 1990 VRANCEA earthquakes 

W 

N 

S 

PGA, cm/s2 

#· Epicenters of strong 

Vrancea events 

(Mw > 6.9) 

E 

0 - 75 

75 - 150 

150 - 200 

200 - 300 

Seismic stations with 

free-field records: 

# INCERC network 

% INFP network 

$ GEOTEC network 

& R. of Moldova network 

& Bulgaria network 

March 4, 1977 

Mw=7.5 

h=109 km 

Aug.30, 1986 

Mw=7.2 

h=133 km 

May 30, 1990 

Mw=7.0 

h=91 km 

Mw - moment magnitude 

h - focus depth 

Lungu, Aldea, 1999 

21 22 

48 

23 24 

Ukraine 25 26 27 

Figure 

Figure 7. 

Botosani 

# 

28 29 

Hungary 

11.5 

Republic of 

# 

Satu-Mare 

Moldova 

Moldova 

Krasnogorka 

Iasi 

& 

# 

Chisinau 82.0 

146.4 

& 

212.8 

47 

Dochia 

# 

% 

Cris 

50.9 

Oradea 

Cluj-Napoca 

# 

Bacau 

% 

132.0 

Barlad 

Onesti 

# 

# 

Transilvania 

232.1 Adjud 168.6 

# 

86.6 

Banat 

Cahul 

& 

Vrancioaia 

% 1990 

136.6 

Mures 

157.2 #· #· 

46 

Focsani 

% 

Timisoara 

Surduc 1940 

$ 

# 

97.2 297.1 

Muntele Rosu #· 

% 1986 Ramnicu Sarat 

Vidra Lotru 

# 

$ Vidraru Arges 79.1 

164.0 

$ 

#· 1977 158.6 Carcaliu Tulcea 

Valenii de Munte 

% 

# 

14.3 

93.6 

26.1 

186.9 # % 

Campina# 

Istrita 

61.5 

# 109.4 

Baia 

# 

45 

Pitesti 

Ploiesti 

# 

Valahia 90.8 

45.8 

Peris 

Figure 9 # 

Dobrogea 

223.8 

# 

Otopeni 219.8 

Bolintin Vale 

Fetesti 

# Branesti 

# # 

# Cernavoda 

100.4 # 

208.6 

Craiova 

Bucuresti 

150.8 

107.1 

Calarasi 

# 

# 

# 

194.9 

Constanta 

Yugoslavia 

Giurgiu114.1 

# 

44 

Danube 

Turnu Magurele 

& Ruse112.4 

# 

Shabla 32.9 

112.2 

& 

Kavarna36.2 

& 

Bulgaria 

Varna 33.6 

Provadia48.2 

& 

100 0 100 200 Kilometers 

& 

Olt 

Prut 

Black 

Sea 

ArcView GIS version 3.1, ESRI Inc. CA. 

Figure 7

1.3 Draft P 100 2003 seismic code of Romania. Seismic hazard assessment 

The present joint map of Vrancea seismic hazard of Romania, Bulgaria and Moldavia. 

Figure 8 and Tabel 5 still suggests a need for map improvement by joint regional efforts. 

Zaicenco, Lungu, 1999 

Figure 8. Seismic zonation maps for countries affected by Vrancea earthquakes 

Table 5 for the map in Figure 8. 

PGA/g 

ROMANIA Rep. of MOLDOVA, 

MSK Intensity 

BULGARIA 

P100-92& 

UKRAINE 

1987 code 

SR 11100/1-93 SNIP II-7-81 

IX 0.32 0.40 0.27 

VIII 

0.25 

0.20 

0.20 0.15 

VII 0.16 0.10 0.10 

V 

0.12 

0.08 

- 0.05 

Based on the results of probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Vrancea source 

(Lungu et al., 1995...2002) and taking into account the contributions from the crustal seismic 

sources around Romania, Figure 8 presents the proposed hazard map for the new code for 

design of earthquake resistant buildings in Romania, P100-2003. The map give the design 

peak ground acceleration, a g for the MRI=100 yr seismic event.

Figure 9. Peak ground acceleration for design, a g for MRI=100 y., P100-2003 code proposal 

The response spectra in Figure 9 is recommended for Romania and Bucharest 

locations characterized by various control period of response spectra: T C S0.7s, 0.7s

There is an instrumental evidence, from both the 1977 earthquake and 1986 

earthquake that soil condition in Bucharest is characterised by the long predominant period of 

ground vibration: T g =1.4-1.6s. That T g explains the long corner period of response spectra 

T c =1.6s, in Figure10. 

A tentative macrozonation of Tc in Romania teritory is given in Figure 11. 

PSD 

Densitatea spectrala normalizata 

0.35 

4 Martie 1977, M=7.2, comp.NS 

0.30 

30 Aug. 1986, M=7.0, comp. NS 

Figure 8. Romania . Control period of response spectra, P100 - 2003 

0.25 

0.20 

0.15 

0.10 

0.05 

p =2 /T p 

INCERC Bucuresti 

0.00 

0 10 20 30 40 

Pulsatia , rad/s 

Figure 11. INCERC seismic station in Eastern Bucharest. Normalised power spectral density 

for the NS comp. of the Mar 4, 1977 and Aug 30, 1986 earthquakes 

Figure 12. Romania. Control period of response spectra, P100-2003

Part II. Seismic Risk Management 

2.1 The structure of the existing building stock in Bucharest 

The structure of the existing building stock in Bucharest is given in Figure 12 and Table 

6. The Bucharest population is about 2 million inhabitants. It is almost constant during the last 

10 years. 

Number of buildings 


35000 

30000 

25000 

20000 

15000 

10000 

5000 

0 

3000 

2500 

2000 

1500 

1000 

500 

0 

Period of construction 


Low-rise buildings 

(1-2 storeys) 

1900 1929 1945 1963 1970 1977 1990 

High-rise buildings 

(8 storeys) 


2500 

2000 

1500 

1000 

1900 1929 1945 1963 1970 1977 

500 

0 


Mid-rise buildings 

(3-7 storeys) 

1900 1929 1945 1963 1970 1977 1990 

Figure 13. Distribution of Bucharest buildings with period of construction 

Table 6. Inventory of existing housing units in Bucharest according to the periods of validity of 

various Romanian seismic codes. 

Seismic code interbenchmark 

periods 

Housing units built during interbenchmark 

periods 

% housing units built during interbenchmark 

periods 

before 1941 168,556 21.95 ~22% 

1941-1963 69,702 9.08 

1963-1970 110,669 14.42 

1970-1978 119,625 15.57 ~39% 

1978-1992 292,594 38.09 

1992-1995 6,844 0.89 ~ 39% 

Total 768,000 100%

PERI 

A CADEMIEI 

P ITAR MOS 

CAVA FII VECHI 

SALIGNY A NGHE L - Inginer 

DA 

REMUS 

2.2 Fragile residential buildings in Bucharest 

The List of the vulnerable buildings built in the center of Bucharest before 1940 and 

identified as having highest risk of collapse in the case of strong earthquake (comparable to 

1977 event) contains 115 fragile mid-rise and high-rise buildings (March 2001/ Jan. 2003). 

All those tall buildings listed as very vulnerable were located on the city map using 

the Geographic Information System (GIS) infrastructure, Figure 13 and Table 5. 

In so called “Test area of central Bucharest” the GIS map (1:500) contains the location 

and detailed information on the more than 1700 buildings. All those buildings represented on 

map were digitised at Karlsruhe University within the technical cooperation between 

Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest (UTCB) and Karlsruhe University in the 

frame of German Science Foundation Project 461 devoted to Vrancea earthquakes. 

The Test area in central Bucharest was selected by UTCB in 1997 based on location of 

the collapsed buildings during the 1977 earthquake in Bucharest. 

Presently, the central Bucharest test area was extended to about 24000 buildings 

within European RISK-UE Project at University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, (UTCB) for 

including majority of the building listed as seismically vulnerable in Bucharest. 

30 

# 83 45 N 

106 

# # # 

96 

# 42 

# # 

W 

E 

56 

50 

# 

11 43 

S 

90 # # 

26 

# 

107 28 

16 

# 

# 

# 

# 

49 35 

# 

6 # 

18 

76 

65 

# 

# 

47 

# # 

# 

68 

# 103 

# 92 

48 

10 

4 # 

# 

33 

73 

# 

20 # 86 31 

# 

93 

# 

# 

58 

39 

78 

# 

# 24 

94 

ARON FLORIAN 

40 

# 

# 

8 # 

95 

# 61 

46 

1 

109110 

34 

# # 

# # 15 

# 

3 

# 

52 

108 62 

23 

# 

# 

# 

51 # 

63 17 

22 44 

# 14 54 # # 

# 

# 

# 

# 70 

72 

25 100 

# 

32 

# 

# 

# 7 

69 

104 

105 # 87 102 

# # 

# 36 

75 

# 

# 

79 

# 

# 

# 

55 

97 98 

# 

591 

13 

64 

# # 

9 

101 

# 

2 # 

# 

# 

# 

19 

# 

85 

# 

# 

71 88 

59 74 

ROBESCU F.C. 

# # # 

# 

99 

38 

57 

# 

ArcView GIS 3.2 - ESRI California 

Lungu & Arion, 2000 

80 

# 

# 

0.5 0 0.5 1 Kilometers 

# 60 53 

12 # 67 

UMOASA 

ZZAVILLAN LUIGI 

IGORE -Prof. 

LEMNEA 

MOXA MIHAIL 

AUR ORA 

DONA NICOLAE - General 

PROGRESULUI 

GRADINA CU CAI 

SCHITU MAGUREANU 

INDEPENDE NTEI 

VICTOR IEI 

KOGALNICEANU MIHAIL 

NATIUNILOR 

PUTIUL -CU-PLOPI 

AMMAN 

IORGA NICOLAE 

TOMESCU TOMA - Doctor 

SPIRU HARET 

SFINTUL SAVA 

B ANULUI 

LUTERANA 

DR.V.SIMION 

SIPOTUL FINTINILOR 

GUTEMBERG 

URSEANU VASILE - Ami ral 

N IC OLAE-IORGA 

IORGA NICOLA E 

RADU-ILIE 

VISARION 

CRISTIAN TELL -General 

BISERICA AMZEI 

BISERICA AMZEI 

BRE ZOIANU ION 

VIGILENTEI SAPIENTEI 

BRUTUS M I 

BREZOIANU ION 

MARCOVICI ALEXANDRU - Doctor 

ZALOMIT ION 

POLITIE 

ORIZONTUL 

PIATA-AMZEI 

CRETULE SCU NICOLAE 

VRACA GEORGE 

MIHA I-VODA 

ILFOV 

ADEREA BASTILIEI 

MENDE LEEV D. I. 

MATEI MILLO 

DOMNITA ANASTASIA 

LIPSCA NI 

E NESCU GEORGE 

EPISCOPIEI 

C-TIN-EXARCU 

MILLE CONSTA NTIN 

EFORIEI 

MIHAI VODA 

GOLESCU NICOLAE 

FRANK LIN BE NJANIM 

RIUREANU - Doctor 

GIURESCU DIMITRIE - Maior 

BELDIMAN ALEXA NDRU 

MAGHERU GH EORGHE - Gen. 

ROSETTI C.A. 

B OTEANU 

ARHITECTURII 

POSTEI 

URALI 

MECHELET 

DOBRESCU ION 

VICTORIA 

BIJUTERIEI 

CARADA EU GENIU 

STA VROPOLEOS 

FILITTI C. IO 

COMEDIA 

MAJES TIC 

DOROBANTI 

QU INET EDGAR 

MANDINESTI 

BROSTENI 

G-RAL-GH.MAGHERU 

13-DEC EMBRIE 

LIPSCANI 

30 D ECE 

EMINESCU MIHAI 

PICTOR-VERONA 

S ELARI 

CONTA VASILE 

SMIRDAN 

SLAVES TI 

GRIGORESCU 

ION NISTOR 

BALABAN EMIL - Inginer 

LUPU DIONISIE 

FILIPESCU NICOLAE 

BALCESCU NICOLAE 

GHICA ION 

ARGHEZI TUDOR 

DOAMNEI 

COVACI 

B LANA RI 

B ACAN I 

POLONA 

GABROVENI 

FILIPIDE ALEXANDRU 

SAHIA ALE X.(CALDERON JEAN L.) 

ICOANEI 

XENOPO L ALEXANDRU 

SCOALEI 

BLA NDUZIEI 

UNIVERSITATII 

B ATISTEI 

LIPSCANI 

REPUBLICII 

BRATIANU I.C. 

DUMBRAVA ROSIE 

SLANIC 

BARA 

COLTEI 

MAVROGHENI NICOLAE 

PA TRASCU VODA 

BANIEI 

RO SETTI C.A. 

IOANID GHE.-pi ctor 

LIPSCANI 

DIANEI 

DROBETA 

S FINTUL SPIRIDON 

CARAGIALE ION LUCA 

ITALIANA 

ROSETTI C.A . 

SAHIA ALEX.(CALDERON JEAN L.) 

TREI SCAUNE 

BAIA DE FIE R 

ION-Erou 

S CHITU DARVARI 

DACIA 

BOTEZ CORNELIU 

BACALOGU EMANOIL-doctor 

SF. VINER 

ITALIANA 

SPERA NTEI 

CAIMATEI 

LEON IDA 

ROSETTI MARIA 

SFINTILOR 

RUSSO ALECU 

ORBESCU DIMITRIE 

H.BOTEV 

STELEA SPATARUL 

SF.MINA 

DONICI ALE XANDRU 

SAGETII 

MOVILA ION 

LASC AR VASILE(FOSTA GALATI) 

A RCULUI 

ZBORULUI 

XANDRA 

COMANITA 

LUMINEI 

DONICI ALEXANDRU 

L UCA STROICI - L ogofat 

PALEOLOGU 

ICOANEI 

P OPA RUSU 

LOG.STROICI 

SE RGHIESCU MARIN 

ARMENEASCA 

CERNICA 

CALA RASI 

VERMONT - Pictor 

CULMEA VECHE 

CALOTESTI 

AR MENEASCA 

O COLULUI 

SEVCENCO TARAS 

PASULUI 

LATINA 

N EGU STORI 

PALEOLOGU 

LICURG 

COLUMB ELOR 

R ASURI 

PACIUREA DIMITRIE 

ROSETTI MARIA 

VIITORULUI 

FRANZELARILOR 

LUCHIAN STEFAN - Pictor 

MINTULEASA 

TOAMNEI 

IONE SCU CRISTEA 

VER I 

POPA SOARE 

UDRISTE LOGOFAT 

SSIMA - Profesor 

URSU ION -Prof. 

ARMONIEI 

SALCIMILOR 

S ILVESTRU 

SPATARULUI 

CERCULUI 

CORBENI 

DOMNESTI 

ROMANO - Pic tor 

ROMULUS 

RAMULUS 

TOPLICENI 

LUNII 

POPA PETRE 

ARDELE NI 

P RE CUPETII VECHI 

OLTARULUI 

VENEREI 

RACOVITA DIMITRIE 

M INTULESA 

PRISTOLULUI 

IULIU 

TIBANA 

MONUMENTULUI 

S UVENIR 

MALNAS 

PREPELITEI 

IPATESCU GRIGORE - General 

S FINTUL STEFAN 

BOBE ICA 

VALORII 

VIROAGEI 

PRE OT-VA SILE-LUCA CI 

LAB IRINT 

BASARA B MATEI 

COBILITEI 

ACELARI 

IERNII 

D RAGOS VODA 

ARGE S 

ZECE MESE 

SECUREI 

ONC IUL DIMITRIE 

OLARI 

PLANTELOR 

MIHAILEANU STEFAN 

ZEFIRULUI 

BURGH EL EA - Docto r 

FETITELOR 

ENERGIEI 

RUMEOARA 

REPUBLICII 

AVRAM IANCU 

CONSTA NTINESCU MITRITA - Pr of. 

General 

PESTERII 

CAV NIC 

RADU - Episcopul 

MIHAI BRAVU 

TRAIAN 

S TUPINEI 

MOSILO 

VASELO 

IANCU C 

P 

IAN CU CAV 

Figure 14. Central Bucharest area with buildings built prior to 1945 and identified as 

having high risk of collapse in case of a strong earthquake (M w 7.5)

Table 7. Buildings with more than 5 stories built before 1940 located on the two most 

important boulevards of central Bucharest and identified as having highest risk of collapse in 

case of strong (comparable to 1977) earthquake 8 

No 

Address 

Year of 

building 

construction 

Commercial 

occupancy of 

groundfloor 

Storeys 

No. of 

Apt. 

Total 

area 

sqm. 

Damages after the 1977 

earthquake in structural 

elements 

Repairing work after the 

1977 earthquake 

Gulkan 

Damage 

score 

1 

4 

Balcescu 24 

(Pherekide) 

Calea Victoriei 

101 

A-B 

1928 Yes 13 61 12197 

1937 Yes 11 61 6111 

6 Magheru 20 1935 Yes 10 52 5484 

11 Magheru 27 1935 Yes 9.5 36 6405 

12 

16 

20 


2-4 


128A 


112 

1928 Yes 9 76 12994 

1935 Yes 9 22 6675 

1939 Yes 9 27 5210 

Columns: 

Beams : 

Masonry: 

Columns: 

Beams : 

Masonry: 

Columns: 

Beams : 

Masonry: 

Columns: 

Beams : 

Masonry: 

Columns: 

Beams : 

Masonry: 

Columns: 

Beams : 

Masonry: 

Columns: 

Beams : 

Masonry: 

Extreme 

Extreme 

Extreme 

Extreme 

Extreme 

- 

- 

Light 

Light 

Light 

- 

- 

Light 

Medium 

- 

Extreme 

Extreme 

Extreme 

Extreme 

Extreme 

Extreme 

Jacketing of columns 

and beams 

Masonry Repairs 

Epoxy resins injections 

Mortar injections 

Finishes 







100 

86 

11 

Jacketing of columns 14 


Jacketing of columns and 

beams 


Jacketing of 4 columns 



29 

100 

100 

27 

30 

61 

65 

91 

92 

94 

95 

100 

104 


208 


139 

Balcescu 25 

(Wilson) 


124 


25 


95 

Balcescu 

32-34 

Balcescu 

30 

Balcescu 

7 


33-35 

1940 Yes 8.5 44 5200 

1934 Yes 8 30 1290 

1928 Yes 12 93 12287 

1900 Yes 6.5 28 3045 

1936 Yes 13 49 6078 

1938 Yes 10.5 51 4010 

1935 Yes 10 41 6996 

1936 Yes 9.5 25 2756 

1933 Yes 7 15 2730 

1930 Yes 6.5 39 4800 

Columns: 

Beams : 

Masonry: 

Columns: 

Beams : 

Masonry: 

Columns: 

Beams : 

Masonry: 

Columns: 

Beams : 

Masonry: 

Columns: 

Beams : 

Masonry: 

Columns: 

Beams : 

Masonry: 

Columns: 

Beams : 

Masonry: 

Columns: 

Beams : 

Masonry: 

Columns: 

Beams : 

Masonry: 

Columns: 

Beams : 

Masonry: 

Extreme 

Medium 

Extreme 

Light 

Light 

Medium 

Extreme 

Extreme 

Extreme 

- 

- 

Light/ 

Medium 

Extreme 

Extreme 

Extreme 

Extreme 

Extreme 

Extreme 

Light/ 

Medium 

Light/ 

Medium 

- 

Extreme 

- 

Medium 

Light 

Light 

Extreme 

Medium 

Medium 

Medium 

Jacketing of beams 





beams 




Finishes 

*partially collapsed in 1977 


86 

29 

105 

37 

Jacketing of 6 columns 

Epoxy resins injections 100 


beams 100 


42.5 



Finishes 




Masonry Repairs 50 

* Classification of damage in 1977 follows vulnerability classes of HAZUS methodology, 1998, (see Lungu, D., 

et al., 2000. Advanced Structural Analysis, Conspress, UTCB, 177p.);

Balcescu 24(Pherekide) Calea Victoriei 101 A-B Magheru 20 

Magheru 27 Calea Victoriei 2-4 Calea Victoriei 128A 

Calea Victoriei 112 Calea Victorie 208 Calea Victoriei 139 

Balcescu 25 (Wilson) Calea Victoriei 124 Calea Victoriei 25

Calea Victoriei 95 Balcescu 32-34 Balcescu 30 

Figure 15 

Seismic vulnerability class 1 

buildings on the most 

important two boulevards in 

central Bucharest 

Balcescu 7 Calea Victoriei 33-35 

The damage score for the fragile building structures from the list of 115 buildings in 

Bucharest was computed with a simplified version of the damage methodology proposed by 

Gulkan (1994), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. 

The calculation of damage score, SD for a building is based on the level of damage of 

the structural members at the most severely damaged story of the buildings (usually the 

groundfloor). The damage level of structural member is classified as follows: 

No damage MD score = 0 Moderate damage MD score = 2 

Light damage MD score = 1 Extreme damage MD score = 4. 

The importance factor for structural elements, is selected as follows (Gulkan, 1994): 

Columns =2; Beams =1; Infill masonry =0.5. 

The building structure damage score, SD can be computed as follows: 

SD = 

( MD) columns 

+ ( MD) beams 

+ ( MD) 

4 ( ) + ( ) + ( ) 

[ ] 

columns 

beams 

inf ills 

inf ills 

100 

SD varies from 0 to 100. The vulnerability classes can be selected based on SD score. 

The simple criteria might confirm the hierarchy of actual vulnerability of the fragile 

buildings in Bucharest in the case of a strong earthquake: 

(i) Presence of visible damage after the 1977 earthquake as well as the presence of 

visible local repairing made after that earthquake;

(ii) Presence of the soft ground floor due to commercial use of that floor (no 

infilled masonry walls); 

(iii) Number of storeys of building (taller the building, higher the risk); 

(iv) Lack of vertical and horizontal symmetry of the building (setbacks, 

asymmetrical architecture of the corner buildings) 

as well as unintended local structural damage due to occupancy changes and activities, 

corrosion of the reinforcement, low strength concrete (mean compressive strength 100-200 

daN/cm 2 ). etc. 

Table 5 and Figure 14 give the characteristics and the photos of 17 buildings seismic 

vulnerability class 1 located on the two most important boulevards of Bucharest. All of them 

were built before WWII (1940). 

Seismic "risk class” in present Romanian seismic code (P100-92) is actually seismic 

vulnerability class! 

That is why the seismic risk matrix presented in Table 8 should be used for the 

classification of actual seismic risk of vulnerable buildings in Romania. 

Table 8. Seismic risk classes 

Seismic 

Vulnerability/or I 

fragility Essential 

class 

facilities 

Importance and exposure class 

II 

Hazardous buildings 

III 

General buildings 

IV 

Minor buildings 

1 1 1 1&2 3 

2 1&2 2 3 3 

3 3 

Recently (Dec 2002/Jan 2003), 42 pre-1977 buildings built during the time interval 

1945- 1977 were included into the most dangerous seismic vulnerability class 1 buildings in 

Bucharest, Table 9 and Figure 16. 

They are tall RC buildings characterised by soft groundfloor located on soft soil 

condition of Bucharest city. 

Table 9. Fragile tall RC buildings having flexible groundfloor, built prior to 1977 earthquake 

in Bucharest 

No. Name of street 

No. of 

buildings 

No. of stories Address of buildings 

1 

Calea Grivitei 

18 

B * +GF+ (7......12)S No. 3-5, 134, 139, 148, 

156, 158, 163, 164, 169, 

196, 198, 200, 206, 236, 

2 

Stefan cel Mare 

11 

238, 395, 398, 399 

B+GF+ (6...8)S No. 5, 15. 17, 27, 28, 31, 

33, 40, 42, 128, 188 

3 Bd. Mihalache (1 Mai) 4 B+GF+(8...10)S No. 170, 172, 174, 399 

4 Gara de Nord 3 B+GF+8S No. 2-4, 6-8, no.2 Piata 

5 Dinicu Golescu Bd., 1 B+GF+9S No. 23-25 

6 Piata Chibrit –C 1 B+GF+8S 

7 Piata Amzei 1 B+GF+7S No. 12-22 

8 Bd. N. Balcescu 1 B+GF+9S No. 33 

Dorobanti/Stefan cel Mare 

B+GF+12S 

Blocul Perla 

9 

1 

corner 

10 Sos. Mihai Bravu, 1 B+GF+8S No. 107-119 

* B – basement. GF – groundfloors, S - stories

Figure 16. Fragile tall RC buildings having flexible groundfloor, built 

prior to 1977 earthquake in Bucharest 

Table10. List of cities with hospital buildings requiring strengthening work 

City 

Number of hospitals buildings 

Severely damaged. Having a Approved 

Requiring immediate technical project for 

technical assessment report retrofitting 

Retrofitting in 

work 

Bacau 3 

Bucharest 13 16 6 10 

Buzau 9 

Constanta 7 

Craiova 4 

Focsani 2 

Galati 6 2 1 

Giurgiu 1 

Iasi 21 17 2 5 

Pitesti 2 7 

Ploiesti 2 

Sibiu 1 

Targu- 

2 

Mures 

Vaslui 4 1 

Barlad 2

Table 11 

Churches damaged by major historical earthquakes in Bucharest 

No. Name Address 1802 

event 

Level of damage 

1838 1940 

event event 

1977 

event 

1 Manastirea Plumbuita, “de 

la Podul Colentinei” 

2 

Manastirea Marcuta 

3 Doamnei (fosta manastire) 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

Sf. Gheorghe-Nou 

Manastirea Antim 

Sf. Elefterie-Vechi 

Oborul-Vechi 

Sf. Pantelimon 

Popa Rusu 

Precupetii Noi 

Doamna Ghica-Tei 

12 Manastirea 

Sf. Spiridon-Nou 

13 

Sf, Nicolae Tabacu 

14 Sf. Nicolae-Selari 

15 

Sf. Mina (Vergului) 

16 Herastrau-Sfintii Apostoli 

Petru si Pavel 

17 

18 

Dobroteasa 

Amzei 

19 Biserica si Scoala 

Sf. Silvestru 

20 

Boteanu (cu Bradu) 

21 Popa Nan 

Str. Plumbuita 58 

Str. Gentianei din Sos. Pantelimon 

Intr. Bis. Doamnei 3, 

Calea Victoriei 28 

Bd. Bratianu 27 

Str. Mitropolitul Antim Ivireanu 29 

severe 

severe 

medium 

light 

medium 

Str. Sf. Elefterie 15C medium medium 

Str. Traian 204 medium medium 

Str. Iancu Capitanu 24 

Str. Popa Rusu 13-17 

Str. G-ral Ernest Brosteanu 12 

Str. Doamna Ghica 2 

Calea Serban Voda 29 

medium 

severe 

medium 

medium 

medium 

Calea Victoriei 180 medium medium 

Str. Blanari 16 / 

Intr. Selari 

Str. C. F. Robescu 18A 

Str. Nicolae Caranfil 28 

Bd. Mircea – Voda 35B 

collapse 

medium 

medium 

medium 

Str. Biserica Amzei 12 light medium 

Str. Silvestru 36 

medium 

Str. Boteanu 8 medium severe 

Str. Popa Nan 47 bis si 

Str. Gh. Costa-Foru 5 

severe 

severe 

22 Sfantul Apostol Andrei- 

Chitila II 

Sos. Chitilei 138 

severe 

23 Aparatorii Patriei II Str. Lunca Barzesti 3 medium

Hospitals requiring technical assessment and retrofitting works (design, construction, 

financing) in various Romanian counties are listed in Figure 17 and Table 10. 

Various orthodox churches damaged by major historical earthquake in Bucharest are 

listed in Table 11 and in Figure18. 

Figure 17 

Figure 18

There is a certitude that, for about 50 years recurrence interval Vrancea earthquake, 

several dozens of pre-WWII tall RC buildings in Bucharest will collapse (there are about 60- 

100 pers/bldg). More than half of those buildings and several pre - 1977, framed RC 

structures in are already identified by licensed experts as “seismic risk class 1” buildings. 

The governmental action of identification of dangerous buildings in Romania started 

in 1994. 

In 2001, a new Government Order stated that the Government will 100% advance the 

necessary payment, for strengthening of the buildings, to the private owners of apartments in 

“seismic risk class 1” buildings (more than 95%of housing units are private in Romania!). 

If the owner salary is less then national average, he have to pay back(to the state) nothing. If it 

is not, he has to pay the money back in 25 years, with 5% interest. 

Anyway, the owner has to agree on the strengthening of its apartment, in case he has 

to leave the housing unit during the construction work. 

Of course, the owners do not like leaving and the necessity buildings for temporary housing 

during strengthening are not yet implemented. 

Moreover, if one apartment owner does not like/agree on strengthening of its 

apartment, the strengthening of the whole building can not be done!!! 

There is a promise of the Ministry of Public Works, during a May, 2003 Seminar, for 

promoting a new official act which will make compulsory the strengthening of the building 

structure if the majority of private owners will accept the strengthening(in spite of several 

owners who would not like to allow strengthening of their apartments). 

Distribution per counties of residential buildings, hospital buildings and school 

buildings, requiring strengthening/retrofitting works in Romania is presented in Figure 19. 

Present stage of construction work of the first 8 buildings under 

retrofitting/strengthening in Bucharest is given in Table 12. 

Table 12. 

Building 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 

Total area 

(sqm) 

6050 1831 1615 1750 12313 2013 3706 2271 

Height B+GF+8S B+GF+6S B+GF+6S B+GF+6S B+GF+11S B+GF+5S B+GF+8S B+GF+5S 

1 ) Present stage of retrofitting work, 20÷70%; 

2) Cost of structure strengthening 50 - 150€/ sqm, 

3) Duration of construction, 8÷12 month 

Figure 19

Seismic instrumentation of Romania and Bucharest 

Based on deep recognizance of the extraordinary importance of seismic records for 

understanding of the strong motion characteristics, Romania installed in the last 2 years about 

50 digital K2 and ETNA, Kinemetrics instruments. 

The present seismic instrumentation of Romania is summarized in Table 13 and in the 

maps in Figure 20. 

Table 13. Seismic networks of Romania, 2003 

New digital networks, 

installed in 2003 

Existing seismic 

networks, in 2002 

Name of network 

INCERC & ISC, State 

Inspectorate for 

Construction 

CNRRS & JICA, Japan 

International 

Cooperation Agency 

Project 1 

INCERC 

INFP/SFB 461 German 

Science Foundation 

Project at University of 

Karlsruhe 

Bucharest 

7 ETNA 31 ETNA 

11 K2 

21 instruments: 

-10 SMA-1 (analog) 

-9 ADS (digital) 

-2 digital stations for 

continuous monitoring 

15 K2 41 K2 

Romania 

(including Bucharest) 


-11 K2; 

- 5 ETNA 


-58 SMA-1(analog) 

-9 ADS (digital) 

3 digital station for 

continuous monitoring 

TOTAL 54 digital instruments 158 instruments 

100 digital 

1) UTCB & INCERC are partner institutions with CNRRS. 

Figure 20

The table indicates 100 Kinemetrics digital instruments in Romania, 54 in Bucharest, as 

well as more than 100 instruments in INCERC seismic network, (45 digital) and 41 Kinemetrics 

digital instruments in the joint seismic network of SFB 461- Project on Vrancea earthquakes at 

Karlsruhe University, and INFP, National Institute for Earth Physics, Bucharest. 

The Japan-Romanian Project on Seismic Risk Reduction in Romania, implemented by 

JICA & CNRRS in partnership with UTCB & INCERC, installed in 2003 16 instruments in 

Romania i.e.: 

(i) 7 K2 stations at 7 locations in Bucharest, each with 3 sensors: 1 free field and 2 in 

deep boreholes (-30.0 m ÷ -180.0 m); 

(ii) 5 ETNA accelerometers outside Bucharest; 

(iii) 4 K2 station in four significant buildings in Bucharest. 

In addition to the Romanian-Japanese and Romanian-German seismic cooperation 

projects, State Inspectorate for Construction of Romania provided 31 ETNA Kinemetrics digital 

instruments, which are operated by INCERC in partnership with ISC (10 instruments, still to be 

installed). 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

We would like acknowledge our deep gratitude to: 

- ISC, State Inspectorate for Construction, Romania; 

- JICA, Japan International Cooperation Agency and 

- UTCB, Technical University for Civil Engineering Bucharest and CNRRS, 

National Centre for Seismic Risk Reduction joint instrumentation team, 

- INCERC seismic network laboratory, 

- SFB 461- Project on Vrancea Earthquake at Karlsruhe University 

for their sustained efforts during years to complete the present stage of digital seismic 

instrumentation of Romania and Bucharest.

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CITY OF BUCHAREST SEISMIC PROFILE: FROM HAZARD ... - apcmr

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